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MEMOIR
OF
THE LIFE AND CORRESPOxNDENCE
OF
JOHN LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
MEMOIR
OF
THE LIFE
AND
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
JOHN LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
BY HIS SON,
LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
VOL. L
LONDON:
HATCHARD AND SON.
MDCCCXLIII.
LONDON : PRINTED BY RICHARD WATTS,
CROWN COURT. TEMPLB BAR.
-r^t
CONTENTS
OF
THE FIRST VOLUME.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I. P^e
BIRTH, PARENTAGE, EDUCATION — APPOINTMENT TO A WRITER-
SHIP IN THE EAST-INDIA COMPANY'S SERVICE SAILS FOR
INDIA . . 1
CHAPTER II.
ARRIVAL IN BENGAL STATE OF THE PRESIDENCY APPOINTED
TO THE SECRET POLITICAL DEPARTMENT AT CALCUTTA
ASSISTANT TO THE COUNCIL OF MOORSHEDABAD 21
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESSIVE RISE IN THE SERVICE APPOINTED TO THE PRO-
VINCIAL COUNCIL OF REVENUE AT CALCUTTA DISTRACTED
STATE OF THE PRESIDENCY — PURSUES AN INDEPENDENT
COURSE — APPOINTED SECOND MEMBER OF THE GRAND COUNCIL
.OF REVENUE 48
CHAPTER IV.
ACTING CHIEF OF THli BOARD OF REVENUE, TILL HIS RETURN TO
ENGLAND IN 1785 SUGGF.STS REFORM IN ADMINISTRATION
— LITERARY PURSUITS ... 72
CHAPTER V.
ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND MARRIAGE APPOINTED MEMBER OF
THE SUPREME COUNCIL AT FORTWILLIAM MR. PITT's ACT FOR
THE REGULATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS SAILS FOR INDIA
STRICTURES ON MR. MACPHERSOn's ADMINISTRATION EARL
CORNWALLIS ASSUMES THE REINS OF GOVERNMENT 1 l(i
VOL. 1. A
058033
CONTENTS 0¥ THE I'lllST VOLUME.
CHAPTER VI. i..^,
I.UIU) lOllNWALLls's OOVmiNMENT KEFOUM — FOREIGN I'OIJCV
MEASURES AGAINST TU'POO 139
CHAPTER VII.
PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OF THE REVENUES ORIENTAL PURSUITS, 175
CHAPTER VIII.
RETURN TO ENGLAND EXAMINATION ON MR. HASTlNGS's TRIAL
LIVES IN RETIREMENT APPOINTED GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF
INDIA CREATED A BARONET HIS NOMINATION OPPOSED BY
MR. BURKE SAILS FOR INDIA 202
CHAPTER IX.
ARRIVAL IN BENGAL— UNCERTAINTY RESPECTING SUCCESSION TO
THE GOVERNMENT RECEIVES INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEATH
OF HIS CHILDREN FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA CAP-
TURED LORD CORNWALLIS RETURNS TO ENGLAND SIR
JOHN SHORE GOVERNOR-GENERAL SUCCESSFUL EXPEDITION
AGAINST FRENCH CRUISERS 235
CHAPTER X.
STATE OF THE ARMY SIR JOHN SHORE SUCCEEDS TO SIR WILLIAM
JONES AS PRESIDENT OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY MEASURES
FOR THE PROMOTION OF RELIGION SECOND ROHILLA WAR . . 274
CHAPTER XI.
OBSERVANCE OF STATUTARY RESTRICTIONS IN POLICY TOWARD
THE NATIVE STATES ASSISTANCE REFUSED TO THE NIZAM
— STATE OF THE ARMY DISCONTENTS, AND REGULATIONS
CONTROVERSIES WITH THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT RESPECTING
THE C.\.RNAT1C AND TANJORE 317
CHAPTER XII.
DEFENSIVE MEASURES AGAINST TIPPOO TREATY WITH THE
RAJAH OF TRAVANCORE DUTCH FLEET CAPTURED ZEMAUN
SHAH — THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL VISITS OUDE, AND REFORMS
THE vizier's ADMINISTRATION 381
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
CHAPTER XIII. Page
MANILLA EXPEDITION SIR JOHN SHORE AGAIN VISITS OUDE, AND
DEPOSES THE REIGNING NABOB ELEVATION TO THE IRISH
PEERAGE RELINQUISHES THE GOVERNMENT REVIEW OF
HIS ADMINISTRATION, AND STRICTURES ON IT CONSIDERED . . 423
APPENDIX I.
EXTRACT FROM MR. SHORE's MEMOIR ON THE ADMINISTRATION OP
JUSTICE AND COLLECTION OF THE REVENUES (1785) 485
APPENDIX II.
MONODY ON THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS CLEVLAND, ESQ 489
APPENDIX III.
A DISCOURSE, DELIVERED AT THE ASIATIC SOCIETY, ON THE SECOND
OF MAY 1794, BY SIR JOHN SHORE, BART., PRESIDENT 495
APPENDIX IV.
MEMORANDUM ON THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE SPANISH ISLANDS,
HY THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, THEN THE HON. COLONEL
WESLEY 509
APPENDIX V.
MR. mill's STRICTURES ON THE REVOLUTION IN OUDE CON-
SIDERED 513
INTRODUCTION.
The publication of a Memoir of the Life and
Correspondence of the late Lord Teignmouth will
not excite the surprise of those who appreciate
alike the merit of his public conduct in the service
of the East-India Company, or as President of the
British and Foreign Bible Society, and the excel-
lence of his private character.
The author, whilst satisfied that the subject-
matter of such a V. ork furnishes sufficient justifica-
tion of its being undertaken, is bound to state the
motives which have induced him to enter upon it,
notwithstanding certain disadvantages which may
possibly arise from his relationship to the indi-
vidual to whom it refers. The value of Biography
depends much on the author's interest in the
history and character of its subject. Of Lord
Teignmouth's contemporaries, who enjoyed the op-
portunities wliich friendship aiforded of estimating
his character, few survived him ; and none to whom
11 INTKODUCTION.
the task of doing justice to his memory, in a manner
worthy of tlieir own personal feelings or of the ex-
pectation of others, could have been proposed. Of
the able writers of a younger generation, none were
qualified for it by habitual intimate acquaintance.
The author felt that on himself devolved the
duty of supplying the deficiency : and he has en-
deavoured, though imperfectly, to counteract the
bias to which undue partiality might render him
liable, by allowing the subject of his Memoir to be,
as far as possible, his own Biographer. In the
fulfilment of his task, he has happily found abun-
dant materials, consisting of Lord Teignmouth's
Papers (including copies of all his Letters written
during the second and third periods of his residence
in India), placed by his father at his unrestricted
disposal, besides other documents gathered from
different quarters, and the personal recollections of
himself, of other members of his family, and of
friends. And as Lord Teignmouth's Letters were
written currente calamo, in a style wholly untinc-
tured by afTectation or the prospect of publication
— for till the latter part of his life he had left di-
rections for the destruction of all his Papers — they
convey as faithful and undisguised a representation
of his genuine character as could be imparted
through such a medium.
INTRODUCTION. Ill
The author embraces the opportunity of grate-
fully acknowledging the assistance he has received
from the Authorities of the East-India House, of the
Board of Controul, and of the British and Foreign
Bible Society, in obtaining free access to the ample
means of information respectively within their
reach. He must express his particular obligations
to the kindness of Henry St. George Tucker, Esq.
for the facilities afforded him in pursuing his
Indian researches ; and to his friend, Sir Archibald
Edmonstone, for his valuable suggestions in the
prosecution of the work.
LIFE
OF
LORD TEIGNMOUTll.
CHAPTER I.
niRTH, I'AIIENTAGE, EDUCATION APPOINTMENT TO A WRITERSHIP IN
THE EAST-INDIA COMPANY'S SERVICE SAILS FOR INDIA.
Lord Teignmouth's ancestors were of Derbyshire.
The Family of Shore, says Lyson, is of considerable
antiquity in that county. Thomas Shore repre-
sented the borough of Derby in Parliament in the
reigns of Richard II. and Henry IV., and Ralph
Shore in that of Henry V. ; and two of the same
name are returned by the Commissioners, in the
reign of Henry VI., as amongst the Gentry of the
County of Derby.
Lord Teignmouth's immediate progenitor and
namesake, John Shore, was of Snitterton, in the
parish of Darley, near Matlock. The farm-houses
and cottages of this hamlet are sprinkled over the
sloping sides of Oker Hill, conspicuous from its
VOL. I. B
g LIFE OK LOlU) TEIGNMOUTH.
elevation, and from the position of two weather-
beaten trees on its summit, still known by the
name of the Shore Trees*. John Shore purchased
of the Sacheverells, in the commencement of the
reign of Elizabeth, " the manor of Snitterton, and
several premises and lands in Snitterton, Wensley,
and Darley;" and probably resided at Snitterton
Hall, a venerable and once moat-girt mansion, at
the foot of Oker, now tenanted by a farmer. His
possessions were inherited, and afterwards sold, by
his only son John.
* These trees have been celebrated by Mr. Wordsworth, in the
following' beautiful sonnet. The poet's authority for the affecting
incident, which forms its subject, was the information of a fellow-
traveller in a stage-coach. It is traditionally, and probably more
accurately, reported in the neighbourhood, that they were planted
by one William Shore, to represent himself and his wife ; and
to signify that the surrounding lands, as far as they could see,
belonged lo their forefathers : —
'Tis said, that to the brow of yon fair hiU
Two Brothers clomb, and, turning face from face,
Nor one look more exchanging, grief to still
Or feed, each planted on that lofty place
A chosen tree : then, eager to fulfil
Their courses, like tw^o new-bom rivers, they
In opposite directions urged their way
Down from the far-seen mount. No blast might kill
Or blight that fond memorial : the trees grew,
And now entwine their amis : but ne'er again
Embraced these Brothers ujion earth's wide plain ;
Nor aught of mutual joy or soitow knew.
Until tlieii- spirits mingled in the sea
That to itself takes all Eternity.
WORDSWOKTH, SOH. Xl.V.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 3
Sir John Shore, eldest son of the latter, a phy-
sician of Derby, was knighted by Charles II. soon
after the Restoration ; and probably received from
that monarch a more durable testimony to his
loyalty — a miniature portrait of His Majesty, set
in gold ; which has been transmitted to his de-
scendants, as the gift of Charles II. to one of their
ancestors, in recognition of aid afforded him in
effecting his escape. Sir John Shore's family and
connections were Royalists. Sir John Harpur, bro-
ther, and Sir John Fitzherbert, former husband
of his first wife, were two of the five gentlemen
of Derbyshire who led the loyal forces of that
county during the Civil Wars. The Shores are
said to have lost their property in the Royal cause.
Woolley's MSS. contain an account of Thomas
Shore of Ashover, whose family is connected with
that of Snitterton, and whose last male represen-
tative, a retired merchant, lately died at that place,
having been fed by his wife in a cave in which
he had taken refuge ; whilst she, a very stout woman,
armed with a short staff, opposed, on a bridge,
a party of Cromwell's horse who were searching for
him. The husband, stripped of the greater part of
a good estate, took what was left, and lived at
Snitterton; where, not long ago, the staff wielded
by the heroine still hung from the roof of a cottage
occupied by one of her descendants.
n2
4, LIFE OK LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Sir .1 . Sliorc's second marriage with the daughter
of Mr. Jolin Chambers, a merchant of Derby, ap-
pears to have opened to his family their subsequent
connection with India: for his wife's brother*
being a merchant in London, his son John settled
also there in a mercantile capacity, and became
Ship's-husband or owner to the East-India Com-
pany ; retaining, the only yet remaining link of the
family with the county from which they sprung, a
small estate near Burton-upon-Trent.
His three elder sons dying young — the eldest,
John, in India — the fourth, Thomas, inherited his
property. He enjoyed the lucrative situation of
Supercargo to the East-India Company. He was
twice married ; first to a lady of respectable for-
tune, widow of John Edgell, Esq., and mother of
Richard Wyatt, Esq., of Milton Place, in Surrey,
whose name occurs frequently in the following
pages ; and secondly, to the daughter of Captain
s
* Thomas Ch.\]Mbers. — This gentleman had two daughters ; the
elder of whom, Hannah Sophia, was married to Brownlow, eighth
Earl of Exeter, and inherited her father's house in Full' Street,
Derby. This mansion is mentioned by Horace Walpole, as Lord
Exeter's house, and as having been burnt by the Rebels in 1745.
It is however still standing ; and is pointed out as that which the
Pretender occupied, and where the Council sat which determined
on his retreat. Monuments to the memory of John and Thomas
Chambers, and also of Sir J. Shore, are erected in All-Saints'
Church, Derby.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 5
Shepherd, of the East-India Company's Naval Ser-
vice. By his first marriage he had no issue ; l)iit
by his second, two sons — -John, the subject of this
Memoir, and Thomas.
John, the elder, was born in London, on the 8th
Oct. 1751, at a lodging in St. James's street, tempo-
rarily occupied by his parents : their ordinary resi-
dence being IMelton Place, near Romford in Essex, ^'
where he passed his infancy. His earliest recol-
lection was, being sent daily to a neighbouring
school, mounted on one of the carriage -horses, in
front of the coachman. In his seventh year he
was removed to a seminary at Tottenham. In the >"
next he lost his father ; whose death resulted from
a paralytic afTection, occasioned by his having
partaken, at the Isle of Ascension, whilst on his
homeward voyage from China, of some turtle boiled
in a copper vessel. His son never lost the im-
pression produced on his infant mind by his father's
pale and emaciated countenance, or forgot the only
words he ever recollected to have heard uttered by
him : — " Johnny, my dear, make way for me,
for I am very feeble." Mr. Shore was much re-
s})ected by his friends ; and so afTectionately beloved
by his wife, that, though surviving him many years,
she never ellectually recovered from the shock of
her bereavement. Of his character and liabits
little is now known. That he was fond of reading.
Q LirE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
may be inferred from the catalogue of his books ;
comprising a small but valuable collection of
volumes, on Divinity and History, and on other
subjects.
His widow was left with her two sons — John,
and Thomas, who was five years younger than his
brother — in comfortable circumstances ; and in
possession of an income enabling her to bestow
on them the advantage of a liberal education.
Her estimable character combined, in a remarka-
ble degree, warmth of affection with soundness of
judgment, under the regulating influence of reli-
gious principle. Of her religious opinions, her son
j^guld observe, that they were of the school which
predominated in her day ; dwelling principally
on the morality of the Gospel, and little on the
fundamental doctrine of the Atonement. Her man-
ners have been described to me, by one who was
acquainted with her, as elegant and polished. Of
his mother's self-command under trying circum-
stances, her son would mention the following proof.
She had discovered him, whilst a child, bestriding
the roof of a high barn, unconscious of the danger
of his situation. Fearing the effect on his mind of
any indication of alarm on her part, she concealed
her feelings, by conversing playfully with him ;
whilst, by her directions, a servant procured a
ladder, and secured him. Her emotions, which she
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 7
had controlled whilst doubtful of his safety, now
overcame her, and she fell into a swoon.
John Shore's future course was settled soon after
his father's death, by his ._acceptance of a Writership
.Ull~tlie~£ast-India--X^on}pja.ny'^_J,Qryice, offered to
him by an old friend of his family, named Pigou.
At the school at which he had been placed —
removed from Tottenham to Hertford — he had
access to a' good library ; his master, the Rev. Mr.
Harland, being of a literary turn ; author of a
tragedy, and some other published pieces. Of
this privilege he eagerly availed himself ; and often
spoke of the ardour with which he rose at day-
break to gratify his early and strong predilection
for poetry, by the perusal of a quarto edition of
Pope's Translation of Homer. Voyages and Travels
afforded him peculiar delight, and inflamed his
mind with the early and passionate desire of ac-
companying an Expedition of Discovery : till his
dreams of hardy enterprise were exchanged for
the prospect of more substantial but still uncertain
advantage, which India opened to the youthful ad-
venturer, at a period when the functions and the
remuneration of the Company's servants were as
yet imperfectly defined.
An incident occurred during his stay at Hertford
which tended, as he was wont to state, to impress
on his mind that earnest conviction of the super-
8 LIFE OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
intendcncc of Providence ; which, confirmed by some
remarkable circumstances in his future life, it ever
retained. lie had repaired with a schoolfellow to
a neighbouring stream, for the purpose of bathing.
The two boys were on the point of plunging into
a deep pool, having mistaken one bank for another
beneath which the water was shallow, when they
heard a voice questioning them loudly whether
they could swim ; and turning round, they per-
ceived a stranger riding, who, on their replying in
the negative, threatened them with a horse-whip-
ping unless they quitted the spot.
Whilst his literary taste was cultivated by ge-
neral reading, and his body strengthened by active
exercises, the young schoolboy attained considera-
ble proficiency in his allotted studies : and on his
removal to Harrow, in his fifteenth year, he was
placed on the fifth form ; by which class the same
books were read as by the sixth and highest.
From his position in the school, he derived the
full advantage of the instruction of the two eminent
scholars under whose auspices it then flourished,
Drs. Sumner and Parr. His diligence, and keen
perception of the beauties of the classic authors,
soon recommended him to the partiality of the
former. He would indeed observe, that the re-
fined sensitiveness of Dr. Sumner's taste produced
one defect in his conduct, as master of a public
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 9
school — a disposition to neglect boys in whom
this faculty was found wanting. And he would
allude, in proof of this, to Dr. Sumner, on an un-
lucky wight having aggrieved him, whilst reciting
the opening line of an ode of Horace, by several
false quantities, manifesting his disgust by never
again allowing the boy to construe before him.
At Harrow, Shore read Virgil, Horace, Cicero,
Homer, and Sophocles. His early predilection for
Pope's Translation was encouraged by Dr. Sumner,
who invariably quoted from it, when Homer was
read, the passages corresponding to the original;
and would frequently, when adverting to its alleged
defects, challenge production of a better. Ofj[;elis.,
ffious i nstruction he unfortunately received none
at Harr ow ; exc ept on Satur ^y mornings, whenjiis
class perused the Greek Testament in Dr. Sumner's
stud^^ whose able comments on the text he listened
to with both pleasure and profit.
His position in the school was between two boys
destined like himself to eminence, and for some
time associated in pursuits as in fame — Nathaniel
Halhed, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. He often
described the character of these schoolfellows :
observing of the former, that he possessed first-rate
talents, and excelled any one he had ever known
in the acuteness of his perceptions, giving promise
at school of celebrity which, through indolence or
[() LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
cxcentricity, lie never realised. His description of*
Sheridan's boyish habits corresponded with the re-
presentations familiar to every one. With Halhed,
Shore renewed his intercourse, both in England
and in India: but, except at Richmond, where
Sheridan then resided, he never saw him but at
school. For an active participation of the manly
games for which Harrow has been ever celebrated,
Shore was qualified, by a sinewy but spare frame.
He left Harrow when on the point of succeeding
to the Captaincy of the School, a distinction sub-
sequently obtained by his brother ; and renounced,
with unavailing regret, the prospect of classical
proficiency, which his abilities and diligence could
not have failed to realise, under Dr. Sumner's in-
structions.
His friendship with his distinguished master was
cemented by a correspondence which continued till
the death of the latter ; and it is to be regretted
that no traces of it have been found.
The Directors of the East-India Company re-
quired that their Civil Servants, previously to en-
tering on their duties, should be versed in Book-
keeping and Merchants' Accoimts. As no seminary
was especially provided for the purpose. Shore was
placed, in his seventeenth year, at an academy at
Hoxton , where he passed nine months in acqui-
ring_ knowledge for which a fortnight would have
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1 I
siiffinf^d ; and, unfortunately, his master could afford
him no assistance in the prosecution of his classical
studies. His attention was, however, directed to
subjects of practical^ utility, especially Arithmetic,
jTor which he..^ver entertained a strong predilection.
He derived much advantage from his knowledge
of this science, and became thoroughly familiarized
with it by usually taking old Cockins as the com-
panion of his voyages and journeys. He also studied
successfully the French and Portuguese languages,
with a view to readier communication with Xhe
Fore ign Settlements in India. In the latter lan-
guage he read with delight the Lusiad of Camoens,
and ever reverted with pleasure to Mickle's Trans-
lation of that celebrated poem.
By a singular coincidence, the obscure seminary
of Hoxton contained at this time another individual,
besides himself, destined to fill the high office of
Governor-General of India — 'Lord Rawdon, after-
wards Marquis of Hastings. As this young noble-
man then resided with a relative in St. James's
Place, and Mrs. Shore lived in the same street, the
two future Rulers of millions associated together
during their holidays as well as at school. And
Lord Teigmnouth, visiting Lord Hastings when the
l^i-it^-W^- ^11 the eve of departure for India, re-
minded him of their early acquaintance.
Mr. Shore embarked for India at the age of
12 LIl'l'. OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
se venteen . His parting at Gravesend, final as it
proved "wWh his lieloved parent, was during many
years fresh in his recollection. He adverts with
gratitude to her care and judgment, in supplying
liini with books calculated to foster the religious
principles which she had early implanted. Among
these, he particularly mentions Clarke's and Seed's
Sernions, recommended to her by her friend Dr.
Hawkesworth, author of the "Adventurer," whom
she had consulted on the subject. From the latter
of these works he derived his first impressions of
the force of the Evidences of Christianity.
Mr. Shore's messmates on board of the vessel
which conveyed him to India were a disorderly set
of Writers and Cadets, about a dozen in number ;
who contrived, amidst other extravagancies, to fight
two duels during a short delay at Portsmouth, and
three or four more at places intermediate or at the
end of the voyage. His captain was a rough well-
meaning sailor, exhibiting an extraordinary medley
of occasional profaneness and uneducated religious
notions. It was his invariable practice on Sunday
to let down a canvas curtain at one end of the
cuddy — for he reserved to himself no cabin ; and to
read the Church Service — a duty which he consi-
dered a complete clearance of the sins of the pre-
ceding week : and, that they miglit not accumulate
too fast, he was heard, when he had chanced, in the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. \S
hurry of giving orders, to utter an oath, to ejaculate
a prayer for forgiveness ; observing, " Let us rub ofF
as we go."
Such were the associates whom Mr. Shore gra-
phically delineates in a lively and afTectionate Letter
to his Mother, the first of his epistolary productions,
which has been preserved : —
" HONOURED MADAM " J:in"ary 1, 1769.
" I begin my Letter with the New Year. May
you, my Brother, and all my friends, enjoy many of
them, and may they be happy ! You see I have
begun early : it is, that you may hear the more from
me, as I know it will give you pleasure. This is
the first time, My dear Mother, I was ever widely
separated from you ; and I have leisure to perceive
the loss that I sustain in your absence — a loss which
scarce any consideration can wholly indemnify.
It is true, I have met with a great friend, who is
ever ready to assist me with his advice or any
other little service he can : I mean Mr. Hancock, a
gentleman of real merit and real worth, and an
exceeding good scholar. He confers all the obliga-
tions on me he can, gratifies me with the use of his
cabin, and library — an article the most useful and
agreeable of all others, as he has a large collection
of Latin, Greek, and English authors. I have free
access to them at all times — a privilege I make
14 LIFH OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
a good use of. He has also very obligingly invited
me to live with him at the Cape, which will save
me some expence. I dare say it will give you
pleasure to find how luckily in this respect I am
situated.
" We had some very hard gales in the Bay of
Biscay, which to a young sailor must necessarily
appear very dreadful : they were, in reality, dan-
gerous! I was most miserably sick the whole
time, and for many days after. I sincerely wished
myself in England more than once, I assure you.
I now begin more fully to comprehend the cha-
racter of my ship and messmates. Portsmouth
served as a mirror, where their actions, and even
their very thoughts, were reflected. You cannot
guess how truly mean and despicable some of them
ap])ear, contriving and hatching up every scheme
to pick up a little money which their present
poverty or future prospect of indigence can sug-
gest. That town, in short, has been fatal to many.
I wish indeed, for my part, I could say I had lived
at Spithead as I ought ; for though I was not often
on shore, I am conscious I entered into many
extravagances, which were entirely needless. I
have not indeed distressed myself: I hope you will
therefore excuse it as the effect of levity and
inconsideration, and not consider me in the light
of a spendthrift — a character I shall ever dislike,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 15
and ever condemn. I have indeed gained expe-
rience, sufficient to keep nie from the like perni-
cious extremes for the future.
" Upon our leaving England, the Cadets and
Writers used the great cabin promiscuously ; Init
finding they were troublesome and quarrelsome,
we brought a Bill into the House for their eject-
ment, which was carried by a majority of votes
in our favour : in consequence of which, several
libels and party papers came out, under the
title of "Anonymous": and as they were chiefly
against the Writers, I answered them by one severe
satire, in which, under feigned names, I exposed
many of them. I was suspected as the author,
and threatened very highly with the loss of my
ears : but the storm seems to be hushed : they
continue in silence, and I am content. The cha-
racters are allowed to be exactly copied from
nature. I wrote them by the connivance of the
second mate, in his cabin ; a very obliging worthy
good kind of man, who shews me many civilities.
His name is Henry Pascal, the captain's brother-in-
law ; and I assure you it is greatly owing to him
I am so happy.
" I dare say you would like to hear the captain's
character. To begin with his good qualities ; —
he is humane, honest, grateful, well-meaning, and
tolerably good-natured. I wish I could mention
K; \avv. of loud teignmouth.
any more of liis virtues ; for he has behaved so
well to me, I could allow them to him upon very
trifling pretensions ; but for obstinacy, ignorance,
imperiousness to his officers, and an extreme
mauvais gmit, he exactly answers the idea Smollet
gives us in the character of Commodore Trunnion,
alias Hannibal Tough ; and as he frequently per-
sonates that hero, so he also has the honour of his
name. I am pretty well in his good graces : and
I must do his tough ship the justice to say, that his
behaviour to me has been much more obliging
than I could ever expect.
" But I dwell so long on these subjects, I fear
you will think I have forgot my friends. — I hope
you, and my dear Brother, and all, have continued
in health ; — though, from the infirmities of many,
I can scarce flatter myself with that happiness.
I beg you will tell them how much I thank them
for the obligations their civilities have laid me
under, W'hich I shall be ever ready to acknow-
ledge. You cannot imagine how agreeable the
recollection is of those pleasures I have enjoyed,
at difTerent times, in their respective houses — at
Milton Place, St. Anne's Hill, Luddington, Epping
Forest, and London, and other places. I shall write
to them all.
" I often reap the greatest satisfaction in reading
over the Letters I received from you at Spithead.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 17
I consider tliem as so many monuments of maternal
tenderness and affection. I can see through them
the watchful anxiety of an indulgent mother, whose
whole thoughts are centered in the welfare of her
children. It gives me much satisfaction to find by
them that I have hitherto given you no cause to
repent of my misconduct. I find also, with plea-
sure, my Brother's afTectionate Letters. When I was
with him, I little knew how I loved him ; but an
absence, such as this, confirms my affection, and
teaches me how dear he is to me.
" I shall always, my dear Mother, steadfastly
adhere to your advice, particularly in regard to bad
company; and, on that account, have broken off
some connections which I inevitably fell into be-
fore I could sufficiently distinguish whom it was
my interest and inclination to cultivate, and whom
to avoid. I do not in the least repent the choice
of life I have made : on the contrary, I am more
pleased with my condition every day. I never had
any objection to this way of life, but to the distance
by which we are separated, and by the pains of
parting. The latter objection is pretty well over-
come ; and I must remain contented, as the former
cannot be removed. As we are within a week's
sail of the Cape, the preparations are making. If
we should meet with any English ships at the Cape,
homeward bound, I shall embrace the ()])portunity
VOL. I. c
I ft Lll-'F, OK LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
of writing to all my friends ; but if there should be
none, I must beg you to make my apology and
respects to them, as I would not put them to the
expense of paying for a Letter by the Dutch ships,
there being no other method of conveyance.
" Whenever you have an opportunity, I W'Ould
be obliged to you for a ' Dictionary of Arts and
Sciences by a Number of Gentlemen,' as no such
things are to be had in Bengal ; together wdth a
Treatise on Astronomy, and the Poems of Fingal.
The method by which I amuse myself, is, by
writing, ciphering, and the German flute ; and with
Hume's History of England, which Mr. Halhed has
lent me : it is a much better style than Rapin's.
I shall reserve a Postscript, to tell you how^ I like the
Cape ; and write you a longer Letter from Bengal.
" I am. Dear Mother,
" Your ever obedient, and ever dutiful Son."
The Satire mentioned in this Letter, after having
been preserved many years, shared the fate of
almost all the author's other productions in this
style, to which he was naturally strongly addicted.
Of the few remaining specimens of his satirical
skill, one, sufficiently severe and cutting, written on
a public functionary in India, was composed, as he
alleged, in his sleep. Perceiving the pain inflicted
by such sallies of wit, he soon desisted from
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 19
indulging his propensity : and, during the latter
years of his life, his disgust at Junius's malignity
had extinguished the satisfaction which the point
and eloquence of that writer had long afforded him.
" DEAR MOTHER — ■ " Madras, Friday, May 19, 1769.
" We arrived here yesterday morning, after an
agreeable passage from the Cape ; and in the after-
noon I came on shore, Mr. Hancock having very
obligingly introduced me to a gentleman, at whose
house I live. He introduced me to the Governor,
to-day, with whom I dined. I supped last night at
a Country-captain's ; where I saw, for the first time,
a specimen of the Indian taste ; which, I assure you,
was very elegant. Upon my honour, my dear
mother, I never met with, or heard of, any gentle-
man in my life superior to Mr. Hancock, in gene-
rosity, good-nature, and humanity. He is univer-
sally admired and respected. You must be happy
to think he takes so much notice of me. The season
is remarkably hot ; but it does not disagree with
me. Numbers of people are dying; not a drop of
rain having fallen. I never saw a greater proof of
your tenderness and capacity than you shewed in
fitting me out ; for, upon a comparison, I fhid tliere
are scarce two who are so well supplied, and with
so much judgment. I have not settled whom to
live with entirely, but I shall soon determine.
c2
20 i^nr: oi' loud TKUiNMouni.
" I liave been very liealtliy the whole passage, and
very happy. The second and third mates have been
particularly civil; the second, whose name is Mr.
Pascal, exceedingly so: his regard is so sincere,
that there is nothing in the world that he would not
do to oblige me. There is not any one officer in the
service who bears a character superior to him ;
very few equal. It will give you pleasure, I am
sure, to think I have deserved the friendship of so
honest a man. 1 hope my dear Brother will not
fail to write me a long letter to Bengal : the plea-
sure I take in hearing cannot at all be equalled
but by the pleasure I take in writing to him. He
will soon, I suppose, determine what profession he
chooses : pray let me know, particularly as no one
can take more interest in his welfare than ourselves.
Pray make my best respects to all my friends, and
tell them I will not fail to write to them all from
Bengal ; and, if the shortness of our stay did but
permit, I should not be wanting in that respect now.
" Your ever dutiful and obedient Son.
"P.S. The Writers at Madras are exceedingly
proud, and have the knack of forgetting their old
acquaintance."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 21
CHAPTER 11.
AllKlVAL IN BENGAL STATE OF THE PRESIDENCY APPOINTED TO THE
SECRET POLITICAL DEPARTMENT AT CALCUTTA ASSISTANT TO THE
COUNCIL OF MOORSHEDABAD.
Mr. Shore I aiided.in Bengal in such ill health, that
his_shipinates (despaicGd^pX.his recovery ; and he
overheard them observing with sorrow, as he quitted
t he v essel, that he^wou.M„ never reach Calcutta.
To judge of the situation and circumstances of a
youth entering his career at the period now brouglit
under review, the reader must divest himself of
impressions derived from the present state of our
Indian settlements. The exclusive sovereignty of
Great Britain in Bengal did not extend, at this
time, beyond a few factories. It is true, that the
East-India Company had been involved in several
wars and revolutions ; and that the memorable grant
of the revenues of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, in-
cluding the civil and financial jurisdiction of those
vast provinces, obtained four years previously from
the Great Mosjul, had placed in their liands the
22 Lll'l' OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
resources of the Subalidar (Viceroy) of Bengal : but
the collection of the revenues, and attendant civil
administration of justice, had been left till this very
year in the hands of native functionaries.
Some check to tlie gross mismanagement and
extortion practised by those who levied, and to the
fraudulent evasion of those who paid the assess-
ment, had been interposed by the appointment of
European agents, named " Supervisors."
The Company regarded its Political, secondary
and subservient to its Commercial objects. The
government of the Colony was entrusted to a Coun-
cil, usually composed of the junior servants of the
Company ; as the senior found their account in
taking charge of the factories, and in remote em-
ployment. The Legislature having at length di-
rected its inquiries to the causes and conduct of
the important political transactions in which the
Company had been engaged — viewing, whether
through ignorance or negligence, that body exclu-
sively in its commercial character — limited its
interference to the provisions of the Statute of 1767.
By this enactment, a share of the annual profits of
the Company was reserved to the nation, without
establishing any security for the investigation and
controul of the means by which its revenues might
be realised. A scheme for the partial accomplish-
ment of these objects was frustrated by the loss, at
LII'E Ol- LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 23
sea, of the three Commissioners to whom its execu-
tion had been confided.
In remunerating its servants, the Company con-
sidered them rather as mercantile tlian political
agents ; allowing them, in lieu of fixed salaries
proportioned to the importance of their duties, the
right of indemnifying themselves by trade, as well
as by various objectionable methods ; one of which
was especially fertile of abuse, and subsequently
withdrawn — -the liberty, after the Oriental fashion,
of receiving presents. Of these, and various other
privileges, its servants now retained that alone of
trading on their own account ; whilst the miserable
pittance which they received as salary was the
product of a commission on the ceded revenues of
the three provinces.
Clive had strongly urged on the Directors the
expediency of grantingjixed and liberal jialaries to
their officers, as the most just and efTectual method
of pu^ting_ a . stop to the corriiption; the reform of
which was the grand object of his second vigorous
administration. But his s ound advic e w^as^over-
ruled by t heir own reluctance to the measure, calcu-
latedj as they feared, to produce a cry for increased
dividends on the part of the Proprietors, and a
INIinisterial attempt to rob them of a portion of
their p atronage. The adoption of the plan in
Bengal was reserved for the administration of Lord
24< LIFE OV UyUD TEIGNMOUTH.
Cornwallis ; but its advantages were not, till many
years afterwards, extended to the other Presidencies.
The fruit of the illiberal system pursued by the
East-India Company, and of the connivance and
sanction of the Government, was the prevalence
of inveterate corruption and dissipation amongst
their servants. Clive depicted it forcibly in his
speeches ; and, writing in 1772, he observes, that
private letters from India gave a most dreadful
account of the luxury, dissipation, and extravagance
of Bengal.
Calcutta had not yet become what it was destined
to be, " a city of palaces." Mr. Shore found it — to
borrow his own description, communicated many
years afterwards to his son in India — consisting
of houses, not two or three of which were furnished
with Venetian blinds or glass windows ; solid shut-
ters being generally used ; and rattans, like those
used for the bottoms of chairs, in lieu of panes ;
whilst little provision was made against the heat of
the climate. The town was rendered unhealthy by
the effluvia from open drains ; and, to conclude in
his own words : — " I began life without connections
and friends ; and had scarcely a Letter of recom-
mendation or introduction. There was no church
in Calcutta, although Divine Service was performed
in a room in the Old Fort on Sunday Mornings
only ; and there was only one Clergyman in Bengal.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 25
Mr. Shore was appointed, soon after his arrival,
to tlie SecretJ[\)liti^cal Department, and continued
in it during a year. Many volumes of its Records
are in his hand-writing. Mis annucil salary amounted
to 96 current rupees, exactly 12/., according to the
then existing value of that money ; whilst he paid
125 Arcot rupees, or nearly double the above sum,
for a miserable, close, and unwholesome dwelling. "
General poverty supplied additional temptations
to irregularity and corruption; the colony being
much depressed by the heavy cost of the war
in the Carnatic, and the failure of the revenues ;
whilst the gloom of its prospects was enhanced by
that memorable famine, occasioned by the loss in
Bengal of the harvest of an entire year, which, it is
supposed, swept away one-fifth or one-sixth of its
inhabitants. Of this calamity Mr. Shore was an
eye-witness ; and the following lines, forming part
of a Poem written nearly forty years afterwards,
proves that the impression which his mind had
received from the circumstances with which a
voyage on the Ganges had familiarised him had
never been obliterated : —
" Still fresh in Memory's eye, the scene I view,
The shrlvell'd limbs, sunk eyes, and lifeless hue ;
Still hoar the mother's shrieks and infant's moans.
Cries of despair, and agonizing groans.
In wild confusion, dead and dying lie ; —
Hark to the jackall's yell, and \ ulturc's cry.
2() LIl'K OF LOUD TKIGNMOUTH.
The do<^'s fell howl, .-is, midst the glare of day,
They riot, unmolested, on their prey !
Dire scenes of horror ! which no pen can trace,
Nor rolling' years from Memory's page efface."
All ordeal more trying to the health, the inte-
grity, and the morals of a youth, than that to which
the Company's servants were now exposed, could
not be conceived. Mr. Shore's constitution, origi-
nally robust, was speedily affected by the climate,
V producing sleeplessness, which became habitual
to him during his residence in India; whilst,
rather than subject his mother to expence, he
I denied himself almost necessary comforts, and,
during the first two years, even the indulgence of
a horse. Nor did he resist the almost universal
contagion of bad example ; and lived, to borrow
the language of one of his earliest friends, as other
young men did; still ever retaining his characte-
ristic integrity, which soon won for him the well-
merited appellation of " HonestjJohn Shore."
" HONOURED MADAM — "Calcutta, Dec. 3, 1769.
" The Writers, by their Charter, are permitted
to trade, but under very severe restrictions. Before
the arrival of Lord Clive, of infamous memory,
they were allowed dustucks, i.e. a free trade and
no duties, — and even since ; but, by a late Order
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 27
from our Honourable Masters, we are entirely
deprived of any such advantages ; which makes the
risk very unequal.
" I have seen the List of Directors, and am glad
to find Mr. Sullivan is in. If Mr. Vansittart * should
return to Bengal, as is very probable, Mr. Hancock
has promised to use all his influence with him to
serve me. Pray give me a long account of any
events that may occasionally happen relative to
them. — Our Helmsmen here do not seem to relish
very well this alteration : it was what they had
not the least expectation of. Our Governor, in
particular, seems to be a little struck, as he has
always been a very zealous partisan of Lord Clive's
cause.
" Dear Madam,
" Your ever dutiful and most obedient Son."
Whilst tlie young writer, sulTering from Clive's
rigorous system of reform, naturally joined in the
prevailing outcry against his measures, he probably
did not give him credit for that part of his plan to
which the Directors refused their consent — the fair
* This gentleman, father of Lord Bexley, was one of the Three
Commissioners lost in the " Aurora" frig-ate, in Jan. 1771, on his
voyajre to India.
28 LIl'l'' OF LOKD TEIGNMOUTH.
remuneration of their servants. Of Clive, in after-
life, Lord Teignmouth often spoke, but not in
unfavourable terms ; observing, that the defence
of his conduct in the House of Commons had been
triumijhant ; and adverting enthusiastically to his
celebrated decision, which led to the attack on the
Dutch Fleet, and Chatham's no less celebrated
comment on it.
The Supervisors, of whom mention has been
made, having been placed, in 1770, under the con-
troul of two Councils— one at Moorshedabad, for
the province of Bengal, and the other at Patna, for
that of Behar — Mr. Shore was nominated Assistant
to the former, in September of this year. And
in consequence of the indolence of the chief of
his department, and the absence of the second on
a special mission, he suddenly found himself, at
the age of nineteen, elevated from the humble
drudgery of a Writer in a public office to the
responsible situation of a Judge, invested with the
^vil and fiscal jurisdiction of a large district.
Of the magnitude of the burden imposed on
him, it would be easier to form an idea than of the
extent of the opportunities of tyranny and malver-
sation placed within his reach. " Will you be-
lieve," observes Mr. Hastings, in a lately published
Letter, " that the Boys of the Service are the
Sovereigns of the country, under the unmeaning
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOIITII. 29
title of Su^oervisors, Collectors of t^ip Revenue,
Administratprs-of Justice, and RulerSi^Jieavy Rulers,
of the pe opjg^-. They are said to be under the
controul of the Board of Revenue at Moorshedabad
and Patna ;" — which Mr. Hastings proceeds to de-
scribe, as superior in power, though nominally
subject, to the Governor and Council.
The importance of the charge called forth the
energy of Mr. Shore's character. The Court being
distant from his residence, he would, on an emer-
gency, remain trying causes, with little relaxation,
from the hour of breakfast on one day, till that of
supper on the following. These sometimes in-
volved property to an immense amount. In a
single year, he adjudicated six hundred ; and from
his decisions there were only two appeals — a proof
of the precocio us maturity of his judgment^, and of
the confidence,- pf the suitors.
His integrity did not, however, escape imputa-
tion ; and it may excite surprise that he was first
brought to the notice of Mr. Hastings on a charge
oFcorruption, instituted by native suitors, who had
been disappointed by one of his decisions. Mr.
Hastingsimmediately addressed a Letter to the
Chief of his department, Mr. M , beseeching
him not to suffer his friendship for Mr. Shore to
shield his guilt, if substantiated. Mr. Shore's ac-
cusers shrank from confrontation with him : and
so LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
Mr. Hastings was perfectly satisfied of his inno-
cence, on his offering to declare, upon oath, that
he had never received other remuneration of his
official labours than that arising from the cus-
tomary trifling fees.
Mr. Shore's evenings, usually passed in solitude
at his country-house, were devoted to the prosecu-
tion of studies calculated both to qualify him lor
more important duties, and to supply his leisure
with the means of profitable and delightful re-
creation.
So little had the utility of Oriental Learning been
as yet appreciated by the Company's servants, that
not three of them were conversant with any Oriental
Language but Hindostanee ; broken English being
their only medium of communication with their
native servants. Some of the future founders of
the Asiatic Society had indeed, about this time,
commenced their isolated grammatical and philo-
logical labours. Hastings had incited their ardour,
by his example : and Wilkins had just reached
India. But little facility or encouragement was
afforded to those whose curiosity directed them to
an apparently unpromising field of investigation.
Mr. Shore perceived the advantage to be de-
rived from the study of the Oriental Languages.
His industry embraced at once the Hindostanee^
Persian, and Arabic. Nor did he neglect the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 31
JBengalee ; though not essential, as the natives with
whom he sought conversation spoke Hindostanee.
In the prosecution of his elementary pursuits, he
was in a great measure his own pioneer. He
acquired the Hin dostan ee Language through the
JB§d.iui]a.,Qf colloquial intercourse. It was his prac-
tice to employ an individual who had held the
office of Story-teller in the service of various
Nabobs, in narrating to him, as he reposed after
dinner, tales extracted from the works of difTerent
authors. He fortunately obtained the assistance of a
Hindostanee Grammar, written by an Englishman
slain at Patna. But his knowledge of Persian and
Arabic was originally derived exclusively from
oral instruction ; for he had not the advantage
of a Grammar or a Dictionary, in either of these
languages. Some years afterwards, he obtained
Meninski's valuable compilation of Arabic, Persian,
and Turkish Dictionaries. His first aim in study-
ing a language was, to acquire a thorough know-
ledgc of the verbs, which he regarded as a key to
all its mysteries. In the Persian Language and
Literature, to which his attention was chiefly di-
cectedjJiis.prDilcieiicyj?s[as considerable.
A lasting friendship was formed between the
pupil and his Moonshee. Grateful for some ser-
vices rendered to him by Mr. Shore, this attached
native transmitted to him at Calcutta a present of
32 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Oriental books. The whole collection was swamped
in the Ganges, and irrecoverably, excepting a single
volume — a splendid copy of the Shah Namfeh of
Phirdoosi. Its pages are yet stained by the waters
of the sacred river*. Not satisfied, however, with
this costly proof of his regard to his benefactor, the
Moonshee, who had become wealthy, afforded him
yet more substantial evidence of his recollection,
by earnestly requesting him, when on the point of
leaving India, to accept a sum amounting to 16C0/.
* The distinguished Oriental scholar, Sir William Ouseley, in
a Letter to Lord TeigTimouth, attests the value of this copy : —
" MY LORD — " Crickhowel, July 1 7, 1827.
" After an absence of some days from home, I have only this
morning received your Lordship's Letter of the 11th; in conse-
quence of which, the beautiful and most excellent copy of the
Shall Ndmeh, lent to me so many years ago by your Lordship, is
forwarded by this day's mail-coach, very carefully packed. For
the long use of so valuable a MS. I beg to return my sincerest
thanks. Copies of the same work, neither so ancient, handsome,
nor so accurate, I have seen in Persia, estimated at more than
an hundred guineas. It has been of considerable service to me,
in a collation with three very fine copies in my owti possession, and
several in other collections. Having vea.di\i from beginning to end,
I can venture to declare, that, in my opinion, a more valuable
copy has never been brought to Europe ; and that but few (if any)
equal could be found in Persia.
" With a repetition of my best thanks, I have the honour to be,
My Lord,
" Your Lordship's obliged and obedient servant,
" William Ouseley."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 33
on the plea that the latter had saved little, and that
the state of his health would prevent him again
exposing himself to an Indian climate. Mr. Shore,
whilst he declined the proposal, was much affected
by this trait of generosity ; and happily enjoyed,
on returning to India, an opportunity of testifying
his regard to his friend, by rendering essential
assistance to his family : for the Moonshee had
died during his absence, and left his children con-
suming his property in litigation. INIr. Shore offered
his services as arbitrator of their differences, and
acquitted himself of his duty to their satisfaction.
Extensive intercourse with the natives, and ex-
perimental skill acquired by personal superinten-
dence of a small farm — a practice afterwards
prohibited to the Company's servants, — followed by
subsequent researches, supplied Mr. Shore with that
ample information respecting the habits, manners,
and customary tenures of the people, and that
clear insight into the complicated machinery of
their revenue systems, to which his success in after-
life was mainly attributable.
His new and various studies did not divert him
from the cultivation of European and Classical
Literature. To refresh his recollection of Latin,
he regularly kept a journal in that language ;
whilst he perused the Greek Testament and Homer,
and selected passages from other authors. But he
VOL. I. D
34 Ln<'E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
found that the advantage of exemption from inter-
ruption which he now enjoyed did not compensate
for the want of conversation on the subject of his
studies ; and he attributed to his unavoidably so-
litary habits, during a great part of his residence
in India, his having forgotten, notwithstanding the
tenacity of his memory, much of his laboriously-
acquired knowledge.
The small remaining portion of his correspon-
dence with his mother at this period may be re-
ferred to, not only as conveying his opinions and
reflecting his feelings, but as deriving additional
interest from the light which it sheds on surrounding
scenes and objects.
" Moorshedabad, April 1, 1772.
"The place of my residence at present is a
garden-house of the Nabob, about four miles distant
from Moorshedabad. I will not be so disingenuous
as to leave this assertion unexplained; as you
might be led to imagine from it, that my intimacy
and influence with the proprietor must be very
great, to entitle me to the favour of occupying his
house ; which is so far from being true, that he has
scarce a personal knowledge of me. Absence from
Moorshedabad not interfering with business, I have
been enticed hither by a love of retirement and a
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 35
healthy air ; my former place of abode being less
agreeable, and the air less salutary during the hot
months.
"Whatever the pastoral poets and lucubrators
have so flatteringly described as composing the
charms of solitude, I here enjoy — cooing doves,
whistling blackbirds, and a purling stream : and
you will naturally think, that in so hot a climate
these rural objects must be doubly pleasing.
" But whether the mind partakes of the lan-
guishing inactivity of the body, or what is the
reason, I am not sufficiently philosophical or selfish
to feel any real enjoyment in things, unless parti-
cipated with those I love. Here I am quite soli-
tary, and, except once a week, see nobody of a
Christian complexion. Little improvement or en-
tertainment can be had from conversations with the
natives, their ideas being very confined and de-
based. Those amongst them who have studied the
Persian and Arabic languages (a critical knowledge
of the latter being esteemed the very perfection of
science) commonly prove self-sufficient pedants,
with learning enough to make them impertinent ;
and as to the unlearned, nothing but a desire to
attain the necessary information regarding their
religious and civil customs (of which even they are
capacitated to give but imperfect accounts) can
make their company tolerable. It is here proper
d2
'SQ LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
to notice, that these ^ remarks are made on the
Mahomedans.
" In this solitude, I find no time glide away more
imperceptibly and pleasingly than when you are
the subject of my meditations; which is very fre-
quently the case. I frame in my mind resem-
blances (which perhaps have their existence there
only) between the rural landscapes which surround
me here, and those which you and I have frequented
in happier days. But the face of this country has
no agreeable variety of hills and valleys, groves
and lawns ; no elegant villa rises to the sight ; no
distant town to bound the prospect. The surface,
for the space of some hundred miles, is perfectly
level, with neither hill nor stone on it. A brick
house, though highly mean and inelegant, is un-
common, even in the capital city of Bengal : there
are few to be compared wdth yours in Pulteney
Street. Latterly, the inhabitants have begun to
imitate our buildings ; — a measure w^hich nothing
but an obstinate attachment to their own absurd
customs, and too lazy a disposition to learn better,
would have hindered their adopting sooner, since
their own habitations are exceedingly ill adapted to
the climate.
" It is customary with the Gentoos, as soon as
they have acquired a moderate fortune, to dig or
purchase a pond. Besides the convenience resulting
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 37
from the proximity of a piece of water for the
purpose of daily bathing, a ceremony strictly en-
joined by their religion, they draw a kind of
standing revenue, or means of subsistence, from it ;
as those of the strictest principles eat nothing which
has life, but fish. Before the revenues of this coun-
try became the immediate property of the Company
(who now assume an authority over the natives not
inferior to French despotism), the landholders and
farmers of extensive districts dug many large lakes
for the benefit of the public, some of which still
remain, and are worthy of admiration. At present,
the poverty of people of the highest rank is an
obstacle to their carrying on works of such extent
and expense. The utility of these lakes is not to
be estimated by the same standard it would be in
England, where the beauty of their appearance
would be principally considered. The great scar-
city of water proper to be drunk, from the whole
soil being impregnated with saltpetre, made it
highly meritorious in any person to supply the
public with an element in its purity so indispen-
sably necessary to a nation of water-drinkers. The
English, and other Europeans residing in Bengal,
drink rain-water in preference to all other, being
much lighter and wholesomer.
" A2)rii 26. — Whether the natives are liappier
under the administration of the English, wlio have
4
S8 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
eased the poorer sort of many burdens, than under
the arbitrary authority of their own country Go-
vernors, is a matter of doubt to me. They have not
that opinion which every Englishman glories in, and
encourages with such enthusiasm — of the essentiality
of liberty to happiness. The regard they enter-
tained for Rulers of the same clime and faith made
them submit to their dictates with a degree of zeal
which they seldom exert in obeying the commands
of a foreign power ; which, though enforced with a
less heavy hand, are sometimes issued without the
proper respect for their religious usages and cus-
toms. They have in one respect obtained a great
advantage — the security of their houses and effects
against the ravages of the Mahrattas and other plun-
derers. Upon the whole, if we should confer hap-
piness upon them, it will be in spite of themselves.
" Will not these digressions prove tiresome ? or,
as I presume, do you rather feel a curiosity to be
acquainted with anecdotes of the people amongst
whom I live ? A desire of satisfying the questions
you have made concerning particulars of this na-
ture has often betrayed me into repetitions which
must be disgustful. The immense number of things
to be remarked cannot be ascertained by one view :
the first idea I form, appears, on retrospect, to be
always imperfect, and often erroneous. I endea-
vour therefore, by observations founded upon a
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 39
more intimate knowledge, to amplify those remarks
which are cursory, and correct those which are
false. As to facts, I never assert the authenticity
of them, unless I have previously received convic-
tion ; but with regard to speculative points, I must
beg your indulgence for representing them diffe-
rently, occasioned by the different points of view in
which they are offered to my sight.
"Are you not rather disappointed in receiving
no accounts of the progress I have made in the
acquisition of a fortune ? I wish, for your sake
more than for my own, I could with truth boast of
having done so ; but the road to opulence grows
daily narrower, and is more crowded with com-
petitors, all eagerly pressing towards the goal,
though few arrive there. I am not at present any-
ways avaricious, and should be contented with a
moderate sum : perhaps, when that modicum is
acquired, I shall be thirsting after a little more.
The Court of Directors are actuated with such a
spirit of reformation and retrenchment, and so well
seconded by Mr. Hastings, that it seems the rescis-
sion of all our remaining emoluments will alone
suffice it. The Company's Service is in fiict ren-
dered an employ not very desirable. Patience,
perseverance, and hope, are all I have left. I am
now embarked for life ; and must endeavour to
steer my vessel through all the hardships and perils
40 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
of the voyage, carefully catching every favourable
gale which will wing me to the desired port.
Rest assured, my dear Mother, nothing shall allure
J me to part with my honesty, or disgrace the pre-
cepts I have received from you, and which your
own example has so well exemplified. Poor I am,
and may remain so ; but conscious rectitude shall
never suffer me to blush at being so.
" It is inconceivable to what invidiousness an
exalted rank in the Company's employ in Bengal is
exposed. The very best characters do not escape
calumny. I mention this, to caution you against
paying too implicit a belief of the censures pub-
lished in England by the interested and disap-
pointed. Many recent instances might be pointed
out, of worthy men having been traduced and
rendered infamous by reports propagated by ill
nature, or to serve some private ends. Unluckily,
these illiberal accusations gain too much credit in
Leadenhall Street, from the difficulty attending a
disproval of them ; and to this cause may in great
measure be assigned the severe orders issued by
the Court of Directors.
" May 28. — Three years, and almost four, have
elapsed, since I had the happiness of seeing you.
How many more must revolve before we meet
again, is a reflection which leaves behind it a
melancholy uncertainty. Yet I do not know how
LIFK OF LORD TEIGXMOUTII. 41
it is that these reflections find room in my heart,
and embitter my transient joys. There are even
hours, in which, thought succeeding to thought, my
despair is so violent, as to be soothed by nothing
but the mildness of the Christian Religion. This, /
my dear Mother, is the refuge I apply to in
anxieties. When the world displeases me, I with- v
draw to converse with my God. Would to Heaven
I had resolution enough thus piously to direct
every movement of my life ! But temptation comes
under such pleasing and varied shapes, and is re-
ceived by most people so cordially, that, from the
agreeableness of her form, the force of example,
and the weakness of the will, the flesh falls into
iniquities, and leads the spirit to be afterwards
mortified into repentance.
" I believe I before mentioned to you the too
great prevalence of immorality in this Settlement,
and wish I could now advise you of an amendment.
Were these sentiments divulged, not tlie uncon-
troverted truth of them would be sufllcient to
guard the singularity of my censures from the
attacks of ridicule. And yet, every man who will
condescend to exercise his reason, unprejudiced,
must be of the same opinion : but uninterrupted
employments or succession of dissipations leave but
a short time for serious consideration. You will
perhaps conclude, from the disregard with which
42 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Religion is treated, that the number of Free-thinkers
must be great : they are, in fact, but few. As I
am on this topic, I will relate an accident which
has happened since my arrival, the particulars of
which I have heard repeatedly confirmed by one of
the parties concerned.
"Three of this sect had dined together, and
had given free scope to the licentiousness of their
favourite principles in their conversation during
dinner-time ; and, for their afternoon's amusement,
went on board a braid, to take the air on the water.
Wine had animated them too much to leave room
for reflection ; and, in the height of wantonness,
they overset the boat. The most abandoned of the
party, exulting in his superior skill in swimming,
leaped from the edge of the sinking vessel into the
water, and, in a strain of bantering blasphemy, said,
" The Lord has smote us now ! " and jokingly asked
his companions if they had any commands to his
black friends below. — The close of this scene, how
dreadful ! — though but a small distance from the
shore, he sank before he reached it, never to rise
alive again! What a lesson for the scofTers at
morality ! Is not this example enough to convert
the most hardened atheist? From the circum-
stances attending this horrid adventure, it seems
evident to me that Providence interposed.
" You will, I hope, excuse the freedom I take.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 43
in requesting you not to shew my Letters to any
persons who have correspondents in this part of
the world. Though I write nothing I should be
ashamed to avow and maintain at all times and
places, yet the most innocent sentiments, when
displayed by a satirical pen, become ridiculous ;
and often the more so, in proportion as they are
of a private nature.
" Jnli/ 6. — From the confidence you have so long
reposed in me, I cannot but consider you equally in
the light of a friend and a mother : the regard I feel
for the one is blended inseparably with the respect
I owe to the other ; so that my duty and inclina-
tion go hand in hand, and make but one passion.
This naturally leads me to consider the unhappy
situation of those parents and children between
whom this desirable union does not subsist — a re-
flection which endears you more to me. That you
may long remain exempt from the severer pains
incident to humanity — for some infirmities are the
lot of mankind — blessed in the love and obedience
of your children, and happy in the esteem of your
friends, is the wish of gratitude, reverence, and
filial love ; and all the reward they can at present
make.
" I almost envy my brother in the choice he has
made ; and now think I should have been happier
44 LIFE OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTII.
had I fixed upon the same. It is not to be doubted
but he will be a credit to his cloth, and an honour
to society. When he seriously weighs the superior
importance of his station over all other professions,
his volatility of spirits and giddiness of youth, the
effects of a good constitution, which for the present
exclude thought, will gradually subside into a
settled cheerfulness of temper, so suitable to the
pacific tenets of the Christian doctrine. Endowed
with strong natural sense and goodness of dispo-
sition, the force of example and your advice will
mould him into any thing. The satisfaction you
express at his conduct gives me equal delight with
your approbation of mine ; and I am heartily glad
his dutiful and tender deportment towards you has
rendered so many of your hours happy.
"The death of Doctor Sumner was an event
which both surprised and afflicted me. His beha-
viour to me whilst under his care — the whole pro-
priety and kindness of which I did not comprehend
at the time, but have since, upon recollection — had
raised in my heart the highest esteem for him : his
memory will still be dear to me, and all who were
acquainted with his several merits of a good man
and accomplished scholar.
" In the advice I gave my brother, I consulted
less the ability I had for doing it properly, than the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 45
love I bear him. As you approved what I wrote,
and enjoined me to continue, I shall endeavour to
communicate some sentiments applicable to his
intended mode of life. It is an office which might
be much better exercised by yourself.
" A voyage nearly round the world has lately
been completed by Dr. Banks, Dr. Solander, &c. for
making discoveries for the improvement of Botany
and Philosophy in general. Should these Travels
be published, I shall be much obliged to you to
send me the book out ; as the articles of the un-
dertakers must give room to suppose that it will be
a work of great merit. In the catalogue of books
which you sent me, there is one entitled " Conso-
lations of Philosophy, by Boethius," quotations of
which I have seen prefixed as mottos to some of
the Papers of the " Rambler " and " Adventurer."
You will do me a singular favour by sending me
the Latin editions of this Work. I believe it was
originally written in Latin ; for I find there is scarce
a language in which it may not be met with. If
I may be allowed to form a judgment of the whole
from the extracts of the performance which 1 have
seen, it contains some of the finest moral sentiments
I have ever met with. I will also beg the favour
of " Scott's Versification of the Book of Job," and
"Glover's Leonidas." The libraries brouglit out
46 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
by the captains and mates of Indiamen into this
country for sale, though very voluminous, consist
mostly of novels, and such books as are termed, by
the London shopkeepers, " light summer reading,"
and such as are sent, at stated seasons, in large
cargoes, to Bath, Tunbridge Wells, and such places.
I had the good luck, last year, to furnish myself,
at a very cheap rate, with some Latin and Greek
Classics ; which one of the captains, ill judging of
the mart to which he brought them, imagined to
have sold at a high premium.
" I am sorry to find, by the accounts received
this year from Europe, that such violent opinions
should everywhere prevail of the oppression and
peculation exercised by the Company's servants in
India, and that the famine was in great measure
owing to monopolies made by them*. Mr.
* Mr. Shore, many years afterwards, thus explains, in a Note
to a Poem, the origin of the famine : —
"The calamity here described happened in 1770, and was
solely occasioned by the failure of the periodical rains in the
autumn of 1769 and the spring of 1770. The autumnal harvest
of Beno-al gives about three-fourths, and the vernal harvest one-
fourth of the annual produce ; consequently there was a failure of
the harvest of an entire year. The natives, little apprehending
such a calamity, were not provided against the consequences of it.
The numbers supposed to have perished for want of food have
been vaguely estimated, without sufficient data, at one-fifth or one-
sixth of the whole population. That whole villages were depopu-
lated,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 47
has in particular been blamed for these practices,
both here and at home ; and it was to him^ amongst
others, I alluded, in the caution I gave you in
the preceding sheets. Upon my first arrival at
Moorshedabad, the scarcity was at the greatest
height ; and the reports concerning Mr. 's
monopolies were everywhere ripe. Prompted by
my natural curiosity, and with a view of discovering
that gentleman's real character, I made all the
inquiries I could amongst the inhabitants of the
city and English gentlemen residing there, but
could never discover any foundation for the accu-
sation.
" With hearty wishes for your health and hap-
piness,
" I remain, my dear Mother,
" Your truly affectionate and dutiful Son."
la ted, and the towns thinned, is a fact; and the circumstances
detailed in the poem were literally true. Ignorance and prejudice
have attributed the famine to the avarice and machinations of the
English ; and Sir Francis Sykes, who left Bengal eighteen months
before the famine commenced, has been calumniated as the author
of it. Whoever knows the country of Bengal, knows that no art
can produce a famine there." Bishop Barrington had partaken so
fully of the prevailing belief respecting Sir F. Sykos's guilt, that
he had declined visiting him ; till hearing Lord Teignmoutli acci-
dentally allude to the circumstances whicli gave rise to it, the
liberal-minded prelate expressed his surprise, and declared his
intention of embracing the earliest opportunity of rectifying his
error.
J.g LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESSIVE RISE IN THE SERVICE APP0INTP:D TO THE PROVINCIAL
COUNCIL OF REVENUE AT CALCUTTA DISTRACTED STATE OF THE PRE-
SIDENCY PURSUES AN INDEPENDENT COURSE APPOINTED SECOND
MEMBER OF THE GRAND COUNCIL OF REVENUE.
The resolution of the East-India Company to take
the collection of the revenues of the three provinces
subject to their sway more immediately into their
hands, was carried into effect in 1772, by Mr.
Hastings adopting, soon after his arrival in India,
what was called the Quinquennial Settlement, or
five years' lease of the lands. The Supervisors were
now designated Collectors. And the Council to
which Mr. Shore belonged having been abolished,
its duties being transferred to a Council of Revenue
at Calcutta, he was appointed First Assistant to the
Resident of the province ofRajeshahe.
"to bury HUTCHINSON, ESQ.
" DEAR BURY — « Moidapore, Oct. 20, 1773.
" Many thanks for your kind inquiries after
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 49
my health and situation. I am tolerably well in
both respects ; but should be better contented were
the profit to be equal to the credit of the office
I hold. An explanation of my present employment
will, T dare say, surprise you ; — it is, the distribution
of justice amongst the inhabitants of a very large
district. Every Civil cause — that is to say, every
dispute where the peace is not broken through —
comes under my cognisance ; and though you will
judge this more properly the province of an able
lawyer, yet a tolerable knowledge of the language,
and the being somewhat conversant with the reli-
gious and judicial customs of the people (which are
never infringed in our decisions), are sufficient
qualifications for exercising this business.
Notwithstanding I have met with as much suc-
cess and countenance as most adventurers who
have settled in this country at the early period of
life I did, I cannot but regret that I ever left
England ; so true is the old adage, that
Coelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt.
Not that I lament the loss of the diversions in
Europe: it is the frequency of dissipation in this
place that I complain of, and the unsettled mode of
life I am in. The die is, however, now cast ; and
I must extend my views to futurity, banishing all
retrospect on the past. These are sentiments
VOL. I. E
50 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
which I wish to be concealed from my mother, as
they will necessarily make her uneasy.
" Believe me, with much regard, your
affectionate friend and humble servant."
The three provinces were in this year distributed
into six grand divisions. Each was placed under
the controul of a Council, the members of which
superintended in rotation the Civil business ; W'hilst
a subordinate and limited jurisdiction, coupled with
the charge of collecting the revenues, w^as entrusted
to the natives, as Deputies of the Councils : and
the Councils w'ere subject to the appellate juris-
diction of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, till the
establishment of the Grand Council of Revenue.
Mr. Shore, having temporarily acted as Persian
Translator and Secretary to the Provincial Board at
Moorshedabad, was appointed Fifth iNIember of the
Board at Calcutta ; and he at once exchanged the -
stillness and seclusion, in which his days had
hitherto flowed peacefully along, for the angry
contentions of the seat of unsettled and divided
government.
By the Act for regulating Indian Affairs, passed
in 1773, progressive approximation was made to
that centralizing of authority which is essential
to the administration of a remote colony. The
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 51
supreme power was vested in a Council, consisting
of five members, one of whom enjoyed the title of
Governor General, together with the privilege of
the casting vote ; — but, as yet, without separate
responsibility. And to this Council w^as assigned
a negative controul, in the shape of a veto, over the
Presidencies of Madras and Bombay, in regard to
wars and negociations.
The result of a system of government so ill
constituted became soon apparent ; — fluctuating
councils at home, and perpetual feuds and factions
among the functionaries in India, embroiling the
Presidencies, or the Governor-General and his
colleagues in the Council ; embarrassing all the
proceedings of Government, and spreading discord
and confusion through every branch of the Service :
whilst fresh fuel was supplied to the flame of con-
tention, by the institution, under the same Act, of a
Supreme Court of Judicature, formed ostensibly to
remedy the defects in the administration of justice,
but in effect to set up an authority rivalling, and,
by an extravagant assumption of power, usurping
the functions of the Supreme Government.
The Act was brought into operation in October
1774, on the arrival of three of the Members of
the Council — Mr. (afterwards Sir Philip) Francis,
Gen. Clavering, and Col. Monson. Mr. Hastings
was immediately involved in differences with his
E 2
52 LIl'^K <JF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
new colleagues ; and being supported only by the
remaining Member of the Council, Mr. Barwell,
was in the minority, though dignified with the title
of Governor General ; till the death of Col. Monson
in 1776, when he obtained the ascendancy. And
the subsequent return of Mr. Francis to England,
on the occasion of his final rupture and duel with
Mr. Hastings, in 1780, relieved the Governor- Ge-
neral from the opposition of his most powerful and
virulent adversary. During this stormy period of
seven years, the seat of Government w^as on the
verge of civil war.
Mr. Shore received his new appointment from
Mr. Hastings's opponents at the Board, who had set
aside the Governor-General's recommendations.
Perceiving the distracted state of the public coun-
cils, and consequent violence of party spirit, he
determined at once on pursuing an independent
course, though not without anxious apprehensions
of its proving a bar to his advancement in the
Service. Once, whilst expressing his fears on this
subject to an old gentleman named Burgess, he
received, in reply, advice which he adopted as his
rule of conduct, and frequently inculcated on others,
having himself made full proof of its value : —
" Make yourself useful, and you will succeed."
Though unfettered by party engagements, Mr.
Shore avowed his opinions, which Mere generally
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 53
unfavourable to Mr. Hastings's measures. On one
occasion, and on one alone, did he revise, at the
request of Mr. Francis, who gladly availed himself
of Mr. Shore's practical acquaintance with revenue
subjects, "a bitter philippic," in the shape of a
minute levelled at the Governor-General. The
peculiar malignity of the style of this document
had deterred another friend from undertaking the
invidious task. Mr. Shore acquitted himself of his
engagement dexterously, but not without difficulty.
His objection to some startling statements were met,
on Mr. Francis's part, by the reply. That as strong
assertions were hazarded on one side, they might
be met by corresponding asseverations on the other.
When urging Mr. Francis to omit the most acri-
monious passages of his minute, and seasoning his
suggestion with a little flattery, to which the
author's vanity rendered him accessible, he re-
marked. That the force of Mr. Francis's arguments
required no such adventitious aid ; — the latter did
not comply till after he had peremptorily accused
him of having acted the part of a man who first
cut another's throat, and afterwards endeavours to
sew it up.
In regard to the disputed question respecting the
authorship of Junius, it may not be inappropriate
to observe, that ^Ir. Shore, though intimately ac-
quainted with Mr. Francis, and conversant with his
5i LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
polemical writings during a protracted period of
exasperating contentions, and equally familiar with
the writings of Junius, professed himself incapable
of perceiving any characteristic, except malignity,
common to these two eminent masters of the con-
troversial pen.
Of the inadequacy of functionaries to the duties
imposed on the Indian Service, which deprived them
of vacation till incapacitated by sickness, Mr. Shore
suffered the effects ; and he was compelled to take
a voyage for the recovery of his health in 1775, and
again in 1777. At the former period we find him
an unknown stranger at Madras.
" TO MRS. SHORE.
MY DEAR MOTHER "Madras, Feb. 17, 1775.
" You will be much better pleased on being
informed that my journey has been attended with
the benefit to my health I expected from it ; so that
I already began to think of returning to Bengal,
where my presence, though it may be dispensed
with, cannot but be wanted, in a public and private
capacity. Were I to consult my inclination only,
I never should desire to see the town of Calcutta
again ; or, at least, till more unanimity prevails
amongst the inhabitants.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 55
" The want of friends, and of a proper introduc-
tion to the gentlemen in this place, I find very dis-
agreeable ; and the first day of my arrival, which
was the 15th, I was absolutely at a loss wherein
to put my head. Had Sir John Clerk proceeded
to Madras, his recommendation would have had
a sufficient weight to insure me a polite reception
with the most considerable people ; and depending
on this, I neglected procuring any Letters from my
intimates in Bengal. It is, however, a matter of
much indifference to me, as long as I am not obliged
to remain in the street ; and the civilities of one
gentleman, whom I never saw in my life before, has
prevented that. There is no necessity, on my part,
for the paying of formal visits, for giving atten-
dance at great men's levees, or for flattering false
wit — a species of servility I never would submit to
were my fortune at stake, and hardly here where
I expect complaisance alone.
" The confusion and hurry I am in destroys that
cool consideration I would wish to have about me
when I write to you. I do not feel, when I am in
this state, that mild, soothing affection which is
eased and relieved by tears alone, and which seldom
fails attending me when I am thus employed.
" Since my arrival here, 1 have turned many a
longing look to my native country. Hitherto, my
56 LIt'E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
anxiety at being separated from my friends has
been in some measure supportable ; but I feel at
times an uneasiness I cannot calm. Fool that I was,
to give up so many real comforts of life, moderate
enjoyments actually in my power, for ideal visionary
projects, which are now darkened with an impene-
trable obscurity ! — It it impossible, I see, to write to
you without being attacked by melancholy. What-
ever hurry or confusion I may be in when I commence
my Letter, I always feel myself calm before it draws
towards a conclusion. It is unnatural to imagine
mere external objects should destroy those vestiges
of affection which are imprinted in our youngest
years, and gradually and daily become deeper and
deeper. As long as my intellect remains undis-
turbed, the remembrance of your kindness, so often
and so repeatedly excited in such great degrees,
must always exist undiminished. Like a lover
ever voluminous in praises of his mistress's beauty,
so could I willingly bestow my time in expatiating
on the topics of maternal fondness, and in enume-
rating every trifling instance of it, even from the
years of childhood ; and the more so, as there
is so great a doubt whether I shall ever expe-
rience the same again personally. Hope — which,
it is said, travels with us ever — has almost
quitted me ; and despair fills up a large space in
the volume of futurity, which still remains to be
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 57
explored by me. It is always a subject of the most
agreeable consolation to me, that my dear brother
is situated in such a condition as promises to insure
him happiness, both in this world and in the future.
Thrice happy indeed am I, that I may in justice
reflect that my arguments have had weight with
him, in determining him to resign all thoughts of
acquiring opulence in India!
" I am almost ashamed to send you this scrawl ;
but you will, 1 hope, make allowances for me, just
arrived as I am in a Settlement where I am un-
known, without a room, and not a single conve-
nience. Pray remember my love to my brother.
My respects and compliments to relations and
friends.
" With every wish for your health and pro-
sperity, I remain, My dear Mother,
" Your truly affectionate
" Dutiful Son and obedient servant."
Mr. Shore at this time visited Pondicherry, the
capital of the French Settlements in India; and
received much attention from the Governor, Law,
descendant of the famous projector of the Mississippi
scheme.
In his Letters, written on his return to Calcutta,
he depicts forcibly the distracted state of the
58 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Settlement, and the dissolution of public and
private confidence.
" TO BURY HUTCHINSON, ESQ.
DEAR SIR — " Calcutta, Nov. 20, 1775.
" Dancing, riding, hunting, shooting, are now
our employments. In proportion as the inhabitants
of this Settlement have increased, we are become
much less sociable and hospitable than formerly.
The demon of party and politics has now broke
loose amongst us ; and in the room of private and
public confidence, has planted suspicion, envy, and
distrust. You may imagine no person's situation
can be agreeable in such times ; and a very small
competence would induce me to leave a place
where these disturbances will be increased, before
they subside.
" Your obliged and obedient humble servant."
" TO THE SAME.
" DEAR SIR " Calcutta, Sept. 1, 1776.
" By some very late advices, it seems probable
that no alterations will take place in our political
establishment here, at least for the following twelve
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 59
months. Disputes have been carried too far to
admit of any cordiality amongst our Supreme
Council, notwithstanding the recommendations to
that effect of the Court of Directors ; so that the
same discord must continue. The public business
here does not, indeed, suffer so much as may be
expected from these dissensions ; but it is very
clear they can be attended with no one good con-
sequence, either to the Company, country, or gene-
rality of individuals.
" I have avoided as much as possible being con-
sidered of any party : and, in my public conduct,
can with truth assert, have been actuated by no
other principle than the duty I owe to my em-
ployers. Though this country is comparatively in
a much worse state than it formerly was, I am yet
convinced, that if any administration would attend
to the regulation of its affairs, and to the establish-
ing of them on a valid and immutable footing, it
would, in every point of view, become a source of
increasing wealth to the proprietors of it. But
whilst the Councils in Leadenhall Street are fluc-
tuating, and animosity prevails here, nothing funda-
mentally good can be done, or can be expected.
The state of it is now so well known here, that
nothing but unanimity and resolution are wanting
to effect the most desired change.
" Yours, &c."
60 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Mr. Shore's second absence from Calcutta ex-
empted him from the fate of his colleagues at the
Council Board ; who were deprived of their func-
tions, on the charge of disobedience of orders and
neglect of duty. They laid the guilt imputed to
them on the irregularity and refractoriness of the
Duan or Native Minister attached to the Board,
Gunga-Govind Sing, who had been re-instated by
Mr. Hastings in the ojBBce from which he had been
dismissed at Mr. Francis's suggestion, partly on the
charge of embezzlement and misappropriation of
the public money, but principally on account of
his general bad character. This notorious indi-
vidual proved a constant source of annoyance to
the Council ; and an especial thorn in the side of
Mr. Shore, on whom the chief responsibility after-
wards devolved.
" TO BURY HUTCHINSON, ESQ,
MY DEAR SIR — " Moorshedabad, Nov. 27, 1778.
" The friends who are willing to do me essential
service are not able ; and, considering the violent
party spirit that has now reigned for above four
years in Bengal, it is a fortunate circumstance for
me to be able to keep upon good terms with one
party without making myself offensive to the others.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 61
Mr. Francis is my friend ; and will, I believe, give
me proofs of it, whenever time shall put it into his
power.
"The near approach of the period when the
Company's Charter shall expire cannot fail to give
me, as well as every other servant of the Company,
some apprehension. Conjecture cannot point out
what will be the consequence ; and we can only
wait with impatience and anxiety for that decision
which is to determine all our fates. If the points
of right and convenience should be attended to
in the debates upon this important question, no
doubt can remain about the matter ; but I have
lived long enough to see that other motives influ-
ence statesmen and politicians, as well as indivi-
duals. There is no commerce between Great Britain
and Hindostan that can effect a profit to the ad-
venturers.
" Yours, &c."
Uninterrupted health enabled Mr. Shore, in the
following year, to take a somewhat prominent part
in the controversies in which a fresh schism involved
the unfortunate Colony of Bengal. The Supreme
Court of Judicature was invested with the most
important powers. " In Civil cases," says Mill,
62 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
" its jurisdiction extended to all claims against the
Company, and against British subjects, and to all
such claims of British subjects against the natives,
as the party, in the contract under dispute, had
agreed, in case of dispute, to submit to its decision.
In affairs of penal law, its powers extended to
British subjects ; and to another class of persons,
who were described as all persons directly or indi-
rectly in the service of the Company, or any British
subject, at the time of the offence."
The Judges of this tribunal exerted unscrupu-
lously the utmost powers which they claimed in
virtue of their interpretation of the statute. They
issued their writs to the farthest limits of the British
territory ; interfering with, and superseding, the
authority of the existing Courts, Civil as well as
Criminal ; the former vested in the Provincial
Councils, the latter still exercised by the Native
Sovereign. They permitted their officers, in the
execution of their delegated powers, to seize the
persons of the zemindars, and other native pro-
prietors and functionaries; and, in despite of the
most cherished domestic privileges and hallowed
religious scruples of the people, to violate the
sanctuaries of their females, and to profane the
shrines of their idols. And they hesitated not to
summon to their bar, as culprits, the Governor
General, and his colleagues at the Council Board,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 03
who had presumed to spread the shield of their
appellate jurisdiction over the inferior Courts.
Previous to this attack on the Supreme Govern-
ment, the British inhabitants of Calcutta, alarmed
by these encroachments of despotic power, ad-
dressed a Petition to Parliament, craving protection
and redress ; a document which is believed to have
been the production of Mr. Shore's pen. It was
followed by a similar Petition from the Governor-
General and his colleagues ; and another from the
East-India Company itself.
Mr. Hastings compromised the differences with
the Supreme Court, by the institution of a Supreme
Court of Appeal in Civil matters ; the Judges of
which should be nominated by the Supreme Coun-
cil — the Chief Justice presiding. This arrange-
ment produced an Address of the House of Com-
mons to the King ; the recall of Sir Elijah Impey,
the Chief Justice, to answer the charge of having
accepted his office in violation of the Act of Par-
liament ; and a fresh Act, regulating and limiting
the jurisdiction of the Court.
" TO JAMES HUTCHINSON, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR — "Calcutta in Beni?al, March 1, 17S0.
"After a long absence of near eleven years,
I was nearly tempted to embark for Europe this
64 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
year : but, though I had every motive whicli is
capable of influencing the passions, prudence has
obtained the victory ; and, after a long struggle,
I have determined to remain where I am. This
climate not only affects the health, but the spirits ;
and it is with difficulty I am sometimes enabled to
support the uneasiness at being so long separated
from my family and friends.
" You will, no doubt, hear of the struggles made
by the inhabitants of this Settlement against the
unconstitutional jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
of Judicature established in Calcutta ; to which
I have lent my name, and subscribed my money,
from a thorough conviction, founded on the most
solid grounds, that an English Court of Law esta-
blished on the same principles as the Supreme
Court must inevitably work the ruin of the British
dominions in Asia. The executive departments of
the Government are so circumscribed and impeded,
that they can hardly go on ; and the natives rise in
insolence, as we sink in authority. The Judges
exercise over all Europeans whatever powder they
judge fit ; for in Civil actions we have no trial by
jury. In short, a villain, considering the powers
and dispositions of the Judges, may procure the
ruin of the honestest man in the Settlement. As to
the natives, they differ from us as much in man-
ners, principles, dispositions, religion, usages, and
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 05
prejudices, as in colour and climate ; and by them
the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is detested.
I love my country and its constitution too well to
wish to live in any place where is no legal support
and controul ; but let it be adapted to the circum-
stances and situation of the Settlement. Pains will
be taken to misrepresent our efforts, and perhaps
to state a legal constitutional act as the beginning
of an insurrection : but ignorance alone can give
into such an idea ; for we are not 4000 Europeans
here, including those of all Denominations ; and the
throne of Delhi would not tempt me to reside here
for life.
" I beg my respects to Mrs. Hunt, and to friend
Bury; and am, with real esteem and regard,
" Your obliged and obedient humble servant."
In the following Letter, Mr. Shore takes a gloomy
view of the state of affairs, and of his own imme-
diate prospects: —
" TO nURY HUTCHINSON, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, Nov. 23, 17S0.
" You have a right to call upon me for one
Letter a-year at least, if it be only to return you my
annual thanks for the care you take in forwarding
VOL. I. F
66 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the Letters which I send under cover to your
address : — it is a tribute which I pay with pleasure.
Old friendship I esteem too valuable to be lost
through neglect ; and the respect and esteem which
I bear you is of many years standing, and founded
upon acts of kindness on your part.
" It is now twelve years since I left England —
V a long period to be separated from my native
country, friends, and relations. Your son is, how-
ever, at Bombay still, I believe ; and he has been
longer absent from home than myself. As I have
no cause of self-reproach to make for remaining so
long here, I submit to my lot with as much patience
as I can. My situation, though creditable, is not
profitable ; and as Mr. Francis is determined to
return to Europe in this month, it is not probable
it will be mended.
" You will, before this, have heard of our mis-
fortunes on the coast. Hyder Ally destroyed, or
took prisoners, a body of 4000 Sepoys or native
troops, and 600 Europeans ; and obliged the body
of our army to shelter itself within the walls of
Madras. The force employed to establish the
European dominion in Hindostan was not so great
as this daring adventurer has destroyed. The loss
of this body of men may justly be attributed to the
bad conduct of General Munro ; who has, in this
transaction, lost the reputation he had before
LIFE OF LORD TEIONMOUTH. 67
acquired. The war with Hyder Ally, however,
owes its origin to the politics of Bengal. Had
Mr. Hastings been less ambitious; had he not
volunteered in a useless, impolitic, absurd war with
the Mahrattas, sending our troops across the Con-
tinent of India, and wasting resources which, with
good management, would have secured us against
all invaders .... [MS. defective] .... At present, it
is impossible to guess the event of our manoeuvres :
success may attend us in the field, but the most
sanguine expectations cannot form an idea that we
shall be reimbursed for any part of the large sums
we have so idly, so foolishly expended.
" The consequences which have arisen from this
Mahratta war were, on the first proposals to enter
into it, predicted by Mr. Francis, and used as an
argument by him against entering into it, or pro-
secuting it. But his remonstrances have long since
failed to have any effect ; and the last he made so
provoked the Governor, that he answered it by the
most insulting language, personally addressed to
Mr. Francis, and meant avowedly as a personal
affront. This produced a duel between them, in
which Mr. Francis was dangerously wounded ; al-
though he has been so lucky as to recover, without
any injury to his constitution. We regret the loss
of his abilities, which, with proper support, might
have saved the sinking affairs of the Company.
F 2
(58 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" There is no immediate danger, 1 believe, of
Bengal becoming the seat of war. Our situation
secures us. Yet this country, under the present
system, must soon fall into as ruinous a condition
as Madras or Bombay. Those two Settlements,
unable to supply their own expenses, are a constant
drain upon us. We are hourly increasing our
military establishments, and we shall find it here-
after difficult to reduce them. Our Don-Quixote
expeditions and unnecessary wars have taught the
natives an art which should have been concealed
from them as much as possible. To advantage in
numbers, they add discipline ; and in proportion as
they acquire knowledge of war, we must be under
the necessity of augmenting the number of our
troops.
" This is a disagreeable picture of our situation ;
yet it is drawn with justice. I will venture to pro-
phesy, that before the end of 1781 the three Set-
tlements of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are
burdened with a debt of above two millions sterling.
Three years ago we had a surplus of unappro-
priated cash, in our different treasuries in Bengal,
of a million sterling. Yet Mr. Hastings, the author
and conductor of this Mahratta war, the source of
our losses and expenses, is now in the plenitude of
power.
" If neither the Ministry or Proprietors of India
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. C)9
stock will interest themselves in the welfare of
India; if they will pursue that timid unmeaning
line of conduct which they have followed for some
time ; if they will desert their own principles and
professions, and see their own orders disobeyed
with impunity ; they will find the golden scheme
of East-Indian opulence break like a bubble before
they expect it ; or vanish like a dream, leaving no
wrecks behind. If the late alarming events do not
rouse them into activity, they must give up all
hopes of long possessing their Eastern dominions.
Ruin has been some time advancing by detail ; and
though the country still remain, it will be a barren
soil, yielding no produce to the mother-country.
These truths have been often foretold and repeated.
Time begins to verify them.
" I will not trouble you with any more reflections,
and at this time : they give me pain to write them.
If my circumstances admitted it, I would return to
Europe immediately.
" I am, Dear Sir, &:c."
Contrary to his expectations, the very circum-
stances which appeared fatal to Mr. Shore's ad-
vancement in the Service mainly contributed to it ;
and the result justified his old friend Burgess's dis-
cernment. Mr. Hastings abolished the Provincial
70 Llt'l^ ^^t' LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Councils, and transferred the power exercised by
them, together with the appellate jurisdiction of
the Supreme Council, to a Board of his own crea-
tion, consisting of four members. To the first
post was appointed Mr. David Anderson, a servant
of the Company, distinguished for his integrity and
abilities. But, anticipating the need of this gentle-
man's services on special missions, Mr. Hastings
consulted him on filling the second place at the
Board, which would require qualifications not in-
ferior to his own. Mr. Anderson at once recom-
mended Mr. Shore, as, in his opinion, better fitted
for the post than any other member of the Service.
The Governor-General expressed astonishment at
the mention of an individual whom he regarded as
one of his most zealous opponents ; for Mr. Shore's
financial reputation had induced Mr. Hastings to
attribute to him a large share in the preparation of
Mr. Francis's Minutes. Mr. Anderson, intimately
acquainted with the character of Mr. Hastings as
well as of Mr. Shore, replied in the following terms :
" Appoint Mr. Shore ; and in six weeks you and
he will have formed a friendship." — The proposal
was assented to, and the prediction fulfilled. Mr.
Hastings and Mr. Shore entertained for each other
a lasting regard ; though the latter was fully aware
of the errors of the Governor-General's administra-
tion, which he imputed to one main defect in his
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 71
cliaracter — his not being an economist, either for
himself or the public. These circumstances were
communicated to the writer of these pages by an
intimate friend of all the parties concerned ; and
throw light on a transaction which subjected Mr.
Hastings to impeachment, on the ground of his
having formed a Board consisting of his own
creatures.
72 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
CHAPTER IV.
ACTING CHIEF OF THE BOARD OF REVENUE, TILL HIS RETURN TO
ENGLAND IN 1785 SUGGESTS REFORM IN ADMINISTRATION
LITERARY PURSUITS.
Mr. Shore retained his new official situation till
his return to England in 1785 ; presiding, with few
intervals, at his Board ; and frequently incurring
additional responsibility, in consequence of the
Governor-General's absence from Calcutta. The
heavy burden of his ordinary duties was augmented
by an immense accumulation of business, produced
by the transfer of the Records, both Native and
English, to Calcutta ; whilst his labour and anxiety
were aggravated by the indolence, impracticable
temper, and corrupt practices of Gunga-Govind
Sing, whom Mr. Hastings had inflicted as Duan on
this Board, as he had on the Council which it
superseded ; — an individual whom Mr. Shore de-
scribes, in his correspondence with Mr. Anderson,
as destitute of integrity — a dead weight on the pro-
ceedings of the Committee, who paid no attention
to business, save that which involved his own im-
mediate patronage.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 73
To an individual actuated by scrupulous honour,
and the anxious desire to discharge his important
duty with the utmost efficiency, the position in
which Mr. Shore was now placed was peculiarly
irksome and harassing. In his " Memoir on the
Administration of Justice, and Collection of the
Revenues," submitted to the Supreme Council in
1785, he thus adverts to the incompetency of the
jurisdiction of the Board over which he presided,
and to the immense power and means of mischief
placed at the disposal of the Duan : — " With
respect to the present Committee of Revenue, it is
morally impossible for them to execute the busi-
ness they are entrusted with : they are vested with
a general controul, and they have an executive
authority larger than ever was before given to any
Board or body of men. They may, and must, get
through business ; but to pretend to assert that
they really execute it would be folly and falsehood."
Of the native officer he thus speaks : —
"This man, in fact, in the Duan or Executive
offices, has all the revenues, paid at the l^residency,
at his disposal; and can, if he has any abilities,
bring all Renters under contribution. It is of little
advantage to restrain the Committee themselves
from bribery or corruption, when their executive
Officer has the power of practising both, undetected.
7t LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
To display the arts employed by a native on such
occasions would fill a volume. He discovers the
secret resources of the Zemindars and Renters,
their enemies and competitors, and, by the engines
of hope and fear raised upon these foundations, he
can work them to his purposes. The Committee,
with the best intentions, best abilities, and steadiest
application, must, after all, be a tool in the hands
of their Duan*."
Besides superintending the collection of the
revenues, Mr. Shore devoted two days in the week
to adjudicating Exchequer causes. And as the
Revenue System was throughout defective, from
want of adequate agency, the President was re-
quired to neglect his own immediate duties for
the purpose of directing local arrangements. He
was, on one occasion, commissioned to settle the
revenues of the provinces of Dacca and Behar.
* The portion of the important document from which these
extracts are taken, relating to Mr. Shore's opinion of the native
character, is inserted in the Appendix (I.) Mr. Shore's objection
to Gunga-Govind Sing was rather to the system under which he
was employed, than to the particular individual ; for he states, in
his evidence on Mr. Hastings's trial, that no native was fit for the
office ; and that, consequently, Mr. Hastings's selection, on whom-
soever it might fall, would be objectionable ; and that, in fact, he
had forbidden the visits of Gunga-Govind Sing's successor, on
account of the badness of his character.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 75
Mr. Hastings, who treated him uniformly with the
greatest confidence, summoned him, on the eve of
his departure, to receive his instructions. And
they were conveyed in a brief sentence, which
might have been interpreted, in conformity to
practice too prevalent at that period, in a manner
very different from that in which it was intended
by INIr. Hastings, or received by Mr. Shore : — " You
know your business. Shore ; and good luck to you ! "
— for the settlement of the Revenue afforded to the
Company's servants much scope for corruption ;
and some had realised vast sums, by receiving
bribes from the landlords, in return for underrating
their rents. In this single mission to Dacca, Mr.
Shore might easily, as he stated, have added
100,000/. to his fortune.
The following feeling allusion to a circumstance
which happened during one of his missions occurs
in a Letter written many years afterwards : —
" In the end of 1783 and beginning of 1784, I was
charged with a Public Commission, to regulate the
affairs of Patna province, a country in extent equal
to Scotland. A severe scarcity prevailed, and de-
manded all my exertions to check its dreadful
influence ; and I was happy to succeed, in some
degree. One day, when I was walking in the fields,
76 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
weak in body and uneasy in mind, a poor native,
whose sufferings I had relieved, was proceeding in
the same path ; and I heard him exclaim, ' May
God prolong thy life, and restore thy health, for
thou hast saved the lives of the poor ! ' This indeed
was a reward for all my exertions ; and I felt the
force of it with a satisfaction I would not have
bartered for thousands. Often, in the hours of sick-
ness and uneasiness, have I recollected this excla-
mation of gratitude."
For the despatch of business, Mr. Shore was
eminently qualified, by a calm temper — a memory
quick and tenacious, though somewhat impaired by
a violent fit of jaundice, which for a while com-
pletely suspended its functions — a sound judgment,
and early-matured habits of decision. "We are
obliged," he observes, writing to Mr. Anderson on
a subject of great perplexity, " in order to get
through the business, to act with a decision which
will be the source of error in some cases : for with
us, procrastination would be the cause of more evils
than even hasty decisions." Yet, of hasty decisions
he was never accused, and seldom of erroneous.
His conclusions were the result of anxious delibe-
ration : and it was his practice to refer his more
important Papers to the consideration of some
friend, in whose judgment he confided, requesting
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 77
him to state any objections which might occur to
him in the perusal. His decisions, hpwever ani-
madverted upon, he would never review, resting
their vindication on the reasons he had recorded.
His affable deportment conciliated all who had
official intercourse with him.
During the first five years of his Indian service,
Mr. Shore's salary never exceeded 500/. per annum ;
and during the fii^teiLh essayed no jpart of his
income. He joyfully availed himself of the oppor-
tunity which the handsome emoluments of his pre-
sent office afforded him, of offering to contribute
to the comfort of his beloved parent. His corre-
spondence with his mother, during the seven years
preceding the following Letter, has not been pre-
served.
"to MRS. SHORE.
" MY DEAR MOTHER " Bengal, Nov. 14, 1781.
" It is a pleasure to you to hear from me : it is
no less a pleasure to me to write to you ; as I
always think upon the satisfaction you will have
when you receive my Letter. The thirteenth year
is now nearly concluded since we parted — a period
I can never forget. The scene at Gravcsend is
still as fresh in my memory as if it had hai)i)ened
but yesterday only. I hear the heartfelt sighs of
affection ; and hasten, with reluctance, to embark
78 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
on board the vessel, which perhaps is to separate us
for ever. My imagination represents you, at the
same time, returning to town, with eyes reverted,
and wishing to detain me with you. The recol-
lection of these circumstances is not unattended
with pain : but when I think that the same affec-
tion still subsists between us — that nothing has
intervened to dissolve the parental or filial regard
we owe to each other — that the same Providence,
which has so long protected us, may again bring us
together — a dawn of hope and comfort springs up,
and dissipates the melancholy occasioned by the
former ideas. You are, in fact, the cause of my
long absence ; for if you had not tutored me to
honesty — if you had paid less attention to my prin-
ciples — I might before this have laid a fortune at
your feet, and you might have partaken the acqui-
sitions of dishonesty. To see me return with a
fortune gained by such methods would, I know,
give you more concern than pleasure ; and I am
confident you would rather receive me poor, than
have reason to blush at my being rich.
" I am now in a fair way to gain a competency
at least, by honest avowed means. Whatever I earn,
is by labour, and by doing my duty ; and is pub-
licly recorded. I only regret that the opportunity
did not offer sooner ; and that, now it is come, I
have so few opportunities of remitting my gainings
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 79
to you I wish you would draw upon me
annually for a thousand pounds sterling.
" My labours daily increase ; but as they are ho-
nest, and as they are rewarded, I do not grudge
them. I consider them as the means of once more
bringing us together. Whenever that happens, I
shall think myself amply repaid for all I undergo.
" I beg my love to Tom ; and am, with the
truest affection,
" Your ever dutiful and obedient Son."
" TO THE SAME.
" MY DEAR MOTHER "Calcutta, June 8, 1782.
" I cannot write you a long Letter by this
despatch ; which I am the more sorry for, as I have
so many Letters unanswered. I cannot express
the pleasure those Letters have given me : the
warmth of your affection for me breaks out in
every line, and has not been diminished or weak-
ened by absence. If ever son ought to entertain
respect and affection for a parent, the obligation
is infinitely binding upon me : and if it were pos-
sible for me to be deficient in this respect, I should
have no excuse, after the innumerable instances
I have experienced of your affection. It is highly
go LIFE OF LOUD TEIGNxMOUTH.
satisfactory and pleasing to me to find that you
have so good an opinion of me, and that you enter-
tain so strong an idea of my regard for you. What-
ever follies or negligence I may have committed,
disregard for you cannot be included in the num-
ber, as I am not sensible of any deviation in the
uniformity of my attachment to you. I only regret
that fortune has not yet enabled me to give you
more convincing proofs of this attachment than any
I have been able to offer yet, and that my absence
from my native country deprives me of the happi-
ness of assisting in all those little offices of personal
affection which now devolve upon my brother.
" I consider myself and property as belonging to
you, and should be ashamed to say I had any
property which you were not at liberty to make
use of. Take the whole, or part, in welcome ; and
believe me, my dear Mother, I should feel more
real happiness in the conviction that I had contri-
buted to your ease or convenience, than by having
thousands laid up for my own use. You have a
natural right to all I have ; and if this natural
right did not subsist, you have acquired it by
repeated acts of generosity and affection to me.
" Your truly dutiful and affectionate Son."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 81
TO THE SAME.
MY DEAR MOTHER — "Bengal, Nov. 15, 17*^2.
" 1 have just received a Letter from you, men-
tioning the death of Mrs. Edgell, the last of all my
Milton-place friends. If ever I return to that spot,
the memory of the kindness which I experienced
from the individuals of that family will cost me
tears. Many circumstances now occur which ren-
der the remembrance dear to me. The gradual
loss of my old friends renews my anxiety for
re-visiting my native soil. I begin to be appre-
hensive none will be left to me when I return ; and
that I shall be a solitary being, without connections.
Yet I do not wish to enter into an extensive circle
of acquaintance ; but could be content with a few
friends only ; and prefer the calm walk of life,
where I may follow my own amusements and incli-
nations, without the noise and fatigue which is
unavoidable in the busy world. If you were to see
me here, you would witness what you never could
imagine. At this instant 1 have a levee greater
than that of any Prime Minister in Europe, and all
the attendants are ready to flatter and deceive me.
These are, Natives — two-thirds of the proprietors of
the land in Bengal : and as the Renters of it tbi-ni
the crowd, and attend my nod, I cannot stir, but
VOL. I. o
82 LI¥E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTll.
twenty, and sometimes five times that number of
petitioners, are presented to me. Do not suppose 1
mention this from vanity. All who know me will
allow that this is a scene of life in which I have no
pleasure — that 1 am happy only in the hours of
retirement, or in the society of my friends — that
I despise the pomp of State, and avoid it. Of the
hundreds that now court me, not one would ap-
proach my doors if I were to lose my place. Happy
should I be to retire on the income of 10,000/. ; and
leave the idle and vain to enjoy the situation I ^
hold — so agreeable to them, so tiresome to myself.
Provinces are now at my command ; yet I want but
a few acres to give me the comforts of life, until
a few feet become my estate.
" Such are my sentiments and my hopes. —
Whether I should be contented to stay here till
the latter are realised, I know not. I have learnt,
however, not to embarrass myself with fears for the
future ; as I am but Joo sensible of the maxim, that
^ sufficient for the day is the evil thereof.'
" That you may enjoy all the happiness this life
is capable of, is the sincere wish of
" Your truly dutiful and affectionate Son.
" My love to Tom."
Mrs. Shore was much affected by her son's ge-
nerosity, but was happily in circumstances which
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 83
precluded the necessity of her availing herself of it.
Of her Letters, three only have been preserved :
from one of which may be taken an extract, illus-
trative of her affection for her son, and of her
estimation of his character.
MRS. SHORE TO J. SHORE, ESQ.
" No. 2, Golden Square,St. James's, Westminster,
" MY DEAR SON J^uie 11, 1783.
" I am sorry you should have been under any
apprehensions of my being put to inconvenience
for want of the money. I do assure you, that lias
not happened ; but the great distance between us
must keep us long in suspense before we learn any
account of each other ; and doubtless, during the
war, we have missed receiving some of each other's
Letters ; and this supposition is one reason of the
many repetitions in mine How earnestly do
I wish I could exchange the pleasure of writing to
that of conversing with you ! When, or if ever I
shall enjoy that happiness, is unknown to me : but
I still live in hopes ; though, at the same time, with
resignation to the divine will of my Creator.
" I have in more than one Letter acknowledged
your kind offer to me of the money you have re-
mitted. Your repeated offers in your Letters by
g2
84 LIl'E 01' LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
the ^ Lively ' again fill my heart with tenderness, that
constantly overflows with afTection towards my dear
son. But I do assure you I do not want any thing
at present, but your society, and, could it be pur-
chased — to which I am convinced you would gladly
contribute — rather better health : but that I have
little reason to expect at my time of life, as I have
been so many years a valetudinarian ; yet hope to
hold out until you come home.
" To make you easy, I promise, that if any thing
unforeseen should occasion my want of a little
money, I will accept of your kind offer ; though it
would be with reluctance, but with the hopes of
paying it again
" In February last, I had the joy of receiving yours
of April 1782, which I think I have acknowledged.
In that Letter, you give me greater hopes of my
seeing you sooner than in that of last November ; —
for I find you are not so rich as I imagined. You
make no mention of your health ; and by the style
of your Letters, I apprehend your spirits were low
when you wrote them.
" As your brother has not a living yet, and it
may be years before he is lucky enough to get one,
it would give me pleasure to add to the income of
his fellowship. But, to convince you of his filial
affection, though the presents I hope to make him
iayVj of Loud teign.mouth. 8j
will be very acceptable, yet I have reason to believe
he would rather go without them than that I should
not be agreeably situated,
" How thankful I am to Providence, in being blessed
as I am ! Some parents there are, that, of many
children, not one is dutiful. I have but two ; and
they are my greatest comfort : and I constantly
pray to God to continue his blessing and grace
to you both.
" God bless you, my dear son ! That health and
happiness may attend you, wherever you are, is the
wish of your affectionate Mother."
" TO MRS. SHORE.
" MV DEAR MOTHER "Calcutta, March 26, 17S3.
" Every hour I stay in this country, my situation
becomes more irksome : and so far for contracting a
fondness for a country where I have spent so many
years of my life, my wishes for leaving it become
more sanguine. The knowledge, such as it is,
which I have acquired of the people, their customs,
and manners, does not make me like them the
better. The disgust may possibly exist without
reason, and may arise from the languor of my
constitution.
B8 Lll'K OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
to command my services, both from his original
nomination of me, and from the personal confidence
with which he has treated me on all occasions. His
own situation is still precarious ; nor do I believe
he or any man can guess at the event. Every idea
of removing him in a disgraceful manner seems
lost; and, from what I can learn, he will, if re-
called, return in a manner agreeable to himself.
He appears perfectly indifferent about it. I think
his stay will not be very long.
" We have the prospect of famine here ; but my
opinion is, that the scarcity is more artificial than
real. It is an unfavourable time for settlements.
I do not, however, despair of getting through my
business decently.
" Yours affectionately."
/
•^ In 1784, Mr. Shore received intelligence of his
mother s death, whilst he was yet mourning the loss
of his cousin and only relative in India, Augustus
Cleveland. This gentleman. Collector of the Reve-
nues and Magistrate of Boglipoor, died in his 29th
year, the victim of his extraordinary and successful
exertions in reclaiming and civilizing the savage
population of the district committed to his charge*.
* Mr. Cleveland's remarkable merits were fully appreciated by
the Governor-General in Council, who directed a monument to be
erected
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 89
Between Mr. Shore and his relative the warmest
affection subsisted. In proof of it, may be men-
tioned the expedient to which the former had
erected to his memory : and the principal Natives who had been
subject to his controul obtained permission to testify their sense
of his beneficence by a similar tribute. Bishop Hcber, who
visited the scene of his exertions, thus alludes to them, in his
Journal : —
" The people of these mountains, and of all the Hilly country
between this place and Burdwan, are a race distinct from those of
the Plain, in features, lang-uage, civilization, and relig-ion. They
have no castes, care nothing for the Hindoo deities, and are even
said to have no idols. They are still more naked than the Hindoo
peasants ; and live chiefly by the chase, for which they are provided
with bows and arrows, few of them having fire-arms. Their vil-
lages are very small and wretched ; but they pay no taxes, and
live under their own Chiefs, under British protection. A deadly
feud existed, till within the last forty years, between them and the
cultivators of the neighbouring lowlands ; they being untamed
thieves and murderers, continually making forays ; and the Maho-
medan Zemindars killing them like mad dogs or tigers, whenever
they got them within gun-shot. An excellent young man, of the
name of Cleveland, Judge and Magistrate of Boglipoor, undertook
to remedy this state of things. He rigorously forbade, and
promptly punished, all violence from the Zemindars, who were
often the aggressors against the Puharree Mountaineers. He got
some of these last to enter his service ; and took pains to attach
them to him, and to learn their language. He made shooting-
parties into the mountains, treating kindly all whom he could get
to approach him ; and established regular bazaars at the vilhiges
nearest to them, where he encouraged them to bring down, for sale,
game, millet, wax, hides, and honey, all which their hills produce
in great abundance. He gave them wheat and Ixirley for seed ;
and encouraged their cultivation by the assuv.nue tliat tliey should
not
90 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
recourse, to reclaim Cleveland from the only dissi-
pation he indulged — the love of play — by asking
him what would be his feelings, if prevented by
losses from "" assisting himself, should ill-health
not be taxed, and that nobody but their own Chiefs should be their
Zemindars. And, to please them still further, and at the same
time to keep them in effectual order, and to bring them more into
contact with their civilized neighbours, he raised a corps of Sepoys
from among them, which he stationed at Sicligully ; and which
enabled him not only to protect the peaceable part of them, but to
quell any disturbances which might arise, with a body of troops
accustomed to mountain warfare. This good and wise man died
in 1784, in the 29th year of his age. A monument was raised to
his memory, near Boglipoor, at the joint expense of the Highland
Chiefs and Lowland Zemindars, which still remains in good re-
pair, having been endowed by them with some lands for its mainte-
nance." (Vol. I. p. 195.)
" It is an instance of Cleveland's sound judgment and discrimi-
nation, that he named for their first Native Commandant, in opposi-
tion to the remonstrances and entreaties of all the Zemindars of
the place, a Chief named Zourah ; or perhaps, more strictly speak-
ing, the Roderick Dhu, of the Rajmahils, the most popular of all
others amongst his countrymen, and the most dreaded by the Low-
landers. The choice was fully justified by the event ; Zourah
having remained through life a bold, active, and faithful servant
of the Company, in different enterprises against outlaws, both in
the Ramghu Hills and in his own mountains." (Ibid. p. 206.)
" Bishop Heber found that the Natives continued to assemble
around the monument in considerable numbers, and have a hand-
some " Poojah," or religious spectacle, in honour of Cleveland's
memory. Many of this excellent man's arrangements had been
discontinued after his death. The Marquis of Hastings, with
laudable zeal, re-established a school which he had formed for the
instruction of the Natives, and revived the corps." (Ibid.)
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 91
require bis return to England. Cleveland was
much affected by tbe appeal, and, as his cousin
believed, never afterwards gratified his dangerous
propensity. Mr. Shore composed a monody on
his death, which was printed, but not published.
(See Appendix II.)
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
" MY DEAR ANDERSON — " Chitpore, Oct. 2, 17S4.
" I send you a Letter for the Governor ; with
some lines in it, to the Memory of Cleveland. You
may give them to the Governor, at a fit opportunity ;
or reserve them till he is at Boglipoor, on his
return. Pray do not let any copies be taken of
them, whilst you have them. Bad as they are,
I trust the Governor has been bored with worse in
his time ; and I would rather they should be
thought to shew my feelings than to contain good
poetry. I send them because I think they will
please all who remember Cleveland's virtues."
" FROM THE REV. THOMAS SHORE TO J. SHORE, ESQ.
" MY DEAR BROTHER " Dec. 23, 1783.
'' The unwelcome news I sent you in my last
could not fail of filling you with grief. The loss of
90 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
recourse, to reclaim Cleveland from the only dissi-
pation he indulged — the love of play — by asking
him what would be his feelings, if prevented by
losses from " assisting himself, should ill-health
not be taxed, and that nobody but their own Chiefs should be their
Zemindars. And, to please them still further, and at the same
time to keep them in effectual order, and to bring them more into
contact with their civilized neighbours, he raised a corps of Sepoys
from among them, which he stationed at Sicligully ; and which
enabled him not only to protect the peaceable part of them, but to
quell any disturbances which might arise, with a body of troops
accustomed to mountain warfare. This good and wise man died
in 1784, in the 29th year of his age. A monument was raised to
his memory, near Boglipoor, at the joint expense of the Highland
Chiefs and Lowland Zemindars, which still remains in good re-
pair, having been endowed by them with some lands for its mainte-
nance." (Vol. I. p. 195.)
" It is an instance of Cleveland's sound judgment and discrimi-
nation, that he named for their first Native Commandant, in opposi-
tion to the remonstrances and entreaties of all the Zemindars of
the place, a Chief named Zourah ; or perhaps, more strictly speak-
ing, the Roderick Dhu, of the Rajmahils, the most popular of all
others amongst his countrymen, and the most dreaded by the Low-
landers. The choice was fully justified by the event; Zourah
having remained through life a bold, active, and faithful servant
of the Company, in different enterprises against outlaws, both in
the Ramghu Hills and in his own mountains." (Ibid. p. 206.)
" Bishop Heber found that the Natives continued to assemble
around the monument in considerable numbers, and have a hand-
some " Poojah," or religious spectacle, in honour of Cleveland's
memory. Many of this excellent man's arrangements had been
discontinued after his death. The Marquis of Hastings, with
laudable zeal, re-established a school which he had formed for the
instruction of the Natives, and revived the corps." (Ibid.)
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 91
require his return to England. Cleveland was
much affected by the appeal, and, as his cousin
believed, never afterwards gratified his dangerous
propensity. Mr. Shore composed a monody on
his death, which was printed, but not published.
(See Appendix II.)
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
" MY DEAR ANDERSON — " Chitpore, Oct. 2, 17S4.
" I send you a Letter for the Governor ; with
some lines in it, to the Memory of Cleveland. You
may give them to the Governor, at a fit opportunity ;
or reserve them till he is at Boglipoor, on his
return. Pray do not let any copies be taken of
them, whilst you have them. Bad as they are,
I trust the Governor has been bored with worse in
his time ; and I would rather they should be
thought to shew my feelings than to contain good
poetry. I send them because I think they will
please all who remember Cleveland's virtues."
" FROM THE REV. THOMAS SHORE TO J. SHORE, ESQ.
" MY DEAR BROTHER " Dec. 23, 1783.
*' The unwelcome news I sent you in my last
could not fail of filling you with grief. The loss of
<)-2 LIKK OF LOKl) IHKiNMOUTH.
a parent whom you always tenderly loved — whose
declinincr age you had cherished the pleasing idea
of sui)porting — must afflict you, I doubt not, inex-
pressibly. I hope the shock has not affected your
health, and that you are now reconciled to the will
of the Almighty. For my own part, I must confess
I feel almost in a new world. My views and pro-
spects are all changed. Before, I entered on no
plan but I first considered how it would affect my
mother, when I could see her — how assist her. Now,
I may range all the world over, and do whatever
I please, without a tender mother to advise — without
a kind mother to smile upon my actions. Indepen-
dence is the general wish ; but independence of this
kind is by no means the most agreeable possession.
But we are not the only sufferers by her death.
She was not only a kind parent, but a kind
friend.
" Whether this melancholy event will prolong or
shorten your stay in India, I know not ; but sup-
pose, as you have constantly and uniformly detested
that country, this small acquisition of fortune may
determine you to come home. This, with what
you have acquired in India, may probably enable
you to live in England according to your moderate
wishes, though not in proportion to the trouble and
difficulty you had in acquiring it. I have only to
LIFE OF LOUD TElUN.MuUTll. IKJ
add, that your return would give me the most
heartfelt pleasure : but whether you come sooner or
later, I shall always remain
" Your sincere friend and allectionate Brother."
" TO THE REV, T. W. SHORE.
" MY DEAR RROTHER " Bengal, Nov. 28, 1 784.
"Time has now moderated the edge of alTlic-
tion for the loss of the best of parents, though years
must elapse before regret will be worn away. As
long as memory continues, sorrow" will be felt ; and
how is it possible to erase from the mind the recol-
lection of a parent whose tenderness and affections
had no bounds, and whose indulgence was hardly
restrained by her good sense and prudence ! I went,
in March last, to Chittagong ; and upon my return,
in July, I was preparing a Letter for her, anIioui
I shall never see more. What was it that sug-
gested to my mind that my employment was
useless, and made me lay down my pen in the
midst of an unfinished sheet? What was it that
made me forebode I was writing to one who was
gone for ever from me ? Yet such was the casc^ ;
and the gloomy wax confirmed what my mind too
anxiously presaged. I opened your Letters with
an agitation never felt before ; and the ])c'riisal of
them told me no more than what 1 had loieboded.
(J4( LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" The situation of my health, from January to
June, was such as made me anxious to return to Eng-
land ; and I too fondly pleased myself with the hopes
of comforting a mother whose affection to me had
ever been invariable. I had figured to myself ten
thousand little occurrences, where delight was to
predominate over past anxiety, and which would
excite the smile of joy in the face of a beloved
parent. How are all these ideas vanished, and no
traces of them left ! My illness before was more
owing to the loss of my friend Cleveland than to
any other cause. I had scare recovered from that
shock, when a severer came upon me. Human
happiness depends upon too many contingencies,
and time in a moment saps the weak foundation on
which delight is built*.
" All the sorrow I felt for Cleveland, who was
the friend of my heart, was revived with double
violence ; and this misfortune has now left me M'ith-
out hope or expectation. But who is it I weep
for ? Not for my mother ; for she is blest : her
pure spirit, borne beyond the wants and cares of
humanity, looks down, I trust, from the midst of
bliss, upon her son, struggling with toils that she
is released from. It is for myself that my tears
* Quotation from the Jog Bashust. (See sequel.)
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 95
stream. I lament a friend, an adviser, a parent.
I lament the loss of those joys I shall never have
more : I weep over my own misfortunes. Alas, my
dear Tom ! we have lost what we shall never more
recover ; and I shall be unhappy until I can pour
forth, at the tomb of the best of parents, the tears of
sorrow and affection — the tribute of filial gratitude
and love.
" But let us ever suppose she is still living :
let our conduct be regulated by that idea ; and
let the mutual affection subsisting between us,
which would have rejoiced her heart when living,
still subsist, as if she could now participate the joys
of it. If I had been in England when this event
happened, I should have sunk under it ; nor woidd
the mournful pleasure of soothing the last hours of
a beloved parent have alleviated the severity of the
shock. But I have done ; — and when I again take
up my pen, I shall, if possible, avoid what is too
powerful for my feelings.
" I thank you for the melancholy but dear
pledge of affection you sent me— I mean the ring.
I have constantly worn it, and ever shall. The
hair was a little soiled, and the ring too large ; but
I have had both altered. A tear forces its way,
whilst I look upon the characters. Memory re-
traces the path of anguish.
96 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" May God protect and preserve you ! and may
the affection between us long prove the source of
mutual joy !
" I am, My dear brother, your sincere friend
and affectionate Brother."
Mr. Shore testified his sense of the confidence
and regard with which Mr. Hastings had uniformly
treated him, not only by his determination to give
the Governor-General the benefit of his services
whilst his health permitted, but by means yet
more indicative of the sincerity of his friendship.
Through the medium of Mr. Anderson and of Mr.
(afterwards Sir John) Macpherson — -as he was not
himself entitled, by his position in the Service, to
address such counsel to the Governor- General in
person — he represented to Mr. Hastings the main
defect of his administration, to which allusion has
been already made ; warned him of the defence-
less condition in which he would be placed, when
exposed to the shafts of public censure, whilst no
longer protected by the shield of power ; pointed
out the necessity of reform ; and expressed his own
readiness to undertake it, under the Governor-
General's superintendence.
LIFE OF LORD TEIttXMOUTH. 97
" TO D. ANDERSON, ESQ.
" DEAR ANDERSON — • "Calcutta, Sept. 17, 1784.
" From what I hear of the state of party and
politics in England, and from what I see and feel here,
I have been led into some reflections, which I shall
communicate to you. They have for their object,
the Governor's reputation, and the public good : and
as you are equally anxious for the same objects,
you may have it in your power to speak to him.
" It is very evident, that without some very
material reform in the article of the expenses of
this Government, bankruptcy must ensue. The
fact is clear, notwithstanding the evidence of any
estimates to the contrary. In England, you will
find that this reduction is expected ; and many of
the public arguments in its favour turn upon this
point. Now, should he leave the country without
effecting it, what will the consequences be ? His
successor, whoever he may be, will not have the
knowledge he possesses, and of course be less able
for this task. Bankruptcy will ensue ; and the
whole will be imputed to him. Friends he will
always have ; but when he is a private gentleman in
England, he will want that general support he now
meets with. If some give it to his merit, others
give it with a view to his patronage ; and you well
VOL. I. H
98 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
know, that, in the struggles and collision of parties,
merit without support will be but a weak bulwark
against public attacks, particularly when these are
founded on distress. Besides, it will be the interest
of all parties to throw it from their own shoulders
upon his ; and many, whom he is no longer able to
serve, will oppose him.
" The task of reform is disagreeable ; but where
necessity renders it unavoidable — where it takes
place generally, and without partiality — all honest
and good men will admit it. Suppose it will run
counter to public Regulations ; — the reply is clear,
that Regulations, however proper, must give way to
public necessity, and individuals must submit to it
also. The Governor will, I think, for many sub-
stantial reasons, find it impossible to embark this
year. I forbear to specify them, as they would
reflect upon others : and in this instance he will
have time to establish such a plan of reform, as
would restore every thing in three or four years to
a good footing. The labour of the detail should be
left to you, to me, and others ; and nothing would
be wanting from him, but general heads and instruc-
tions, and a determination to adhere to his plan.
Wliat man, who is really a friend to the Governor,
and has public good in view, would murmur at such
an act? The objects must silence them. We are
now embarrassed, but not desperate ; and there is
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 99
no doubt but care would establish every thing.
If Mr. H. will form the plan, he exonerates him-
self from all responsibility. Let others infringe
upon it, if they choose : the responsibility is then
shifted to them. I trouble you only with outlines,
as you will see the whole. I think, one way or
other, the savings of fifty lacs per annum might be
made. It would be a great deal ; — and not a little,
to stop even the increase of expense.
" Yours very affectionately."
The reflections communicated by Mr. Shore to
Mr. Macpherson were coupled with the request that
he would impart the substance of them to Mr.
Hastings in the mildest terms. Mr. Macpherson,
whether through forgetfulness, or more culpable
remissness, inserted them, as a Minute, on the
Records of the Supreme Council ; a breach of con-
fidence which — as Mr. Macpherson, being Senior
Member of the Council, was destined to succeed Mr.
Hastings in the Government — left Mr. Shore, in his
own opinion, no alternative, but to resign his post
on the occurrence of that event.
Besides the counsel which Mr. Shore tendered to
the Governor-General on the subject of reform, lie
embodied, in a document already referred to —
"The Memoir" &c. — the result of his ])ractical
u 2
100 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
knowledge of the topics to which it refers. His
suggestions on the Administration of Justice, after-
wards partly adopted, embrace the substitution of
liberal salaries for the irregular and inadequate
mode of payment by which the services of the
Judges had been hitherto remunerated — an amend-
ment subsequently introduced by Lord Cornwallis ;
whilst, in his reflections on the Collection of the
Revenues, he sketches the plan of an arrangement
with the Zemindars, which constituted the ground-
work of the Permanent Settlement.
Amidst the harassing fatigues of public business,
Mr. Shore did not neglect his literary pursuits, and,
at the request of the Rev. Dr. Ford, Professor of
Arabic in the University of Oxford, represented to
him the state and progress of Oriental studies in
India at the period just preceding that to which
his Memoir of the Life of Sir W. Jones introduces
the reader. Dr. Ford — for whose correspondence
he was indebted to his brother, who now resided on
a Fellowship at Oxford — had, in his Letter soliciting
this information, gratified him by announcing to
him the brilliant success of Mr. Jones in the same
department of Literature.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNNOUTH. 101
" TO THE REV. MR. PROFESSOR FORD.
" SIR — " Calcutta, Sept. 17, 17S3.
" I have the pleasure to acknowledge the
receipt of your Letter of the 21st of December 1782,
which reached me yesterday only ; and I embrace
with great satisfaction this opportunity of com-
mencing a correspondence with you on the subject
of Oriental Literature. Happy should I be if the
variety of my avocations in this country, and the
state of my health, which has ever been infirm
since my arrival in Bengal, admitted a greater
application on my part to an object which has
long engaged my attention. But it is in vain to
regret what cannot be obviated ; and I shall, from
the little stock I possess, communicate, without
ceremony or reserve, such information, in answer to
your general queries, as I can give.
" Bengal cannot boast many proficients in East-
ern Literature, either amongst the Natives or the
Europeans. The former, in general, are ignorant
and illiterate, and want that emulation which is
the spur to excellence ; though they are not
deficient in displaying the acquisitions they make,
and in assuming to themselves a degree of merit far
superior to their deserts. Those amongst them
who study Professionally, with a view to obtain
102 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
appointments under the Government, in the Law
department, have no pretence to the title of uni-
versal scholars ; nor is it easy for them to obtain it,
for want of a sufficient number of Arabic books.
Grammar, Logic, Law, Philosophical Dissertations,
and Religious Commentaries, are the objects of their
studies. Poetry, with a few exceptions, they pay
little attention to ; and the Learned affect to despise
History. Amongst the variety of Arabic authors
quoted or mentioned by Mr. Jones in his Commen-
taries, I do not, the Koran excepted, recollect one
that is to be found here. Our present Governor,
Mr. Hastings, founded a Madrissa, or College, in
Calcutta, for one hundred scholars ; and I have
obtained, from one of the Under-tutors in it, a list
of all the books which are read and taught there ;
which will explain and confirm what I have
asserted.
" Persian authors are more read ; and a great
variety of them may be obtained. These are per-
used by the natives rather for amusement than
instruction ; and a man who has read a treatise of
Logic in Arabic is held in higher repute than those
who have perused fifty Persian Poets and Histo-
rians. Science, in short, in Bengal, stands on a
very narrow basis : nor is it likely to improve,
until the natives shall have changed their present
sentiments regarding it. With respect to Euro-
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 103
peans, there are few, if any, who can be deemed
sound scholars. Most gentlemen arrive here at the
age of sixteen. They are placed in offices where
daily attendance is required, and in a climate
where relaxation from study and business is indis-
pensable, for the preservation of health. The in-
tervals given to learning cannot be many. Local
knowledge must be obtained, and cannot be had
without labour and attention. The consequence is,
that few prosecute their studies beyond what is
absolutely necessary to enable tliem to transact the
business in which they are engaged with credit to
themselves; and this may be effected without any
very laborious exertion. When this is obtained,
the study of the languages becomes neglected, and
the elegancies or refinements of the Persian are
seldom sought after. A moderate degree of know-
ledge, sufficient for the perusal of Tales, without the
assistance of Dictionaries or Interpreters, is not
uncommon, as the style of these books is in general
easy. If Mr. Jones should, as we are taught to
expect, arrive in Bengal, 1 may venture to pro-
nounce, that, notwithstanding the disadvantages he
will labour under from the want of pronunciation,
he will possess more real knowledge of the Persian
and Arabic Languages than any person here, either
Native or European.
" Some books have lately been publislied in
10 i LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Bengal ; but the expense of printing them is so
enormous, and the reputation derived from the
labours of translating so little, that few attempts
more will be made. Amongst these are, The Ensha
Hircarun, or " Forms of Hircarun " — a Persian,
Arabic, and English Vocabulary, neither ample nor
correct ; and the Elements of Physic, from the Per-
sian version of an Arabic author. I do not think
any of them worthy of a voyage to England. The
former may be useful here ; but the original and
version are equally inelegant — the latter incorrect.
If I can obtain a copy of it, I will do myself the
pleasure to send it to you ; and I will beg the
favour of you to give information to my brother of
any publications in England, on subjects of Oriental
Literature, that he may furnish me with them.
" I shall now reply to your queries, in the order you
have stated them. The language called " Moors "
has a written character, differing both from the
Sanscrit or Bengalee character : it is called Na-
gree, which means " Writing." The Sanscrit cha-
racter is named Dib Nagree, or, " The Writing of
Angels." This character is little used in Bengal,
but is more familiar in the province of Beyhar.
I have the pleasure to send you a specimen of it.
Phirdoosi is very common here, being much read
and admired. I never heard of a translation of
his poem into any other of the country languages.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 105
The Anwar Soheili is very common here : there
are three editions of it, which differ rather in style
than matter. The Culleelao Dumna is the name
of one of the editions ; and I cannot recollect the
other. A gentleman of my acquaintance here as-
sures me that he has in his possession this book,
or rather the original of it, in the Sanscrit. He has
not compared it yet sufficiently, to determine if the
Persian copies are translations, or amplifications of
the original : — I suppose the latter. There are no
living writers, I believe, of character now in India.
One died a few years ago at Benares, of the name
of Souda, who composed a Dewan in Moors ; using,
however, the Persian character for writing it, and
the style of Hafiz : — he was admired. The Com-
mentaries of Baber are not at present to be had in
the original ; which I believe was in the Tartar
dialect. I have a Persian translation of them ; but
do not deem the work of great value. The Tales
of Inatullah are very common : they are written in
a very pleasing style, though rather inflated. Dow
has not translated one-third of them : indeed I
might affirm, he has not translated any ; for the
English version is too vague to be called a trans-
lation. I compared part of them some years ago,
and endeavoured to make use of the translation for
my own advantage, but without success. His
character as a Persian scholar was far from being
106 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
high in Bengal ; and I should suppose that he took
the substance of the original as read and explained
to him by liis Moonshee or Interpreter, and published
it as a translation. His version of Ferishta is more
correct, and in some parts exact. The Arabian
Nights are not to be met with here. I have
seen and possess several of the Tales in Persian,
either translated or imitated from the original.
I never heard of any Persian version of the Mo-
allacat, or of the Mocamah of Hariri ; nor are the
originals known in Bengal. Hadley's knowledge of
the theory of the languages spoken here was small ;
yet his observation, that the Persian is spoken with
tolerable purity, is just. Hafiz, Saadi, or Cachifi,
would not find the least difficulty in conversing
with those who speak Persian here, particularly on
general topics. I have often talked with persons
lately arrived from Ispahan ; and their idioms
appeared more remote from the purity of Saadi
than the Persian, as spoken in Bengal. Saadi is an
author most universally read here, particularly his
Gulistan and Bostan ; and the language of conver-
sation here is derived from books.
" Mr. Wilkins, whose name is mentioned in the
Preface to Halhed's Bengal Grammar, is the only
European acquainted with the Sanscrit; and he
has made some progress in translating a Hindoo
book, called the Mhabharit. It contains history,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 107
fable, and religious and moral instructions. He
might, in my opinion, have made a better choice.
" Two assertions have been propagated in Europe
— that the Hindoos will not explain their tenets ;
and that the Mahomedans, from their contempt
of idolatry, have taken no pains to investigate the
Hindoo religion. I differ from both. It is true
that the Brahmins, in general, will not read the
Bedes to Europeans — (the Bedes are supposed to
have been written by Birmha, at the inspiration of
the Deity or Birmh) — but they will communi-
cate the purport of them. The fact is, that the
Brahmins are, in general, very ignorant, and conceal
their want of knowledge under the cloak of reli-
gious prohibition : and another reason is, that many
absurdities must be attended to before truth can be
developed ; and Europeans are too apt to ridicule
what appears absurd, or what they do not under-
stand, and to treat their instructor less politely than
they ought. Communication is thus efFectually
barred. I have in my possession Persian trans-
lations of many valuable Sanscrit books on Religion
and Morality ; and these were acquired within these
six months only. A Brahmin is also ready to
attend me whenever I want him ; and from him
I find I can depend on my Persian versions. He is
himself compiling, or rather superintending, the
translation of a book already compiled by himself
108 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
in the Sanscrit; and of the Persian translation I
am to have a copy. The Hindoo religion, as gene-
rally practised, is Idolatry : and is not the Roman-
Catholic the same? Middleton's observations at
Rome sufficiently prove it, 1 think. But, in fact, it
is pure Deism, and has a wonderful resemblance to
the doctrines of Plato. I doubt if any of his
vrritings are more metaphysically abstract than
some of the Hindoos. The information you have
on this point in Europe is, for the most part, false.
The account given by Dow, in his Preface to
Ferishta, though too concise, agrees generally with
the information I have received. My studies are
now directed to this object; and the further I ad-
vance, the more I admire : but I want both leisure
and health for the task.
" I have answered the favour of your Letter in
great haste, and have sufficiently trespassed upon
your patience, as well as my own time. You will
excuse inaccuracies ; and believe me, with great
esteem,
" Your most obedient humble servant.
"P.S. I cannot despatch this address without
adding a Postscript. — The Institutes of Akbar, or
the Ayeen Akbary, have been translated. The
first volume is in the press here, and will be ready
to go by this packet. It contains many curious
circumstances: and an octavo volume might have
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 109
been extracted from it, that would have furnished
amusement ; but the whole will be Persian to lialf
the world. It furnishes a proof of the wisdom of
Akbar, and his Prime Minister, Abul Fazl. The
translation will occupy three quarto volumes, the
last of which relates to the Hindoos. It is per-
formed by the same gentleman who published a
very indifferent specimen of it three years ago,
Mr. Gladwyn. I have not yet seen the Institutes of
Timour, nor the Tract on the Law of Inheritance :
not three copies of either are yet arrived. I wish
the original of it were published : it is a most
excellent Dictionary. The text contains Arabic
Radicals only, with the directions under each : the
comment is, for the most part, in Persian. We
want also an edition of the Camoos, mentioned by
Pococke, in his Preface to the Camun Tigrai. With
respect to the Jowhery, I have some thoughts of
having a copy made here, in a form fit for the
press : it would not cost me 60/. to have it copied,
collated, and revised in the best manner, without
trouble on my part. Many years will not, I hope,
elapse before I have the pleasure of seeing you in
England: and I should be happy indeed to meet
with an admirer and master of Oriental Literature."
The above Letter had been written but few
weeks, when the industrious labours of the few
1 10 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
votaries of Oriental Literature, of whom India could
now boast, were cheered by the full blaze of that
liuminary, whose dawning radiance had as yet
gleamed dimly and remotely on their path. Mr.
Jones arrived in India at the close of 1773. Next
year, the Asiatic Society was founded, and Mr.
Jones became its first President ; — Mr. Hastings
having, with good taste, declined the chair in his
favour.
The effect of the concentration of the efforts
of Students — who, notwithstanding the enlightened
patronage of Mr. Hastings, had as yet found no
rallying point — was, under the auspices of such a
Leader, immediately perceptible. Mr. Halhed had
previously contributed valuable aid to the prose-
cution of Oriental studies : and Mr. Wilkins com-
pleted in this year, in the hallowed precincts of
Benares — whither he had retired, by Mr. Hastings's
permission, for the purpose — his celebrated Trans-
lation from the Sanscrit of the Bhagvat Geeta ;
a work which Mr. Hastings describes, in an eloquent
Preface to it, as a very curious specimen of the
Literature, Mythology, and Morality of the Ancient
Hindoos.
Mr. Shore meanwhile prepared Translations from
Persian Versions of Hindoo Works, with the inten-
tion, which his return to England defeated, of com-
paring them with the original Sanscrit. In 1784, he
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. I I I
translated, in three MS. volumes, the Persian version
of an Abridgment of the Jog Bashust, or " Instruc-
tions of Bashust," composed, like its original, in
Sanscrit. This work is supposed to contain the
doctrines delivered by Birmha, the Revealer of the
Bedes, or the only existing original Scriptures of
the religion of Birmha to his son Bashust. It con-
sists of an eloquent exposition, replete with Oriental
imagery, of the sublime but cold metaphysical
theology, apathetic piety, and ascetic morals of the
Vedanti School of Brahminical Hindooism. The
redundancy of sentiment in this treatise must have
rendered such an undertaking irksome to any one
endowed with less enthusiasm and perseverance
than its Translator ; w^hilst the gloomy tenor of
its reflections, harmonizing with his then saddened
feelings, may be traced in his correspondence.
In troubles which had weighed heavily on his
spirits, Mr. Shore had as yet experienced, in a de-
gree far less than he afterwards realised, the con-
solations of the Christian Religion. He had been
indeed fully impressed with a belief of its truths ;
and had ever felt so deep a sense of the Majesty of
the Supreme Being, that he could not tolerate the
profanation of God's holy name ; and had endea-
voured to impart to others his own convictions.
His acquaintance with his most-valued friend, Mr.
Charles Grant, which commenced in 1774, resulted
112 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH
from the reputation he had already acquired of a
regard to Religion. Mr. Grant had, under a domes-
tic affliction, applied to him, through a friend, for
books capable of affording him religious consola-
tion : and to this occasion Mr. Shore was wont to
trace his friend's earliest religious impressions.
The state of Mr. Shore's health, shaken by the
recurrence of his severe bilious disorders, would,
independently of other circumstances, have ren-
dered necessary his return to England. So much
had he suffered from want of sleep, that he could
not recollect, during this, or indeed during any
period of his residence in India, having closed his
eyes during two consecutive hours. Sometimes he
would woo the rest which forsook his couch, by
passing part of the night in journeying on the road
in his palanquin ; but usually he devoted his sleep-
less hours to books, and perused much more by
night than by day.
He attributed the preservation of his life to the
practice — from which he never de\TLated, unless
prevented by illness — -of mounting his horse at
day-break, and riding many miles ; an exercise
in which he excelled. His health was benefitted
by his retiring ordinarily, after the business of
the day, to his country-house ; a mansion for
which he paid 1200/. rental to Mahomed Reza Khan
— double the sum which he considered sufficient
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 118
for his wants in England : and he amused himself'
in improving the Nabob's grounds, and enjoying
the recreation of music. Shooting was one of
his favourite diversions ; till, on the occasion of
his having killed a buck by a distant shot, he
laid aside his gun, observing,
" Hie victor cestus artemque repono."
Nor did he relinquish, during his first residence
in India, his Harrovian taste for cricket, being an
active member of the Calcutta Cricket Club.
Mr. Shore's conduct in his various employments
had now established his reputation. The Supreme
Government, in a public Letter adverting to the
services of himself and his friends, David Anderson
and Nathaniel Halhed, express "their regret that
the Government should at one time lose three as
able men in their respective lines as have at any
time been employed in the Company's, or indeed
any Public Service." Additional and special testi-
mony is borne to the meritorious services of I\Ir.
Anderson and of Mr. Shore in the Revenue De-
partment.
Mr. Shore thus writes, in C()ntem])lati()n of liis
return to England : —
VOL. I.
I 14 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO BURV HUTCHINSON, ESQ.
" December 28, 1784.
" I begin to look toward England. You know
how moderate my fortune is; but I have neither
avarice nor ambition. I have long held a situation
where, if I had been half the knave every one is
supposed by the patriots of England to be, I might
have secured 40,000^. or 50,000/. per annum, for the
last four years. Believe me, I have never repented
I have not done it ; and more happy in the savings
of my salary, which is avowed, than I should be in
ten times the amount acquired by means I dare not
avow. And unless I am compelled, by ill health,
to return home sooner than I propose, the modicum
I possess, with the small addition I may acquire in
the interval, will be sufficient for my happiness.
If I had more, I should then have a satisfaction
I may want — that of assisting others more liberally
than I shall now be able to do.
" Your affectionate friend,
" and obedient humble servant."
Mr. Shore sailed soon afterwards for England,
in company with his friends, Mr. Anderson and
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. I 10
Mr. Hastings ; the latter of whom he describes
" a delightful companion, pouring forth the stores
of his cultivated mind."
It was during this voyage that Mr. Hastings com-
posed and dedicated to his friend his well-known
Paraphrase of an Ode of Horace.
T 2
116 LIFE OF LORD TElGNMOUTIl.
CHAPTER V.
ARRIVAL, IN ENGLAND MARRIAGE APPOINTED MEMBER OF THE
SUPREME COUNCIL AT FORTWILLIAM MR. PITt's ACT FOR THE
REGULATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS SAILS FOR INDIA STRICTURES
ON MR. MACPHERSOn's ADMINISTRATION EARL CORNWALLIS AS-
SUMES THE REINS OF GOVERNMENT.
It was with melancholy feelings that Mr. Shore
landed, in June 1785, almost a stranger on his
native soil. His only relative was a brother, whom
he left in childhood : and few of the friends of his
youth survived, to welcome him. He found a cordial
reception, and passed several weeks at the house of
his old and valued friend, Mr. Stanley, in Hatton
Garden, where he resided with his sister, Mrs.
Arlond. This gentleman was the well-known per-
former ; whose celebrity was the more remarkable,
as he had been blind from his infancy. His private
worth corresponded with his professional reputa-
tion ; and his hospitable house was much resorted
to by his more eminent musical brethren, as well as
by literary men, attracted by his conversation, and
the amateur concerts, in which he took delight.
Mr. Stanley and his sister were connected with the
subject of this Memoir by marriage ; and were
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1 IT
additionally endeared to him by their assiduous
attention to his mother during her dying hours. In
London, ^Nlr. Shore retained his early Indian habits.
He never rested more than five, or slept more than
four hours ; and invariably walked over Westminster
and Blackfriars' bridges before breakfast.
But an unexpected visit to his brother, in De-
vonshire, in November, suddenly brightened his
domestic prospects. Mr. Thomas Shore resided at
this time at Duryard near Exeter, at the house of
his father-in-law, W. Mackworth Praed, Esq., of
Bitton, Teignmouth, whose daughter he had lately
married. Here he w^as received by a young lady of
great personal attractions, whom a snow-storm had
detained at the house ; his brother and sister being
absent ; — and in a single interview, his affections
became so much engaged, that he sought fresh
opportunities of cultivating her acquaintance ; and
in the February following she became his wife. —
Mrs. Shore was the only daughter of a widow lady,
named Cornish, of the old and respectable Devon-
shire family of Floyer*, whose husband had held
* The Floyers are the representatives, by the female line, of
John, father of Nicholas VVadham, Founder of Wadhani College,
the latter leaving no children ; and, through John Wadham, are
sprung, by regular or irregular descent, from several Kings ot
England and France, and the last British Earl of Cornwall. The
pedigree has been repeatedly published.
118 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the situation of Collector of the Customs at Teign-
mouth ; a gentleman much respected in that place
and in its neighbourhood. Thus originated an
union, cemented by an entire accordance of senti-
ment and principle, which, during forty-eight years,
produced as much domestic happiness as could
perhaps be realised in this present chequered state
of existence.
But a fortnight had scarcely elapsed from the pe-
riod of Mr. Shore's marriage, when his honey-moon,
passed at Peamore near Exeter, the residence of a
friend of his bride, was interrupted by a startling
summons to the field of toilsome and hazardous
exertion, which he had quitted, as he supposed, for
ever. Apprehension of such a contingency had
induced him, whilst in London, to shun as much
as possible the society of East-Indians, and every
circumstance likely to renew his connection with
India. His merits were, how^ever, too highly ap-
preciated by the Court of Directors, and especially
by his principal and influential friends in that body
— Mr. (afterwards Sir Francis) Baring, Mr. (after-
wards Sir Hugh) Inglis, and Mr. (afterwards Sir
William) Bensley — to be overlooked.
The critical state of India havincj attracted the
attention of Parliament in 1784, Mr. Pitt's Act for
the Regulation of Indian Affairs was passed —
a measure framed to rectify the acknowledged
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. I l\)
deficiency of power in the governing bodies in-
vested with the direction of them, both at ihome
and in that country, and to prescribe definite rules
for the guidance of their policy towards the Native
States*.
* By this enactment, a Board of Controul was instituted,
empowered to superintend, and, if necessary, to overrule, the Mini-
sterial functions of the East-India Company, but precluded from
interfering with its patronage. The Sovereign was entitled to
recall from India the Governor-General, or any other Officer of the
Company. Order and regularity, in the administration of atfairs,
were enforced by the concentration and enlargement of the powers
of the Supreme Government in India ; which was now to consist of
a Governor-General and tliree Councillors ; the Commander-in-
Chief having a voice next after the Governor-General ; whilst the
Governor-General received the casting vote in Council, and, by
a subsequent amendment of the Act in 17S6, the important privi-
lege of assuming, on an emergency, the responsibility of acting in
opposition to his Council. The Government at each of the sub-
ordinate Presidencies was constructed on a similar plan, and sub-
jected to the Supreme Government in all matters relating to
negociations with the Native States, to peace and war, and the
application of the Revenues.
To prevent the abuse of the large powers thus vested in the
Indian Authorities and ainbitlous interference with the politics of
the Native States, it was declared, that as the pursuit of schemes
of conquest was repugnant to the wish, to the honour, and the
policy of the British Nation, it was not lawful for the CJovornor-
General in Council of Fortwllllam, without the express authority
and concord of the Court of Directors, or of the Secret Comnilttce,
cither to declare or commence hostilities, or to enter into any
treaty for making war against any of the Native Princes or States
in India, or any treaty guaranteeing the dominions of such I'rinccs
120 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
The attention of the newly-constituted Govern-
ment would be primarily directed to the establish-
ment on a solid basis of the Revenue System,
hitherto subjected to a series of ill-conducted
and unsuccessful experiments ; the extirpation of
deeply-rooted corruption among the Company's
servants ; and the substitution of fixed and liberal
salaries for the various objectionable expedients by
which they had as yet been remunerated.
The individual selected to fill the highest post
in the Indian administration, and to carry into
effect the important measures proposed, was Earl
Cornwallis ; a nobleman combining extensive civil
and military experience, inflexible integrity, sound
judgment, vigorous though not brilliant abilities,
and an affable and conciliatory deportment. And
his authority was enlarged, by the union in his
person of the office of Commander-in-Chief with
that of Governor-General. To supply Lord Corn-
wallis's want of experience of Indian Affairs, and
or States ; except when hostilities should have been commenced, or
preparations actually made for the attack of the British Nation in
India, or of some of the States and Princes whose dominions it
shall be engaged by subsisting treaties to defend.
The subordinate Presidencies were prohibited, by this Act, from
making war or peace, without orders from Fortwilliam, the Court
of Directors, or the Secret Committee ; except in cases of sudden
emergency or imminent danger, when it would be ruinous or
unsafe to postpone such hostilities or tre;ity.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. \'2\
especially of the Revenue Department, no Mem-
ber of the Service occurred to the Directors better
qualified than Mr. Shore ; and, accordingly, he re-
ceived the flattering offer of a seat in the Supreme
Council.
Zeal in the service of his employers — grateful
recognition of their confidence — the prospect of
accomplishing that system of reform which he had
vainly urged on the preceding Government — and
the hope of promoting the happiness of the Natives
of India — afforded powerful inducements to his
generous and patriotic spirit ; whilst a prudential
regard to the favourable opportunity of increasing
a very moderate income derived additional w'eight
from the event of his recent marriage. But, on the
other hand, this circumstance rendered yet more
gloomy the prospect of the certain sacrifice of his
health, if not of his life, involved in a return to
India : for, unfortunately, his own apprehensions of
a voyage, then seldom attempted by ladies, and of
the pernicious influence of an Indian climate,
seconded by the too-successful entreaties of a fond
and over-anxious mother, induced Mrs. Shore to
forego reluctantly the thought of accompanying
him. The die was however cast ; and Mr. Shore,
after a brief struggle between conflicting feelings
and duties, consented to exchange the })leasing
visions of "love in u cottage, amidst the l)h)()iuing
122 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
valleys of Devonshire," for sickly and toil-worn
celibacy on " the parched plains of India."
A Letter written about this time by Mr. Shore
to Dr. Ford indicates the little encouragement
which England then afforded to the prosecution of
Oriental studies : —
" TO THE REV. MR. PROFESSOR FORD.
SIR " St. James's Street, March 25, 1786.
" The business w^hich detains me here allows
me very little leisure ; and I should not hesitate
paying a visit to Oxford, not only for the pleasure
of commencing a personal acquaintance with you,
but to avail myself of your assistance in looking
over the MSS. The very little encouragement
I have met with, since my return to England,
has abated much of my zeal for prosecuting my
investigations into the Hindoo Literature or Reli-
gion. I had prepared some translations of Persian
Versions of the Hindoo Authors ; and was at the
trouble, before I left Bengal, to collate tli,em with
the original Sanscrit ; but there are so few who
have any curiosity to read them, that I have taken
no further trouble about them ; and the Jog Bashust,
or Jog Vesesht, which is the name of the book
I translated, is consigned to dust. I have the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 123
Persian Version of the Mhabaut. Mr. Wilkins, who
lately published a specimen of it, has translated
one-half of it from the Sanscrit. Parts of it may
entertain, but the whole never will.
" In the mean time, I am, with very much esteem,
"' Your very obedient and humble servant."
On the 12th of April, Mr. Shore sailed from Ports-
mouth, in company with Lord Cornwallis, in the
"Swallow" Packet, commanded by Capt. Anderson.
— Considerations suggested by strong sense and
firm trust in Providence, which he had previously
addressed to Mrs. Shore in a long Letter, failed to
relieve his own spirits from the melancholy which
naturally oppressed them, and imparts its sombre
tinge to the pages of his epistolary journal. He
describes himself as envying John the Painter,
whose body he saw hanging in chains at the place
of embarkation ; and amid the mournful images
which haunted his mind, was that of " Cleveland's
tomb, dark and dismal," ominous perhaps of his
own not improbable doom*.
* The following stanzas, composed in the following year, were
suggested by the retoUections of the voyage. They were originally
published among lluddestbrd's Poems, and have appeared in other
Collections : —
ELLU\
124 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
Mr. Shore sought refuge from distressing thoughts
in an assiduous application to the perusal of the
Company's Records — the examination of the im-
portant questions demanding his attention — the
society of his companions — and an increasing devo-
tion to his religious duties.
"Lord Cornwallis," he observes, "is a most
amiable man, and fully deserves the character he
holds with the world. I am proud to say, that my
sentiments in political business and public prin-
ciples correspond with his. He treats me with all
possible regard and confidence ; and I could not live
ELEGY.
On sapphire throne, o'er heaven's unnumber'd fires,
The Moon in full-orb 'd majesty presides ;
Calm o'er the seas a favouring breeze transpires,
And through the waves the vessel smoothly glides.
Beyond the horizon's bound, the mind extends
To the sought shores where hope dehxsive leads ;
Sooth'd by the scene, her tortuous grief suspends,
For absent kindred, friends, and native meads ;
Till sympathy from brooding memory's stores
Culls thorns, and plants them in the bleeding breast :-
Sunk into gloom, the mind no more explores
Hope's future davvn, and pants in vain for rest.
What, though the seas are calm, the skies serene.
Thus anguish dictates the desponding strain :
To friendship, fear presents a gloomier scene.
The whirlwind's fury, and tempestuous main.
Even
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. \2o
on happier terms with him. He was, also, prest into
the service contrary to his inclinations. — Colonel
Ross, Captain llaldane, and Lieut. Maddan, are all
respectable friends and agreeable companions."
The following extract from his Journal refers to
his more retired moments : —
" I do not recollect any period in which I have
been so regular in my devotions. Nothing else
could have afforded me the least consolation : all
human considerations w^ere useless. The advice
and encouragement of my friends, the powerful ar-
guments derived from the smallness of my income.
Even now, perhaps, from many a kindred eye
My dubious fate compels a trickling tear.
And every passing cloud that veils the sky
Chills some fond anxious breast with boding fear.
In my love's bosom deeper sorrows roll ;
Frantic with dread, she sighs, implores, she raves ;
Whilst horror paints me, to her sick'ning soul,
Dash'd on a rock, o'erwhclm'd beneath the waves.
Father of Heaven ! whose power controuls the storms.
Oh, let thy mercy hear a wanderei 's prayer !
Check tlie wild fears connuliial fondness forms,
And save the tender mourner from despair !
For me, whate'er thy Sovereign Will shall doom.
Still give me faith to bear that lot resign 'd ;
That faith, which, smiling, courts the dreary tomb.
And, Heaven aspiring, soothes the atllictcd mind I
126 LIFE OF LORD TEIftNMOUTH.
and the prospect of increasing it, all appeared weak
and futile, and retained no portion of the influence
they had over me in England."
Mr. Shore's appointment afforded general satis-
faction both to the Europeans and the Natives in
India. He was most cordially welcomed by them
on his arrival, and found himself surrounded by all
his former domestics. He took his seat in Council
in January following ; and in the meanwhile visited
Moorshedabad, charged with the responsible duty of
arranging the affairs of the Nabob of Bengal.
There is no blank in Mr. Shore's Correspondence,
during his residence in India, from this period to
that of his resignation of the office of Governor-
General ; as copies of all his Letters, taken by native
amanuenses, have been preserved. His correspon-
dence with Mrs. Shore assumes, as has been already
stated, the form of an epistolary journal — the plan
he had previously adopted in wTiting to his mother ;
a voluminous memorial, no less of his general obser-
vations and reflections on various topics and events,
than of his private feelings and opinions. That
part of it which was written on Sundays was devoted
exclusively to religious subjects, ^^'here materials
are so abundant, it is difficult to form a selection.
In describing the society of Calcutta on his ar-
rival, he observes, that, notwithstanding the general
LIFE OF LORD TEIC4NM0UTH. 127
stigma thrown upon all Europeans who have
been in India, virtue was by no means wanting
among his countrymen ; and though bad example
operated upon many, all were not afTected by it.
He considers that the habits and manners of the
Settlement were better calculated for men than for
W'Omen ; but that whatever morality might exist in
India, the external forms of Religion were little
attended to. " To the disgrace of the Settlement,"
he adds, " we have hitherto had no proper Church
at Calcutta. One was begun before I went to Eng-
land, for the erection of which I was a subscriber.
Six months more will elapse, I imagine, before it
is completed."
" TO H. J. CHANDLER, ESQ.
" MY DEAR CHANDLER " Calciitta, November 13, 1786.
" As to myself, I have got into an excellent
house, and live upon the happiest terms with Lord
Cornwallis. I love and esteem his character, which
is what the world allows it. The honesty of his
principle is inflexible : he is manly, afTable, and
good-natured ; of an excellent judgment ; and he
has a degree of application to business beyond what
you would suppose. I could not be happier with
any man. His health is sound ; for he has not had
\2H LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
an hour's indisposition since first I saw him. If the
state of affairs would allow him to be popular, which
he is most eminently so at present, no Governor
would ever enjoy a greater share of popularity ; —
but the Company must be served and assisted.
" I am most affectionately yours."
"to w. bensley, esq.
" MY DEAR SIR "Calcutta, November 13, 1786.
" In speaking of Mr. Macpherson, I can hardly
write with temper, though I will endeavour to do
it with impartiality. In private life, he is a good-
humoured, affable, and obliging man, with many
qualities calculated to acquire esteem. Notwith-
standing this, I do declare that I have not heard
one person speak of his public conduct without
contempt and indignation. In England, you only
see one side of the medal : here we observe the re-
verse. We know what is done, what ought to have
been, and what is left undone. Never was any
administration so thoroughly despicable as his : a
total want of energy, dignity, and common sense
distinguish it. Evasion was substituted for deci-
sion ; caution and hesitation, instead of action : and
if this has not already been understood in Europe,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1*29
the inability of his colleagues to expose it, is tlie
cause Natives and Europeans univer-
sally exclaim that Lord Cornwallis's arrival is the
salvation of the country.
Mr. Macpherson will, in my opinion, go home,
and a successor must be appointed. I hope the
Directors will consider the importance of the ap-
pointment, and send out a man of abilities, inte-
grity, and application. The situation of affairs re-
quires the first talents, and most approved honesty.
I am by no means desponding ; but the prospect
of relief from our embarrassments is too remote to
be visible. Another war would ruin us. At pre-
sent, I have not the least reason to apprehend this
event with any of the Powers of Hindostan ; and
Lord Cornwallis is determined to avoid it, by acting
up to the faith of treaties, and with justice and
attention to all our allies. Though unemployed,
I am not idle. I have much to learn, and do all
I can to acquire information.
" Lord Cornwallis, unsolicited by me, and un-
known to me, wrote to Mr. Dundas on the subject
of obtaining for me something from the Directors*,
* The Directors, in compliance with this request, voted to Mr.
Shore, in payment of his passag-e to Iudi:i, 1000/. "as a eoinplinicnt
for his distinguished merit and attention to the Con\pany's ailiiirs."
VOL. I. K
130 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
on account of the expenses of my voyage. I made
no application for it myself; as I did not conceive
myself entitled to it, by Act of Parliament or pre-
cedent. My appointment is too honourable a re-
ward for my services, to ask for more than what
has the sanction of right and usage,
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your obliged and very sincere humble servant."
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
DEAR ANDERSON " Calcutta, Nov. 13, 1786.
" I begin to repent my voyage to India. You
may guess the cause : it haunts me continually,
and in some degree disqualifies me for business.
Fortunately for me, I am obliged to work inces-
santly; and this, by relieving my spirits, contri-
butes, I believe, to support my health. Without
some such stimulus, I should stagnate in unavailing
despondency.
" Our arrival was fortunate for the country. You
may believe me, when I assure you, without exag-
geration, that the late Government had incurred
universal contempt, the natural consequence of
feeble, indecisive measures. The public voice pro-
nounces them to have been concerned in endless
jobs. If I were to write my own opinion about
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 131
them, you would deem plain truth downright pre-
judice. — Peace to their manes !
" I will, however, frankly own to you, that the
embarrassments of the Company in India are
greater than you can conceive. I dare not expa-
tiate upon them ; and look with apprehension to
the period when I am to become a Member of the
Administration. They require the abilities and
unremitted application of the ablest men. Judge
what must have been the confusion attending the
Councils of
" I see no prospect of any quarrels with any of
our Indian neighbours ; though a measure of JNIr.
Macpherson's Government, to assist the Peshwa
with three battalions of Sepoys against Tippoo,
would have laid the foundation of hostilities, if not
promoted them. Lord Cornwallis stopped the
negociations. Mr. Macpherson did not seem to re-
collect that it was against law, policy, and the faith
of treaties. If our finances had permitted us to
send three brigades, there might have been some
sense in the measure. As it stood, it only served
to alarm and irritate, without being of any
assistance.
"Remember me to Mr. H. Sands, and all my
friends ; and believe me, with real regard,
" Yours most sincerely."
k2
132 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
" TO MRS. SHORE.
" MY DEAR CHARLOTTE — " Moorshedabad, Jan. 2, 1787.
" When I returned to England, after an absence
of above sixteen years, all the places which I visited
renewed the ideas of the transactions of my earliest
youth : some were accompanied with anxiety and
regret, others were attended with pleasure. "'But I
know not how it is at present : — though I have been
formerly happy in this country, and particularly so
at the place where I now reside, I can derive but
few ideas from recollections that afford any grati-
fication. Melancholy too generally prevails, and
stamps all the objects of former delight with gloom.
— Have you not, or rather do you not, often expe-
rience the same sensation ? — much too often, I fear,
for your happiness !
" The following little Sonnet I once repeated to
you in prose. I have versified it from the Arabic : —
" The Dove, whose notes disturb my rest,
Feels pangs like mine corrode her breast :
Her midnight warblings fill the grove,
Whilst I conceal my secret love :
Yet hidden passion fiercer glows,
And bursting sighs my griefs disclose.
All pangs that Love inspires, we own ;
Her lot is, to lament and moan ;
Whilst I with deeper anguish sigh,
In silence weep, and weeping die. "
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 13*J
" Calcutta, January 21, 1787.
" You will naturally wish to know my mode of
life in Bengal. I rise early, ride seven to ten
miles, and breakfast by eight o'clock : after that,
business occupies my time till the hour of dinner,
which is three. Our meals here are short : and
in the evening, when the weather permits, which
at this season of the year is daily, I walk out. The
remaining time between that and ten o'clock, which
is my hour of rest, I spend with my friends ; as
I make it a rule not to attend to business of an
evening. Suppers are by no means agreeable to
me. At present, we have balls every week ; but
I am not fond of them ; and indeed have been at
one private ball only, which was given by Lord
Cornwallis ; — nor have I yet attended one play.
" The last despatches brought us the intelligence
of the proceedings against Mr. Hastings ; from
which it appears that he is likely to have much
trouble and vexation. I feel for his situation most
sincerely ; and yet I have enough of regard for the
honour of my country, not to wish charges against
him rejected by a vote of the majority.
"Much prejudice and unfair proceedings have
been used with respect to him. But on his trial
before the House of Peers, he has nothing to fear
134 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
on this subject. There he will be heard and
judged with impartiality, and a reasonable allow-
ance be made for the errors of judgment which
even the best and wisest are subjected to. I ac-
knowledge that I do not think his conduct exempt
from blame, or altogether consistent ; but what
man, who has run through a long political career,
can say, ^ I have never erred'? Passion will mislead
the soundest judgment. As a man, I know him to
possess many virtues — charity, generosity, and for-
giveness : as a statesman, I have often disapproved
of his conduct. I think it peculiarly fortunate for
me that my connection with him in this country
has not implicated me in any of the charges stated
against him — even my evidence not required. This
leads jne naturally to reflections on that Providence,
which has so often shaped my ways for me^ ^nd
directed me to objects which were scarcely in view.
— Shall I say that chance brought ks first ac-
quainted ? No ; — I will attribute it to the guidance
of Providence, whom I thank for the happiest oc-
currence in my life.
" On how many contingencies did my return to
this country depend ! — Lord Macartney was ap-
pointed to succeed Mr. Hastings. He arrived in
Bengal, but refused to accept the government.
Even his appointment originally depended upon
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 135
drawing lots; and it was decided in his favour,
against Mr. Vansittart. Lord Cornwallis accepted
the government against his own inclination. The
least alteration in any one of the previous disposi-
tions would have kept me in England, more to my
happiness than my residence here.
" This day I take my seat as a Member of the
Government in Bengal ; iNIr. Stables being gone, and
his resignation arrived. Do you suppose that I am
flattered by it ? By no means : — I see nothing but
difficulties and vexations attending the situation.
The terms of confidence in which I live with Lord
Cornwallis, his amiable disposition and firm inte-
grity, will render my situation as agreeable as it is
capable of being ; — but, after all, I want something
more, to render my happiness complete, or rather
to make me comfortable."
"■ TO WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, Feb. 16, 17S7,
"I have now been something more than five
months in Bengal ; and the only apology I can
make for having so long delayed writing to you, is,
that the portion of time left me from business and
indisposition have been very little, and too much
absorbed by melancholy reflections to allow me to
think of my friends as 1 ought to do. You may
136 LIFE or LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
believe me, when I assure you that I have heartily
repented of my voyage, and that it has required the
utmost exertions of my understanding to determine
me to remain. The die is now cast ; and I hope,
in the course of this year, to recover health and
spirits sufficiently to remain for some time longer.
At present, nothing amuses me, and little interests
me.
" The respect, esteem, and regard which I have
for Lord Cornwallis might subject my opinion of
his government to a suspicion of partiality. Yet
I cannot avoid mentioning, that it has acquired the
character of vigour, consistency, and dignity. The
system of patronage which you so justly reprobated,
and which you always found so grievous a tax,
has been entirely subverted. The Members of Go-
vernment, relieved from the torture of private soli-
citations, have more time to attend to their public
duties ; and the expenses of Government are kept
within their established bounds. On these prin-
ciples, I acknowledge it difficult to gratify my
wishes with respect to my own friends, or those
who, from recommendation, have claims upon me ;
and I cannot expect to escape reproaches for a
conduct which the interest of the Company renders
indispensable. With Lord Cornwallis I have had
the happiness to live constantly on terms of the
most intimate confidence ; and on this account, as
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 137
well as by a knowledge of his character, I am pre-
cluded from making any solicitations, but such as
are warranted by the strictest propriety. You will
learn from others how well his time is regulated,
and of his unremitted application to business ; and
I will trust to Larkins to acquaint you with the
revival of public and private credit. His situation
was uncomfortable on our arrival : he now receives
the respect due to his zeal, integrity, and indefa-
tigable application.
" The Imitation of the Ode of Horace, in which
you flattered me with the insertion of my name,
has appeared in the European Magazine for June.
I know not by whom it has been published ; but
I should not have deemed myself authorised, with-
out your permission, to communicate a copy of it
to any one.
" With the sincerest wishes for your health and
happiness, and for your deliverance from pro-
secution,
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your obliged and very obedient servant."
In a Letter to Mrs. Arlond, acknowledging the
gratifying intelligence of the birth of a dauglitcr,
138 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Mr. Shore thus notices the death of his old friend,
Mr. Stanley : —
" I cannot but feel a regret that I shall no more
have the society of the best of men, your Brother,
from whom I had received so many acts of regard
and friendship. His release from the miseries
which embittered his latter hours is happy for him ;
and I never knew any one who had a better expec-
tation for what he now enjoys — eternal happiness.
A tear is a tribute which I owe to his memory ; and
that has more than once been paid."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 139
CHAPTER VI.
LORD CORNWALLIs's GOVERNMENT REFORM — FOREIGN POLICY
MEASURES AGAINST TIPPOO.
As the vacancy in the Supreme Council, occasioned
by Mr. Macpherson's departure for England, was
not filled up, the Governor-General had, during a
considerable period, but two colleagues : and, as he
was frequently absent on remote arrangements, the
responsibility for some important measures de-
volved chiefly on Mr. Shore ; the other Member of
the Council relying implicitly on his judgment and
experience. He thus broadly states the guiding
principles of the new Government : —
" All is peace ; and likely to be so. Our political
line is plain, clear, and direct ; and I trust we shall
never have any occasion to deviate. Honesty, in a
political line, I conceive the best policy, as well as
in private life Indian politics may be
reduced within narrow limits. Power, not intrigue,
is our only security; and whilst we possess that,
or, what is almost equal to it, the reputation of it,
1,40 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
nothing but wanton injustice, or the most imprudent
conduct, will induce any Indian nation to attack us."
The Government now applied itself earnestly to
the great work of reform ; embracing the abolition
of patronage, a fertile source of corruption — the re-
duction of useless establishments — the definition of
the duties of the various departments of the admini-
stration — and the remuneration of the Functionaries
by fixed and liberal salaries.
" TO H. J. CHANDLER, ESQ.
DEAR CHANDLER — " August 3, 1787.
" Lord Cornwallis is gone up the country, to
review the Military Stations ; and has left Stuart
and myself to go on with the business. I hope it
will prosper in our hands.
" What I feel most is, the distress of numbers
with whom I am connected. The former extrava-
gance of the Service has produced this consequence.
I would give you a long list of persons that you
know, actually ruined beyond hope of recovery ;
but the catalogue would not be most agreeable to
your feelings.
" The principles upon which we act will make
me more enemies than friends ; but how can I help
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1 II
it? There is no serving God and Mammon. The
Company and individuals cannot both grow rich at
the same time. We embarked in a sinking vessel,
and, by pumping hard, have kept her afloat. She
is now got into port, and refitting. Save us from
storms, and she will sail again in goodly trim.
" I look to a period of retirement, when reflec-
tions upon what is past must make the happiness
or misery of my future life. I have no inclination
to be impeached, I can assure you, either by Mr.
Burke — or, what is worse, my own feelings. To
remove me to-morrow would not give me a mo-
ment's uneasiness ; — to be sensible that 1 deserved
it, would. This is in my own power.
" I write, as you will perceive, ciirrente calamo.
Tell me all the bad they say of us in England ;
and if you have any thing good to communicate,
keep it to yourself. I have flattery enough here to
sicken me for ten years — as many months, days,
and minutes.
" Yours most aflectionately."
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
MY DEAR ANDERSON " Sept. 1, 1787.
" Amongst the many anxious wishes I entertain,
one is, to see you in this country again. If 1 had
the choice of the Government for you or myself,
142 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
I could not hesitate to give you the preference,
I assure you. If the opportunity which was open
to you when I left England still remains, I beg you
will accept it. Of all the men I ever met with,
Lord Cornwallis is the most pleasing to do business
with : with great humanity, good-nature, and an
affability that conciliates all, he acts with the firm-
ness and integrity of a Cato. We certainly want
you here ; and with your assistance the Govern-
ment would be as easy as a glove. Your Brother
knows my sentiments ; and I hope he will persuade
you. 1 return you a Letter you sent to him,
directed to mv care.
" I am, my Dear friend,
"Yours most affectionately."
TO
MY DEAR SIR " Sept. 7, 1787.
" The Court of Directors, from necessity and
prudence, have adopted the closest system of
economy. To this it is my duty, as well as incli-
nation, to conform : but I would wish my supe-
riors to consider well the principles on which this
system is to be adopted ; for, unless they are well
understood, the end will disappoint their expec-
tations.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 143
" Useless pensions, offices, and establishments,
are burdens upon a State, which ought to be abo-
lished ; but at the same time a liberal recompence
must be given, as a reward of zeal, assiduity, and
integrity. Without this, your affairs will never
jflourish. Yi)jii™must^_take human-nature as it is.
Exertion will be languid in the most zealous minds,
if not stimulated by a prospect of recompence ; and
a languid discharge of public duties will never
improve your affairs. In another point of view, the
reflection is equally important. To secure integrity,
a man should be rewarded. In all the important
posts of this Government, temptation is not wanting,
to warp the principles. Is it just, to place a
starving man before a feast, and tell him to serve
all without feeding himself? Some will be found
superior to all temptations ; but prudence and
justice equally require that no persons ought to be
exposed to that which I have described. I am not
applying this to myself; for I acknowledge, with
the utmost sincerity, that the Company have re-
warded me beyond my merits and expectations.
" Permit me to address you with freedom, in
consequence of some reflections which occurred to
me in reading the general Letter by the " Minerva."
You will never have a more zealous Governor than
Lord Cornwallis, nor one so devoted to business.
144 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
He has had, and ever shall have, my warmest
assistance. Zeal, to be active, must be animated :
too severe restrictions exhibit a suspicion which
damps the zeal of integrity : and whilst public
motives are attended to, and private ones discarded,
— whilst general merits overbalance particular neg-
lects which do not originate in wilful disobedience,
self-interest, or design — a little applause will prove
the surest incentive to action. No men could have
slaved more than we have done ; but the compli-
cated business of this Government requires the
incessant application of the most vigorous health,
as well as the exertions of zeal and ability. In
England, people in high offices are assisted by
abilities superior to their own. Here, we are com-
pelled to deliberate on Politics, Trade, Finance,
Justice, general arrangements, and particular rules.
" I should be sorry if the freedom of this address
were deemed offensive. To you personally, and to
the Directors generally, I owe all respect ; and in
that I hope I shall never fail ; at least, I shall never
be guilty of intentional disrespect to a Body which
has distinguished me above my merits, and who
have every right to claim the utmost exertions,
gratitude, and respect on my part.
" I am. Dear Sir,
" Your very obedient and humble servant."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 145
" TO WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR — "Bengal, Sept. 15, 17S7.
" The ^ Minerva ' brought me your Letter of
the 19th of February ; and I need not add how much
it interested me. I felt indeed more than I can
express ; and, above all, a strong inclination to pro-
mote the object of your address.
" Lord Cornwallis was at Benares, on his way to
Futtyghur and Cawnpoor, when the ^ Minerva '
arrived ; but I communicated a copy of your Letter
to him, with one from myself: and I have received
an answer to it, giving his ready assent for taking
the measures you propose, in vindication of your
character, which I hope, ere this will reach you,
is purged from the imputations which party and
malevolence have united to fix upon it.
" Of all the imputations against you, that of. self-
interest and corrupt motives are what I least
expected to see brought forward, and what I believe
none here have ever imputed to you. On the con-
trary, I should join with those who had the best
opportunities of knowing you, in charging you with
a reprehensible indifference to money and pecuniary
concerns. This I see has been urged to taint all
the transactions of your Government as flowing
from this source. Believing, as I do, the utter
VOL. I. L
14G LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
impossibility of proving these charges against you,
the same conviction which animates me will, I
trust, come home to your Judges, and operate as
much to your advantage as suspicion has done to
your disservice. I am obliged to be very short ;
but my attention to the material objects of your
Letter wdll, I hope, compensate for my brevity. —
I beg" my respects to Mrs. Hastings, and am,
" Dear Sir,
" Your obliged and very obedient humble servant."
The peace of India was now apparently threat-
ened by the hostile designs of Tippoo, Intimation
was received from the Madras Government, whose
apprehensions had been already communicated to
Fortwilliam, of the probability of an immediate
infraction of his engagements with the British
Government, on the part of that Prince, by an
attack on its ally, the Rajah of Travancore. Lord
Cornwallis being in the Upper Provinces, Mr. Shore
recorded his opinion, that the British Government
was bound in honour and policy to defend its allies,
notwithstanding the great expense of war ; and
that, as Tippoo's hostilities could not be confined to
the territories of Travancore, the measures adopted
by the Madras Government should be such as a
direct invasion of the British territories would
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 147
demand. And, in a Letter to the Governor-
General, he extends his view beyond the im-
mediate crisis, and recommends a course justified
by the character of the enemy, and fully borne out
by subsequent events : and, in conclusion, he pro-
ceeds to suggest, with deference to Lord Corn-
wallis's military experience and better acquaintance
with the military resources of the Government, a
plan for the effectual prosecution of the war. Tlie
threatened storm, for the present, happily l)lew
over.
" TO EARL CORNWALLIS.
"my LORD "Oct. 1, ITS?.
" I give up this morning, to afford you my
reflections on the intelligence communicated by
Sir A. Campbell. I am clearly of opinion, if
Tippoo is serious in his intention of attacking the
Rajah of Travancore, that he means to carry his
liostilities beyond the territories of that Prince :
and on these grounds, it will be necessary to pre-
pare for a war throughout the Carnatic
But I think we ought to go a step further than
merely acting upon the defensive ; and, if Tippoo
should enter into the war with us, that we ought
not to make peace until we have put it out of liis
power to hurt us more, at least for a long series of
years.
L 2
148 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" On the present system, whilst we are under the
necessity of employing all our resources merely to
guard against a Prince who is daily aggrandizing
his power, our means must decrease, and his gain
strength. It is true, that I would not on this
acceunt think of attacking him merely to prevent
his attacking us in future ; but, if he should begin,
I conceive it will be the wisest policy to adopt this
consideration as the principle of our conduct. The
question is. If we have the means to do it ? — and,
notwithstanding the embarrassed state of the Com-
pany's finances, I do not hesitate to declare my
opinion that it is practicable."
He then states the reasons on which his conclusion
is founded.
" If by extraordinary exertions we can terminate
the war in a year or two, it will in the end be
found the cheapest method.
" Suppose we should merely act on the defensive :
what is the probable consequence? Tippoo will
destroy our resources, by ravaging the Carnatic ;
and, when he has driven us to the last distress, call
in the assistance of the French, to complete it. But
if even this should not happen, he may effect our
ruin by continuing the same plan of operations
until we are no longer able to oppose him."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 149
"to H. chandler, ESQ.
DEAR SIR — " Jan. 12, 1788.
" The Committee of Directors, however liberally
disposed they may be to us, do not at least express
it as they ought to do. But, after all, the doctrines
I hear held forth and maintained in Parliament
are such as would deter any man of common pru-
dence from stepping beyond the line of his duty in
compliance with State exigency. This is a lan-
guage I shall not use to any one in power. Indeed,
I am determined to write to none but my friends :
and if the public proceedings will not bear us out,
I am contented to remove.
" I do not care how soon I shake you by the hand
again : yet, if I were to return to Europe to-
morrow, I should not be 2000/. richer than when
I left England : however, I save at least one-half
of my salary. But, what is more, I am perfectly
convinced that I could retire to my cottage in
Devonshire with more content than when I left it ; —
and with you, and one or two more like you, for
neighbours, I should not desire more. I have one
wish about you, for your own happiness — that you
were married, and lived upon 800/. a-year. This is
not impossible.
" Believe me ever yours most airectionately."
50 LIFE OK LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
" TO J. IIOOLE, ESQ.
" DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Feb. 20, 1788.
" I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt
of your two Letters, under date the 2d and 27th
of June, and to return you my sincere thanks for
the little Poem of " The Country Curate," which has
delighted me more than any which I have read for
a long time. It is a plain, simple tale ; an occur-
rence of common life, in easy, natural, and elegant
language. The whole interested me ; but the last
Canto is highly pathetic, and affected me to tears.
The story also derives a peculiar energy from the
piety interspersed in it ; and my heart tells me that
it is written from the heart.
" It is a great chance how far your proposed plan
of an edition of Ariosto will succeed in Bengal.
The greatest part of British Residents here are too
much occupied with business to attend to poetry.
I think, however, that fifty copies might be disposed
of here : and if you wall send that number, you shall
have my warmest assistance in disposing of them.
It will be proper, however, that you address them
to some other person as well as myself; since the
precarious state of my health may oblige me to
return sooner than I wish. You should also take
care to precede the books.
I send you inclosed a little Poem written in
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTIl. 101
memory of my dear deceased relation, Cleveland.
I felt more than I expressed at the time.
"I beg my respects to your son, whose elegant
talents have given me so much delight ; — and I am,
" With great regard, Dear Sir,
" Your very obedient humble servant."
With a view to the vindication of his character,
Mr. Hastings had requested Mr. Shore to obtain
from the Natives of India a declaration of their free
sentiments on his public conduct ; and had espe-
cially suggested to him the expedient of issuing a
Circular to the Collectors, inviting them to elicit
a statement to that effect from the Natives in their
respective districts. Mr. Shore had prudently de-
clined acceding to this proposal, lest testimony so
procured might be attributed to the interposition of
OflScial Authority.
" TO WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ.
" MY DEAH SIR — " Hcn"al, March 7, 1788.
" My reflections on the whole of this business
have not been unattended with much concern ; as
I see your happiness is so mucli interested in
receiving the testimonies of those whom you go-
verned so long The Natives of India, some few
152 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
excepted, are seldom influenced by any other
motives than those of hope and fear : though, if it
were possible to convene them on one spot, and to
ask them for their free and unbiassed sentiments on
your Administration in India, I have no doubt that
their voices would be declaratory in your favour.
To say that the whole would be so, is more than
any one could expect ; since it is not possible that
some would not be discontented. With this con-
viction, I feel the more sensibly a regret that my
public station precludes me adopting those mea-
sures that might induce the Natives to declare their
free sentiments. Mr. Thompsok has, however, sug-
gested a proposition, that will, if Lord Cornwallis
approve it, allow him an opportunity to accom-
plish this point ; which I do not despair of seeing
done, by unexceptionable means,
" My health is the same as formerly, with little
amendment; and I have but one wish — that of
settling what depends upon myself, and returning
to England ; where it would give me the sincerest
pleasure to see you relieved from the scene of
trouble and vexation in which you have been so
long involved.
" I beg my respects to Mrs. Hastings ; and am,
"My Dear Sir, your obliged
and very sincere humble servant."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. \o'3
The proposition alluded to in the above Letter
was, that Lord Cornwallis should endeavour to
ascertain, during his visit to the Upper Provinces,
and especially to the very districts which had been
the supposed scene of Mr. Hastings's atrocities, the
opinion of him entertained by the Natives. — The
result of the inquiry, to use Lord Cornwallis's own
words, was, that " Mr. Hastings was positively be-
loved by the people."
" TO MRS. SHORE.
" Simdaj/, Aj)7'il 6. — Retirement from the world,
abstraction from business, and thinking upon you,
all dispose me to seriousness and melancholy. —
Happy is it, indeed, for my bodily as well as intel-
lectual health that one day in seven intervenes for
rest and reflection : without it, the occupations and
follies of life would destroy both The con-
viction that I entertain of the existence of the Deity,
of His Providence, and of a future state, was never
stronger upon my mind than at present. I cherish
and fortify this conviction by reason, reflection, and
practice, as the only bases of hope — as the sole pre-
servation against misfortune.
" We are separated ; and, if we should meet,
must once again be disunited for ever in this \\()rld.
154 LIFE OF LOKD TEIGNMOUTH.
Our lives are at the disposal of the Author of our
being : and if He should please to recall what he
gave, what hope, what comfort can be left to the
survivor, but resignation to Mis will, and trust on
His Providence ? ' Father Almighty ! Thy will be
done ! ' is all that we can say. But if what we utter
from the lips proceeds from the heart. He will not
neglect us. We are here in a state of trial and
probation ; and wisely has His Providence decreed
to us evil. Without sickness, misfortune, or cares,
we should swell into insolence, or relapse into in-
sensibility ; but He checks ebullitions of pride and
prosperity ; and interposes, to mollify the obduracy
of our hearts. Upon this system, all is consistent and
reconcileable, even to our imperfect understandings.
When Philosophy, in its arrogance, attempts to
depart from this line, it wanders in mazes of error,
doubt, and misery. Let us thank Him for supplying
us with understanding to comprehend this. Let
us rest satisfied, that all that we see, enjoy, or suffer,
proceeds from a Source of Infinite Wisdom, Power,
and Benevolence ; nor attempt to explore what He
has concealed, or censure impiously what He has
dispensed. ' Father Almighty ! Thy will be done ! '
is the creed we ought to engrave on our hearts.
' Father Almighty ! Thy will be done ! ' should be
our morning call and nightly cry. To Him we
ought to pray for understanding to believe and feel
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 105
this truth ; and in the belief of it, we may suffer,
but ought not to be miserable. Such is my firm
creed : and may He, that impressed it on my heart,
daily and hourly fortify the belief!
April 13. — My mind is daily more impressed
with a sense of my dependence on the Deity — of
His Providence, mercies, and benevolence : and I
think it is cheerful in proportion as this conviction
gains strength. If this is the effect of sickness and
weakness of constitution, I ought to rejoice at a
cause which has restored me to my senses ; and if
the effect continues — hard as the task may prove,
severe though the trial may be — you ought to con-
sole yourself, if it should please Providence to
deprive you of me. Such are my reflections at
this moment : yet I will not say that they will
always have tlie same force. My past life has been
such as to deprive me of this confidence ; and
involved as I am in worldly business, in which my
passions, feelings, and principles are interested,
they may again be dissipated or weakened. My
present occupation has a tendency to weaken them.
" Sunday is with me a day of retirement. I
seclude myself from all visitors, and for this day
renounce business. I begin it with thanksgivings,
and adorations of Him to whom I owe my being.
Part of the day is employed in repeating this duty,
in reading ])ro])er books, in writing to you, and in
150 LIFK OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
study or rest. Such is my general, but not invariable
practice ; for the day sometimes passes in idle dis-
sipation, or even business."
During this period of Mr. Shore's residence in
India, he rarely attended the Services of the Church.
This neglect, originally unavoidable, from the un-
fortunate privation of the means of Public Worship,
had now become in a great measure habitual to him.
"to MRS. SHORE.
"April 22, 1 788. — This year we have been afflicted
with a great scarcity ; so much so, that many
mothers have been compelled to sell their children.
Knowing this, I ordered my servants to buy all
that were brought ; and promised the parents, that
if they would take back their children after the
removal of the scarcity, they should all have them
again. Without this, many must have died, or
have been disposed of to persons who would not
have taken as much care of them as I have done.
I have great doubts myself if many of the parents —
strange as it may appear to you, who are a mother
— will not leave them upon my hands ; for maternal
affection here is very different from what it is in
England.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 157
" Two or three months will determine this ; and
you shall know the event. I hope they will all
be reclaimed ; as otherw'ise I must be at the ex-
pense of maintaining them ; — which, however, wiil
not be burdensome. Let that be as it may, I shall
alw ays find a satisfaction in what I have done, and
never feel a pang at appropriating a part of my
income to this purpose. What do you think was
the price given for each? — from ten shillings to
twenty. Now tell me, Charlotte, if you are dis-
pleased at my increase of family ? The brats have
clothing as well as food. The whole expense of
maintaining them does not exceed £ 6 a month ; —
and that will be less. I thank God that the ap-
prehension of a scarcity daily decreases, and is
now, in fact, removed. Many thousands are daily
maintained by public contributions ; of which I
have given a share, although my name is not in
the public list of Benefactors."
Mr. Shore's opinion, on the want of natural
afFection in the parents of his adopted children, was
justified by the result. Only one child was claimed
by its mother ; and it was both deaf and dumb.
His health had now suffered so much from
the climate and harassing labour, that he had
engaged his passage to Europe ; but yielded liis
158 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
intention to the urgent claims of public business.
" The life of a man in Bengal, who does his duty,"
he observes in his Correspondence, " is really that
of a galley-slave. Here he is in constant warfare
with innumerable opponents, and must submit to
the common tax of censure and calumny."
The peaceable aspect of internal affairs mean-
while consoled him under his personal sufferings : —
" I have given over writing about politics. So
much I will tell you, that our credit with the dif-
ferent Powers of India stands as high at this time
as it ever did at any period. We have acted, with
regard to them, upon the principle that 'Honesty is
the best policy ;' which I conceive to be as true in
public as in private life. Our power makes us
arbiters of the affairs of Hindostan ; and folly only
can deprive us of the balance."
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
MY DEAR ANDERSON— "Bengal, Nov. 8, 1788.
" The public despatches will convey the Ad-
dresses from the Natives to the Directors, on Mr.
Hastings's government. They will perhaps, in
England, think him obliged to my assistance. Mr.
Burke is rapid in his conclusions ; Mr. Sheridan
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 1-39
ingenious in surnnises ; and Mr. Fox bold in asser-
tion. Credat Judceus Apella ! I reply, that I have
never seen the Addresses ; that I never, directly
or indirectly, solicited a vote in his favour ; nor
ever authorised any man to use my name for this
purpose.
" Your old friend Sindiah is reviving again.
Golam Kader Khan, with unexampled barbarity,
has extinguished the old King's eyes. His beha-
viour was that of a most unlicensed ruffian. He
was joined by Ishmail Beg, after his defeat by
Sindiah ; but is now deserted by him — probably
some disagreement about the plunder of the palace ;
and Ishmail is now an ally of Sindiah. They
jointly attacked Golam Kader in Delhy ; who eva-
cuated it, and is now on his march to his dominions
at Ghose Gur, I think that he and Sindiah will
come to a compromise. The unfortunate Shah
Aulum has survived his misfortunes ; but the loss
of his sight will be the loss of his royal pageantry.
Never did I feel more emotion in my life than
from a wish to revenge the King's cause, and punish
the Rohilla. Sindiah has often expressed his satis-
faction in our attempts to prevent our own subjects,
or those of the Vizier, from joining against him
during his misfortunes.
" We have got possession of Guntore. You re-
member the Mendicant in Gil Bias, who begs with
160 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
a gun laid over two cross-sticks. The Nizam gene-
rously parted with what he could not hold ; but we
promised him the immediate payment of all his
claims — the due discharge of the Peshcush to him
in future ; and we shall settle as fairly and as libe-
rally as we have promised.
" The Poonah Mahrattas are strongly attached to
us. Asoph-uddoulah is contented. Our plan to-
wards all is, plain language, firm conduct, and con-
ciliatory behaviour. If these principles will not
succeed, intrigue never will. Our policy has been
the reverse of Sir John's : and I trust our success
will not disgrace it. In our internal management,
we have given force to Regulations by vigorous
decisions. Censures, suspensions, and removals, do
more than volumes of precepts. I foresee a host
of enemies ; but * Nil conscire sibi ' is the only reply
I shall make to calumny or detractions. If our
public proceedings will not bear us out, I shall
not resort to explanations. No Government ever
worked harder than we have done. Pleasure and
relaxation are never thought of.
" Duncan * goes on with reputation at Benares. —
Remember me kindly to James, and believe me
" Most affectionately yours."
* Jonathan Duncan, Esq., afterwards Governor of Bombay.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1()1
Mr. Shore retained his opinion, to the close of his
own government, on the inexpediency of intrigue ;
observing in a Letter written about that time, that
the probable result of it, in dealing with the Native
Powers, would be, that we should be, in most in-
stances, the dupes rather than the deceivers.
" TO H. INGLIS, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR — - Bengal, Nov. 9, 17S8.
" You never had a Board of Trade more dili-
gent. Charles Grant, who possesses the first know-
ledge, talents, and honesty, exerts himself most
indefatigably : and you will perceive a great difTe-
rence in the Letters from the Board of Trade under
his management, and formerly. The information
now is open, clear, and satisfactory. Arguments
are fairly brought forward and stated : and tlie
principles being clearly pointed out, errors, if they
occur, may be more easily corrected. You will see
that we have continued the liberty of private trade
to your Commercial Residents and Agents. Depend
upon it, that the true way to improve your affairs is
to make the interests of individuals and the Com-
pany to go hand in hand. Without this tlicy will
never thrive.
vol.. T. M
H32 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" We have, I fear, made a sad nest of hornets, by
our decisions regarding the creditors of the Nabob
of Arcot. I shall only say, that we did our duty,
without regard to consequences; and you must
support us as firmly as we decided, if you are of
opinion that we acted right. Half measures, in
matters of great concern, will not do. I do not
indeed think the principles of the present Govern-
ment likely to make many friends : those that we
do acquire or retain, I hope will be respectable ;
and I shall be satisfied with wanting others.
Trifling mistakes or errors we may commit ; but
you will not find false principles or interested prac-
tices : the rest remains with you at home. But you
may lay it down, that the Company's affairs in
India will never thrive, unless there be at the
head of it men of ability, integrity, and close appli-
cation. You do not want extraordinary abilities :
a sound judgment and application will do all that
is required.
" I beg my sincere respects to IMrs. Inglis ; and
am, with great regard,
" Your very affectionate humble servant."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMr)rTH. 1(53
" TO MRS. SIlORi:,
"Jan. 9, 1789.
" The task upon which Lord Cornwallis and
myself embarked for India was reformation and
improvement. We had inveterate prejudices and
long-confirmed habits to encounter. To serve our
constituents, it was necessary to retrench the emo-
luments of individuals, and to introduce system and
regularity where all before was disorder and mis-
rule. People in England condemn the favour
shewn to individuals in Bengal, at the Company's
expense ; whilst they are daily recommending
them to patronage, although they disclaim the idea.
This principle we have had to oppose and discou-
rage. Under such circumstances, it cannot be
expected that a man acting up to the object of his
appointment can conduct himself agreeably to all :
for though there is, I believe, more honesty, prin-
ciple, and humanity in India, comparatively speak-
ing, than in England, our experience of mankind
proves that, with the majority, these qualities are not
to be found. Exclusive of these difficulties, which
the situation of alfairs superadded, the common
business of this Government is by no means easy or
small. Our politics extend to nations all over the
Peninsula of India — to the Malirattas and otlier
States on the Malabar coast, as well as to Delhi on
^^*^
164< LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
this side. We controul the revenues and collections
of the country, exceeding altogether four millions.
We distribute justice among a people more popu-
lous than those of Great Britain. We have an
army of 40,000 men ; and send home annually an
investment of goods nearly equal to a million
sterling. That all this various business be well
done, we must enter into the detail of it : and he
that wishes to do his duty will have little time for
amusement, or even for sleep. This abridged ac-
count of our Government in Bengal will shew you
the importance of my situation. Do not suppose
I mention this out of vanity ; but it will convince
you, that to leave it without due consideration
would, in my predicament, be inexcusable. Neither
will you wonder, after the perusal, that I should
complain of fatigue or disquiet. Often does it
happen, in the course of the year, that I am obliged
to work when I am only fit to lounge upon the
couch ; and, what is still harder, to resist the appli-
cations made by distress and want, when a com-
pliance with them is contrary to my sense of duty.
This is indeed a severe trial of the feelings; to
which, from my station, I am but too often
exposed, and what I consider the lightest part of
my duty.
LIFE OF LORD TP:iGXMOUTH. 1 (i.J
" TO \. SMITH, ESQ.
MV DEAR SIR "Bengal, Jan. 10, 1789.
" I wish it were possible to make a fair exami-
nation between the measures of this Government
and that of Britain. Let the Reports of the Com-
mittees appointed to investigate the National Ac-
counts be examined ; and you will find, that for one
sinecure place in Bengal, there are ten in England.
Indeed, it would now, I believe, be difficult to point
out any salary here for which some equivalent duty
is not exacted. There are in Bengal, as everywhere
else, men who, neglecting their own business, are
always busy in suggesting improvements in de-
partments where they have no concern ; and they
claim a merit in making propositions which are
neglected or set aside.
" I shall only observe upon this, that there are
bounds to exertion, and that even well-meant pro-
positions are sometimes overlooked, because there
are more matters of importance to do : but it much
oftener happens, that they are disregarded, because
they are not likely to produce the advantages pro-
posed. To determine whether we do our duty or
not, let our proceedings be consulted: you will
find that sufficient is recorded to employ moderate
attention during three parts of the year to peruse.
Something must be allowed for reflection, delibe-
ration, interruption, and indisposition. A CJovcrnor
16(3 LITE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
with less firmness, less moderation, less integrity
than Lord Cornwallis, and wanting his conciliatory
address, would never have accomplished half what
has been done.
'^ I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your very obliged and faithful humble servant."
" TO G. G. DUCAREI., ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Feb. 15, 1789.
" I have long been at work, in preparing a Plan
of Settlement for Ten Years.
"My ideas concur with those of Mr. Francis :
but the length of time which has elapsed since the
proposal of his Plan requires a modification of it,
now necessary. — Shall I ever be thanked for what
I do?
" Lord Cornwallis preserves his health and inte-
grity. He has a peace of mind which nothing
alarms, being built upon a solid foundation. I
esteem, respect, and love him : our objects are the
same, and we never disagree in the means. We
debate and yield alternately, like people who prefer
the public good to the reputation of their opinions.
" Remember me to Mrs. Ducarel ; and believe me
" Your ever affectionate."
LIFE OV LOKD TEIGXMOUTII. K)?
" TO TIIK REV. T, W. SHORK.
" MY DEAR BROTHER " Bengal, Feb. 22, 1789.
" Having finished a Letter to Charlotte, I now
begin one to you. How many more I may write to
you from Bengal, I know not. If I were to follow
my own inclination, I should, by my presence,
render future correspondence unnecessary. Sunday
is the day I usually dedicate to this employment.
This may not be strictly right ; but it is the only
business which occupies me — if business it may be
called. I can however tell you — what the w^orld
will not perhaps give me credit for, and what the
detestation of every thing like hypocrisy woidd
prevent me declaring to them — that I rarely fail
dedicating a part of this day to religious practices
and serious meditation : nay, I will confess to you,
that since my return to India I have read the
Scriptures oftener, and with more attention, than
ever I did before. No man can have a firmer con-
viction than I have, that they contain the doctrines
of truth and immortality ; that they alone teach
true philosophy, and furnish the solid base of
consolation in this life and of better expectiitions
hereafter. I wish my practice were as regular as
my belief, and that my past life had been as regular
as my present ; and 1 pray that future temptation
may not be too great for my efrorts. Tliis avowal
168 LIFE OF LOili) TEIGNMOUTH.
must give pleasure to you, who have so sincere an
interest in my welfare.
" These reflections are suggested by the day : and
they occur in health and sickness, amidst employ-
ments and diversions.
" You are happy with your Julia ; — and long may
you continue so ! Our fates are more correctly the
dispensations of Providence ; which, respecting \is,
are different. Let us hope that we may be both
useful. You have a serious charge upon you — the
care and protection of a flock, who look up to
your example for imitation, and your instructions
for knowledge. I have the care of a Nation upon
my shoulders — at least a part of it — a great and
important responsibility ! Yet, happy shall I be to
resign the charge, and become one of your flock.
Whether that period will ever arrive, the Supreme
Disposer of Events can only tell : but if it should,
I hope that, whatever my intellectual capacity may
be, you will not find me less advanced in moral
or religious endowments than when I quitted you.
" Remember me affectionately to my sister and
my young relations, and believe me
^' Your sincere friend, and affectionate Brother."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOITH. IG9
" TO C. W. B. ROUS, ESQ.
" DEAR SIR — " Beno-al, Ffb. 22, 1789.
" Yoli are not, I think, likely to get more in-
formation on Zemindary rights. A despotic Go-
vernment seldom thinks of the rights of its subjects,
and still less of limiting its own prerogatives by
defining them. Something might be gleaned from
writers : but there is so much reading of what is
absolutely necessary, that a man in business cannot
find time to hunt out three grains of wheat amidst
a bushel of chafF. My opinion is decided, that the
Zemindars were the hereditary proprietors of the
soil, but that the Sovereign claimed what portion
of the rents he pleased. The Zemindars were thus
far left at his mercy : but from Akbar to Aurung-
zebe the demands upon them are moderate. In all
speculations regarding the Zemindars, you must be
careful to distinguish Bengal from all other parts
of the Empire. There was most certainly a diffe-
rence in the practice and principles of Finance
here. I believe I remarked to you before, that there
is no confiding to transactions when Zemindars are
mentioned. Dew translated Ainnil, sometimes, Ze-
rumdar; and Gladwyn, who is in general accurate,
makes Zemindar and Buzourgur synonymous, in
a very important part of the " Aycen Akbary."
170 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" Mr. Grant's * chief foundation for his Ruhha,
or " Fourth," arises from mistaking Rnhha for Reia
produce ; although the Tables, which follow the
passage where the word is mentioned, shew the
proportion to be in One-third. I compared four
copies of the " Ayeen Akbary," and found Reia in
all. The merit of his production is certainly great ;
but so obscured by his style, that it requires more
penetration and attention than I can give to it, to
discover his meaning.
" I shall request Captain Smith of the ' Dubton'
to take charge of a volume of our Transactions here.
I was an original Member of the So-
ciety, but am now an honorary one ; i. e. honoured
with belonging to it. Sir William Jones is the vis
vita of the Society ; and when he leaves it, it will
become a caput mortiium.
" I am, my Dear Sir, your very sincere
" and obedient humble servant."
" TO RICHARD WVATT, ESQ.
" MV DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Feb. 22, 1789.
" I thank you for your Letter ; which has given
me a better account of Mr. Hastings's situation than
* Mr. J. Grant.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 171
I had before received. Whatever his public con-
duct may be, I can safely offer you my opinion of
his private character — that I never knew a man in
my life who possessed more active virtues. He has
talents also for every thing — for science as well as
amusement ; and all, who had had the opportunity
of personally knowing him, love and esteem him.
So far from being fond of money, he appears to me
the most indifferent man I ever saw with regard to
it — imprudently so indeed ! That there is, and ever
will be, peculation in India, is only saying it is not
a desert ; for where men are, some knaves will be
found : but there is as much virtue, principle, and
active zeal here, as in any part of the world. The
Company, until lately, considered mankind in a
new light. They placed their Servants at a feast,
where they were starving, and told them to help all
but themselves. Tigers, according to the fable,
are wiser; for though they take their own share,
they leave something to their provider. People in
England disdain patronage, but expect their pro-
tegees should reap the benefit of it : they condemn
giving away sinecures, whilst the relations of the
possessor thank the attention which has bestowed
it. De cceteris idem.
" Your allectionate humble servant."
172 LIFE OF LORD TEHJNMOUTII.
"■ TO N. SMITH, ESQ.
"sir — "Auff. 1789.
" In nothing, perhaps, has the success of Lord
Cornwallis's Administration been more apparent
than in his political conduct. If you will revert to
the embarrassed scene of politics in which we were
plunged on his arrival, and compare the present
system with it, you will find plain dealing substi-
tuted for intricate negociation, confidence for uncer-
tainty, and reputation for a doubtful name. The
ambition and animosity of Tippoo have been checked
and concealed — the Mahrattas find in our mode-
ration the prospect of an useful alliance — the Nizam
has surrendered what we claimed — Sindiah con-
tinues our friend — and the Berar Rajah is well dis-
posed towards us. Nothing has been sacrificed to
accomplish these objects ; and the British Govern-
ment holds the balance of power in India.
" That we have not neglected internal arrange-
ments, you have received many proofs ; and I have
at last completed a Plan for the permanent Settle-
ment of the Revenues. I know not whether you
will receive it by the ' Swallow,' as it has not yet
been deliberated upon at the Board. Many an hour
of anxiety I spent in forming it ; and after all, per-
haps, it may disappoint public expectation. If pains.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 173
zeal and assiduity could accomplish the object
proposed in it, no part could be incomplete ; but
indisposition cannot be controlled ; and a mind
exhausted by business will find its powers some-
times deficient.
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your obliged and very sincere humble servant."
" TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
SIR — " Bengal, Aug. 10, 1789.
" The detail of business, under the Bengal Go-
vernment, will ever be laborious ; but a system has
been established by Lord Cornwallis which renders
the detail less difficult than it was. The arrange-
ments in the different departments and offices begin
to acquire stability — the duty of each is defined —
and checks and restrictions have been imposed
against innovations as well as abuses. Pretences
are never wanting for alterations, under the specious
form of amendments ; but they are disregarded.
Responsibility and trust are everywhere united ; and
the recompence is proportioned to them. Whilst
Lord Cornwallis remains, I may venture to assert
that alterations will be resisted ; and I h()j)c his
successor, whoever ho may be, will lie more ready
174 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
to improve the existing system than to introduce
a new one. One year of indolence, incapacity, or
irresolution, would undo what has been accom-
plished with so much labour and sacrifice of private
feeling. Innovations also alarm the natives, and
give scope to their talents for intrigue.
" I have the honour to be,
" Honourable Sir,
" Your most obliged and obedient
" humble servant."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 17o
CHAPTER VII.
PERMANENT SETTLEMENT OF THE REVENUE-i ORIENTAL PURSUITS.
In the summer of 1789, Mr. Shore completed the
arduous task, the execution of which had occupied
every hour that he could rescue from languor,
sickness, and the ordinary routine of official duties
— the preparation of the Decennial, or, as it
proved, the Permanent Settlement of the Revenues
of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa — a measure affect-
ing the property, and involving the multifarious
and conflicting rights and privileges of a popu-
lation then amounting to nearly forty millions, in-
cluding the inhabitants of the comparatively small
portion of the territories in the Madras Presidency,
to which it was subsequently extended. The ex-
treme difficulty of effecting the proposed arrange-
ment may be inferred from the failure of previous
attempts to accomplish it, during the twenty-four
years in which the revenues of the Three Provinces
had been possessed by the East-India Company ;
whilst it required practical knowledge, which was
wanting to the Company's Servants in consequence
176 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
of their having been withdrawn by Mr. Hastings
from the immediate collection of the revenues.
The execution of it rested chiefly on Mr. Shore's
abilities and experience ; to which honourable tes-
timony has been borne by Lord Cornwallis, and by
the Fifth Parliamentary Report on East-Indian
Affairs, which distinctly states that his " ability and
experience, in supplying the deficiency of the Ser-
vants of the Company in the knowledge of the
rights and usages of the different orders of people
connected with the Revenues, enabled the Govern-
ment to carry its projected measures into effect."
The first talents in the Company's Service, both
in England and India, had been during some years
employed in considering a grand fundamental ques-
tion, the determination of which was essential to
any ulterior settlement. It referred to the Pro-
prietorship of the lands to be assessed ; which had
been variously assigned to the Sovereign, to the
Ryots or immediate cultivators of the soil, or to
an intermediate class, the Zemindars. Mr. Shore's
opinions on the subject are recorded in a volumi-
nous Minute, supported by a considerable body of
Authorities and of evidence, the result of his inqui-
ries. In this document, he traces the Proprietary
right of the Zemindars to the reign of Akbar, con-
temporaneous with Queen Elizabeth. He states, that
at that period the Zemindars enjoyed the hereditary
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH 177
management of lands, paying the rents to the Sove-
reign, with the reservation of a portion for their
own subsistence ; that they were looked up to by
the Ryots, as their hereditary patrons and governors,
and proprietors of the soil within their jurisdiction ;
and were proverbially acknowledged to preserve
these rights, according to the ancient saying, that
' The land belonged to the Zemindars, and the rent
to the King' ; — and, that they were, moreover, nu-
merous, rich, and powerful.
He contends, that the Proprietary right of the
Zemindars had been never subsequently annulled ;
but, on the contrary, ratified by uninterrupted usage,
during a period including twenty-five years of
British sway. As the Zemindars probably existed
before the Mahomedan rule, he conjectures that
the invaders employed them, as their agents, in the
collection of the revenues ; guaranteeing their here-
ditary rights by a grant of investiture (Sminiar) ;
whilst the Sunnud, inasmuch as it was never con-
ferred on aliens, so far from invalidating, confirmed
those rights, and conveyed, by lapse of time, a i)ro-
perty in the soil, even though it had not been
originally possessed. He maintains, that the con-
dition of exercising a limited jurisdiction, and other
services, could not affect the rights to wliicli it was
annexed ; and that no objection to the Zemindary
claims could be grounded on the grants of rent-free
VOL. I. N
178 LIFE OF LOT^D TEIC4NM0UTH.
land (altiimga), because they were invariably re-
cognised by these instruments.
The conchision in favour of the Proprietary
rights of the Zemindars, adopted by Mr. Shore, was
ratified by our Governments at Home and in India,
and became the basis of the Permanent Settle-
ment ''.
* The above decision has been mnch disputed ; and the defects
in the Permanent Settlement have been by many attributed to it.
The assessment, say its impugners, who are chiefly of the Madras
Presidency, should have been made with the Ryots, and founded
on the separate measurement of each field. But to this plan have
been objected, its inapplicability to Bengal, and the failure of the
attempts made to introduce it into that Presidency — the fact, that
the condition of the cultivators of the soil has not been im-
proved by it — and the inadequacy of our Agency to carry into
effect its minute and laborious details. Both the Fifth and Sixth
Reports of the Select Committee of the House of Commons concur
in condemning the course pursued by the Government. The former
was drawn up notoriously under the prepossessions against the
rights of the Zemindars entertained in the Presidency of Madras,
where only two sorts of Zemindars are known — those of the North
Circars, who corresponded with the Lords-Lieutenant of Counties,
or rather Highland Chieftains — and the Village Zemindars, the
creatures of the Madras Government, whom the Ryots regarded as
their equals or inferiors. Sir Thomas Munro's opinion is derived
exchisively from the same source; as that eminent individual
had no practical knowledge of Bengal. The conclusion stated in
the Sixth Report is not borne out by the evidence appended to it ;
the general tenor of which is opposed to it, though very different
opinions are entertained by the witnesses as to the Proprietary
riffht of the Zemindars.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 179
The limits of this work admit of but a brief review
of his very vokmiinous Minutes on this subject.
The principal of them (June 18, 1789) is stated, in
the Fifth Parliamentary Report, " to contain infor-
mation derived from experience and diligent re-
search, in regard to the condition and character of
the Natives of India, the past and present state of
the country, and the laws and practices of the
Mogul Government; which may at all times be
referred to with advantage, as an authentic and
valuable Record."
The amount of the Assessment, and the best
method of collecting it, form the principal subjects
of this important document. The author deduces
the former from a review of the financial history of
Bengal, from the first recorded Settlement of the
Revenues under Akbar, in 1582. He recommends
that it should be moderate ; grounded on an esti-
mate, intermediate between that proposed by Mr.
Francis, and that elaborately worked out by Mr.
J. Grant in his Analysis of the Finances of Bengal ;
the fallacies of which he points out *.
Animadverting on the proposition for assessment
by local minute investigation, he observes : — •
* It is inserted in the Appendix to the Fifth Parliamentary
Report.
N 2
180 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" There is no country in the world, I believe, where the
Officers of Government devote more time and attention
to the discharge of public business than in Bengal. The
official duties are inconceivably laborious, to those who
perform them with zeal and assiduity — an assertion wliich
the Public Records will prove. But there are limits to
industry, and bounds to exertion. If too much be at-
tempted, matters of great importance must be neglected.
The controul of the Board of Revenue over the Collectors,
and that of the Supreme Power over them and all other
departments, will alike prove ineffisctive, if their attention
be dissipated in the minutiae of detail."
Reiterating his former arguments in favour of
the Proprietary right of the Zemindars, he recom-
mends, that, on account of their ahnost universal
incapacity and corruption, the rights of the inferior
cultivators (Ryots) should be secured : —
"Our Administration has heretofore been fluctuating
and uncertain : an idea of improvement has been hastily
adopted, unsteadily pursued, and afterwards abandoned
from a supposed defect in principle : new measures have
been substituted, followed, and relinquished, with the same
facility : and the Natives, from these variations, with every
succession of men expect a change of system.
"Measures in the detail must always be subject to
variation, from local circumstances and contingencies,
which no foresight can provide against; but principles
should be fixed, if possible.
" The fluctuation in the Members of Government, as
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 181
well as in tlie Officers employed in the subordinate de-
partments, renders the establishment of principles indis-
pensably necessary ; for, as experience cannot be trans-
mitted with offices, the discretion of the Agents will never
cease to operate in the expectation of real or fancied im-
provement, unless it be restrained by rule. The charac-
ters of individuals, even where the same system is pursued,
must have a considerable influence upon the success of it;
but where no system is established, the evils far exceed
the })artial benefits resulting from the talents, knowledge,
and zeal of a few."
" The skill and success which the Natives display in
applying to the defects of our personal characters, and in
rendering them subservient to their own views and in-
terests, are well known : wliat one man refuses, another is
disposed to. grant: the system rejected to-day is again
brought forward, with new arguments in support of it, at
another period : what has been once tried, and found to
fail, is again revived, under plausible reasons assigned for
its failure. They study our dispositions, inclinations,
aversions, enmities, and friendships ; and, with the cool
caution so familiar to them, seize the favoural)le oppor-
tunity to introduce propositions for new systems and
measures, or for reviving those which have been exploded.
With the most upright intentions, our caution and expe-
rience are liable to be misled. But experience is not the
lot of all ; and the judgment will often yield to the sug-
gester or adviser, where it ought to be guided only l)y the
propriety of the measure suggested or proposed. In tlie
stability of system alone we must look foi- a i-eniedv
182 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
against evils whieli can never be thoroughly eradicated
or corrected : and this consideration is, with me, of the
greatest importance."
" We are however to remember, that we mean now to
establish a principle of giving confidence to our subjects,
and of correcting the evils resulting from fluctuating
measures — to convince them of our moderation, and, by
that and by firmness, to shew them, that whilst we exact
what we deem ourselves fairly entitled to demand, we are
equally disposed not to enhance those demands beyond
their ability to discharge them; and that the object of
this system is, to put an end to those intrigues, which they
have sometimes been forced into, although they have
oftener adopted them from habit. We must therefore
take care not to clog the principle with difficulties and
embarrassment that shall suppress its operation, and more
particularly in the article of the amount of the assess-
ment ; since I fear that in other instances we shall be
under the necessity of adopting measures which, how-
ever intended for the public good, may wear a different
complexion."
" If the object of our present deliberations were only to
obtain the liighest possible Jiimma (Assessment), without
regard to the permanency of our arrangements, we
should then relinquish the principle of concluding engage-
ments with the Zemindars altogether, and attempt to
secure it bv other modes."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 183
In his Minute of Sept. 18, Mr. Shore, after having
weighed the objections to the introduction of the
Settlement into the Province of Behar on account
of the number and poverty of its Zemindars, recom-
mends that the Settlement should be fixed for ten
years certain. This suggestion produced a pro-
tracted controversy between the Governor-General
and himself. Mr. Shore urged, that the proposed
limitation of the Settlement would not diminish the
confidence of the Zemindars, or induce the neglect
or desolation of the land — that, to people who had
subsisted on annual expedients, a period of ten
years was nearly equal in estimate to perpetuity * —
that their own interest at the commencement of the
term, and their confidence in the stability and
advantages of the system towards its close, would
induce the necessary exertion on the part of the Ze-
mindars; — that, in corroboration of this reasoning,
* In corroboration of Mr. Sliore's view. Sir John Anstnither,
Chief Justice of Beng-al, writes thus to Marquis Wellesley, in
August 1800 : — "The constant change of plan and system in the
Collection of the Revenues had impressed the minds of the people
with the idea of the instability of any system whatever; nor
could they be convinced that the Perpetual Settlement ever would
take place. They said, that it was introduced In' Lord Cornwallis ;
and would last while Sir J. Shore staid, as he was at the Board wlu-ii
it began : but that a new Governor would arrive, with a new pro-
ject. The reasoning was not ill fovmded." — Despalcfws nf Mar-
quis fVelleslei/, III. 371.
184 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
might be instanced the fact, that the cultivation of
Bengal had progressively increased, under all the
disadvantages of variable assessments and personal
charges ; — that the Court of Directors, from whose
opinion he little differed, held that the idea of a
definite term would be more pleasing to the Natives
than a dubious perpetuity ; — that inexperience of
the working of the proposed system, and the ne-
cessity of adjusting the complicated rights of the
Government, of the Zemindars, and of the Ryots,
and of correcting, by new Regulations, the inequali-
ties of produce resulting from various causes, such as
droughts and inundations, afforded cogent reasons
or deferring the proclamation of the Permanent
Settlement. And he suggested, that the inter-
mediate time should be employed in giving confi-
dence to the Zemindars by appropriate measures ;
and, that after four or five years, during which
period the Zemindars would be induced by self-
interest to cultivate their land, the Settlement might
be declared permanent.
On the other hand it was maintained by Lord
Cornwallis, that the limitation of the Settlement
would destroy the confidence of the Zemindars,
and produce neglect of cultivation and desola-
tion — that the losses by drought and inundation
would, under a Permanent Settlement, induce the
Zemindars to avail themselves of the great fertility
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 1 8.J
of the soil to make up the deficiency by renewed
industry — that the habit which the Zemindars had
fallen into, of subsisting by annual expedients, had
originated, not in any constitutional imperfection
in the people themselves, but in the fluctuating
measures of Government ; and that he could not
therefore admit that a period of ten years would be
considered by the generality of people as a term
nearly equal in estimate to perpetuity ; — that, at the
conclusion of ten years, the Company's Servants
would not be better, and perhaps not so well
qualified to carry into effect a permanent arrange-
ment; and that the immediate adoption of the
measure would not prevent the rectification of in-
equalities, errors, and abuses, and the adjustment
of relative rights. The Governor-General eulogizes
Mr. Shore's merits; and whilst he adverts to the
only differences which had interrupted the general
harmony of the views entertained by himself and
his Colleague in the Administration of Public
Affairs, concludes the controversy in terms worthy
of his generous and patriotic spirit : " —
" The great ability displayed iu i\Ir. Shore's Minute
which introduced the propositions for the Settlement —
the uncommon knowledge wliicli lie has manifested of
every part of the Revenue System of this country — the
liberality and fairness of his arguments, and deai-ness of
his style — give nie an opportunity (wliieh my personal
180 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
esteem and regard for him, and the obligation I owe him
as a public man for his powerful assistance in every
branch of the business of this Government, must ever
render peculiarly gratifying to me) of recording my
highest respect for his talents, my warmest sense of his
public-spirited principles, which, in an impaired state of
health, could alone have supported him in executing a
work of such extraordinary labour ; and lastly, my gene-
ral approbation of the greatest part of his Plan."
" After having experienced so much advantage from
the able and almost uniform support that I have received
from Mr. Shore, during a period of near three years, it
would have been particularly gratifying to me if we could
have avoided to record different opinions, at the moment
of our separation : but a regard to the due discharge of
public duty must supersede all other considerations ; and
I have at least the satisfaction to be certain, that no
private motives 'have influence with either of us; and
that a sense of our duty alone has occasioned the fe^
exceptions that have arisen to that general concurrence
which there will appear to have been in our sentiments,
on almost all points relating to the Public business."
" The interests of the Nation, as w ell as the Company,
and the happiness and prosperity of our subjects in this
country, are deeply concerned in the points on which we
differ : and as the public good is our only object, I am
persuaded that it is equally our wish that the final decision
may be such as will most effectually promote it."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 187
Lord Cornwallis's decision on tlie important
question of the Permanency of the Settlement was
influenced by a reason not avowed in his able
Minutes. He had learned, from the past history of
India, the evils resulting from the perpetual fluc-
tuations of system produced by changes in the
component Members of the Administration : and
he frankly avowed to Mr. Shore, that he would
willingly have yielded his opinion, could security
against the interposition of adverse influence have
been furnished, by the continuance of the reins of
Government either in his own hands or in those of
Mr. Shore, till the expiration of the decennial term.
The Directors of the East-India Company rati-
fied the Governor-General's proposition ; qualifying
their adoption of it by provisions, guaranteeing to
themselves a share in the profits arising from an
expected increase of cultivation, and the right of
modifying it by any Regulations necessary to the
protection of the Ryots.
The lapse of nearly half a century since the
proclamation of the Permanent Settlement in 1793
has afforded ample opportunity of testing the oppo-
site opinions entertained at that period respecting
it. The results of the measure have been, an
increase of revenue, unextorted by excessive assess-
ment ; — 'in regard to the Zemindars, notwith-
standing their temporary losses, and transfer of
188 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
property occasioned by the unequal operation of
the laws for the collection of the revenue, and
more durable mischief arising from their own habi-
tual incapacity or misconduct, the maintenance of
a class of proprietors capable of being by degrees
employed, in conformity to the suggestions of Sir
Henry Strachey and other enlightened Indian
Authorities, in the functions of Government ; — and
in reference to the Ryots, a limited improvement
in their condition ; which might have been much
more effectual, had the delay proposed by Mr.
Shore supplied better means of ascertaining, de-
fining, and recording their rights ; to the imperfect
settlement of which their continued grievances are
very generally attributed.
We now revert from the detail — uninteresting,
as it is to be feared, to the general reader — of pro-
ceedings, which, independently of their historical
importance, considerably advanced IMr. Shore's re-
putation, and produced his subsequent rise in the
Service — to the traces of the sentiments of his
retired moments, and of the pursuits which cheered
and solaced his spirits, jaded by harassing toil,
frequently-recurring illness, and prolonged separa-
tion from his family. These are partly interspersed
in his Correspondence ; extracts of which are se-
lected in chronological order.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 189
((
TO MRS. SHORE.
MY DEAR CHARLOTTE — "May 12, 1789.
" You know tlie happiness of having good and
affectionate parents. My father I only remembered
when he was infirm, exhausted with sickness, and
borne down with fatigue. But I recollect the
tenderness of my mother's affection for him, and
her misery when he was released from his suffer-
ings. Many a tear did the memory of his death
draw from her, for years following. Never will her
maternal affection be obliterated from my memory ;
and I often now reproach myself that I did not,
when I was in England, offer my sighs at her
tomb*. Her tenderness for her children was un-
bounded ; but prudence and judgment tempered
the exercise of it. How many conveniences did she
not sacrifice for mine and my brother's welfare !
It was the hope of my life to comfort her declining
age, and return those cares she had bestowed upon
me : but Providence doomed it otherwise. — Blessed
parent ! let thy memory cheer my heart, to foster
that virtue that thy precepts inspired ! You arc
now a mother, my Charlotte ; and such as mine was,
I trust you will be !
* In Lamboum Church-yard, Essex ; where Lord Teigfnmouth's
father is buried, in a vault with his two wives.
190 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" Man ! what art thou ? — the child of discontent,
the tool ofpassions, the butt of misery ! — When pos-
sessing every means of happiness, thou still pinest
for something unpossessed — -whilst rioting in the
midst of bliss, thou still rejectest the present joy
for uncertain expectation. Then, when repentance
comes with toil, thou lamentest, like a child, the loss
of that which, when possessed, appeared depreciated.
For what end has Heaven endojved thee with
reason, but to curb the licentiousness of unbounded
expectation ? — and, when sensible of this, why dost
thou not correct thy follies? — Human nature is a
paradox, that its Author only can solve. Oh, may
that Author of my existence teach me to correct
passion by reason, and to thank Him with the best
of thanksgivings — a contented heart for what He
has bestowed ! "
[In the following passage he supposes reason
suggesting to him an antidote to these melancholy
thoughts, principally produced by indisposition. —
His reflections are thus noted down in his Episto-
lary Journal, as they occur : — ]
" ^ Placed by fortune in a situation to which
thousands of superior birth and connections look up
with envy, why do you suffer melancholy to prey
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. HH
upon you ? Possessed of all the conveniences of
this life, happy in the esteem of your friends and
partiality of the public opinion, why do you turn
from the enjoyments of the present hour to scenes
of misery and distress ? Have you no public cares
to attract your attention — no duties to demand your
application? Has not Providence imposed upon
you the care of millions, and entrusted you with
the interest of your own nation? Are not your
present labours necessary for your future happiness
— for that of her which you value beyond your own ?
If the future is hid from your view, has not Heaven
opened to mortality the Book of Hope ? — and does
not Hope offer you a reasonable expectation of
being happy in the last years of your allotted
existence? Suppress for shame these cowardly
suggestions of despair ! and let Religion teach you,
that to be discontented with your present lot is to
murmur at the dispensations of Providence. If
happiness can be promoted by comparison, what
reason hast thou to repine ? For what was reason
bestowed upon you, but to inspire you witli grati-
tude for present blessings, and to arm you against
the suggestions of despair? Reason, Honour, and
Religion, all unite to dissolve the phantoms of ideal
misery that surround you. Know that these mur-
murs are recorded; and that He who penetrates
your heart will exact contrition for all its re])iiiings.
192 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Let this consideration alarm, animate, and con-
sole you.'
" I have lately perused Dr. Jortin's Sermons ;
and admired them for their precision, solidity,
impartiality, and piety. He has excelled most
Divines that I have met with in establishing Faith
on the solid foundation of Reason, and has widened
the basis of Christian belief : yet he does not write
merely to the understanding, but interests the afFec-
tions of the heart. ' The morality of the Gospel
is written with a sunbeam,' is an expression of his,
as sublime and affecting as it is true. I hope
neither passion nor habit will make me forget the
lessons which he has given. The little time which
I can dedicate to reading is employed in serious
authors. Novels I seldom read, except when I am
so much out of order as not to be able to attend to
better authors. Nothing indeed is more pernicious
to the intellect than the habit of reading Novels, or
what is called ^ light reading ' ; which, in other
words, is to read without thinking — to employ the
eyes, and not the understanding. Something must
be allowed for amusement : and Novels may be
occasionally resorted to, as a relaxation from the
exercise of our reasoning powers. Danger, how-
ever, attends them ; for they so seldom describe
men or women as they are — they introduce us to
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. iD'i
scenes of depravity, of which it is better for us
ever to remain ignorant — describe the fashionable
modes of life, where gallantry, indolence, and dissi-
pation prevail, in colours so pleasing, and inflame
our passions by animated descriptions of vicious en-
joyments — that the moral at the tail of them, which
shews innocence protected and vice punished,
makes a faint impression on the understanding,
whilst the heart retains descriptions it ought
to guard against. Smollet's Novels — 'Peregrine
Pickle,' ' Roderick Random,' ' Ferdinand Count
Fathom,' are, on this account, exceptionable. His
' Humphrey Clinker ' and ' Launcelot Greaves ' are
legs so ; and the former may amuse, without doing
harm. The mind so far resembles the body, that
it requires exercise to strengthen it. We know
with moral certainty the effect of habit upon us ;
and hence we may conclude that serious occupa-
tions will soon induce serious habits ; and that,
after reading good authors, we shall find little
pleasure in perusing those of the character which I
have mentioned.
" This is, as usual, Sunday : and I have past the
morning in writing to you and to my brother, and
in reading over one-third of B ishop Bu tler's Analogy,
abookjn y brother firsl recomnriendcd to m c in
England.
VOL. L
194 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" You will easily conceive that my current avoca-
tions leave me little time for perusing my books ;
yet I find opportunity for my amusement, and
sometimes, I hope, for my improvement. Blair's
Sermons I often read, before I go to bed, with much
satisfaction ; for I admire his style greatly ; and I
have always been of opinion that good doctrine has
a much greater effect when delivered in an elegant
discourse. One of the two Chaplains at the Presi-
dency is a man of great learning, and very general
knowledge : you find it in his preaching. The
other has neither ; and his sermons have been pre-
scribed to me*, as remedies against the w^atchful-
ness that disorders me. They are both men of
respectable moral character, and usually with me
on this day. On Christmas-day, I was at Church. —
Perhaps I may sometimes pass Sunday as rationally
and religiously as those that constantly attend it.
" Our church here has lately been built. It was
begun at first by subscription. A Pagan gave the
ground — all characters subscribed — lotteries, con-
fiscations, donations received contrary to law, have
been employed in completing it. The Company
have contributed but little ; — no great proof that
they think the morals of their Servants connected
with their religion.
* By the Governor-General.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 19-J
" Few, very few indeed, if candid, will deny their
attachment to the gratifications of this world, in
preference to the duties of Religion : — and what is
this, but in reality loving an earthly treasure more
than a heavenly one? Yet it is possible, in my
opinion, to have enjoyments in this life sufficient
for all reasonable men, without infringing the laws
which our primary duty teaches us we ought to
obey. To a heart not corrupted, benevolence and
charity afford a gratification superior to all human
delights. Temperance, mercy, and humility, are
virtues, the exercise of which are as essential to
our health of body as of mind, and which bestows
its own reward. These are the dictates of Chris-
tianity; nor are other pleasures, of a less-refined
nature, forbid. The limits of them are fixed by a
divine prescription ; and these we must not exceed ;
nor can we, indeed, without destroying the very
basis of that happiness which we find in indulgence
for a term The solemn dictates of Religion,
and the example of our Saviours humility — an ex-
ample which the world never saw before or since —
has, I hope, had some infiuence upon my mind.
To suppose a lot of life wholly without
care, is to suppose what none has yet experienced.
Imagination may describe a landscape of beautiful
objects, where all is blooming, cheerful, and serene ;
but time and humanity will chequer the scene with
o 2
196 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
passing clouds. Much is in the power of every
one : and the first step to happiness is to be rea-
sonable in our expectations. Dr. Johnson has
justly observed, that happiness or misery in this
life is rather the result of petty inconveniences or
accidents, than the effect of great events. Few are
subject to great cares, or misfortunes of the deepest
dye. In a married state, the minutest things de-
serve attention ; — dress, habits, amusements, conver-
sation, are all to be observed. In common life, we
feel disgust at a variety of trifles, which are appa-
rently of no importance, and such as it would seem
fastidious to particularise. But a husband and wife
should apply these remarks to themselves; and
not suppose, because good-nature or a wish to be
pleased causes them to be overlooked, that they
are the less disgusting. I hope to benefit by these
reflections, and to practise the lesson they teach,
whenever we meet. You have no occasion for
them.
" I do not neglect the employment which you
have adopted — that of examining the conduct of my
married friends, with a view to my own improve-
ment. The points which we are more inclined to
neglect, are trifles ; for disgust is often excited by
circumstances apparently trivial, than by others of a
more important nature. Temper and sense secure
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 197
married people from the commission of gross im-
proprieties, but not always from petty inaccuracies.
The way to improve, is, when we see a conduct which
we dislike, to catechize ourselves, whether we are
not guilty of the same, or something else as bad :
and when we observe what is commendable, to re-
flect if w^e possess it, or have the means of obtaining
it. The common error in which married people
risk their happiness, is a slovenly familiarity ; as if
delicacy were to be neglected between two people
who are united for ' better and worse.' "
The writer of the following observations will be
considered no incompetent judge of the climate of
Bengal.
" May 24. — Bengal is really not an unhealthy
climate, although it disagrees with my constitution.
Of a tontine of more than a hundred subscribers of
various ages and constitutions, formed upon a prin-
ciple of survivorship, not one member died in the
course of three years. I doubt if any climate in
the world could exhibit a stronger proof of a salu-
brious air. The natives in general are not long-
lived : the period of maturity is much earlier in
hot than in cold climates, and that of dissolution of
course is speedier ; besides, they exhaust themselves
by excesses. Yet I have known one who w^as above
120 years of age ; and now am acquainted with a
198 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
man who never tasted meat or wine in his life, who
has past the whole of it in studious occupations, and
is at this time 84 years of age — robust, healthy,
and in full possession of his faculties, but his
sight, which is rather dim. The character of un-
healthiness, which is attributed to Bengal, seems
rather to have arisen from our own inexperience and
improper mode of living, than to be well founded.
In fact, Calcutta was formerly ill-drained, less airy,
than at present ; our houses more incommodious ;
our provisions worse ; and our irregularities greater.
Since these imperfections have been altered, the
health of the inhabitants is proportionably im-
proved.
" Drinking hard was some years ago fashionable ;
but at present there are few instances of it. We
are become more rational, temperate, and less sub-
ject to indisposition. One half of the disorders in
Europe are unknown in India ; and putrid fevers,
which are supposed to be frequent here, scarcely
occur once in two years : indeed, more die in London
of putrid complaints in one year than in twenty in
Calcutta. But experience also proves that our
constitutions are ill adapted to struggle with the
climate, vmder the pressure of close and constant
application to business. Few men, who are indus-
trious and in office, devote less than six hours a
day to business of a sedentary nature ; and the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 199
body and mind, i)articularly when the last is active,
are in time worn out."
The readers of the " Memoirs of the Life of Sir
Wm. Jones" need not be reminded of the intimate
friendship which at this time subsisted between
that illustrious Scholar and his future Biographer,
and of the unabated interest evinced by Mr. Shore
in pursuits from which the pressure of public
business in a great measure debarred him. During
the last and most laborious year of this period of
his residence in India, amid the turmoil of emjjloy-
ments most uncongenial to poetical feelings, he
soothed the weary hours of sickness by commencing
and completing the greater part of a Poem, entitled
"The Wanderer"; the plan of which was suggested
by the painful circumstances of his separation from
his country and kindred ; but embraces, as it pro-
ceeds, the results of his Oriental Researches, and
especially the sublime mysteries of that Metaphy-
sical Theology which he had laboriously investi-
gated in the Translation of the Jog Bashust. It
would be idle to trace the flight of his INIuse
through regions which have been explored by a
bolder and less-encumbered wing. That her fresh-
ness was unimpaired, and her vigour still salient
though chastened, is evinced by several passages ;
200 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
amongst which may be selected the following
description of Bremh, or Bramha, the Creative
Energy of the Deity, or Deity itself of Brahminical
Hindooism : —
In Bliss, where rapt devotion never stray 'd —
In Light, impervious as the midnight shade —
Eternal, Infinite, All- wise, alone,
From man conceal'd, and e'en by gods unknown,
Bremh, purest Essence, to no form confin'd,
Dwells, and contemplates his exhaustless mind.
He will'd — Creation rose by measur'd laws;
Himself, the Maker, work effect and cause ;
Though varied, one ; though single, all ; reveal'd
In endless modes, in every mode conceal'd.
Sole Source of Being ! Whence, in constant tide,
Perception's living emanations glide ;
Of Nature organiz'd, the immortal soul,
That warms, inspires, dilates, impels the whole.
In matter veiPd, not mix'd, this vital fire.
Amidst the gloom of passion, sense, desire.
Unconscious burns ; till, freed from carnal ties.
Elastic, glowing to its source it flies.
An allusion to the author of the " Ten Hymns to
the Hindoo Deities" was introduced into the Poem,
when it was completed in 1807 : —
One Western Bard alone, with hardier course.
Soars with the Hindoo Sage to Nature's source :
Vers'd in His lore, the mystic fount he dratus.
And all Vashesti fires his lyric strains.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 201
Some stanzas, composed by Mr. Shore at this
time, were inserted in a Note to the " Memoirs of
Sir W. Jones," and have appeared in divers
Collections : —
PHILEMON— AN ELEGY.
Where shade yon yews the churchyard's lonely bourn,
With faltering step, absorb'd in thought profound,
Philemon wends, in solitude to mourn.
While Evening" pours her deepening glooms around.
Loud shrieks the blast, the sleety torrent drives,
Wide spreads the tempest's desolating power ;
To grief alone Philemon reckless lives ;
No rolling peal he heeds, cold blast, nor shower.
For this the date that stampt his partner's doom,
His trembling lips received her latest breath :
" Ah ! wilt thou drop one tear on Emma's tomb ? "
She cried ; — and clos'd each wistful eye in death.
No sighs he breath'd, for anguish rived his breast ;
Her clay-cold hand he grasp'd ; no tears he shed ;
Till fainting Nature sunk, by grief oppress 'd ;
And ere distraction came, all sense was lied.
Now time has calm'd, not cur'd, Philemon's woe ;
For grief like his, life-woven, never dies ;
And still each year's collected sorrows flow.
As drooping o'er his Emma's tomb he sighs.
202 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
CHAPTER VIII.
RETURN TO ENGLAND EXAMINATION ON MR. HASTINGs's TRIAL LIVES
IN RETIREMENT APPOINTED GOVERNOR- GENERAL OF INDIA
CREATED A BARONET HIS NOMINATION OPPOSED BY MR. BURKE
SAILS FOR INDIA.
Mr. Shore having completed the preparation of
the Permanent Settlement of the Revenues, em-
barked for England in Dec. 1789; and reached his
native shore with health much improved by his
voyage.
" TO EARL CORNWALLIS.
" MY LORD « London, May 3, 1790.
" I had the honour to address you from St.
Helena, acquainting you of my arrival at that place
in the beginning of March. The remainder of our
passage was prosperous. I landed at Portsmouth
on the 24th of April ; and the next day had the
happiness to find Mrs. Shore and my daughter in
health.
" I have been in town since the 30th of April,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 203
and have been employed in ceremonial visits. Mr.
Pitt has been so much occupied with the Parlia-
mentary business, and the Indian Budget, brought
on again yesterday by Mr. Dundas, that I have
not yet seen him ; but am appointed to wait upon
him to-morrow. Mr. Dundas I found in good
health and spirits, and all parties satisfied with the
peaceful exertions of your Lordship. I was also
particularly happy to learn that a successor had
been appointed * ; and that General Meadows, for
whom you entertain so high an esteem, was the
person ; as I am certain that he will promote the
reform which you have so happily established. It
was not without some dissatisfaction I observed a
doubt generally to prevail of the abilities of General
Meadows, and I sincerely hope that his conduct
will remove it. The reliance is upon his known
probity, and high sense of honour ; but of his talents
for business there is a general suspicion prevailing.
I can give you little information as to public events,
which you will learn better from others who are
more acquainted with them. The trial of Mr.
Hastings is still going on, but the progress is slow.
Objections are continually made by his Counsel to
the evidence adduced ; and in discussing them, and
in reference to the Judges, days are lost. The
* To the Government of Madras.
204 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
prevailing idea is, that the prosecution, if continued
under a new Parliament, will not be terminated
for some years. I have not yet seen him ; but I
hear his spirits are unaffected.
" My principal motive in addressing your Lord-
ship is, to return you my acknowledgments for the
testimony you have so repeatedly borne to my
public conduct. In the retired line of life I mean
to pursue, and which my fortune as well as incli-
nation dictates, I shall scarcely have the honour of
seeing you again ; but I shall ever reflect with
pleasure on the chance which first made me ac-
quainted with you, and introduced me' to a know-
ledge of those virtues which your Lordship is
allowed by all to possess.
" I sincerely hope that you may leave the country
you now inhabit with a constitution unimpaired ;
and that you may return in safety to your friends
in this.
" I have the honour to be
" Your Lordship's very faithful
obedient humble servant."
Mr. Shore met with a flattering reception from
all parties in England. It was proposed to confer
on him a Baronetcy, in reward of his services ; but
he declined the proffered honour, alleging privately
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 205
as his motive, "the incompatibility of poverty
and titles." Soon after his arrival, he appeared in
Westminster Hall as a witness on ]\Ir. Hastings's
trial. The questions put to him related chiefly to
the transactions of the Board of Revenue. He
denied having aided Mr. Hastings in his defence,
except by supplying him with some Revenue
Minutes : and being asked whether he would con-
tinue the friend of Mr. Hastings, if he believed
him to be corrupt and mercenary, he replied
emphatically, but temperately, "I hope I should
not."
Mr. Shore fixed his residence, during a year, at
Egham in Surrey, attracted by old and cherished
associations, and by the neighbourhood of his con-
nections, the Wyatts of Milton Place. The income
on which he now settled, as he proposed for life,
was 900/. per annum. His services during the
entire period of his holding a seat in the Supreme
Council had added to it only 100/. per annum ;
nearly the half of which sum he owed to the con-
siderate kindness of Lord Cornwallis, at whose
solicitation he had received the grant already men-
tioned. Inattention to economy, and generosity
ever ready to assist the distressed, account for the
little permanent advantage he had derived from a
salary amounting to 10,000/. per annum.
206 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO DR. CORNISH.
" MY DEAR SIR — " Egham, June 27, 1790.
" The dissolution of Parliament has called off
the dogs from Bear Hastings. Whether the trial
will ever be resumed, is doubtful ; and if resumed,
I am clearly of opinion that it will never be brought
to a decision. Messrs. Burke and Francis will go
on without a probable chance of proving the
charges. The former is mad : the latter, malicious
and revengeful. Madness and malice are beyond
the operations of reason. The community attend
the Court as they would an Opera, and with an
equal degree of feeling.
" I am your very affectionate Brother."
" TO RICHARD GOODLAD, ESQ.
" DEAR DICK — " Ejrham, Jan. 13, 1791.
" Fortune befriended me in an uncommon
manner, when I determined to embark in the
' Bainbridge ;' for I could not, with any degree of
propriety, have left the country after the knowledge
of Tippoo's hostilities : and I am most thoroughly
convinced, if my life had held out during another
year, my constitution would have irretrievably
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 207
suffered. Since my arrival in England, I have been
gradually recovering : but I did not feel the effects
of the climate so immediately beneficial as I did
upon my return in 1785. At present, I am per-
fectly well ; and have gained the flesh which I had
lost, with a new stock of spirits.
" I shall pass but very few days in London this
winter ; for, putting all other considerations aside,
I find more happiness at my own fire-side than any
where out of doors. I have seen but one play since
my arrival in England ; and that was during the
course of this month.
" The debates and the disputes in India are very
uninteresting to me in England ; excepting that I
am sorry to find a difference between people I so
much esteem. I wish w^ell to the country ; and
should receive any accounts of misfortune to it with
real concern, as I should of its prosperity with real
satisfaction : but as to the detail of business, I care
little ; and read no Minutes, unless obliged to give
an opinion upon them. I am indeed a most per-
fectly idle man ; and as happy as any one in
England, with nothing to do. The day is never too
long : on the contrary, I often find it too short.
To write a Letter is almost as great a task as it was
in Bengal for me to refrain from writing.
" Save what you can, Dick, and turn your thoughts
208 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
seriously to England : and unless you possess these
qualities in a greater degree than I suppose, you
will find 2000?. per annum little enough for your
wants, although mine are gratified with much less.
The system of dissipation is daily improved ; and
Indians, from habit, inexperience, and indolence,
contribute largely to its extension and increase.
Let me recommend to you, therefore, whilst you
are dealing so largely in salt, to reserve some for
your own porridge.
" I have written to Frank *. God bless you !
and believe me yours sincerely."
Mr. Shore employed much of his present leisure
in general reading ; and, among other works, he
/ perused with delight Burke's just-published " Re-
flections on the French Revolution," — a subject
which occupied much of his thoughts : for he now
/ clearly perceived the anarchical tendency of that
great national movement ; in which he had at first
warmly sympathized, as necessary to the emanci-
pation of the French people from a yoke of compli-
cated oppression. And though he entertained no
predilection for Mr. Burke, he hailed with joy the
" lighting down of that arm " which had been lifted
up to stay its revolutionary progress.
* Francis Redfearn, Esq.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTII. 209
" TO DR. CORNISH.
MY DEAR SIR — " Bath, Dec. 6, 1791.
" I hope Apuleius's Golden Ass will prove a
pleasant hobby to you. I have mounted him often ;
and he carries me most delightfully. The loves
of Cupid and Psyche, in the 4th, 5th, and 6th
Books, have so charmed me, that I have under-
taken a translation of them, and have finished
about half. I find very unusual phraseology, and
some words which no Dictionary will explain ;
but the sense is sufHciently obvious, from the con-
text. Your edition does not contain an Epigram-
maton ; which I will, some time or other, send you
— as I have not room for it in this Letter —
vrith the following curious Epitaph in Paddington
Church-yard.
" EPITAPH ON A MISTRESS.
" On ftie Upper Side.
DIIS MANIBUS
ILLIUS
ILLIUS.
vor,. I. P
210 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" On the Reverse.
DIIS MANIIJUS
RE.
PKR UNDECIM HEU BUEVES ANNOS
SINE VINCULO DEVIXCTISSIMiE
SINE SACRAMENTO SANCTISSIMjE
UNIVARiE, UN1PAR.E, UNANIM^,
COMPARES,
HUNC LAPIDEM
PERENNE PERENNIS DESIDERII
MON OMENTUM
PONIT SACRATQUE
NON TOT US SUPERSTES
R.T.
MDCCXXXX.
" I see nothing to despair in the news from
India ; — the substance of which is this : That Lord
Cornwallis proceeded with uninterrupted success,
and as little loss as could be expected ; and would
probably have taken Seringapatam, if the elements
had not prevented him. I do not fear a glorious
issue to the war ; — and, as you say, the Company
must be supported.
" Your affectionate Brother."
LIFK OF LORD TEIGNMOITII. 211
" TO A. CALDECOTT, ESQ.
" DEAR CALDECOTT "Bath, Dec. 31, 1791.
" If I were not the most lazy of mortals, you
would hear oftener from me : — and yet I can with
truth assure you that I write as often to you as to
any one. We are the creatures of habit ; and I
feel the influence of habitual indolence strong upon
me. Business was formerly my pleasure; — and
pleasure is now my business. Having little to do,
I want resolution to do any thing. I do not, how-
ever, find my time heavy upon my hands. At
home, I not only enjoy a happiness which few can
boast, but have amusement with my children, when
I am tired of hanging over my books, or other
trifles ; and am inclined to believe, that, although
I want much of w^iat the w^orld esteems the shte-
qud-nan of felicity, that I really enjoy as much as
falls to the lot of most people. I removed from
my situation at Egham in June last ; and repaired
to Bath, w^here I resided for six weeks ; during the
course of which I drank the waters with the greatest
advantage to my health. This was still further
improved by travelling near a thousand miles since
my departure from Egham. I have been over
great part of Devonshire, and to the western extre-
mity of the island ; and am once more at Bath,
which I find to agree with me uncommonly well : —
here 1 purpose spending the winter. As to my
p 2
21*2 LIFE OF LOKD TEIGNMOUTII.
future residence or condition, it would puzzle the
prophetic talents of Catterfelt, or the learned pig,
to determine it. My separation from Indian po-
litics or business is as wide as ever. I have served
the Honourable Company so long for so little, that
I will not serve them for nothing : and although I
might easily intrude myself into work, I have no
inclination to make the attempt, without some
certainty of being paid for it.
" Sir Thomas Rumbold, I am told, but a few
hours before his departure from this mortal bourne,
declared that he repented of nothing but his ac-
ceptance of the title of Baronet : and I can truly
declare that I repent of nothing so little as of my
refusal to receive the same proffered honour.
" Hope and fear are now standing on the tiptoe of
expectation for intelligence from India. Before the
arrival of the late news with an account of Lord
Cornwallis's return to Bangalore, a general opinion
prevailed that we should hear of the capture of
Seringapatam. The unexpected success of his
Lordship's first operations against Tippoo excited
hopes which were rather unreasonable ; but the
despondence of his return is still more so. In
England, every thing is a party concern, rather
than a natural one ; and I firmly believe there are
many public men who would hear that Lord
Cornwallis had been compelled to return to the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 213
Carnatic with more satisfaction, than that he was
in possession of Seringapatam, and master of
Tippoo's person and fate.
" In the public papers, which are all under party
influence, you will trace the sentiments of the
parties they serve ; and, if I am not mistaken, you
will perceive an exultation at Lord Cornwallis's
return which will disgust you. He has, and ever
will have, my respect, esteem, and regard ; to
w^hich I can only add my most sanguine wishes
that his success may be speedy and decisive, and
proportioned to his zeal and his virtue. He ap-
pears already, in caricature, ^ Upon an elephant,
taking a peep at Seringapatam, with a dreadful
monsoon blowing in his teeth.'
" The next Session of Parliament will, I under-
stand, open with a furious battery against the Mi-
nister. Indian Affairs, and the late armament,
will supply combustibles. But nothing will, I
think, shake the Minister ; who stands firm in the
public confidence, from a general conviction that
his conduct is directed by motives as just, pure,
and honourable, as the present virtuous state of
affairs will admit. His resolution in establishing
the Sinking Fund, and the success with which
the annual million has l)ccn applied to tlie
liquidation of 0,772,350/. stock of the National
Debt, have, above all considerations, contributed to
214 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
acquire firm support. The annual interest upon
the above sum is 203,170/. lOs. In January 1792,
Annuities fell in to the amount of 56,230/. per ann. ;
and in sixteen years, to the further amount of
half a million. The expectation of continuing pur
present high rates of taxation, without augmenta-
tion of expense, during so long an interval, is
acknowledged as somewhat cloudy, and will, I fear,
vanish like Ixion's mistress ; but if it can be done,
we may yet live to see a possibility of a reduction
of our national burdens. The Unfunded Debt is,
I believe, between four and five millions. Notwith-
standing the excessive taxes, the country throughout
exhibits the appearance of the greatest opulence :
and whenever you return, which I hope will be
soon, you will see the advance of luxury greater
than your imagination can form. Every one now
lives in style. The Grocer's wife has her routs ;
the Butcher's Misses flaunt in Indian muslins ; the
Tailor has his chariot ; and the lowest a curricle,
gig, or whiskey. But there is, with all this, great
internal wretchedness amongst the labouring class,
and particularly the cultivators of the soil. Fortu-
nately, however, the same spirit of profusion which
predominates in dress, equipage, and domestic
establishments, gives a spur to benevolence ; and
I am well convinced, that without its operation
a third of the nation could not subsist at all.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 215
" I do not learn from any one on what rational
motives the Minister grounds his late interference
between the Russians and the Turks, and the con-
sequence of it, in the late expensive armament ;
— and I almost suspect that he had resigned his own
judgment to opinions of Authority. I am an ad-
vocate for him ; and wish he may be able to explain
himself satisfactorily. At present, I cannot discover
the policy or utility of the measure, or that we
have derived honour or advantage from it : — one
thing is certain, that it will add to our debts, which
are enormously heavy.
"In France, affairs are in the most wretched
disorder ; and I cannot see a probability that they
will ever be arranged, without a great effusion of
blood. The present National Assembly seem afraid
of discussing any important regulations, and mis-
spend their time on the most frivolous debates upon
the most unimportant topics. This seems to me
the fairest test of deciding upon their abilities and
competency to perfect the great outlines of national
freedom and equality. Notwithstanding the sale
of the national property — which has, I believe, in
every instance far exceeded the estimate formed of
its probable amount — the expenses are so great, as
to increase the public debt. The proposed system
of taxation has been nowhere established ; and the
nation seems to me to be living on its principal.
216 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Instead of imputing the disorder which generally
prevails to its true cause, the want of ability in the
assembly to settle the nation, it is attributed to an
aristocratic influence and opposition ; and denun-
ciations, or, in the vulgar language, impeachments,
are daily fulminated against the Ministers, who are
changed monthly ; plots, or rumours of plots, are
listened to with avidity ; and a delusion is by this
means kept up, which will at last be dissipated by
some violent commotion. In the last assembly,
there were men of the first talent and proportiona-
ble influence : in the present, talents have yielded
to jealousies, suspicions, clamour, violence, and
imbecillity. All the papers speak of the prepara-
tions by the French Princes and emigrants at
Coblentz; and the National Assembly certainly
gives credit to them, as is evident by its Resolutions.
The Assembly may, I think, moulder away, from
its own weakness ; but the spirit of Freedom is yet,
in my opinion, too strong in the nation to admit of
a successful invasion by the pupils of Despotism.
The attempt might, perhaps, end in a firmer union
of the democrats, and, instead of precipitating the
fall of the National Assembly, give efficacy to their
power and resolutions. I make this reflection on
the face of reports that the Princes have actually
entered PVance.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. '217
" I am not at all in the secret respecting Mr.
Hastings's plan of defence ; that is, whether he
means to reflect upon the incompetency of the
evidence on the side of the prosecution, or to call
witnesses to establish his own innocency. At the
conclusion of the last Session, I thought opinions less
generally favourable to him than they were before ;
although the mode of carrying on the prosecution
is, by most impartial people, deemed very severe
and arbitrary. The last charge has made the
strongest impression against hin^ ; and I am not
surprised at it ; for very few were qualified to judge
of Mr. Fox's declamation. His fate is singularly
hard : all the public parties in the kingdom, what-
ever some of the individuals connected with them
may be, are inimical to him ; and no event has
happened, during a prosecution of six years, to
change the direction of the popular attention, and
substitute a new subject to be pelted at. They
talk of trying the younger Holland by the new
Judicature. The oldest is abroad, and means to
reside there ^;ro tempore, or durante astute scevitUe.
— I have not yet perused Mr. Hastings's defence,
which has been published. iNIr. Hastings, from
past experience, should dread the idea of publi-
cation.
" I beg that you will remember me particularly
to Harrington and Myers, for both of whom I
21H LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
entertain a real regard and esteem. I hope Larkins
enjoys his health, notwithstanding the appropriation
of the public resources. Remember me kindly to
them. — I shall write to you again by some of the
public ships of the season ; and in the mean time
conclude,
" Yours very sincerely."
The playful allusion in the subsequent Letter
originated in the following circumstance: — Mr.
Shore had chanced, in company with the relation
to whom the Letter is addressed, to visit, at Dart-
mouth, a lady suffering from an illness considered
fatal by her physicians. He perceived at once the
complaint to be in the liver ; and recommended
his Indian prescription so successfully, that she
rapidly recovered her health ; was married in six
weeks ; and declared, that if she knew where Dr.
Shore resided, she would send him a dish of fish
to any part of the kingdom. Mr. Shore's medical
knowledge had been in other instances instrumental
in preserving life ; and, in one instance, that of a
physician. He delighted in reading and conversing
on medical subjects, and often expressed his regret
that he had not embraced the Medical Profession.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. *219
" TO DR. CORNISH.
" MY DEAR SIR " Bath, July 24, 1782.
" I can now thank you for the fish ; which arrived
in due time, in good condition, and afforded a lus-
cious meal to your mother, sister, and myself.
After dinner, we drank the health of the donor and
his family.
" I rejoice to hear that Mrs. M is a living
specimen of my skill in Nosology and Therapeutics ;
for I was not without my apprehensions that her
disorder was too far advanced for cure
There are so many of the descendants of Hip-
l)ocrates and Galen, either legitimate or spurious,
at Bath, that I shall not take out a diploma, but
rest my fame on this instance.
If ever you see the silent dame, beg her to
accept my congratulations on her nuptials. To
stamp my fame thoroughly as a physician, I ought
to exhibit a proof of my skill in prophylactics, by
recommending a remedy against deafness — a dis-
order which I think it probable her husband may
suffer. But you know the old song —
Tis past the art of man, /
Let him do wliate'er he can,
To make a chr.ttering wife hold lier tongue, tongue.
[tongue.
220 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" I am in the midst of a journey into Greece,
with the Younger Anacharsis ; and for the sake of
his company, I have stepped back to the middle of
the fourth century before our era. I never met
with a more entertaining travelling companion in
my life ; and he has introduced me, in the most
friendly and familiar manner, to Plato, Xenophon,
Dion, and, above all, Epaminondas. If you wish
to know, or rather to revive your knowledge of
Greece, its customs, manners, laws, amusements,
&c., read the " Travels of the Younger Anacharsis,"
either in the original French of the Abbe Barthelemi,
or in the- English translation. It is, possibly, as
learned a work as any that has appeared this age ;
and is equally elegant, accurate, entertaining, and
interesting. He quotes his authority throughout,
but is no pedant. There is an originality in the
form of the work that only makes it more pleasing :
he carries his readers with him.
" It would, I acknowledge, make me very happy
to have a few words with you, and run over some
stadia of classic ground, the paths and roads of
which I have almost forgotten. You can enjoy by
yourself the Roman Authors ; and laugh with Horace,
or scold with Juvenal, without other society ; but
my habits are not sufficiently Romanised for soli-
tary enjoyment, and without communication I lose
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 221
lialf my pleasure. Some time or other 1 hope we
shall have leisure and society together. In the
mean time, accept our best loves to you,
" And believe me ever your affectionate Brother."
But the dream of domestic peace, and of literary
and social enjoyment, which Mr. Shore now in-
dulged without apprehension of disturbance, was
suddenly dispelled, by a renewed 'summons to the
post of duty and of honour. lie had proceeded
from Clifton, where he had just fixed his residence,
toward Devonshire, to engage the lease of a house
for seven years — " which would be, in fact," to use
his own words, " taking a lease for life " ; — when a
Messenger arrived from London, conveying to him \y
the offer of succession to the Governor-Generalship
of India, on the expected resig'naBon of Lord Corn-
wallis.
Mr. Shore, to whom the possibility of so flattering
a proposal had never occurred, at once declined it ;
and repaired to London, to state the reasons for his
determination to the Ministers in whom it had
originated. He passed on th e road Mr. Charles V
Xirant, who, foreseeing this result^ had hastened to
prevent it. He accomplished the object of his
journey ; and, in announcing the fulfilment of it to
Mrs. Shore, assigned, amongst other motives for the
222 LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH.
course he had pursued, the prospect of their renewed
separation — Mrs. Shore's situation at this time pre-
venting the possibility of her accompanying him ;
observing, that she was "the Cleopatra for
whom he was content to lose the world." But sub-
sequent considerations, patriotic as well as personal,
seconded by Mrs. Shore's judicious counsel, induced
him once more to forego his reluctance to a step
from which past experience might naturally induce
him to shrink. • Soon after his acceptance of the
appointment, he was^^re^ted. a^Baroii^t*, and pre-
sented to their Majesties.
It is a circumstance too honourable to Mr. Pitt
and to Mr. Dundas to omit, that they had intimated
to Mr. Grant, who did not at the time communicate
* The following Letter, referring to the Baronetcy, was ad-
dressed by the President of the Board of Controul to the Chairman
of the Court of Directors : —
" TO FRANCIS BARING, ESQ.
" DEAR SIR — " Whitehall, Sept. 21, 1792.
" Would it not be right, that some public mark of honour
should be conferred on Mr. Shore by the King ? I know him to
be of a temper that does not value distinctions of that kind, on
their own account ; but I have an idea that it is a fair compliment
to the Court of Directors, and of use to the Public Service, that
the credit of this appointment should be supported, and this most
public manifestation given that it meets with approbation in
every quarter.
"Yours faithfully,
" Henry Dundas."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTPL 223
it to Mr. Shore, their determination to have remu-
nerated him for his past services, in the event of
his not accepting the Governor-Generalship.
" TO DAVID ANDERSON, ESQ.
" Great George Street, Westminster,
" MY DEAR ANDERSON Sept. 30, 1792.
" Little did I think, My friend, when I saw you
in Bath, that I was near so long a separation from
you, and that an offer of the Government of Bengal
would ever be made to me : and even when I last
wrote to you from Clifton, I had determined not to
leave England. Happy, perhaps, it would have
been for me, if that offer had never been made ;
for it placed me in a dilemma, which opened no
prospect but misery. The matter is now decided ;
and I am, as far as possible, resolved to banish all
gloomy reflections, which can only lead to sorrow
and unhappiness, and to fix my views upon the
brighter scenes of honour, profit, a provision for
my family and friends, and public good. Mr. Pitt
and Mr. Dundas have behaved to me with the
greatest candour, and even kindness ; and from
them I have received such liberal assurances, as
place me upon the most solid ground. The
Directors have imitated their example, and have
given to me a salary of 1(),0()0 rupees per montli, to
224 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
comiTience from the date of my embarkation, and
to continue until I succeed to the Government.
His Majesty has also determined to make me a
Baronet, to which I have not the same objections
as formerly. All this is very fine ;— but one tear of
my beloved Charlotte dissipates in a moment the
illusions of vanity and ambition. You and Mrs.
Anderson vrill feel for us both.
" I am. My dear Anderson,
" Your affectionate."
Mr. Shore had now happily formed the friend-
ship of Mr. Wilberforce, with whom he had become
acquainted at Bath, through the introduction of
Mr. Grant ; and who resided with his friend, Mr.
Henry Thornton, at Battersea Rise. The follow-
ing paragraph in Mr. Wilberforce's lately-published
Correspondence introduces Mr. Shore as the guest
of Mr. Pitt: —
"Shore, the newly-appointed Governor-General,
is a most able, honourable man. After having
been twenty years in India, and for three or four
of them in the. Supreme Council, he retired with
a fortune^ of_25p00L ; and was with difficulty
compelled to accept the splendid and lucrative
post of Governor-General ; which Government, so
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. '225
creditably to themselves, absolutely forced upon him.
He was living in retirement, not even keeping a car-
riage, in Somersetshire, with a sweet wife and two
children. I dined with him since, at Pitt's, in com-
pany with Dundas ; and he was there the same simple
dignified man he had been in his country privacy."
The nomination of an individual, as Sir J. Shore
described himself, without family connections or
influence, to so high, responsible, and lucrative a
post, was no less gratifying to the Directors and
Servants of the East-India Company in general than
honourable to the Minister. His friends congra-
tulated him warmly on the occasion ; and amongst
them appeared his old school-fellow, Halhed, in
the appropriate character of Martial, of whose Epi-
grams he soon afterwards published " Imitations " ;
thus paraphrasing the "JEmiWve gentes " &c. lib. x. 12.
of that poet : —
" To parch'd Bengal's Brahminical domains,
Where floods of Ganges fertilize tlie plains,
Go, virtuous Shore ! I urge thy journey — go !
A nation's welfare compensates my woe.
Go ! — I can court regret on such a plea ;
The bliss of millions shoukl be bliss to me.
Thy patriot toils a few short seasons claim:
Guard but thyself, and leave the rest to Fame.
Go ! — and imbibe incessant suns once more :
We rate not merit by complexion. Shore.
VOL. 1. Q Nay.
226 LIFE 01" LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
Nay, if inglorious ease can feel concern,
Thy fairer friends shall blush at thy return:
One British winter Asia's tint shall chase,
And feed thy glory, as it clears thy face."
But the Ministerial choice was regarded in a
very different light by Mr. Burke, whose animosity
was implacable towards any one guilty, in his esti-
mation, of the crime of friendship to Mr. Hastings.
He thus addressed the Chairman of the Court of
Directors : —
" RT. HON. EDMUND BURKE TO FRANCIS BARING, ESQ.
" SIR — " Bath, October 14, 1792.
" I have heard — and the account is generally
credited — that Mr. Shore is in nomination, or ac-
tually appointed, to the office of Governor-General
of Bengal.
" Having been appointed by the House of Com-
mons a Member of Committee to impeach one of
your late Governor-Generals, Mr. Hastings, I think
it my duty to inform you, that, in the exercise of
the function imposed on that Committee by the
House, we have found Mr. Shore materially con-
cerned as a principal actor and party in certain
of the offences charged upon Mr. Hastings ; that
is to say, in the mal-administration of the Revenue
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 2*27
Board, of which, under Mr. Hastings, lie was, for
some considerable time, the acting Chief.
" I think it necessary to inform you, that some of
the matters charged as misdemeanours, in which it
appears that Mr. Shore was concerned, are actually
on evidence before the Lords.
" Other facts, of a very strong nature, which the
Managers for the Commons have opened as offences,
are upon your Records ; copies of which are in our
possession. They go seriously to affect Mr. Shore's
Administration, as acting Chief in the Revenue
Board.
" The Committee of Managers cannot, consis-
tently with their duty in making good the charge
confided to them by the House of Commons, avoid
a proceeding in those matters, and the taking such
steps, both for supporting the evidence now before
the Peers, as well as putting the other and not less
important matter into such a proper course of pro-
ceeding as the ends of justice and the public policy
may require. They have not hitherto, in any in-
stance, deviated from the line of their duty.
" In that situation, it is for the prudence of the
Court to consider the consequences which possibly
may follow from sending out, in offices of the
highest rank and of the highest possible power,
persons whose conduct, appearing on their own
Records, is, at the first view, very re])rehcnsible ;
Q 2
228 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
and against whom such criminal matter, on such
grounds, in a manner so solemn, and by men acting
under such authority as that of the House of Com-
mons, is partly at issue, and the rest opened and
offered in proof before the highest Tribunal in the
nation.
" I have the honour to be, with very great respect
and attention,
" Sir,
'^ Your most obedient and humble Servant,
" Edmund Burke."
The following is the substance of Mr. Baring's
Reply to Mr. Burke, submitted to Mr. Pitt's appro-
bation : —
" FRANCIS BARING, ESQ., TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
WILLIAM PITT.
"dear SIR — " London, September 16, 1792.
" On my arrival from the country, I have re-
ceived the original from Mr. Burke, of which a
copy is the inclosed ; and as there is no person in
town with whom T can consult, I propose to lay the
same before the Court to-morrow. I shall further
propose, that an answer be sent, something like the
draft I have annexed : on which I beg to receive
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 229
your sentiments, particularly in the event of its
drawing on a further correspondence with Mr.
Burke.
"I'am, &c. yours."
PROPOSED ANSWER TO MR. BURKE.
" SIR
" On my return from the country yesterday,
I received the honour of your Letter, dated the 14th ;
which I have taken the first opportunity to lay
before the Court of Directors. I have their orders
to acquaint you, that Sir John Shore has been un-
animously appointed to succeed Lord Cornwallis,
as Governor-General of Bengal.
" The Court observes with great regret the sen-
timents you have been pleased to express on this
occasion. The very great deference and respect
which the Court of Directors have always enter-
tained and expressed towards the House of Com-
mons will ever prevent them from acting contrary
to their wdsh, which they conceive has not been
intimated on the present occasion. And I am
directed to add, that their inducement for selecting
Sir John Shore was a decided opinion they enter-
tained of his having proved one of the ablest and
most upright Servants of the Company in India."
!^30 lifp: of lord teignmouth.
Mr. Burke addressed yet stronger remonstrances
to Mr. Dundas. Nor was the Governor-General
the single object' of the indignant Statesman's
menaces. He intimated, through the Bishop of St.
Asaph, to Sir Wm. Jones, his determination to use
his utmost influence to procure the recall of the
latter from India, in the event of his adopting any
measures in Mr. Hastings's behalf. — Lord Thurlow,
some years afterwards, animadverting at his own
table on Mr. Burke's exasperation at this time, ob-
served to Lord Teignmouth, that his impeachment
of Mr. Hastings had been the slaver of a mad dog.
Previous to his quitting London, Sir J. Shore
received a summons from Mr. Dundas, to receive
his parting instructions. At the appointed hour,
he found the President of the India Board stepping
into his carriage, to proceed to Scotland on urgent
business ; and joined him, at his earnest request.
After they had advanced some stages, Sir John
expressed his regret that his engagements would
prevent him proceeding further ; when Mr. Dundas
shook him cordially by the hand, observing, that
his views were as well known to Sir John as to
himself; — the first allusion he had made to Indian
affairs, though he had conversed incessantly on
other subjects.
LIFE OF LORD T?nGxNMOUTH. 231
The Letters from which the following extracts
are taken were written by Sir J. Shore on his route
to Falmouth ; where he embarked on the 26th of
October. He W'as accompanied by his brother-in-
law, Mr. Hubert Cornish, as his Private Secretary
— a relative endeared to him, as also to a large
circle of friends, by an amiable and affectionate dis-
position, lively spirits, a rich fund of humour, and
various agreeable accomplishments.
" TO LADY SHORE.
MY DEAR CHARLOTTE " Launceston, Oct. 17, 179-2.
«
My ease will depend upon the picture I frame
to myself of your situation. As to the voyage to
India, the risk of the climate, dangers of the sea,
and other possibilities, they are nothing to me abs-
tracted from the consideration of you and your
dear babes. All my pangs are comprised in ihv
word ' Separation ' ; — and I wonder how 1 could
consent to submit to it.
" May the blessing of God be upon you and your
babes ! and may His grace enable me to persist in
the resolution which I have formed, of soliciting
His mercy, morning and evening, to impress me
with submissive resignation to His dispensations !
232 Ll¥E OF LOKU TEIGNMOUTH.
Let me beg of you, my dear wife, not to neglect
formal and regular applications to Him. In this
I see a consolation which nothing else can afford.
" May the Father of Mercies preserve you, and
my Charlotte and Caroline, and your obliged and
affectionate husband !"
" Falmouth, Oct. 21. — A few minutes after brought
me your affectionate Letter, without date : and with
it came, though not from you, a very unaffectionate
Letter from Mr. Burke to the Chairman of the
Court of Directors, accusing me of being concerned
in Mr. Hastings's misdemeanours. It hurt me ex-
cessively ; — not on my own account ; for I defy Mr.
Burke, and all his gang of malignant informers, to
prove.jQ[ie dishonest ; but from the effect which I
feared it niight have upon you. Laugh at it, my
dear Charlotte ; and mind not what a madman
says. He appeals to the records of the Indian Com-
pany, and to the evidence on Mr. Hastings's trial,
for the proofs that I was a principal actor in the
misdemeanours proved against Mr. Hastings ; as if
the Court, and still less the Ministry, were so blind
and so ignorant as not to see the proofs, if they
existed.
" His attacks shall never discompose me, if I
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 233
can only satisfy myself that you do not mind what
he says ; for I should not be surprised if he were to
push the matter before Parliament. So much the
better. — I must, I find, be a great man, in spite of
my teeth.
" Remember me to your mother. You do not
say how she takes our absence. I fear she will be
as bad to you as the croakings of a Burke. The
business was communicated to me by Mr. Baring ;
to whom Burke wrote an Official Letter, advising
them to consider how they appointed me. Mr.
Baring's answer told him, that the Court selected
me because they thought me one of their honestest
and ablest Servants ; and the Court of Directors
unanimously approved the answer. Between our-
selves, it has been approved by Higher Authorities.
— Kisses to my dear babes.
" I am, Dear Charlotte,
" Your ever affectionate husband."
Sir J. Shore reached Calcutta on the 10th Marcli
1793, after being detained on the voyage by a i)r()-
lonsed calm ; to which he thus alludes in his Cor-
resi)ondence : —
234 LIFE OF LURD TEIGNMOUTH.
"Nov. 17, 1793.
" The wisdom of Providence conducts us better
than we could guide ourselves. Who can tell that
a more expeditious voyage might not have led us
into storms or dangers, that we have avoided by
the delay ? Besides, the winds blow not for us
alone ; and the blasts that opposed us may have
wafted many a sea-worn famished mariner into
port. But selfishness is the character of human
nature ; and we look to our own gratification,
without considering how far the happiness of others
may be promoted or retarded by it. There is,
however, an irreligion in selfishness, which it is our
duty to check. We are ever to remember, that the
sun shines not for us alone ; and that all are equally
under the care of one Just, Eternal, All-surveying,
and All-directing Providence."
LIFE OF LOKD TElGNMUUTll. 230
CHAPTER IX.
AllllIVAL IN BENGAL UNCERTAINTY RESPECTING SUCCESSION TO THE
GOVERNMENT RECEIVES INTELLIGENCE OF THE DEATH OF HIS
CHILDREN FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA CAPTURED LORD
CORNWALLIS RETURNS TO ENGLAND SIR J. SHORE GOVERNOR-
GENERAL SUCCESSFUL EXPEDITION AGAINST FRENCH CRUISERS.
On his arrival in Bengal, Sir John Shore once
more received the warm welcome of his numerous
friends, and found himself surrounded by his old
domestics.
"sir WILLIAM JONES TO SIR JOHN SHORE, BART,
" MY DEAR SIR— "March 11, 1793.
" I hasten to congratulate you, and to express
my own joy on your honourable appointment and
safe arrival ; but you must have so many congratula-
tions to receive, that I will write only a short Note ;
and beg you to answer me, by a verbal message,
that you are well. You have a claim to my hearty
thanks for your friendly Letter of the 24th of May
1792, which I received by the 'Tartar;' wliicli
iM-ought intelligence so auspicious to tliis country.
236 LIFE or LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" Do me the favour to accept of a little book : it
is rather dull, but contains useful matter. I sent a
copy of it to Bath, before I could expect the hap-
piness of seeing you again so soon. Lady Shore
and your family were, I trust, in perfect health
when you left England. Lady Jones is at the
Gardens, rather indisposed ; but when I can leave
her alone, I will have the pleasure of waiting on
you.
" I am. My dear sir,
" Your affectionate Servant."
Sir J. Shore's situation was for some time by no
means agreeable. As Lord Cornwallis retained the
reins of Government till October, his destined suc-
cessor, during the intermediate period of more than
seven months, resided principally at a garden-house
in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, without official
employment or responsibility ; whilst, in lieu of a
full salary of 25,000?. he received but 10,000/.
Nor was he free from well-grounded, anxiety, lest
the prize, for which he had once more returned to
India, should escape his grasp : for it had been
intimated to him privately by Mr. Grant, that, in
the event of war with France, Lord Cornwallis
might be prevailed upon to remain in India, where
his military talents might be required : and, in
fact, intelligence of that important event arrived
in June.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOT TH. 237
TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
" SIR — " Calcutta, March 25, 1793.
" You are apprised by Lord Cornwallis of his
determination to retain the Government for some
months longer ; and I most sincerely assure you
that this resolution is no source of regret to me.
The delay will afFord me an opportunity of ac-
quiring the most accurate information on the affairs
of every department, without pursuing that inces-
sant application for this purpose which would have
been indispensable if his Lordship's departure had
been sudden. I am not insensible of the peculiar
difficulties which the success and reputation of his
Lordship's Administration must impose upon his
successor. But with the advantage of knowing his
principles, and a determination to adhere to them
with zealous application and integrity that no man
shall ever justly impeach, I have no fears of doing
credit to the patronage which has deemed me
worthy to be his successor ; and I hope to escape
the reflection which Tacitus applies to Galba :
Consensu omnium capax imperii nisi imperasset,
" From the cursory view which 1 have been able
to take of the situation of affairs in general, I am
not qualified to say more, than, that they have a
very prosperous appearance, and that I foresee
238 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
nothing that has any tendency to alarm or discou-
rage. The various arrangements introduced by
Lord Cornwallis, being founded on equity and
sound policy, are calculated to produce practical
improvement ; and I most sincerely assure you,
that to promote that effect will afford me more
solid satisfaction than any that I could derive from
an augmentation of my fortune, or from the honours
which you can bestow upon me. If any exception
occurs to the course of general improvement, it is
in the Vizier's territories, which, I learn, are far
from being in a prosperous state : but as I have
not had any communications with his Lordship on
this subject, I will not anticipate information which
I may hereafter be able to detail with greater accu-
racy. Several important Regulations were pro-
posed by Lord Cornwallis, for the internal admi-
nistration of the Company's territories, some time
previous to my arrival ; and had obtained the sanc-
tion of the Supreme Board. At his Lordship's
desire, I have recorded my opinion on his plan of
arrangement ; expressing my unqualified approba-
tion of the principles on which it is founded ; and
that I thought the Regulations, in detail, well calcu-
lated to give energy to those principles. Two
considerations would, however, have deterred ?/ie
from carrying the plan into execution, without the
sanction of the Court of Directors, if his Lordship
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOrTIT. 239
had postponed it until his departure. These are,
the increase of expense, and the strictures ex-
pressed upon the innovations of system. To these
objections, ready and, I trust, satisfactory answers
can, in the present instance, be made ; and I have
no hesitation to avow, that the relative situation of
this country to Great Britain absolutely requires
every possible restriction on the exercise of discre-
tional authority, either by the Governor-General
or his executive Officers, that can be adopted with-
out restraining its ability to do good.
" I shall take the liberty of continuing my corre-
spondence with you, whenever I have any important
communications to make.
" I have the honour to be, Sir,
" Your obliged and most obedient
humble Servant."
"to CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
" MV DEAR SIR "Calcutta, March 25, ITO.I.
" You will be pleased to see the result of Sir
William Jones's Inquiries into the Hindoo Lite-
rature — an increased conviction of the truth of our
Religion. In the Third Volume of the Oriental
Researches, you will find an extract from a Hindoo
work of great antiquity, exhibiting a most wonderful
240 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
conformity to the Mosaic History*. I have torn
out the leaf, and sent it inclosed. Providence
seems to have ordained that the evidence in support
of our Religion should increase in proportion to
the supineness of mankind, and that this evidence
should be peculiarly adapted to the existing cir-
cumstances of the world : and this observation, if
founded on fact, as I believe it to be, is in itself
a proof of Religion, and of the wonderful dispen-
sation of the Almighty for the preservation of it :
and I think it would, if duly traced and illustrated,
make a strong impression on every candid dispas-
sionate Infidel, if such a character exists. I have
seen your friend Mr. Brown +, and have expressed
my sentiments to him in a way that will, I hope,
lead to an intimacy between us. I shall be happy
to shew him every degree of friendly attention, on
private as well as moral grounds.
* The passage alluded to proved to be, as Lord Teignmouth
has stated In his Preface to the Memoirs of Sir W. Jones, a forgery
of the Pundit employed by Mr. Wilford in the researches which
led to its pretended discovery. "The same sagacity which
detected a similar fraud in another instance," observes the Bio-
grapher, " might have been equally successful, had the original
document been submitted to Sir W. Jones."
t Rev. David Brown, one of the Chaplains of the Presidency.
"Memorial Sketches" of his Life were published in 1816.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 241
" Lord Cornwallis and myself met on the terms
of old friendship and mutual regard, and we go
on with the same cordiality as heretofore. I am
apt to think that there never can be a disagreement
between public men, where all objects but public
good are excluded. He looks wonderfully well ;
and I anticipate with satisfaction the happiness he
he will enjoy in Europe from his well-earned
reputation."
" TO WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, ESQ.
DEAR SIR — " Calcutta, March 25, 1793.
" It would have been my earnest wish, if I had
continued in England, to cultivate your friendship ;
and it shall be my sincere endeavour in this country
to merit your esteem. I shall seldom, and pro-
bably never, have occasion to trouble you with any
reference to points of business ; as I shall never
solicit nor expect any support beyond what my
public conduct entitles me to ; and for this, my
appeal must be made to the Public Records. Lord
Cornwallis's Administration imposes a difficult task
on his successor : in zeal and integrity no man can
surpass him, and his success has been proportionate :
but as I am of opinion that common sense, honesty,
and application, are sufficient for transacting most
VOL. I. R
242 LIVE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
of tlie ajfTairs of mankind, I shall not desj^air of
acquitting myself to the satisfaction of those whose
partiality has raised me to the first station any
subject can hold.
That you may long enjoy health, and every bless-
ing that this world affords, is the sincere wish of,
" Dear Sir,
" Your most sincere and obedient
humble servant.
" I beg my respects to Mr. Thornton."
" TO LADY SHORE.
" April 14, 1793.
" Sometimes 1 dread the contagion of that mad-
ness which runs now in France, spreading over
England, while I am unable, from absence, to afford
you and my babes protection : but Providence will,
I trust, save us from it, and me from the misery of
such a situation. What, in fact, would be mine, in
this country, if Anarchy were to spread her banners
in my native soil ? But there is a fund of good sense
in England, that will not suffer her intrusion : and
notwithstanding the murmurs of discontent, the
intrigues of the ambitious, the machinations of
false patriots, and the undermining attempts of
insidious villany, I consider the Constitution as
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 243
secure : for is it possible, that the care of* oiii-
country, of our families, our friends, and posterity,
can be so inert, as to make us renounce the enjoy-
ment of that liberty and real happiness that no other
Country or Constitution affords ? Surely not ! and
every thinking man, who is not void of feeling, must
resist attempts that cannot be made without aban-
doning himself and nearest connections to certain
misery for a time, if not for ages, I was a friend^
to the French Revolution: the despotism of the
French Monarc hy, and the misery of the people,
requ ired.j:££2iaQi- ; but I am a friend to our own
Constitution, because it is not despotic, and leaves
every man to enjoy his personal liberty, his pro-
perty, and to act and write as lie pleases, provided
lie doesnot injure his neighbour. I am citizen of
the world enough to wish the French happy ; but
I am also a patriot, and am satisfied to enjoy the
happiness we already possess. There is no fore-
sight can penetrate the eccentricities of human pas-
sions : they rise sometimes like storms in a clear
sky, and si)read desolation over the earth, l^hilo-
sophers, or those who call themselves by that
name, pretend to the sagacity of foreseeing human
occurrences, and of tracing them to their causes.
They sometimes succeed ; but ol'tcner fail, ^^'llo
could have predicted the unexampled revolution of
French manners ? In this reflection rests the sole
r2
244 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
source of my apprehensions. But I think the
English Nation is now forewarned, and the bulk of
the people prepared against the fatal events that
my feelings rather than my reason suggest. Our
Administration at Home is respectable for its wis-
dom and probity ; and to its care, under Providence,
I leave the direction of affairs. — And so much for
Political speculation.
" May 30, 1793.
" The same conveyance by which we received
the above intelligence brings us also news of war
between England and France. What a period of
horrors do we live in ! Do not be alarmed on my
account. The French have no forces in India, nor
can bring any, to cope with us ; and, at all events,
would never think of coming to Bengal. My spirits
never fail in proportion to the exigency of affairs :
on the contrary, they are more affected by trifles ;
and I always find my mind and powers expand
when the emergency requires it.
" My situation here, by the way, is a very awk-
ward one. Independently of family concerns. Lord
Cornwallis goes to the coast, and leaves me here —
Nobody. If I could have foreseen his determination,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTIl. 240
I would certainly have proposed — what as certainly
would have been given to me — a seat in Council ;
and it might have been done without inconvenience.
I should be well ofT indeed if by any accident I
were manquer la succession; — and so many things
happen between the cup and the lip, that this event
may arise too : if so, we must turn philosophers ;
or, what is better, live like good Christians, in
peace and charity with all the world, and contented
ourselves. I cannot find in my heart to despair,
when I think of an event which will unite us sooner,
however painful and vexing it may be in other
respects.
In the following extract, Sir J. Shore alludes to
the death of an intimate friend. Colonel , who
had been removed, when dying, to his house, and
breathed his last on his bed and in his presence : —
" The window of the room from which I write
looks directly to the house of my friend, on the
other side of the river. It was in this room, and
on the spot where I am now sitting, as nearly as
can be, that he breathed his last. With whims
and eccentricities, he possessed a heart of the finest
mould ; and if he could have added the benevolence
of Christianity to a stock as great as ever man liad,
he would have been the most perfect cliitvactcr
24G LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
existing. As he was, where shall I find a sincerer
friend or better man ? Poor fellow ! he is released
from the cares of this world. He once persuaded
me to go down the river when I was ill, and
accompanied me ; and to him, perhaps, I may owe
my life — none other would have persuaded me. —
The humanity of his heart gave, without effort, a
softness to his actions, that soothed and persuaded. —
Where, in India, shall I find a friend like him ! ? "
On the eve of acceding to the Government, Sir
John Shore was deeply affected by intelligence of
the death of his two younger children ; which had
been communicated to him by his friend Mr. Grant.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR — "September 22, 1793.
" I shall first advert to your melancholy and
affectionate Letter of the 10th of May, which
reached me on Saturday the 15th of September.
On the same day of the preceding week I returned
my grateful thanks to the Almighty, for His
mercy in protecting my children. I had been
apprised, by Lady Shore, that they were attacked
with the measles ; and, from the terms of her Letter,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 247
concluded that their recovery was no longer doubtful.
It has pleased the Lord to determine otherwise ;
and I submit without a murmur to the dispensations
of His Providence. He gave — He has taken away.
Blessed be His name !
" Whatever conclusions may be drawn from
appearances — and none, I trust, in my conduct to
the discredit of virtue or encouragement of vice ! —
there is no truth which I more sedulously believe,
cultivate, and cherish, than that all the events of
this life are_go.Yerned.by an All-directing Provi-
dence; and that whatsoever we call evil is meant
for the ultimate good of mankind. Who is so
impious as to doubt the benevolence of the Deity ?
Who that admits it can think otherwise ? I cannot
reflect upon the subject without a degree of enthu-
siasm ; and I cannot convey my sentiments upon it
better than by transcribing the following Prayer,
which I have long been in the habit of repeating : —
" ^ Almighty God ! who knowest the wishes of
' my heart, and who alone canst tell what is best for
' me, teach me to put my trust in Thee ; and cver-
' more to say with confidence. Thy will, O Lord, be
^ done ! Make me truly to feel that that Thou
* givest, that Thou withholdest, or afllictest, proceeds
' alike from mercy, benevolence, and love to Thy
' creatures. Impress upon my heart this conviction,
248 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
' that it may lead to a firm trust and reliance upon
' Thy providence — to resignation to Thy dispensa-
* tions — and to gratitude and thanksgiving for Thy
' mercies, Thy favours, and Thy chastisements ! '
" These are the habitual sentiments of my heart.
But in the first agonies of sorrow, their usual
impression was suspended. Our Religion requires
submission, but does not demand insensibility.
I felt as a man, as a husband, and a parent ; but
I murmured not against the Hand that had inflicted
my wounds. The offences of my life have been too
many, not to acknowledge the justice of Divine
punishment. How little indeed have I suffered, in
proportion to my demerits ! But the justice of the
Almighty is inseparable from His benevolence ;
and He chastises us to amendment. I know no
other source of consolation under misfortune than
this. We may indeed, upon stoical principles,
reason away our feelings ; but we shall not be
better or wiser for it. Sensibility is the cradle of
Religion, which will never thoroughly influence our
conduct unless it be a sentiment of the heart. The
Ancients often mention the advantages of affliction,
in moderating our passions, and in inspiring the
mind with sympathy, humanity, and commisera-
tion ; but they never, as far as I have read, dwelt
upon the moral improvement occasioned by it, as
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 249
fitting US for the enjoyment of a future state. This
is the doctrine of the New Testament — a doctrine
which, if my remark on the omission of the Ancients
be just, is at once an argument in favour of a future
state, and of Revelation: for the effect of affliction,
which Revelation points out, is distinct from its
natural efTect, which alone the Ancients notice.
" There was a time when these sentiments were
languid and inert : and if such a shock had then
attacked me, 1 know not what the consequences
might have been. I thank God most sincerely and
gratefully that it has been otherwise ; and that He
did not inflict the blow until He had given me
strength to bear it. I have prayed to Him for
chastisement, as the means of amendment ; but
I little thought to suffer through my dear children.
— God has judged differently : and I submit, with
a prayer that I may be the better for it.
" The morning of the receipt of your Letter
I had occupied myself in making extracts from the
Psalms; and they happened to be such as my
situation required. My selections from the Thirty-
eighth Psalm were particularly copious. The intel-
ligence could never have reached me at a time when
I was more fitted to bear it. After all
But you have felt the afflictions of a father.
" I assure you, My dear Sir, that I am not inatten-
tive to the duties of Relia:ion. Many of mv leisure
250 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
hours are employed in perusing the Scriptures and
books of divinity. On Sunday, 1 do nothing besides,
except that I usually write some lines to Lady
Shore on that day. My mornings begin with
prayer to God ; my evenings are closed with the
same duty. I pray to Him for knowledge to under-
stand His laws; for grace to follow them; for
increase of faith ; and for resignation to His will.
I acknowledge my sins before Him, and implore
His forgiveness. One part of my daily prayers was
for His protection upon my children : He has
heard me in a way different from what I meant ;
and has indeed taken them to His own exclusive
protection. I am not conscious that I live in the
commission of any habitual sin ; and though I have
prescribed a rule to myself, never to argue upon
Religion — a subject too often brought into discussion,
and for unworthy purposes — I deem it an indis-
pensable duty to declare, upon such occasions, my
belief in the Christian Religion, that no one may be
ignorant of my principles, or suppose I approve
what is said against it ; — nor is there any subject
upon which I am more willing to converse in due
time and place. In mentioning the objects of my
daily supplications, I do not mean to say that
there are no others. I pray to the Almighty to
support me with His grace in the arduous station
which His providence has assigned me ; and, above
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 251
all, to impress me with a lively, vigorous, animated
liope of that happy eternity which He has promised,
through our Saviour Jesus Christ, to those who
obey His Commandments.
" After all, My dear Sir, I do not mean to afTirm
that I am as religious as I ought to be ; but I trust
that the Almighty will enable me to persevere unto
the end, in the path of improvement which I have
taken. In this hope I receive the chastisement
He has inflicted upon me with gratitude. Afllic-
tion is but too necessary to recall our wandering
thoughts, to soften the hardness of our hearts, or to
alarm one's feelings. I thank God that He has not
overlooked me. The honours of this world, I de-
clare without affectation, have no temptations for
me. I feel no pride at the elevated station assigned
me ; but am thoroughly sensible that I am not
equally fortified against prosperity ; and that my
heart, though it might not have been corrupted by
it, might have grown callous and unfeeling.
" I shall say little more upon this subject, except
to thank you for your kind Letter upon it, which
I shall often peruse. I had two copies of " Tlic
Friendly Visit" ; one of which I lately disposed of
to your sister, Mrs. Chambers, a few days after the
loss of her husband ; and desired Mr. Owen, througli
whom I sent it, to inform her that I had received
it from you, judging tliat it woukl not he less
252 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
agreeable on that account. She bears her loss —
which indeed, in comparison with mine, is heavy —
with manly pious Christian resignation — with a sub-
mission that piety alone can infuse. Yet there are
wretches who would deprive us of these consola-
tions, and undermine the basis of mortal comfort
and immortal hope : — but judgment belongs to the
Almighty ; and He will judge them. A few days
ago, I requested Mr. Owen to inform Mrs. Chambers
that I should be happy to wait upon her, whenever
she was disposed to receive the visit.
" The coincidence of dreams with facts is some-
times striking ; and my loss unhappily furnishes me
with an instance. In a Letter to Lady Shore of the
11th of May last, I mentioned a dream respecting
my daughter Caroline, which had shocked me to
agony ; but I did not communicate to her the par-
ticulars. It happened on or about the first of that
month — my Letter particularly mentions the 1st.
— I thought I was walking out with the dear girl,
when, stopping to speak to somebody, I missed
her. A ladder was erected against a house which
was repairing, and I concluded she had ascended
by it. I entered the house ; and, on inquiring for
the child, was told a Coroner's inquest was sitting
on the body of a dead infant. I hastened to the
room, and was struck with the appearance of the
dissevered limbs of a child, which I knew to be my
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. '2,33
own. 1 took up an arm ; and the hand grasped my
finger. I need not add, that I awoke with a scream,
and in an agony of tears. It was perhaps at that
time that my beloved girl ceased to exist
I have now done ; and shall be silent about her.
" I shall not blend any other subject with this
Letter. The chastening which I have received
will, I hope, produce on me its proper fruits. The
stroke has been severe. — I perhaps required it : and
if I am wiser and better for it, I ought to rejoice.
That this may be the consequence, I sincerely pray.
" May the Almighty preserve you from the same
affliction ! is the sincere prayer of,
" My dear Sir,
" Your ever alTectionate humble Servant."
The dream alluded to in this Letter is mentioned
in Sir J. Shore's Correspondence, shortly after its
occurrence ; w^hich proved to be the night on which
the child died. He also describes the impression
it had produced on his mind, as having taken root,
in spite of all the suggestions of Reason and Reli-
gion, and persevering application to business. It
had been preceded, some few weeks, by one to the
same effect, though much less distressing to his
feelings. No particular importance, perhaps, can
be attached to the coincidence of the dream with
254 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the event : but the Reader will probably concur in
Mr. Grant's judicious reflections, in a Letter to Lady
Shore, on the intimation conveyed by the dream
itself ; —
" Who can doubt that this was a merciful pre-
monition, to prepare and sadden as it were the
heart, that it might not be broken by the sudden
blow of so hard a calamity ? If I may so speak,
this seems to draw aside the curtain, and give us a
glimpse of the Great Disposer carrying on his
designs with respect both to your husband and
you, whose interests are but one. The event had
not then happened ; but he is forewarned of it,
when his mind, undisturbed by public cares, is best
able to attend to all the considerations connected
with it. I trust much benefit will have resulted
from this ; and especially that his mind will have
been secretly moulded into such a persuasion of
the probability of the event, that he will receive
the news of it without being overwhelmed by the
stroke. I pray that God, who hath begun to distin-
guish you both by His remarkable dealings, may
find, in you both, persons who distinguish Him as
remarkably by their devotedness to Him beyond
others."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. "2.35
" THE MARQUIS CORNWALLIS TO SIR JOHN SHORE.
" DEAR SIR — » Madras, Sept. 30, 1793.
" I know your sensibility too well, not to enter-
tain the most serious apprehensions for the effect
which the late afflicting accounts of your family
may have upon your health. I need not, I am
sure, tell you how sincerely I was concerned for
you; and I will not trouble you with consolatory
reflections, which your own good sense will in due
time suggest to you : and I know, by sad expe-
rience, that there must be a season when grief will
have its way.
" I am, with the greatest esteem and regard,
" My dear Sir,
" Most sincerely yours,
" CORNWALLIS."
TO THE REV. THOMAS WILLIAM SHORE.
"September, 1793.
" I have only to wish that the situation may
prove agreeable, and that you may have health for
the discharge of your parochial duties yourself.
Nothing can excuse a Clergyman, in my opinion,
from the performance of them, but indisposition.
256 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
It is a duty which he owes to the State, his
conscience, and his God. The peace and hap-
piness of mankind depend much more upon the
conduct and instruction of the Clergy than is
commonly supposed. They are, with respect to
Religion, what the outworks of a fortification are to
a citadel. The latter rarely holds out long after
the former are erased. Voltaire has contributed
more than any other man to introduce Atheism and
Irreligion into France, by his incessant attempts
to ridicule the Clergy : for the transition from the
Minister to the subject is easy. In England, there
may be less scope for ridicule ; but it ought to be
the constant care of every Clergyman to avoid
every thing that may give room for it. The
people in general think they have a right to the
service of the Preacher whom they pay ; and the
aversion to the discharge of tithes would be less
if every Minister of the Gospel were as attentive to
his duty and conduct as he ought to be. But I will
not say more to you, who are an example of what I
recommend.
" I am. My dear Brother,
" Most sincerely and affectionately yours."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2.37
" TO JOHN BLACKBURN, ESQ.
"Bengal, Oct. 14,1793.
" It is impossible to view with indifference tlie
state of Europe : and I see, with the deepest con-
cern, the calamities which afflict it. To conjecture
what will be the result of the present combustion
is beyond my faculties. All I can hope, is, that
peace will be soon established ; and, above all, that
my own country may not be scorched by the fires
raging in all parts of Europe. What intellect, ten
years ago, could have foretold the horrors of the
present hour ? Our best wisdom is but folly ; our
prudence, chance. A Power, whom the French in
the intoxication of their phrensy have deposed from
His sovereignty over the universe, by shewing to us
the vanity and disappointment of human prospects,
daily enforces the necessity of a reliance upon Him.
— May His wisdom guide our councils, and His
Providence correct our follies ! I am too much a
citizen of the world, and have too much humanity,
not to wish the establishment of peace, quiet, and
happiness in France ; but I love my country, my
friends, my family, and posterity, too well to desire
to see real comfort sacrificed to ideal perfection,
the wisdom of ages renounced for the quackery of
new political experiments, or, in other words, the
Constitution overturned. I trust the good sense of
VOL. I. s
/
258 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
England will prevail against all the efforts directed
to this object. That some of its parts require
amendment, may be admitted ; but I leave to those
who are wiser, and who, from their situation, can
best judge, to determine the proper time, mode,
and quantum of improvement. We are something
like the natural situation of Holland : — a rat may
let in an ocean.
" I remain. My dear Sir,
" Your affectionate humble Servant."
" TO H. S. CHANDLER, ESQ.
"Oct. 14, 1793.
" I thank you. My dear friend, for your Letter
of the 12th of May last ; and assure you, that one of
my greatest gratifications in this country is to re-
ceive testimonials of the regard of those whom I
remember with affection.
"Whether I shall or shall not be Governor-
General remains yet an undecided point. Lord
Cornwallis left us for the coast in August, intend-
ing once more to smell a little gunpowder at the
siege of Pondicherry. But the French were not
disposed to gratify his Lordship, but surrendered
the very day on which he left the ' Pilot.' By his
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 259
last Letters, he was determined to embark the 10th
of this month, on board the ' Swallow;' and ordered
his Secretary to draw no more allowances after the
end of September. Expectation is now hovering
on the wing, and in two days more I trust to hear
from him ; but conclude his resignation will not
be despatched before the date of his embarkation.
We lived and parted upon the most cordial terms :
and, although my succession has been postponed,
I love him as much as ever ; and he will carry with
him every good wish from me, for his safe voyage,
and happiness in England after his arrival.
" Sir Robert Abercrombie has been a week in
Calcutta ; and, at Lord Cornwallis's desire, has
been entrusted with the command of the army. —
I am not sure, by the way, that this is strictly legal
or regular. He has no seat in Council : and how
the Governor of Bombay can be Commander-in
Chief at Bengal before the office is vacant, I leave
to better wits to determine. I understand Sir
R. Abercrombie is a very well-meaning, and very
disinterested and perfectly honest man. I am a
peaceable one : — and so we shall go on well.
" After all, you may trust me, that, taking Lord
Cornwallis for all and all, the country will not see
his like. The natives, with whom he could not
mix nor converse but through an interpreter,
s2
260 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
acknowledge that he had always their good in view,
although the mode in which he conveyed it to them
was not always what they would themselves have
chosen. His principles were always right; but
with a more minute knowledge of detail he might
have facilitated the operation and establishment of
them. I shall be happy, however, to do as much
good as he has done ; — and will try.
" If you had not chatted with me as an Upham
farmer, I should have suspected that you thought
John Shore absorbed in the memory of Sir John,
the Governor-General ; and should not readily for-
give the supposition. It is true, in one sense, that
I hardly know myself ; for I am so ' Sir Johnned,'
that I am half-sick of it : but, however, I shall not
change my manners, further than to avoid in con-
versation or conduct that which is indecent in my
situation. There are certain things, Mr. Positive
Negative, which would not be quite proper at a
Governor-General's table : and although I might
quote the authority of my Masters at the London
Tavern, I prefer following their instructions
Health and happiness attend you !
" Your affectionate."
LIKE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 261
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR "Bengal, Oct. 21, 1793.
" You have escaped an alarming crisis : and
I hope that the same prudence, fortitude, and wis-
dom, which, under Providence, have preserved us
from the deepest calamities, will conduct us into a
settled trust and security. Yet I think it will be
long before our situation ceases to be perilous.
But I will not press upon you a thousand reflec-
tions which occur to me, and probably have to
you. The madness of the French at Chandernagore
was carried to the most violent extreme. One
man regretted that he was not in Europe at the
time of the King's destruction, to put his poniard
in the Dauphin's breast: and a Monsieur Riche-
mont, the leader of the democratic band, and the
self-constituted Governor of the Settlement, ob-
served, in Council — when it was proposed to say
* Te Deum ' for the victories of the French in Flan-
ders — that religion was abolished in France, and
that all religions were the same ; — that he would not
dissent to a Revolution which seemed agreeable to
the majority ; — but, by way of indemnity (dcdom'
magement) to the gods of India, he proposed that
the Letter containing the intelligence which had
occasioned the debate should be offered to the
goddess Doorgah !
262 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" Although we have some sturdy democrats
amongst us, political questions, upon the whole, are
discussed here with. tolerable moderation. We are
all too busy to give up our time to politics. In
England, they are the sole occupation of many.
Here they come in as secondary objects of concern.
As nothing so much inflames the advocates for
democracy as reasonable opposition, I recommend
silence when they are disposed to be violent.
The danger of dissemination, from the nature of
the society, is less here than in England ; and as
half or nine-tenths of mankind take up opinions
with less selection than apples or pears, they are
only anxious about them when controverted.
" I am much obliged to you for many pamphlets,
which I have distributed amongst those who are
disposed to read with attention ; and I think there
is less political violence than when I arrived. I
apprehend no danger on this ground in India ; but
there is a very alarming spirit of discontent in the
army, founded on various causes. I, from my
situation, of course hear less than others ; but I
have learnt enough to think the matter very im-
portant, and I shall summarily communicate it.
" Yours very affectionately."
LIFE OF LOUD TEIGXMOUTH. 4^63
A Letter written about this time contains the
following allusion to the prosperous internal condi-
tion of the Provinces, under the Permanent Set-
tlement : —
" With respect to the affairs of this country,
I shall only say, that, notwithstanding the croakings
of Philip, or the prophecies of Edmund, it is more
populous, more cultivated, and exhibits more in-
dustry, than ever I remember. The Jumma is
irrevocably fixed; but the Zemindars will learn
wisdom from sufferance."
Lord Cornwallis, in tendering the resignation of
his government, corroborated in strong terms the
general impression in favour of his successor : —
" Warmly interested," he observes, " as I shall
ever feel for the general prosperity of the Com-
pany's affairs, and for the happiness of the people
of various descriptions over whom I so long pre-
sided in this country, I must confess, that the know-
ledge that I am to be succeeded by Sir John Shore,
with whose abilities and virtues I am so well ac-
quainted, and for whom I have the most sincere
friendship and esteem, adbrds me, on this occasion,
the highest gratification."
264 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Sir J. Shore acceded to the Government on the
28th of October ; and he has recorded, both in
public and private documents, his feelings on
entering upon the discharge of his high and re-
sponsible functions. " If motives could be want-
ing," he thus addresses the Court of Directors, " to
excite zeal and stimulate exertion, I have only to
regard the conduct of my Predecessor, whose wise,
upright, honourable, and successful administration
of your affairs has left an example which his
successor will strive to imitate, however arduous
the task may prove."
His private allusions to, or reflections on, the
same event are taken from a small MS. volume, of
which but few pages remain, entitled " Selections
from a Journal ;" but sufficient to shew that, at this
time. Sir J. Shore pursued a practice, the discon-
tinuance of which afterwards occasioned him great
regret.
" Aug. 26, 1793. — It is now time to deliberate on
my future conduct, with humble prayer to God to
guide me. The following points to be attended to
in the transaction of business : — Never to promise
any office, nor to give hopes of succession to offices
likely to become vacant ; and, in the disposal of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 265
offices, to consider Standing, Talents, Merit — To
make a proper allotment of time, disposition of
correspondence, recommendations, invitations, &c. ;
Lord Cornwallis's plan."
" October. — On the 28th, I commenced my public
functions, after devout prayer to God : —
" ' Almighty God, who by thy providence hast
' called me to a station replete with difficulties ! sen-
' sible of my own weakness and incapacity, I humbly
' implore Thee for health, strength, grace, and assis-
' tance, to enable me to discharge the duties thereof
' faithfully and diligently, in such a manner that the
' happiness of those who are placed under my go-
' vernment may be improved. Grant, I beseech
' thee, that I may on all occasions regulate my
' conduct by the rules and precepts of Thy Holy
' Word ; and that, in all doubts, dangers, and
' embarrassments, I may always have grace to
' apply to Thee for support and assistance.
' Suffiir me not to be led astray by folly, pride,
' or vanity, to overlook the wants, weaknesses, and
' miseries of my fellow-mortals, or to judge them
' with uncharitableness. Give me grace to restrain
' my appetite ; and, in proportion as I am exalted,
' to become lowly and humble in my own opinion ;
' and, before Thee, to consider myself evermore
' as Thy Minister, for promoting the happiness of
* Thy creatures, not only by my public actions,
266 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
* but by my example. And grant that, under my
' government, Religion and Morality may be ad-
* vanced ! All which I humbly implore, through the
^ mediation and in the name of our Blessed Saviour,
' Jesus Christ.' "
The Governor-General retained, in his present
elevated station, as much as he could of his former
unostentatious simplicity. He contented himself
with but one-fourth of the number of Aides-de-camp
with which Mr. Hastings had surrounded himself —
his establishment consisting but of three. He had
a body-guard of fifty horse, but never employed
them: and he had no attendants to his carriage,
not even a footman. Perhaps his dislike of pomp
may have tended to an opposite extreme. It is but
just to quote his own reflections on the subject : —
" In this respect," he observes, " I am well calcu-
lated for a society of equality ; for I have ever
looked slightly on externals. But, until I see a
society formed on this principle better calculated
to promote the happiness of mankind than that
exliibited in France, let me live under a Govern-
ment of King, Lords, and Commons ; where I may
do and think as I like, provided I observe the laws
of the community, and avoid injury or offence to
my neighbour."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 267
The task on which Sir J. Shore entered was
much more arduous than might be supposed by the
cursory reader of Indian history. Beneath the
apparent peace and prosperity of our Indian Em-
pire lay concealed elements of internal disturbance
and external war, which could be controlled only
by unwearied energy, vigilance, and prudence.
The application and modification of the prin-
ciples and rules introduced into the Revenue and
Judicial departments — too hastily, in some respects
by his predecessor — formed the principal object of
his domestic administration. But he was anxiously
employed during several years in accomplishing a
reform in another and most important branch of
the Service — the Company's Military Establishment ;
the regulation of which had been left unsettled,
not without endangering the security of the Go-
vernment.
Externally, France had been stripped of her do-
minions on the Continent of India ; but her cruisers
still swept the seas, and threatened the British trade
with destruction. Tippoo's means of mischief had
been crippled, but his resentment had been exas-
perated : whilst the restless ambition of the other
Indian States required, on the part of the British
Government, a steady front, readiness to repel
aggression, and unflinching consistency of i)urpose.
The immediate attention of the Government was
268 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
successfully directed to the protection of the trade,
which had been left a prey to the French by
Admiral Cornwallis, who had suddenly sailed for
England in his frigate — the only King's ship in the
Indian seas — contrary to the earnest entreaties of
the Government. The responsibility for this pro-
ceeding rested rather on the Government at Home
than on this gallant officer ; as his frigate was not
sea-worthy. His conduct had been equally inde-
pendent under his brother's Administration : for he
would remain during months at the Andaman Isles,
without giving any intimation to the Governor-
General where he might be found, should his ser-
vices be required. He had been always on excel-
lent terms with Sir J. Shore ; and, as Lord Corn-
wallis remarked, in communication with him, laid
aside his usual reserve and taciturnity.
" We have but one frigate in India," observes the
Governor-General in a Letter, " and she is not in a
condition to bear much sea or fighting; although
the Admiral, I believe, would meet any two frigates
in her without apprehension. He is a true son of
Neptune ; and would be very sorry, I believe, to
miss a good battle. I would rather sit down to a
good dinner ; and will fight stoutly when I must
do it."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2G{)
Sir J. Shore resorted, in his present emergency,
to an instrument which has never been found
wanting, when required — the East-India Company's
Naval Service. An armament, consisting of four
of their ships and two coasting-vessels, was instantly
fitted out, and, under the command of Commodore
Mitchell, who was knighted for his conduct in this
expedition, succeeded in capturing two privateers,
equal in size to small frigates, and in engaging and
beating off two large frigates and another stout
ship. The Dutch Possessions were rescued, as
well as the British Commerce. And the subsequent
arrival of King's ships enabled the victorious traders
to resume their ordinary employment.
The following entries close the Selections for the
Journal at the end of 1793 and the commencement
of the ensuing year : —
"December 1793.
" The year is now closed ; and in it I have
experienced more misery than in any year of my
life. But I hope I have also gained something.
My devotional practices, morning and evening,
liave been habitual, with scarce any interruptions.
As Governor-General, I have refused to transact
any business on Sundays, and have devoted })()rti()ns
of them to religious duties and reading. I have
studied the Bible more than ever, and have endea-
270 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
voured to be more attentive to its precepts. In
the Scriptures, and in the resignation which they
teach, I have found consolation under severe do-
mestic calamities ; and whatever cheerfulness 1 pos-
sess is owing to Religion, ' whose ways/ imper-
fectly as I practise them, ^ are ways of pleasantness,
and her paths, peace.' It has no tendency to excite
in me gloom or moroseness. Let me, therefore,
thank God for His undeserved goodness to me, and
implore the continuance of those mercies which
I have experienced, with humble resignation to
whatever His providence may determine. In re-
viewing my past life, I cannot but feel the deepest
shame and confusion."
" How, O Lord, have my years elapsed ! Thou
knowest ; — and I thank Thee that Thou hast not
punished me as I deserved ; but that Thy mercy has
tempered Thy justice. I feel the consequence
of my sins and follies: Thy judgments are just,
but Thy goodness is great ; and it is of Thy great
and undeserved mercies that I am not consumed.
Forgive, I beseech Thee, what is past ; and give
me grace to improve the remainder of my allotted
time. Create in me a clean heart, O God, and
renew a right spirit within me ! Grant, O JNIer-
ciful God, that, deeply sensible of my former
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 271
negligences and iniquities, I may truly repent
thereof — that, under the continual guidance of Thy
Holy Spirit, I may make continual advances in
knowledge, piety, and sanctity, and be made meet
for the inheritance of the Saints in light ! — all which
I implore through the alone merits and mediation
of Jesus Christ, my Saviour and Redeemer."
"January 1, 1794.
" Hear my prayer, O Lord, and give ear unto
the voice of my supplication ! Thou knowest,
Lord, my heart; whilst all that I know is, that
1 am a weak miserable sinner, and that I cannot
stand without Thy assistance. Oh ! give me grace
evermore to implore it, in the name of Thy Son
our Saviour, ' who died for our sins, and rose again
for our justification, and ever liveth to make inter-
cession for us.' Expose me not to too severe trials ;
but help me with Thy grace to withstand such as
it please th thee I should undergo ; and always teach
me to rely on thee, as my Creator, Preserver, and
Redeemer ! "
" Almighty God, who knowest the wishes of my
heart, and who alone can tell what is best for me,
teach me ever to put my trust in Thee, and to say
with humble and sincere resignation. Thy will be
272 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
done ! Make me truly feel, that what Thou givest,
withholdest, or inflictest, proceeds alike from Thy
bounty, mercy, and love to Thy creatures. Impress
this conviction so deeply on my heart, that it may
fortify my trust and reliance on Thy providence ;
strengthen my resignation to Thy dispensations ;
and increase my gratitude and thanksgivings for
Thy favours and chastisements ! "
» 1794.
" O Lord, without whose power we cannot
attain the knowledge or practice of Thy Holy Will
and Precepts, enlighten my understanding, that
I may understand the Scriptures. It is of Thy great
mercy that I am made sensible of my ignorance
and incapacity, and that I now offer up my sup-
plications for knowledge and wisdom. Grant that
I may never cease my efforts to obtain them ; and
impress on my heart an increasing conviction of
the truths of Thy Holy Word, that I may savingly
know the only True God, and Jesus Christ whom
Thou hast sent. Enliven my hopes, I beseech Thee,
O Lord, with the prospect of that happy eternity
which Thou hast promised, through our Saviour
Jesus Christ, to all who have true faith in Him and
obey Thy Commandments. Suffer not my thoughts
to be so occupied with earthly concerns and the
affairs of time, as to forget that I am to live for
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. '273
ever in happiness or misery. Let the attainment
of that happiness be the constant object of my
thoughts and endeavours. Be these ever the object
of my desires. Let my heart pant for Thee for ever,
as the liart panteth for the water-brooks. Let my
soul be athirst for God, even for Thee the Living
God ! Shew me, O Lord, the path of life ! for in
Thy Presence is the fulness of joy, and at Thy right-
hand are pleasures for evermore."
VOL. r.
274 1>IFK OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
CHAPTER X.
STATE OF THE ARMY SIR J. SHORE SUCCEEDS TO SIR WILLIAM JONES
AS PRESIDENT OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY MEASURES FOR THE
PROMOTION OF RELIGION SECOND ROHILLA WAR.
The unsettled state of the Company's army required
the anxious attention of the Government. The
following extracts from a Letter addressed to Mr.
Dundas, on a Plan for Military Regulations framed
and transmitted by Sir J. Shore to England, intro-
duce those serious discontents which long prevailed
among its officers. They had already represented
to the Court of Directors the grievances of which
they justly complained. These consisted chiefly of
the superior advantages conferred on the officers of
the King's Service. The former were precluded
from attaining the rank of General, and, when
commanding battalions, were only on a imr with
officers commanding companies in the King's Ser-
vice ; whilst the permission of temporary retire-
ment on furlough was granted to the King's, but
denied to the Company's officers. The dissatisfac-
tion of the complainants had been increased by the
tendency of some measures unadvisedly adopted by
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 275
Lord Cornwallis to induce them erroneously to
suppose that Nobleman unfavourable to their views.
And to secure the objects of their remonstrances,
they had held secret meetings, but for the present
abstained from more violent proceedings.
fPrivate-"]
" TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
DEAR SIR — "January 1794.
" The superior advantages of the Civil Service
have long been viewed with a jealous eye by the
Military ; and it has happened, that those of the
former have been augmented, whilst the emoluments
of the latter, in various instances of improper com-
mands, have been diminished. This must ever be
the case ; for no State can provide fortunes for all
its subjects. But this argument alone will not
satisfy the feelings. Throughout India, the Civil
Authority is at the mercy of the Military ; and the
controul over the latter does not stand upon such
firm foundations as in Europe. The situation of
things here easily suggests the reflections arising
from it, more than I should choose to detail.
I would wish to obviate the occurrence of such
reflections as far as possible, or, at least, to diminish
their force by such an extension of i-ank and
T 2
27C) LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
emolument to the officers as may be compatible
with the funds and interests of Government. This
is attempted in the Plan.
" In discussing future regulation, an appeal must
not be made to a standard drawn from the existing
state of things twenty years ago. I have closely
attended to the progress of opinions in Bengal, and
find them very different from what they were when
I arrived in the country. The officers of the
Bengal army were formerly, comparatively speaking,
easy, thoughtless, and indifferent. You will now
find the juniors considerate, careful, and reflecting.
They compare the past with the present, and the
present with the future; and the result suggests
little hope or consolation. Nothing appears to me
more dangerous to society, and to such a society
as that of this country, as habitual discontent. — You
wall conclude that in this observation I carry my
view^s beyond the present time, to the possible
operation of natural and obvious principles,
" It is needless for me to expatiate upon the ser-
vices of the army. History cannot, perhaps, shew
more zeal, attachment, fortitude, and forbearance,
than were exhibited by the British troops and
officers during the late war. They have, on all
occasions, evinced their regard for the honour and
interests of their country; and, I doubt not, ever
will. They are entitled to one particular merit —
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2i i
that, though fully sensible of their services and exer-
tions, these are never the subjects of conversation.
I never hear details of hardships endured, or of
dangers encountered, unless to gratify the solici-
tations of curiosity. But it is not in human nature
to forget events of this kind ; and reflection does,
and will, suggest comparisons between their situa-
tion and their services.
" I beg you will do me the favour to consider
that I am writing from Bengal, where the modes of
thinking and social habits are drawn from a state of
things which has no counterpart in Europe.
" If practice had not been in opposition to the
plainest reason, I should beg your excuse for men-
tioning that the officers at the head of the army
should ever be men of capacity, vigour, and expe-
rience. You will conclude that I mean no reflec-
tion on General Sir Robert Abercrombie. Without
reference therefore to him, I have only to request
you will ask Lord Cornwallis's opinion on the
abilities of the officers at the head of the armies in
Bengal, Madras, and Bombay ; and what he sup-
poses our situation would be, if a war (which, on
every principle, I from my heart deprecate) were
to break out. Let him point out the men capable
of conducting it, and possessing the confidence of
their l)rother-olficers and of the troops in general.
278 LU'E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
To the advantages of high rank, military expe-
rience, indefatigable zeal and exertion, and other
talents, his Lordship joined the influence of his
civil character, and enjoyed and exercised a power
which could not be delegated to any other : and
with less than this he would have found it difficult
to have commanded success in the late war. The
Plan proposes an arrangement for removing dis-
qualified officers from the head of the army ; and
for the substitution of others, with an adequate
compensation.
" The medium through which our dominion over
twenty-four millions of people is established presents
a phaenomenon which has no parallel in History
— the natives themselves trained to discipline by
our skill : and hitherto they have proved obedient,
submissive, and attached to our Government, and
their officers, in a degree, not exceeded by any
troops in the world. It is unnecessary to expatiate
upon what is so well known — that these natives are
composed of Hindoos, or the followers of Brahma ;
and of Mahomedans ; in a proportion, perhaps, of one
hundred of the former to twenty of the latter. The
religious prejudices of each sect are as opposite as
they are to the Christian Religion, but the attach-
ment of both to the principles in which they have
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 279
been educated is equally strong. The Hindoo,
satisfied with the possession of his own faith, has no
intolerance, nor a wish to make proselytes. The
Mahomedan has more zeal, mixed with a degree of
contempt, not only for Hindoos, but for all other
religions. The former has various prejudices, the
observance of which he deems a point of honour as
well as a tenet of his creed. The latter has also
some, but fewer. The prejudices of both will oc-
casionally interfere with strict attention to military
discipline. In their habits, the Hindoo is temperate,
parsimonious, and saving ; — the INIahomedan, free,
profuse, with a disposition to debauchery.
" But it is of the last importance to know the
means by which the two sects have been consoli-
dated into a mass which forms the bulwark of our
power without violence to the prejudices of either,
and how the body-composite has been trained to a
sufficient degree of military subordination ; that we
may not, by any intemperate arrangements sug-
gested by systems modelled and perfected under a
different state of things, counteract those principles
which have been adopted and pursued with so
much success in this country. The explanation
may be confined to a few words, by consulting, to
a certain extent, the interests and feelings of our
military subjects.
" The former is consulted in tlie high pay wliidi
280 LIFE OY LORD TEIGNMOUTIl.
the Seapoy receives ; and wliicli is not only suffi-
cient for his personal maintenance, but affords a
surplus for the exigencies of his family, and often
for accumulation, — and in the regularity with which
that pay is issued.
" The second, by an indulgence to his habits and
prejudices, whether religious or otherwise : and for
this purpose, severity of discipline is occasionally
relaxed, but in no case where the relaxation is
prejudicial.
"Desertion is often connived at. — ^The Seapoys
are left undisturbed in the celebration of their holi-
days and ceremonials. In the event of embarkation,
every devisable precaution is taken to guard and
preserve their castes and prejudices ; and imputed
delinquency, under some restrictions as to the
nature of the crime, is tried by Courts-martial
formed of themselves. I shall add here — what I
allow, in strictness, not applicable to the present
argument — that the constitution of the Seapoy
corps is such as to flatter the pride of the natives
by gradations of rank which confer no dangerous
powers.
" But, independently of the above considerations,
as arising out of the system, much must be attri-
buted to the discretion and attention of the Seapoy
officers to the prejudices and habits of their men,
which they in general, I believe, consider as a part
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 281
of their duty : and without this attention, I may
venture to say, that the indulgence of the Ruling
Power will lose half its efficacy. To suppose the
reverse, will furnish the truth of the affirmative.
If the officers, at the time they allowed the Seapoys
to perform the ceremonials of their religion, were
to ridicule them, or refuse their countenance to
them, the bond of attachment would soon be dis-
solved, and disaffection and aversion be substituted
for subordination.
" The professional pride of a Bengal Seapoy is
much greater than that of most European soldiers ;
and the cause of it may, in a great degree, be traced
to the arbitrary principles of a despotic Govern-
ment, which, depending on the Military for sup-
port, raised them above their level. This pride,
properly flattered and directed, may be moulded
into a spirit that shall render the exercise of strict
discipline often unnecessary ; and into an attach-
ment not to be shaken.
" To conclude : — The native army may be com-
pared to a two-edged weapon, of a good, but deli-
cate temperament. It is fit for all purposes of
utility. Do not aim at too great perfection in its
temperament, lest you should destroy its edge, or
break it into splinters that shall wound the maker
of the instrument.
" Admitting the ])rcceding remarks to be just,
282 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
it follows that none should be entrusted with the
command of Seapoys but those who have been
educated among them ; lest authority, acting from
ignorance and prejudice, should loosen the ties of
subordination. The Seapoys will naturally respect
those who respect them. They will go further: they
will, whilst other motives combine to promote it,
imbibe an attachment, mixed with some degree of
gratitude for indulgences granted by men of a per-
suasion different from themselves. They will, on the
contrary, detest those who act upon opposite views.
" If any one, from folly, prejudice, or ignorance
of mankind, should be so hardy as to consider the
attachment to their prejudices in the natives of this
country as preposterous, absurd, and subversive of
military discipline, and in this persuasion entertain
an idea of dissolving it, I should wish him to reflect,
that he would then attempt to destroy a principle
which, duly supported and attended to, is a security
for subordination and fidelity. We should deem it
fortunate that we can avail ourselves of such an
instrument, as long as we can give their prejudices
a proper direction, and preserve a controul over
them sufficient for all purposes of discipline.
" 1 have the honour to be. Sir,
" Your most obliged and obedient
himible Servant."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 283
In his correspondence with Lady Shore, Sir John
Shore thus aUudes to one of those instances of pre-
servation from danger, of which he had experienced
several ; and cherished the recollection of them, as
confirming his early convictions of the superinten-
ding care of Divine Providence : —
TO LADY SHORE.
"January29, 1794.
" I shall close this Letter with mentioning to
you an instance for which my gratitude is due to
my Creator. The cornice on one side of my bed-
room, which is composed of solid masonry, fell
down, three days ago, and would have destroyed an
elephant if it had been under it. About six weeks
ago, I used to sit in that room, and very near to the
spot where the rubbish fell. AVhen I was last in
India, I had an escape of a similar nature ; for two
beams directly over my bed and couch, on which
I used to repose often, were found to be rotten ; so
much so, that there was not an inch of solid wood
in the ends by which they were supported. My
life is at the disposal of the Creator ; and I trust, in
saving me from accidents, He will give me grace to
devote it to His service, as far as I can. Mammon
has too great a portion of it ; but my habits and
284 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
endeavours are more constant, and better directed,
than they were.
"And now for a Letter to Tippoo Sultan. — There
is a Translation for you.
" That the God of all Mercies may protect you
and my dearest girl, is the prayer of
" Your ever affectionate and obliged Husband."
On one of those occasions, to which allusion has
been made, the narrator of the above circumstances
was on the Ganges ; when the bank of the river
fell a few minutes after his boat, which had been
moored under it, had quitted its position, carrying
down with it a large tree. At another time he
was driving a phaeton in a dark night ; and, mis-
taking his road, found himself on the edge of a
deep river, into which another step of his horses
would have precipitated him, when a sudden flash
of lightning discovered to him his perilous situa-
tion. And once, an intimate friend struck with
a ball from his rifle a bamboo which he held
immediately above his head. He would allude
to these incidents as illustrative of the favourite
theme of his advancing years ; which, as it will be
seen, occupied not only his thoughts, but his pen.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2^0
" TO LADY SHORE.
" March .
" The inhabitants of Bengal, notwithstanding
Mr. Burke's assertion, are happier under our ad-
ministration than ever tliey were under the IVIaho-
medan controul. For thirty years they have been
free from wars, in the full enjoyment of peace,
without invasion. No molestation is offered to
their prejudices ; no insult to their superstitions ;
and the Government is ever endeavouring to form
new Regulations for their happiness. I will not
affirm that they always approve our modes ; — but
the principles are sound. Yet I would not engage
that this country will remain fifty years longer
under our dominion ; — and I think I can foresee
accidents which may subvert it."
The following Notice occurs of an event which
spread a gloom over the public mind in India,
Native as well as European ; and was deplored by
none of his friends more deeply, both on public
and private accounts, than by the Governor-General
— the death of Sir William Jones.
286 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO I-ADY SHORE.
"April 27, 1793.
" I liave just received another lesson of the
vanity of human expectations and enjoyments, in
the death of Sir William Jones ; of whom it may
be said, that he has scarce left his equal behind.
In literary acquisitions, and in science, he had no
competitor ; and his principles were as sound as
his learning was extensive ; — -to all which he added
humanity, charity, liberality, and a familiarity of
conversation, on all topics, which few possess. At
the Gardens, he was my neighbour ; and his servant
this morning called me to receive his last sighs.
I went over immediately, but arrived too late : he
had breathed his last; but his extremities were
warm. It is fortunate for me that I was spared the
sight of his expiring struggles ; which, however,
could scarce have been felt. I have often regretted,
as I flatter myself he also did, that our different
avocations prevented our meeting as constantly as
we both wished ; but I have now reason to be glad
that it was otherwise ; as the increase of regard
from the frequency of intercourse would have added
bitterness to the sorrow I feel for his loss. We
have both of us the same scene to go through ; but
when, where, or how it is to happen, the Almighty
alone knows: — and that the hour may not fall
heavily upon us, and still more heavily on the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 287
survivor, let us pray to Him for grace to live
according to His laws.
" Some time ago, I sent to Sir William Jones the
original of the following beautiful Sonnet by an
Italian author*. I give you the Translation, from
* Sir Charles Grandison ' : —
' See a fond mother, encircled by her Children !
' With pious tenderness, she looks round, and her
* soul even melts with maternal love. One she
* kisses in the forehead, and clasps another to her
* bosom : one she sits upon her knee, and finds a
* seat upon her foot for another : and while, by their
' actions, their lisping words, and asking eyes, she
* understands their various numberless little wishes,
' to these she dispenses a look — a word to those :
' and whether she smiles or frowns, it is all in
' tender love.'
"Such to us, though infinitely higli and awful,
is Providence. So it watches over us ; comforting
these, providing for those, listening to all, assisting
every one. If sometimes it denies the favour we
implore, it denies but to invite our most earnest
prayers ; or, seeming to deny a blessing, grants one
in that refusal.
" In this conclusion we both agree : and my
* Filif;ii;i.
288 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
principal source of regret is, that the cares of this
life interrupt my meditations on Eternity. If I had
thought so seriously on this subject as I have since
done, I should scarce have ventured again to India ;
for what is life, compared to immortality? Our
separation w^as perhaps necessary for the happi-
ness of both of us. In this light I will ever endea-
vour to view it.
" Since writing the above, I have performed my
usual devotions, and have read the 17th and 18th
Sermons of Jortin, vol. I. The first of the two is
very applicable to the tenour of my present reflec-
tions ; and there is a quotation in it from the
Testament, which, though not applicable, I hope,
to Sir William, puts me in mind of a conversation
that we lately had. He told me the amount of his
fortune, and asked me if it were sufficient to live
comfortably on in England. He visited me one
evening for the express purpose of obtaining my
opinion. Knowing, as I did, his moderation and
economy, I satisfied him that he had an ample
stock : and he had resolved not to stay beyond the
next season, in January. But his soul has been
this day required of him. Of all the taxes to
which mortality is subject, the loss of our friends
is the severest. The greatest affliction I ever ex-
perienced, excepting that of my first separation
from you, was on account of the death of Cleveland.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTIL 289
But its impression was promoted by pre-existing
indisposition ; and I had not then learnt to seek for
consolation in its true sources. For ten days I
scarcely ate or drank ; — for many weeks, could not
stop my sighs."
'^ Mai/ 1. — At my durbar yesterday I had proofs
of the afTection entertained by the natives for Sir
William Jones. The Professors of the Hindu Law,
who were in the habit of attendance upon him,
burst into unrestrained tears when they spoke to
me, and grief clouded many countenances. His
death is really a national loss. I pass his late
residence, the house in which he died, daily, in my
visits to my gardens."
" Maj/. — The Asiatic Society mean to do me
the honour of being their President, in the room of
Sir William Jones. This will occupy but a small
portion of my time, and not unpleasantly."
In his Inaugural Discourse on succeeding to the
Chair of the Asiatic Society, Sir J. Shore bestowed
an eloquent tribute, dictated no less by private
afTection than by public gratitude, on the transcen-
dant merits of his predecessor. In his anipiated
and comprehensive review of Sir W. Jones's literary
VOL. I. u
'290 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
acquirements and social virtues may be traced tlie
original outlines of the portrait which has identified
his own reputation with that of the amiable Friend
and illustrious Scholar whose loss he now mourned.
(See Appendix III.)
Sir J. Shore's correspondence, and the plans
which occupied his attention, indicate his lively
interest in the important subject of converting the
natives of India to Christianity. As yet, no mea-
sures had been adopted for the purpose, in Bengal.
The Rev. David Brown, though inspired by Missio-
nary zeal, had found it necessary to restrict his
pastoral labours to his own European congregation,
deeming the first essential step towards the attain-
ment of ulterior objects — the improvement of the
character, and awakening the Christian charity of
his hitherto-neglected fellow-countrymen : and in
these views he was warmly supported by the exer-
tions and example of the Governor-General. Dr.
Buchanan's ardent spirit and enterprising industry
were soon after enlisted in the cause. But during
the whole period of his Government, Sir J. Shore
could derive practical encouragement respecting
Missionary prospects only from the successful la-
bours, in another part of India, of the apostolic
Swartz, whose character and services, it will be
seen in the sequel, he fully appreciated.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2\)i
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
"May 5, 1794.
" I have at. last gratified your friend Mr. Brown's
impatience, and my own feelings, in the appropria-
tion of a place for Divine Worship in the New
Fort. The Resolutions are not yet public ; but the
arrangement is formed, and the Chief Engineer
preparing his estimate.
"I have often reflected upon a subject which
you, Mr. Wilberforce, and every conscientious man,
must have much at heart — the introduction of
knowledge among the natives of this country, w ith
a view to the dissemination of those principles
which we know and believe to be the foundation
of temporal and eternal welfare ; without being
able to determine on the mode. The difficulties to
be encountered and surmounted are many. Our
countrymen in general are by no means disposed to
assist the plan ; — some, from indiflerence ; others,
from political considerations ; and some, from mo-
tives of infidelity. Some would view the attempts
without concern ; others would ridicule or oppose
them. You want Teachers of a proper character ;
men who, from zeal, would be content to serve God
alone, without coveting Mammon ; who would wish
for no riches but the rewards of piety, and a life
dedicated to the propagation of Trutli. A mixed
character will want that respectability which is of
v2
292 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the utmost importance in giving weight to precept
and instructions. If the attempt were made with
the declared support and authority of Government,
by the aid of misrepresentations it would excite
alarm. I observe also the indisposition towards
the attempt in England, and how much the senti-
ments and propositions of Mr. Wilberforce were
misconstrued. I cannot say all that occurs to me
on this subject ; but, considering all things, and the
necessity of accommodating the plan to the objec-
tions made to it, I think the proposition should be
for the Company to erect Chapels at Patna, Dacca,
and Moorshedabad, and at the Military Stations of
Bishampoor and Bankipoor, for the use and edifica-
tion of Christians; — that the Chaplains should be
appointed at the recommendation of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, with salaries not exceeding 150 Rs.
per month. Upon this foundation, to which no
objection but the expense can be made — and that
ought not to be mentioned — -the plan of instruction
may be raised ; and zeal and moderation in the
Chaplains will ensure success. The natural children
of the soldiers will be the first to receive instruc-
tion : and Government cannot refuse its assistance in
supplying a fund for their preservation and tuition.
I give you loose hints only ; for I have much more
to do and to write than I can well execute."
" I am your affectionate,'' &c.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 2l)*j
TO W. WILREIIFORCE, ESQ.
" DEAR SIR " May 15, 1794.
" With scarce a moment to spare, I cannot deny
myself the satisfaction of acknowledging your
obliging Letter of the 18th of October last. Amongst
the happy days of my life, I reckon those passed in
your society ; and I hope long to feel the influence
of your example and character. On the subject of
your Letter, I have given my sentiments, in a cur-
sory way, to Mr. Grant : my time and health do not
admit of more ; yet the hints are the result of fre-
quent reflection. No man can form a judgment
of the natives of this country, or of the Euro}jeans
here, who has not visited it — an observation neces-
sary to be attended to in reading my suggestions to
Mr. Grant, who, I think, \Yill see the propriety of
them. The Company expect principle and lio-
nesty in their Servants, without endeavouring to
establish the foundation of them. Why do not
they direct Churches to be erected ?
" Infidelity is too prevalent in Bengal ; and I
make it a point, therefore, to avow my ])rinciples ;
which I trust are sufficiently supported by my
practice, in the hopes that my example may have
an eflect upon those who follow example alone :
294 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
nor do I ever withhold advice or encouragement,
when I think it will be beneficial. We want a good
Preacher in Calcutta. A man must have respect for
Religion before he can attend to the sermons of a
, or a . Their expositions of the
Law of Christ, however unexceptionable in matter,
are little calculated to enforce it. I have heard
one of the finest sermons in Jortin delivered in a
manner, by , that I scarce knew it again,
although it was perfectly familiar to me.
"I beg my respects to Mr. Thornton; and am,
with the greatest esteem. Dear Sir,
" Your very obedient humble Servant."
It appears, from a published Letter of the Rev.
David Brown, that Sir J. Shore adopted imme-
diate measures for carrying into effect arrange-
ments for supplying the Military Stations with
Churches and Chaplains ; whilst the opening of
Divine Service in the Fort produced, amongst
other very beneficial results, the greatly-improved
attention of the British to the observance of Public
Worship, and increased regard for the Sacred
Day.*
* See " Memorial Sketches," p. 23.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 21);")
" TO WILLIAM UENSLEV, KSQ.
"my dear sir — "Beniral, May 11, 1791.
" Of all the characters with whom I have been
associated in public business, I never met with a
more agreeable colleague than General Sir Robert
Abercrombie. He is a man of a real good-nature,
easy, affable, and accommodating ; ever ready to
promote, and never disposed to retard, business.
In this and some other respects, from what 1 recol-
lect was said of him in England, his disposition has
been misunderstood. He is certainly anian of the
strictest integrity — incapable of doing any thing
that he conscientiously thought wrong. He is ge-
nerous, hospitable, friendly, and obliging ; with
very little concern as to pecuniary matters. In all
military matters he seems perfectly free from the
little jealousy of etiquette ; and, so far from shewing
any wish^to encroach upon my privileges or autho-
rity, would, 1 believe, himself point out to me that
I am entitled to. I am told he is warm, when
opposed ; but of this 1 have had no experience ;
and I really esteem him. You will be pleased to
learn these sentiments from me.
'' I am, My dear Friend," &c.
296 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO THE SAME.
" DEAR SIR « Bengal, Aug. 16, 1794.
" Five nights out of six I am without sleep ;
and rise in the morning with a languor and debility
which I cannot describe — my body enervated, my
head confused, and all my faculties stupefied. But
business never stops ; and in these circumstances
I am obliged to decide upon points of the greatest
importance, which do not admit of delay. The
Governor-General of India ought to be of a better
temperament : but if, from a sense of disappoint-
ment in my pecuniary expectations, I should sup-
press these circumstances, I should deem myself
unworthy of your friendship ; and of the public
confidence, which has raised me to the honourable
situation which I hold.
" In the common occurrences of the Government
I do not feel much difficulty ; and if I could be
satisfied with a languid discharge of official duty,
I might get through it, perhaps, for two years more.
But to preserve the British Empire in India — to
render improvement progressive — to guard against
events that may shake or disarrange our system —
foresight, deliberation, reflection, and combination,
are necessary ; and in these points I feel the want
of those powers which have yielded to the impres-
sion of the climate. ]\Iy friends sometimes flatter
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 297
me, by saying, * Business is kept up ; and things go
on well.' Nothing, I hope, has occurred of mate-
rial neglect or detriment ; but they do not see or
feel as I do. To do that, they must be in my
situation. A man who holds an office, thinks, if he
receives answers to his public applications, or reso-
lutions upon them, regularly, that all goes well —
judging from the limited occurrences of his own
business only. My views extend further, whilst
I feel the want of powers to embrace the objects
of them.
" For these reasons, if Lord Hobart* should
arrive with a provisional appointment to succeed
me — without some great alteration in my health
which will justify hopes of enjoying a greater
portion of it during the next year — I mean to
embark for England in some of the returning ships
of next season : otherwise, certainly not, unless my
health should prove an absolute disqualification. —
I could not justify myself in leaving the Govern-
ment with my friend Speke ; as he has worse health
than I have.
" I beg my respects to Mr. Routledge ; and am,
"My dear Sir, with real regard," &c. &c.
■* Appointed Governor of Madras, with a provisional succession
to the Governor-Generalship ; afterwards E<irl of Buckingham-
shire, and President of tlic Hoard of Contioul.
29H LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
" DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Aug. 21, 1794.
" I have too much reason to fear that the
Mahrattas and Nizam will go to war : although I
am not without hopes that their contests will be
reconciled without hostilities, by concessions on the
part of the Nizam. There is a strong personal
animosity between his Minister and Balagee Pundit.
The former is vain, presumptuous, fickle, and in-
sincere : the latter, cool, wary, firm, and sensible
of his own superiority both in the cabinet and the
field. I never expected much from our mediation,
which has been interposed ; as the Mahrattas are
well aware of the limitations under which it can
be urged : and if these limitations did not exist, I
should still be disinclined to run the risk of a war
with the Peshwah, for the purpose of supporting
the tottering fabric of the Nizam's Government,
which is ready to fall, from its own weakness. The
Mahratta influence over the Nizam's country is so
incorporated with the internal administration, that
it would require uncommon abilities, energy, and
perseverance, to destroy it ; and, as it exists, the
Nizam can hardly be called an Independent
Prince. The latest communication on this subject
accompanies my Address to the Court of Directors.
" I have the honour to be," Sic. &:c.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 299
MARQUIS CORNWALLIS TO SIR J. SHORE.
DEAR SIR "London, April 17, 1791.
" This country is far from enjoying the tranquil
state which now happily pervades all our Asiatic
dominions. It is very difficult to make war, at
least upon the Continent, with any prospect of
success ; but it is impossible to make peace, without
fraternizing with the gang of murderers on the
other side of the water, and following their bloody
example. Three powerful factions have been guil-
lotined within these last three months — those of
Brissot, Heber, and Danton. The rage for blood,
however, seems insatiable ; and the people see that
of their former demagogues flow with as much
pleasure, as they did that of the Royalists.
" If Robespierre possessed the power and tempo-
rary inclination to make peace, and to suffer the
other nations of Europe to live quietly under the
Governments of their own choice, his life could
hardly be expected to last another month ; and,
indeed, it is astonishing, considering the prodigious
number that he has put to death, that it has conti-
nued so long. ]\Iy wish would lead me to retire
quietly into Suffolk : but this is not a time for a
man who really loves his country to indulge selfish
inclinations ; and I am afraid that I shall bo
300 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
compelled to take the field, under much less pro-
mising auspices than I did in 1791.
" Lord Hobart goes out, I sincerely believe, with
the best intentions : and I assured him that you
would be disposed to give him any information in
your power, whenever he had occasion to apply.
"I am, dear Sir,
" Your most obedient and faithful Servant,
" CORNWALLIS."
u
THE SAME TO THE SAME.
DEAR SIR — " Brome, September 7, 1794.
" The French, although they have neither secu-
rity of person or property — although the streets
of Paris and all their principal towns are daily
streaming with blood — and their Government, if
such it can be called, is the most tyrannical and
cruel that ever existed — still carry on the war with
a vigour and energy that is scarcely to be conceived :
and when one set of butchers are themselves
slaughtered at Paris, the Army pays the same de-
ference to their murderers as they had before done
to the villains whose heads they had cut off. Our
success, however, has been almost complete every-
where, except on the Continent, where nothing but
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 301
disgrace has attended us : but I think our misfor-
tunes have been more owing to the incapacity and
misconduct of our Leaders than to any peculiar
merit or good behaviour of the enemy. How we
are to get out of the war, and what effect the conti-
nuance of it, and the consequent increase of taxes,
may have upon the temper of this country, it is
difficult to foresee ; but the present opposition in
both Houses is truly contemptible, both as to num-
ber and character ; and I believe I may safely say
that nine-tenths of the nation at large are most
heartily disposed to support the British Con-
stitution.
" Mr. Dundas just mentioned to me, on my ar-
rival in England, his intention that Duncan should
be Governor of Bombay : and you will easily con-
ceive, that, knowing, as I did, the importance of a
good Government in our new acquisitions on the
Malabar coast, I warmly encouraged and cultivated
this favourable disposition in the Board of Con-
troul. A party, however, in the Court of Directors
have hitherto contrived to defeat Mr. Dundas's plan ;
wishing, I suppose, to get a Governor who would
be more attentive to their private recommendations
and jobs than to the measures that would be most
likely to promote and secure the happiness of
the inhabitants, and the permanent interests of
the Company and of Great Britain. Mr. Dundas
302 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
declares, that if any person should be appointed (for
they talked of Seton), he will positively recall him :
so that I suppose, in the end, Duncan will prevail.
" I am well aware of the importance of paying
immediate attention to the Military Establishment
of India. I believe I before told you, that I had
collected all the information I could on the subject,
previous to my departure from India. On my
passage home, I drew out a plan for new-modelling
the Indian army ; which is to be brought forward
as soon as Parliament meets ; and which will, I
trust, prove advantageous to the public service,
and give as general satisfaction to the Officers as
can be expected from a measure of that kind, where
so many different interests are concerned.
" I hope this Letter will find Lady Shore and
yourself in perfect health ; and am, with great
truth, most sincerely yours,
" CORNWALLTS."
Towards the close of 1794, Sir John Shore was
engaged in a brief but bloody sequel to that me-
morable Rohilla War, in the conduct of which
Mr. Hastings had borne a principal and much-
censured part. At the former of these periods,
the Rohillas, a tribe of Afghans, who had taken
possession of the fertile plains on the left bank of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 303
the Ganges, contiguous to Oude, had been exter-
minated, or expelled from their lands, with the
exception of the district of Rampoor. This tract
of country had been reserved to a Chief named
Fyzoollah Khan, who had, by good management,
much increased its culture and wealth. The Bri-
tish Government, on his death, confirmed the suc-
cession to his son, Mahommed Ali ; rejecting, on
just grounds, the Vizier of Oude ; who would have
been otherwise entitled, by the laws of Hindostan,
to claim the resumption of the territories {Jaghire)
assigned to the Rohilla Chief. But the equitable
decision of the Government was frustrated by an
event not uncommon in Eastern History — the
murder of Mahommed Ali, by his younger brother,
Gholam Mahommed. The usurper mustered the
Rohilla Chiefs in support of his pretensions, gave
battle to the British forces led by the Commander-
in-Chief, and was not defeated till after temporary
advantage had been gained by his fierce followers,
exasperated by the recollection of former severity.
The Jaghirdar was transferred by Sir R. Abei*-
crombie to the next of kin to the murdered youth.
" The Governor-General was dissatisfied in part
with the course pursued in this affair by the Com-
mander-in-Chief; though he com])limented him,
in the following terms, on his gallantry and mo-
deration : —
304 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
[secret,!
"to general sir ROBERT ABERCROMBIE, K.B.
" MY DEAR SIR " Calcutta, Nov. 6, 1791.
" I have this moment received your Express,
announcing your victory over the infatuated Rohil-
las, and their desperate chief, Golam Mahommed
Khan ; and I lose not a moment in ofFering you my
sincere congratulations on your brilliant success.
The moderation and humanity of your conduct
preceding the action add greatly to the honour
which you have acquired by it : and I have only to
join with you in regretting the loss of so many
valuable and respectable lives. I shall be happy
to learn that the submission of the Rohillas renders
unnecessary any further exertion of that bravery
which has ever distinguished the Officers and
troops of our armies in India.
" By some accident, a sheet of your Letter was
omitted. You will receive a Public Answer with-
out delay. The valour of the Rohillas seems to
have exceeded every thing but that of our own
troops ; — that is, indeed, beyond all commendation !
" I have the honour to be," &c. &c.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 30.J
" TO THE SAME.
SIR — "Novembers, 1794.
" The Rohillas are a desperate, proud, vindic-
tive, treacherous people ; and while Golam Mahom-
med can make head, he will find new accession of
followers. This, at least, is what I think possible ;
and certainly to be guarded against.
" You are in a situation to form a better judg-
ment than I can, on reflecting upon our Resolutions.
I have not a doubt of the propriety of them : there
never was a clearer case, in my opinion, nor one
that called more for the just exertions of the Com-
pany's arms ; and all my regret arises from the
unhappy but unavoidable accidents of warfare, as
affecting individuals. To have compromised with
an usurper and assassin would have reflected inde-
lible disgrace on the British Nation. We have
espoused the cause of honour, justice, and integrity,
on the fairest and most liberal principles, without
any motives of interest, but those of self-defence.
I fear no responsibility when I am sure of my prin-
ciples, as in the present case. Indeed, no man
doubts the propriety of our Resolutions.
"" Considering Golam INIaliommed as an usurper
and assassin, we may, perhaj)s, have been too
moderate. This I do not regret, as it proves our
VOL. 1. X
300 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
humanity. He himself proposes submission and
allegiance at the moment he comes to fight us.
I lament the necessity which compelled us to go to
war with him : but what would the consequences
have been, if he had been allowed to gain strength ?
" This, I think, will be a proper time for endea-
vouring to make the Vizier put his army on a better
footing ; and you will oblige me by considering in
w^hat mode this might be done, and favour me, at
leisure, with your sentiments upon it. But the
immediate object is, to crush the rebel, and to
provide for any apprehended contingencies.
The Governor-General disapproved, but even-
tually sanctioned, the arrangement adopted by the
Commander-in-chief. He blamed the unjustifiable
leniency exhibited by the latter, in admitting
Gholam Mahommed, a fratricide and usurper, to
terms — coupled with a promise of pardon, personal
security, and a provision; and in entering into a
treaty with part of his forces before they had laid
down their arms : and also his mistake, in granting
the succession to the infant son of Mahommed Ali,
contrary to the determination of the Government,
which was to deprive the family of Fyzoollah Khan
of the Jaghirdar, in consequence of the universal
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 307
participation of the Rohilla Chief in the rebellion.
This decision had been adopted after the battle*.
TO GENERAL SIR ROBERT ABERCROMBIE.
"January 5, 1795.
" I have already explained to you, in part, the
embarrassment which we suffered from the dilemma
* Sir J. Malcolm (Hist. I. 167), and Mr. Mill, adoptinp; his
mistake, have both erroneously stated the period at which the
Governor-General resolved to deprive Fyzoollah Khan's family of
the Jaghirdar. Mr. Mill thus grounds on his hypothesis a direct
charge of injustice: — "It was the purpose of the Governor-
General to wrest the country entirely from the family of Fyzoollah
Khan, notwithstanding the right of the son of Mahommed Ali
guaranteed by the British Government," &c. (Hist. VI. 40.) Sir
J. Shore's version of the transaction being different (Letter to the
Court of Directors, Dec. 31, 179 1) : — " To this period, the Honoura-
ble Court will observe the uniform consistency of our Resolutions,
that the Jaghire, notwithstiinding the guilt of Gholam Mahommed
Khan, should be conferred upon some other of the family : it was
subsequent to the iiews of the engagement that an alteration took
place in them. By supporting the cause of murder and usur-
pation, the Rohilla Chiefs had forfeited all claims to indulgence ;
and their aims and exertions in favour of Gholam IVIalioinmed
proved the necessity of restraining their means and capacity
for endangering the safety of the territories of your ally, the Vizier.
Upon these considerations I proposed the entire resumption of the
Jaghire, under such limitiitions and modifications as justice or
humanity suggested."
X 2
308 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
in which we were placed by the discordance of
your Resolutions with ours.
" The substance of what 1 have said may be
reduced to a few lines — that I think the reception
of Golam Mahommed, a proclaimed fratricide and
usurper, fundamentally wrong ; and more so, from
the mode of his reception. Your forbearance, in
not attacking the Rohillas afterwards, was right, as
it would have exposed us to a charge of treachery
and inhumanity ; but that the forbearance, from its
protraction, became liable to danger, and, as such,
could not be longer justified. It was certainly my
wish to avoid recording the sentiments here stated ;
and our inductions and opinions were dictated by
the wish, and a desire at the same time, to avoid
giving a direct sanction to what we could not
approve. I should have been happy if we could
have effected this in a mode which would have
given you less concern. We have, however, ex-
plained your forbearance on justifiable principles,
and have said sufficient in favour of the succession."
" TO THE SAME.
"January 29, 1795.
"Whatever difference of opinion may exist
between us, as to the means of attaining our object,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 309
none can ever arise as to the object itself; and
I trust it is unnecessary to assure you that no man
living can entertain a higher sense of the irre-
proachable honour and integrity of your public and
private character than I do, or of your zeal to pro-
mote the public good."
At the close of this year, Sir J. Shore enjoyed
the happiness of receiving Lady Shore and his
daughter in safety. And he had also the grati-
fication of hearing of the final appointment of Lord
Hobart to the Government of Madras, coupled
with the provisional succession to the Supreme
Government ; which would relieve his mind from
anxiety, should his own resignation be rendered
necessary by the state of his health.
" TO WILLIAM BENSLEY, ESQ.
MY DEAR FRIEND — " Bengal, December 1794.
"I really have had a great deal to do. The
Political Department of Government, which is
almost exclusively conducted by me, as far as the
executive detail is concerned, daily augments in
quantum and importance.
" But what has occupied so lai-ge a portion of
310 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
my time, is, giving currency to the Regulations of
my predecessor, and stability to the arrangements
formed by him. I am happy to reflect that my
attention to these points has not been unsuccessful,
and that his plans are fairly and usefully admini-
stered. He advanced with a confidence which I
should have wanted ; but he advanced wisely.
With a little more previous preparation, the execu-
tion of his arrangement would have been easier:
but that difficulty is now surmounted, and the Ju-
dicial System proceeds well. People who reason
from former practice and experience only, rather
than from principles, have objected to his arrange-
ments ; but the principles are just ; and although
the practice was not familiar to the natives, they
have accommodated themselves to it. But we are
to remember, that the race which existed when we
acquired the government of the country have
nearly died away, and that the new generation
will adopt the practices and principles of Admi-
nistration and grow familiar to them. Two objec-
tions of importance only occur to the arrangements —
the additional business imposed upon the Supreme
Authority, and the difficulty of finding a sufficient
number of able Officers for the execution of them.
There are others of a trifling nature, which we
correct in our progress : and, upon the whole, I am
satisfied that his Lordship's plan was solid, wise.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 311
and has proved beneficial to the country. The
people in general enjoy a security of property which
they never ])ossessed, and the country is flourisliing
and improving. The finances of the country will
suffer no dilapidations ; and the regularity of system
has superseded the exercise of discretional authority.
Some arrangement will be necessary respecting the
Supreme Court of Judicature ; and upon this subject
I hope to submit a Report and Propositions to the
Court of Directors, by the ships of this season."
" I am, My dear Friend," &c. &c.
"to sir f. baring.
" MY DEAR SIR — "January 1st, 1795.
" I see, with a concern I cannot express, the
probable duration of war : and if the French should
be able to resist the combination against them, I
fear that peace must be made on bad terms. The
most gloomy apjjrehensions, and more than I am
able to state, often occur to me. Is the zeal in
England stimulated by the barbarities in France,
or by conviction of the blessings of our own Consti-
tution ? In one case, it is liable to be shaken by
a thousand accidents, and must necessarily grow
cold : in the other, with prudence, it may hold out.
Yet it appears to me that the Constitution of Eng-
gland was something like mine before Lady Shore's
312 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
arrival, under the pressure of a constant weight ;
which, though it might not always be felt, never
ceased its operation. I dread the activity of the
discontented and the After all,
experience, reflection, history, and observation, all
conspire to augment my veneration and regard for
a Constitution, under which I can think, live, and
act as I please, whilst I offend not the laws or
others. My property is safe, and my person se-
cure ; and sooner than run the risk of a subversion
of this system, I would willingly and cheerfully
contribute half my fortune to general relief, by the
payment of a proportion of the grand incumbrance
— the National Debt. The evils complained of, if
duly traced, will be found to result from the excel-
lence of our Constitution. To that, the opulence
of the country is owing ; and opulence has brought
her usual train of evils — dissipation, extravagance,
and dependence, and a want of public virtue. Our
defectsjire in our morals, not in our la\vs. Mind the
former ; and the latter will be found sufficient for
public and private happiness. You will excuse the
rapidity of these reflections, which I could amplify.
" As the Governor of a great Country and popu-
lous Settlement, J..Jlfild»Ji_a_pmiciple to set an
example of Morality and Religion. To the latter,
I am attached by princrpleT arid" conviction ; and if
my conduct or conversation should save one man
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 313
from vice, I shall hold myself well rewarded. It
is an old maxim, that ' Laws withoivt. morals are
of_no_a\ml-' I do not, however, pretend to the
systematic propriety of conduct which my friend
Charles Grant possesses.
" I have written to my friends Bensley and Inglis ;
and with my best wishes to Lady Baring,
" I remain, My dear Sir," &c. &c.
" TO CHAULES GRANT, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, March 7, 1795.
" Your reflections on the state of Public Affairs
are too interesting to me not to merit my attention
and best thanks. I own that I am sometimes
tempted to look wdth an eye of despondency to-
wards Europe. The sense of danger is fortunately
alarmed ; and prudence, under Providence, may
save my country from dangers which cannot be
apprehended without melancholy. But, without
an alteration in morals and manners, the day of
reckoning will be inevitable, whether or not in
my time. Whilst we start with horror from the
miseries which destroy the vitals of France, w'e
ought to search well into the causes of them, and
probe ourselves, to see whether they exist in any,
and in what degree, among ourselves. If the con-
duct of the Nobility in that distracted nation had
314 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
not thrown down the barrier of respect with which
they were regarded — ^if they had not restrained the
powers of benevolence by profusion, and lost the
public esteem by levity and dissipation — if they
had not made the inequality of fortune more grating
j by the abuse of opulence and power — and if the
/ Clergy had not exposed themselves to ridicule, by
V their folly, their ignorance, and their immorality —
we should never have seen that subversion of
society which has taken place. Some alteration in
the Constitution of France might have happened,
but it would not have proceeded to the lengths of
desolation and extermination. I know that in
England things are very different ; that the Law
is the measure of Authority, and that the law is
equal ; that the Clergy are better informed, and
their flocks better instructed ; that the principles
of Religion, however adopted, are generally known
among us ; that the feudal authority of the Nobility
in France is not known among us; that there is
a due gradation in the ranks of society which
connects the extremes, without exhibiting them in
perpetual contrast ; that the middle order of society
in England is respectable ; and that property is
more equally diffused than it was in France. Every
man who reflects must, moreover, see that the
opulence of the kingdom is the result of that liberty
and security which the Constitution affords us ; and
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 315
all history shews us that the sum of happiness is as
great in England as in any country in the world.
But whilst we feel the value of our Constitution —
whilst we regard it as a citadel which ought not
to be surrendered — whilst we have life to defend
it — let us be careful to strengthen the defences
which surround it, by amending ourselves. Let.
thos e^ whom situati QPj '^W^, «^^ fortnnftj have
exalted tojbe^examples to the community, exhibit
proper examples — let them shew their respect for
R eligion and ^M orality by their attention to the
duties aiidL4)jractice of botli — let them cultivate
the public esteem by the decency and propriety of
their conduct, and conciliate affection by benevo-
lence. Instead of proposing innovations in the
Constitution, which may degrade them to the
lowest condition, let them study to improve them-
selves. It is an old observation, that ^ Laws without
Morals are of little avail.' The importance of the
personal conduct of individuals to the security of
the Constitution is much greater than people in
general are aware of ; and the influence of virtue is
the best possible restraint upon the disorders of
society. A general good example will do more to
check that licentiousness, which is the source of
discontent and disorder, than all the penalties of
law. Virtue and true Religion have a native dig-
nity, which imposes awe while it attracts love.
316 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" I rejoice from my heart at the confidence which
the people have in our present Ministry ; — their
conduct entitles them to it. But I should be happy
to find that a sense of national danger produced in
the community what apprehension does in the in-
dividual — a sense of Religion.
" I am your affectionate.'
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 317
CHAPTER XL
OBSERVANCE OF STATUTARY RESTRICTIONS IN POLICY TOWARD THE
NATIVE STATES ASSISTANCE REFISED TO THE NIZAM STATE OF
THE ARMY DISCONTENTS, AND REGLLATIONS CONTROVERSIES
WITH THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT RESPECTING THE CARNATIC AND
TANJORE.
The firmness of Sir J. Shore's determination, in
conformity to Legislative Restrictions and his own
mature judgment, to abstain, except defensively,
from interference with the domestic or international
affairs of the Indian States was put to the test on
some important occasions. The year 1794, distin-
guished by the deaths of several Native Potentates,
might have been regarded fortunate by our Rulers
at an earlier period of Indian history. But Nabob-
making, as the Governor-General observes, had
ceased to be a profitable trade. He had no dispo-
sition to turn it to private account ; nor did he
deem it desirable, on public grounds.
Amongst the Sovereigns who vanished from the
political stage about this time, was the celebrated
Mahratta Chieftain, Mahdajee Sindiah, who had
availed himself of the ascendancy ho had acquired
318 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
over the various branches of the powerful Confede-
racy of which he was a member, to subjugate the
neighbouring provinces — to extend his conquests to
Delhi, and dethrone the Mogul, and to imprison him
in his own ancient capital. Sir J. Shore assigns, in
his Minute of April 7, 1794, his reasons for resist-
ing the inducements, not unimportant, which might
have tempted a more vacillating or ambitious
mind to interpose in regulating the succession.
And he was enabled, at the close of 1796, whilst
taking a retrospective view of his measures, to
observe, in addressing the Court of Directors, " that
the result of his policy had been most satisfactory ;
that forbearance had effected more than intrigues
and negociations, by which he could easily have
shaken the Mahratta Empire to its foundations.
In the moderation, justice, and good
faith of our conduct at all times, and in transac-
tions with our Allies and those who are dependent
upon the Company for protection, the true prin-
ciples of general precaution and counteraction must
be found ; and we adopt them no less from convic-
tion than authority, as the wisest and safest, and
indeed only true policy."
But the question of interference had been em-
barrassed by circumstances of greater anxiety and
perplexity, on the occurrence of another event. As
Sir J. Shore's decision in this case involved what
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 310
might be considered, on the first view, too rigorous
an application of his principle, and has been espe-
cially condemned by the impngners of the policy
prescribed to him by the Legislature — and con-
scientiously, as they acknowledge, adhered to by
himself — it is due to his reputation to state the
reasons on which it was grounded, and to test their
soundness by the result.
The British Government formed, in 1790, a Tri-
partite Treaty with the Mahrattas and the Nizam ;
stipulating, that in the event of Tippoo attacking
either of the three contracting parties, the other
two should exert their utmost efforts to repel the
aggression, if satisfied of its injustice. Hostilities
subsequently arose between the Nizam and the
Mahrattas, originating in the wanton provocation
foolishly offered by the former to his more power-
ful neighbours ; and Tippoo manifested a design of
assisting the Mahrattas. The Governor-General
found it necessary to decide whether such a com-
bination would oblige him to support the Nizam.
In his Minute of Feb. 18, 1795, he fully discusses the
question, and, on the grounds both of justice and
expediency, determines it in the negative.
In reference to the first point, he maintains that
the treaty, being tripartite, was binding only on
the contracting Powers so long as peace subsisted
amongst them — that it could never have been
820 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
designed to preclude either of the contracting
parties from entering into alliance with Tippoo for
the purpose of self-defence — that, should a union
with that Prince, from ambitious motives, or with
a view to offensive projects, be deemed an infrac-
tion of the treaty, the responsibility rested in the
present instance solely on the Nizam, who had
been the aggressor — that the British Government,
if under obligations to assist the Nizam against
Tippoo, would be equally bound to support the
Mahrattas in their contest with the Nizam — that
the Nizam's expectations of British aid would not
constitute a claim to it, unless well founded — and,
that the alleged grounds of it, an unguarded ex-
pression of a Resident, and the disposition mani-
fested by Lord Cornwallis, as indicated by his
abortive efforts to render the conditions of the
tripartite treaty more stringent, viz. by stipulations
binding each of the contracting Powers to interpose
its good offices in the event of differences arising
between the other two, were wholly illusory.
Viewing the question in the light of expediency.
Sir J. Shore expresses his apprehensions lest his
support of the Nizam should expose the British
Government to the combined hostility of the Mah-
rattas and Tippoo ; whilst he anticijjated no danger
from the union of these Powers against the Nizam,
inasmuch as, although it might accelerate the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 321
fall of that Prince, already sinking through mis-
government, it would be dissolved by the dissen-
sions which doubtless would result from success : —
that the wisest policy of the British Government
would be, to deter aggression by consolidating and
augmenting its military force ; — and that the habi-
tual consistency of its conduct would eventually
re-establish its reputation, even though it might be
temporarily and undeservedly impaired by leaving
the Nizam to his fate.
After speculating on the various contingencies
which might arise from the movements of the
Native States, he maintains that treaties might be
framed when required. And he finally submits to
the arbitration of the Court of Directors the im-
portant question, suggested by a consideration of
the embarrassment which the Statutary limitations
might possibly occasion, — Whether the Indian Go-
vernment might not be justified in defending,
without any view to conquest, one State against
another, even when not required to do so by
treaty ? — and, Whether, in order to facilitate that
prompt and effectual chastisement of aggression
in which its best security consisted, it might not be
released from the prohibition against entering into
a treaty till after the commencement of hostilities
— an enactment calculated to tie its hands on an
unforeseen emergency?
VOL. T. Y
322 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO MARQUIS CORNWALLIS.
MY LORD — " March 8, 1795.
" Hostilities between the Nizam and the Mah-
rattas now appear inevitable ; and I have entered
into a long discussion of the probable consequences
of the event ; and of a question which may even-
tually arise; Whether we are by treaty bound to
defend the Nizam, if Tippoo should attack him
whilst engaged in hostilities with the Mahrattas,
either as their ally or independently of him ? — My
opinion is in the negative : but as I am certain you
will, in the first instance, be inclined to support the
Nizam, I must refer you to my Minute at full, for
an explanation of the reasons which have influenced
my decision. It is highly proper that a decision
be passed upon them at Home ; — not because I
think the question will come before us at present,
but as possible to arise hereafter.
" There is an argument which I have not stated
— our means for carrying on a war with Tippoo
and the Mahrattas ; in which I include the abilities
of him who must conduct the war, as well as our
resources in men and money. Sir Robert Aber-
crombie is a man of most irreproachable honour
and integrity, anxious for the public good, and
zealous to promote it. As a man, I really esteem
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 323
him : but then a question arises, involving the
safety of India. I am bound by duty to consider
no qualifications but those which are indispensably
wanted at the time. You know, better than I do,
whether he possesses them.
" I have the honour to be," &c. &c.
The transition from the important transactions
just considered, to topics suggested by a Public-
School Education, is somewhat abrupt : but as the
question is important, the writer's strictures on the
subject must not be omitted. It appears, from the
following Letter, that his agreeable recollections of
Harrow had been in some degree overruled by
maturer reflection. Yet it must be in fairness
stated, in proof of the subsequent modification of
the opinions he now expressed, that a residence at
Harrow, nearly twenty years after, so far rekindled
the flame of his youthful attachment to a Seminary
from which he himself, notwithstanding the acknow-
ledged defects of its system of instruction, had
derived so much profit, that he placed two of his
sons there.
y2
324 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
" TO H. J. CHANDLER, ESQ.
MY DEAR CHANDLER "March 8,1795.
" There is something so intolerably blackguard
in punishing a youth with flagellation, that I am
not surprised that a boy of sixteen should refuse
to submit to it. Our system of Education in the
Public Schools I also think very bad ; and I should
be lothe to send a son there, whilst I had the
means of private tuition. You will, of course, con-
clude that I concur in the propriety of your deter-
mination respecting your own boy. But what do
you propose for him ultimately ? Not, I trust, to
suffer him to live in idleness, as your heir and
successor. Our minds — and, above all, young minds
— must have some occupation, or they become
inert or vicious. A parent, in my opinion, better
provides for the happiness of his children by bind-
ing them to some mechanical profession, than by
suffering them to drawl on in indolence.
" I shall now write to you about myself. — I am
as happy as ever I expect to be in this world. My
conscience is easy, my health is good ; and I have
the society of a wife whom I love, and by whom I
am loved. My fortune is increasing
" Under these circumstances, I must be a most
discontented dog not to be content ; considering.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 3'2d
also, that I have here a society which I like, and
friends in abundance whoni I esteem. In truth,
I am happy : for the little irritabilities arising from
an anxiety for the success of my Administration, or
for my reputation, are too trifling to have weight
against the general tenour of my feelings. My col-
leagues are honest men, of sound principles ; and I
enjoy their confidence and support. Peter Speke
is the same man you ever knew him ; — and this
answers your question as to his fortune. The dog
riots in benevolence ; forgetting that justice should
precede generosity ; and the old proverb, that
' Charity begins at home.'
" Last year I had a bitter time of it — struggling
from one disorder to another, without ever reco-
vering from any. The absence of my wife imposed
a load upon my spirits which I was not sensible of,
but which never ceased to be felt. Dull, gloomy,
solitary evenings — nothing roused me ; and nothing
but the details of my public duty interested me.
Sleepless nights, with scarcely an exception ; — and,
in short, if my wife had not come out, I should have
returned home, or dwalled into idiotism. The
scene is changed : and I beg you to observe, Mr.
Negative Positive, that 1 thank God for the bless-
ings which He has given me, and pray for a grate-
ful heart for them. You will not suspect me of
hypocrisy, when I assure you that Religion is with
326 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
me not merely a feeling, but the result of reflection ;
and that I sincerely hope, that as I advance in
years I may improve in piety ; for I can truly say
that it has afforded me, not only consolation, but
cheerfulness and serenity. You have long had my
affection : you have now my heart open to you :
and professing to love you, I cannot but wish you
to possess every source of enjoyment which I have.
— Nothing but fatigue would make me conclude so
soon, with the old but true assurance that
"I am,"&c. &c.
In a Letter to another friend. Sir J. Shore writes
to the same effect on the Public-School Education : —
" You have done wisely in taking your boys from
Eton ; where they may learn Latin and Greek, and,
without more prudence than can be expected in
young minds, will certainly learn dissipation and
extravagance."
It is not improbable that his own judgment had
been confirmed by the unfavourable impression
which the mind of Sir W. Jones had received, and
perhaps imparted to his future Biographer, from
the ill-treatment he had experienced at Harrow ;
the circumstances of M^hich are detailed in the
" Memoir of his Life," suggesting to its author
reflections in unison with those already cited : —
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 327
" It is a material and perhaps unavoidable defect
in the system of education at Public Schools, that
the necessity of regulating instruction by general
rules must often preclude that attention to the tem-
pers and capacities of individuals by which their
attainments might be promoted."
" TO JOHN BLACKBURN, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, May 12, 1795.
" The prospect of affairs in Europe is by no
means flattering ; and I much doubt if the change of
men in France, and the renunciation of the diabolical
princijjles of Robespierre's gang, will occasion any
favourable alteration to us. It is, I think, proved,
that the accumulated power of the nations at war
with the French cannot subdue them; and the
danger is, that the Allies will be disunited, and
England perhaps left to bear the effects of French
revenge. There was a time when my country
stood alone against all Europe ; and the British
energy of character is never so displayed as amidst
dangers and distress. If the French should persist
in hostilities against England, they will, I trust, find,
that though we may be unequal to the conquest of
France, we can defend ourselves.
"In India, all is prosperous. Our trade, our
328 LIFE OF LORI> TEIGNMOUTH.
finances, our politics, all go on well. The popula-
tion and cultivation of the country improve : and
if it please Providence to grant me health, and to
withhold its more awful visitations, I have a con-
fidence that I shall leave this country in a state
of prosperity equal to that in which it devolved
upon me.
" Your affectionate humble Servant."
" By the prosperity of the country," observes Sir
J. Shore, in a Letter to Mr. Inglis, " I do not mean
the realisation of the Public Revenues — which may,
however, be taken as a proof of it ; but the happi-
ness of the people at large, as resulting from the
security which they possess under our Government,
and from which we see an increase of population
and industry. From Suez to the borders of China
there is not a nation happier than those which enjoy
the protection of the Company.
"In England, you are too apt to consider the
British Authority in India as a mere Dependency,
and not as a Sovereignty — which, in fact, it is. You
consider the obligations of our situation only, and
not the relations which the other has. But if we
are subordinate to the Government of England, and
to the Constituted Authorities under which we are
immediately to act, we must never for a moment
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 329
lose sight of the relation in which we are placed
here ; nor forget our duties as Sovereigns over the
British Possessions in India, from the sense of our
subordination to our Superiors in England.
"When you were in Bengal, the business was
transacted between the hours of nine and two. At
present, the interval of occupation, in ahnost every
department, is between seven and four ; and I doubt
if there is more regularity in any Government in
the world : and I will venture to say there is as
little peculation, or sinister emoluments. In this
respect, the reform is not only considerable, but
visible. Our present system is an effectual war to
those intrigues which affected the Commerce, the
Revenues, and every branch of the Public Admini-
stration. A dishonest Government, however, in one
year might undo the labours of the last eight years."
In another Letter, Sir J. Shore thus expresses
his sense of the weighty responsibility attached to
his station : —
" When I consider myself the Ruler of twenty-five
millions of people — the controller of events which
330 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
involve the interests of my own Nation as of the
Subjects of this Government — I tremble at the great-
ness of the charge. I want, and hope I ever shall
want, the callous insensibility of those politicians,
who can distinguish between public and private
hapi^iness, and care not who are miserable, if their
plan succeeds. I consider every native of India,
whatever his situation may be, as having a claim
upon me ; and that I have not a right to dedicate
an hour to amusement further than as it is con-
ducive to health, and so far to the despatch of
business. I look forward to the time when I must
render an account of my commissions, as well as
omissions.
" TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
" DEAR SIR « May 12, 1795.
" My last address was dated the 7th of March.
The war between the Mahrattas and the Nizam is
now terminated to the irretrievable disgrace of the
latter. The army, in numbers and discipline, was
equal to that of the Peshwah ; and if he had consigned
the disposition of it to Monsieur Raymond, I doubt
not that he would have proved victorious, and mo-
deration might have insured an honourable accom-
modation. The action was a mere skirmish ; and
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 331
although the troops on both sides amounted to
150,000 men, not 200 perished. In a protracted war,
the Mahrattas must have succeeded. I have already
anticipated, in a Minute of the 18th January, many
reflections suggested by this unfortunate event ;
which has not only added to the positive strength
of the Mahrattas by an accession of territory and
reputation, but has, I fear, placed the Nizam ab-
solutely under their controul. To foresee and cal-
culate the consequences of the present situation of
Affairs my attention is continually directed. The
Nizam has dismissed our battalions*. They were
employed in a disgraceful and delicate service ; and
I should have seen their removal with satisfaction,
if I had not been obliged to attribute it to the
influence of the Mahrattas.
* These battalions, which it might be supposed were available
to the Nizam for the protection of his territories from foreign
invasion, were precluded — as it is stated by Lord Comwallis, in his
Letter (in 17b9) to the Nizam — from being employed against the
Peshwa, Sindiah (or his successor) the Berar Rajah or Tippoo, or
the Mahrattas of any tribe : and the Nizam made use of them as
a sort of police, to enforce, in support of his oppressive misgovern-
ment, the payment of his revenues from his refnictory Zemindars
and Polygars. Sir J. Shore had directed the President at Hy-
drabad to impress on the Nizam his sentiments on the disgraceful
nature of the duty allotted to them ; and to which he was bound,
by the terms of the original engagement, to submit, if the Nizam
persisted. (Correspondence.)
332 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
'^The disorders in Oude are so serious, that
I fear the necessity of repairing there myself, to
restore them if possible. The dominions of Asoph
ud-Doulah are in the precise situation to tempt
an invasion. Disaffection and anarchy prevail
throughout; and nothing but the presence of our
two brigades prevents insurrection. The Nabob is
in a state of bankruptcy, without a sense of his
danger, and without a wish to guard against it.
The indolence and dissipation of his character are
too confirmed to allow the expectation of any refor-
mation on his part ; and this consideration, with
which a regard for my own reputation is connected,
makes me hesitate ; as I certainly could not find
time to do more than arrange a plan of reform, the
execution of which must be left to others. But
my determination will ultimately be guided by a
sense of duty in this respect, as in all others ; with
no regard for personal consequences, further than
as they are important to the prosperity of the Com-
pany's Affairs.
" I have the honour to be," &c.
In the preceding Letter, Sir J. Shore alludes to
a topic which long occupied the attention of the
Government, both in India and at Home — the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 333
practice, adopted by some of the Native Powers, of
assigning the command of a part of their forces to
French officers. ]\I. Raymond was thus employed
by the Nizam ; and afterwards availed himself of
the opportunities within his reach of intriguing
with Tippoo. Duboigne and his officers, who were
in Sindiah's service, were happily more favourably
inclined to the British than to the French cause,
and were indeed balanced by an equivalent of
British*.
A Letter from Sir J. Shore to Lord Hobart
(June 3) contains the following reflection on this
subject : —
" Enclosed you will receive the copy of a Pri-
vate Letter from Captain Kirkpatrick to me, on a
subject of much importance. The encouragement
given by the Native Powers to Europeans threatens
much future danger to the interests of this nation,
in India. It is true that the Native Sirdars look
upon them with a jealous eye ; that their situation
is hazardous ; and that they cannot establish disci-
pline amongst the troops under their command,
in the perfection which ours have attained : but
under all these disqualifications, considering the
* Correspondence, and Marquis Wellcsley's Desputrhes.
334 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
numerical disparity of our troops with the armies
which the Princes of India can assemble, I consider
the innovation in the politics of Hindostan as an
evil of the first magnitude. Our dominion in India
has been established, and is maintained, by the
natives themselves. I hope it will not be overturned
by Europeans. An ambitious man of great abilities,
entrusted with the power of the Mahratta States,
might do a great deal towards it."
Shortly afterwards, Raymond's force having occu-
pied a suspicious position on the British frontier,
the Governor-General compelled the Nizam to
withdraw it: and he endeavoured "to direct the
machine which he could not stop," by encou-
raging the Nizam to substitute British for French
officers, in the disciplining and commanding his
army. But this plan only partially succeeded ; and
was ultimately abandoned.
A Letter, though its interest is merely local,
may be introduced, as proving that Sir J. Shore
never suffered the suggestions of private friend-
ship to restrain him in the discharge of public
duty.
DEAR
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. ^335
"July 28, 1795.
" The complaints which are made to us, from
all quarters, of the inefBcieiit controul over the
Police of Moorshedabad obliges me reluctantly to
write to you on the subject. A formal representa-
tion has lately been preferred : and the explana-
tions given, in consequence of an inquiry by the
Subscribers, if true, exhibit such a scene of inse-
curity and disorder, as is highly disgraceful to the
Government — That the shops and houses are shut
up at dark ; that the people are obliged to assemble
in bodies, for their mutual protection in going to
their houses ; and that incessant alarms prevail — in
short, that every family lives in trepidation, and
that murders and robberies are perpetual.
" This representation is by no means a Toofani
complaint; and one of the parties expressly de-
clared that the known friendship between the
Governor-General and ]\Iagistrate prevented a va-
riety of complaints, and his speaking out. — The
people do not accuse you of doing wrong, but of
want of vigour and exertion. They compare the
state of Patna and Dacca with that of Moorshe-
dabad : — in the former places, they live secure ; in
the latter, without a moment's ease. I know your
heart, and the goodness of your disposition — quali-
ties which may be the very causes of the prevailing
336 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
disorders. But how can a Governor resist or
neglect the representations of his subjects ? Can
he, from any consideration, sit quietly down, and
hear of enormities so serious and disgraceful ? With
the best intentions in the world — and I know you
to be incapable of bad intentions — if the facts be
as I state, and which are echoed from all quarters.
Black and White, what conclusion can be drawn,
but that there is a want of efficacy somewhere ? —
You have the same means, and the same establish-
ment, as at Dacca and Patna. — It is impossible for
me, at this distance, to prescribe what should be
done. The protection of the cities can only depend
upon the energy, activity, and ability of the Magis-
trate ; and when that protection is not given, the
public voice will and does decide, that energy,
activity, and ability are wanting.
" It is unpleasant to me to write in disagreeable
terms to any one, still more so to one for whom I
have a regard ; but I should shew a want of regard,
if I did not write to you upon a subject which my
public duty will compel me to attend to, and to
decide between my private attachment and the
public voice. I assure you, with truth, that I have
not listened to it with that attention which has
been expected from me, from a confidence in your
integrity and goodness of heart. I have still the
same confidence ; but I cannot oppose it to the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 337
repeated complaints of individuals. Such reports
are a disgrace to the Government.
" I am yours very sincerely."
" LETTER TO W. BENSLEV, ESQ.
" Bengal, August 26, 1795.
" I have every reason to expect a favourable
issue of my embassy to Ava. By the last accounts,
Captain Symes was within three leagues of the
Court, which he expected to reach about the 3d of
July. The great objects of it were, to open and
establish a free communication with the King ; to
remove the distrust which has so long subsisted
between his Government and ours ; to impose con-
fidence, and obtain information, with a view to
cement a friendship between him and the Company,
as the basis of future political and commercial
advantages. His dominions, since the conquest of
Arracan, unite with those of the Company ; and it
was highly expedient to know something of a
monarch whose troops had entered our provinces.
The journey from Rangoon, the sea-port of Pegu,
to Ava, is about a month ; and, judging of the
distance by what we see in Bengal, I should sup-
pose it about 400 miles. The Deputation will
enable Major Rennel to improve the (icography
VOL. I. /
338 lAFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
of that country, which I understand to be very
erroneous. My merchant is also arrived at Nepaul.
I have, with great perseverance, succeeded, I be-
lieve, in removing the jealousy of that Court ; and
I hope the attempt to open a new trade will not
fail."
The above-mentioned successful mission to Ava
originated with Sir John Shore, and forms the
subject of Colonel .^ymes's interesting Narrative.
There is an account in " Dairy mple's Repertory"
of a similar embassy from Madras, exactly a cen-
tury previous.
" TO J. STEVENS, ESQ.,
SUPER\'ISOR IN MALABAR.
DEAR SIR — "September 8, 1795.
" I am fully sensible of the importance of the
trust vested in you, and the difficulty attending a
due execution of it. Moderation, firmness, and
perseverance, must in time produce order ; but it
is not to be expected that a country can at once
pass from anarchy to system. I can easily observe
that much remains to be done ; that the Rajahs
retain their old propensities, and yield to every
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. li'ii)
point of accommodation with reluctance ; and the
Culliote Rajah will in particular, I fear, never be-
have with proper subordination until he has felt
the weight of authority. But I have every reason
to be satisfied with your success hitherto ; and
doubt not thait your administration will add to your
credit, and to the advantage of the Company.
"In this view, how- much soever I regret the
loss of Mr. Duncan on this side of India, I cannot
but feel the greatest satisfaction that you will be
under the controul of a gentleman so minutely
acquainted with Malabar.
" To suppose any attachment on the part of the
Natives of this country to our Government is more
than I should perhaps be warranted to do, even in
Bengal, where they have for some years had expe-
rience of the lenity and justice of the British Admi-
nistration. They are not disaffected to us, and
contented. In INIalabar, they cannot yet have felt
the benefits of our Rule ; but I wish to learn from
you the general disposition, both of the Rajah and
Natives, towards our Government ; and whether, if
Tippoo, or an European enemy, were to attack the
province, we should have most reason to expect
assistance or opposition from our subjects there.
"As the President of the Society for Asiatic
Researches, I have lately received some a]i])lications
z2
340 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
for an account of the Jews settled at Cochin ; and
for transcripts of any old Hebrew MSS. which
they may possess, particularly of the Bible and
Pentateuch. You will gratify me much by pro-
curing for me the best account you can of the first
establishment of the Jews in Malabar ; of their
present situation ; and copies of any Hebrew MSS.,
at any expense.
" I should write to you more fully on the subject
of the affairs in Malabar if Mr. Duncan's appoint-
ment had not in a great measure superseded the
necessity of it.
" I am," &c. &c.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
DEAR SIR " Bengal, Oct. 20, 1795.
" I mentioned, in my Letter to Mr. Dundas,
that Lord Hobart and myself had lately had some
little controversy. I am not anxious to support my
opinions farther than they merit ; but if you read
the papers on the subject, you will, I think, find
that his Lordship takes a liberty of discussing my
opinions with a latitude exceeding the bounds of
decorum ; that his terms are offensive and arro-
gant ; and that he chuses to call the exercise of
the controlling power of this Government over his
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 341
Administration, a want of confidence in liis mea-
sures ; or, in other words, he will be despotic in
his own Government, and wants even to controul
me. I send you, enclosed, a specimen of our
Correspondence. The great and original point
of difTerence was the nomination of
to a seat at the Military Board, involving an irre-
gular promotion in consequence. For this measure
no satisfactory reason has, in my opinion, been
assigned.
" In the affairs of Europe, I see notliing to
give satisfaction ; and doubt if peace will bring
quiet with it. But how is peace to be made ?
The crisis is indeed awful, and the dispensations of
Providence ought to alarm the most thoughtless.
The nation, however, as far as I can judge, will
have peace. To determine between the opposite
opinions of such men as Mr. Pitt and Mr. Wilber-
force is not easy. I suppose them both to have
the public good in view, and to dilFer only in the
mode of obtaining it. 1 wait with anxiety to know
the effect of Mr. Wilberforce's promised Motion in
May ; and, without pretending to the inspiration of
Brothers or Halhed, I think it will be negatived by
a small majority, but, without some great inter-
vening success, that petitions for a peace will flow
from all nations.
Brothers is a blasphemous luaiiiae, aiul may be
342 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the tool of a faction : but what shall I say of
Halhed, who has lived his whole life as if he
thought there was no God ? He sent to me a copy
of Brothers's Pamphlet, with a Letter, saying, that
he made no apology for sending me the enclosed ;
that if his prophecies were fulfilled as they had
been, Europe would be no place for me ; that he
had done much good to him, &c. I thought him
at first laughing at me ; but his two Speeches in
the House convinced me he was, quoad hoc, mad. —
I should have supposed Halhed the first person in
the world to ridicule Brothers. He is now so far
advanced in insanity, that a lucid interval would
shew his folly in a glaring light ; and reflection, I
fear, would replunge him in madness*.
" Lady Shore continues well ; and Charlotte has
a fund of spirits not to be tamed. Her mother
is her schoolmistress, and Miss improves much.
I may say, with great truth, that she knows more
of her Bible than nine-tenths of the people in
Calcutta. Mr. Brown's appointment of Chaplain
to the Presidency has had most beneficial effects.
The Congregation — of which, during the hot
weather, I can rarely be one — are more numerous
* Mr. Halhed became a Member of the House of Commons ;
and, having summoned up resolution to make a speech, he rushed
out of the house after concluding' it, exclaiming, " Liberavi
animam meam ! "
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 343
than ever I recollect. As Mr. Brown is known,
the general respect and esteem for him increases.
" I have finished this Letter at an early date,
that I may not be disappointed in writing to you.
I beg my respects to your family, Mr. Wilberforce,
and Mr. Thornton ; and am
" My dear Sir,
" Your obliged and affectionate," &c. S:v.
" TO WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, Oct. 2b, 1795.
" That the urgency of official duties and corre-
spondence at the moment of despatching a packet
to Europe may not divert my attention from my
obligations to you, I embrace an early opportunity
of thanking you foi* your very obliging Letter of
the 4th of April.
" Of the public business of this country, if you
are further interested in it than to know that it
goes on quietly and prosperously, Mr. Grant will
give you all information. I have now licld tlio
Government nearly two years, without losing my
surprise at finding myself in possession of it ; and
I flatter myself that I have not deviated from those
principles which I brought with me into it ; for
that indeed would lead to a consequence more
serious to me than the de])nvati()n of niy station —
344 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the forfeiture of your good opinion. Yet I will
freely confess to you, that a rigid adherence to the
principles of moral honesty, taking them in their
true but extended sense, is very difficult for a
Governor-General ; and that they are exposed to
relaxation by appeals to humanity and friendship,
and occasionally from the expediency of accom-
modation. It has ever been a fixed maxim with
me, that honesty, in all transactions, is the best
policy; or, in other words, that nothing morally
wrong can be politically right or advantageous —
e.g. the Slave Trade,
" Of my abilities I am not, I assure you, vain ;
and your sentiments on the subject give confidence
to me. With common sense, and a determination
to do right, I cannot commit great errors, or lose
the inclination to correct those which I do commit.
He was a wise as well as good man who first said,
that ^ to acknowledge an error is to prove ourselves
wiser.' With unremitting assiduity, as far as my
health permits, I cannot leave much neglected.
But the political connections of the Company ex-
tend from Ava to Muscat. The business of this
Government is so multifarious ; it combines objects
so various and so minute, and prescribes forms
which occupy so much time ; general principles
and detail are so blended ; and the whole depends
so much upon the Governor-General, that he ought
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 34-3
to have a mind incapable of relaxation from the
climate — insensible to nervous impressions — and a
body to resist the impression of disease or debility.
I can, however, conscientiously declare my firm
conviction, that there exists not a Government in
the world administered with more zeal and ho-
nesty, and less peculation, from the head to the
extremes.
" Indians, I remark, seldom make any figure in
Parliament. If ever I return (for I always speak
with diffidence of futurity), I shall apply to myself
Nosce teipsum, and never attempt to mix in the
goodly society of which you are a member. A man
may make a tolerably-good Governor-General, and
an inefficient Member of Parliament. Our habits
are deliberat ive, not^oratorical : and although I
miglitjvote__witli^ common-sense and Xjjniicienc-e^.
I could never speak with grace. In truth, unless
I am irritated, I doubt if I could make a speech of
a quarter of an hour, on any subject, before ten
people. — 1 write, as you will perceive, currente
calamo.
" When I reflect upon the conduct of my earlier
years in India, and the little attention then paid
by me to subjects of Eternal concern, I feel sensa-
tions of regret and gratitude which I cannot ex-
press. My principles, I trust, were never vitiated ;
and, in the chastisements which 1 have sullered,
tiU) LIl'K OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
I see the benevolent interposition of an Almighty
God, to recall me from sinful indulgences. To
learn His will, and to practise it, for some years
has been my study ; and I am obliged equally to
lament my former negligences and the importu-
nities of my public station, which leave me too
little time for meditation, and embarrass the mo-
ments which I devote to it. The confession is
conviction : for what ought to precede our duty to
our Creator? In my weakness, I must hope for
excuse ; in His mercy, for pardon ; in His grace, for
support and assistance. A Persian author says,
that ^ the best adoration which man in this world
can pay to his Creator, is, to administer well the
affairs of his creatures.' The sentiment is excel-
lent, with some modification.
" I have no hesitation on any occasion, and on
some find it a duty, to declare myself a disciple of
Christ ; in whose Gospel, and in the Bible, I look
for my Religion ; and in that, for tranquillity, con-
fidence, and happiness. Thence I learn to subdue
pride, and to cultivate benevolence. That teaches
me a religious indifference ; not a democratic con-
tempt for honours and titles. My sentiments, on
some points, may differ from yours ; but I think
too humbly of myself to be arrogant in my opinion.
My prayer to God is, to know His will, and to
follow it : and, if I know myself, I have a charity
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 34<7
which can scarcely be brought to injure even an
offensive animal ; still less, knowingly, a human
being. I shall make no apology for sentiments
which your Letter encourages and invites. Indeed,
my dear vSir, it is a pleasure to me to have a
correspondent to whom I can lay open my heart ;
and the act itself is an obligation to practise the
principles which I profess.
" The climate of Bengal (ridiculous as the asser-
tion may seem) is not favourable to Religion. It
produces a languor, after a long residence in India,
which renders the faculties of the soul inert ; — and
I have always observed that IndifTerence is a worse
foe to Religion than Sin. Reflection may correct
the latter, but has no influence over torpid feelings.
Here, Calamity (which, in truth, is the blessing of
life) awakens and alarms ; and without it, the few,
though they might not be vicious, would become
indiflerent.
" I am sorry also to add, that our Clergy in
Bengal, with some exceptions, are not very re-
spectable characters. Their situation indeed is
arduous, considering the general relaxation of
morals ; and from which a black coat is no secu-
rity. Mr. Brown, whose name you must often
have heard from Mr. Grant, is an exception. Ills
piety is sound ; his conduct exemplary and assi-
duous; and his ministry and example have done
important good to the society here.
348 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" My health has been improved, beyond all
expectation, by the society of my family. I have
all the happiness I can expect. This, you know,
is a dangerous situation ; and I am sensible of it.
I have only to pray that my gratitude may be
proportionable to the mercies which I have unde-
servedly received, or that chastisement may recall
me from lapse.
" I beg my respects to Mr. Thornton ; and am,
my dear Sir, with the greatest esteem,
" Your sincere friend," &c. &c.
Various important subjects now occupied the
anxious attention of the Government: — defensive
measures against Tippoo on one side, and against
Zemaun Shah of Lahore on the other ; war with
the Dutch and the French ; the misgovernment of
Oude ; vexatious controversies with the Madras Pre-
sidency ; and, above all, the alarming insubordi-
nation of a portion of the army.
" TO DAVID SCOTT, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR — - Bengal, Nov. 4, 1795.
" I have given constant attention to the state of
our army here. If you were to judge of its
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 349
temper from the conversation of individuals, you
would conclude that the officers were in an actual
state of mutiny. But I believe the good sense of
the majority to be prevalent ; and, after all, dis-
affection must be attended with such serious con-
sequence, that none but the most desperate would
ever think of it. Of this, therefore, I have no
apprehensions. His Lordship's* Regulations were
received with great dissatisfaction. My ideas on
the subject of the arrangement have been commu-
nicated to none here, excepting those whom I
confidently employ. But the situation of the army
is, on every ground, most serious. The Sepoys have
been unjustly treated ; so much so, that nine in
ten, I am convinced, would act against their own
officers. Our Europeans are deficient, beyond all
prudence ; and the officers rather attentive to their
own concerns than to the discipline of their corps.
I send you enclosed a General and Garrison Order,
respectively issued by the Commander-in-Chief and
myself That Committees had assembled, we all
knew ; and, in truth, some advantage was derived
from the Presidency Committee, as their mode-
ration was a check upon the more violent pi-o-
ceedings at the distant stations: but there is a
* Lord Corawallis. — One part of this nobleman's plan was, to
transfer the Company's army to the Kin<?'s Service.
350 LIFE OF LORD TEFGNMOUTH.
wide difference between the assumption of autho-
rity and the sutrerance of it ; and when an Adver-
tisement appeared in the Gazette, in the name of
Captain , by order of the ^ Presidency Com-
mittee of Officers,' I thought it time to interfere.
The fact however was, that the Advertisement was
originally inserted by mistake.
" I am. My dear Sir,
" Your obliged and obedient humble servant."
Towards the close of 1795, the military discon-
tents reached their crisis, and Government re-
ceived accurate information of the proceedings of
the disaffected. At one station, in the Upper Pro-
vinces, the officers had determined upon treason-
able measures, if not satisfied with the Regulations
expected from England ; contemplating the com-
pulsory enlistment of the reluctant in their service ;
throwing off their allegiance to Government ; and
seizing both the Governor-General and the Com-
mander-in-Chief. So great had been, at one time,
the alarm excited by their desperate projects, that
Sir John Murray, the Commandant at Fortwilliam,
without communicating his precautionary proceed-
ing to the Governor-General, placed that fortress
in a state of defence, relying on the unshaken
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. -lil
steadiness of the Artillery. The prevention of very
serious mischief was due, partly to the exemplary
conduct of that branch of the army ; partly to the
fidelity and resolution displayed by some officers
at the most-disturbed station ; and partly to the
firmness and conciliatory bearing of Sir Robert
Abercrombie, who had hastened, at the Governor-
General's request, to the principal scenes of vio-
lence ; whilst Sir John Shore, having ascertained
that many officers had involuntarily joined, and
had subsequently seceded from the seditious con-
federacy, perceived a favourable opportunity for
dissolving it ; and was only anxious, whilst ac-
complishing this object, to avoid the fearful conse-
quences of collision.
But the subsiding fermentation was once more
revived by the arrival of the long-deferred Regu-
lations ; which proved, unfortunately, as Sir John
Shore observes, a mass of confusion ; neither calcu-
lated to gratify the officers, nor to improve the
discipline or effective strength of the army. The
Governor-General had now no alternative, but to
direct the Commander-in-Chief to make prepara-
tions for carrying the arrangement into effect by
force ; and, at the same time, to concert with him
such modifications as might satisfy the expecta-
tions of the army, so far as they were just and
reasonable.
352 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
The promulgation of the Regulations, thus al-
tered, happily restored discipline and good-humour.
Nearly all the suggested modifications and amend-
ments* were approved by the Court of Directors,
and at length, in June 1798, incorporated into the
original plan, which has been since commonly
called ' the Company's Military Charter.'
Meanwhile, the harmonious co-operation of the
Governments of Fortwilliam and of Madras was
disturbed by increasing differences. Concurring in
their views of general policy in regard to the
Native States, and actuated by like zeal in the
extirpation of corruption, the Governor-General and
the Chief of the subordinate Presidency perpetually
disagreed as to the means of attaining their com-
mon objects. Lord Hobart, though endowed with
a quick, penetrating, and vigorous intellect, wanted
the experience and the patience essential to the
successful conduct of the irritating and perplex-
ing transactions, in which his Administration was
* These consisted, chiefly, in the suspension of regimental rise,;
an increase of the allowances to the senior officers of the army
serving in India, but not on the general staff; an addition to the
staft' of native regiments of cavalry and infantry, both as regarded
the military and medical branches of its service ; an increase of
furlough-pay to the superior medical officers ; grants of passage-
money to subaltern officers obliged by ill-health to visit England ;
and an addition to the pension of non-commissioned European
officers, after certain periods of service.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 353
involved. His temper resented the interposition of
the Governor-General ; whilst the limits defining
the respective jurisdictions of the Supreme and
subordinate Governments were either not so accu-
rately marked out as to preclude dispute, or, when
this condition was not wanting, opposed but an
inadequate obstacle to Lord Hobart's impetuous
zeal. On one occasion, during the war with the
Dutch, he transgressed the bounds of his authority
prescribed by the Legislature, by forming a treaty
with the King of Candia without reference to the
Supreme Government ; which, on this, as well as
on other grounds, Sir J. Shore annulled.
The principal topics of contention were supplied
by the embarrassing affairs of the Carnatic and of
Tanjore. On the demise of the Nabob of the Car-
natic (Oct. 13, 1795), the Governor-General autho-
rised Lord Hobart to submit to his successor a
proposition, already made to the late Nabob by
Lord Cornwallis, for the assignment of the entire
revenues of his kingdom to the Company, grounded
on the inconvenience and evils resulting from the
separation of the collection of the revenues from
a responsibility for the defence of the State. Lord
Hobart, however, apprehending the influence of
European usurers on the Nabob's resolution, sought
at once, without awaiting the Governor-General's
instructions, to obtain the Nabob's consent, not
VOL. I. 2 a
354 LIFK OY T.OKD TEIGNMOUTH.
to tlie large measure to which they pointed, but
merely to the surrender of a district which had been
mortgaged by treaty to the British Government.
He endeavoured to overcome the Nabob's reluctance
to his proposal, by peremptorily addressing him in
terms at once offensive to his deceased father and
menacing to himself; by pressing upon him unsea-
sonably the immediate payment of a debt due to
the Company, and other claims real or disputable ;
and, whilst expressing his readiness to forego these
pretensions, by threatening compulsory measures,
which he conceived fully justified by the Nabob's
probable inability to fulfil his engagements to the
Company, in consequence of the neglect or waste of
the assigned territory. The negociation was con-
cluded unsuccessfully, in the short space of eight
days.
Sir J. Shore acquiesced in Lord Hobart's pro-
position, though it fell far short of his own, and
strove to induce the Nabob's assent to it ; whilst he
condemned Lord Hobart's conduct in this trans-
action ; doing justice, at the same time, to the honou-
rable motives and laudable zeal which prompted it.
He deemed it calculated rather to incense than to
conciliate the Nabob ; as repugnant to the Treaty
of 1792, by which the Nabob's rights were gua-
ranteed — as, in respect to some of the demands
pressed on the Nabob, unjustifiable — and as, in fact.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. -355
involving a breach of faith. And though he ex-
pressed doubts whether the negociation could have
been possibly so managed as to secure the Nabob's
consent, he maintained that the magnitude of an
advantage could not warrant the prosecution of it
by improper means. Lord Hobart warmly vin-
dicated the course he had pursued, on the grounds
already intimated ; and sought further justification
of it by an appeal to the Court of Directors.
The proceedings of the Madras Government, in
regard to Tanjore, formed in some degree a coun-
terpart to these just narrated. The British Govern-
ment had originally sanctioned the succession of the
reigning sovereign, Ameer Sing, to the throne of
that kingdom, to the exclusion of Serfojee, the
adopted son of the late Nabob ; but had been sub-
sequently induced to revise its decision, by various
considerations ; amongst which was the discovery,
that the opinion of the Pundits, on which it had been
founded, had been influenced by corrupt motives.
Meanwhile, Ameer Sing's infamous Minister, Sheva-
row, in his master's name, grievously oppressed his
country: and Lord Hobart, perceiving the fruit-
lessness of previous efforts to correct the abuses of
the Nabob's Administration, and entertaining a])-
prehensions — similar to those which had influenced
his conduct in reference to the Carnatic — of the
ruin of the territory mortgaged to the Company in
2 A 2
356 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOIITH.
liquidation of his debt, urged that Prince, with
better success than had attended his negooiations
in the Carnatic, to cede the assigned district to the
Company.
The Governor-General was not tempted by the
value of the prize to overlook the means by
which it had been secured. He observed, that
the Rajah had been intimidated into compliance
by the repeated calling out of British troops, even
after he had consented to the dismissal of his Mi-
nister — that the employment of Mr. Swartz, the
avowed protector of the Rajah's competitor and
public impeacher of his title, as Interpreter in the
transaction, had been injudicious — that the punc-
tuality of the Rajah's payments had precluded all
pretext for taking possession of his territory — that
if mal-administration of mortgaged districts could
justify the forfeiture of them, the British Govern-
ment might lay claim equally to Oude and to Tra-
vancore ; and he concluded by declaring, that justice
and policy alike prescribed the rescinsion of the
treaty, and the restoration of the ceded district to
the Nabob, whatever embarrassments might result
from the proceeding. Lord Hobart urged, in addi-
tion to the reasons for his conduct already alleged,
that the Rajah's dismissal of his Minister had been
pretended.
In the course of the discussion with the Madras
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 357
Government, Sir J. Shore had animadverted, as it
has been seen, on the employment of Mr. Swartz.
He did not neglect the opportunity, afforded him by
the topics on which he touched in his long and
elaborate Minute on the subject of the Tanjore
Succession — the reversal of which, urged by himself,
was ultimately determined upon — to record the
following eulogium on the character of the eminent
Missionary : —
" Admitting that the authors of the Rajah of
Tanjore's correspondence are interested on the one
side, and the Resident and Mr. Swartz are com-
mitted on the other, it may be a matter of conside-
ration to which of the parties credit ought to be
given. The President has no hesitation in decla-
ring, that, upon every material point, he totally dis-
believes every circumstance that has been urged in
the Rajah's Letters ; which goes to a contradiction
of the representations of the Resident.
" With regard to Mr. Swartz, whose name the
President has never heard mentioned without re-
spect, and who is as distinguished for the sanctity
of his manners as for his ardent zeal in the pro-
mulgation of his Religion ; whose years, witliout
impairing his understanding, have added weight to
his character ; and whose situation has enabled
him to be the protector of the oppressed, and the
S5S LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
comforter of the afflicted ; who, a preacher of the
Christian Faith, and a man without influence
except from character, was held in sucli estimation
by the late Rajah, a Hindoo Prince approaching to
his dissolution, that he thought him the fittest per-
son he could consult concerning the management
of his country, during the minority of his adopted
son, Serfojee ; and who, displaying more integrity
than foresight in the advice he gave, did certainly
not prove himself the enemy of Ameer Sing, since,
at his suggestion, he was named Regent. To the
solemn assurance of such a man, the President is
compelled to declare his unqualified assent ; and,
upon his information, he can easily reconcile the
difference between the personal declarations and the
Letters of the Rajah."
" TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
DEAR SIR — "January 12, 1796.
" The controversies between this and the Madras
Government will be as little satisfactory to you as
they are unpleasing to me. I have neither time
nor disposition for them; and as they must come
officially before you, I shall not here trouble you
with any further remarks upon them, than to dis-
claim the imputations which Lord Hobart has so
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 359
liberally imputed to myself and my colleagues ;
and to assure you, that no intemperance on his part
will either diminish my reliance ui)on his zeal, or
provoke me to transgress the limits of decorum in
my public correspondence with him. The Nabob
of Arcot has made an Appeal to this Government in
terms which will compel our notice ; and this will
furnish a new subject of disagreement. I regret
that it is unavoidable. The conduct of his Lord-
ship toward the Nabob, in my opinion, is most
unjustifiable, violent, and indefensible upon every
principle.
"The character of the Nabob, as represented
to me by those who have studied it personally,
is a compound of good-nature, vanity, weakness,
and obstinacy. He is accessible by flattery ; and
although he wants exertion, he is not deficient in
abilities, when compelled to the use of tliem, nor
discernment. The conduct which I should have
recommended to Lord Ilobart, if he had asked my
private opinion, and which was suggested in our
public instructions, was, persuasion and conciliation.
Attention from a man of His Lordship's rank and
situation would have flattered his vanity ; a liberal
acknowledgment of rights established by treaty
would have disarmed suspicion ; and address might
have conciliated or seduced his acquiescence, beyond
the power of retractation. His Lordsliip might
360 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
have reflected, that the weakest and most timid will
resist compulsion, and that the language of inti-
midation should never be used without the power
to enforce it. The event must have been pre-
cisely what was to be expected ; and His Lordship
has incurred the obloquy of a breach of public
faith, without the satisfaction of succeeding in his
object. There is one principle adopted by His
Lordship, which has my decided disapprobation —
that the Nabob is to be forced into an acquiescence
by indirect means of coercion. Such a principle,
if it were to become a motive of action, would soon
suggest to the Country Powers, that convenience
was the measure of our good faith.
" You will ask me why I do not communicate
these sentiments privately to his Lordship. My
answer is, that I am precluded by the intemperance
of his language.
"I know the wishes of the Company in this
business, and I feel all the importance of establish-
ing their authority effectively in the Carnatic : but
the inflexibility is now so aggravated, that I have
no hopes of success with him ; and I freely confess
to you my embarrassment, in deciding between him
and his Lordship.
" I have the honour to be. Dear Sir," &c. &c.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 361
The Governor of Bombay was now employed in
carrying into effect measures of reform in that
Presidency, similar to those which Lord Cornwallis
had so successfully accomplished in Bengal.
"to THE HONOURABLE J.DUNCAN,
GOVERNOR OF BOMBAY.
" DEAR DUNCAN " Benoal, Feb. 13, 1796.
" My head and hands are so full, that nothing
would have induced me to write to you at present
but a desire to express the concern which we all
sincerely feel at your indisposition. Indeed, My
friend, your Letter of the 20th of January has given
us much uneasiness; and I cannot but, on every
account, both of private regard and public utility,
most heartily wish the restoration of your health.
Your situation must for a time be unpleasant, as
you have a most arduous task to accomplish ; but
with health, I doubt not of your complete success.
You have had too many difficulties to contend with ;
and have surmounted them with so much credit to
yourself, that I am without any apprehensions as to
your ultimate success in removing the accumulated
filth of the Augean stable of Bombay. Of our co-
operation you are certain ; and you have already
given proofs of a vigorous administration, which
promises i)ublic benefit, and an increase of your
362 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
reputation. I wrote to Sir Francis Baring, as you
desired ; and you may rest assured, that although
he opposed your appointment on principle, he will,
on the same principle, give you fair support. He
is an honourable and a good-natured man , but not
always disposed to co-operate with Mr. Dundas.
" Your affectionate," &c.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR— " March 9, 1796.
" I avail myself of a respite from business,
occasioned by a cold, sore-throat, and head-ache,
to reply to your two Letters of the 25th of June
and 17th of August.
^' The former has called forth reflections, which
from habit I am disposed to indulge, of a very
serious nature. With an increasing conviction of
the truth of the Christian Religion, and of its im-
portance to myself as well as to every human
being, I feel myself plunged in a vortex of
worldly occupation, which carries me with it with
an impetuosity which I struggle in vain to resist.
I am equally conscious of the obligation imposed
upon me by the situation to which Providence has
raised me, to promote and encourage its influence ;
but although I do not totally neglect it, and am
willincr to hope that my sentiments, conversation.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 303
and example, may have been of some service to the
interests of Christianity — or, more correctly speak-
ing, to individuals — I am equally conscious that my
public endeavours have been by no means in pro-
portion to my conviction of the truth and impor-
tance of Christianity. The fact is this, that the
duties of my situation are too much, I fear, for my
abilities : the business of this Government is aug-
mented two-fold since my last residence in India,
and it almost exclusively falls upon my shoulders.
The occurrences since my accession have been of a
very important nature ; and the succession of them
has scarcely allowed me a respite for repose. The
last three months have been a period of great
anxiety ; and I sometimes doubt my judgment may
not have proved erroneous on the decision which
it has adopted. Often have I wished that Lord
Cornwallis were at the head of the Administration
here, and that I were his co-adjutor, as formerly :
all would then have been easy to him and me. My
colleagues give me their confidence and support,
but little assistance ; and my daily labours, Sundays
excepted, when I never work unless compelled by
absolute unavoidable emergency, commence with
the day, and are continued until half-past three
o'clock. The only intervals allowed me for read-
ing and reflection are during the operations of my
hair-dresser, or in the evening, previous to my
3G4 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
sleep : in these intervals I have, however, contrived
to read the New Testament through many times,
many parts of the Bible frequently, Warburton's
Divine Legation, Jortins Ecclesiastical History^
jor tin's Sermons over and over, Paley's Evidences,
and many other books of a similar tenor. But the
attention is too often dissipated and confused, and
the occurrences of the day will intrude when they
ought to be discarded. My health has been uncom-
monly good during the last year ; but I have not
that energy, vigour, or decision, which I formerly
possessed. Deliberation occupies a much larger
portion of time ; and I hesitate when I should have
decided without demur. From the difficulties which
I find in this respect, I derive a consciousness of
incompetency to determine questions of magnitude ;
and I have one before me, at this moment, which
has engaged my thoughts for more than a month
and a half. Languor will occasionally steal upon
me, and impede exertion ; and the climate has
produced an irritability, which affects my nerves,
and prevents the discussion of questions which
interest the feelings. In short, I am almost tempted
to regret that I did not retire this season ; — but
I could not do so with honour. The next, I think,
unless the same impediments should exist, will
terminate my labours in India.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 365
" Our Commander-in-Cliief, as good a man as
ever lived — speaking after the fashion of the world —
is still at the upper station of the army ; and I hope
he will remain there until the Regulations arrive.
The embers of discontent still remain ; and a pufT
may rekindle the blaze. Years of incessant good
management will be required to restore the army
to its proper state ; and I look with much appre-
hension to the consequences of the three last years.
The whole will depend upon the firmness and
abilities of the Commander-in-Chief; and if the
preservation of India is important, the successors
of General Abercrombie must be selected from pro-
per, and not Parliamentary, principles. Indeed,
My friend, this is a point of the utmost importance.
I am not fitted for the scenes which have lately oc-
curred — not from personal apprehension, but from
the magnitude and importance of the occurrences.
Severity to any individual, I think, would have dis-
organized the army, bound, with few exceptions, in
an obligation of security and mutual support. This
would have been most fatal ; yet, with every wish
to avoid the extreme as long as it could be done,
I would have met it, if unavoidable. In England,
you cannot be competent judges of the question ;
and I expect our moderation will be condemned
there ; but on the spot, a dilFercnt conchision sug-
gests itself.
3()() LIFE OF LORD TKIGNMOUTH.
" I am too tired to write much more ; and I
shall conclude with subjects of a more familiar and
domestic nature. — I think it is more than possible
that we may be, under Providence, your neigh-
bours at Clapham. Lady Shore's affection for Mrs.
Grant, her obligations to you both, and my own
predilection for a society than which I know no
better, are inducements which will hardly submit
to others ; — but the decision is not in our power.
I conclude. My dear Sir,
" Your affectionate," &c.
The preceding Letter was written under disqua-
lifying indisposition. Sir J. Shore's allusion to his
private studies reflects light on the somewhat
peculiar constitution of his mind. During the
extreme pressure of public business he found it
difficult to unbend his faculties. The ordinary
recreation of light reading did not afford adequate
employment to his distracted thoughts ; and he
sought the diversion he required only in books
which exercised his reasoning powers. He de-
voted the short period in which his hair- dresser
attended him to abridging works ; and about this
time composed an analysis of Reid's then just-
published Essay. He sometimes indicated the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 367
engrossing influence of business, on entering liis
room when full of company ; and could not at once
disengage himself sufficiently to partake of the
pleasures of conversation, and of the gaiety of
society, in which he took great delight.
TO
SIR — " Bengal, March 6, 1796.
" I have furnished Dr. Roxburgh, at his own
request, with an extract from your Letter that
relates to the mulberry- and sugar-cane. Of the
latter, as cultivated to the eastward, he is unin-
formed ; but he has promised to make every pos-
sible inquiry, and to procure, through the means
of Dr. Campbell at Bencoolen, and Mr. Smith the
Nursery-man, both information of the
coast-canes. He is well apprised, and qualified to
make comparisons between them and the Bengal
sugar-canes. Smith the Nursery-man is now on his
voyage to the eastward, for collecting spice-plants
and other valuable articles. As we are not sure of
retaining the Dutch Possessions, we shall at least
endeavour to derive some profit from them ; and
by transplanting the cloves, nutmegs, and cinna-
mon to Bengal, we may lay the foundation of
future advantage. I have seen very good cinnamon
368 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the produce of gardens about Calcutta ; and there
is no doubt but soils for the culture of this and
every other article of tropical growth may be found
in different parts of the Company's Possessions.
I would much rather extend the Trade than the
Territories of the Company. I hope, however, that
Ceylon will never be relinquished : and if we had
Cuttack, which is not likely, we might give up
something of that we now have.
" The Embassy to Ava promises well ; and to
ensure the benefits of it, we must send a Resident
to Rangoon."
" TO C. GRANT, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR— " March 31, 1796.
" The books in general brought out for sale
to this country are of a style little calculated to
improve the heart or understanding: yet I am
satisfied that books of piety would not want readers.
A few editions of ' Paley's Evidences of Chris-
tianity' were lately brought here, and immediately
sold ; and I wish more of them had been sent.
A book of this nature is much wanted ; and many
would peruse it who would not read the works of
Tillotson or Sherlock. If a selection of proper
books could be made, for the investment of some of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 869
the officers, I am sure it would prove advantageous
both to the individuals and the community here.
Jortin's Sermons are very extensively read; and
the books most wanted are those which are calcu-
lated to undo the mischiefs of indifference and free-
thinking. Paley's work is exactly of this stamp ;
and some who have read it have expressed their
surprise to find the proofs of Christianity so firmly
established. When this belief is adopted, the trans-
ition to piety is not remote or difficult, and Jortin,
Sherlock, and Tillotson will then be read with
pleasure and attention ; and, above all, the New
Testament, on which all that can be said is but a
commentary, without the strength, the sanction, the
simplicity, and divine energy of the original. Some
of the late editions of the New Testament would
sell well here.
" The army is quiet. Sir Robert Abercrombie,
whose zeal, integrity, and honour merit every ap-
plause, is on his return. He will certainly leave the
country when I do, perhaps sooner. But although
the ferment is allayed, the leaven which occasioned
it still remains. — Pray, my good friend, who is
answerable for the evils which were on the point of
breaking forth ?
" I beg my respects to Mr. Wilberforce and IVIr.
Thornton. You and yours have ever had my
wishes and affections ; and I am," cS:c. Szv.
VOL. I. 2 b
370 LIFE OY LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO MARQUIS CORNWALLIS.
" MY LORD "Bengal, April 26, 1796.
"I will not take up your time, nor lose my
own, with apologies for short Letters ; being per-
suaded that you will make the just allowances for
my public avocations and occasional interruptions
from ill-health. Of the latter, indeed, I have little
to complain before the last six months, during
which I have suffered as much from indisposition
as ever I did in my life.
" You will be surprised, mortified, and perhaps
alarmed at the accounts which you will hear of
the state of the army. Their proceedings exceeded
all bounds of decency or moderation : but although
they would have led to the most fatal consequences,
if a timely interposition of authority had not pre-
vented it, the majority of officers, I am fully con-
vinced, neither foresaw the termination, nor would
have risked it if they had foreseen it. That they
had bound themselves by obligations of mutual
support and secresy is clearly ascertained ; and,
under such obligations, the violent had every advan-
tage over the moderate, and used it in a mode
which occasioned resistance : in short, the tempe-
rate were, by threats, flattery, or indifference, com-
pelled or agitated into activity or co-operation ;
and but for the firmness of the artillery at Calcutta,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. -371
and the manly resistance of several officers at
Khanpoor, the army would have dictated to the
Government their own terms. You may be as-
sured that I am happy in having recalled the
officers to prudent reflection, without proceeding
to extremities. I need not, with you, dwell upon
the consequences of internal convulsion, or the
political evil of discord and division. The state
of the army has long been perilous, without sup-
posing these effects. The minds of the officers are
too much occupied by their own interests to attend
to those of their own corps : the relaxation of dis-
cipline has led to a want of subordination amongst
the native troops, truly alarming ; and we should be
unjustifiable in suffering such a situation of things,
whilst we can prevent it : and this can only be
done by an arrangement for the ai^my here, if it
should not arrive from England before the end of
June. I sometimes doubt my ability to controul
circumstances so foreign to my habits or modes of
business : and whether I have pursued the most
eligible plan of alleviating anarchy and confu-
sion by temperance and moderation, or whether I
should have adopted coercion, is a question upon
which opinion will be various. I think the wisest
mode has been followed ; and that severity might
have occasioned the absolute disorganization of the
army, whose expectations have been too luiK'li
2 H 2
372 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
trifled with. That the native troops would have
supported the authority of the Government I am
well convinced ; but the alternative would have
been dreadful. We were, how^ever, at one time,
prepared to meet it, if the extremity rendered the
measure indispensable. I am much better pleased
that it has been otherwise. With respect to my-
self, whatever anxiety I may have suffered from
the apprehension of the most serious possible con-
sequences, I have had no personal alarms ; although
my friend. Sir J.Murray, thought my person in
great danger, and in this apprehension had nearly
occasioned a very serious alarm. A long period of
able management will be required to restore order,
discipline, and subordination ; and I look with much
anxiety to the consequences of habits of association
and remonstrance in the military.
" I shall now say a little to you on the subject of
my successor. Upon his arrival in India, I made
every advance towards confidential communication
with him, and furnished him with all such infor-
mation as I conceived might be useful or inter-
esting. But the style of his correspondence soon
precluded the continuance of unofficial communi-
cations, as his Lordship chose to address me in
terms which I would not have used to any sub-
ordinate officer. I had neither leisure nor incli-
nation for a correspondence of this nature. In our
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 373
public opinions, we have had various differences ;
and nothing can be less reconcileable than Lord
Hobart's principles and mine. He seems to me to
pursue his objects without any regard to the recti-
tude of the means or ultimate consequences, to
decide with precipitation, and to maintain his deci-
sion at all hazards. I do not distrust his zeal, but
his judgment. That the territories of the Nabob
of Arcot or Rajah of Tanjore may be mismanaged
in the most ruinous manner, I doubt not ; that
he should be anxious to correct those evils which,
from personal observation, may be more impres-
sive, I can readily admit ; but the existing treaties
propose limits even to mismanagement ; — and let it
be as great as is asserted, which I do not deny,
these people are not to be dragooned into conces-
sions. It is painful to me to animadvert upon
conduct which I cannot approve ; but in adopting
such principles, or in passing over such measures,
I should sacrifice the real interests of my country ;
all reliance upon our good faith would be done
away ; and instead of friends, every Potentate in
India would become our enemy. I wish your
Lordship's attention to these subjects, as no one is
better able than yourself to decide upon the opi-
nions and conduct of Lord Hobart and myself He
has zeal, activity, and energy ; but if they are
misdirected, as I think they are, these cjualities
374 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
may be most pernicious ; and our superiors should
decide between us, in a mode that admits of no
misconstruction.
" My present intention is, to return to England
the ensuing season. At least, the late attack upon
my health is such as hardly to render my conti-
nuance in office justifiable, under the apprehension
of a more serious return. I have no object of
ambition or accumulation to gratify ; nor any other,
than to improve that prosperity which you contri-
buted so essentially to establish, and to promote
that confidence in our good faith which your Lord-
ship established with so much success.
" I have the honour to be, My Lord,
" Your Lordship's most sincere," &c. &c.
" P.S. Since writing the above, we have received
the Regulations from England. The packet is this
moment arrived."
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
MV DEAR SIR — "Bengal, June 22,1796.
" I now advert to the proceedings of the
Madras Government relating to Tanjore ; and
more extraordinary proceedings never fell under
my inspection Nothing can, in
my opinion, be clearer, than that the Rajah has
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 375
been dragooned into the treaty, and that the mis-
conduct of the Minister, Shevarow, was made a pre-
tence for compelling the Rajah's signature : — yet not
even scandal has insinuated any imputation of ve-
nality against either his Lordship or his Agent, in
this business. But it appears to me, that he ex-
pected to gain great credit, if he could accomplish
it ; and that being accomplished, he concluded the
means would not be scrutinised. It is a sufficient
condemnation of such principles, to say that the
arguments used in support of them are precisely
such as the most iniquitous Government might use
as a justification for the most iniquitous measures.
I disavow all imputation of this nature on tlie
Madras Government. They have erred from want
of judgment — from not considering that an object
just or advantageous in itself cannot be pursued by
means that are unjust. There are many, I know,
who think differently, and care not about the inte-
grity of the means, provided the end be obtained.
I have ever been of opinion, that honesty is, in all
situations, the best policy ; and upon this principle
I will act, or resign my post to others t)f more
accommodating principles. Those who are dis-
posed to adopt contrary sentiments will be inclined
to disapprove our condemnation of Lord Hobart's
measures; thinking, perhaps, that we ouglit to
have overlooked them : and in this dis})osition
376 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
they may impute motives to me as foreign to my
principles as to my inclination. I assure you that
the conduct of Lord Hobart gives me great un-
easiness ; and that Speke and Cowper equally parti-
cipate in my concern. It is my wish to leave this
country next January ; and it cannot be pleasant to
leave my reputation in the power of a man who
must feel resentment against me. It must be
equally disagreeable to Speke and Cowper to act
with him. Private and personal considerations are
therefore opposed to public duty ; but I will not
sacrifice it on that account. You know my de-
clared principles : they are stated most explicitly ;
and I will, as far as possible, act up to them, unless
I am told that they are wrong. I have been
compelled to give a proof of the consistency of
my conduct, by recalling from Oude ; not
for dishonesty or intentional misconduct, but for
gross imprudence ; in short, for doing what Lord
Hobart has done at Tanjore. Let me request
your particular attention to my Minute on the
subject of Tanjore, and your notice of the dates.
I cannot resist giving you a copy of one paper
which does not appear on the records transmitted
to us from Madras. It was delivered to me by
one of my aides-de-camp, with authority to make
public use of it; but 1 did not choose to avail
myself, in a public argument, of an unofficial
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 377
communication. I have no doubt of the authen-
ticity of it ; for the substance of it is alluded to by
Macleod, the Tanjore Resident. The paper con-
tains copies of correspondence between Colonel
Baird*, Commandant at Tanjore, and the Resident ;
and may possibly be found in the Madras Pro-
ceedings. At all events, we have called for them.
" I most sincerely rejoice that your attention
has been particularly directed to our despatches.
Anxious as I am for public approbation, I most
conscientiously declare to you that I have a far
greater anxiety to do right, and to have my errors,
when I commit them, pointed out. To avoid
error is impossible ; and there is no safer way of
averting the consequences, than by avowing and
correcting them.
" I have always endeavoured to make my supe-
riors as well informed of the state of affairs as
myself; but it has been my particular study to
point out the principles of my conduct ; not only as
a check upon myself, by furnishing data for my
condemnation, if I deviate from them, but to esta-
blish grounds for a permanent system of Administra-
tion. Your Court should ever particularly attend
to this. I gave Mr. Dundas and Lord Cornwallis
a paper containing my political creed ; and you
* Alterwards (jlcueral Sir Uavkl Baud.
378 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
can obtain it from either. I trust, upon perusal of
it, you will find that I have steadily adhered to my
declared principles. Whenever your Governors in
India act from discretion, according to temporary
emergencies, your safety will become precarious ;
and whatever partial inconvenience may result
from adherence to fixed principles of policy — ■
and they will occur — the remedy will be found
in perseverance. No man can calculate the conse-
quence of a violation of a moral principle ; and
there is some justness in your suspicion, that the
inveteracy of the Rohillas may be traced to the
injustice of 1774. Our reputation for justice and
good faith stands high in India ; and if I were dis-
posed to depart from them, I could form alliances
which would shake the Mahratta Empire to its very
foundations. I will rather trust the permanency of
our dominion to a perseverance in true principles ;
which must always command respect, even from
those who from personal interests would wish a
departure from them. Would the Mahrattas and
the Nizam, so jealous of our power, have united
with us against Tippoo, if they had not a confidence
in us? Certainly not. Never was there a wdser
prohibition than that contained in the statutes against
the prosecution of the wars of ambition.
" I am affectionately yours."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 379
" TO MARQUIS CORNWALLIS.
"my LORD— "July 6, 1796.
" We have now almost accomplished the em-
barrassing detail of the Army Regulations; and I
cannot say that I expect much credit for what we
have done. I will not trouble you with particulars,
which you will learn from other quarters; but
merely state, that no subject ever occupied more
of my attention ; and, that, in the execution of the
arrangement, I have submitted to circumstances
which I could not controul. With reference to the
state of the army at the close of the last year, to
the commencement of discontent during the pre-
sent, and to the fermentation excited by the pub-
lication of the Regulations, and to the effect of
these causes on discipline and subordination, my
determination was formed upon the following argu-
ment : — That the establishment of some arrange-
ment was indispensable ; that to meet the wishes
of the army, by forming an arrangement here in
lieu of that prescribed in Europe, would be dan-
gerous, and perhaps impracticable ; and that the
only mode left, was to modify the Regulations, so
far as to conciliate the concurrence of the officers
in them, and prevent the reiteration of complaints,
remonstrances, and protests. Thus far, 1 believe,
380 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
we have succeeded ; and the efforts of the Com-
mander-in-Chief, supported by Government, must
re-establish order and discipline. I am not ashamed
to confess to you, that I am little qualified, by
habit or experience, to contend with a discontented
army ; and that if the Commander-in-Chief cannot
controul them, I know not how to effect it. He is
sure of my support on all occasions.
" I have the honour to be,
" My Lord,
"Your Lordship's most sincere," &c. &c.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 38:
CHAPTER XII.
DEFENSIVE MEASURES AGAINST TIPPOO — TREATY WITH THE RAJAH OF
TRAVANCORE DUTCH FLEET CAPTURED ZEMAUN SHAH THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL VISITS DUDE, AND REFORMS THE VIZIEr's
ADMINISTRATION.
Tippoo's hostile demonstrations rendered necessary,
notwithstanding their differences, the zealous co-
operation of the Supreme and Madras Governments ;
and at the same time induced Sir J. Shore to deviate,
in one instance, and in one alone, from his esta-
blished policy, by forming a subsidiary treaty with
the Rajah of Travancore, coupled with conditions
precluding the British Government from inter-
ference with the internal administration of the
affairs of that State.
Tippoo's hopes had been again roused at the
close of 1796, by the expected arrival of the Dutch
and French combined fleets. And the Governor-
General instructed Lord Hobart to prepare his
troops for taking the field at the shortest notice ;
assembled a force on the frontier of the Bengal
Presidency, ready to advance upon the Carnatic ;
and authorised the Governor of Bombay, not only
to adopt defensive measures on the INIalabar coast
382 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
but to pursue the enemy into Tippoo's territories,
should they land in that quarter. Tippoo was
intimidated by this timely display of vigour ; the
French fleet never arrived ; the Dutch was cap-
tured by Admiral Elphinstone ; and the Dutch
East-India possessions, including the Spice Islands,
had been previously annexed to the British Crown,
by a spirited expedition under Lord Hobart's im-
mediate direction.
On the Northern portion of India, Zemaun Shah,
the ambitious and enterprising Sultan of Lahore,
sought, with increasing cupidity, an opportunity of
wresting the fertile plains of Oude from the feeble
grasp of its unwarlike Nabobs. He had derived
from his predecessor, Ahmed Shah Durance, not
only the State which that renowned conqueror had
founded in 1740, but a numerous and well-disci-
plined army, and the fame which it had acquired
under his command, in his several invasions of
Hindostan, and particularly in his celebrated vic-
tory over the ]\Iahrattas at Paniput. During twenty
years, Zemaun Shah indulged, without realising,
his dream of extended empire ; and bequeathed his
inherited possessions to a successor, whose name is
associated with recent historical recollections — the
well-known Runjeet Sing.
Sir J. Shore mustered an army of 15,000 men in
the Upper Provinces, to resist the Northern invader ;
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 383
and availed himself of the salutary dread with
which Zemaun Shah's measures were regarded by
the Vizier of Oude, to repair to that kingdom, to
effect the necessary reform in the administration.
And the death of the sovereign compelled him to
visit Oude a second time, and accomplish a revolu-
tion under circumstances of no small embarrass-
ment and danger.
" TO THE RICHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
DEAR sill — » September 9, 1796.
" Our political atmosphere is rather cloudy.
You will find that the conduct of the Nizam is
W'avering and doubtful : those amongst his coun-
sellors who have most influence with him are
exerting it, to make him break with the Company,
and unite with Tippoo. The latter is making pre-
parations which have a hostile appearance, in the
probable expectation of co-operation with an Euro-
pean enemy ; and the Mahrattas are too nuicli
occupied with their intestine feuds to afford us any
effectual assistance, in the event of a war.
" If Tippoo should obtain the co-operation of a
French force, I think it certain that he will attack
the Company. If Azim-ul-Omrali should soon re-
turn to Mydrabad, as a])])oaranccs indicate, 1 tliink
384 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
it more than probable that he will support his
Highness's connection with us, than with Tippoo.
' " If the latter can obtain the co-operation of the
Nizam without the assistance of an European enemy,
there is much reason to apprehend an attack from
him ; nor am I confident that he will not attempt
it, unsupported. I think the co-operation of the
Nizam doubtful, and our dependence upon him for
assistance equally so.
" We long ago desired the Madras Government
to consider the state of their forts and garrisons,
and the disposition of their troops, with a view to
an eventual junction of Tippoo with the French.
We have now directed them to have their army
prepared for taking the field; and we are con-
certing the means of rendering them assistance.
" If the Nizam should shew a disposition to take
part against us, I shall endeavour to bring the
Berar Rajah into the field against him.
" I trust that our army is improved in discipline
since the promulgation of the Regulations ; and I
have no doubt that, in the event of a war, their zeal
and valour will be as conspicuous as they have ever
been.
" Report speaks of an invasion of Hindostan by
Zemaun Shah, and, with respect to his intention, is
entitled to credit. I have no suspicion that he
meditates permanent conquests, or to attack the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 385
Vizier's territories, but that his object is predatory.
The execution of his intentions will be hazardous,
unless he can obtain the co-operation of the Sikhs,
and hostages for the continuance of it ; and I have
great doubt as to his success.
" Under the present circumstances, therefore,
precautionary instructions have been issued for
measures to be adopted for the security of the
Vizier's dominions. If Zemaun Shah should come
to Dehli, and if no preparations were made to
oppose him, he might be tempted to extend his
depredations as far as Lucknow. I have directed
particular attention to the conduct of the Rohillahs.
" If Tippoo should commence hostilities against
the English, I shall not think of returning to Eng-
land, as the vigour and energy of Lord Hobart will
be particularly wanted in the Carnatic.
" Notwithstanding your intention to furnish us
with a strong naval force, we are actually at this
moment in a most defenceless state, and six French
frigates parade the Bay in triumph. The funda-
mental error was the expedition against the Spice
Islands, which I never approved : our opposition
arrived too late to stop it. I have never ceased to
lament this expedition, as we have risked by it
much more than we can ever gain.
" I have the honour to be, Dear Sir," &:c. &c.
VOL. I. 2 c
880 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" TO THE SAME.
" DEAR SIR "Calcutta, October 11, 1796.
" The Nizam has applied to our Resident to
have the detachment recalled. His motives are
ostensibly friendly ; but he has certainly, in this
instance, acted under the influence of those of his
Ministers who wish to promote an union between
their master and Tippoo. The inconstancy of the
Nizam's conduct is so evident, as to convince me
that he is nearly in a state of dotage ; but, notwith-
standing the suspicions dictated by his proposition
for the return of the detachment, I am still of
opinion that he will not enter into any engage-
ments with Tippoo hostile to the Company.
" The party of Sindiah and the Brahmins still
maintains its ascendency at Poonah.
"I am not, I confess, without anxiety as to
Tippoo's interference in the Mahratta contests, and
of our implication. I have frequently revolved
both the obligation and policy of our interposition,
if Tippoo should seize the opportunity to invade
the Mahratta territories ; and I am at present in-
clined to admit the obligations of the treaty as
binding both upon us and the Nizam. I shall
detail my measures in a IMinute which I am pre-
paring, but which I fear will not be ready to go by
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 387
this conveyance. But if a civil war should take
place previous to any attack by Tippoo, our inter-
ference will rather be a question of expediency
than obligation. Whilst there is a Peshwah, our
connection remains ; but if there should be two
Peshwahs, each supported by a strong party, the
situation of things would be changed, and the obli-
gations arising out of the treaty might or might not
be admitted in favour of one or the other. I speak
with reference to an invasion by Tippoo only, not
to the domestic dissensions of the JMahrattas ; and
I hope the dilemma will not occur.
" I have the honour to be, Dear Sir,
"Your obliged and faithful Servant."
" TO MAJOR KIRKPATUICK.
" MY DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Nov. 21, 171»G.
"I know not, as yet, what to make of the new
Revolution at Poonah, nor am I convinced that it
will ultimately prove favourable to us. Nana must
have been concerned in it : but will Bajerow derive
any benefit from it? I think not ; because it will
be the interest of Sindiah to replace Chimnajee,
and keep Bajerow in his power, as a check u})()ii
Nana, to be brought forward upon occasion. Nana
2 c 2
388 LIVE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
will be against it also, because he can better
manage Chimnajee than Bajerow. Sindiah sets
out with a vigour which may prove dangerous
hereafter ; but the seeds of discord now sown
amongst the Mahratta Chieftains will bring forth a
plentiful crop. I expect to see all the insolence of
the Hydrabad Court revive, upon Azim-ul-Omrah's
return with success ; yet I think he will not unite
with Tippoo. I feel much indignation at being
compelled to overlook the duplicity of the Nizam ;
and if I were sure of security from the French,
I should reproach him. Such an ally is worse
than an open foe : — thanks to your diligence and
abilities in tracing the foxes, through their windings,
to their holes !
" I think, however, that we shall have no war in
India. Tippoo will wait the progress of the new
Revolution at Poonah, or the arrival of the French,
before he ventures to break with us. In another
month I expect large reinforcements : we have,
however, prepared a body of troops to march
towards the Deccan, about 4500 men : they will
march to Midnapore on the 15th ; and, if necessary,
we shall augment them to double the number.
I trust there will be no necessity for their pro-
ceeding.
" Yours sincerely."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 389
" TO THE HON. JONATHAN DUNCAN.
DEAR DUNCAN "Bengal, Nov. 23, 1796.
" I confess to you, my friend, that few events
could have given me more concern than the detec-
tion of , in opposition to the opinion which
I entertained of his integrity. It is mortifying to
find our confidence so abused and overturned. You
have done your duty, and great public service, in
bringing those black transactions into public expo-
sure ; and our opinions will give weight to your sen-
timents ; — and on this account I really feel pleasure
in affording you my support. In this instance,
I have no objection to your reference to us ; but
I think, my friend, you make them oftener than is
necessary. Have more confidence in your own
judgment, which will rarely deceive you. I know
it is impossible to avoid oversights and mistakes ;
but I always say to myself, that meaning to do well,
and taking pains to effect it, I can never commit
any irretrievable errors ; and always thank the man
who enables me to correct them. I feel a very
sincere interest in your personal welfare, and in
the reputation of your Government, with a confi-
dence that it will daily increase.
" We shall lose Sir R.Abercrombie this year. The
;}()() LIFH OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Company never had a more upright, honourable,
zealous servant. I really have the greatest esteem
for him. As for myself, I have formed no deter-
mination. My wish is to retire, provided I can do
it with credit and safety. His Lordship * is disposed
to bring the point to issue ; as he has written to the
Court of Directors substantially, that either he or
I must go. I shall form my determination at the
end of next month, without any regard to his Lord-
ship's sentiments.
" I am affectionately," &c.
"to the rev. j. w. shore.
" MY DEAR BROTHER "Dec. 21, 1796.
" Few persons occupied as I am bestow more
time, I believe, in serious reading. Jortin is still
my favourite ; and amongst other books, I have
lately perused his remarks on Ecclesiastical History.
But few literary compositions have afforded me
more pleasure than Paley's Evidences, which ap-
proach to demonstration as nearly as moral testi-
mony can do. My opinion was before fixed, and
I trust unalterably ; but the train of reasoning
which led to conviction in me, is, as far as his book
goes, the same which Paley has followed, but with a
* Lord Hobai t.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 391
clearness, precision, and solidity which I could not
attain. 1 will venture to assert that few books
were ever published so well calculated to overturn
the sophistry and quibbles of a Hume or Gibbon,
and to satisfy those who search for truth impartially.
If ever I have the pleasure to meet the Archdeacon,
I shall give him the satisfaction of informing him,
that his work, to my knowledge, has had a most
beneficial influence on some minds. I have also
read with great delight Watson's reply to Tom
Paine's rascally effusions :
Delirant (pliilosophi), plectiintur Achivi.
" Dr. Roxburgh is our Botanist — and a most able
one ! He has sent home about 1300 drawings of
Indian plants, now publishing at the expense of the
Court of Directors, and under the auspices of Sir
Joseph Banks. Considering the duties which every
individual in this country has to discharge, the
inclemency of the climate, and the numerous ob-
stacles to all scientific researches, I do not think we
merit the reproach of carelessness or indifference.
Our Society is a centre to which numerous rays
converge ; and although they may not be very
brilliant, they afford some light. Our Sun is for
ever set ; and he will not soon be succeeded by ano-
ther. You will conceive I mean Sir William Jones."
392 LIl'K OF LUKD TEIGNMOUTH.
How much Sir J. Shore's attention was directed
to the evidences of Christianity appears from the
above and other Letters. He was so struck with
the argument derived from St. Paul's conversion,
that he composed a treatise in which he exactly
pursued the reasoning employed by Lord Lyttleton
in his celebrated work, without being at the time
aware of its existence.
'' TO WILLIAM BENSLEY, ESQ.
" MY DEAR FRIEND "Bengal, Jan. 7, 1797.
" Lord Hobart is made very happy, by an over-
land despatch, dated in August, announcing the
satisfactory intelligence, that the measures of his
Administration, including his negociations with the
Nabob and his treaties with the Rajah of Tanjore
and King of Candia, are approved*. With respect
* The result of the decision of the Court of Directors on the
differences between the Supreme and Madras Governments on
the Carnatic Affair, was the recall of Lord Hobart ; whilst their
condemnation of the course he had pursued may be inferred from
their strict injunctions to Lord Mornington to abstain from com-
pulsory proceedings, in his application to the Nabob. That noble-
man's efforts proved at first unsuccessful ; but, subsequently, the
discovery of the Nabob's intrigues with Tippoo afforded him just
grounds for more summary proceedings.
In reference to Tanjore, the Directors sanctioned Lord Hobart's
Treaty with the Rajah.
The
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. ^93
to the first, I see nothing in the Orders of the Court,
as far as we have them, disagreeing with our senti-
ments. On his Treaty with the Rajah of Tanjore
I think it impossible that public approbation can
be bestowed, when the Court have all the documents
on this subject before them. With respect to the
last, it is a mixed question, to which general appro-
bation or disapprobation cannot apply. For my
own part, I am so thoroughly satisfied with my own
principles in all the questions referred to, that it
appears to me impossible to condemn them ; and
I shall feel a consciousness in the recollections of
them, when I see India as in a dream. *
The Letters have had one effect upon his Lord-
ship, at which I sincerely rejoice — that of determin-
ing him to remain in India : and if we disagree in
The Directors approved the Governor-General's opinion of
Lord Hobart's Treaty with the King of Candia (Aug. 3,1796);
whilst, in reviewing the whole transaction, of which it formed a
part, they commend highly the zeal displayed both by the Gover-
nor-General and by Lord Hobart in their respective shares of it.
Lord Hobart, on quitting India, was complimented with Addresses
by the Court of Proprietors and the Directors, and also by the
British inhabitants of Madras, bearing unanimous testimony to the
great zeal and ability of his administration, and especially to his
uncompromising opposition to the prevailing usury and corrup-
tion. In consideration of his services, and in compensation for
his disappointment in not succeeding to the Governor-Generalship,
Lord Hobart received 1500/. annual pension from the Company.
(Debates at East-India House, Dec. 5, 1799.)
394 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
future, it will be his fault. To confess honestly,
I believe my greatest fault is, that I do not quarrel
enough ; or, in other words, that I am not often
enough disposed to find fault.
We lose, this year. Sir Robert Abercrombie, the
two Murrays, and George Robinson, with many
others. My respect and esteem for Sir Robert
have increased with my knowledge of his character.
What he was at Bombay, I know not : he has been
here, mild, conciliating, and unassuming, from the
first ; and it is only justice to him to declare, that
a more honourable, upright, zealous man never
served the Company. I assure you, with great
truth, that I have ever found him anxious to pro-
mote the public good, either by his own efforts or
by assisting those of others. I certainly do not
think his abilities equal to his situation, and there
are few men who have abilities equal to it : but
I believe that his have been under-estimated, and
that his greatest fault (I have already acknowledged
mine) is his good-nature. He will retire with a
very moderate fortune : for money was never his
object : he thinks too little of it.
In general, I am well served by those about me ;
and no Governor-General, however gigantic his
abilities, could conduct all the business himself.
It is my endeavour to preserve a superintendence
over all, leaving to every man the conduct of his
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 39.5
own department. This gives or inspires confi-
dence : and, in truth, a man at the head of a depart-
ment ought to know the business of it better than
any other. It is my duty to see it well executed,
and to judge of the general connection of particular
propositions with the whole, so that the whole may
not be sacrificed to a part.
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your obliged and faithful," &c. &c.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR " Bengal, Jan. 7, 1797.
" In reverting to the public transactions during
my Administration, including national politics as
well as domestic dissatisfaction, it has been rather
a turbulent scene. I am not conscious that I ever
felt intimidated, or incapable of forming decisive
resolutions when they were required. Relying
upon Providence, and constantly invoking its pro-
tection, I have gone on with confidence in my
principles, with doubt as to my judgment, and with
submission to the event, as the dispensation of the
Almighty. Yet my mind has not ahvays preserved
an equal tenour. I have been dispirited by dis-
ease, occasionally overwhelmed by the climate, and
396 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
fluctuating in decision. I trust that these sensa-
tions are proofs of human infirmity only, or of my
bodily debility, rather than of a deficiency in my
religious principles. When you consider the em-
barrassed politics of the Nizam and the Mahrattas,
the ever-to-be-suspected enmity of Tippoo, the
madness of the French, the disorder in our army
in Bengal, there has been surely enough to agitate
any common mind, anxious for human prosperity,
and for the particular welfare of those interests
which are entrusted to my superintendence. When
I reflect that the happiness of many millions de-
pends upon my resolves, I cannot be without
anxiety : and if my dependence were upon myself
alone, I should shrink from the duties of my situ-
ation. But I thank my God, with heartfelt grati-
tude, that he has given me grace to look up to
Him ! and the portion of my gratitude is doubled,
when I look back to the dangers which I have
escaped. Without these sentiments, in my state of
health, I should indeed have been a most miserable
wretch — a prey to disease, anxiety, and misery —
without hope, without confidence ; and I must have
sunk into despair. And, above all, I look back to
the hours of indisposition as some of the happiest
occurrences of my life — as the mild chastisements
of a Being of infinite benevolence — as opportunities
for reflection — and as admonitions to persevere and
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 397
improve in the religious culture of my mind. May
my gratitude for these blessings never cease ! Yet
I am sensible of omissions and negligences, and
that without the continuance of Heavenly assistance
my efforts must be in vain.
" I lose also, by these ships, my friend George
Robinson*. His judgment and assistance were of
essential use to me ; and I shall not find it easy
to supply the want of them. He and Mrs. Robinson
have lately lost two children ; and Ws determi-
nation to return to England proceeds from this. —
I trust it has had the good effect of making him
think seriously on Religion. Lady Shore has con-
tributed her assistance to promote it with Mrs. Ro-
binson, and I have not neglected to do the same
with Robinson. I trust that our efforts have not
been fruitless. What a happiness for man that he
has a God to look up to, in the hour of distress ! —
what happiness, when this frame of mind becomes
habitual ! Most thoroughly am I convinced that
all the cheerfulness, integrity, or self-conmiand
which I possess are due to the doctrines of the
New Testament ; and that in proportion as I neg-
lect them, I become restless, uneasy, apprehensive,
and unhappy.
" I am," &c.
* Afterwards, Sir Geor";c Robinson.
398 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
'•' TO THE RIGHT HON. HENRY DUNDAS.
" DEAR SIR — " Bengal, Jan. 10, 1797.
" I begin the present Letter in much better
health and spirits than when I had last the honour
to address you. The political horizon was more
gloomy ; the ambiguous conduct of the Nizam, the
preparations of Tippoo, and the distracted situation
of affairs at Poonah, involved so many alarming
considerations, that I could not but deem the peace
in India doubtful ; and in these sentiments, it
was indispensably necessary to make preparations
against all contingencies, without betraying appre-
hension. Since that period, we have had the inex-
pressible satisfaction to hear of the capture of the
Dutch Fleet by Admiral Elphinstone — an event
of infinite importance to the British interests in
India, whether considered in its immediate or re-
mote consequences. The conduct of the Nizam
has not only lost much of its ambiguity, but has
been latterly ordinarily friendly. The prepara-
tions of Tippoo have not been extended in any
degree to excite new alarm ; and the settlement of
the succession at Poonah has apparently put an
end to the feuds which distracted the Mahratta
Empire, and afforded a strong temptation to the
interference of Tippoo.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 309
" The establishment of the Army Regulations has
produced an effect beyond my expectations ; and
satisfaction and good humour have completely sup-
planted turbulent discontent.
" I have the honour to be," &c. &c.
" TO LORD HOBART.
MY LORD — " Calcutta, Jan. 20, 1797.
"From recent and successive accounts of the
motions of Zemaun Shah we have thought it expe-
dient to carry into execution the precautionary
resolutions we long ago adopted for the securities
of the Company and the Vizier, without any assis-
tance from him. We shall have an army of
near 15,000 men at the Upper Stations. If our
intelligence can be depended upon, Zemaun Shah's
troops are in actual possession of Lahore ; and if
he chooses to march beyond the Punjab, he will
meet with little resistance. The rapidity of the
Patau's motions allows little time for deliberation,
and of course renders early precaution necessary ;
but 1 shall retain my conviction that he will not
advance this season beyond the Punjab. If he
were to reach Delhi, he would be joined by \ho
Northern Rajahs and numerous bodies of Patans,
400 LIFK OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
Roliillalis, and other military adventurers who swarm
in the Ui)per Provinces ; and the danger to the
Vizier might be serious.
" I am," &c. &c.
Zemaun Shah's movements were imputed to the
intrigues of Tippoo and the French : but the Go-
vernor-General professed himself incredulous on
this point.
" TO MAJOR KIRKPATRICK.
" MY DEAR SIR — " Calcutta, Jan. 28, 1797.
" I have answered all your public Letters re-
ceived to this date. You will see, from my public
measures, that I adopt substantially your opinion
against Sir Charles Malet's. I have no doubt that
Tippoo looks for war with the English ; that he
wishes it; and that if he could prevail on the
Nizam to join him, or obtain effectual assistance
from the French, he would attack us ; — and that
he will remain quiet if these suppositions be not
verified. And although I think that there is little
probability that they will be verified, I am per-
fectly satisfied that prudent precaution, without
betraying alarm, is the wisest policy. It has been
our error to be too distrustful of danger. In ge-
neral, I think you have much the advantage of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 401
Sir Charles Malet in your argument ; although you
may, perhaps, push it a little too far, whilst he is
unreasonably diffident. The Nizam, or Azim-ul-
Omrah, may make use of Medina Sahib to alarm
us, with a view to secure Kurnoul ; but this will
not account for Tippoo's object in sending his
ambassador to the Nizam : motives so distant must
be explained by different principles, in judging
of the conduct of States and Princes. Although
it is safest to draw our conclusions from their
interests, we must allow for the operation of other
motives, not always reconcileable either to their
wisdom or true interest.
" It has often, I confess, surprised me, that you
have been able to collect so much information,
without the discovery of your secret agents : you
must in this instance have managed with great
ability. With that diffidence which nnist attend
intelligence so obtained, I have examined the com-
munications made to you ; and have found the
particulars so often confirmed, that I could not
distrust the substantial truth of them, allowing
something for the anxiety of the communicants to
make their disclosures appear as important as
possible. INIuch must be useless or uninteresting ;
but if you confined the details of your intelligence
to points of importance only, it would be im])ossi-
ble to understand them, to trace tlicir connection,
VOL. I. 2 n
402 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
or to have the means of ascertaining the veracity
of your informers. You will see, from an extract
of our secret Letter to Europe, which I will beg
Barlow to send you, in what light I esteem your
conduct. I think Sir Charles Malet has not dealt
quite fairly with you, in this exposition of your
opinions; but he has been misled by his pre-
possessions, not by his intention. The account of
the Poonah intrigues does credit to his pen and his
judgment.
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Yours very sincerely."
The Governor-General now visited Oude. His
object, as it has been already stated, was the reform
of the inveterate corruptions of the Vizier's admi-
nistration. And the agent, of whose instrumen-
tality he proposed chiefly to avail himself in car-
rying his plans into effect, was one of the most able
and upright Native statesmen, whose unsullied re-
putation has shed its light on the dark page of
Indian history — Tufuzzool Hossein Khan.
This individual had been long known at Cal-
cutta as the Vizier's Vakeel or Minister. Re-
sisting all the temptations to indolence, arrogance,
and profligacy, to which his high rank and the
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 403
almost universal licentiousness of his sovereign's
court exposed him, he was remarkable for the
simplicity and modesty of his deportment, unim-
peachable integrity, and indefatigable diligence in
the prosecution of manly and liberal studies. His
fame as a scholar and a mathematician was esta-
blished by a Translation of Newton's ' Principia '
into Persian, and an original Treatise on Fluxions.
lie was earnestly desirous of repairing to those
fountain-heads of knowledge whose streams had
refreshed his thirsting spirit. He at length indulged
the prospect of speedily realizing his hope, by ac-
companying Sir John Shore, with whom he had
formed a cordial friendship, to England ; when the
latter persuaded him to enter upon the irksome
and disgusting, but patriotic task of superintending
and reforming the Vizier's Government. " Never,"
observes Sir John Shore, " did man undertake
oflice with greater reluctance : and on relincjuishing
it, after the Vizier's death, in the following year, he
did so without the least pecuniary benefit to him-
self. Calumny never reproached him with a single
act of extortion." {Selections from Journal.)
The Governor-General hoped to prevail u])oii
the Nabob, not only to transfer the reins of power
from the hands of his own profligate jNIniister to
those of Tufuzzool Hossein Khan, but also to cede
the important fortress of Allahabad, and a tract of
2d 2
404 LII'E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
country equivalent to the discharge of his stipulated
debt, to the Company. But the retreat of Zemaun
Shah released the Nabob from the apprehension of
an insurrection of the Rohillas, on the dexterous
management of which the Governor-General rested
chiefly the success of his negociations : and he
obtained only the proposed change of administra-
tion, and the payment of five and a half lacs of
rupees additional to the Nabob's former tribute.
The following Letters were written by Sir John
Shore whilst absent from Calcutta : —
" TO LADY SHORE.
" Benares, Feb. 8, 1797.
" I wrote to you a very hurried scrawl yester-
day, giving you an account of my occupations. At
half-past two, I proceeded in state, accompanied by
Collins, George, and Edmonstone, to visit the Be-
gum, or widow of the eldest son of the present
King of Delhi, who resided in Benares and died
a few years ago, and his two sons.
" These poor descendants of Imperial dignity
maintain the forms of royalty: and we mutually
acted parts inconsistent with our real characters ;
I, the Representative of our Power, professing
LIFE or LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 405
humility and submission before the dependants on
the bounty of the Company ; whilst they, who are
the objects of charity, and feeling their situation,
thought it incumbent on them to use tlie lan-
guage of Princes. I was caparisoned with a sword,
shield, and turban ; and the Princes took off their
jackets, which I put on. In short, what between
sensibility at the misfortunes of those descendants
from the stock of Tamerlane, and my sense of the
ridiculous character I was acting, my feelings cannot
be described.
" I arrived here without any thing ; and I have
found every thing. You have heard of the talis-
man which had the power of the magician's wand :
it was waved, and fixtures appeared. The name of
the Governor-General is a talisman, which will not
indeed erect palaces, but give me the use of them :
it produces plenty in the midst of wilds, and con-
veniences in the land of sterility.
" To-day, I go to visit the Rajah of Benares,
where I expect to find a complete contrast to the
misery of yesterday : — not that the Princes are in
fact miserable, for they have at least ten thousand
rupees per month. To-day I expect to find all
the comforts of opulence and happy dependence.
" I have no fears about Zemaun Shah : he was at
Lahore on the 17th of January : and if he come to
Delhi this year, he must make haste. I think the
40G LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
prospective danger alarming ; — the immediate dan-
ger, a very good instrument in promoting my views
with the Vizier. — There are politics for you !
My prayers attend you all !
" From Benares to Juanpoor the road was too
dusty to admit of my observing the country ; but
the scenery around Juanpoor is delightful. The
town was built more than four hundred years ago,
and was long the residence of dignity and opulence ;
the remains of which it still exhibits, in mosques,
and other buildings of great beauty and magnitude.
The large mosque is very grand : the centre is more
than a hundred feet in length. The representation
of it by Daniel was most accurate, and not exag-
gerated. There is another of less dimensions and
more beautiful workmanship ; and mosques are
scattered all over the country, which abounds with
topes, or groves, placed with an elegance, the merit
of which taste might arrogate, although I believe
it to be due to chance. There are no hills or dales ;
but the face of the country is beautifully undulated,
so as to be free from the dull uniformity of a flat.
The fort is a romantic and interesting building, in
ruins sufficient to give it a most picturesque appear-
ance ; but still capable, with a very little expense,
of being made impregnable to all but European
artillery. It has also, literally and metaphorically.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 407
sublimity ; for I conceive the highest bastions to be
elevated eighty or a hundred feet above the level of
the River Goomty, which winds at the foot of it,
with a stream as broad and as clear as the Thames
at Richmond. We passed by a paved bridge of
stone consisting of thirteen arches, built, as I ascer-
tained by a Persian inscription, more than four
hundred years ago. I could almost fancy, when
I was upon it, that I was trampling an English
pavement. Why could you not be with me, my
dear wife ? "
"Fifty-six Miles from Lucknow, Feb. 19, 1797.
" The Nabob and myself visit daily, and are in
the best humour imaginable with each other. His
disposition is naturally good, but irritated by bad
advisers, mean associates, and absolute power ;
which, however, he does not exercise cruelly. He
promotes rather than performs bad actions. A few
years ago, an Englishman, for his Excellency's
amusement, introduced the elegant European diver-
sion of a race in sacks by old women : the Nabob
was delighted beyond measure, and declared, that
although he had spent a crore of rupees, or a mil-
lion sterling, in procuring entertainment, he had
never found one so pleasing to him. So nnuh lor
408 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the amusements of Sovereignty ! Every evening,
almost, he stupifies himself with opimn ; the efTects
of which are often felt in the morning, in sickness,
vomiting, languor, and dejection of spirits. His
confidants are the meanest and lowest people : he
dreads the society of men of worth, capable of con-
trolling his conduct.
" February 21, 1797.
" With the Vizier all goes on well, and, I trust,
will end well. Tufuzzool Hossein Khan smooths
my way ; and has, by superior merit and wisdom,
and respectability of character, a marked ascendency
over the Lucknow minions. I rode thirteen miles
this morning, on two of the finest horses in India ;
and made no more of a ditch or a bank than if
I had been a regular fox-hunter all my life.
" I am not unmindful of the goodness of Provi-
dence to me ; and my thoughts frequently turn
towards my Maker with gratitude. I pray to Him
to give me a due sense of His mercies, and to
protect, support, and comfort you and my dear
children."
Lll'E OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 109
" Lucknow, Feb. 26, 1797.
" In the evening of yesterday I dined with
General Martine ; who is a most extraordinary
character, and every thing about him. The house
is built on the bank of the River Goomty, and
boats passed under the room in which we dined.
He has under-ground apartments, even with the
edge of the water, the most comfortable in the
world in the hot weather, and most elegantly deco-
rated. As the water rises, he ascends : the lower
story is always filled by the river in the rains, and
the second generally : when the water subsides, they
are repaired and decorated. The two rooms con-
taining the company, consisting of somewhat more
than forty ladies and gentlemen, were covered with
glasses, pictures, and prints : in short, you could see
no walls three feet from the floor. He had a pair
of glasses ten feet in length, and proportionably
wide ; and estimated his glasses and lustres only,
in tlie said two rooms, at forty thousand rupees, or
,^64500. It would require a w^eek at least to exa-
mine the contents of his house. The old General
is a Swiss ; and talks English about a degree better
than Tiritta, interlarding every sentence witli ' What
do you call it?' . . . ' Do you see? '
He is, however, a man of much penetration and
observation ; and his language would be elegant if
110 LIFH OF LOUD TEIGNMOUTH.
it corresponded with his ideas. His singularities
are amusing, not ridiculous. There was dancing
in the evening; and a very pretty exhibition of
fire-works on the opposite side of the river, which
pleased me, and would have delighted and fright-
ened Charlotte."
February 28, 1797.
" This day I had a private audience with the
Nabob, from which we separated both much
pleased. I have, however, refused a fortune for
you and your younger children. Notwithstanding
he was repeatedly told that I would accept nothing,
he had prepared five lacs of rupees and eight thou-
sand gold mohurs for me ; of w^hich I was to have
four lacs, my attendants one, and your Ladyship
the gold. My answ er to his Excellency was this : —
That a barleycorn from him was equal in my sight
to a million ; but that I could not but express my
concern that he and his people were so ignorant of
our customs, and of my character, to make such an
offer, which I peremptorily declined. I added,
that I had seen in his shiisha karia (literally, glass-
house, but a complete European shop) some pictures
of his Excellency, of which I begged to have one,
as a memorial of his friendship : and I took one,
about fifteen inches square, done by ZolFani (not
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 411
set with diamonds), which is a strong resemblance
of the Nabob ; and for which, to say the truth,
I would not give two-pence*. — It pleased him."
" March 3, 1797
" I have had another conversation with the Vizier
to-day; and am in good spirits, which is more
than the Vizier was yesterday. He is a weather-
cock ; and to fix him, is my task — ' No easy one,' you
will say. After leaving me, he was closetted with
his crew of fools, panders, and flatterers : and when
Tufuzzool visited him in the evening, he told him
I wanted to turn his house topsy-turvy, and sweep
the Augean stable clean. — I wish I could! but
I am not a Hercules, to contend with monsters. —
This was before his favourites. He then had a pri-
vate and confidential communication with Tufuzzool,
who is minutely informed of all my acts and words,
and who, with that masterly eloquence and honour
which he possesses, strengthened and enforced all
the dictates of my wisdom, parried the suggested
inferences of the base crew, soothed his ai)prehen-
sions, and inspired him with confidence in me. — All
this I knew before.
* Exceptin{>; some ring-s, of no value, sent to Jjady 'reijiuniouth
by the blind old King of Delhi, this portrait was the only present
from a Native Sovereii^n whicli fjord 'reii>;nniouth received in
India.
412 lAVV) OF LOUD 'I'EIGNMOUTH.
" Tufuzzool Hossein Khan is an invaluable man
to me : he even speaks plainer to the Nabob than
I do. His reflections on what has passed, is, ' that
I have done as much as possible since I have been
here, unless I had adopted the dragooning plan.' —
Nous verrons!"
March 19, 1797.
" Having written thus far, I retired to my
room, and, with a devotion I was happy to feel,
poured forth my confessions and supplications to
the Almighty, imploring His pardon for my offences,
grace to be sensible of His mercy to me. His assis-
tance as well in my temporal as spiritual concerns,
and His protection upon you and my dear babes. —
I find my mind easier for the performance of this
duty. — How little are my performances, in compa-
rison of what they ought to be ! I think God
knows that He is in my heart, and that I have not
forgotten Him. As trust in His providence is my
support, in Him I put my reliance.
" I shall certainly remain here time enough to
hear of your arrival in Calcutta. Such a scene
of folly and contradictions I never witnessed ; but
I wade through it quietly, steadily, and with a
temperance I hardly thought myself master of. —
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 413
I trust that God will prosper my endeavours, by
shewing me the right way."
" TO WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR — " Liicknow, March 25th, 1797.
" Your obliging Letter of the 2d July, from
Buxton, reached me at this place, whilst I was
conversing with the Nabob. I left the seat of my
Government to pay him a visit — not entirely of
ceremony, as you may suppose ; and, since my
arrival here, I have been talking to him on subjects
which never entered his imagination — the prospe-
rity of his country, the happiness of his subjects,
the improvement of his Administration, and the
dignity of his character. Memlici, nwnce, Balatrones,
hoc genus omne, with fools, knaves, and sycophants,
compose the Court of the Illustrious Ruler of
millions ! — Never did I undertake so unpleasant a
task. If I have not, however, impressed him with
ideas more suitable to his situation, I have at least
established the influence of the Company with him
on stronger grounds than before.
" I will not subject myself to an imputation of
flattery, by telling you all that I feel on your re-
election for the County of York. It does you
credit, and honour to your Constituents. By the
414 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
same post which brought me your Letter, I re-
ceived one mentioning the election of a Gentleman
with whom I am distantly connected, and that it
cost him 50,000/. !
" I could write to you volumes of serious reflec-
tions, which have originated at this place, if I had
not other duties which require every moment of
my time. I am now not far from Delhi, once the
capital of the largest empire in the world, Russia
perhaps excepted. The present possessor of the
throne, the descendant of Tamerlane, lives in dark-
ness, surrounded with empty state and real penury,
a pensioner on the niggard bounty of the Mahrattas,
from whom he receives less than the Duke of
Bedford does from his tenants. He supplicates me
on the terms of royalty ; and his son is here, a
dependant on the benevolence of the Nabob, from
w^hom he receives a comfortable subsistence. —
Wonderful are the dispensations of Providence !
and I feel them in myself.
" I shall now rejjly to your Postscript. Our
Nabob furnishes an instance in point. For the
last seventeen years of his life, he has been in the
habit of taking opium, the produce of this country,
and, from its adulteration, less pow^erful than that
which comes from Turkey, in perhaps a fifth
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 415
degree. He began with a very small quantity,
about two grains ^;er diem; and he now takes four
pills of about twenty grains each, in the course of
the twenty-four hours ; certainly equal to sixty-four
grains of the strongest Turkey opium. He assures
me that it never affects his appetite or strength,
and there is no appearance of decay in either. He
enjoys a remarkably good state of health ; and is
subject, as far as I can learn, to no complaint, but
occasional vomiting in a moderate degree, which
requires no medical assistance. Some years ago,
there was a native of India residing here who
swallowed, if a variety of eye-witnesses may be
credited, a quantity of opium, (horresco ref evens!)
in the course of twenty-four hours, not less than a
pound and a half! He was a stout corpulent man ;
and died at the age of seventy, after a short illness
of three days. My Nabob is about forty-eight years
old. There are many who take one or two ounces
a-day. In general, it has been found that the
habitual use of any given quantity loses its effect ;
that, to continue its efficacy, the quantity must be
increased ; that it brings on a thin habit, and
debility ; that if, by accident, the dose is omitted,
languor, anxiety, and depression, succeed ; and that
it induces premature old age. During the use of
it, the spirits are improved ; and I do not find that
the Nabob sleeps more than others, or that the use
416 LIPE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
of opium would disqualify him for business, if no
other disqualification existed.
" Upon the whole, I think, from observation, that
the use of it, commenced at a period of life when
the natural infirmities begin, might often tend to
relieve them, without any material ill consequence.
The bad effects of opium are most conspicuous in
those who indulge in it at an early period. — I may
hereafter be able to send you a better detail. I
must now conclude, with an assurance that I have
the greatest pleasure in subscribing myself,
" My Dear Sir, your very sincere," &c.
The writer of this Letter, it must be observed,
entertained an insuperable aversion to the use of
opium. He could not be induced to take it, even
medicinally. And in his last illness, his physician
was obliged, when administering it to him, to dis-
guise it, so that he could not detect it.
The Nabob died this very year, the victim of his
excesses.
" TO THE HON. JONATHAN DUNCAN.
" DEAR DUNCAN— " Calcutta, May 10, 1797.
" My time at Lucknow, where I remained
about six weeks, did not pass in amusement, or
LIFE OF LORD TEIGXMOUTH. 417
even pleasantly. I was engaged in the very dis-
agreeable attempt of making an Ethiopian white ;
and I cannot flatter myself that T have made much
impression on his complexion.
" I could, upon the dragooning plan, have ac-
complished all this in five days : upon my princi-
ples, it required as many weeks. I was, however,
obliged to appear somewhat angry with his Excel-
lency ; and he has been very angry since I went
away, and very submissive.
"I enter into your feelings on public business,
because I participate them in some degree ; and
my feelings are not as much alive as yours. When-
ever my judgment is fully satisfied about any
measure, I may and must be solicitous about the
result ; and I care not what judgments are passed
upon it. Do you not see, that there is not a single
measure of consequence proposed by the Minister
in Europe which is not impugned by the Opposi-
sition ? I mean to do well : I want not common
sense ; and I take pains to form the best judgment
I can upon events : the rest must depend upon
what I cannot controul. You must. My friend,
assume a greater confidence in yourself, and act
more independently of opinion. You never will
go on with the business satisfactorily without it.
VOL. I. 2 E
418 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
All j^our Letters, even on trifling subjects, betray
the extreme anxiety which you feel : it is a proof
of the goodness of your principles, and of your zeal
for the public good ; but all the world knows them,
and admits them. My Letters from Europe are
very satisfactory and encouraging; but I should
not have been affected had they been otherwise.
" I repeat again, you want nothing but a confi-
dence in yourself.
" Surely there is no comparison between you and
your predecessor, either in judgment, experience,
or zeal. Possessing those talents in the degree
you do, you must not let the world suspect your
diffidence ; they will draw conclusions to your
prejudice from it.
" I am your affectionate," &c.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
"Bengal, June 6, 1797.
" I am by no means sorry to have undertaken
this journey. It has enabled me to see clearly into
the character of the Vizier, and the state of things
at Lucknow ; and has convinced me that the know-
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 419
ledge which I had before of both was, in many
respects, imperfect, and in some erroneous. If
such be the case with your Governments in India,
notwithstanding the means wliich we possess of ac-
quiring information, and diligence to avail myself
of them, how comparatively little must your know-
ledge in England be ! It has ever been my prac-
tice, as well as duty, to communicate to you all that
I possess myself; but still there is a very wide
difference between the knowledge acquired by ob-
servation and report : it is like the judgments
formed upon oral or written evidence ; and you are
well apprised how much the behaviour of the
witness augments or diminishes the weight of his
testimony.
'^ I have seen Mr. Buchanan*, whom I like much.
His conduct during the voyage was highly merito-
rious, and introduced him into Bengal with the
applause of his shipmates. Much of his time was
devoted to the instruction of the young men. He
is now hesitating whether or not to settle in Cal-
cutta ; and I am waiting to learn his determination,
from our friend Brown. I cannot mention his
name without adding my respect and esteem for
him. If, upon full ronsideration of circumstances,
* Tlio Rov. ('l.-iudiuf; Ruchnn.in.
2 F. 2
420 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
Mr. Buchanan should decide upon residing in Cal-
cutta, I shall take upon myself to provide a proper
footing for him.
" It is our determination, as far as it is practi-
cable for us to form it, to embark for England next
season. I should most seriously regret any dis-
appointment ; and the war, of the termination of
which I see no immediate prospect, will not deter
us. Madness still rages in France ; and PrQXl-
dence must interpose for the xelief of .the_ miseries
of mankind. The treatment of Lord Malmesbury
was most indignant ; and Burke, like Cassandra,
appears to have been too true a prophet. The
nation will, however, be convinced that the con-
tinuance of the war is not owing to the Minister ;
in whose abilities, under Providence, I have the
firmest reliance. I wrote to Mr. Wilberfore from
Lucknow ; and am still indebted both to him and
l^r^Thorntqn. Happy shall I be to meet you in
their society ; and to be in a situation where I may
with less interruption attend to the concerns of a
future state. I thank God that they are not oblite-
rated from my heart ! — With our most affectionate
remembrance to Mrs. Grant and your family,
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your sincere and obliged friend."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 421
" TO WILLIAM BENSLEY, ESQ.
" MV DEAR FRIEND — • " Benf^al, July 21, 1797.
" The Newspapers from England anticipated
the official notice of the re-appointment of Mar-
quis Cornwallis to the Government-General and
Command of the Army in India ; and your obli-
ging Letter, announcing the same important event.
Nothing could have more surprised or pleased me.
The sacrifice made by the Marquis is a magnani-
mous instance of his patriotism. I thank you and
my friends most sincerely for undertaking for my
assistance to his Lordship ; and I promise you that
it shall be most cordially and cheerfully offered.
My acknowledgments are due to the Honourable
Court for the terms of their Orders respecting me.
I receive them as a flattering approbation of my
conduct, which has ever, at least, been decided by
zeal and integrity. You will readily conclude that
I shall not hesitate a moment to act under Lord
Cornwallis, if he wishes it, as long as I remain in
India. I always esteemed, loved, and respected
him ; and I should indeed think meanly of myself,
if vanity or personal considerations should influ-
ence me to withdraw from the administration of
India, while my assistance in it can be rendered
422 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
useful. His last resolution has increased my vene-
ration for his character ; and with his example
before me, I shall be proud of emulating it.
" I am your affectionate Friend."
Sir John Shore's generous offer of acting in a sub-
ordinate capacity under Lord Cornwallis is parti-
cularly specified in a short Memorial of his services,
compiled at the India House.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 423
CHAPTER XIII.
MANILLA EXPEDITION SIR J. SHORE AGAIN VISITS OUDE, AND DEPOSES
THE REIGNING NABOB ELEVATION TO THE IRISH PEERAGE RE-
LINQUISHES THE GOVERNMENT REVIEW OF HIS ADMINISTRATION,
AND STRICTURES ON IT CONSIDERED.
On his return from Lucknow, the Governor-General
fitted out an expedition against the Spanish Islands ;
which derives some importance from the circum-
stance of its having been placed under the conduct
of the future hero of his age, the Duke of Welling-
ton, then the Hon. Colonel Wesley, who had
arrived in India some time previous, in command
of the 33d regiment. Amongst other Letters of
introduction to Sir John Shore, of which the gallant
officer was the bearer, was one expressing, in brief,
soldier-like terms, the opinion of his merits enter-
tained by the Colonel of his regiment : —
" MARQUIS CORNWALLIS TO SIR J. SHORE.
" DEAR SIR — " Whitehall, June 10, 1796.
"I beg leave to introduce to you Colonel
Wesley, who is Lieut.-Colonel of my regiment : he is
424 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
a sensible man, and a good officer ; and will, I have
no doubt, conduct himself in a manner to merit
your approbation.
" I am, with great regard, Dear Sir,
" Most faithfully yours."
On his first interview with Colonel Wesley at
his Levee, Sir J. Shore evinced his characteristic
prompt discernment of character. Turning quickly
round to his aides-de-camp, as the young soldier
retired, he remarked, with prophetic sagacity, " If
Colonel Wesley should ever have the opportunity of
distinguishing himself, he will do it, and greatly."
One of those to whom these expressions were ad-
dressed did not return to England till the Duke of
Wellington had reached the zenith of his Peninsular
reputation, when he reminded Lord Teignmouth
of the complete verification of his prediction*.
* Two instances, among' many others, of Lord Teignmouth's
almost intuitive perception of character occur to the recollection of
the writer of this Memoir. On one occasion, having- joined in play
with a boy whom his father had brought to Lord Teignmouth's
house, he was suddenly forbidden by the latter associating with
him : Lord Teignmouth accompanying the prohibition with the
remark, that there was something in his countenance indicating
that he would not come to a good end. The individual in ques-
tion was young Polidori, the future companion of Byron ; and
the prediction, uttered so emphatically that it could not be
forgotten,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 425
During the latter part of Sir John Shore's admi-
nistration, Colonel Wesley was a frequent guest at
his table. The peculiar characteristic of his great
mind, which the Governor-General especially re-
marked, and often in after-life adverted to with ad-
miration and astonishment, was an union of strong
sense and boyish playfulness which he had never seen
exemplified in any other individual.
On the object of the expedition, to the direction
of which he was destined, Colonel Wesley furnished
forgotten, w as but too accurately fulfilled. It is well known that
the unfortunate youth terminated a licentious career by suicide.
Lord Teig'nmouth was equally happy in another and very
different prognostication. The author was sitting by his side,
under • the Gallery of the House of Commons, when Sir Robert
(then Mr.) Peel delivered one of his earliest speeches, from one of
the upper Ministerial benches. Lord Teignmouth, having listened
to him with much attention, observed instantly, as Mr. Peel sat
down, " If that young man should live, I should not be surprised
to see him filling some of the first situations in the country."
Other proofs might be given of his natural discernment having
been matured to the degree of which the Poet speaks —
" When old experience doth attain
To something like prophetic strain."
In his latter days, it was rarely, and only when either otF his
guard or when circumstances rendered it necessary, that he would
utter disparaging expressions. And he would frequently advert
to the exemplary charity of Mr. Wilberforcc, in never broaching
an opinion unfavourable to any one's character, without qualifying
his censure by a " but" of commendation.
426 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
a spirited plan, and corresponded with the Gover-
nor-General*. The following Letters refer to an
Order, inadvertently issued, that the soldiers, when
embarked, should be placed under the direction of
the officers commanding the ships, in the event of
their engaging the French frigates cruising the
Eastern Seast.
* See Appendix IV.
t A Letter on the subject of the above Correspondence cannot
fail to be perused with interest, as indicating that an eventful
interval of nearly forty years had not erased from the mind of the
Illustrious Writer the recollection of attention which he had re-
ceived in his younger days.
" DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" MY LORD — " London, June 25, 1836.
" I have had the honour of receiving your Lordship's Letter.
I will look among my papers for any Letters that I may have
from the late Lord Teignmouth.
"Although his Lordship received and always treated me with
great kindness and condescension, I was not in any official situa-
tion to occasion any correspondence with him. t do not recollect
having had such a one ; but I will look among my papers ; and
if I should find any Letters from his Lordship, you shall have
them.
" I have the honour to be,
" My Lord,
" Your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,
" Wellington."
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 4*27
" HON. COLONEL WESLEY TO SIR JOHN SHORE.
" «'H — " Heroine, Aug. 6, 1797.
"' I have just received an Order from Major-
General St. Leger, stating, that, ' in case of coming
to action, the troops will be under the command of
the captains of the ships.' In the difFerent conver-
sations you did me the honour to hold with me
upon this subject, I uniformly stated it to be my
determination that every assistance should be given
to work and fight the ships. I told you that the
directions of the captains of the Indiamen, upon
those occasions, would of course be obeyed : and I
communicated to you an extract of my instructions
to the officers commanding the troops on board the
different ships upon this subject, which you thought
fully sufficient. Confiding, then, that there would
be no order from Superior Authority to put me, or
the regiment I have the honour to command, in any
situation imder the command of the captains of the
Indiamen (however I or every other officer might
think it necessary that we and the men should obey
their orders upon certain occasions), I embarked
with the regiment ; — a step which, however attached
I may be to the King's Service, I would sooner
have quitted it than have taken, had I known that
matter was to be arranged as 1 find it is.
" In addition to the objections I have to be under
428 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the command of persons who have thrown so many
difficulties in the way of the Service ; and who are
now throwing so many, that I shall probably be obli-
ged to write an official complaint of some of them
before the fleet sails — and in addition to the diffi-
culties of ohliging officers (particularly field-officers)
to put themselves under the command of captains
of Indiamen, or of taking the soldiers from under
the orders of their own officers — there is this legal
objection to the measure ; viz. that the captains of
the Indiamen have no legal method of enforcing
obedience to their orders from their own seamen,
much less will they have it of enforcing obedience
from soldiers ; and therefore if it does not suit the
pleasure of the men, they will not obey them.
" In my opinion, it would have been better to
have left the matter where I placed it ; and have
trusted to the good sense and honour of the officers,
and to the spirit of the soldiers, that every assis-
tance would be given when the occasion might
require it : and in that case, as they would not have
felt themselves or their Service disgraced, their
exertions would have been greater, and their assis-
tance more cordial than it can be expected to be
under the existing circumstances.
"However, Sir, uncomfortable as I feel it em-
barking under such circumstances, I shall do every
thing in my power, and shall make those under me
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 420
do every thing in their power, to forward the Ser-
vice : and I hope that you will find that those
whose ambitious claims have been complied with
will do the same.
" I have the honour to be, Sir,
" Your most obedient humble servant,
" A. Wesley."
" SIR JOHN SHORE TO THE HON. COLONEL WESLEY.
" DEAR SIR " Aug. 8, 1797.
" I return a Private Answer to your Letter of
the 5th ; which, from the superscription, I conclude
to be Official.
" Nothing could have given me greater concern
than the tenour of your Letter; as I am sorry to
confess that I have inadvertently been the occasion
of the Order issued by General St. Leger, which is
conformable to the terms of the instructions given
to him and Captain Murray. By what inadver-
tence it escaped me, I am at a loss to conceive ; but
I am anxious to impress you with a conviction that
inadvertence alone could have occasioned, on my
part, any instructions hurtful to your feelings, or
to those of the gentlemen under your command.
" No man can be more impressed than 1 am with
a sense of the zeal, alacrity, and spirit shewn by
yourself, and the officers and men of your regiment ;
430 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
and I had flattered myself with the pleasing ex-
pectation of having, as far as depended upon me,
done every thing in my power to render the Ser-
vice agreeable to yon.
" I repeat my regret at an occurrence which
appears to have afforded you any uneasiness; and
add my hope that the Orders despatched yesterday,
in revocation of that part of the instructions which
has been the occasion of it, will reach the ships
before their departure.
" I am. Dear Sir,
" Your very sincere and obedient
humble servant."
The further progress of the expedition was judi-
ciously arrested at Penang by Lord Hobart; to
whom, as more immediately capable of forming an
opinion of Tippoo's designs, the discretionary power
of recalling it had been entrusted.
" TO CHARLES GRANT, ESQ.
MY DEAR SIR » Bengal, Sept. 13, 1797.
" The limits of our political relations are widely
extended of late years ; and the character and
designs of the Rulers of Persia and Teheran now
come within the scope of our deliberations. Our
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 431
correspondence extends from Bagdad to Borneo,
and includes all the interjacent powers. The
power of Britain in the East is a Colossus formed of
very unassimilating materials, and standing upon a
basis of doubtful solidity. It will resist many
shocks: but the repetition of them weakens it;
and I think it more likely to crumble to pieces,
than to fall by an earthquake. If it please God to
conduct me safe and in health to England, I shall
devote some hours on my voyage to reflections
which may be of use, in preventing future ruin.
"But the duration of this Political statue may
be shortened by events at home : and although I
am not disposed to be gloomy in anticipating evils,
in cases where my personal reputation is not con-
cerned, I cannot see the awful situation of affairs in
Europe without the most serious reflections. Great
Britain is now left without an ally to carry on a
war with an inveterate enemy ; and the most unex-
pected success cannot prove an adequate compen-
sation for the evils of it. I do not mean, by tliis
reflection, to blame our Ministry ; for I am rather
disposed to believe, that whatever their disposition
might be, war was inevitable ; nor am I convinced,
by any arguments that I have yet had, that it was
in the power of the Ministry to make a proper
peace. At home, I see no alteration in manners :
the national burden increases, without inducing
432 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
private economy: calamity and apprehension pre-
vail, yet the same dissipation continues. Of worldly
fear there is enough ; — of religious fear, too little.
Reformation in the State is loudly called for, by
those who are incapable of reforming themselves ;
as if it were possible to establish public virtue
without private integrity — to compose an aggre-
gate of probity from the materials of pollution.
My^mUy;^consola^nj5j a relk^ upon^rovidence ;
\/ whoj, to punish the disobedience and lessen the
presumption of mankind, plunges them in miseries
from which nothing but the Divine assistance can
extricate them. *When affairs jire. at. t^^^^
the homely proverb says, ' they mend :' — and I am
willing to hope, that having less to settle than we
had before, the difficulty of a pacification may
be less.
" It is always natural for people to look at home ;
and on this principle I most particularly recom-
mend that no Foreign Nations — i.e. neither the
Dutch nor the French — be allowed National Esta-
blishments in Bengal. You know the trouble
which they formerly occasioned ; and we may be
assured that, under the new order of things in
France, it will not in future be less. But this is
the least important consideration. From their Fac-
torial Establishments in India they will derive the
means of Political connection with Foreign Powers,
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 483
and of carrying on perpetual intrigues for our
destruction. I hope, however, before this reflection
can reach you, that it will not be a subject of dis-
cussion. In judging of Indian affairs, you must
ever be careful to allow for the progress of things.
Bengal is as different now from what it was ten
years ago, as it then was, upon comparison, with the
state of things ten years before that period.
" I rejoice, rather for the sake of the public than
on your own account, on finding your name in the
Direction. I rejoice on my own account. In you,
habit, I believe, has more influence than your own
judgment ; which would rather induce you to retire
from a situation in which your desire of contri-
buting to tlie public good must always greatly
exceed your ability to establish it. Some good,
however, must be the result of your efforts ; and
this consideration might supersede the regret that
you cannot do more. I shall hardly be tempted, on
my return to England, if the option were given to
me, of taking part in Public Affairs. I would ratlier
accept an ofiice in which my personal efforts might
be moderately useful, and in which I could act
unfettered by the interests, views, or opposition of
others ; such, for instance, as the oflice of a Country
Magistrate, or, in plain words, of a Justice of the
Peace. Great and extensive benefits, personal as
well as practical, would result from the consci-
voL. I. 2 r
434 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII.
entious discharge of the duties of this office by an
able man. It is a pity, not to say disgraceful, that
its real importance should be so ill understood ; or,
what comes to the same thing, so little attended to.
" I am your affectionate Friend."
" TO WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, ESQ.
" MY DEAR SIR "Bengal, Sept. 13, 1797.
" It is really a pleasure to me to acknowledge
the receipt of your two Letters of the 6th and 19th
of January. Much of my other correspondence is
half official, and half friendly. With you, it origi-
nates from one unmixed source.
" Of your kind Letter of the 6th of January, if
I were to speak in the Oriental style, I should say
it was ^ a rose from the rose-garden of Friendship,'
and with much more sincerity than is usually
annexed to such compliments. Worldly honours,
or worldly approbation, are really little in my
estimation ; but the approbation or confidence of a
friend, which is the most flattering approbation, is
a real gratification to me. It is still more so, to
find so much correspondence between your reflec-
tions and mine. With a distracted head, and
unaccommodating attention, I give many hours to
the perusal of religious books, and to reflections on
religious subjects ; and it is not a little extra-
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 4-^5
ordinary that the same idea should have occurred to
me which has also occurred to you. If you were
with me, I could shew you many pages of my own
composition in favour of Religion, which I hope
some time or other to weave into a form fit for
publication. But I must have the approbation of
those who have studied the subject more, before I
should venture — if I should ever Jiave jcourage to
do it — to give any book to the world in my own
name. The minds of men appear to me as various
as their faces ; and this variety I believe to be the
natural constitution of man, as well as of habit and
education. The minds of the same men are no
less various under different circumstances of health,
situation, society, and example ; and a subject will
often make an impression according to the mode in
which it is treated. When the foundation is esta-
blished, the superstructure may be erected with
less difficulty. If this reflection be just, it furnishes
a good argument for new publications on religious
subjects, although nothing new may be urged ; and
will be my excuse for the attempt.
" Amongst other volumes which I have read in
this country, Butler's Sermons forms one. There
are two amongst them which I have read with
infinite delight — the 13th and 14th, 'On the Love
of God.' You will find in it a thorough knowledge
of the heart and nature of man — deep thought —
2 F 2
436 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
an ardent, yet rational enthusiasm — a sublimity of
conception, and nervous expression. There is one
idea which I had almost called angelical, which
lifts the soul beyond all worldly thoughts, to a
sublimity which it can hardly bear. I will quote a
few words which describe it : — ' In this world, it is
^ only the effects of wisdom, power, and greatness
^ which you discern. It is not impossible, that,
^ hereafter, the qualities themselves in the Supreme
^ Being may be the immediate objects of contem-
^ plation. What an object is the universe to a
' creature, if there be a creature who can compre-
* hend its system ! But it must be an infinitely
' higher exercise of the understanding, to view the
^ scheme of it in that Mind which projected it,
^ before its foundations were laid. And surely we
^ have meaning to the words, when we speak of
^ going further, and viewing not only the system
' in His mind, but the Wisdom and Intelligence
* itself, from whence it proceeded?'
" The Sermons of Butler are, however, too
metaphysical for a promiscuous audience ; — better
adapted for the closet, than for the pulpit — to
those who have aided Religion by contemplation,
who are already advanced in piety, than to the
generality of mankind or Christians. The con-
clusion of the sermon in question is wonderfully
sublime.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 437
" A recommendation of a sermon by a Governor-
General ! — I hope it will not be, in future, a very
rare occurrence. My l^st was written from Luck-
now ; and I can only add, that
" I am, my Dear Sir,
" Your sincere," &c. &c.
" TO HUGH INGLIS, ESQ.
MY DEAR FRIEND — "Bengal, Sept. 13, 1797.
" Lord Hobart has certainly great vigour and
energy, and I believe him to be actuated by great
zeal for the public good ; and with the experience
which he has now acquired, I think he would dis-
charge the functions of Governor-General very ably.
With respect to myself, I am almost worn out ; and
shall most gladly resign my station, either to Lord
Hobart, or to any other person you may think
proper to appoint*. His Lordship, I learn offi-
cially, has decided upon the relinquishment of the
Expedition ; and although I have not his reasons
for it, 1 have no doubt that they are solid. He
had the fullest sanction of this Government for the
decision, under certain limitations.
* The appointment was at first destined to Lord Corawallis ;
but eventually devolved on tlie Maniuis Wellesley, then Earl of
Morninffton.
4-38 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
" I have now the portraits of Lord Clive, Mr.
Hastings, and Lord Cornwallis, in the Government
House ; and if I could haye procured a portrait of
Mr. Carter, he should have been added to the list.
If he is not so great a man as those whom I have
mentioned, he is as good as the best.
" I am, my Dear Friend," &c. &c.
Previous to his return to England, Sir J. Shore
was compelled to revisit Oude ; and was involved
in the most perplexing transaction which occurred
during the whole period of his Government*. On
the recent death of the Nabob, Asoph-ud-Doulah,
the succession of his reputed son. Vizier Ali, to the
throne was ratified by the Governor-General, on
the following accounts ; — the late Nabob's acknow-
ledgment of his title ; the supposed validity of such
title, according to the Mahomedan law ; the sanc-
tion of the late Nabob's mother ; and the apparent
consent of the inhabitants.
The Governor-General having subsequently re-
ceived information of the universal notoriety of
the spuriousness of Vizier Ali's birth, and of the
* This brief sketch of the Oude Revolution is compiled from
voluminous MS. documents, consisting' of Sir John Shore's Corre-
spondence, Minutes, Memoranda, and a Narrative of the Trans-
actions.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 439
desperate violence of his character, proceeded to
Lucknow, for the purpose of re-examining the
grounds of his former decision, and of placing the
Government on a safe and satisfactory footing. His
inquiries on his route, and at Lucknow, convinced
him of the baselessness of Vizier Ali's pretensions.
Ascertained proof of the usurper's real parentage
set aside the authority of the late Nabob's recogni-
tion of his title to the succession — such recognition
being valid only, according to the Mahomedan law,
when the real parentage was unknown ; whilst
evidence of Vizier Ali's determination to throw off
British influence and connection rendered his con-
tinuance on the throne incompatible with the fulfil-
ment of the mutual engagements subsisting between
the Company and Oude.
The Governor-General, hearing that hostile pre-
parations had been made on a large scale at Luck-
now, by the reigning sovereign, apparently with a
view to resisting his authority, advanced with a
considerable military force, and, soon after his ar-
rival in the city, took up his residence in tlie
neighbourhood. He was immediately followed by
the principal actors in the coming drama ; who,
alarmed at the Governor-General's resolution to
quit the city, encamped around him ; — Vizier Ali
himself, encircled by his counsellors, a gang of
miscreants whom he had raised from the dregs of
440 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
the people ; the two Begums, the mother and the
wife of the late Nabob, the latter of whom had
indignantly refused to acknowledge the usurper's
title ; and Almas, a Renter of Oude, whose power
almost equalled that of the Nabob ; — and he found
himself at once entangled in complicated meshes of
intrigue, which it became his duty to unravel, and
to render subservient to the interests of the lawful
heir, Saadut Ali, brother of the late Nabob, whose
cause he had espoused. In the accomplishment of
his difficult and delicate task, he derived much
advantage from his accurate knowledge of the
Oriental languages and of the Native character.
" In Eastern Countries," observes Sir J. Shore in his
Narrative, " as there is no principle, there can be
no confidence. Self-interest is the sole object of
all ; and suspicion and distrust prevail, under the
appearance and professions of the sincerest inti-
macy and regard."
Whilst Sir J. Shore granted to Vizier Ali, condi-
tionally on his good behaviour, the protection he
sought, he was fully aware that the reckless youth
was unceasingly urged by his evil counsellors to
desperate acts, and that they even contemplated
his own assassination. He knew that they depended
for the execution of their projects on several ba-
tallions of paid soldiery which had marched into
Lucknow ; and on the artillery under the com-
LIFE OF LOKD TEIGNMOUTH. 441
mand of Ibrahim Beg, a violent and fearless Musiil-
nian ; and that the approach, by his directions, of
Saadut Ali was likely to precipitate their measures.
The Governor-General, perceiving that the elder
Begum and Almas were intriguing in favour of the
succession of Mirza Jungly, a younger brother of
Saadut Ali, took care to allow them to commit
themselves irretrievably in opposition to the cause
they had previously adopted ; but he could not
prevent their combining with Vizier All's partisans
to thwart the influence of the British Government.
Sir J. Shore did not participate in the general
alarm excited by the well-known ferocity of Vizier
All's character. " It was the opinion of most," he
proceeds, "that I ought to seize Vizier Ali and
Almas; and it was strongly urged by General
Craig, and repeated to me by the Commander-in-
Chief, Sir Alured Clark, that I should be answerable
for every drop of blood which should be shed in
consequence of my not doing it. I apprehended no
such consequences." Similar advice was vainly
tendered by Tufuzzool Hossein Khan, who obser-
ved to the Governor-General, with great agitation,
" This is Hindustan, not Europe ; and affairs cannot
be done here as in Europe." Sir J. Shore's for-
bearance resulted no less from a firm reliance on
the measures he had adoi)ted, than from an earnest
desire of accomplishing the meditated Revolution
442 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
without bloodshed, which he foresaw would ensue
from one necessary consequence of the seizure of
Vizier Ali — an insurrection of the soldiery ; whilst
he recoiled from a proceeding which he regarded
treacherous towards a person to whom, though
unwillingly, he had promised protection. It can
scarcely however be questioned, that the evidence
he possessed of Vizier All's hostile designs, coupled
with his knowledge of the desperate violence of the
usurper's character, released him from any such
implied obligation.
Sir John Shore's composure — an enigma to all
around him — was founded on a calm and deliberate
estimation of the conflicting motives by which
Vizier Ali would be actuated ; and it remained
unshaken, by alarming rumours, by apparent peril,
and by the united remonstrance of European and
Native functionaries, during a protracted period of
anxiety and apprehension. His reliance on the
assurances of a partisan of Vizier Ali, whom Tufuz-
zool Hossein Khan describes as entirely undeserving
of it, is, perhaps, less explicable. His confidence,
on one occasion, induced him to accept an invitation
from Vizier Ali himself to breakfast, though be-
lieving it to be prompted by sanguinary intentions.
He found the usurper's tent filled with armed men,
ready for any violence ; whilst he sat in the midst
of them, attended only by some few defenceless
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 443
gentlemen of his suite. Yet even in these critical
circumstances he experienced no fear. He de-
pended on the precaution he had taken of being
unaccompanied by Sir Alured Clark, whom he
was persuaded Vizier Ali designed to murder as
well as himself; feeling assured of his own safety
whilst the Commander-in-Chief was not in the
power of the treacherous youth, and at hand to
inflict immediate retribution.
On the eve of Saadut Ali's destined accession to
the throne, Lucknow teemed with warlike prepa-
rations. The Governor -General committed the
peace of the city to the charge of the elder Begum,
whose influence over the turbulent elements of dis-
cord now collected within its walls he knew to be
paramount : and he, moreover, enjoined her to be
in readiness on the following morning to bestow
the khelat of investiture on the rightful heir to the
throne ; overcoming her reluctance to accept the
twofold duty, by threatening, in the event of her
refusal, to entrust it to other hands. Saadut Ali,
as he entered the city at the appointed time, mani-
fested considerable alarm ; and, to quiet his fears.
Sir J. Shore placed him on his own elephant. As
they advanced through the streets to the palace, the
Governor-General amused the immense nuiltitude
assembled to witness the inaugural procession, by
showering rupees amongst them ; whilst he did not
444 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
neglect the opportunity of inculcating on the
Nabob advice respecting his future conduct. The
old Begum was at her post ; and Saadut Ali was
enthroned with due solemnity.
"In the progress of this Revolution," continues
the Narrative, "many circumstances occurred to
create doubt and anxiety. The failure of the Post,
the interception of my Letters, any irresolution on
the part of Saadut Ali, or accident in the course of
his journey to Khanpoor, might have involved me
in serious embarrassments. As it was, I had a difiB-
cult task to amuse all parties, so as to prevent the
discovery of my plans. The confidence which I was
obliged to place in many was in no instance violated ;
and the declaration of my intention to place Saadut
Ali on the mnsnud, after his arrival at Khanpoor,
was a surprise to all who were not in my confidence.
But above all, I owe unbounded gratitude to Pro-
vidence, which enabled me to accomplish so great
a Revolution without the loss of lives ; and, con-
trary to the expectations of almost all who knew
my plans. Assassination, contempt of the English,
and the power of Vizier Ali to resist them, were
the common topics of conversation amongst the
desperate crew who attended the confidential hours
of Vizier Ali. It was a surprise to all, that they
did not succeed in instigating him to some act of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 44-3
desperation, with a view to avail themselves of the
confusion to plunder the town. The Vakeel of
Ambagee, a Mahratta Chieftain, who arrived at
Lucknow on the 15th of the month, had an oppor-
tunity of learning the projects entertained by the
adherents of Vizier Ali ; viz. to raise a commotion,
plunder the city, and retire with the spoils into the
Mahratta frontier. They were heard to remark,
that if a single shot were fired, it would be suffi-
cient, and that thousands would be sacrificed.
Every street in Lucknow was filled with armed
men ; and the accumulation of them on the 19th
and 20th was observed by several Europeans.
During the three successive days, from the 2lst,
great numbers were seen returning from the
town, and passing the English camp at Budlaka
Tuckera. The consequence of an armed opposition
in such a town as Lucknow would have been shock-
ing. It is computed to contain 800,000 inhabitants;
and the streets are, for most part, narrow lanes and
passages. Ibrahim Beg had under his charge about
300 pieces of ordnance, of which sixty or seventy
were fit for immediate use : they were served by
1000 Gole andages, or native artillery-men ; and
the number of artillery drawn out for ap])arent
opposition consisted of thirty pieces, so posted that
they could not be seized without great slaugliter.
Ibrahim Beg, the Commandant, was a violent and
446 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
hot-headed Mogol, regardless of any authority,
fearless of his own life, and careless of the lives of
others. The single accident which happened had,
in all probability, no connection with the Revolu-
tion. The successful accomplishment of it was to
me a relief from more anxiety than I ever before
experienced."
On his elevation to the throne, Saadut Ali con-
sented, by treaty, to an increase of the subsidy paid
by Oude for the stipulated protection of the Com-
pany, and the cession of the important fortress of
Allahabad. Had the Governor-General been ac-
tuated more by personal than by patriotic consi-
derations, he might, as he states, by compromising
these advantages, have added half-a-million sterling
to his fortune.
Sir John Shore, on his return to Calcutta, visited
the dethroned Nabob at Benares : nor did he quit
that city without suggesting, in a Minute, adequate
precautions against the probable paroxysms of
Vizier Ali's fury ; recommending his removal from
Benares to some place within the provinces of the
Company. " At present," he observes in this docu-
ment, with prophetic sagacity, "in the indulgence
of youthful dissipation, he (Vizier Ali) finds every
gratification which he can desire ; but w^e are not
to forget that he has exhibited marks, not only of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 447
a depraved and vicious character, but of an ambi-
tious and fearless disposition, capable of any despe-
ration." The Governor-General, also, especially
warned Mr. Cherry, the Resident, to whose charge
Vizier All was committed, of the danger to which
his duty would expose him. But his pruden-
tial suggestions \\ ere unfortunately not sufficiently
heeded. Lord Wellesley, though so fully aware of
his prisoner's character, that, in reading the official
reports of the proceedings at Lucknow, he declared
that his predecessor's escape had been miraculous,
issued indeed an order for the removal of Vizier
Ali from Benares ; but not till after the discovery of
an extensive conspiracy, of which the usurper him-
self was the main-spring. The result is well known :
Vizier All's designs were precipitated : offering
himself a treacherous guest to the unsuspecting
Resident, he commenced at his breakfast-table the
murderous proceedings, of which as many of the
Europeans at Benares as he could lay hands upon
became victims, and fled beyond tlic l)iitisli fron-
tier, lie was afterwards taken, and died in rigo-
rous confinement in Fortwilliam. One of the few
Civilians who effi3cted their escape, owed his saiety,
under Providence, to Sir J. Sliore's instrumentality.
He was a nephew of Lady Shore ; and having joined
the Company's Service shortly before the Oude
Revolution, accompanied the Governor-General to
448 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Lucknow. The latter, finding him unable to ride,
presented him a horse, and became his instructor
in his daily rides in the neighbourhood of that
city. To this circumstance Mr. Hubert Cornish
attributed his exemption from the fate of his
fellow - countrymen ; for hearing an alarm, and
perceiving the approach of Vizier Ali and his mur-
derous followers, he mounted his horse and fled;
and thus survived, to communicate to his relative
and unconscious preserver a detailed and interesting
narrative of the lamentable transaction.
The Governor-General's decision on the Oude
Succession was universally approved by the British
inhabitants of India, and by the Native Powers.
The general language respecting it at Lucknow,
and throughout Hindostan, so far as it could be
ascertained, was, that " the right had come to the
rightful." It was ratified at the India House, as
well as by the Ministers of the Crown, Mr. Pitt and
Mr. Dundas. The judgment of the Directors of
the East-India Company is thus emphatically re-
corded, in their Political Letter, May 15, 1798 : —
" Having taken this general view of the subject,
with a minute attention, however, to all the Papers
and proceedings, we are, upon the whole, decidedly
of opinion that the late Governor-General, Lord
Teignmouth, in a most arduous situation, and
LIFE OF LuRD TEIfiXMoT'TII. 1 I!)
under circumstances of mucli delicacy and embar-
rassment, conducted himself with great temper,
ability, and firmness ; so that he finished a long
career of faithful services, by planning and carrying
into execution an arrangement, which not only re-
dounds highly to his honour, but which will also
operate to the reciprocal advantage of the Com-
pany and the Nabob Vizier."
Lord Wellesley pronounced the evidence, by
which Sir John Shore's judgment had been guided,
as incontrovertible.*
But the secret spring of the composure exhibi-
ted by the Governor-General, in the trying circum-
stances just narrated, and under the consciousness
that his decision, whatever it might be, would be
open to animadversion, is disclosed in a passage in
his " Selections from a Journal," written several
years afterwards, on its being intimated to him that
his proceedings at Oude were threatened with l*ai-
liamentary impeachment.
" Under the circumstances alluded to, I liavr
frequently retired to a private room, praying to
God to direct my judgment, in formiiii; i decision
on the alternative which was before me without
* DosiK.t.hos, 1.430. (Si'o Appeiuliv \ .)
VOL. I. 2 (;
450 LIFK OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
bias or partiality. The recollection of this afTorded
a consolation to me, which made me indifferent to
censure or accusation. Some time after my arrival
in England, General Kirkpatrick, the father of a
Colonel Kirkpatrick whom I had nominated in
Bengal to the Residency with the Nizam, called on
me ; and informed me that Dr. Laurence, a Member
of Parliament, and the intimate friend of ^Nlr. Burke,
intended to impeach me in the House of Commons,
for my transactions at Lucknow ; and advised me to
prepare my friends to support me. Expressing my
obligations to him for his information, I told him
that my reasons for my conduct were recorded ;
and if they would not bear me out, I had nothing
more to urge in my defence. But my real conso-
lation arose from the recollection of my prayer to
God for assistance and direction, under the con-
sciousness that I had not been influenced by any
interested or improper motive in the dispossession
of Vizier Ali and the appointment of Saadut Ali :
and I can safely and conscientiously say, that I
never felt any alarm or uneasiness under the appre-
hension of the threatened impeachment."
An incident which occurred about the time now
referred to, must not be overlooked, as affording a
proof of the occasional dependence of the fate of
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOFTH 4')\
great men on trifling causes. The Governor-
General requiring the assistance of a skilful ama-
nuensis in the transaction of the important business
in which he was about to engage, applied, when at
Benares, to General , to point out to him a
competent individual. The General mentioned a
young Civilian, the Hon. Mountstuart Elphinstone,
who had recently commenced his career contem-
poraneously with a relative who, like himself*,
was destined to attain the highest distinction in the
Service — Mr. Adam, afterwards Governor-General.
The following Letter from Mr. Dundiis to Sir J.
Shore indicates the early promise which these young
men had given of future eminence : —
" RIGHT HON. H. DUNDAS TO SIR JOHN SHORE.
" DEAR SIR — " London, .Juno 1.3. 179.).
" This will be delivered to you liy two young
friends of mine. One of them is the son of the late
Lord Elphinstone : the other, the son of Mr. Adam,
a very old friend of mine. I beg to recommend
them to your particular kindness and protection.
I have exceeding good accounts of botli of them,
* Mr. Elphinstone rofcived the olFer of tlu- Cioveraor-Gencral-
ship. To his declining;' it may he pmhahly asirrihed the vnltinble
result of his Oriental Ilesearches — his Memorial of those succes-
sive DjTiasties, amidst the ruins of \\hi<h the foundation of the
Anfjlo- Indian Empire was laid.
2 r. '^
452 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
such as leave me no room to doubt that they will
do credit to the interest I take in them. 1 hope
you are as well in point of health as I wish you,
and that you will not too soon leave the situation
you are in.
" I remain, with sincere regard, My dear Sir,
" Yours very faithfully."
The Governor-General, previous to availing him-
self of General 's recommendation, requested
to see a specimen of Mr. Elphinstone's hand-writing,
but, unfortunately, found it not sufficiently legible.
Mr. Elphinstone, consequently, did not accompany
Sir J. Shore to Lucknow ; and, to borrow his own
emphatic language on narrating this anecdote to
the writer of these pages, " a bad hand marred his
fortunes in Bengal."
The following Extracts are from Letters written
by the Governor-General to Lady Shore, during
his absence from Calcutta.
" TO LADY SHORE.
" Christmas Day, 1797.
" I have neither performed my duty to you nor
to my God, as I ought to have done this day : yet
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 453
exclusively of my mornin«j; supplications, 1 prayed to
Him for blessings upon us all, and to give us a true
sense of His mercies, in sending His Son into the
world for our instruction, and with the joyful
tidings of salvation and immortality. I i)rayed to
Him for remission of my sins, and for a more lively
sense of His mercies and my own demerits ; and to
strengthen my own reliance upon Him ; and for
resignation under all His dispensations."
" Januarv 17, 179s.
" I\Iy plans are fast drawing to a conclusion ;
and to-morrow or next day the (UnoHcmcnt takes
place, supposing no accident. I am playing, as
the gamesters say, le gros jeii, and with the same
kind of sensation as a man who ai)prehends losing
his all. Yet my conviction that I am right, liourly
remains ; and as I have })rayed to God, daily, to
direct my ways — and to correct mc if I err, to
strengthen me if I am right — I trust in Him, and
feel more repose than might hv cx])cctcd from the
situation in which I am. All, however, will he
well, and honourably and successfully settled, I
trust.
454 LIKE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
"January 22, 1798.
" Vizier Ali is fallen : his servants forsake
him : and I shew him an attention which I never
did before. But I would not, My dear wife, for
any temptations of personal interest, go through
such scenes as I have been engaged in. Nothing
but my reliance upon Providence supported me.
Hours, days, and nights of anxious doubt and
expectation have I gone through. I have the ge-
neral approbation of my conduct, in effecting the
wonderful work so well. Far from me be the
arrogance of success ! ^ O God, let Thy grace make
me feel Thy mercies and goodness, in directing me !
To Thee alone be honour and praise : from me,
humility and thanksgivings!'
" Such is the brief detail of the events in which
I have been engaged. All about me were embar-
rassed, and dreaded the dangers of my determina-
tion. I took the path of honour and justice, and,
under God, all is well.
" God bless you and my dear children, ever dear
and blessed babes ! My mind has been worked up
to a pitch beyond its strength, but my body has
continued vigorous. God again be praised ! — I must
not suffer relaxation to supervene. Having settled
all with Saadut Ali before I placed him on the
miisnud, I have now^ no difficult negociation to go
through."
LIFE OK LOUD TEIGNMOUTII. 455
At Liicknow, Sir J. Shore received a Letter from
Mr. Dundas, couched in kind and flattering terms,
announcing to him His Majesty's recognition of his
services, by elevating liim to the Irish Peerage.
Mr. Dundas had recommended to the King the
option of a Peerage, or of the Order of the Bath.
The following Letter refers to the subject.
" HUGH INGLIS, ESQ. TO LOUD TFJGNMOUTH.
" MY DEAR FRIEND " London, November 1, 17«»7.
" Though this may not meet you in India, I am
still willing to take the chance of its reaching you.
We have had some difliculty about your title. His
Majesty, from motives kind to you, objected to
* Shore.' We next thought ' Heathcote'*, but the
Duke of Portland started objections to that, on
account of two families of that name who might
consider themselves entitled to look to the IVerage.
It was left to your friends to choose one tliat was
not already occupied ; and, in consecjucnce, Sir
Francis Raring, Mr. IJensley, and myself, fixed
upon Teignmouth. We selected this t\\\v as a
good sounding one, and a place that you must
naturally have a regard for. I trust. My friend,
* Heathrote, or Ilarcoiirt, \,im\ 'IVij^nmouth's patrimnniul pro-
perty in Derbyshire.
.1;3() LIVE OF LOHI) THKiNMolTII.
you will approve of what we have done. — My love
to Lady Teignniouth and the Little-ones ; and
believe me.
" Yours adectionately,
" Hugh Inglis."
Sir J. Shore acknowledges the honour conferred
upon him, in a Letter to Mr. Pitt.
" TO THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM PITT.
" Sir — " Lucknow, Jan. 3U, 1798.
" I have the honour to receive a Letter from
Ml". Dundas, announcing the gracious intention of
His Majesty, at his request, and with your concur-
rence, to express his royal approbation of my ser-
vices, by conferring upon me an Irish Peerage, or
the Order of the Bath. It has been my anxious
wish and endeavour to merit public approbation,
by a conscientious discharge of my public duty :
and wherever I may have failed in my efforts to
promote the public service, the reproach may fall
on my want of ability, but cannot, I trust, affect my
zeal or integrity. Whilst I recollect I owe my
present situation to the honour of your solicitation,
I cannot but feel a peculiar gratification at your
ajjprobation of my conduct, nor omit mv acknow-
LIFE OV LORD TKKJNMOUTH. 407
ledginents for the very distingiiished manner in
which you have been pleased to express it.
" I have the honour to be, Sir,
" With great respect,
" Your most obedient humble Servant,"
A circumstance connected with Sir J. Shore's
elevation to the Peerage reflects so much honour
on an amiable and much-respected Nobleman, that
it cannot be passed over in silence. On hearing of
the choice of the title, the late Lord Cliilbrd of
Chudleigh inmiediately offered to Sir J. Shore, who
was a perfect stranger to him, the option of pur-
chasing the Manor of Teignmouth, though a valu-
able portion of his own demesne.
Sir J. Shore acquired at Lucknow intimation of
the appointment of the Earl of Mornington as his
successor in the Government.
" EAUL OF MOllNINGTON TO SIR .lolIN SHORK.
" SIR " l»;irk Lams Aui;u-t is, 17!>7.
"Although I have never hvvn so i'ortimatc as to
have had the honour of a ])ersonal communication
with you, my ollicial situation has ruiiiishcd nu-
with a suilicient kiu)wledge of your disposition, to
assure me that vou will ii-adilv (■\(•u^(■ an intrusion
458 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
proceeding from a desire to do justice to the Public
Service.
" It has been intimated to me, that I am destined
to undertake the arduous charge of the Government
of Bengal, at the expiration of your Administration.
Your distinguished character, and the acknow-
ledged prudence, firmness, and integrity of your
system of public measures, render it an object of
the utmost importance to your successor that he
should be introduced to his office with the most
powerful aid of your experience, and with the
credit which must accompany your countenance
and support.
" The object of this Letter is, therefore, with the
most sincere sentiments of personal esteem and
respect, to solicit the great advantage of an un-
reserved communication with you on every point
relating to the affairs of the general government
of India, if I should hereafter be appointed to suc-
ceed you in that station, and if I should have the
pleasure of meeting you in Calcutta. Your zeal
for the Public Service, and your anxiety for the
prosperity of a country in which you have justly
acquired the most unblemished reputation, will
dispose you to strengthen the hands of your suc-
cessor by your advice and confidence, provided you
shall perceive that he intends to follow your
example, and to make the public good the constant
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 459
rule of his actions and the real object of his views.
I cannot expect, and I do not desire, your assistance
on any other conditions. I wish you to regulate
the measure of your confidence in me by what you
shall learn from your friends in this country ; or
observe yourself — if 1 should arrive in Bengal — to
be the true scope of my intentions.
" Having already expressed my persuasion that
you will impute the liberty of this intrusion to
motives which your regard of the public interests
will incline you not to disapprove, I will not trouble
you with any further apology for tliis Letter ; but
request you to accept again the assurance of the
sentiments of sincere respect and esteem, with which
" I have the honour to be,
" Sir,
'*• Your most obedient and humble Servant."
" TO THE EARL OF MORNLNGTON.
" MV LORD " Lucknow, Jan. 28. 17;>S.
" I had, yesterday, the lionour of your Lord-
ship's Letter of the JSth of August, l)y an overland
despatch ; and in the possibility that your arrival
in Bengal may precede my return to the l*resi-
dency, I despatch this to olFer to your Lordshi]) my
most cordial congratulations upon your arrival, and
to assure you of the sincerest disposition on my
part to merit your esteem and confidence, by
400 LIFE 0¥ LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
afrording your Administration every assistance in
my power. Happy shall I be to resign the govern-
ment to your Lordship. The close of my Admini-
stration threatened a serious political storm : the
danger is, I trust, past, and a foundation laid for
political security, honour, and reputation in this
country. Much yet remains to be done ; and that
I shall endeavour to effect before your Lordship's
arrival in this country. The Official Papers will
make you acquainted with the transactions of affairs
here.
" I cannot conclude without expressing my obli-
gations to your Lordship for the very obliging
terms in which you have mentioned your sense of
my services. My Administration wdll furnish an
instance of what may be done by zeal, assiduity,
and moderate talents. Your approbation, and that
of my superiors, upon my endeavours are no less
honourable than gratifying to me.
" With the highest respect and esteem, and good
wishes for your Lordship,
" I have the honour to be," &c. &c.
Lord Teignmouth returned to Calcutta on the 2d ;
and sailed for England, with Lady Teignmouth and
his family, now consisting of a son and two daugh-
ters, on the 7th of March.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTII. 101
The British Inhabitants of Calcutta addressed the
Governor-General on the approaching termination
of his long-continued and arduous services, in tlic
following afFectionate and eulogistic terms : —
" HONOURED SIR
'^We, the British Inhabitants of Calcutta, not-
withstanding that you are shortly about tf) relin-
quish the important station which you have long
held so much to your own honour and to the ad-
vantage of the Nation, cannot sulPer you to d(>})art
without expressing our higli respect for your cha-
racter ; and our sincere concern for the loss of a
Governor, who, aided by the liglits of a sui)erior
understanding, and a long experience of the allairs
of this country, has made justice, moderation, and
an inflexible integrity, the invariable guides of his
conduct. We request, Hon. Sir, that you will ac-
cept our earnest wishes for your complete resto-
ration to health, and for the long enjoyment of
domestic happiness ; which you are no less calcu-
lated to promote by your jjiivatc virtues, than you
are the interests of your Country by youi- talcuts
and qualifications for public life,
"We have the honour to be, with tl'c hi^li(\>f
respect and esteem,
" Honoured Sir,
"Your most obedient and faithful S<'ivan1s."
462 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
On the morning of his embarkation, Lord Teign-
mouth addressed a voluminous Letter to his suc-
cessor, Lord Mornington ; stating the rules he had
prescribed to himself in his official conduct, and the
principles which had guided his Administration ;
detailing the qualifications of the Functionaries in
the various departments of Government ; reviewing
the more important transactions in which he had
been engaged, and the existing political relations
of the British Power in India. A portion of this
important document has been published, in a vo-
lume of Lord Wellesley's Despatches.
After adverting to his transactions at Oude, Lord
Teignmouth proceeds : —
" The power of the British Nation in India is
most respectable ; and that, as well as their political
reputation, is most generally respected. It has
ever been my anxious endeavour to promote it, by
a steady adherence to every engagement, by the
sincerity of my public conduct, and by an attention
to avoid any interference or measure which could
excite jealousy or disgust. The political forbear-
ance of the Company has not failed to make a
sensible impression on the IMahrattas, Nizam, and
others; of which, if time admitted, I could men-
tion some striking and important instances ; but it
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 403
is not, in the nature of things, to be expected that
we can ever have all the credit which our conduct
deserves, with those who act upon different prin-
ciples, and who limit their forbearance by the extent
of their power. Such is the case with every Asiatic
Prince ; and the actual power of the Company is
their only solid security, whilst it is, however,
strongly supported by their political reputation.
" The internal administration of this country is
now established upon solid principles, the operation
of which will gradually produce the most beneficial
effects. The line of discrimination between the
Legislative, Judicial, and Ministerial functions of the
Government, which were formerly confounded, has
been marked with precision, and cannot be in-
fringed without a perversion of the fundamental
principle of all the Regulations. In an adherence
to this principle, the Natives see their own security,
notwithstanding occasional attempts of individuals
to procure a relaxation of it in their own favour*.
"Your Lordship will, with great pleasure, ob-
serve great zeal, assiduity, and ability in the Officers
under your Administration. It has ever been niv
practice to conduct all official business through tlie
regular official channels only, to admit the Heads
* Some of the errors arlsinfi;' from the hasty introduction of the
Permanent Settlement had been modified and correetod.
464 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTTI.
of offices to me whenever they wished to obtain
my advice or assistance, and to consult them on the
business under their immediate superintendence.
The despatch of business was by this mode mucli
facilitated ; and I have a pleasure in remarking,
that I always found the zeal of the Officers of
Government proportioned to the confidence which
I reposed in them. But nothing was ever done by
my personal sanction which was not committed to
record ; and although I often found utility in cor-
responding privately with the Residents at the
Foreign Courts, my public instructions to them
prescribed the only rules for their conduct.
" The judgment of the Governor-General must
decide on all points, and his controul must never
be relinquished. But I have never hesitated to
assist my judgment with the opinions of those who
were competent to give that assistance : and what-
ever the merit or success of my Administration may
be, my acknowledgments for them are due in
some measure to those who have zealously served
me. The details of this Government are so minute,
that the business could never be executed by any
Governor-General without the zealous assistance of
the Officers immediately under him.
" Your Lordship will find the Army in a state of
perfect subordination ; and, from personal observa-
tion of that part of it which is in Oude, I have
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 405
infinite satisfaction in remarking, tliat the corps
were all complete, and the discipline correct, be-
yond what I ever knew for many years. Sir James
Craig, who commands at the upj)er stations, is an
officer of the first merit and abilities ; hut in this it
may be proper to refer your Lordshij) to the senti-
ments of the Commander-in-Chief.
" In general, I may venture to assure your Lm-d-
ship that you will find as great a portion of in-
tegrity, zeal, and assiduity in the Officers t)f tliis
Government as in any part of the world. It would,
however, be absurd to assert that these (|ualifica-
tions are equal or universal ; and your experience
will lead to a knowledge of the exceptions, where-
ever they exist.
" The line of discrimination between tlie powers
of the Governor-Cleneral and Commander-in-Chief
is clearly drawn. Some discussion took i)la('e be-
tween Sir R. Abercrombie and myself ujjon tliis
subject, which contributed to fix that discriiniiiatioii.
Memoranda on tlic subject arc left witli Mr. l^arlou.
"It is wholly out of my power at ])rcscut to
enter into any political disqjiisitions ; and the ne-
cessity is in great measure superseded l)y my
recorded sentiments, whicli the Secretary, when-
ever your Lordship may recjuire them, can sujjply :
and I do not foresee any question of a political
VOL. 1. 2 ]\
466 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
nature which has not been discussed ; although the
ascendancy gained by Sindiah in the Mahratta
State, or the death of the Nizam, may occasion very
material alteration in the political situation of af-
fairs, and political relations of the Company. The
line of non-interference is so precisely delineated
by Statute, that it leaves little to the discretion of
this Government ; and my experience fully con-
firms the wisdom of the Legislative Restrictions,
which have had a beneficial operation beyond the
speculations of those who planned them.
" The ambition of Sindiah appears unbounded ;
and in prosecuting the dictates of it, he has equally
appealed to treachery and violence. His power is,
in fact, a military usurpation ; which, however
irresistible it is at present, may be shaken or sub-
verted by the same treachery and ambition in those
by whose assistance it has been established. The
Mahratta Chieftain who commands the army of
Sindiah in Hindostan, Ambajee, is not without ap-
prehension of his master ; and he made some indi-
rect overtures to me, for an eventual union with the
Company, against the apprehended violence of his
master. The Rajah of Berar submits to the usur-
pations of Sindiah from inability to resist them
only ; and the number of Mahratta Chieftains who
have been degraded or ill-treated by him would
probably avail themselves of any fair opportunity
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 467
for gratifying their resentment, or to re-establish
themselves. It will require no common abilities in
Sindiah to render his present power solid and jjcr-
manent, and any severe misfortune to him would
probably be succeeded by convulsions wliidi mi«^lit
shake his power in Hindostan to its foundation.
The Rajahs of Jeypoor and Joudpoor, and many
others, would probably seize the opportunity of
shaking off the Mahratta yoke : and if Sindiah
should ever provoke a contest with the Com])any,
much advantage, I am convinced, might be ob-
tained from their assistance.
" The power of the Nizam, as well as his health,
is rapidly on the decline ; and his Minister, Azim-
ul-Omrah, has long pressed a closer union with the
Company. Although I foresee great embarrass-
ments, and the possibility of serious evils from the
subversion of the power of the Nizam, I see still
greater in an union which would imj)()se u])on us
the prevention of it. This is the result of nnicli
deliberation on this impoitant sul)j('ct.
" Tippoo will certainly avail himself of any fresh
opportunity to re-establish the power and rei)uta-
tion which he lost in his former contest with us.
"Against the possible dangers arising out ol'
these speculations, 1 know no precaution but that
which an attention to the state of our army ;iiul
finances can supply: and with this, 1 Ic.ii- little
2 II 2
408 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
prospective danger, unless the French should inter-
fere, with a very powerful European force.
Whether Zemaun Shah will ever invade Hindo-
stan is a matter of doubtful speculation, although
I give him credit for the determination. If we
were assured of no hostile intention on his part
towards us or our Allies, the event might perhaps
operate to the advantage of our interests, by dimi-
nishing or destroying the Mahratta influence in
Hindostan. Under the uncertainty attending his
designs and the possible dangers arising from his
approach towards the frontier of Oude, the ques-
tion of a defensive union with the Mahrattas oc-
curred. Without pretending to decide upon it,
I am more inclined to rely upon our own strength
than enter into any union with the Mahrattas to
oppose Zemaun Shah, which might carry our arms
beyond the dominions of the Nabob Vizier."
Lord Teignmouth's rigid observance of the Statu-
tory restrictions, in his policy towards the Native
States, has been arraigned by the advocates of a
more aggressive system. It resulted, as it appears
both from his declarations and his acts, not from
passive submission to evils and dangers which he
LIFE OF LORD TEIC4NMoL Til. \69
might have averted by a more independent course,
but from a steadfast dependence on the supremacy
of British power, no less than from an accurate
knowledge of the character, motives, and designs of
the Native Princes ; and a reliance, in the event of
war, not on their forbearance or efFectual aid, but
on their collective weakness, produced by their
jarring interests and mutual animosities.
Of the soundness of his principles, and of the
prospective wisdom which guided his conduct, the
surest criterion is supplied by the result, whether
as indicated by the 'security and reputation of the
Empire during his government, or by the accuracy
of his prognostications respecting subsequent events.
In reference to the state of India at the close of
his Administration, his successor observes, three
months after his accession, that he perceives no
circumstance, either in the present dis})osition or
in the actual strength and condition of the Native
Powers, which should afford room to ai)prehend the
approach of hostilities from any (juarter*. And in
the latter part of the year following, when review-
ing the events of the war witli Tijjpoo, he declares
that his success had been promoted by " the fa-
vourable disposition produced in the minds of tlie
Native Princes by the virtues and successes of Lord
* Marquis WLllcslcy's Dcspatche?, !.;)(».
470 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Cornwalli?;, confirmed by the prudence, integrity,
and honour of his immediate predecessor*."
Did subsequent events disclose dangers which
Lord Teignmouth had not foreseen or calculated
upon ?
The principal source of anxiety to the British
power arose from Tippoo's hostility. This impla-
cable foe, Lord Teignmouth predicted, would be
unable to secure the co-operation of the Native
States, jealous and fearful of his ascendency ;
and would not provoke British vengeance without
French assistance, from which he would be debarred
* Reply to the Address of the British Inhabitants of Calcutta,
Sept. 1799.
Whilst these pages are committing to the Press, a Letter from
Liord Wellesley has been read in the Court of Proprietors by Mr.
Montgomery Martin, and has appeared in the public Papers,
stating opinions at variance with the above declarations : and they
are grounded on information of which the Noble writer was in
possession when these declarations were recorded ; because he re-
ceived it from Colonel Kirkpatrick, at the Cape, on his way to
India. The following are the passages alluded to : —
Lord Wellesley alludes to Colonel Kirkpatrick — " who (Colonel
Kirkpatrick) prepared me, by his knowledge of the real state of
the Native Powers and of our military situations, for what I was
to encounter ; and how vain and idle was Cornwallis's reliance
on the good faith of Tippoo, and on the strength to be derived
from the Mahrattas and the Nizam, both being under the influence
of France, with a French army ruling the State of Hyderabad >
in the Dekkan and Hindostan, Delhi and Agra, &c. I had not
been a fortnight at Calcutta, when I received the account of
Tippoo's
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 471
by the British naval superiority. In confomiity to
this opinion, Tippoo strove in vain to gain the
Peshwah and the Nizam to his cause t. His absurd
application to the French, the result of the disaj)-
pointment of his hopes in all other quarters, wliich
only provoked their ridicule, proved how exclu-
sively he had depended on French assistance ; for
it was not till after he had heard of the British
military movements in the Carnatic that he began
to increase his army, and to repair the fortifications
of Seringapatam +. DisalTection to himself, and a
desire of British protection, pervaded his domi-
Tippoo's treachery with the French and all the Native Powers ;
and also with the Attghan Power, then in the hands of Zemaun
Shah.
" ' The present condition of our Indian Empire is cerUiinly not
80 perilous as it was at that crisis : treachery and bad faith on the
part of our enemies and Native Allies, combined with weakness
and imbecility in our own councils, had exposed us to the greatest
danger on all sides, without any adecjuate means of meeting it.' "
The discrepancy of this statenirnt with the above declarations
can be accounted for only by the sujiposltion that the venerable
Statesman wa.s inlhienccd ratlier by recent exaggerated represent;i-
tions of the dangers he had found on acceding to the Indian
Government than by his own unbiassed recoHection. Neither the
Letters from Colonel Kirkpatrick to Lord 'IVigninouth, to the
period of his embarkation for the Cape, where Lord VVellesley
met him ; nor Lord VVellesley 's own inlerenres from the information
communicated by him, as recorded in tlie pul)iished Despatches ;
warranted such a view of the sUite of affairs : and 8ubse<|ueDt
history does not confirm the opinions thus expressed.
t Manpiis Wellesley's Despatches. I. 1S8. I Il)i<l. I. ;»>'?.
472 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
iiions * ; whilst there was a general aversion in his
councils and armies to his intimate connection
with the French f: nor did he take up arms till
driven to this extremity by the attack of the Bri-
tish. "A French army," observes Lord Wellesley,
" was the only instrument by which his enterprise
could be effected |." And of this assistance, Lord
Wellesley asserted that long previously he must
have relinquished all hope. His power, had he not
foolishly, though unintentionally, provoked hostili-
ties, would probably have been entangled in con-
flicts with the Mahrattas, overthrown by domestic
revolt, or have passed into the hands of some feeble
and profligate successor.
The Nizam, though he failed in his application
for British support, and his conduct was awhile
suspicious and inconsistent, in consequence perhaps
of Mahratta intrigues, became, in conformity to
Lord Teignmouth's expectations, friendly to the
British Government 1|. And neither his original
* Marquis Wellesley 's Despatches (Letter to General Harris),
I. 442.
t Ibid. 1.434. + Ibid. II. 79.
II Mr. Alison hastily attributes Tippoo's mission to the Isle of
France to Lord Teignmouth's refusal of assistance to the Nizam,
and consequent " embittered hostility " of that Prince. To this
inference may be opposed the fact of three years having inter-
\eued between the two events, and the disposition of the Nizam,
as above stated.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 473
employment of French officers, nor the subsequent
increase of the force under their conmiand, was
connected with any hostile disposition to the Bri-
tish ; but, on the contrary, arose, it was believed,
from a wish to induce the British to a closer con-
nection with liim *.
Lord Teignmouth has been blamed for allowing
the Nizam to have recourse to French officers. He
certainly regarded with apprehension the system
pursued both by the Nizam and Sindiah. But
the danger has been much exaggerated; and de-
pended, in Lord Teignmouth's opinion, principally
on French invasion, which he deemed chimerical.
He was persuaded that the practice originated
solely in motives of self-defence ; that the French
officers would prefer the pay of the Princes who
employed them, to courting Tippoo ; and tliat the
Nizam would readily, if called upon, exchange his
French for British officers.
In confirmation of tliis conclusion, the Nizam —
whose troops, under French command, were wretcli-
edly disciplined, and equivalent, in Lord Wellesley's
estimation, only to 3000 Sepoys under British offi-
cers t — deprived the connnander, when he after-
wards increased this body, of the land ])reviously
* Marijuis Wellesley's Despatches, I. I. aud elscwliere.
t Ibid. 1. 10.
474 LIFE or LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
assigned to his predecessor ; and resisted his in-
fluence, which, it must be acknowledged, was in
Tippoo's favour. He consented, on the opening of
the war, to the dismissal of the French. When
Lord Wellesley's spirited measures for the suppres-
sion of their command were carried into effect,
they were found prisoners of the mutinous soldiery.
And in opposition to Sir J. Malcolm's opinion — that
Lord Teignmouth's refusal of assistance to the
Nizam had impaired the British credit — may be
quoted his own statement, that the argument suc-
cessfully urged by the Nizam's Prime-minister in
support of the substitution of British for French
officers in his service was grounded on the acknow-
ledged regard to good faith which characterized
the British Government*.
The discipline of the corps under French officers
in Sindiah's service was superior to that in the
Nizam's ; but their disposition was much more
favourable to the British than to the French inte-
rests t. The officers were afterwards chiefly British ;
and their force was broken up by insubordination
or desertion, when war commenced with that po-
tentate J.
* Mai. Hist. I. 202.
t Marquis Wellesley's Despatches, I. lij.
t Ibid.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 475
The Mahrattas, whom Lord Teignmouth per-
mitted to quarrel among themselves, without inter-
ference or provocation, kept aloof during the war
with Tippoo, whilst their intestine divisions pre-
cluded their uniting against the British. And it is
worthy of remark, as illustrative of the success of
the system Lord Teignmouth and his predecessors
had adopted, that from the year 1765, when Lord
Clive assumed the protection of Oude, till 1802,
when Lord Wellesley became entangled with the
affairs of the Mahratta States by a subsidiary treaty,
they never molested the British, except in a single
instance, when impelled by the proceedings of the
Bombay Government, resulting from apprehension
of French aggression.
In regard to the long-expected Zemaun Shah,
Lord Teignmouth was persuaded that either his
ambitious schemes would be frustrated by the inter-
nal dissensions of his kingdom ; or the execution of
them, if attempted, would throw the whole weight
of the Mahratta confederacy into the British scale.
The former of these contingencies was realised ;
whilgt Lord Wellesley found the Mahrattas and
Sikhs most anxious to co-operate with the British,
in resisting his meditated invasion*.
Sir J. Malcolm, whilst admitting with historical
* Marquis Wellesley *s Despatches, I. IH».
470 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
fidelity, notwithstanding his speculations on the
probable dangers of Lord Teignmouth's political
system, the actual security of his Government, is
disposed to attribute the result to accident. But
the events which this distinguished author consi-
dered as merely fortuitous had been embraced as
probable contingencies by Lord Teignmouth, in his
comprehensive estimate of Indian politics ; and he
had adopted, in reference to them, the sound con-
clusion, that " if the result proved the uncertainty
of political speculations, it at the same time sug-
gested a reflection, that, under an adherence to
established principles and the faith of treaties, the
events of contingency were more likely to prove
favourable than prejudicial to the interests of the
Company." (Minute on the Revolutions of Poonah,
Jan. 30, 1796.)
Lord Teignmouth's reliance on the superiority
of British power, rather than on the precarious
support of the Native Sovereigns, was justified, not
only by past but by subsequent experience. He
had seen how inadequately the Nizam and the Mah-
rattas had fulfilled the conditions of the Tripartite
treaty, in the first war with Tippoo. And in cor-
roboration of his opinion, Lord Wellesley expected
no effectual support from these allies till he should
strike a signal blow * : in fact, he received no
* Marquis Wellesley's Despatches, I. 75.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 477
assistance from the Mahrattas. To the just conci-
liation of the spirit and to the improvement of the
discipline of the army, Lord Teignmouth's eiTorts
were successfully exerted. And how far its almost
unaided strength might be depended upon, was
triumphantly proved, by a long career of brilliant
success.
Lord Teignmouth's thorough knowledge of the
Native States had convinced him that no depen-
dence could be placed on their fidelity, unless se-
cured by subsidiary alliances, controlling their wills
and commanding their resources by means of Bri-
tish troops maintained at their cost. And he knew,
from past and painful experience, that such en-
gagements, whilst occasioning endless vexation and
embarrassment to the British Government, resulted
in the misgovernment and oppression of the subjects
of the States bound by them, and the ultimate
extension of British dominion. Like his prede-
cessor, Lord Cornwallis*, he recoiled from such
* What foundation is there for the propositions embraced in
the following antithetical statement, in which Mr. Alison has
contrasted the policy of Lord Cornwallis and his successor? —
Speaking of Lord VVellesley, he observes : " Disregarding- there-
fore entirely that temporising policy which the Government at
home had taken such pains to impress upon its Rulers, which
Cornwallis had triumplicd over only hy disrci/arding, and Sir
John Shore had obeyed only to destroy," Cornwallis commenced
his Administration by putting a stop U\ ncgociations into which
the
478 LIFE 01< LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
complicated evils ; prepared only to incur them
when the emergency demanded, as in the instance
of his subsidiary treaty with Travancore. Here
he proved the reasonableness of his apprehensions
of the too-stringent tendency of the Legislative
Restrictions, in the event of probable though not
actual war.
Nor was his opinion altered by the brilliant
results of the opposite system pursued by Lord
Wellesley : on the contrary, his adherence to it
the Mahrattas had inveigled Sir J. Macpherson ; whilst he allowed
the Mahrattas, without interference, to overrun the Mogul's
dominions : and when he revived the treaty with the Nizam,
so scrupulously did he, according to Sir J. Malcolm, observe
the letter, as to violate the spirit of the Act of Parliament.
(Hist. 1. 55.) No Governor of India has more unequivocally
condemned subsidiary alliances than Lord Comvvallis.
Mr. Alison's error has arisen from his confounding the diffe-
rent circumstances in which the two Governors acted for difference
of their principles. That Lord Teignmouth would have taken
the same steps as his predecessor, if exposed to a similar emer-
gency, may be gathered from the preceding pages. The only
discrepancy between Lord Cornwallis and his successor appears
to have arisen from the greater confidence entertained by the
former in the forbearance and good-will of the Native Powers ;
arising, doubtless, from a less-experienced knowledge of the native
character. Sir J. Malcolm, whose authority has weight with Mr.
Alison, observes of Lord Cornwallis and his successor, that " the
former acted in conformity to the views and sentiments of his
superiors in England, and to the provisions of the Act of the
Legislature ; but this Nobleman took advantage of every occasion
to satisfy the Princes and Chiefs of India that such conduct pro-
ceeded from motives of moderation, not of apprehension.
Lord
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 479
was expressly stipulated as the condition of his
accepting a seat at the Board of Controul*. The
difference between Lord Wellesley's policy and
that of his predecessors arose, in a great measure,
from altered circumstances — Tippoo's hostile pro-
ceedings ; which released Lord Wellesley from Le-
gislative restrictions, by which he acknowledges that
he should otherwise have considered himself bound f.
It is however undeniable, that Lord Wellesley
entertained views of Indian policy at variance with
those which actuated his predecessors, and repug-
nant to the course prescribed by the Legislature :
and in the prosecution of them, justified in his
" Lord Teignmouth," he proceeds, " acted, throughout his Ad-
ministration, with still more scrupulous conformity to the pre-
vailing sentiments in England, and to the letter of Parliamentary
restrictions. He did this from a strict sense of duty, and with the
full knowledge of all the evils which were likely to result from
his non-interference ; and his Minutes and Letters upon the poli-
tical state of India at this period exhibit (like all the otlier produc-
tions of this virtuous Nobleman) an intimate knowledge both of
the condition of the British Government and that of the Native
States." (Hist. II. 53.)
* The whole tenour of the evidence annexed to the Sixth Par-
liamentary Report on Indian Affairs is opposed to subsidiary
treaties; excepting that of Sir J. Malcolm, and another witness,
who still fully admits the evils of the system. Sir J. Malcolm's
predilection for these engagements appears to have been influ-
enced by his observation of the benefits resulting from Purnoali's
enlightened administration of the afllliirs of Mysore.
' Despatches, I. 510.
480 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
opinion by circumstances resulting from the con-
quest of Mysore, he incurred the very consequences
which they had foreseen, and which he had not
originally calculated upon. Schooled in European
systems of policy, he was so strongly prepossessed
in favour of defensive alliances, that he considered
even the possible danger of the invasion of Zemaun
Shah, which he acknowledged was thought lightly
of, as affording sufficient inducement to extending
them over the whole of India. And these he looked
to as subservient to the fundamental principles of
his policy, borrowed from Europe, but entirely
inapplicable to Indian relations — the establishment
of the balance of power ; or rather, the restoration of
that which he supposed to have existed in Lord
Cornwallis's Tripartite treaty* : and he hoped to
realise this grand scheme of policy without aggran-
disement and extension of dominion. The result
was precisely that which Indian experience would
have suggested. To render his treaties effectual,
and to fix the wavering councils, and sustain the
* Despatches I. 17. 28. 103. — "We may observe," says Sir J.
Malcolm on this subject, "that Lord Cornwallis knew too well
the elements of which the Native Governments were formed ever
to ground his measures upon an imaginary balance of power
among States whose objects of policy and principles of rule are at
complete variance with all conventional systems for the main-
tenance of general tranquillity." (Hist. I. 85.) And he afterwards
quotes Lord Minto's opinion to the same effect.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 481
tottering fabrics of the States wliose international
relations he thus proposed to adjust, Lord Wellesley
was compelled to resort to subsidiary alliances.
The balance of power could nowhere be found :
there were no materials for its reconstruction,
because it had never existed. The puppet whom
Lord Wellesley had placed on the dismantled
throne of Mysore, and - on whom he reckoned as
one of the pillars of his system, was the mere
creature and dependant of the British Govern-
ment. The Nizam, instead of becoming attached
to the State extending to him its protection, grew
restless under the conditions on which it was
granted ; whilst Lord Wellesley's attempt to main-
tain by treaty the authority of the Peshwah, so far
from contributing to promote his object, roused the
hostility of the entire Mahratta Confederacy, who
regarded that Prince as their nominal Chief, and
produced a costly and bloody war, terminating in
his dethronement ; whilst the consequent disorga-
nization of the Mahratta Empire, by setting free
those predatory bands whom its power had pre-
viously held in subjection, involved Lord Hastings
in another extensive contest.
It was on a deliberate comparison of the advan-
tages and evils resulting from limitation or extension
of territory — for he regarded such to be the real
question — that the Duke of Wellington, in the very
VOL. I. 2 I
482 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
career of conquest, declared in favour of the former
alternative*. Whether the ultimate results of the
Administration of Lord Wellesley and his successors
must not be considered preferable to the previous
state of the British Power in India, is an inquiry in
which the reputation of Lord Teignmouth's govern-
ment is not involved. The real question, on the
determination of which the public judgment on its
* " I am afraid we sliall be reduced to the alternative of allow-
ing Sindiah to be our neighbour upon our old frontier, or of
taking this country ourselves.
" If we allow Sindiah to be our neighbour, or if the country
goes to any other through his influence, we must expect worse
than what has past, — thieves of all kinds, new Dhoondiahs, and
probably Dhoondiah himself again. If we take the country our-
selves, I do not expect much tranquillity.
" In my opinion, the extension of our territory and influence
has been greater than our means. Besides, we have added to the
number and description of our enemies, by depriving of employ-
ment those who heretofore found it in the service of Tippoo and
of the Nizam. Wherever we spread ourselves, particularly if we
aggrandize ourselves at the expense of the Mahrattas, we increase
this evil. We throw out of employment, and of means of subsis-
tence, all who have hitherto managed the revenue, commanded or
served in the armies, or have plundered the country. These
people become additional enemies ; at the same time that, by the
extension of our territory, our means of supporting the Govern-
ment, and of defending ourselves, is proportionably decreased.
" Upon all questions of increase of territory, these considerations
have much weight with me ; and I am, in general, inclined to decide
that we have enough ; as much at least, if not more, than we can
defend." — Despatches, I. 209.
LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH. 483
merits should turn, appears to be this — Whether,
at a period of profound peace, and with the means
not only of resisting aggression but of preventing
its renewal, any event which occurred during the
continuance of Lord Teignmouth's Administration
constituted an emergency sufficient to justify him in
entering, in defiance of Legislative prohibition, on
a new and hazardous political course, the conse-
quences of which no sagacity could foresee ?
To the principle involved in the above statement
may be referred the consideration of the decision
adopted by Lord Teignmouth, respecting the Poonah
Succession, the affairs of the Nizam, and other trans-
actions, on which Sir J. Malcolm and other writers
have animadverted*.
With the cares and labours of his government
Lord Teignmouth laid aside all thoughts respecting
its reputation. His calmness on being informed
of the intended Parliamentary impeachment of his
* Mr. Alison, \vho has exaggerated the dangers of tlie pacific
system, has tested it by a principle which he has liad the boldness
to advance and to maintain, in disregard of tlie Statesmen whose
authority he most reveres — of Pitt, of Dnndas — of WcUesley, whose
recent protest against the Atfghan Expedition is familiar to every
reader — and of Wellington, and in opposition to the whole tenour of
History, that conquest, to induce security, jnust be universal. Could
a more striking confirmation of the reverse of this proposition, and
one better adapted to restrain human arrogance and ambition, be
found, than that supplied by the downfal of the principal hero of
his own eloquent narration ?
2 I 2
484 LIFE OF LORD TEIGNMOUTH.
Oude transactions has been alluded to. He never
read any published account of his Administration,
or heeded strictures or animadversions on his mea-
sures: nor had he occasion to refer to the re-
corded reasons of his conduct, on which he rested
exclusively his justification. During many years
after his final departure from India he rarely ad-
verted to its political affairs : nor was his attention
to them recalled by his ofl^cial connection with that
country, when appointed a Member of the Board of
Controul, as it was almost nominal; nor by his
attendance, exclusively in a judicial capacity, as a
Privy Counsellor on Indian Appeals.
The moral and religious welfare of the Indian
population excited, indeed, his warm and active
interest. His correspondence with his son in India,
and literary intercourse with persons engaged in
Oriental pursuits, revived his old associations, and
called forth the results of his experience. And as
age grew upon him, his mind naturally recurred to
the more active periods of his life, and drew from
his Indian recollections unfailing topics of enter-
taining and profitable conversation. But, never-
theless. Lord Teignmouth may be considered as
having opened, on his return to his native country,
a new volume of his history, the pages of which
indicate but few traces of his former long, arduous,
and successful career.
( 485 )
APPENDIX I. Vol. I.
EXTRACT FROM MR. SHORE'S MEMOIR ON THE ADMINI-
STRATION OF JUSTICE, AND COLLECTION OF THE
REVENUES. (1785.)
ijENGAL is inhabited by various Sects, amongst which
that of the Hindoos may be esteemed to make up eight-
tenths of the po})ulation. They are the Aborigines of the
country, and, by nature and religion, are peaceable and
inoffensive.
Their national character is tlie compound of their
character as individuals. An obstinate attachment to
all their customs and prejudices, whether superstitious,
ceremonious, or traditional, may be deemed a general
characteristic of the Hindoos.
Their manners partake of the nature of the Govern-
ment under which they have ever lived ; — and this has
been arbitrary or despotic. The natives are timid and
servile. As individuals, they are insolent to their infe-
riors ; to their superiors, generally speaking, submissive;
though they are to them, also, guilty of insolence, where
they can be so with impunity.
Speculation they seldom indulge in, iji any trans-
actions : the present hour is what they alone look to the
advantage of, which they will not forego for gn-ater
486 APPENDIX I.
certain prospects, if remote. They are as little moved by
curiosity.
Individuals have little sense of honour ; and the nation
is wholly void of public virtue. They make not the least
scruple of lying, where falsehood is attended with advan-
tage : yet both Hindoos and Mahomedans continually
speak of their credit and reputation ; by wliich they mean
little more than the appearance they make to the world.
Of the two, the latter are more tenacious of this: the
same man that will submit to the greatest indignities
exercised upon him in private, will be clamorous at an
affront put upon liim before his servants or the public.
Cunning and artifice is wisdom with them : to deceive
and overreach is to acquire the character of a wise man.
The greatest disgrace they can suffer, is, to lose their
caste, or, as we say, to be excommunicated. This
punislunent is inflicted for the breach of the injunctions
of their religion ; or, what is the same, of the ordinances
of their priests. To lie, steal, plunder, ravish, or murder,
are not deemed sufficient crimes to merit expulsion from
society.
With a Hindoo, all is centred in himself: his own
interest is liis guide ; ambition is a secondary quality
with liim ; and the love of money is the source of this
passion.
The advantage they derive over Europeans is by
practising those arts of meanness wliich an European
detests. A man must be long acquainted with them
before he can believe them capable of that barefaced
falsehood, servile adulation, and deliberate deception, which
they daily practise.
To our Government they have little attachment ; vet
APPENDIX I. 487
it is certain that in general, property has been more
secure, and individuals less oppressed, than under the
despotism of their Nabobs. I assert this with all the con-
fidence conviction inspires. I believe them to be as much
attached to the English Government as they would be to
any other; but if another dominion could establish itself,
they would embrace* it with indifference. The reason of
this must be sought for in the consequences of a despotic
authority; and by tracing them, the characters of the
natives will be easily developed and understood ; in them
will be seen the source of timidity, adulation, and deceit,
which prevail.
It is very obvious, that within the last ten or twelve
years a considerable alteration has taken place in the
manners of the people. This alteration is the natural
consequence of a greater degree of intimacy with Euro-
peans than they formerly were admitted to. Those parts
of our character which first drew their attention, were,
bravery, clemency, and good faith. They have since
found that we are not wholly destitute of weakness and
vices ; and that Europeans, like all others, are open to
temptation. The respect they entertained for us as
individuals, or as a nation, is diminished ; and they now
consider themselves upon a more ecpial footing.
The introduction of the Supreme Court of Judicature
has largely contributed to the elevation of the natives,
and to the depression of Europeans. This system, wliich
was meant for the relief of the natives, has, in very few
respects, answered that object : in many instances it has
been a lieavy grievance to them ; and the natives them-
* Sic in oris;.
488 APPENDIX I.
selves liave found out the art of making the powers of the
Court the means and instrument of forwarding their own
views of interest and oppression, of eluding the power of
the Government, and of weakening its authority, by
engaging the two Tribunals in contests with each other.
It is in vain that we search for men of enlightened
understanding, deep reasoning, and reflection, amongst
the natives. The education of the Hindoos is confined to
their being taught their own language. The Maliome-
dans are little better instructed : the acquisition of a few
moral* and political maxims, which in practice they
neglect, is all they know of the art of government: if
exceptions can be found, they are very rare.
Such are the inhabitants of Bengal, over whom the
European jurisdiction is established. Prudence may, no
doubt, render it permanent ; but prudence and policy alone
can effect this. From a comparison of their numbers
with ourselves, it must be evident, to all, that the power
by which we rule is less real than ideal.
* Sic in orig.
( 489 )
APPENDIX 11. VnL.l.
MONODY ON THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS CLEVLAND, ESQ.
yUIS DESIDERIO SIT PL UOR, AUT MODUS
TAM CAKI CAPITIS P
1 F e'er funereal trophies graced the brave,
Or cypress wreaths adorn'd a Statesman's grave,
Let Virtue consecrate the hallow'd tomb,
Wliere Clevland sleeps, and weep his early doom.
For many a month consumed by feverish pain,
Death had mark'd out this victim to his reign ;
Drooping and wan, he seem'd a graceful flower
That yields its bloom to Winter's blighting power.
Hope still would fondly prompt, that pious prayer
Might win o'er Heaven, to pity and to spare.
Such thoughts — how vain ! — our anxious minds employ 'd,
When sudden fate th' illusive dream destroy 'd.
And stamp'd his doom. A chilling iiorror spread
Through every limb ; my wandering senses fled :
Cold as a rock, whence drips the melting snow,
I sat, a silent monument of woe.
490 APPENDIX II.
No Muse attended then, to grace his urn ;
Whilst kindred Nature claim'd her right to mourn. —
And mourn'd thou wast, these eyes yet dim will prove.
The heartfelt tribute paid to friendly love.
Now Sorrow, milder grown, more calm the mind.
Enjoys the grief that Time has left behind :
Yet still the tears shall stream through many an hour;
For Time in vain opposes Nature's power.
Too keen for human bliss, Remembrance wings
The siiafts of anguish, and our bosoms stings ;
Departed joys, like sleep-formed phantoms, rise,
Press round the heart, and prompt uncall'd-for sighs.
For whilst some former scene the mind beguiles,
Where social pleasure lived in Clevland's smiles,
Grief whispers to the soul — and shews his urn —
" No more shall Clevland's social hour return."
Ah Memory, stop ! nor lead me to the vales
Where Clevland's genial spirit warm'd the gales ;
Where oft with him, at noon, or eve, or dawn,
I climbed the hills, or traced the groves and lawn ;
Where hospitality with smiles received
The way-worn guest, and untold wants relieved :
Bright with the beams of joy, each eye was seen.
Smiles spoke content, and all was bliss serene.
Now death-bred Horror pours her sliades around,
And dreary phantoms stalk o'er all the ground.
His mansion, once the seat of o:av deliofht,
Now gloom-encircled, wounds the ling' ring sight.
See where the menial band forlorn repine.
And favour'd friends Griefs solemn chorus join !
APPENDIX II. 491
Borne on the breeze, the mournful accents flow,
And Echo multiplies tlie notes of woe.
Sad to my soul the once-loved scenes appear,
Where Joy began, and Pleasure crown'd the year.
Yet not alone to Joy's serener shores.
Regret, through Sorrow^'s waves, her track explores ;
Far other scenes, to memory still more dear,
With keener anguish force the gushing tear.
'Twas thine, when tortured by disease I lay.
And Sorrow's clouds o'erspread the ling'ring day ;
'Twas thine, by cheering smiles and pious care.
To calm my pangs, and quell the fiend Despair.
By day, by night, thy constant friendship tried
Each soothing art, and untold wants supplied.
Perhaps the fev'rish joyless life I boast,
But for thy smiles and cares had now been lost. —
Why, when thy vital spirit, struggling fled.
Did Fate deny me to attend thy bed ,^
My cares, perhaps, had check'd Death's ruthless i)o\ver.
Won thee to life, or soothed thy parting hour.
Some wish, perhaps, witliiu thy bosom strove.
Sacred to friendship, or expiring love;
But Heaven forbade nie to receive thy sighs,
Nor gave these hands to close my Clevland's eyes.
How teeming Fancy wrings the tortur'd breast
When the soul sinks by sorrow's weight ()])prest !
Perhaps a widow'd parent's woes demand,
To soothe their pangs, a filial heart and hand ;
Or, whelnul beneatli Misiortune's baiR'l'ul shade,
An absent brother claims fraternal aiil ;
4<)-2 APPENDIX II
Or sunk, perhaps, in death's eternal night.
Nor parent now nor brother view the hght. —
Ah! trust not, Man, to life's uncertain date !
Dark are the ways, and dire the stroke of Fate :
E'en whilst the soul with bliss dilated glows.
And the full pulse with tides of rapture flows,
Death rushes in, with unresisted sway.
Bursts some dear tie, and sweeps our joys away.
Come Virtue then, the funeral wreath entwine,
A blooming wreath, to deck my Clevland's shrine.
And, whilst Affliction fondly sounds his name.
What Virtue dictates let the Muse proclaim.
' Ye, who the giddy maze of joy pursue,
' And thoughtless join Mirth's ever-smiling crew,
' Who listless hear Misfortune's feeble calls !
' Ye base-born souls, whom lust of wealth enthrals,
• Who, whilst your stores in golden prospect rise,
• Turn from the widows' tears and orphans' cries !
• Ye who for interest trace the paths of guile,
' And mould, as Flattery prompts, tli' obedient smile
' Approach the sacred tomb where Clevland lies,
' And learn the worth that calls forth Virtue's sighs.
' By Nature form'd for every social part,
' Mild were his manners, and sincere Ms heart ;
' Benevolence in every feature shone,
' And virtuous Friendship hail'd liim as her own.
' Though not to liim to sliine with wit 'twas given,
' Or soar with genius, eagle-plum'd, to heaven,
' Prudence with vigour, sense with temper joiu'd
' In true proportions, mark'd his steady mind.
APPENDIX II. 493
' In honour firm, and just in all his ways,
' The public voice bestow'd unenvied praise ;
' Cheerful each act of social life he proved ;
' And died lamented, as he lived — beloved.
' How would his eyes with glistening pity glow
' When broken accents sobb'd the tale of woe !
' When fi'iendship, fortune-wreckt, in silence pined,
' His aid, unsought, reliev'd the tortur'd mind.
' Daughters of Misery, who lowly bend
* Beneath Affliction's yoke, lament your friend !
' And you, the sons of penur\% proclaim,
' With tears uufeign'd, your loved protector's name ;
' Tell how his liberal heart and luvisli hand
' Dispers'd your cares, and blest the grateful land.
' Cold is that bounteous heart ; tliat hand no more
' Shall clothe the naked, nor relieve the poor.
' Ah, see ! relentless Poverty return,
' Reclaim her victims, and insult his urn !
' Let History tell the deeds liis wisdom plann'd.
' His bloodless triumj)hs o'er a barbarous land.
' Bright ill his hand the sword of Justice gleam'd,
' But mercy from his eyes benignant bcam'd —
' And Mercy won the cause ; — the savage band
' Forsook their haunts, and bow'd to ids command ;
' And where tlie warrior's arm in vain assail'd,
' His gentler skill o'er brutal force prevail'd. —
• As some fond sire instructs his dariiiiir son,
' With fostering care he led wild nature on;
' And now, where Ilaj)ine mark'd the blood-stain'd field,
' The well-til I'd glebes a smiling liarvest yield ;
494 APPENDIX II.
' Now mended morals check tlie lust for spoil,
' And rising letters prove his generous toil.
' The traveller secure pursues his way,
' Nor dreads the ruffian, arabush'd for his prey ;
' And gaping savages, with ravish'd eyes,
' See their Lord's name in magic symbols rise.
* Humanity surveys her rights restored ;
' And nations yield, subdued without a sword.
* Full many a breast, by him to pity won,
' Shall mourn their tutor, lord, and parent gone.
' Ye Kings, who drive Ambition's gore-stain'd car,
* And boast the conquests of destructive war,
* Here learn how far Benevolence exceeds
' War's boasted triumphs, and the warrior's deeds !
* By Clevland taught, oh ! seek a nobler name,
* And let recorded mercies stamp your fame.'
The Muse has paused : — affliction now returns,
For Clevland dead, and, unextinguish'd, burns.
Oh ! if thy soul, released from earthly ties.
Still feels our joys, or mixes with our sighs,
(E'en now, perhaps, thy viewless shade surveys
The pangs that Nature, true to Friendship, pays,)
The general sigh, that bursts for merit lost.
Shall sweetly soothe thy melancholy ghost.
( 40.5 )
APPENDIX III. VoL.T.
A DISCOURSE DELIVERED AT A MEETING OF THE ASIATIC
SOCIETY, MAY 2, 1794,
BY SIR JOHN SHORE, BART., PRESIDENT.
Gkntlemex —
If I had consulted my competency only, for the station
which your choice has conferred upon me, I must without
hesitation have declined the honour of being the President
of this Society: and although I most cheerfully accept
your invitation, with every inclination to assist, as far as
my abilities extend, in promoting the laudable views of
our Association, I must still retain the consciousness of
those disqualifications wliich you have been pleased to
overlook.
It was lately our boast, to possess a President whose
name, talents, and character would have been honourable
to any Institution : — it is now our misfortune to lament,
that Sir William Jones exists but in the affections of his
friends, and in tlie esteem, veneration, and regret of all.
I cannot, I flatter mvself, offer a more grateful tribute
to the Society, than by making his ciiaracter the subject
of my first Address to you : and if, in the delineation of it,
fondness or affection for the man should appear blended
with my reverence for his genius and abilities, in the
sympathy of your feelings I shall find my apology.
To define with accuracy the variety, value, and extent
490 APPENDIX III.
of his literary attainments requires more learning than
I pretend to possess ; and I am therefore to solicit your
indulgence for an imperfect sketch, rather than expect
your approbation for a complete description of the talents
and knowledge of your late and lamented President.
I shall begin with mentioning his wonderful capacity
for the acquisition of languages, which has never been
excelled. In Greek and Roman Literature, his early pro-
ficiency was the subject of admiration and applause ; and
knowledge of whatever nature, once obtained by him, was
ever afterwards progressive. The more elegant dialects
of Modern Europe, the French, the Spanish, and the
Italian, he spoke and wrote with the greatest fluency and
precision, and the German and Portuguese were familiar
to him. At an early period of life his application to
Oriental Literature commenced : he studied the Hebrew
with ease and success; and many of the most learned
Asiatics have the candour to avow that his knowledge of
Arabic and Persian was as accurate and extensive as their
own: he was also conversant in the Turkish idiom: and
the Chinese had even attracted his notice, so far as to
induce him to learn the radical characters of that lan-
guage, with a view, perhaps, to further improvement. It
was to be expected, after his arrival in India, that he
would eagerly embrace the opportunity of making him-
self master of the Shanscrit ; and the most enlightened
Professors of the doctrines of Brahma confess, with pride,
delight, and surprise, that Ins knowledge of their sacred
dialect was most critically correct and profound. The
Pandits who were in the habit of attending him — when
I saw them after his death, at a public Durbar— could
neither suppress their tears for his loss, nor find terms to
APPENDIX III. 497
express their admiration at the wonderful progress he
had made in their sciences.
Before the expiration of liis twenty-second year, he
had completed liis Commentaries on tlie Poetry of the
Asiatics, although a considerable time afterwards elapsed
before their publication : and this work, if no other mo-
nument of his labours existed, would at once furnish
proofs of his consummate skill in the Oriental Dialects —
of his })roficiency in those of Rome and Greece — of taste
and erudition far beyond his years — and of talents and
application without example.
But the judgment of Sir William Jones was too discern-
ing to consider language in any other light than as the
key of Science, and he would have despised the re])uta-
tion of a mere linguist. Knowledge and trutii were the
objects of all his studies; and his ambition was to be
useful to mankind. With these views, he extended his
researches to all languages, nations, and times.
Such were the motives that induced him to propose to
the Government of this Country what he justly denomi-
nated a work of national utility and importance — tlie
compilation of a copious Digest of Hindu and Mahomedan
Law, from Shanscrit and Arabic originals; witli an ofier
of his services to superintend the compilation, and witli a
promise to translate it. He had foreseen, previous to his
departure from Europe, that without the aid of such a
work the wise and benevolent intentions of the Lefjisiature
of Great Britain, in leaving, to a certain extent, the natives
of these provinces in jKissession of their own laws, could
not be completely fulfilled ; and his experience, after a
short residence in India, confirmed wliat his sagacity had
anticipated — that without principles to refer to, in a
VOL. I. 2 k
40ft APPENDIX III.
language familiar to the Judges of the Courts, adjudica-
tions amongst the natives must too often be subject to an
uncertain and erroneous exposition, or wilful misinterpre-
tation, of their laws.
To the superintendence of this work, which was im-
mediately undertaken at his suggestion, he assiduously
devoted those hours which he could spare from his
Professional duties. After tracing the plan of the Digest,
he prescribed its arrangement and mode of execution, and
selected, from the most learned Hindus and Mahomedans,
fit persons for the task of compiling it. Flattered by his
attention, and encouraged by his applause, the Pandits
prosecuted their labours with cheerful zeal, to a satis-
factory conclusion. The Moluvees have also nearly
finished their portion of the work: but we must ever
regret that the promised Translation, as well as the medi-
tated Preliminary Dissertation, have been frustrated by
that decree which so often intercepts the performance of
human purposes.
During the course of this compilation, and as auxiliary
to it, he was led to study the works of Menu, reputed by
the Hindus to be the oldest and holiest of Legislators : and
finding them to comprise a system of Religious and Civil
Duties, and of Law in all its branches, so comprehensive
and minutely exact that it might be considered as the
Institutes of Hindu Law% he presented a Translation of
them to the Government of Bengal. During the same
period, deeming no labour excessive or superfluous that
tended in any respect to promote the welfare or happi-
ness of mankind, he gave the public an English Version of
the Arabic Text of the Sirajiyyah, or Mahomedan Law
of Inheritance, with a Commentary. He had already
APPENDIX III. 499
published, in England, a Translation of a Tract on tlie same
subject, by another Mahomedan lawyer, containing, as
his own words express, a lively and elegant epitome of
the Law of Inheritance, according to Zaid.
To these learned and important works, so far out of the
road of amusement, nothing could have engaged his
application, but that desire which he ever professed, of
rendering his knowledge useful to his own nation, and
beneficial to the inhabitants of these provinces.
Without attending to the chronological order of their
publication, I shall briefly recapitulate his other perfor-
mances in Asiatic Literature, as far as my knowledge and
recollection of them extend.
The vanity and petulance of Anquetil du Perron, with
his illiberal reflections on some of the Learned Members
of the University of Oxford, extorted from him a Letter
in the French Language, which has been admired for
accurate criticism, just satire, and elegant composition.
A regard for the literary reputation of his country in-
duced him to translate, from a Persian Orig'inal, into
French, " The Life of Nadir Shah," that it might not be car-
ried out of England with a reflection that no person had
been found in the British Dominions capable of trans-
lating it. The Students of Persian Literature must ever
be grateful to him for a Grammar of tiiat language, in
which he has shewn the possibility of combining tjiste
and elegance with the precision of a grammarian ; and
every admirer of Arabic Poetry must acknowledge iiis
obligations to him for an English Version of the Seven
celebrated Poems so well known by the name of Moallakat,
from the distinction to which their excellence liad en-
titled them, of being suspended in the Temi)le of Mecca.
2 K 2
500 APPENDIX III.
I should scarcely think it of importance to mention, that
he did not disdain the office of Editor of a Shanscrit and
Persian work, if it did not afford me an opportunity of
adding, that the latter was published at his own expense,
and was sold for the benefit of insolvent debtors. A similar
application was made of the produce of the Sirajiyyah.
Of his lighter productions, the elegant amusements of
liis leisure hours, comprehending Hymns on the Hindu
Mythology, Poems consisting chiefly of Translations from
the Asiatic Languages, and the Version of Sacontala, an
ancient Indian drama, it would be unbecoming to speak
in a style of importance w^hich he did not liimself annex
to them : they shew the activity of a vigorous mind, its
fertility, its genius, and its taste. Nor shall I particu-
larly dwell on the Discourses addressed to tliis Society,
wliich we have all perused or heard; or on the other
learned and interesting Dissertations which form so large
and valuable a portion of the Records of our Researches.
Let us lament that the spirit which dictated them is to
us extinct, and that the voice to which we listened with
improvement and rapture will be heard by us no more.
But I cannot pass over a Paper, wliich has fallen into
my possession since his demise, in the hand-writing of
Sir William Jones liimself, entitled " Desiderata," as more
explanatory than any thing I can say of the compre-
hensive views of his enlightened mind. It contains, as a
perusal of it will shew, whatever is most curious, impor-
tant, and attainable, in the Sciences and Histories of India,
Arabia, China, and Tartary — subjects which he had already
most amply discussed in the Disquisitions which he laid
before the Society.
APPENDIX III. 501
DESISERilTA.
INDIA.
I.
The Ancient Geograpliy of India &c., from the Puranas.
II.
A Botanical Description of Indian Plants, from the
Coshas &c.
III.
A Grammar of the Shanscrit Language, from Paniui &c.
IV.
A Dictionary of the Shanscrit Language, from Tliirty-
two Original Vocabularies and Niructi.
V.
On the Ancient Music of the Indians.
VI.
On tlie Medical Substances of India, and tlie Indian
Art of Medicine.
VII.
On tlie Philosophy of the Ancient Indians.
VIII.
A Translation of the Veda.
IX.
On Ancient Indian Geometry, Astronomy, and Algebra.
X.
A Translation of the Puranas.
XI.
Translations of the Mahabharat and Ramayan.
XII
On the Indian Theatre, &c. &c. &c.
XIII.
On the Indian Constellations, with their Mytliology
from the Puranas.
XIV.
The History of India before tlie Mahomedan CoiKjuest,
from the Shanscrit-Cashinir-Historics.
502 APPENDIX III.
ARABIA.
XV.
Tlie History of Arabia before Muhammed.
XVI.
A Translation of the Hamasa.
XVII.
A Translation of Hariri.
XVIII.
A Translation of the Facahatul Khulafa.
of the Casiah.
PERSIA.
XIX,
The History of Persia ; from authorities in Shanscrit,
Arabic, Greek, Turkish, Persian, ancient and modern,
Firdausi's-Khosrau Nama,
XX.
The Five Poems of Nizami, translated in Prose.
A Dictionary of pure Persian. Jehangire.
CHINA.
XXI.
A Translation of the Shi-cing.
XXII,
The Text of Can-fu-tsu, verbally translated.
TARTARY.
XXIII.
A History of the Tartar Nations, chiefly of the Moguls
and Otlunans, from the Turkish and Persian.
APPENDIX III. 503
We are not authorised to conclude that he had liiniself
formed a determination to conij)lete the works wliieli his
genius and knowledge had thus sketched : tiie task seems
to require a period beyond the probable duration of any
human life : but we, who had the happiness to know Sir
William Jones — who were witnesses of his indefatigable
perseverance in the j)ursuit of knowledge, and of his
ardour to accomplish whatever he deemed important —
who saw the extent of his intellectual powers, his won-
derful attainments in Literature and Science, and the
facility with which all his compositions were made — cannot
doubt, if it had pleased Providence to protract the date of
his existence, tiiat he would have ably executed much of
what he had so extensively planned.
I have hitherto principally confined my Discourse to
the pursuits of our late President in Oriental Literature,
which, from their extent, might appear to liave occupied
all liis time : but they neither precluded his attentioii to
Professional studies, nor to Science in general. Amongst
his publications in Europe in Polite Literature, exclusive of
vnrious compositions in j)rose and verse, T find a Transla-
tion of the Speeches of Isaius, with a learned Comment;
and in Law, an Essay on the Law of Bailments. Upon the
subject of this last work I cannot deny myself the gratifica-
tion of quoting the sentiments of a celelnMted Historian : —
" Sir William Jones h;;s given an ingenious ami rational
" Essay on the Law of Bailments. He is perhaps the only
" Lawyer equally conversant with the Year-b<H)ks of
" Westminster, the Coninu-ntaries of llpian, the Attic
" Pleadings of Isaais, and the Sentences of Arabian and
" Pei'sian Cadliis."
.304 APPENDIX III.
His Professional studies did not commence before his
twenty-second year; and I have his own authority for
asserting, that the first book of English Jurisprudence
which he ever studied was Fortescue's Essay in praise of
the Laws of England.
Of the ability and conscientious integrity with which
he discharged the functions of a Magistrate, and the duties
of a Judge of the Supreme Court of Judicature, in this
Settlement, the public voice and public regret bear ample
and merited testimony. The same penetration which
marked his scientific researches distinguished his Legal
investigations and decisions ; and he deemed no inquiries
burdensome which had for their object substantial justice
under the rules of Law.
His Addresses to the Jurors are no less distinguished
for philanthropy and liberality of sentiment, than for just
expositions of the Law, perspicuity, and elegance of dic-
tion ; and his oratory was as captivating as his arguments
were convincing.
In an epilogue to his Commentaries on Asiatic Poetry,
he bids farewell to Polite Literature, without relinquishing
his affection for it ; and concludes with an intimation of
his intention to study Law, expressed in a wish, which we
now know to have been prophetic:
Mlhi sit, oro, non inutilis toga,
Nee indiserta lingua, nee turpis manus !
I have already enumerated attainments and works
which, from their diversity and extent, seem far beyond
the capacity of the most enlarged minds ; but the cata-
logue may yet be augmented. To a proficiency in the
Languages of Greece, Rome, and Asia, he added the know-
ledge of the Philosophy of those countries, and of every
APPENDIX III. 505
thing curious and valuable that had been taught in them.
The doctrines of the Academy, the Lycacum, or the
Portico, were not more familiar to him than the tenets of
tlie Vedas, the mysticism of the Sufis, or the religion of
the Ancient Persians ; and whilst, with a kindred genius,
he perused with rapture the Heroic, Lyric, or Moral com-
positions of the most-renowned Poets of Greece, Rome,
and Asia, he could turn with equal delight and know-
ledge to the sublime speculations or mathematical calcu-
lations of Barrow and Newton. With them, also, he pro-
fessed his conviction of the truth of the Christian Religion ;
and he justly deemed it no inconsiderable advantage that
his Researches had corroborated the multiplied Evidence
of Revelation, by confirming the Mosaic account of the Pri-
mitive World. We all recollect, and can refer to the follow-
ing sentiments in his Eighth Anniversary Discourse : —
" Theological inquiries are no part of my present sub-
" ject ; but I cannot refrain from adding, that the collec-
" tion of Tracts, which we call, from their excellence, the
" Scriptures, contain, independently of a divine origin,
" more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, purer
" morality, more important history, and finer strains
" both of poetry and elocjuence, than could be collected
" within the same compass from all other books that
" were ever composed in any age or in any idiom. The
" two Parts, of which the Scriptures consist, are connected
" by a chain of compositions, wliich bear no resemblance
" in form or style to any that can be produced from the
" stores of Grecian, Indian, Persian, or even Arabian
" Learning : the antiquity of those compositions no man
" doubts ; and the unstrained application of them, to events
" long subsecpient to tlicir publication, is a solid ground
506 APPENDIX III.
" of belief that they were genuine predictions, and eon-
" sequently inspired."
There were, in truth, few sciences in which he had not
acquired considerable proficiency : in most, his knowledge
was profound. The theory of Music was familiar to him ;
nor had he neglected to make himself acquainted with the
interesting discoveries lately made in Chymistry: and I
have heard him assert, that his admiration of the struc-
ture of the human frame had induced him to attend for a
season to a course of Anatomical Lectures, delivered by
his friend the celebrated Hunter.
His last and favourite pursuit was the study of Botany,
which he originally began under the confinement of a
severe and lingering disorder, which, with most minds,
would have proved a disqualification from any application.
It constituted the principal amusement of his leisure
hours. In the arrangements of Linnaeus, he discovered
system, truth, and science, which never failed to captivate
and engage his attention ; and from the proofs which he
has exhibited of his progress in Botany, we may conclude
that he would have extended the discoveries in that
science. The last composition which he read in this
Society was a Description of Select Indian Plants : and I
hope his Executors will allow us to fulfil his intention of
publishing it — a Number in our Researches.
It cannot be deemed useless or superfluous to inquire
by what arts or method he was enabled to attain to a
degree of knowledge, almost universal, and apparently
beyond 'the powers of man, during a life little exceeding
forty-seven years.
The faculties of his mind, by nature vigorous, were
improved by constant exercise; and his memory, by
APPENDIX III.
507
habitual practice, had acquired a capacity of retaining
whatever had once been impressed upon it. To an un-
extinguished ardour for Universal Knowledge he joined a
perseverance, in the pursuit of it, which subdued all obsta-
cles. His studies began with the dawn, and, during the in-
termissions of Professional duties, were continued through-
out the day. Reflection and meditation strengthened and
confirmed what industry and investigation had accumu-
lated. It was a fixed principle with him, from which he
never voluntarily deviated, not to be deterred, by any
difficulties that were surmountable, from prosecuting to a
successful termination what he had once deliberately un-
dertaken.
But what appears to me more particularly to have
enabled him to employ his talents so much to his own
and the public advantage, was the regular allotment of liis
time to particular occupations, and a scrupulous adherence
to the distribution which he had fixed: hence, all his
studies were pursued without interruption or confusion.
Nor can I here omit remarking — what may probably have
attracted your observation as well as mine — the candour
and complacency with wliich he gave his attention to all
persons, of whatever quality, talents, or education. He
justly concluded, that curious or important information
might be gained even from the illiterate ; and wherever
it was to be obtained, he sought and seized it.
Of the private and social virtues of our lamented Presi-
dent our hearts are the best records : to you who knew
him, it cannot be necessary for me to expatiate on the in-
dependence of his integrity, his humanity, probity, or
benevolence, wliich every living creature participated ; on
the affability of his conversation and manners, or his
508 APPENDIX III.
modest unassuming deportment : nor need I remark, that
he was totally free from pedantry as well as from arro-
gance and self-sufficiency, which sometimes accompany and
disgrace the greatest abilities : his presence was the delight
of every society, wiiich his conversation exhilarated and
improved ; and the public have not only to lament the
loss of his talents and abilities, but that of his example.
To him, as the Founder of our Institution — and, whilst he
lived, its firmest support — our reverence is more particu-
larly due : instructed, animated, and encouraged by him,
genius was called forth into exertion, and modest merit
was excited to distinguish itself. Anxious for the reputa-
tion of the Society, he was indefatigable in his own endea-
vours to promote it, whilst he cheerfully assisted those of
others. In losing him, we have not only been deprived of
our brightest ornament, but of a guide and patron, on
whose instructions, judgment, and candour we could
implicitly rely.
But it will, I trust, be long, very long, before the re-
membrance of his virtues, liis genius, and abilities, lose
that influence over the Members of tliis Society wliich his
living example had maintained : and if, previous to liis
demise, he had been asked by what posthumous honours
or attentions we could best shew our respect for his
memory, I may venture to assert he would have replied,
" By exerting yourselves to support the credit of the
Society"; — applying to it, perhaps, the dying wish of
Father Paul, "Esto perpetual"
( 509 )
APPENDIX IV. Vol. I.
MEMORANDUM ON THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE SPANISH
ISLANDS, BY THE HON. COLONEL WESLEY.
1 UNDERSTAND tliat the foFce which is to be sent from
Bengal for the Expedition to Manilla is to consist of
1400 infantry, some artillery and military stores, with tlie
" Heroine " frigate, and five armed Indiamen. I propose,
as soon as that can be got ready, it should be sent imme-
diately to attack Batavia and the Dutc-h Settlements upon
the Island of Java ; at all events, destroy the first entirely ;
and either make an establishment at tlie latter, or other-
wise, as the Government may think fit. If they should
choose to have an establishment, I have a plan for pro-
viding a force for the protection of it ; which I will com-
municate, if I tliink necessaiy. In case the general pro-
position is admitted, that it would be a desirable object
either to destroy or get possession of the Dutch Posses-
sions in the Island of Java, of whicli tlicre can be but
little doubt, I })roceed to detsiil the information which I
have collected upon tlie state of the Dutch force there :
which however, I must observe, is not so complete as it
ought to be; as, in order to avoid giving suspicion that
such a plan is in agitation, I have been obliged to be
510 APPENDIX IV.
ciiutioiis in seeking it. The Dutch have, in the whole
island, about 2000 men, some of which are Natives ; but
few of these are at Batavia, on account of the unwhole-
somencss of the situation. Some of them are at Sheribon,
and some at Shamarang, and some are with the Sultan of
Java; so that, upon the whole, I conclude that a force
of 600 men could not be collected in any one place
under ten days, which would be more than sufficient
for the operation against Batavia, as I shall proceed to
shew.
Sheribon and Shamarang are the places where the
Dutch keep their stores and merchandise, and are not
fortified. The town of Batavia is surrounded by a slight
brick wall, which has no defence. It has on the eastern
side of it a citadel, which stands close to the bay, but
which, however, is not within shot of the artillery-ground.
There are no guns mounted o)i the land side of the
citadel. In the rear of the town, at some distance, are
two redoubts ; in which, however, as I am informed, there
are no guns. But even if the place was strong and in
good order, as the Dutch have but few good troops nearer
than Sheribon, which is at the distance of forty miles at
least, they could not stand against the attack which would
be made upon them by surprise. I look upon the Expe-
dition to Manilla to be the principal object ; and there-
fore I should propose, that as soon as Batavia shall be
destroyed, the fleet should proceed to Tanjoran, upon
the eastern side of the Malaya Peninsula, unless the
Governor-General should wish to keep the place ; in which
case I have a plan, as I before stated, for providing a
force for the protection of it, without diminishing that
whicli is intended to join the forces from Madras for the
APPENDIX IV. 51 1
attack of Manilla. In my opinion, Tanjorau ought to be
the place of rendezvous, even in case the expedition to Da-
ta via is not adopted. I suppose the attack upon Manilla will
not be made till the month of October ; because if it is, the
wind blows right into the bay ; and, as was the case when
Sir William Draper made his attack, the shipping will not
be able to ride there in safety. After the change of the
monsoon in October, they will be protected by the land.
I should propose that the fleet should remain at Tanjoran
till the 1st of October : they may then sail right before the
wind to Manilla Bay, and will arrive there by the time
the south-west monsoon breaks up. The troops will have
been refreshed at Tanjoran, and will all be in health :
whereas if the rendezvous be at Penang:, the fleets will
have a long and an intricate and uncertain navigation
between their port of refreshment and their destination :
it cannot be expected that the troops will be as healthy,
and the time of the arrival at Manilla cannot be so exactly
fixed, as it would be if the rendezvous is at Tanjoi-an.
I conclude, therefore, that the rendezvous ought to be at
Tanjoran, even if Batavia is not to be attacked. There
will be no disadvantage nor inconvenience in keeping the
fleets separate for such a length of time, for the attack of
that place.
I do not conceive that any danger is to be appreliended
from the six French frigates which arc said to bo cnii/iug
in the China Seas. I conceive the frigates and armed
Indiamen to be more than ecjual to them ; and besides
them, tlie three ships going as transports carry guns.
Upon the whole then, seeing tliat the place is so weak
and that it would fall so easily, and that a force sulficient
to destrov it can be sent there without anv inconvenience.
312 APPENDIX IV.
danger, or much additional expense, I consider that it
would be an expedition honourable to the Governor-
General, and to those employed upon it; and useful to the
country, as it would deprive the enemy of his only re-
maining port in the Eastern Seas, and of one of which he
has lately made the greatest use ; — and as such I offer my
plans.
(Signed) A. W.
( -^3 )
APPENDIX V. VoL.T.
MK. MILLS STRICTURES ON THE REVOLUTION IN OUDE
CONSIDERED.
Mr. Mill impugns Sir J. Shore's decision on the Oude
Succession, notwithstanding the collective authorities in
its favour. Whilst acknowledging the integrity of the
Governor-General's motives, Mr. Mill attributes it to the
bewilderment of his understanding, and to his readiness to
annex weight to evidence of the spuriousness of the man
whom he wished not to reign ; wliilst lie states, that the
transaction had one attractive feature — that of gain to the
Company ; insinuating, that it consequently received the
most cordial approbation of the Powers, Ministerial and
Directorial, at Home. The general conclusion, from Mr.
Mill's account, is, that the Governor-General, biassed by
his prepossessions, unjustly dethroned a lawful Sovereign ;
and that, under the influence of cupidity, the Authorities
at home scrupled not to sanction the proceeding. How
far the Historian of India may be considered, in this
instance, a competent witness against the honour and
justice of tile Government, may be inferred from the fol-
lowing comparison of his statements with Sir .1. Shore's
Minutes and documents; tlio authenticity of whjrh lie
acknowledges, by citjUion of their contents; and from
which his infoiination is exclusively derived.
VOL. I. 2 r.
.514 APPENDIX V.
Mr. Mill, in the commencement of his account, has
committed an important error, by misstating the Maho-
medan Law on the point at issue : — " It was no objection to
the legitimacy of the Nabob, that he was not the son of
the Begum, who had no child ; that he was the son of a
female menially employed in the zenana. He was ac-
knowledged by Asoph-ud-Doulah as his son, and, accord-
ing to the laiv of the Moslems, that was enough." (VI. 45.)
The important proviso of this law, on which the question
hinged, is omitted by Mr. Mill : — " It is also made a condi-
tion, that the parentage of the boy be unknown ; for if he
be known to be the issue of some other than the acknow-
ledged, it necessarily follows that the acknowledgment
is null." (Governor-General's Minute, Oct. 1797.) This
condition is insisted upon, as applying specifically to the
case in question, in the Minute of January 1798.
It follows, that the Nabob's acknowledgment of Vizier
Ali was invalidated by the Mahomedan Law% if other
parentage could be proved. Now, the principal evidence,
in support of this essential condition, was that of Telizeen
Ali Khan, a confidential eunuch of the late Nabob.
According to Mr. Mill, it was procured in the following
manner : — " Upon tliis stoi*y," Tehzeen All's account, " told
privately to the Governor-General by Tehzeen, who com-
plained of having been treated with injustice by the
Nabob, and who might have been suborned by his ene-
mies — told without confrontation with the public, without
confrontation with the Nabob, without cross-examination,
without counter-evidence, without hearing any tiling the
party affected might have to adduce in his behalf, without
pusliing the inquiry by examination of other persons to
whom the secrets of the zezana might be known, and
APPENDIX V. 515
corroborated only by what lie was told was the public
opinion — did the Governor-General declare, that a man
whom he had acknowledged as Nabob of Oudo, and who
succeeded to the throne witii the apparent concurrence of
all ranks except the single voice of Saadut Ali, was not
the son of the late Vizier, and ought to be displaced from
the throne." (VI. 46.)
Let the Governor-General's statements be compared
with this version of the transaction : —
" The particulars thus detailed were collected from
inquiries put to Tehzeen at different intervals, and in a
mode which I thought calculated to extract the truth. Ali
underwent frequent examinations, both by the Resident
and myself. The two Papers, Nos. I. and II. translated,
were sworn to by Tehzeen Ali Khan, in my presence and
that of the Persian Translator.
" If the accounts were false, that falsehood must have
been detected upon re-examination ; for no common me-
mory could have recapitulated a detail of this nature,
without contradictions sufficient to impeach the veracity
of the informant.
"The credibility due to a witness is best estimated by
his general character, by the mode in wliich he gives his
evidence, and by cross-examinations. By all tliese tests,
that of Tehzeen has every appearance of truth and accu-
racy. His character has never l)een impeaclied, and his
attendance to his religion approaches to bigotiy. Witli
the Koran in his hand, he avouched tlie tnitli of the infor-
mation delivered by him, as stated in the Paper No. II.
and which was translated and read to him ; and gmornlly,
2 L 2
5H) APPENDIX V.
the truth of all that he had said upon the subject of the
late Nabob's children, in all the inquiries made of him by
myself and the Resident, he appeared to possess the
clearest recollections and accuracy, and his behaviour im-
pressed me with the fullest conviction of the truth of his
evidence.
" We have evidence now before us, that the Nabob has
acknowledged and educated children as his own which
were not begotten by him. We have information which
destroys the weight of the law of acknowledgment in
favour of Vizier Ali. We have evidence as to the birth of
Vizier Ali, which leaves not a doubt that it is spurious —
of information converting my suspicions into proof that
the acquiescence of the Begum was dictated by the
hopes of preserving her controul, and her aversion to the
sons of Sujah-ud-Dowlah. We have the declarations of
the younger Begum that the succession was settled witliout
investigation or consideration — her decided declaration
that Vizier Ali and all his brethren are spurious, and that
the justice of the title to the musnud rests with the sons of
Sujah-ud-Dowlah, We have evidence that the elevation
of Vizier Ali was considered by all persons of respecta-
bility as a violation of justice." (Minute, Jan, 18, 1798.)
Mr. Mill alleges that the younger Begum, wife of the
late Nabob, had acknowledged Vizier Ali. Besides the
Governor-General's already-quoted statements on the sub-
ject, he adds, that " w hen the late Nabob wished to intro-
duce Vizier Ali to her on the occasion of his late nuptials,
she refused to disgrace the dignity of her faniilv bv
admitting Vizier Ali into iier presence." Among the
APPENDIX V. 517
Papers on tlie OiuU' Revolution, is tlic translation of a
Letter from the Younger Begum to Tufuzzool Hossein
Khan, expressive of her sentiments on the subject : —
" Since the time that you set out to meet the Governor-
General, some extraordinary circumstances have befallen
me. Some degree of verbal kindness and encouragement
I used to receive; but now-a-days no one incjuires about
me. Moreover, you \Yill have learnt, from the News-
papers, the improper conduct towards me, that a good-
for-nothing boy, through obstinacy and perverseness, and
from the society of short-sighted fools, has been guilty of.
Since the day grief fell upon me, and the world was
darkened to my eyes (alluding to the late Nabob's death),
I have devoured my grief in silence, in the hope that you
would obtain from my kind friend, the Governor-General,
leave for me to visit the Holy Shrines, and thereby free
me from a variety of afiliction. An inexperienced igno-
rant boy has done tliat which gives new poignancy to my
griefs. I submit it to your discernment, and sense of
what is just, whether any law, divine or human, renders
})roper my continuance here, where such a boy is at the
head of the Government. The Gentlemen perha})s have
not been informed of all the indecorum lie lias been guilty
of towards me. You will doubtless have informed the
Governor-General specifically of liis (Vizier Ali's) conduct
towards the Nabob Meer Imaun Addeen Khan (her bro-
ther) and his son. Let me entreat you to adopt elFectual
measures to anable nie to cjuit this place of tei'ror as
early as possible ; — that is my sole wish. From tlic v(>rv
beginning I have met with ill-treatment (literally, ' In the
very first cup, the lees appeared'). What have I to exix'ct
518 APPENDIX V.
in future ? Mr. Lumsden and you both told me that my
honour and yours were one and the same. In the course
of these two months past every thing has gone out : what
ho})e liave T, then, for the future ? You have seen the
conduct that he (Vizier Ali) has observed towards Tehzeen
Ali Khan, who fostered liim all his life in the bosom of
affection.
"My friend, you placed him (Vizier Ali) upon the
musnud with too little inquiry and consideration ; and now
you see the consequence. — What necessity is there for
my remaining in this country ?
"I enclose a Letter from the Governor-General. You
will deliver, and obtain an answer to it."
In reference " to the apparent consent of the inha-
bitants of Lucknow " having been one of the reasons for
the original declaration in Vizier Ali's favour, Mr. Mill
quotes the Governor-General's Minute. He was injustice
bound to add the following explanatory passage from the
same document : —
" Feeling in all its force the impression of the popular
belief of the spurious birth of Vizier Ali, and aware of all
the consequences to our political representation of justice
which might result from the acknowledgment of him as
successor to Asoph-ud-Doulah, I still was not authorised
to make them the grounds of rejecting it, in opposition to
the acknowledgment and declaration of his presumed
father; whilst I felt an equal repugnance to fix obloquy on
the reputation of the late Nabob, by an inquiry dictated
by general rumours only. It is now no longer dubious,
that the repugnance to the Vizier Ali's succession, after
APPENDIX V. 519
an interval of reflection, was general ; that the acknow-
ledgment of it by the Company excited surprise and dis-
appointment; that it was esteemed both disgraceful and
unjust; and that nothing but the support of the Begum*
and the Company would have suppressed the expression
of that repugnance that may now exist in a less degree ;
but the disgrace attached to our decision still remains." —
(Minute, Jan. 18, 1798.)
* The Elder Besrum.
END OF XriR rFRST VOLUMB.
F.nnATA.
P. 442, line 14, for "estimation," read " estimate."
P. 455, line 4, " peerage" — Note omitted. " It had been LordTeign-
mouth's determination to refuse a peerage, if offered to him on his return
to England. Mr. Dundas, anticipating it, had resolved to take effectual
measures to obviate the fulfilment of his intentions."
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