THE HOME CYCLOPEDIA, OK LIBRARY OF REFERENCE. IN EIGHT VOLUMES, EACH COMPLETE IN ITSELF. I. ITiSTOKT AND CHRONOLOGY. The World's I'ro^ess. By G. P. Putnast. II. General Literature and the Fixe Arts. By George Ripley and Bayard Tayloe. III. The Useful Arts — including Agriculture, Domestic Economy, &c. By Dk. Antisell. IV. Universal Biography — a Record of the Names of Eminent Persons. By Paekb GODWIX. V. Universal GEOGEAPinr — a Compreliensive Gazetteer of the World. By T. C. C.vlli- cott. VI. Science — including Natural History, Botany, Geology, Mineralogy, &e. By Profoesor Samuel St. John, of Western Reserve College. In fress. Til. Architecture — Historical, Descriptive, Topographical, Decorative, Theoretical, and Mechanical. By Robert Stuart. V^III. Cyclopedi.v of Europe — a Manual of European Geography — embracing valuably Sta- tistics concerning every important place. By F. L. Ungewittee. *^* These volumes are intended to comprise a comprehensive view of the whole circle of human hnowledge — in othfltf words, to form a General Cyclopedia in a portable shape, for popular reference, for Family Libraries, for Teachers aod School Libraries, and for the general reader. NEW YORK: A. S. BARNES «fe CO., 51 JOHN-STREET. CINCINNATI- — H. W. DERBY. 1855. THE HOME CYCLOPEDIA. CYCLOPEDIA OF UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY: A EEOOED OF THE NAMES OF THE MOST EMINENT MEN OF THE WORLD BY PARKE GODWIN. NEW YOEK: A. S. BARNES & CO., 51 JOHN-STREET. CINCINNATI: — U. W. DERBT. 1855. EsTEif D, according to Act of Congress, in tho year 1831, by GEORGE P. PUTNAM, in mc Qerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New-Yoiv. CT 103 (A 5t ,- PREFACE. The need of a good portable Uiiivei-sal Biograpliy has been long felt, not only by literaiy men but by the reading public in general. With the exception of Maunder's Biographical Treasury, published in London, there is none extant. The small -worl^ of Jones, Bellchambers, Daven- port, &c., are veiy incomplete ; and as they are only brought down to the time of their publication, quite valueless now. Maimder's book is for the most part excellent, condensing a vast variety of biographical knowledge A^ithin a small compass, and coming doAvn to the year 1850; but the objections to it are, that it almost wholly ignores American names, and is quite anti-repubhcan in its sympathies. Under the titles of the various kings, too, it furnishes a great deal of matter which pro- perly belongs to history, to the exclusion of more appropriate subjects. Tlie compiler of the present volume, therefore, making Maunder the basis of his work, has endeavored to preserve the compactness, while ho improved upon the fidehty and comprehensiveness of his original. He has re-wi-itten most of the articles, either to enlarge or condense them ; and has added a vast number of names, especially of American men of eminence, and those who have died since former works were prepared. In all cases he has consulted the most reliable authorities, and given as much authentic information under each head ;us could be condensed into the allotted sjiace. Of course a Avork of this kind can be little more than a record of names and dates ; it gives no scope to the expression of opinions, and its merits, if it has any, must be simply those of accuracy and comprehen* VI PREFACE. siveness. In these respects, therefore, the compiler beheves that his work is the best now oflfered to the pubUc. Many names are doubtless omitted which ouglit to have been in it, and many are in it which might better have been omitted ; but on the whole, he thinks that he has pre- sented as large a variety of names, and said as much about each of tliem, as will be required by ordinary readei-s. Students and investiga- tore wll always have at hand the larger works of Gorton, Chalmei-s, Rose, the Biographie Universelle, and the Encyclopedias. It should be added, that besides Maunder, the compiler has con- sulted the works of Allen, Blake, and Aikin, and particularly that most vjduable publication, the Encyclopedia Americana by Prof. Lieber, with its continuation by Professor Vethake. In the typographical an-angement, in order to save room, all the same generic names are treated luider one head, in the manner of classical dictionaiies, and the initial lettere of the words " born " and " died," which so often occur, are commonly used in place of the fidl word. P. G. CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. AA, Petek Van Dee, an eminent bookseller of Leyden. D. 1730. AA, Chaeles Hexbt Vander, a Lu- theran minister, who Tvas among the founders of the Academy of Sciences, at Harlem, b. at Zwolle, 1718, d. 1795. A family of this naine was distinguished in the annals of the United Provinces, for tlicir resistance to the tyranny of PhUip II. of Spain. AAGAED, Christian, a Danish poet. B. 1616 ; d. 1664. — Nicholas, a brother of the above, b. 1612, d. 1657, was a philosophical writer. AALST, Ever.vrd, a Dutch painter of fruit pieces. B. 1602; d. 1653.— Ilis nephew, Willlvm, also a painter, was b. 1620, d. 1679. AAGESEN, SvEXD, a Danish histo- rian of the 12th century. Sometimes called Sueuo Agonis. AARON, St., a Briton, who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian in 803, and was canonized ten centuries later. AAEON, a physician and priest at Alexandria in the 12th century; the first man who described measles and the smaU-pox, on their fii'st appearance in Esrypt. ^^ AARON, OF Baeceloxa, a Spanish ' Jew, who wrote a book called "Pre- ^ cepts of Moses," at Venice, in 1523. AARON BEN ASSER, a Jew, who is said to have invented the points in Hebrew writing, in the 5th ceuturv. AARSENS, Francis Van, lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest ministers for negotiation that the United Provinces of Holland have at any time possessed. He was the first person ever recognized as Dutch ambassador by the French court: the first of three extraordinary ambassadors 1 sent to England in 1620 ; and the second in 1641, who were to treat about the marriage of Prince "WUliam, son of the prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an advanced age ; and left behind him very accurate and judicious memoirs of aU embassies in which he was employed. B. 1572; d. 1679. ABACO, Av.vRisTO Felice _ D' All, a musical composer and vioUuist of Ve- rona. There was another of the same name, who flourished about the same time m 1750. ABAGA, an emperor of the ISIoguls, who opposed the Crusaders with firm- ness and warlike skUl, and d. in 128-1. ABARIS, a celebrated character of antiquity, said to have possessed vast abilities," and to have been endowed with the power of performing miracu- lous cures. He was a Scythian by birth. ABAS, SciiAn, surnamed the Great, 7th king of Persia. D. in 1629.— Ab.vs, Schah, great grandson of the preceding, was a prince remarkable for mildness and humanity. D. in 1666. ABASCAL, Dox Jose Fernando, viceroy of Peru during several years of the South American war of indepen- dence, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and having entered the military service of Spain, served in the numerous cam- Eaigns of that countiy during the latter alf of last century in all parts of the globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle hand tiUlSlti, when he was superseded by General I'eznela ; and, on his retire- ment, he left behind liim a character for ability and moderation which is still held in grateful remembrance. D. at Madrid, 1821. ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of the CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [abd caliph Haroun al Kasdiid, who gave her in inarrinLre to liis vizier Giafar, on con- dition that their marriage should never be consummated; liut having broken tlie contract, the caliph put Gialiir to death, and hanislicd his wife fi-ora the palace, giving orders that no one should afford her relict". ABATE, Andrea, a Neapolitan artist, ■who was emjiloyed, togetlier witli Luca Giordlo. in adorning the Escurial for Charles IT. of Sjiaui. D. 17S2. ABAUZIT, Fii:mi>-, a French autlior of great merit and erudition. He was profoundly learned, and acquired the triendship of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kewton. B. at Uzes in 1679, and d. at Geneva in 17G7. ABBADIE, Jaiies, an eminent Prot- estant divine, who accompanied JSIar- sbal Scliomherg to England in 1688, and was present when that great commander fu'll at the battle of the ISoyne. He wrote many works, chiefly theological and in the French language, the most esteem- ed of which is entitled "Traite dc la Verity de la Eeligion Chretienne." B. at Berne in 1058 ;" d. in London, 1727. ABBAS, the miele of Mahomet, of whom, though opposed to him at first, he became a disciple, and served in his army as a general. D. 653. — Ebn Abbas Abdallah, son of the foregoing ; chief of the " Sahabab," or companions of the Prophet, and author ot a " Com- mentary on the Koran." — Hali or Magus, a Persian physician of the 10th century; author ot a pompous book on medicine, called "The Royal "Work," which has been translated into Latin. ABBATI, NicoLo, an Italian painter in fresco; b. at Modena in 1512. ABBATISSA, Paul, a poet of Sicily, who flourished about the year 1570, and translated the Hind and Odyssey into Latin verse. ABBE, Louise, a French poet of the 17th century, surnamed "La Belle Cor- donniere." ABBIATI, FiLiTPO, an historical painter, of considerable eminence. B. at Mila.n in 1640; d. in 1715. ABBON, or ABBO, Ckiinuus, a Nor- man monk of the 'Jth century, ■'.vho wrote, in Latin verse, an account of the sietre of Paris by the Normans. ABBO, FLonfACF.NSLs, a learned wTitcr of ecelefiia'»tical biographies, who was killed in 1004. Al'BOT, George, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reign of .James L and Charles I., and one of the most active political characters of that period. He was born, in 1562, it Guildford, in Sur- rey, where his fath?r was a weaver and clothworker. He raised himself gradu- ally till he became primate of all En- gland ; was the autnor of several the- ologioal works ; and one of the eight divines, who, in 1604, by the order of James L, translated the edition of the Bible now in iise. D. at Croydon in 1633. — Robert, bishop of Salisbury, the elder brother of the aoove, was an emi- nent divine, and famous for his skill in conducting polemical discussions, and vindicatmg tne sui^remaey of kings. B. 1560; d. 1617. — Maurice, youngest brother of the above, was an eminent London merchant, knighted by Charles I. Maurice's son, George, was the au- thor of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job. B. 1600; d. 1648.— Hull, a respectable minister of Charlestown, (Mass.) B. 1696; d. 1774. — Samuel, one of the founders of the Andover Theological Seminary. B. 1732; d. 1812.— Abdiel, a preacher, and author of several pub- lished sermons. B. at Andover, 1770; d. at Staten Island, 1828. — Charles, was a celebrated statesman, once speaker of the house of commons, and subsequent- ly raised to the peerage as Lord Col- chester. B. at Abingdon, 1757 ; d. 1829. — Citaeles, a distinguished lawyer, who, in 1818, was made lord chief justice or the iCing's Bencii, and during the pre- miership of Mr. Canning, was created a g^er, by the title of Lord Tentcrden. . 17 ■; d. 1832. ABBT, Thomas, a German writer who wrote a clever work, called " Historia Vitas Magistra," when he was only 18 years of age. He was professor of phi- losophy at Frankfort, and of mathe- matics at Ritelin ; wrote a treatise on "Merit," and on the "Duty of Dying for one's Countrv." B. at Ulm, in Suabia, 1738; d. 1766. ABTJALLAH, a camel driver, the father of Mahomet. He was so much esteemed by his tribe, that the stories relate how one hundred girls broke their hearts on the night of his wedding. ABDAS, a bishop of Persia, who in- stigated the thirty years' persecution of the Christians, under Tneodosius the Yountrer. ABDIAS, author of a legend called " llistoria Certaminis Apostilici," pub- lished at Basle in 1.571. ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian, who wrote the history of Egvpt, published in Enrrland in IKOO. B. at Bagdad 1161. ABDOLMAMEN, a potter's son, who became a general and conquered Mo- =] CYCLOPAEDIA OF RIOCUAPHT. I3CC0, and made himself monarcli. D. 1156. ABEEL, John Nelson, an eloquent preacher, of Neiv-York, who died in 1612, acred 43. ABEILLE, GjWpar, a French dra- matic writer of extraordinary versatility and wit. B. 104S; d. 1718.— Scipio, a brother of the above, wrote a "History of the Bones," and the "Complete Army Surjreon." ]). 1697. ABJiL, Thomas, teacher of grammar and music to Queen Catharine, out hav- ing opposed Henry VIII. 's separation from ner, he was condemned and ex- ecuted, imder a pretence of denyinfj the king's supremacy, in 1540. — G^vspar, a German historian. B. 1675; d. 1763. — Charles Frederick, a famous German composer, and player on tlie viol di gamba, appointed musician to Queen Charlotte. D. 1787. ABEL A, JoHx Francis, a commander of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, who ■v\Tote " Malta lUustrata," which was published in Malta in 1647. ABELAKD, Peter, a native of Pa- lais, in Brittany, made immortal rather by his unfortunate love, than by his immense and varied attainments. He •was educated at the University of Paris, and became one of the most learned men of his day. He opened a school of theology and rhetoric, which was so popular that it attracted more than three thousand pupils. But in the midday of his fnme he fell in love with a young and beautiful scholar, called Ileloise, the niece of the canon of Paris, Fulbert. He was then forty and she but fifteen, yet the attachment grew into a passion which for warmth and intensity has never been surpassed. Abelard forgot his lectures, his studies, and his fame in his abandonment to the raptures of delight. Yet the attachment was an unhappy one for both ; Fulbert sepa- rated tlie lovers ; when Abelard betook himself to the residence of his aunt in Brittany, whither he was instantly fol- lowed by Holoise, and where she gave birth to a son. Abelard would have married her secretly, but she disdained the restniintaof wedlock, preferring her free attachment to him to a relation sanctioned and enforced by law. After a while, however, she reluctantly con- sented to marry him, yet refused to con- fess the marriage in public. She even denied it under oath. Her uncle was BO incensed at this conduct, that he treated her with great severity, to re- lease hei from which Abelarcl carried her away and placed her in the convent of Argenteuil. Baffled by this ma- noeuvre, Fulbert was so enraged that he had Abelard ignominiously mutilated, and thereby caused him, through sor- row and shame, to become a monk of St. Denis. When his mortification had somewhat subsided, he began to lecture again, but his enemies charged liim with heterodoxy, and had him condemn- ed. He tlien erected an oratory, called the Paraclete, in the diocese of'Troyes, but, being still pursued by bitter per- secutions, after a few years of vicissi- tude and desertion, died at the priory of St. Marcel. Ileloise, then abbess of the Paraclete, did not desert him in de.atli, but had his ashes removed to a place where, in a few years later, she was destined to sleep by his side. The remains of both were taken to Pere-la- Chaise, in 1817, by oi'der of the nation. Abelard was a poet, an orator, a philos- opher and a mathematician — in short, a man possessing the highest qualities of mind and heart — but, while his works have mostly perished, his name is res- cued from oblivion by the story of his passion. The letters which passed be- tween him and Heloise have been made the foundation of many poems and novels. The best of these is the cele- brated version of Pope. B. 1079 ; d. 1142. ABELL, John, a musician who flour- ished at the court of Charles II. ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Khodes, and author of several theological works. B. 1604; d. 16'J1. ABERCEOMBIE, John, M. D., an eminent Scotch physician and author, was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11, 1781. Having taken his degree at Edinburgh in 1803, he permanently fixed his resi- dence in the Scotch metropolis, where he soon gained the first ranlv as a prac- tising and consulting physician. But the writings of Dr. Abercrombie con- tributed more to his fame than his skill as a physician. His purely professional works are meritorious, but the most per- manent monuments to his memory are his "Inquiries concerning the Intel- lectual Powers, &e.," published 1830, and the "Philosophy of the Jloral Feel- ings," published 1833. In these works he has brought all the medical facts ac- cumulated in the course of his extensive experience and research to bear on va- rious moral and metaphysical systems. To his vdde range of acquirement-) he added a piety as genuine as it was un- assumuig, and he will long be remein- CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [abr bereJ for his largo but unobtrusive be- nevolcnou. T>. 1844. ABEROKOMBY, TnoiLvs, a Scotch author, who was physician to James II. D. 172t5. — Sni Kali'ii, a British general, who served in the Aoierieau war, in Flanders, Holland, the West Indies, Ireland, and in Egypt, near Alexandria, where nc was mortally wounded, after a desperate battle with the French, whom he defeated. He was one of the bravest of Britons, but of great modera- tion and militarv skill, and high char- acter. B. at Tmiboi.Ue, 1738 ; d.lSOl.— John, a horticultural author, who pub- lished under the name of Mawe. B. 1724; d. 1806. ABERLI, John, an eminent landscape painter, of Switzerland. B. at Winter- then. 1723: d. 178(3. ABERNETHY, Jonx, an Irish dis- senter and divine, of whose sermons there are two volumes, which are held in considerable esteem. B. atColeraine, 1680 ; d. at Dublin, 1740.— John, F.R.S., a surgeon of great repute and extensive practice, lle'was brought up under Sir Charles Blick, surgeon of St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, and was acknowledged to possess very considerable talent and originality; though he doubtless owed mifch of Ins fame to a blunt eccentricity of manner, of which a thousand various anecdotes are stiU current. He was the author of " Surgical Observations," '•Phvsiological Essays," &c. B. 1764; d. isbl. ABG ARUS, a king of Edessa, in Mes- opotamia, cotemporary with our Sa- viour, lo w hom he is said to have writ- ten a letter and received an answer to it. Both are supposed to be inventions. ABGILLUS, sumamed Prester John, son of a king of the Frisi. He accom- panied Charlemagne to the Holy Laud ; and after liis leader's return to Europe made vast conquests in Abyssinia, which was long called " Prester John's Dominion." lie is reputed to have written an account of Charlemagne's deeds in the East. ABILDGAARD, Philip Christian, a Danish physician; one of the ablest naturalists of the 18th century.— Nicho- las Abraham, brother of the above ; a clever historical painter, and author of some equally elcfrant and useful essays on taste in works of art. B. 1744 ; d. 1809. ABINGTON, Frances, a celebrated comic actress. B. in London, 1731 ; d. in Dublin, 1815. ABINGER, LoED, (James Scarlett,) a liberal and distinffuished statesman of Entrland, who, both as a lawyer and a politician, exhibited a high order of ability. He was raised to the bench in 1834 W Sir Robert Peel. B. in Jamaica, 1769 ; d. 1844. ABISBAL, Henry O'Donnell, Count of, a celebrated Spanish general, born i)i Andalusia, 1770. Having entered the royal guards at the age of fifteen, he servecV in the war against the French republic; and on Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the part he took in the relief of Gerona in 1809, led to his promotion to tlie command of Catalonia, where he displayed great energy, and reaped much success. Though defeated in the plains of Vich by General Sonliam, he a month afterwards forced Augereau to abandon Lower Catalonia ; and, at the village of Abisbal, he compelled the surrender of a whole French column under General Schwartz. From this action he took his title. Towards the close of the war, he commanded with brilliant success at the capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he sup- pressed a mutiny of tlie troops in the isle of Leon ; but he fell into disgrace on suspicion of treachery, and it was not till 1823, on the invasion of Spain by the French under the Duke d'An- gouleme, that he recovered his position and his fame. After the restoration of Ferdinand he retired to France, where he resided, almost entirely forgotten, tOl his death in 1884. ABNEY, Sir TnoM.\s, Lord Mayor of London, in 1700, and one of the founders of the Bank of England. D. 1722. ABRAHAM, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, and professor of theology in the university of Pont-^-Mousson ; author of a Commentary on Virgil and some of Cicero's Orations. B. 1589 ; d. 1656.— A. Sancta Claiia, a native of Suabia, whose real name was Ulrich Megerle. He was an Augustine friar, and ex- tremely atfected and eccentric as a preacher. B. 1642; d. 1709.— A teacher of music at Paris, composer of airs for the clarionet, and author of a method for the bassoon. D. 1805. ABRASDATES, king of Susa, ren- dered memorable by the affection of hia wife. ABRESCH, Frederick Louis, a cele- brated Dutch critic and Greek scholar. B. at Hamburgh, 1699 ; d. in Switzer- land, 1782. ABRILOLA, an Arabian poet. B, 973 ; d. 1057. ABROSI, John, an Italian physician ACC] of tho leth century; author of a Dia- lo2ruo on Astrolofry. "ABRUZZO, Balthazar, a Sicilian philosopher and civilian. B. in 1601 ; a. 1660. ABSTEMIUS, Laukentius, an Italian writer, born at Macerata, iu La Marca di Aucona, who devoted himself early to the study of polite literature. lie published under the pontifieate of Alex- ander VI. a treatise, entitled " Heca- toinythium," from its containintr 100 fables, which have been often printed ■with those of Jisop, Phajdi-us, Gabrius, Avienus, &c. ABUBEKER, father-in-law and suc- cessor of Mahomet. His original name was changed to that of Abubeker, or " Father of the Virtfin," on the occasion of his dani^hter Ayesha becoming the bride of Mahomet. On suceeeding_ his son-in-law he assumed the title of caliph, which signifies both successor and vicar, and which was first borne by him. He won vast territory from the Syi'ians, Persians, and Greeks, D. 634. ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, son of Aaron a physician, born in 1226, in the city of Malatia. lie wrote in Arabic a history which consists often parts, and is an epitome of universal history from the creation of the world to his own time. ABULEEDA, Ismael, prince of Ha- mah, in Syria, but better known as au- thor of Tables of Geography of the Regions beyond the River Oxus. He began Ids reign in the 74:3d year of the licgira, and ended it three years after- wards, aged 72. ABULGARI, Bay ATM, Khan of the Tartars, and writer of a Tartar history, which has been translated in German and French. B. at Urgens, 1605; d. 1663. ABU, Moslem, a governor of Koras- san, put to death in 759. ABD-NOWAS, an Arabian poet. B. 762; d. 810. ABU-OBIDA, a iViend of Mahomet, who conquered Palestine and Syria, and died of pestilence in 639. ABU-TEMAN, an Arabian poet, whose works have been translated into English. D. 845. ACACIUS, bishop of Berea, an op- ponent of Chrysostom. D. 436. — There was another bishop of the same name, who flourished at Amida, on the Tigris, in the 5th century, and who is known for his benevolence, iu having sold his church plate to ransom 7000 Persians taken prisoners by Theodosius the CYCLOP.^iDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. Younger. — Another was the founder of the Acaciani sect, and d. about 365. ACADEMUS, the founder of tho Academic sect at Athens, and of the Academic grove. ACAMPIXTLT, the first Mexican king, who ruled forty years, and mtro- duced many good laws. D. 1420. ACCA, St., an Anglo-Saxon, bishop at Hexham, who wrote "Sulfcrin^s ot the Saints," and was a patron ot arts and music. D. 740. — Laurentl\, the nurse of Romulus and Remus, to whom the Romans decreed a festival. ACOAIOLI — the name of a distin- guished Florentine family — Donatds, was a translator of Plutarch, and a learned commentator on Aristotle; Jonx, was an author and public lec- turer ; Zexobio, a poet and critic, who translated Politian s epigrams, d. 1520: Magd.vlena, wrote "David Persecuted,'' and other poems, d. 1610 ; Renatus, was a general of the 14th century, who con quered Athens, Corinth, and Boeotia. ACCIO, Zucuio, a poet of Verona, in the 15th century. ACCIDS, Lucius, a Latin poet and dramatist. D. about 180, b. c. — Tul- Lius, prince of the Volsci, to whom Coriolauus resorted for aid against Rome. ACCOLTI, Benedict, an Italian law- yer, born at Florence in 1415, and au- thor of many works, among which was a narrative of the wars in Palestine, to which Tasso was indebted in the " Jeru- salem DeUvered." D. 1466. — Benedict, a relation of the preceding, born in 1497, was so perfect a master of the Latin tongue, that he was called the Cicero of the age. Clement VII. made him a cardinal. D. 1549. — Peter, son of the above, as cardinal of Ancona, composed the Papal bull against Luther, D, 1532. — Bernard, brother of the last named, a poet of considerable powers ; his works were published at Florence, in 1513. — Francis, uncle of the above ; a lawyer and scholar of great ability, but even more remarkable for his parsunony than for his talents. — Benedict, a man of violent passions, who conspii-ed with five others to murder Pius IV, He suf- fered death in 1564, ACCORSO, Marlvxgelo, a native of Aquila, in the 16th century; an emi- nent critic and scholar. He published remarks on Ausonius and Ovid, entitled " Diatribte," and an edition of Ammia- nus Marcellinus. ACCUM, Frederick, an operative chemist of eminence, wlio wrote several 6 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [agi books of science. B. iu WcstphaJia, 1769; d. 183S. ACCURSIUS, Fnxycia, nn eminent Italian law-j-er, born at Florence in 11S2, and died in 1229. This individual ren- dered himself famous by his "Perpet- iial Commentary," or " Great Gloss," in illustration of the code, the institutes, and the dicrests. ACf:RBI, Joseph, an Italian ; author of '• Vovuire au Cape Nord, par la Suede," "in 1798. ACERBO, Francis, an Italian Jesuit and poet at Naples, in 1G66. ACH, Van, or ACIIEN, John, an eminent liistorioal and portrait painter. B. at Coloirne, 156G ; d. 1G21. ACII^L'S, a Greek poet and satir- ist, cotcraporary with ilschylus. Yet though he is said to have -svTitten forty trage'dies, nothing but a few fragments lit present exist. ACHARD, Antiion-y, a learned di- vine, B. at Geneva, 1966; d. 1772.— Fkancis Cii.vrles, a distinguished Prus- sian chemist ; known as the tirst fabri- cator of beet-root sugar, in 1792; and author of several treatises on chemistry and agriculture. D. 1821. ACHARDS, Eleazer, bishop of Avig- non, remarkable for the benevolent courage he displayed when the plague raged in his see. D. 1741. ACIIEXWALL, Godfrey, a lecturer on history and jurisprudence, in the university of Gottingen. D. 1772. ACHEk, N., a French judge; author of an " Abrcge des Ilommes lllustres de Plutarque," 1807. ACHERI, Luo d', a Benedictiue monk ; author of " Lives of the Saints," d-c. B. at St. Quintin, in Picardy, 1609 ; d. at Paris, 1685. ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of Alexandria, who lived during the 3d century, and in liis old age was con- verted to Christianity, and Ijccame a bishop. lie originally taught rhetoric in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise on the Sphere';" a "History of Great Men ;" and a romance, entitled " The Loves of Clitophon and Leueippe." ACHILLINi, Alexander, a Bolog- nese physician, known by his publica- tions oil anatomy and medicine, D. 1512. — John Philotiieus, brother of the above, and autlior of a eulogistic poem, entitled " Viridario." D. 1538.— Claude, a relation of the above, distinguished for his knowledge of medicijie, theology, and jurisprudence. B. at Bologna, 1574; d. 1640. ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son and successor of Mahomet III. B. 1583 ; d. 1617. — AchmetII. succeeded his bro- ther Solyman on the throne of Con- stantinople. D. :I695. — AcHMET III., sou of Mahomet IV., was placed on the throne by the heads of a taction which had deposed his brother, Mustapha II. He was afterwards deposed, and his nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the throne. D. in prison, 1736. ACID ALIUS, Valens, a German au- thor and critic. D. 1595. ACKERMANN, Conrad, a German comedian, and founder of the German theatre. D. 1771. — John Christian Got- LiEB, an eminent physician and author. B. 1756; d. 1801. — Rudolph, an enter- prising tradesman, who went to En- gland "and became a print-seller, where he published the "Forget Me Not," the first of a peculiar class of annual books. Ho improved the lithographic art, published several beautiful editions of histories, and was the first person who used gas-lights in London. B. at Schneeberg, in Saxony, 1764; d. 1834. ACKLAND, a British major in the American war. He was taken prisoner by Arnold, at StUlwater, Oct. 7, 1777. When released he returned to England, where he was shot in a duel by Lieut. Lloyd, to whom he had given the lie, when Lloyd charged the Americans with cowardice. Lady Harriett, his wife, lost her senses in consequence. ACKMAN, William, a Scotch por- trait painter, the first appreciator and friend of the poet Thomson. ACOLUTHUS, Andrew, author of " De Aqiiis Amaris." D. 1704. ACOSTA, Joseph, a Jesuit of Peru, who wrote a good history of the West Indies. D. 1600. ACQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, a learned Neapolitan, who published the first Encyclopaedia. B. 1456 ; d. 1528. ACRON, a Sicilian physician, who expelled the plague from Athens, by burning certain perfumes, about 473 ' ACROPOLITA, George, a Byzantine historian, learned in mathematics and skilled in rhetoric. B. 1220 ; d. 1282.— CoNSTANTiNE, SOU of thc abovc, was grand chancellor of the empire. ACTON, Joseph, a Frenchman, who entered the navy of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and rescued 4000 Spaniards from tlie Barbary corsairs. B. 1737 ; d. 1808. ACTUARIUS, a Greek physician, of the 13th century, M'ho used water and mild cathartics as his principal remedies. Ada] CYCLOPEDIA OF UIOGKAPHY. ACUNA, Christopher, a Jesuit mis- Bioiiary, who wrote an account of the " Great River ofthe Amazons." B. 1597. — Fernando de, a Spanish poet. D. tX Grenada, 1G80. ADAIK, Jami:3, a recorder of Lon- lon. memlier of pariiament, and chicf- Hastiee at Chester. D. IT'JS. — Another James, ^\■■<\H a trader auionsj the North American Indians, in 1775, who wrote a book to prove them descended from the Jews. ADALAED, or ADELARD, a Ger- man divine and theolofrical writer, tlie grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin- gerraan of Charlemagne. He is most distinguished for the foundation of a distinct abbey, Cidlcd New Corbie, as a seminary for the education of mission- aries, who were to be employed in the conversion ofthe northern nations. B. 753 ; d. 827. ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague, In the 10th century. He was one of tlie first founders of the Christian religion in Hungary ; and also preached the gos- Eel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where e was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. ADAM, ScoTcs, a doctor of the Sor- bonne, in the 12th century, and author of a life of David L of Scotland. — Alex- ander, a learned Scotch schoolmaster, well known to the literary and scholastic world by his "Latin £exioou," "Ro- man Antiquities," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1809. — Lambert Sigisuekt, an eminent French sculptor, many of whose works were executed for the decoration of Vei- Bailles and St. Cloud. B. 1700 ; d. 1759. — NicHOL.vs Seb^vstian, brother of the above, and eminent in the same profes- sion. He executed the admired statue of " Prometheus Chained." B. 1705 ; d. 1778. — Albert, a distinguished painter of battle-scenes, born at Nordlingen, in 1786, who went to Russia with Eugene Beauharnais in 1S12, and afterwards produced many of tlie pictures in the gallery of the king of Bavaria. — Adol- PHUs Cii.vRLEs, a musical composer of eminence, author of the " PostUlion of Lonjumeau," and other operas. B. at Paris, 1804. — Willlvit, a lawyer and politician of Pitt's time, and one of the managers appointed by the commons to conduct the impeachment of Warren Hastings. B. 1751 ; d. 1S39. — Melchior, a German divine and biograpliicid au- tlior of the 17th century. — Nicholas, a French grammarian; author of "The True Mode of acquiring a Language whether Livins or Dead, bv means of the French," and other works of con- siderable incfenuity. B. 1716; d. 1792.— Robert, F.R.S., and F.S.A. ; a celebra- ted architect, much employed upon the public Ijuildings and noblemen s man- sions of London. One of his works, e.v- ecuted in conjunction with his brother, is the noble range of buildings called the "Adclphi," the name being the Greek word for " Brothers." He at one time represented the county of Kinross in parliament. B. at Kirkaklv, Fifeshirc, 1728 ; d. 1792.— James, brother of the above, and his coadjutor in most of his labors. D. 1794. — Thomas, an English divine, and for 53 years the rector of Wintringham, in Lincolnshire. B. at Leeds, 1701 ; d. 1784. ADAMANTEO, a learned Italian mathematician and orientalist; author of "Glossas et Interpretationes in Tal- mud Hcbraorum." D. 1581. ADAMANTIUS, a Greek physician of the 5th century ; author of a popular work on physiognomy. ADAMAiSTUS, abbot of Icolmkil, in the 8th century ; author of a life of St. Columba. ADAMI, Leonardo, an Italian schol- ar, eminent for his skill in the Greek and Oriental languages, and librarian to Cardinal Imperiali. B. 1690, at Bolsema, in Tuscany ; d. 1719. ADAMS, John, the second president of the United States, and one of the most able men America has produced, was born at Braintree, Oct. 19, 1735. He was descended from Henry Adams, one of the original proprietors of the town of Braintree, who fled from En- gland with the Puritans, in the year 1630. Early in life he manifested great quickness of parts, and was educated in the best schools, and afterwards sent to Cambridge College. After he left college, he studied law with Col. James Putnam, at Worcester, instructing pu- pils in the Latin and Greek lansruages at the same time, to defray the expense. Subsequently he entered the otnce of Jeremiah Gridley. In 1761 lie was admitted a barrister-at-law, and com- menced practice. The attempts of En- gland to coerce the colonies nito obedi- ence, which had exasperated the colo- nials into most bitter indignation and hatred, were opposed by ^Ir. Adams from the outset, and on all the questions which arose between the two countries, he was on the side of the \\Tongcd and oppressed. Yet his was not a mere partisan zeal, but the just excitement of one who thought and felt earnestly 8 CVCLOP/EDIA OF KIOGKAPHY. [ada and deeply. "When, therefore, the re- sistance of the colonists broke out into open war, Adams -was prepared to take an intelligent and an active part in their defence. ^ In ITO-i he married Alii^ail Smith, second daughter of AVilliara Smith, of Weymouth, and grand-daugh- ter of Col. Quincy, of "Wollaston, a wo- man of tine person;il appearance, good education, noble powers of mind, and the most patriotic devotion to the colo- nies. A year afterwards he published an Essay on Canon and Feudal Law, which was reprinted in England and much commended. In 1709 he was appointed chairman of the committee, appointed by the town of Boston, to draw up histructions to its represent- atives to resist Eritish encroachments, at the very time the town M'as invested by an armed force both by sea and by land. In 1770 he was sent to the legis- lature, where he took a prominent part in every important measure. In 1774 he was one of the committee who pre- S\red the celebrated resolutions on the oston Port Bill. The same year he was elected to the first continental con- gress, held in Philadelphia. From the outset he announced hnnself the friend of independence, and when, therefore, in 1775, the first blood was shed at Lex- ington and Concord, he was ready for war, and suggested the name of George "Washinqrton, as commander-in-chief. In 1776 he was appointed, with Jeffcr- Bon, Franklin, Slierman, and Living- Bton, on the committee which reported the immortal " Declaration of Inde- pendence." In Nov. 1777, Mr. Adams was sent as commissioner to the court of Versailles, but treaties of commerce and alliance with France had been sign- ed before he arrived. Three months after his return he was again sent abroad, to negotiate a peace and a com- mercial treaty with Great Britain. He did not succeed in the former object tUl Jan. 14th, 1783. In 1785 ho was appointed the first minister to England. Wnile in London, ho wrote his " De- fence of tlie American Constitution." After his return he was elected first vice-president of the United States, and re-elected in 1703. He discharged the duties of the office till March 4th, 1797, when he was chosen president. His ad- ministration was a vijrorous and im- portant one, but not without embarrass- ments and opposition. In 1801 ho was defeated by Jefferson, and retired to his farm at Quincy. He was chosen to one or two inconsiderable posts afterwards, and died on the 4th of July, 1826. Hig last words were, " It is the glorious 4th of July ! — God bless it>— God bless you all !" He was a man of intrepid and honest character, great industry, a high order of talent, and the most elevated Christian sentiments. — Samuel, one of the foremost patriots of the American revolution, was born at Boston, Sept. 27th, 1722. He was made a member of the legislature in 17G6, where ho con- tinueci till 1774, when he was chosen to the first congress under the confedera- tion. He was a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. In 1794 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, .and held the office three years. He died in 1803, imiversally respected as a man of the most exalted patriotism, and the most inflexible integrity. — John Quincy, son of John, and the sixth president of the United States, was born July 11th, 1767, at Quincy. The position of his lather gave him erC'it advantages of education, which he diligently employ- ed. He was abroad with his father before 1780. He studied law with The- ophilus Parsons, at Newburyport, and attracted attention by certain essays he published in the newspaper. Wash- ington appointed him minister to the Netherlands, in 1794, and afterwards minister to Portugal, when his father, who had become president, transferred him to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected to the senate of Massachusetts, and, in 1803, to the senate of the United States. In 1806, he was appointed professor of rhetoric in Harvard, and delivered a course of lectures on "The Art of Speaking "Well," M'hich was, also, pub- lished in a book form. In June, 1809, Madison appointed him minister to Russia. He was employed as one of the commissioners who negotiated the peace between the United States and England, at Ghent, in 1814. Madison sent him as minister to Great Britain in 1815. President Monroe made him secretary of state in 1817. In 1825 he was cliosen president by the house of representatives, no choice having been made by the people. In 1829 he re- tired to private life, but, in 1831, was chosen a representative to congress, where he remained till 1848, when he fell into a fit from which he died a few hours after. "This," he exclaimed as he fell, "is the last of earth." He was an eloquent and incorruptible man, of strong prejudices, but independent, earnest, and true. — John, a poet and preacher, of Newcort. It. L, 'whci d. in add] CYCLOP.'EDIA OF UIOGUAPin, 1740. — Mjl the-w, a tradesman of Bos- ton, who aoquirod some distinction as a writer in the time of Dr. Franklin. — Andrew, a ehief-j notice of Connectiont. D. 17y7. — Sir Thomas, an eminent citi- zen of London, of which he was lord mayor in 1645. B. at Wem, in Shrop- sliii-e, 158G; d. 1607.— William, an En- glish divine of the 18th century ; autlior of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. D. 1789. — Joseph, an able English phy- Bi'.'ian, author of a treatise on epilepsy, and numerous other medical works of great merit. B. 1758; d. 1818. — George, a celebrated maker of mathematical in- struments; author of " Mieographiaj Illustrata," and other scientilic works. J). 1786. — George, son of the above, and of the same profession; author of " An Essay on Vision," &c. B. 1750; d. 1795. ADAMSON, Patrick, a Scotch arch- bishop of the time of Queen Elizabeth, noted for his violent disputes with the Presbyters. B. 1536 ; d. 1599. ADAMUS, DoTiENsus, an English ab- bot of the 13th century, who wrote on music. ADANSON, Michael, an eminent French naturalist, who sniftered much during the French Kevolution. B. at Aix, 1727 ; d. lSo6. ADDISON, Launcelot, an Encflish Divine, attached to the Stuart familv, by whicli he was made dean of Lichfield. B. 1632; d. 1703.-t-JosEPH, one of the brierhtest names o!f English literature, was b. May 1st, 1672, at^ Milstou, Wilt- shire, at which place his father was a rec- tor of the church. He was graduated at Queen's College, Oxford, Feb. 14, 1693, where he had already achieved consid- erable i-eputation in criticism and poetry, and particularly in Latin composition. In 1695 he wrote a Latin poem to King William, and in 1697 another on the peace of Kyswick. Two years after- wards he obtained a pension of £300, that he might be enabled to travel. In Italy he wrote his "Dialogue on Med- als," and also the Letter to Lord Hal- ifax, which is among the most elegant of his poems. A description of his "Travels," '\\Titten after his return, gained great popularity. Lord Godol- phiu, in 1704, made liim under-secre- tary of state, and subsequently, wheii ^^'harton was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Addison accompanied him, and was appointed keeper of the records in Berniingliam's Tower, at a salary of £300 per annum. It was while he was in Ireland that Sir Richard Steele began the publication of the " Tatler." The first number of this periodical vras published April 12, I7|f9, and Addison's ■ first contribution appeared May 20. To the Tatlcr, in about two montlis, suc- ceeded the "Spectator," a series of es- says of the same kmd, but written with less levity, upon a more regular plan, and publislied daily. The year 1713, in whieli " Cato" came upon the stage, was the grand climacteric of Addison's rep- utation. The whole nation was, at that time, on fire with faction. The Whigs applauded every line in which liberty was mentioned, as a satire on the To- ries ; and the Tories echoed every clap, to show that the satire was unfelt. Another daily paper, called the " Guar- dian," was published about this time, by Steele, to which Addison gave great assistance. The papers of Addison are marked in the Spectator by one of the letters in the name of Clio, and in the Guardian by a hand. It was not known that Addison had tried a comedy on the stage, till Steele, after his death, de- clared him the author of "The Drum- mer;" this play Steele carried to the theatre, and afterw^ards to the press, and sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the midst of these agreeable employments, Mr. Addison was not an indifferent spectator of public affairs. He wrote, as different exigencies required, in 1707, "The present State of the War, &c." " The Whig Examiner ;" and the " Trial of Count Tariff','' «U which tracts, being on temporary topics, expired with the subjects which gave them birth. When the' house of Hanover took possession of the throne, it was reasonable to ex- pect that the zeal of Addison would be suitably rewarded. Before the arrival of King George he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his office to send'notice to Hanover that the queen was dead, and that the throne was vacant. To do tliis would not have been difficult to any man but Addi- son, who was so overwhelmed with the greatness of the event, and so dis- tracted by choice of expressions, that the lords," who could not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. South- well, a clerk in the house, and ordered bim to dispatch the message. South- well readily told what was necessary, in the common style of business, and val- ued himself upon having done what was too hard lor Addison. He was better qualified for the "Freeholder," a paper Avhich he published twice a week, from Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next year. This was undertaken in defence 10 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [ado of the established government, some- times •with argument, sometimes with mirth. In argument lie had many equals, but his humor was singular and match- less. On the 2d of August, 1716, he mar- ried the countess dowager of Warwick, whom he is said to have first known by becoming tutor to her son. This mar- riage, however, made no addition to his happiness ; it neither found them nor made them equal. She always remem- bered her own rank, and thought herself entitled to treat with very little ceremo- ny, the tutor of her son. The year after, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation, being made secretary of state ; but it is universally confessed that he was une- qual to the duties of his place. In the house of commons he could not speak, and therefore was useless to the defence of the government. In the office he could not issue an order without losing his time in quest of fine expressions. What he gained in rank he lost in credit ; and, findin? himself unequal to the position, he solicited a dismission with a pension of .-£1500 a year. He subsemiently wrote a Defence of the Christian Keligion, and d. June 17th. 1710. ADf:LAIDE, Mad.uie, mother of Louis XVI. of France ; fled from Paris during the Kevolutiou, and d. in Eus- sia, in 1799. ADELAIDE, queen dowager, wife of William IV. of Enrrland. D. 1850. ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the 12th century ; a man of considerable learning. lie travelled into Egvpt and Arabia, and translated Euclid's Ele- ments out of Arabic into Latin, before any Greek copies had been discovered. He also wrote several treatises on math- ematical and medical subjects, which re- main in MS. at Oxford. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the cathedral of which he founded. He wrote the life of his patron, the emperor Henry II. D. 1027. ADELER, CcRTics, named also Ser- visen, an eminent naval commander. B. in Norway, 1G22. Ho went to Venice, where he was made admiral ; and, after performing many g.illant exploits against the Turks, retired to Constantinople, where he ended his days in honor and tranquillity, being made admiral-in- chief of the Danish fleet, and created a noble. He d. in 1075. ADELIIEK, or ADELGER, a scho- lastic philosopher and theologian of the 12th century, who is only remarkable for his mode of conciliating the divine prescience ■with free will. See hits "Dc Libero Arbitrio." He was a canon o* Liege, and then monk of Cluny. A'DELUNG, Joim Chektopher, a German philologist of great merit ; chiefly celebrated for his " Grammatical and Critical Dictionary," 5 vols. 4to. B. 1734 ; d. 1806. — Frederick, his neph- ew, an historian and linguist; president of the Asiatic Society at St. Petersburg. His writinsfs were numerous and valu- able, relating chiefly to language and arts. B. 1768. ADEMAR, a monk of the 10th centu- ry, who wrote the chronicles of France, published by Labbe. ADER, William, a physician of Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621, entitled, "De J5grotis et Morbis Evan- geliois ;" in which he proves that the diseases healed by our Saviour were in- curable by medicine. ADET,'P. A., envoy from France to the United States, in 1796 ; author of several chemical works, original and translated, and of a design for new chemical characters and nomenclature. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia. B. about 935. In 977 he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other pub- lic works. He was also a great encour- ager of learning. D. 982. ADHELME, a learned prelate under the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to King Ina. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, the first who brouffht poetry into Britain, and the first bishop of Sherborne. D. 769. ADLER, James George, a learned Danish orientalist, b. in 1756 ; author of " Museum Cuficum," some works on the Jewish lanaruago, laws, and rites, and several philological publications. — Philip, a German engraver of the 16th century, whose style of etchins: appears to have founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. D. 1530. ADLERFELDT, Gustavus, a Swedish historian in the time of Charles XII., whom he accompanied throughout his campaigns, of which he wrote an ac- count, continued up to the day when a cannon-ball deprived him of life, at the battle of Pultowa, in 1709. ADLZEEITER, John, a German his- torian, and chancellor of Bavaria. D. about 1062. ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distin- guished bv his piety, and as an histo- rian. D. 875. ADOLF ATI, an Italian composer and author of several operas. ADOLPHUS, emperor of Germany, akgJ CYC'LOF.KUXA OF BIOGUAI'HT. 11 was the count of Nassau, and elevated to the imperial tlirone in 1202. — Adol- piujB, comit of Cleves, celebrated by the institution of the Order of Fools, in 13S0, which consisted of tlic principal noblemen of Cleves.— Feederio II., kinfj of Sweden, b. in 1710, and succeeded his father, Frederick, in 1751. D. 1771. — John, a well-known barrister and his- torian of London, who wrote histories of Georg:e III., of England, of the French Kcvolution, and a memoir of Bannister, the comedian. ADRETS, Francis ue Beaumont, Ba- ron des, an Hungarian leader, of a cruel, fiery, and entcrurising spirit. Eesent- meiat to the Duke of "Guise led him to side with the Huguenot party in 1562; and he signalized himself by many able and daring exploits, the skill and bra- very of which were soiled with the most detestable cruelty. D. 1587. ADRI A, John James, a Sicilian writer, and physician-general to Charles \". D. 1560. ADEIAM, Marie, a female, who, at the ago of 16, fought valiantly during the whole time that her native town, Lyons, was besieged, in 1793. After the engagement she was arrested, and being asked how she had dared to use arms, she replied, "I used thein to servo my country, and deliver it from its oppressors." She was instantly con- demned and executed. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Pcblius ^Lius, the Roman emperor. B. a. d. 76. He married Sabina, the heiress of Tra- jan, whom he accompanied in his expe- ditions, and became successively prcetoi-, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the government, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. In 120 ho visited Gaul, and thence passed over to Britain, where he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to secure the Roman provinces from the incursions of the Caledonians. Ho next travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on his return, was initiated into the Elcu- sinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign the "Christians suffered a dreadful persecution ; he built a temple to Jujn- ter on Mount Calvary, and d. at Baiic, 13S. — There are several popes of that name. — Adrian I., a Roman, raised to the papal chair, and was a patron of arch- itecture ; embellished St. Peters, I'ebuilt the walls of Rome, and restored the ancient aqueducts. D. 795. — Adrian II. succeeded to the pontificate in 867, was designing and ambitious, and d. 872. — Adrian III. was chosen in 884, and d. the next year. — Adrian IV. was an Englishman — the only one who ever beeaino pope — named Breakspear; in his youth extremely poor, but in 1148 made a cardinal by JEugenius III. Ho was then sent as legate' into Denmark, and in 1154 chosen pope. He issued a celebrated bull in favor of Henry II. of England, sanctioning the conquest of Ireland, and in 1155 excommunicated the king of Sicily, for ravaging tlie ter- ritories of the church. "When the ar- mies of Frederick entered Italy, Adrian compehed him to make peace, and after- wards crowned him king of the Romans. D. 1159. — Adrian V. was a Genoese, who held the pontificate only a month, in 1276. — Adrian VI. was a native of Utrcelit, of mean parentage, but who gradually rose from one ecclesiastical office to another, till he was made pope in 1522. He attempted to reform the papal court, and opposed classical learn- ing, but his efforts were frustrated by the cardinals. His attempts to excite Zuinglius and Erasmus against Luther, were also without success. D. 1525. — Adri.vn de Costello, a Tuscan of great learning and ability, who received the bishopries of Hereford, Bath, and M'ells from Henry VII. lie sold them to Car- dinal Wolscy, and retired to Italy, where he lived in' great splendor out of the revenues. A prophecv that an Adrian should succeed Pope Loo X., betrayed him into a conspiracy, which being dis- covered, led to his banishment. What became of him was never known. ADEIANI, M^uRCEL Vdjgil, a chan- cellor of Florence, who translated Dios- corides out of Greek into Latin. B. 1464 ; d. 1521. — John Baptist, secretary of the republic of Florence, who wrote a his- tory of his own times. B. 1513 ; d. 1579. — Marcel, his son, was also the author of some works as professor in the Acad- emy at Florence. D. 1604. ADRIANO, a Carmelite friar, who was also a painter in Spain. D. 1650. ADRICHOMIUS, Ciiristlvn, a Dutch geographer and historian. B. 1533 ; d. 1585. ADRY, J. F., a French professor of rhetoric, and author of several works, chiefly histories. B. 1749 ; d. 1818. ^DESIA, a female philosopher of tho modern Platonic school, wife of Ilcrmiab, and mother of Ammouius. She was celebrated for her beauty and virtue, 03 well as her devotion to philosophy. ^GIDIUS, CoLONNA, a Roman mont, 12 CYCLOPAEDIA OF niOGRAPHY. [aer distingruishedas the scholastic preceptor to Philip III. of France. He wrote sev- eral able metaphysical Avorks, such as " Tractatu de Esse et Essentia," and " Quodlibota." D. 151G.— Peter, a law- yer of Antwerp, educated by Erasmus, and the friond of Sir Thomas More. 33. 1436; d. 1533. ^GIjS'ETA, PArrrs, a medical author, who first noticed the cathartic A-irtues of rhubarb. 1). 630. ^(tINIIAKD, a German, secretary to Charlemaarne, who ivrote the annals of his reitrn Yrom 741 to 889 ; ftunous, too, for a singular love adventure with the princess "^Inmia, daughter of Charle- magne ; who, carrying him across a court-yard from her chamber, to pre- vent the traces of his footsteps in the snow, was observed by the emperor, who generously agreed to their union. jELFKIC, son of an earl of Kent, and archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the lOtli century, was a luminary for the age in wliich he lived. He became a monk of the Benedictine order at Abingdon, nnder the abbot Athelwold, who, on nis promotion to the see of Wuichester, took yElfrio with him to in- struct youth in his cathedral. Here he drew up his " Latin Saxon Vocabulary," which was published at Oxford in 1659. He also translated from the Latin into the Saxon language most of the histori- cal books of the Old Testament, as well as " Canons for the Kegulation of the Clergy," which are mserted in Spelman's Councils. He subsequently became ab- bot of St. Alban's, and composed a liturgy for the service of his abbey, which was used in Leland's time. In 989, he was created bishop of Wilton • and, in 904, was translated to the see of Canterbury. D. 1005. ^LL\N, Claudius, an historian and rhetorician, was born in Italy, in 160. He was surnamed Honeytongue, on ac- count of the sweetness of his style. yELIANUS, Meccius, a Greek phy- sician of the second century, and the master of Galen, Avho mentions him in terms of high praise. He was the first who made use of the theriaca as a rem- edy and preservative against the plague. yELIUS, Sextus Poetus Catus, a Ko- man lawyer who was made consul at tlie close of the second Punic war. He pub- lished a collection, entitled " Novella," which were called, after him, the iElian laws ; and was author of " Tripartite," the oldest treatise on jurisprudence now known. ^LST, EvrninARD van, a Dutch paint- er. B. at Delft in 1602 ; d. 1658. He was famous for his skiU in painting fruit pieces and dead game. — William, his nephew, also distinguished himself as a painter. D. 1679. yEMlLIANI, St. Jekome, a Venetian nobleman, who, being taken prisoner in his youth, made a vow that, on his re- lease, he woidd devote his life to the care of orphans. In pursuance of this pledge, he laid the foundation of a hospital and religious order, the object of which was to instruct young persons, and particularly orphans, in religion. D. 1537. ^MILIUS, Paulus, an illustrious Eo- man general, the son of Paulus Ji^milius, the consul, who fell at Cannas, was b. about 228 b. c. He greatly enriched his country by the spoil taken in his war- fare with Perses, king of Macedon, whom he took prisoner to Eome, which was so great, that it freed the Komans from taxes for 125 years. — Paulus, an historian of great celebrity, b. at Verona. D. 1529. ^NEAS, or iENGUS, an Irish abbot or bishop of the 8th century, who com- piled a curious account of Irish saints m five books, and also wrote the history of the Old Testament in verse. D. 820.— Gazeus, a Platonic philosopher, who em- braced Christianity in the 5th century, and wrote a book on the Immortality oi the Soul, «fcc. — Tacticus, an ancient Greek writer, who flourished about 860 B.C. He is one of the oldest authors on. the art of war. jEPINUS, John, a Franciscan friar, who became a zealous and able follower of Luther, and pastor of the church of St. Peter, at Ilamburgh. B. 1499; d. 1553. ^ESENS, Peter, called by the Italians Pietro Longo, from his tallncss, a cele- brated painter, b. at Amsterdam in 1519. He excelled very particularly in paint- ing kitchens : but an altar-piece of his, being a crucifix representing an execu- tioner brealviug with an iron bar the legs of the thieves, was prodigiously admired. This noble piece was destroyed by the rabble in the time of the insurrection, 1566. He afterwards complained of this to the populace in terms of such sever- ity, that more than once they were going to murder him. D. 1585. AEKTGEN, a painter of merit. B. at Leyden in 1498. It was a custom with this painter never to work on Mondays, but to devote that day with his disciples to the bottle. He used to stroll about the streets in the night, playing on the AFU] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. i: Gormaia flute ; ami iaone of those frolics wus drowned in 1504. ^■ESCIIINES, u philosopher of AUieaa, in the 4tii eeutury, b. c. He obtain- ed instruction from Socrates, by whom ho was much esteemed. — yEscHiNEs, a celebrated orator, b. at Athens 327 b. c, and d. at Samos, atfcd 75. lie was a co- temporary and rival of Demosthenes. yESCli'YLUS, one of the most famous trayic writers of Gi'eece, was born at Athens about 500 years b. c. His mind very early received an impulse from the Doc'try of Homer ; and, before his 25th year, he composed pieces for public rep- resentation. So great was his fertility, that he wrote 7u tragedies, of which ;i5 trained the prize. He may be called the father of tlie Grecian stage, and has never been surpassed, unless by Shak- ppeare. Jilian relates that when he was once charged by the Athenians with uttering blasphemies, and condemned to be stoned to death, they were just going to put the sentence in execution, when Amiuias, with a happy presence of mind, throwing aside his cloak, showed his arm without a hand, which he had lost at the battle of Salamis in defence of his country. This sight made such an impression on the judges, that, touched with the remembrance of his valor, and the friendship he showed for his brother, thev pardoned Jisehy- lus. After having lived some years at Gela, we are told that he died of a frac- ture of his skull, caused by an eagle's letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the C9th year of his age. Ji^SOP, the Phrygian, lived in the time of Solon, about the 50th Olympiad, under the reign of Croesus, the last King of Lydia. St. Jerome, speaking of him, says, he was unfortunate in his birth, condition, and death, hinting thereby at his deformity, servile state, and tra- gical end. His' great genius, however, enabled him to support his misfortunes ; and, in order to alleviate the hardships of servitude, he composed those enter- taining and instructive fables which have acquired him so much reputation; and he is generally supposed to have been the inventor of that kind of wri- ting. Having had several masters, for lie was born a slave, ^Esop at length came under a philosopher named Xan- thus, and it was in Ins service that he first displayed his genius I'or fable. He was afterwards sold to Idmon, or lad- mon, the philosopher, who enfranchised him. After he had recovered his lib- erty, he soon acquired a great reputa- •2 tion amon^ the Greeks ; uo that, accord- ing to Mczn-iac, the report of his wisdom having reached Croesus, this larty, at the head of which was his colleague, Leonidas. The latter was deposed, and the joint sovereignty de- volved to his son Cleombrotns, who entered into the views of Agis. Pre- viously, however, to a partition of the lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was deeply in debt, proposed the abolition of all debts, which would render the former measure more palatable. This deed accomplished, the influential and wily Spartan found means to postpone the otner equalizing operation, until agr] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOonAPIIV. 15 Acris was oblifred to march on an cxpe- dhion. During liis absence, Agesiluus conducted liiinscir so tyrannically, tbat a conspiracy was fonned to restoVe tbe deposed king, Lconidas ; which suc- ceeding, Agis and his colleague, Cleom- brotus, took sanctuary in a temple. Tlie latter was iunucdiiitely dragged fortli fliii.l banislied, but Agis remained a con- siderable time in safety, until his friends were bi'ibed to betray him, and he was thrown into a prison. lie suffered death with ereat matrnanimitv, 241 b. c. AGLIONBY, EowARn, an old English poet, who wrote a gencuilogy of Queen Eliziiheth, for which she granted him a pension. — -John, a learned divine, cliap- lain to Queen Elizabeth ; was concerned in the present translation of tbe New Testament, and d. at Islip, in 1610. — AV'iLLiAM, an English diplon\atist and polite writer, of the 17th and IStb cen- turies ; author of a book entitled "Paint- ing Illustrated." AGNELLUS, Andrew, an abbot of Eavenna, in the 9th centnrv, often confounded with a bishop of l^avenna of the same name in the 6th century. Agnellus wrote a history of the lives of the prelates of Eavenna, which is often quoted by Jerome Eubens, and is full of uninteresting matter but deserved sarcasm upon the debauchery of the monks. AGXEST, Maria Gaetana, a learned Italian lady. B. at Milan, in 1718'. In her ninth year she spoke the Latin with correctness, and also delivered an oration ill this language, in which she maintain- ed that the study of the ancient languages was proper for females. In her eleventh year, she is said to have spoken Greek as fluently as her mother tongue. She now proceeded to perfect herself in the oriental laiiguaijes, so that she was usu- ally called a Uviny polijglot. She next studied geometry and speculative phi- losophy. Shortly subsequent to her twentieth year she devoted herself to mathematies. and composed a treatise on conic sections ; l)csiiles which, in her thirtieth year, she published a work on the rudiments of analysis, which has been considered as the best introduction to Enlcr. This gained her so much rep- utation, that she was appointed, in her thirty-second j'ear, professor of math- ematics at the university of Bologna. But her deep study of this abstruse science seems to have cast a glooni over her spirits; and, secluding herself alto- gether from society, retired to the strict order of blue nuns, and d. 1799, in her ei,^hty-first year. — Maria Teresa, sister of the above, was a musician of much genius. B. at Milan, 1750. She com- posed tliree ojperas, " Sophonisba," " Ciro," and " jSitocri." AGNOLO, Baccio d', a Florentine sculptor and architect of great reputa- tion. B. 1460; d. ir.43. AGOB.VED, archbishop of Lyons, was one of the most celebrated prelates of the 9th century. His works were buried in obscurity, until the manuscript of them was accidentally found in a bookseller's shop at Lyons. D. 840. AGOP, John, a learned Armenian critic and grannnarian of the 17th cen- tury. His works were printed at Eome, 1675. AGOEACEITES, a Grecian statuary in the 5th century b.c. He was a pupil of Phidias, and one of the most skillul artists of his time. AGOSTINI, LioNARDo, an eminent antiquary of the 17th century, officially employed by Pope Alexander VII. AGOSTINO, Paul, of Valerano, a celebrated musician. B. 1593; d. 1629. AGOULT, William d', a Provemjal poet. D. 1181. AGEEDA, Maria d', the writer of some wild legends, was b. at Agreda, in Spain, in 1602 ; took the veil, 1620, in a convent founded by her father and mother, dedicated to the " Immaculate Conception," of which she was chosen superior, 1627, and d. 1665. AGEICOLA, CxEirs JrLirs, an em- inent Eoman commander, b. a. d. 40, in the reign of Caligula. His first military service was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain ; and, on his return to Rome, he was made quaestor in Asia, and became tribune of the people ond pnctor under Nero. By Vespasian, whose cause he espoused, he was made a patrician and governor of Aquitania ; the dignity of consul followed; and, in the same yeai, 77, he married his daughter to Tacitus, the historian, who has so admirably written his life. Next year he was ap- pointed governor of Britain ; extended his conquests into Scotland ; and built a chain of torts from the Clyde to the Frith of Forth, to prevent the incui-siona of the inhabitants of the North. He de- feated Gali,^icus on the Grampian Hills, and then made peace with the Caledo- nians. On the accession of Domitian, Affricola had a triumph decreed him, but he was recalled, and sent governor to Syria, where he d. a. n. :N - MOHAMMED, or ABOU A:\IR0U, a Spanish Moor, who ■wrote poems in the Eastern style, and an historical work on the annals of Spain. D. in 970. AHMED RESMY HA-II, a Turkish historian, who was counsellor of the Divan, and chancellor to the Sultan Mustapha III. AHMED SHATI EL ABDALY, foun- der of the kingdom of Candahar and Caubul. D. 1773. AHRENDT, or ARENTS, Martin Frkderic, an antiquary and paleograph- er, was a native of Holstein. He spctt forty years in travelling on foot through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Franco, Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe, in search of Scandinavian antiquities and Runic monuments, and earned on an extensive correspondence with his learn- ed cotemporarics relative to thS objects of his investigation. D. 1824. AIDAN, a monk, who converted a large portion of the northern part of Britain to Christianity. I). 051. AIGNAN, Stephen', a F'rench ^\Titer, and a member of the Academy. He was a zealous republican, and at the early acre of 19, in the fiercest time of the rev- olution, was appointed to an official sit- uation in the district of Oi-leans. Ho subsequently filled ofiices under Napo- leon; and also distinguished himself as the author of several dramas and poems, as well as by the translation of part of the works of Goldsmith and Pope. B. 1773; d. 1825. AIKIN, EoinjND, an architect, and the author of an account of St. Paul's Cathedral. D. 1820.— Joiix, M. D., b. 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissent- ing minister and schoolmaster. Ho commenced his education at home ; from thence he went to the dissenters' acad- emy at Warrington, and in 1764 became a student in the university of Edin- burgh ; settled in Chester as a surgeon, but soon removed to Warrington, where he remained until 1784, in whicli year he proceeded to Leyden, and graduated as a physician. On his return he went to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little interruption, he continued till 1792, when he removed to London. Dr. Aikin devoted himself chiefly to liter- ature, in which he was eminently suc- cessful. In 179G he became the editor of the Monthly Magazine, which he superintended from its commencement tiU 1800. In 1799 he published, in con- junction with Dr. Enfield, the first Volume of a Genend Biographical Dic- tionarv, in 4to, which, however, was not completed till 1815. D. 1822. AIRMAN, WiLLiAii, son of an advo- cate of Scotland of the same name, was b. 1784, and brought up to the profes- sion of his father. A natural bias for the arts, however, prevailed upon the son to relinquish the honors of tlie Scotch bar for distinction in the cultiva- tion of painting ; and an absence of five years in visiting Italy and Constantino- ple and Smyrna, served to improve and adorn his uiind, and enlarge and con-oct 18 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ala hi3 taste. As his fortune was indepen- dent he did not court the patronage of the great by Hattery, and to his merit alone he Avas indebted for the esteem of John duke of Argyle, and of the earl of Burlington, and for the aifectionate friendship of Allan Kamsay, Thomson, Switt, P»pe, Arbuthiiot, Gay, Somer- ville, anrl the other wits of the age. His genius was exerted in portrait painting, and many of those who then shone in rank and fashion will receive more ce- lebrity from his pencil than from their own merit. A picture of the royal fam- ily of England, now in possession of the duke of Devonshire, and several por- traits of the earl of Buckingham's tam- •ilv, were among the last of his pieces. l5. 1V31. AILBY, Peter r>\ a cardinal and legate, chancellor of the university of Paris, and president of the famous Council of Constance, which condemned John Hnss. B. 1350 ; d. 1419. AIXSWORTII, llEXET, a biblical commentator of much learning and aeuteness, who was among the most eminent of the English non-conformist divines of his time. D. 1622. — Eobert, a grannnarian, whose Latin dictionary is well known. B. at Woodyale, Lanca- shire, 1600; d. 1743. AlEAULT, Peter, an advocate of Paris, b. at Angers, where he also d., 1001, July 21st, in his OSth year. As a masistratc he behaved with firmness and integrity, and was deservedly called the rock of the accused. lie left ten children, the eldest of whom, Eenc, was intrusted to the Jesuits for his educa- tion, and induced to enter into the order, from which he never could extricate liiinself, though his father procured the interest of the kincr of France and of the pope. Rene d. at la Fleche, 1064, in his 7"th year. His father wrote some treatises, especially on the power of fathers, (tc. ATTOX, William, a botanist of Lan- arkshire, and head-gardener to George ITT. at Kew. He formed the best col- lection of exotics then known, and pub- lished a eataloorue of them. T>. 1793. AITKEX, Robert, a printer, who was imprisoned by the British during the American revolution, for his attachment to liberty. He published a magazine, an edition of the Bible, and the Am. Phil. Trans. 1). 1802. ATTZE^fA. Leo, of Friesland, -ttToto a history of the United Provinces. B. 1600; d. 1069. AK ALI A, ^rARTix, physician to TIenry III., and author of several medical books. B. 1479 ; d. ir-,8S. AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen, who conquered the whole of Africa. AKBEE, Mohammed, a descendant of Tamerlane, and sultan of the Moguls, who ascended the throne when he was only 14, and became distinguished as a great conqueror, but a wise and clement monarch. AKENSIDE, Mark, a physician of note, but more distinguished as a poet. He was b. at Newcastle-upon-TjTic, in 1721. and educated at Edinburgh and Leyden. "When only 23 years of age he wrote a poem on the " Pleasures of Imagination," which gave him a poeticid fame which has lasted to the present day. He also wrote several odes, a satire, and some medical books, all of more or less merit. D. 1770. AKERLAD, Johx David, a Swede, distinguished as an orientalist and anti- quary. D. 1819. AlvIBA, a Jewish rabbi, of literary taste, who joined Bareochebas, a pre- tended Messiah, and was flayed alive, at the age of 120, by the emperor Ha- drian. ALABASTER, William, an English divine, author of a Latin tragedy called Roxana, and a pentaglot dictionary. D. 1640. ALAIX, Chartier, author of the " Chronicles of Charles VH.," and other French works, in the 14th century.— De Lisle, surnamed the Universal Doc- tor, because of his learning. D. 1294. ALAMANXI, Louis, a Florentine poet and statesman, distinguished for Iiis love of philosophy and Greek lite- rature. B. 149G ; d. 15.56. Two others of the same name are kno'^vn in the lit- erary world. ALAN, Willl\m, sometimes called Alleyn, an eminent Catholic divine. B. in 1580. He was educated at Oxford, but changed his religion, and became archbishop of Mechlin and a cardinal. It was at his suggestion that Philip TI. undertook the invasion of England. He was supposed to have been poisoned in 1594. ALAND, Sir John Fortescite, (Lord Fortescue,) a baron of the exchequer, and a puisne judjrc of the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the reigns of George I. and II., was descend- ed from the famous Sir John Fortescue ; was b. in 1070 ; was an able lawyer, and well versed in Saxon literature; lived in habits of intimacy with Pope, and the other wits of the day ; and wrote the albJ CVCLOP-iEDIA UV UlOOKAPilV, 19 le£^al burlesque of " Stradlin::' versus Styles." ALARD, Fraxcls, a native of Bnis- Hcls, was bred in the Koinan clinreli ; but, meeting;: witli the works of Luther, ho turned Protestant, and escaped to AV'ittemberfr. Afcer some time he re- turned to Brussels, and d. in 1578. — WiLLi.vM, son of the above, became rec- tor of the college of Krempen. D. 16i4. — Lambert, son of the last named, com- piled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the- ological works and Latin poems, and was inspector of the public schools of Brunswick. D. 1672. ALARIO L, king of the Visigoths, and conqueror of Home, was descended i'rom a noble family, and for some years served in the imperial armies ; but, be- ing refused preferment, lie revolted against Areadius, and desolated many of the provinces, sparing neither age nor sex. In the year 400, being then the acknowledged sovereign of the Visi- goths, he invaded Italy, and carried otf immense plunder. In 402, he made a second irruption, but was defeated by tStilicho, and compelled to s>ie for peace. After this, he was employed in the ser- vice of the emperor Ilonorius, but soon violated his cnsagempnts, and again entered the Roman territory, and laid siccre to the capital. His terms were complied with, and he retired into Tus- cany ; but, being joined by his brother, Ataulphus, he returned again to Rome, wliich he sacked in 410. After ravaging Italy, he sailed for Sicily, where, after taking the city of Cosenza, he d. 410. — Alario II., king of the Visigoths, suc- ceeded bis father Euric in 484, and reigned over all the country between the Rhone and the Garonne. He adapted to his states the Theodosiau collection of laws, and published it as the law of the Visigoths, since known by the title of the code of Alaric. He was slain in a battle by Clevis, king of the Franks, 507. ALASCO, Jonx, uncle to Sigismund, king of Poland, was in great esteem with most of the learned men of his day, and enjoyed the friendship of many of them, particularly Erasmus and Zuinglius, through whom he became a convert to the Protestant faith ; to which he was so zealoun'.y devoted as to obtain the title of the Reformer of Poland. B. 1499 ; d. at Frankfort, 15G0. ALBAN, St., celebrated as the first Christian martyr in Great Britain, was b. at Vcrulam, near St. Albau's, Hert- fordshire, in the 3d centurv. D. 003. ALBANEZE. an Italian musician of great repute. D. 1800. ALBANI, Alexander, a cardinal and virtuoso. In 1762, his eoUection of drawings and engravings, consisting cf 300 volumes, was purchased by George III. for 14,000 crowns. B. 1692 ; d. 1779. —John Fk^vncis, nephew of the above, in 1747 was ma(le a cardinal, wliich wa,^ followed by numerous preferments. Ho opposed the suppression of the Jesuits, lie imitated his uncle in his encourage- ment of letters ; but the French, when they entered Rome, eontiscated his es- tates, and his valuable collection was sent olf to Paris. B. 1720 ; d. 1802.— Louisa Maria Cakoline, countess of, married Charles Stuart, •' the Pretend- er." She was cousin of the last rciguLug prince of Stolberg-Gedera ; married in 1772, when she took the title of countess of Albaiii ; but to escape from the bar- barity of her husband, who liveil in a continual state of intoxication, she re- tired in 1780 to a cloister. B. 1752 ; d. 1824. — John Jerome, a civilian and the- ological writer, b. at Bergamo in 1504, arrived at the dignity of a cardinal iu 1570, and d. iu 1591. ALBANO, Francisco, a celebrated painter. B. at Bologna. 1578, and d. 1660. Albaiio excelled in deliueatiug feminine and infantine beauty ; and his pictures are exceedingly valuable. — Giov.vnni Baptista, younger brother of the above, was also a painter, and chiefly excelled iu landscape. ALBAIEGNI, an Arabian chieftain and astronomer. He lived in the 9th century, and wrote a work entitled "The Science of the Stars." ALBERGATI, Capacelli, a Bolog- nese nuirquis, dramatic writer and ac- tor, and called the Garrick of Italy. D. 1802. ALBERIC, a monkish historian of the 13th century, who compiled a Chronicle of Universal History up to 1241. ALBERONI, Giixio, a cardinal, and minister of the king of Spain, was tlie sou of a gardener ; but being possessed of uncommon talents, and with a dispo- sition suited to the intriguing policy of the court, he obtained patronage, and rapidly reached the highest office in the state. By his ability and activity he created a naval force, reorganized the army, and rendered Spain more power- ful than it iuid been since the time of Philip II. ; but he was eventually foiled by the combined efforts of England and France, who made his dismissal from the councils of the Spanish monarch the 20 CVCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alb chief condition of peace. B. 166i; d. 1752. ALBERT, Er.^mus, a learned Gor- man divine of tlie IGtli centiny, who conijjosed a Latin work called " The Koran of tlie Cordeliers." D. 1551. — Albert of Aix, or Ai-burtus Aquensl^, a canon of Aix-la-Chapello in the l'2th century. He wrote in Latin what is esteemed an accurate " History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, under Godfrey of BiiUoyn, and other Leaders," re- printed in 16G2. — Loris Joseph d', son of Louis Charles, duke de Luynes. B. in 11)72, and d. 1753. He distinguished himself in several liattles, for which he was appointed field-marshal by the emperor Cliarles VIL, who sent him amoassador to France, and created him prince of Grimberghen. — Ai.dert, of Stade, a monk of the 13th century, who wrote SI " Chronicle from the Creation to 1256." — Albert, of Strasburtr, the com- piler of a " Chronicle from 1273 to 137 'f." — Henrt CiiRisTrvx, a professor of the Entrlisli lan?ua!xe at the uuiversity of Hale, Germany.' D. in 1800. — Albert I., emperor and duke of Austria, surnamed the Triumphant, was son of the emperor Eodolph of Ilapsburg, and a competitor for the imperial crown with Adolphus of Nassau, whom he defeated and kUled in battle. B. 124S ; d. by assassination, 130S. — Albert II., emperor and duke of Austria, was son of Albert the foui-th duke of Austria, and succeeded to the kin. 1021. ALBERTET, a mathematician and poet of Provence in the 18th century. ALBERT!, Aristotile, a mechanic of Bologna in the 15th century. It is said he removed entire the tower of St. Mary del Tempis 35 paces, and, at Cento, set upright another which was five feet out of its perpendicular. — Cherubino, a tamous Florentine painter. B. 1552 ; d. 1G15. — Giovanni, brother of the above, was also an eminent painter at Rome, and greatly admired for the excellence of his perspective. — Dominico, a Ve- netian composer and harpsichord player of eminence in the last century.— George William, a learned German divine. B. 1725 ; d. 1758. — John, a German huvyer, who abridged the Koran, with notes, and also published, in 1556, the New Testament inSyi'iac. D. 1559. — Leander, a Bolognese monk, author of a history of his native city, and one of Italy. D. 1552. — Leoni Baptista, an eminent arch- itect, painter, sculptor, and scholar. B, at Venice in the beginning of the 15th century. At the a:rc of 20 he composed a Latin comedy, entitled "Philodoxius," which many learned men believed at first was tlio work of the ancient poet, Lepidus ; and, as such, it was printed by the younr/er Aldus. The invention of the camera obscura has been attrib- uted to liim. D. 14S5. ALBERTI Di VILLANOVA, Franci3 d', an eminent Italian lexicographer. B. 1737; d. isci.3. ALBERTINI, Franck, an ecclesiastic of Florence, and an able antiquary, in the befcinning of the lOtli century ; author of several valuable works. — Paul, '] CYCLOPAEDIA OF KIOGRAPHV, 21 (I Venetian priest and author, who was inta-usted vyith an embassy to Turkey. ]lis preaching and his writings, chieny on theology, were so mucli valued, tliat at his death a medal was struck to liis meinorv. 1>. 14:50; d. 1475. ALBERTUS, Maoxus. a Dominican, and one of the most celebrated school- men of the VMi century, was b. at Laiiingon, Suabia. lie was successively vicar-general and provincial of liis or- der; and Ids celebrity as a public pre- ceptor attracted the attention of Pope Alexander IV., wlio appointed him mas- ter of the lioly palace. In 1260, he was elected bishop of Katisbon, but after- wards resigned tins dignity, and went to Cologne, where lie d., in 1280. His works, Avhich were voluminous, and on various subjects, were published at Lyons, 1651. ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague, wliose enconragement of John IIuss caused him to be much abused by the opponents of that reformer. ALBINOVANUS, C. Pedo, a Latin poet of tlie time of Augustus. He was the friend of Ovid, and author of several poems, &e. ALBINUS, a Eoman, consul ii. the year 157 b. c. ; and author of a history i)f Rome, written in Greek, which is commended by Cicero. — Berx.ujd Sieg- I'Kicn, one of the ablest anatomists of mo Icrn times, was b. at Frankfort in li;'.i6. lie was a pupil of the celebrated Boerhaave, and became a professor of anatomy in the university of Leyden. 1). 1770. — Christian Beemaed, brother of tiie above, professor of anatomy at Utrecht, and author of two valuable works on that science. D. 1778. ALBO, Joseph, a learned Spanish rabbi, wlio assisted, in 1412, at a con- ference between the Christians and •Tews, and wrote a book, called " Sepher Hikkarim," against the gospels. ALBOIX, king of the Lombards in the 6th century. He succeeded his futlier, Audoin, in 1561 ; conquered and slew Cunimund, king of the Gcpids, whose daughter, Rosamond, he afterwards married. He subjugated great part of Italy; but having incurred the just re- sentment of his wife, by sending lier wine in a cup, wronrfht from t!ie skull of her own father, and forcing her to drink from it, she had him assassinated, a. d. 574. ALBON, Jaquks d'. Marquis de Fron- Bae, and Mareschal do St. Andre, a French general, who acquired great rep- itatiou about the middle of the 16th century. Quesnoy, St. (iuentin, Keiiti, cfec, were the chief scenes of liis e.vploits. At the deatli of Henry II. he was cliosen one of the regency ; and fell in the bat- tle of Dreux, 1562. ALBKECIITSBERGER, a Germau musician, and one of the most learned of modern contrapuntists, was b. at Kloster Xeubar, in 17^36 ; became court organist and a member of the academy at Vienna, and was the instructor of Beethoven. D. 1800. ALBRET, Charlotte d', sister of John d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of Ctesar Borgia. She was a poetess of no mean powers, and as remarKable for vir- tue as her husband was for vice. D. 1514. — Charles d', constable of France in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he was related by blood. He commanded the French army at the famous battle of Agineourt, in whicli he lost his life, 1514.— Jeanne d', daughter of Margaret, queen of Navarre, and mother of llcm-y of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., of France. D. in 1572. ALBUQUERQUE, MATTni:\s d', a Portuguese general, who was sent to Brazil in 1C28, and successfully defend- ed the province of Pernambuco a^aiust the Dutch. He was made commander of the army in 1643, when he gained the decisive victory of Campo Major, and was created a grandee of Portugal. — Coelho, Eowaed d', a Portuguese noble- man, in the 17th century, who fought with great bravery against t^.e Dutch in the Brazilian war, of whieL he wrote a history. D. 1688. — Alfonso, a native of Lisbon, whose great genius laid the foundation of the Portuguese power in India. He was sent by Emmanuel, king of Portugal, in 1503, with his brother Francis, to form an establishment in the East ; and by his spirited bravery, he supported his allies, and maintained the superiority of his nation. He gained large possessions on the coast of Cochin, which was secured by strong and im- pregnable fortifications. His return to Europe was attended by the death of his brother, who perished in the voyage ; but private sorrow gave way before pub- lic concerns, and Albuquerque, in 1508, invested with new power by his sover- eign, sailed back to India. In his way he plundered the coast of Arabia ; with un]iaralle]ed boldness, having a corps of only 470 men, he undertook the siesre of Ormuz, an island at the entrance of tht Persian gulf, subject to a king of its own, and defended by numerous forces ; and after some months' obstinate resistajice, 22 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alc the place submitted to the conqueror, and the king in ilcspair became tributary to Portugal. His arms were now direct- ed against Goa, which he subdued ; and his power was extended over the whole coast of ilalabar. Afterwards he sailed towards the cast, and made the islands of Sumatra, Mdacea, and the neighbor- ing cities tributary to the Portuguese government. On his return to Goa he mediti\ted fresh conquests, when he sud- denly fell sick, and d. 1515, in his 63d year. ALBUTIUS, Caius Silu.s, an eloquent orator in Komc, in the age of Augustus. He starved himself to death because of an insult which had been inflicted upon Lim. ALCAMENES, a disciple of Phidias, who afterwards became a rival. ALCiEUS, an ancient lyrie poet of renown, who flourished at Mytelene alDoat 000 years before Christ. Horace gives him il high position, lie lived at Lesboe, and was a lover of Sappho.— There was also an Athenian poet of the Kanie name. AL(,'I ATI, Andrew, a lawj'er of emi- nence at Lilian, wlio d. 1550. — Fkancis, nephew of Andrew, also an eminent lawyer, whom Pope Pius VI. made a cardinal. — Terexce, a Jesuit, who aided Cardinal Pallavicino in writing the his- torv of the Council of Trent. ALCIBIADP:s, a iamous Greek, sou of Clineas and Diuomache, who lost his father in the battle of Cha?ronea, and was educated by Pericles, his grand- father by the mother's side. lie early excelled, both in mental and l)odily ex- ercises, wliile his beauty, his liirth, and the favor of Pericles, gained him position and popularity. lie became a friend of Socrates, who instructed him in knowl- edge and virtue. But so long as Cleon lived lie was luxurious and prodigal, and it was only after tlie death of that dem- agogue tliat he began to take part in public atlairs. lie commanded tlic Atlienian fleets which devastated the Peloponnesus, and was afterwards sent on the expedition agriinst Sicily, but du- ring the jireparations, all the statues of Ilermes havnig been broken one night, he was accused of the impiety, recalled, and condemned to death. lie did not return to Atliens, but went to Sparta, where he excited the Lacedemonians to ally themselves with the Persian king against his native country, then engaged vith Chios. lie ne.xt jiassed into Asia Minor and roused all Ionia against A.thens. After being reconciled to his countrymen, he made war upon the Lacedemonians and the Persians, and was successful both by sea and land. At the instance of Lysander, who was him- self instigated by the thirty tyrants, he was burnt to death in the house of his mistress Timandra, in Phrygia. He was a man of rare personal address, great eloquence and audacity, and command- ing talents, but dissolute in his life, and without elevation or dignity of soul. B. 450 B. c. ; d. 404 li. c. ALCIDAMUS, a Greek orator, who lived about 400 b. c. ALCINOUS, a commentator on Plato, who flourished in the 2d century. ALCIPHEON, an epistolary writer among the Greeks, who has given some charming descriptions of the manners and customs of liis times. ALCM^'EON, the first anatomist, and a disciple of Pythagoras. He lived at Crotona. ALCMAN, a Grecian lyric poet, who lived 672 b. c. ALCOCK, John, a learned English bishop of the time of Edward IV., who raised him to great dignities. D. 1500. — John, author of some choral music. T>. 180o. — Nathan, a celebrated physician of the last century, who lectured at Ox- ford on anatomy, ALCUINUS,'FLACcrs, an English pre- late, a pupil of Bede, and a teacher of Charlemagne. His writings, most of which are extant, are numerous • his style is elegant and sprightly, and his language sufficiently pure for the age ; and he may be considered as one of the learned few whose genius dissipated the gloom of the 8th century. Andrew du Chesne published his works in one vol- ume, folio, 1617. D. at Tours, 804. ALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian, for some time corrector of the press for Aldus Manutius, and author of some learned jiublications. He translated some of Aristotle's treatises, and was severely censured by Sepulveda for in- accuracy. In his work on banishment he displayed such a mixture of elegant and barbarous words, that he was sus- pectcil(.flaru^-ly borrowiiiLT from Cicero's trealisc dc (Jhiria; and it is said tliat to avoid dftcctinii iif this illilieral dceil, he burnt the only extant manuscript of Cicero, which liad been given by Ber- nard to the library of a nunnery, of which Alcyonius was ])hysician. At Florence he was promoted to a profess- or's chair, but the aml>ition of rising to higher eminence drew him to Kome, where he lost all his property during the CYCLOPAEDIA OK iilOUHAl'UV. 23 insurrection of the Colonnas. Wlien the imperial troops took the city, 1527, he espoused the cause of tlie pope, and thoujfh wounilcd, joined liim in tlie castle of St. Angelo, and afterwards in l)old and elei^ant htnguage he arraij^ned, in two orations, tlie injustice of Charles V. and the barbarity of his soldiers. ALDE(JKAEK, a Westphalian paint- er and en.fjravcr. B. 1502. ALDEis', John, a nia.i^istrato of I'lym- outh colony, one of the tirst company wlio settled in New Enjjland. D. 1687. ALDEKETE, Diego Geatian de, a Siianish author, who translated the Greek classic's. D. 1580. — BiiRXiiARn, a Spanish Jesuit, who was the tirst to be made a doctor by the university of Sal- amanca. D. 1657. ALDIIELM, St., an En,2;lish prelate, b. at Malinesbnry, wliere he founded u monasterv. D. 709. ALDH'UN, an English bishop of tlie 10th century, the founder of the bishopric of Durham. D. 1018. ALOIS, Asa, an eminent lawyer of Vermont, and chief justice in 1S16. B. 1770 ; d. 1847. ALDOBKANDINI, Sylvester, a Flo- rentine lawyer and writer, appointed ad- vocate of tlie treasury by Pope Paul III. D. 1558. — Clement, son of the preced- inff, became pope under tlie name of Clement VIII. — Anthont, a Bolojruese hiwyer and statesman. B. 1756. — John, his 'brother, a professor of natural phi- losophy at Boloi^na. He invented a mctliotl of securinix the liuman body aijjainst tire, now superseded bv that of Paulin. B. 1702; d. 1834.— Toblw, a physician and botanist of Cesena, was superintendent of the Farnesian irardcn at liome, on whicli account his name was prefixed to the description of it written bv Peter Cashell. ALDKED, the first English bishop who visited Jerusalem. On the death of Edward he crowned Harold, and iicrformed the same ceremony for "Wil- liam. D. 106S. ALDKICII, Henry, b. in "Westmin- ster, 1647. From Westminster-school he went to Clirist Church, Oxford, and was elected student, and afterwards /anon and dean. He built an elejrant rba)K'l to Trinity collepre, and the beau- tii'ul church of AH Saints. He had also great skill in music, and composed many services tor the church. D. 1710. — PoiiERT, a native of BuckinLdiamshirc, who became master and provost of Eton. In 1537 he was made bishop of Carlisle. V. 1555. ALDROVANDUS, L'lysses, a cele- brated natural historian. B. at Bologna, 1522. He was a great traveller, and Ibrmcd a most superb collection of min- erals, plants, animals, &c.j by which ho ruined his fortune, and d. lu an hospital, 1605. ALDRUDE countess of Bertinoro, is celebrated in Italy for her courage and her eloquence. \Vhcn Ancona was be- sieged iiy the arms of the Venetians, and of the emperor Frederic I. in 1172, she pitied the situation of the d. stressed in- liabitants, and with heroic intrepidity tlew to their relief, at the head of her de- pendants and friends, and supported by AVilliam Degli Adclardi, of Fcrrara. Her troops were animated by her eloquence and her example, and the enemy lied at her approach ; and though on her return home she was attacked by some parties of the enraged besiegers, she routed them in every encounter, and added fresh laurels to her fame. The history of that mcnionible siege has been pub- lished by Buon-Campiagnouo of Flo- rence. ALDUS, MAinrrius, a native of Bas- sano, illustrious as a correct printer, and as the restorer of the Greek and Latin languages to Europe. He is the inven- tor of the Italic letter, and was alone permitted by the pope the use of it. D. at Venice, 1516. ALEANDER, Jerome, a cardinal, b. in 1480, distinguished himself in the 16th century as a violent opposer of Luther and tiie reformation. D. 1542. — His trreat nephew, of the same name, inher- ited the ability of bis ancestor, and was eminent as a scholar and an antiquary. ALEMAN, a cardinal of the 18th century. He was degraded from the purple for his opposition to Eugenius IV. The sentence was reversed by Nicholas V. ; and after the cardinal's death, in Moo, he was canonized. — Matthew, a Spaniard ; author of " Guz- man de Alfaraehe," or the " Spanish Rogue." ALEMANNI, Nicholas, a learned Greek nutiquiiry, b. 1583, and became keeper of the Vatican library at Rome. D. 1626. ALE.MBERT, Jean la Ronde d', one of the most famous pliilosophers and mathematicians that France has pro- clucod. He was b. at Paris in 1717. but was exposed by his parents, Madame de Teueiii, and th'e poet Destouehes, at the chui'ch of le Ronde. from whicli he took part of his name. His talents were pre- cocious, and at 4 years of age was sent 24 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ale to scbool, tlie principal of which de- clared, -when his pupil was only 10 years old, tliat he could teach him no. more. He entered Mazarin College at the ag'e of 12. He wrote, in his curliest vcars, a commentary on the epistle of Paul to the Komans. lie studied law, but did not cease to occupy himself with math- ematics. Some pliilosophieal papcrSj wliich he wrote, made him a member ot the academy in 1741. lie soon after wrote a book on Dynamics, anotlier on i-'J'iids, and a Theory of the Mind, and assisted Euler and Newton in their sci- entific researches, llis astronomical publications were also valuable. But in the latter part of his life he devoted himself to Belles Lettres, and became one of the writers of the "Encyelo- paedie." His literary M'orks were dis- tinjruished by purity of language, as well as vigor of thought. Though a man of moderate means, he was noted for his beneficence. He was u friend of Vol- taire, Madame L'Espinasse, to whom he was attached, Frederick II., and otlier distinguished persons, but lived in mod- est retirement. His opinions were de- istical. D. 1783. ALEN, JoHM Van, an eminent Dutch landscape painter. D. 1008. ALEKIO, Julius, a Jesuit of Brescia, who rendered himself distinguished by his zeal in propagating Christianity in China. D. 164y. ALER, Paul, a. learned French Jes- uit. D. 1727. His " Gradus ad Parnas- Bum" has been long in established use in all the public schools of Europe. ALES, Alexander, a native of Edin- burgh, who warmly opposed the tenets of Luther, which he afterwards as ea- gerly embraced, when ho had suffered persecution for liis religion, and seen the firmness with whicli his countryman, Patrick Hamilton, was burnt to death, by Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, for Protestantism. He came back to London from Germany, when Henry VIII. abolished the papal power in En- gland, and he there enjoyed the fviend- Bhip of Cranmer, Cromwell, and Lati- mer. He afterwards retired to Germany, and was appointed to a professional chair at Frankfort upon Oder, but persecuted by the court of Bradenburg, at Leipsie; he d. 1565, in his sixty-fifth year. lie wrote a commentary on the writings of St. John, on the epistle to Timothy, and on the Psahns. ALESIO, Matthew Perez d', a paint- er and engraver at Kome, whose figure of St. Christopher, in fresco, in the great church of Seville, is much admired. D. IC.OO. ALESSI, Galeas, an architect, b. at Perusia, whose works are spread over Germany and the south of Europe ; but his fame principally rests on the monas- tery and eliurch of the Escurial. D. 1572. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, was the son of Philip, king of Macedon, by Olympias, daughter of Neoptolennis, king of Epirus, and b. 356 b. c. ; the same year m which the temple of Diana at Epnesus was destroyed. Alexander received his education under Lysima- ehus and Aristotle, and gave several proofs of manly -skill and courage while very young; one of which, the breaking in of his fiery steed, Bucephalus, is men- tioned by all his historians as an incident which convinced his father of his future unconquerable spirit. Alexander was much attached to his mother, and sided with her in the disputes which led to her divorce from Philip. Wliile the lat- ter was making j)reparatious for his grand expedition into Asia, he was as- sassinated by Pausanias ; anri Alexander succeeded to the throne .n his 20th year. His youth at first excited an in- clination in several of the states of Greece to throw otf the yoke of the Macedonian usurpation ; but he soon quelled the design, and was acknowl- edged general of Greece. He then marched into Thrace, and gained sev- eral conquests. During his absence Thebes revolted ; and wlien Alexander returned, he took that city by storm, made a dreadful carnage of the inhabi- tants, and destroyed all the buildings except the residence of Pindar the poet. This severe example had its eti'ect on the other states ; and even Athens dis- tinguished itself by a servile submission to tlie conqueror. Alexander next turned llis arms against Darius, king of Persia; and, at 22, crossed the Hellespont, at the head of 40,000 men. With this force he defeated the Persians at the Granieus, and made himself master of numerous places. At Gordium, where he assembled his army, he is said to have cut the famous knot on which the fiite of Asia depended. Shortly after this, he again defeated the king of Per- sia near Issus, and took immense treas- ures and many prisoners ; among whom were the mother, wife, and children of Darius. This victory was followed by the conquest of Phainicia, Damascus, and several other states. Alexander next besieged Tyre, whicli long resisted him, and, in revenge, he committed ale] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOOrvAPHY. 25 horriblo cruelties on the inhabitants. He then went to Jerusalem, passed into Ejjypt, siihdued it, and founded tlie city of Alexandria. Darius now collect- ed another army, and was defeated at Arbela, which decided the fate of West- ern Asia. Tills great battle was followed by the capture of Susa and Persepolis ; the last ot wiiicli Alexander destroyed at the instigation of his mistress. He now ](repared for an expedition to India ; and, after a periloiis march, reached the Indus, 327 B. c, which he crossed at the part where the city of Attock now stands. Alexander received the sub- mission of several of the petty princes of the country, but was opposed by Ponis, who valiantly withstood tlie in- vader; and, although conquered and made prisoner, the victor, pleased with his spirit, restored him his dominions, and made him an ally. The conqueror next entered the fertile plains now called the Punjab, took the city of Saugala, and directed liis course to the Ganges ; from which object, however, he was diverted by the rainy season, and the disaffection of his own troops. He ac- cordingly erected twelve altars of an ex- traordinary size to mark the limits of his progress, remnants of which are said to 1)0 still in existence. Alexander, there- fore, retraced his steps to the llydaspes, on tlie banks of which he b'uUt two cities, Kicaja and Bucephala; and em- barked, with his light troops, on board a fleet he had constructed, leaving the main army to march by land. After a severe contest with the Mallii, in which he was wounded and his whole army nearly lost, he proceeded down the river to Patala; and, having entered the In- dian Ocean, and pei-formed some rites in honor of Neptune, he left his fleet ; (living orders to Nearchus, who had the command, to sail to the Persian Gulf, and thence up the Tigris to Mesopota- mia. Alexander then prepared to march to Babvlon, towards which capital he proceerted in a triumphal progress. Reaching Susa, ho began to give way to .1 passion for pleasure and joviality, and narricd Statira, the daughter of Darius. At length he reached Bal>ylon, wliere he ^rave orders indicating future underta- kings of great macfnitude; when he was seized with an illness, in consequence of indulging in habits of intemperance, and d. of a fever, in tiie loth year of his eventful rcitrn, and tlui 3:3d of his life, 323 B. c. When required to name his successor, he is said to h.avo replied, ''To the most worth v.'' Pursuant to his own direction, his body was con- veyed lo Alexandi-ia in a golden coffin, inclosed in a sumptuous sarcophagus, supposed to bo now in the British Mu- seum. — SKVEiiUi^ emperor of Kome, was b. at Acre, in Phcenicia. in 205. The principid public event ot his reign was the war witli Artaxerxes, king of Persia, over whom he gained a great victory in person, and on his return to Eomc was honored with a triumph. He next marched against the Germans, who had invaded Gaul; and while there, a sedi- tion broke out in his army, headed by Maximln, and the emperor and his mother were murdered, 235. — Kino: of I'oland, elected on the death of his bro- ther. John Albert, in 15ul. T>. 150'). — I., bishop of Kome, succeeded Evaristus in the tenth year of Trajan, and sulfered martyrdom under Hadrian, in 119. This pontiff is said to be the first who intro- duced the use of holy water into the Catholic church. — II., elected to the papal throne in 1061. J). 1073.— III. succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159. D. at Rome, 1181. — IV., ascended the papal throne in 1254. D. 1201.— V., originally a Greek monk from Candia, was raiseH to the papal throne in 1400 by the coun- cil of Pisa. His munificence, during his pontificate, was so unbounded, that he vised to say, "When I became a bishop, I was rich; when a cardinal, jioor; and when a pope, a begcrar." D. 1410. — VI., a native of Valencia, in Spain, was raised to the popedom in 1492. As an ecclesiastic, Alexander was in the highest degree ambitious, bigoted, and intolerant; and formed alliances with all the princes of his time only to break them. This pontiff j)ursuod' his profligate career, till 1503, when he was cut off by the same means he had used fur the ruin of others. At a banquet which he and his son, the infamous C'Ksar Borgia, had prepared for some newly created cardinals, the poison in- tended for them was by some mistake administered to the contrivers of the plot ; and Alexander died the next day in great agony.— VII. This pontiff ex- pended vast sums in improving and embellishing the city of Kome, and was a great friend to the tine arts and lit- erature. B. at Sienna, in 1559, elected to the popedom in 1605, and d. in 1667. — VIII., the last pope of that name, was elected, 1689, at the advanced age of 60 ; and d. two vears afterwards. ALEXANDER, I. king of Scotland, son of Malcolm III., ascended the throne in 1107 ; and merited bv the vigor and 26 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alb inipetuosltv of his character, the appel- lation oi 1 he Fierce. D. 1124. — II., son ot' Williiiiu the Lion, was raised to the throne of Scotland, 1214, being then in his liith year. In 1221, he married Joan, sister of Henry III. of England; bv which peace was restored to tLe two kingdoms. D. 1249. — III., son of the preceding, succeeded, 1249, when only 8 years of a^re. He married Margaret, dau-rhter of Henry III. of England, and lived upon terms of close friendship with his father-in-law, whom, in his wars Avith the barons, he assisted with 5000 men ; accidentally killed while hmitinir, in 12S5. — A SiciUan abbot of the 12th century; author of a memoir of Eoger, king of Sicily. — Ab Alexan- DRO, a iSeapolitan jurisconsult of the 12th century. lie was much attached to the belles lettrcs, and is chiefly known by a work entitled " Dies Geniales," an imitation of the Noctes Atticae of Gel- hus. — Tkalliams, a Greek physician of tlie Gth century. His works are con- sidered the best after those of Hippo- crates. — Bishop of Alexandria, who op- posed Arius, and condemned his errors at the coun'cil of Nice. D. 326. — Bishop of Hierapolis, in the 5th century, who espousend the conqueror phieed his blind father on the throne, with whom he reigned as iVlexius IV. ; but liis elc- vatioir was succeeded by a rcbelhon, and he was deposed, imprisoned, and put to death, 1204. — V., Ducas, surnamcd Murtzuffle, from his black shagi^y eye- brows, was raised to the throne after the murder of Alexius IV., but deposed by the crusaders, who attacked and took his capital, and he was put to an igno- minious death. ALEYN, Chaeles, an English histor- ical poet. D. 1G40. ALFAliABI, an eminent Arabian philosopher in the 10th ccnturv, who obtained much reputation in his day, both as a great traveller, and as a master of 70 languages. Among his works is an Encyclopajdia, the manuscript of which is in the Escurial. ALFAEO Y GAMON, Juan de, a distincfuished Spanish painter. B. 16-10. AL£'ENUS..VARUS, Fubi.ius, a Ro- man civilian, who became consul, and is mentioned by Horace and Virgil with gratitude. ALFIEEI, Vittokia, count, was b. at Asti, in riedmont, in 1749, of a rich and distinguislied family. His early educa- tion was defective ; for, though sent to the academy of Turin, he leai'ncd noth- ing. He afterwards travelled over Italy, France, England, Spain, Portugal, Ger- many, Kussia, and Holland, returned, tried to study history, and then became a wanderer again for three years, l^rom pure listlessness lie took to writing dra- matic poetry, at the age of 27, and de- voted the rest of life to becoming a tragic poet. He first studied Latin and Tus- can, for which purpose he went to Tuscany ; meeting on the journey the Countess of Albany, consort of the En- glish pretender, he became attached to her, and lived alternately, leading an irregular and roving life, in Enghmd, France, and Italy. He composed '21 tra- gedies and 6 comedies, and is regarded as the great tragic poet of his native land. Above the degeneracy of his times, cherishing an ardent hatred of despotism^ and possessing a free, proud, and passionate heart, his works are per- vaded by a dfcided ])o]itical Kj)irit. His Btvle was stiff and unadorned, but bold, lofty, and correct. 1). 180:?. ALF(JKD,MicHAEi,,an English Jesuit. B. in London, 1587. He d. at St. Omer's, 1652, leaving behind him two celebrated works, "Britannia Ulustrata," and " An- nales Eeelesiastici Britannorum." ALFEAG AN, or AHMED BEN FER- GAN, an Arabian astronomer of the 9th century ; author of an " Introduc- tion to Astronomy," and other scientific works. ALFRAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician ; author of a history of Arabian physicians and philosophers, and other works connected with the East, where he resided for some years. D. at Padua, 1520. ALFRED THE GREAT. This mon- arch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf, king of the West Saxons, and was b. at Wantage, Berks, in 849. On the death of his brother Ethelred, Alfred suc- ceeded to the throne of England, 871, at a time when his kingdom was a prey to domestic dissensions, and to the inva- sions of the Danes, with whom, after a disastrous engagement, ho was forced to conclude a treaty on disadvantageous terms. The Danes soon violated their engagement, and renewed their hostility with such success, that, in 877, the king was under the necessity of concealing himself in the cottage of one of his herdsmen. He afterwai'ds retired to the island of Athelney, and there received information that one of his chiefs had obtained a great victory over the Danes. Alfred then disguised himself as a harp- er, entered the Danish camp, and gained a knowledge of the state of the enemy. After this, lie directed his nobles to meet him at Selwood, with their vassals, which was done so secretly, that the Danes were surprised at Eddington, and com- pletely routed. He now put his king- dom into a state of defence, increased his navy, and brought London into a flourishing state ; but, after a rest of some years, an immense number of Danish forces landed in Kent, and com- mitted great ravages ; they were, how- ever, soon defeated by Xlfred, who caused several of the leaders to be ex- ecuted at Winchester. Thus he secured the peace of his dominions, and struck terror into his enemies, after 56 battles by sea and land, in all of which he was personally engaged. But the warlike exploits (if Alfred formed, perhaps, the least of the services he rendere. 1752 ; d. ISU. — There were seven brothers of this family, all more or less distingiushed in the colonial annals. — John, a chancellor of Ireland, who was basely as^iissinated by the earl of Kil- dare in 1534. — Joax, first minister of Dedham, Massachusetts. B. 1590. — Thomas, an eminent scholar and mathe- matician of Elizabeth's time. B. 1542 ; d. 1G32. — Thomas, an antiquarian and historical writer, who compiled the " History and Antiquities of London," etc. B. 1S03; d. 1833. — Matthew, one of the first settlers of Connecticut, in 1692. — William, chief-justice of Penn- sylvania, an early friend to Benjamin West, and an acquaintance of Frank- lin. D. 1780. — Soi-oMON', a major in tlie revolutionary war, who, after the seizure of Andre, conducted him to West Point. He was also concerned in quelling Shay's insurrection, and after- wards became a successful preacher. — James, an eccentrie poet of Boston. B. 1739; d. 1808. — A\ illiam llt;xin', a naval otlicer of the U. S. who was en- fai^ed during the war of 1812, and was illed in an action between the Argus and the Pelican in the British Channel. B. 1784; d. 1813.— Paul, a poet and legislator of Rhode Island, who wrote for the Port I'olio and United States Gazette. B. 1775 ; d. 1820. ALLERSTAIN, a German .Jesuit and astronomer, who died as a missionary in China, in 1778. ALLERT(JN, Ib.u.c, one of the first settlers of Plymouth, who came over in the Mayflower. ALLESTKY, Richaed, an English divine. B. 1619 ; d. 1680. ALLEY, bishop of Exeter under Elizabeth. D. 1570. ALLEYN, Edward, an English aeior in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., but principally known as the founder of Dulwich college, was born at St. Bo- tolph, London, Sept. 1, 1566. He was one of the original actors in Shak- speare's plays, and his popularity pro- cured him not only friends, but opu- lence, lie built at his own expense the Fortune playhouse, Moorfields, and still added to his income by being keeper of the king's wild beasts, with a salary of £500 per annum. His erection of Dul- wich college is attributed to a supersti- tious cause. Whilst with six others he was acting the part of a demon in one of Shakspeare's plays, he is said to have been territied by the real appear- ance of the devil, and' the power of the imagination was so great tnat he made a solemn vow to build the college, which, in 1614, was begun under the direction of Inigo Jones, and in three vears finislied at the expense of £10,000. *riiis noble editiee, destined to attbrd an asylum to indigence and infinnity, Avas solemnly appropriated on the 13th Sept. 1619, to the humane purposes of the founder, who appointea himself its first master. The original endowment was £800 per annum, for the maintenance of one master, one warden, always to be unmarried and of the name of Alleyn, four fellows, three of whom are in or- ders, and the fourth an organist, besides six poor men, and six women, and twelve boys to be educated till the age of fourteen or sixteen, and then to be apprenticed. D. 1626, ALLIONI, Charles, a celebrated phy- sician, writer, and professor of botany in the university of Turin. B. 1725*; d. |. 1804. ALLIX, Peter, a learned divine, b. at Alencon, in France, 1644, minister of the Reformed Church at Kouen and Charenton. who went to Enirland, wa3 created D.D. at Oxford, and made treas- urer of the church at Salisbury. D. in London. 1717. 32 CrCLOP.EDIA OF CIOGKAPHi', |_ALM ALLOISI, BalIiIazar, a Boloffnese historical ami portrait painter, who ob- tained the name of Galanino. D. 1038. ALLOKI, Ai-EXANDiiu, a Florentine painter, who excelled in naked tiirarcs. JD. 1607. — CnRisToniANO, the son of the above, was also an eminent painter. D. 1619. ALLSTOX, "W^vsHiNGTON, tlie createst historical painter that America has pro- duced, was a native of Charleston, S. C, but at the age of 7 was sent, by the ad- vice of physicians, to Newport, R. I. He early discovered a taste for imitative art, a taste which was fostered by his ac- quaintance with Malbone, who became a ^li^ti^L^uishcd miniature pointer. In 17 '.'0 he entered Harvard College, where he was not'Cd for the elecranee of his compositions ; but his leisure hours ■were chiefly devoted to the pencil. An old rich-toned Italian landscape, some pictures by Fine, and a copy of Van- dyke's head of Cardinal Bentivoglio, were his models. He ■\;ent to London in 1801, and entered as a student in the Eoyal Academy, lie there made the ac- quaintance of West and Fuseli, and ex- hibited some of his pictures at Somerset House in 1802. He next visited France, and afterwards Italy. He pursued the study of art at Eome for four years, where he distinguished himself by his coloring, which acquired for him the name of the American Titian, and also entered into relations of intimate friend- ship with Thorwaldsen, Coleridge, and other men of note. In 1809 he "visited America, and married the sister of Dr. Clianning. In 1811 he resumed his resi- dence in London, where his first histor- ical picture, the " Dead Man Revived," obtamed for him the first prize of the British Institution. A small volume of poems, called the " Sylph of the Season, and other poems," was published by him in 1813. His wife died in 1815, ani three years after he came home, bring- ing with him the " Elijah in the Wil- derness," having disposed of several large and fine pictures before he quilted England, such as Uriel in the Sun, Jacob's Dream, and St. Peter liberated by the Angel. The Elijah was after- wards purchased and taken back to England. During the next 12 years, while he resided in Boston, he painted several of his finest works, among others his Jeremiali, Saul and the Witch of Endor, Miriam, singing the song of tri- umph, Dante's Beatrice, and the Valen- tine. In 1830 he was married a second time to the daughter of the late Chief Justice Dana, of Cambridge, wlierc he then took up his residence, and be»an tlie largest and most ambitious of liis pictures, the Feast of Belshazzar. This work, owing to various hindrances, was never finished, but what was done of it will remain for ever a monument of his surpassing genius and skill. In 1836 Mr. AUston was asked by congress to fill two of the four vacant panels in the Rotunda at Washington, but he declined the request, in order that he might de- vote his undivided energies to the com- pletion of his Belshazzar. His friends, in 1S39, made a collection of more than fifty of his pictures, which were publicly exhibited in Boston, and gave to all who saw them the rarest delight. Never be- fore, we venture to say, on the continent of America, had there been such an ex- hibition. Two years afterwards Mr. Allston published a highly successful tale, called Monaldi, and thus, amidst days passed in the exercise of his beau- tiful art, and evenings of refined social enjoyment, he enjoyed a happy old age, rich' in the possession of the highest genius, and in the attachment of the most accomplished friends. His char- acter was without reproach, his feelings tender, his conduct dignified, and his attachments, as well as his opinions, in-o- found and sincere. He d. suddenly, on 9th of July. 1843. ALLY, Vizier, ex-nabob of Oude, was the adopted son of the former nabob of Oude, \ usuf ab Dowlah, who declared him successor. The English govern- ment, however, deposed him in favor of the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him a pension of £25,000. While engaged with the agents of the East India Com- pany, who had been sent to meet him at Benares for the purpose of making ar- rangements for his future residence, he gave a signal, on which his armed fol- lowers rushed in and treacherously mur- dered the Company's officers. For a time he made his escape, but surrender- ed on condition that liis life should be spared. D. in prison, 1S17, aged only 36. ALMAGRO, DiEoo n', a Spaniard of low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in the expedition against Peru, in which his valor, profligacy, and cruelty were equally displayed. In 1525 he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, by storm, and put Atahualjia, the last of tlic Incas, to a most horrid death ; but quarrelling with the brothers of Pizarro about the divi- sion of their spoil, a schism ensued, and Alinagro was eventually taken prisoner and strangled, 1533. alp] CYCLOP.f:DI.V OF DIOGRAPIir. 33 ALMAMON, or ABB ALLAH, a ca- liph of Biig-dad, son of Ilarouu al Kas- chii.1, who founded the academy of Bii^dad, and was a patron of science. D. ^-.y-i. ALiMANASOE, Jacob, a calipli of the Saracens in Africa, who, after cou- qucrhii^ a larfre territory, became a ba- ker at Alc\;indria, where he died, I'JUo. AJj.MANZOK, surnamed the Victo- rious, the second calipli of the house of Abas, succeeded to the throne in 753. ALMAKUS, abbot of the monastery of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop of Sherborne, 1022. ALMEIDA, Fkancisco, a Portuguese, appointed, in 150'), tlie lirst viceroy of India. Aftiir a perilous voyage, he crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and ])roceeded along the coast of Africa, s]ireading terror and desolation, but was killed on his return in a quarrel with the natives at the Cape, in 1509. — Lorenzo, sou of Francisco, was also an enterprising commander and navigator, by whom Cevlon was made tributary to Portugal. lie lost his life in an engage- ment with the Egyptian fleet in the bay of Cambaya. ALMEL()VEEN, Theodore Jansex Van, a most learned physician, born near Utrecht, prot'essor ot history, the Greek lanauage, and medicine, at Ilarderwiek. D. 1741'. ALMINARA, Marqum, Spanish en- voy to France from Charles iV. ; diplo- matist, and the author of an able " JKe- jily to Ccvallos," respectino: the former's abdication, and of " A History of the Liquisition." ALMON, John, a political writer and publisher, and the friend of Wilkes. In 1774 he commenced the Parliament- ary Register ; he was also the author of a '' Life of Lord Chatham," and various biographical, political, ancl literary anec- dotes. B. nuS ; d. 1805. ALOADDIN, commonly called the Old Man of the Mountains. He was the sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the Mahometan religion, called the Arsa- cides. He lived in a castle between Damascus and Antioch, and was sur- rounded by a number of intrepid youths, whom he intoxicated with pleasures, and rendered subservient to liis views, by promising still greater voluptuousness in the next world. As these were too successfully employed to stab his enemies, he was dreaded by tlie iK-igliboring princes. From the name and character of his followers the word assassin is derived. ALOMPKA, the founder of the Bnr- mau empire, a man of obscure birth, bat who established a new dynasty about the middle of the ISlh century. ALONZO DE VIADO, a SpaiiLsh liberal and writer. B. 1775. ALPAGO, Andrew, an Italian phy- sician, who visited the East, and some time resided at Damascus. On his re- turn he was made professor of medicine at Venice, where he translated Avicen- na, Averroes, and Ser.apion, and en- riched the work with notes, some of which now remain in manuscript. D. 1555. ALPHANUS, Benedict, archbishop of Palermo, better known as a physician and a poet. He was the author of the lives of some saints in verse. D. 1086. ALPHERY, Mekepper or Nicepuo- Rcs, a native of Russia, descended from the imperial family. During the civil dissensions of his country he removed to England and studied at Oxford. In IGls he succeeded to the living of Wooley, in Huntingdonshire, and though he was twice invited to return to Russia with the certainty of being placed on the throne, he preferred the character of a parish priest in Ensrland to the splendor of the purple. He was ejected from his living during the civil wars, and ill treated by the republican soldiers, though his Presbyterian suc- cessor behaved towards him with hu- manity. He saw the restoration, and was replaced in his living, but retired to Hammersmith, where his son had settled, and there died, aged about 80. The last descendant of this family mar- ried a Johnson, a cutler, at Huntingdon, by whom she had eight children." She was living in 1764. ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO EN- RIQUEZ, tirst king of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal. He fought suecessfidly against "the Jloors, and raised his countiy to a pow- erful monarchy. D. 1185. — III., the Great, king of the Asturias, b. 847, suc- ceeded his father Ordogeno, 865, and d. at Zamora, 912. He conquered many places from the Moors, was a patron of learned men, and distinguished himself for piety and justice. — ^IV., surnamed the Brave, son of king Denis, whom lie succeeded, 1324, was an .able and impartial sovereign, and d. 1357. — V.. surnamed the Magn.animous, king ot Arragon, b. 13S4, succeeded his father, Ferdinand the Just, 141 •', and d. .at Naples, 1458, leaving his Neapolitan do- minions to his natural son lerdinimd. 34 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [alt and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily to his brother Juan, king ot" Niiyarre. This mouaroli was accounted tlie most accomplished prince of his time ; he gave sheher to the Greek literati expelled from Constantinople, and was in other respects a great patron of learning. — X., called the Wise, king of Leon and Cas- tile, succeeded his father, Ferdinand III., 12.51, and d. 12Si, aged 81. As a ruler, Alphonso was misguided and un- fortunate ; but as a patron and an en- courager of the sciences, he obtained much reputation. lie completed a code of laws, began by his father, still known under the title of " Las Partidas," and preceded the other nations of Europe in substituting the vernacular tongue for the Latin in law proceedings. His fa- vorite pursuit, however, was astronomy, and he employed the most famous as- tronomers to draw up the celebrated tables called after him the Alphonsine Tables, wiiich were first published at Venice. 1483. ALPHONSUS, Ta-stadus, bishop of Avila. a voluminous Spanish writer, who nourished during the 1.5th century. ALPINI, Prospero, a Venetian phy- Bician. B. 1553, and d. 1617. He was the greatest botanist of his day, the first who e.xplained the impregnation and genera- tion of plants by the se.xual system, and the autnor of many valuable works on his favorite pursuit. ALSOP, Anthony, an eminent En- glish divine and scholar, who d. 1720. His principal work was a selection from jEsop, entitled " Fabularum ^Esopica- rnm Delectus," published in 16^8. — Vincent, a nonconformist divine of the 17th century, b. in Northamptonshire. D. 1703. — KicHARD, a native of Middle- town, in Connecticut ; a miscellaneous writer, and the translator of various works from the French and Italian ; araont; which was the " Natural and Civil History of Chili," from the Italian of Moliiiii. "P.. 1759 ; d. 181.5. ALSTEDIUS, John Henrv, a Ger- man philosoplier and Protestant divine. B. 15Ss; d. 1038. ALSTON, Charles, an eminent Scotch physician and botanist ; author of " Tiro- cinium Botanicum E linVmrgensc," &c. ; and public lecturer at EdinliurLdi. B. 1CS3 ; d. 1700. — Joseph, governor of South Carolina, after liaviu.f been for several years a distinLTuished member of the legislature of that state, was elect- ed chief magistrate in 1S12. He married the daughter of Aaron Burr, and in con- eequcnce of that connection was unjust- ly suspected of being concerned in the reputed treasonable enterprises of that individual. Mrs. Alston was lost on her passage from Charleston to New York m 1812. B. 1778 ; d. 1810.— William, a volunteer of the revolutionary war, who served as captain under Marion. He was for several years member of the senate of South Carolina. B. 1756 ; d, 1839. ALSTROEMER, Jonas, a distinguish- ed Swede, b. of poor parents at Alingas, West Gothland, in 16S5. After strug- gling with poverty for a long time, he visited London, and paying particular attention to the commercial and manu- facturing sources of British prosperity, he returned to Sweden in 1723, resolv- ing to carry the plans he had formed into execution. Having obtained a li- cense to establish manufactures in the town in which he was born, it soon be- came the seat of industry and activity, which afforded an example to the whole kingdom. He established'a sugar-house at Gottenburgh, and traded to tlie Indies and the Levant ; improved rural econo- my ; cultivated plants proper for dyeing ; and improved the wool trade, by import- ing sheep from Spain and England, and the goat from Aurora. For these im- portant lienefits, A'l&troeraer received a patent of nobility, was made Knight of the Polar Star, and honored with the title of Chancellor of Commerce ; the Academy of Sciences chose him a mem- ber, and the national states decreed him a statue to be erected to his memory on the Exchanare of Stockholm. D. 1761. ALTAEMPS, M.\rk, a nephew of Pope Pius IV., memorable as one of the cardinals in the council of Trent. ALTER, Francis Charles, ii German Jesuit and laborious critic ; Greek teach- er in the school of St. Anne at Vienna. D. 1804. ALTHAMERUS, a divine of Nurem- berg ; author of various theologiciil works, and a principal promoter of the Reformation iu Berne, Switzerland. D. 1450. ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS, John, a German civilian, was b. about the middle of the 16th century, and d. in the 17th. He was professor of law at Iler- born, and syndic of Bremen. In 1003 he published his "Politica Methodico Digesta," in which he boldly taught that kings arc nothing more than magis- trates, that to the people belongs the sovereignty, and that, as a natural con- sequence, they may change and even nuuish their rulers. AJthusen was the ALVJ CYCLOP-'KDIA OF BIOGRAl'IIV, 35 autlior of several other works, the prin- cipal of whii;h is a Latia Treatise on lioman Jurisprudence. ALTICOZZI, LoRiiNEO, a Jesuit au- thor and polemic, wlio wrote the "Sum of St. Augustine," B. at Cortona, 1689 ; d. 1777. ALTILIO, Gabuiel, a Neapolitan ; author of some Latin poems of great beauty. D. l.'xH. ALTING, IIen-ry, an eminent Ger- man divine, distinj/uislicd himself at tlie synod of Dort. as tleputy from tlie Pal- atinate, and did much in advancement of the Protestant interest in Germany. B. 1583; d. 1044. — James, sou of the above, was educated at Groningen, and went to England, where he was ordain- ed a priest of the church by the Bishop of W oreester. In 1643 he was chosen Hebrew professor at Groningen, and afterwards professor of divinity. B. 1618 ; d. 1679. — Menson, a burgomaster of Groningen, author of the best descrip- tion of the Low Countries now extant. D. 1713. ALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of an Italian poet named Christopher. His surname and a poetic crown were given to him on account of his great popular- ity as an improvisatore. ALTMAN, Jon>f George, a Swiss historian and divine, curate of Inns in the same canton, and professor of moral philosophy and Greek at Berne. B. 1697 ; d. 1758. ALTOKF, Albert, a Bavarian painter, architect, and engraver. He raised him- self by his merits to the rank of senator of Ratisbon, which city he adorned with many handsome edifices. B. 1488 ; d. 1578. ALTON, EicHARD, count d', an Aus- trian general, who had the command of the Low Countries in 1787. Though a strict disciplinarian and a man of bravery, he betrayed weakness during the insurrections in Brabant, 1789, for which he was sent for to Vienna, to clear liis character. He d. on the journey. — His brother distinguished himself against the Turks, and also against the French at the siege of Valenciennes. He was killed near Dunkirk, 1793, much regret- te\ a German poet, born at Vienna, in 1755, of a ricli family, early acquired a thorough knowledge of the classics. Though he became a doctor of laws, and held the title of court advocate, he availed himself of his legal station only to make np disputes, or plead for the poor. Poetry was his favorite pursuit. Besides minor pieces, he wrote "Doolin of Mentz," and " ]51iombcris," two chivalresque epics, in Wieland's style. Alxinsrer was liberal, and firmly attached to his friends. D. 1797. ALYPIUS, an architect of Antioeh, employed by Julian in his attcnipt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. He was subsequently Ixinished, on a charge of practising the black art, and died in e.xile. Alypius wrote a " Geograiihical Description of the World," published in 1628 at Geneva. — Bishop or Tagasta, Africa, the friend of St. AuLMistinc, with whom he was baptized at Milan, in 3"^S. He opposed the Donatists and Pelagians with great zeal ; and died in 430. AM.\I)EDDULAT, first sultan of the Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisher- man of JJilem, on the Caspian Sea. He rose to distinction in the armies of Makan, Bultan of Dilem, and subse- quently gained possession of Persia Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of which lie assumed tlie sovereignty, and fixed the seat of his government at Shi- raz, in 933. He died, 949, and left his crown to his nephew, Adadeddulat. AMADEUS v., count of Savoy, suc- ceeded to the sovereignty of that state, 1285, and died at Avignon, 1323. Al- thougli a prince of such small domin- ions, he acquired the surname of Great, from his wisdom and success.— VIII., count of Savoy, elected 1391. He was one of the most singular men of his time, and acquired the name of Pacific. — IX., count of Savoy, who married Jolande of France, and distinguished himself by his good deeds, so that his subiects called him the Blessed. T>. 1472. AMATA, Francls, a Spanish lawyer of much reputation, and professor of legal science at Salamanca. D. 1640. AMAK, or ABU LN AG IE AL BOK- HARI, a Persian poet of the 5th cen- tury, entertained at the court of sultan Khedar Khan, who instituted an acad- emy of poets, of which he made Amak president. His chief poem is the "His- tory of the Loves oi Joseph and Zo- leiskah." AMALAEIUS, Fortun'-vtus, arch- bishop of Treves in 810. He established Christianity in Saxony, consecrated a church at Hamburgh, and was sent am- bassador in 813 to Constantinople by Charlemagne. D. 814. AMAL'THEUS, Attilius, archbishop of Athens. D. 1600. — Jerome, an Italian physician and poet of some repute.' B. 1507 ; d. 1574. — Joiix Baptlst, brother of the above, was born, 1525 ; attended the Venetian ambassador to England, and, on his return, was made secretary to Pope Pius IV. His Latin poems were printed, 1550 ; and he died, 1573. — CoRXELius, another brother of tho above, was also eminent in physic and poetry. AMAND, M.VRK Anthony Gerard, Sieur de St., a French poet. B. at Rouen, 1594; d. 1661. He was one of the first members of the French acadcmv. AMAR DURIVIER, J. A., author of a great variety of literary works, trans- lations from Gay, Terence, Lucan, &c. B. 1765. AMAEA-SINGHA, a Hindoo author of great antiquity, who compiled a dic- tionary of the Sanscrit language, part of which was published at Rome, 1798. AMARprrrr, Abb,i C, a Milanese mineralogist, born in 1743; author of "Viaggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of Leonardo di Vinci," &c., &c. He was a knight of Napoleon's order of the Iron Crown. ,\MASEO, RoMui.rs, nn eminent ^] CYCLOPAEDIA OK lilOGKAPIIi'. 37 teacher of tlio bellea lettres at Padua. His oclcbrity caused him to be iavitod to Rome by Paul III., liy whom he was employed in various einbassies ; and by Jidius III. he was appointed secretary of the briefs. lie translated Pausanias and the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latixi ; and publislied a volume of his own Latin speeches. B. 1-lb'J ; d. lbo2. AMATI, a celebrated violin maker of Cremona, about the year IGuO. AMATU8, a Portuyueso .Jew, l)orn 1511, at Castel Bianco. He studied medicine with success at the university of Salamanca, and afterwards ,tca\ e lec- tures on the science at Ferrura, Ancona, and other places. AMAUEI, DE Chartres, a French visionary of the 13th century, who maintained the eternity of matter, and that religion had three epochs, ajjree- al lie to the three persons of the Trinity. Ilis opinions were condemned by the council of Paris, 1209, and some of his followers burnt. To avoid a similar fate, he renounced his errors, but died of vexation. AMBERGEE, Christopher, a painter of XurcmberiT, in the IGth centurv, was a disciple of Ilans Holbein. Ho was lilcewise a good engraver on wood. D. 1550. AMBOISE, Francis, a French ^Titer, educated in the college of Navarre, and afterwards an advocate in the parlia- ment of Paris, and counsellor of state. lie published several poetical pieces in French and Latin, but is chiefly known as the collector and editor of the works of the celebrated Abelard. D. 1612.— George u', a French cardinal and min- ister of state, born of a noble family, 14(i0. He became soccessivelv bishop of Miintauban, archbishop of N'arbonne, and lastly of Rouen. Louis XII. made him ■i-)rime minister, and he soon ac- quircil great popularity by taking oil' the taxes which had been usually levied on the people at the accession of every new monarch. The king, by his ad- vice, undertook the conquest of the Milanese, which succeeded. Soon after this, he was appointed the pope's legate in France, with the dignity of cardinal, and in that capacity eiffeeted a great re- form among the religious orders. He d. 1510. — Amekv d', a famous French admiral, and brother of the above, who gained a splendid victory over the sul- tan of Egypt, in 1510.— Michael d', a natural son of Amboise, admiral of France, born at Naples. Ho was the author of nun\erous poems in the 4 French language, which he published under the name of the Signior de Cha- villon. I). 1547. AMBROGI, AxToiNE, a Roman Jesuit and poet. He translated Virgil and some of the works of Voltnirc mto Ital- ian. B. 1712; d. 1788. AMBROGIO, Tesco, one of the most celebrated among the early Italian ori- entalists. B. at Pavia. 14ij'J ; d. 1540. AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was born, 340, at Aries, m Gallia Narbon- cnsis, of which province his father was* lieutenant. "Wliile yet a youth, he pleaded eatises with so much eloquence, that Probus, prefect of Itiily, chose him one of his council, and afterwards nom- inated him governor of Milan, which office he helcl 5 years. In 374, Auxen- tius, bishop of Milan, died ; and so fierce was the contest in the election of a successor to the vacant see, that the governor was called upon to quell the tumult. This he attempted by per- suasion in the great church ; and at the conclusion of his address, a voice in the crowd exclaimed, " Ambrose is bishop." This circumstance was considered as of divine direction, and Ambrose was de- clared to be the object not only of the popular choice, but of divine selection. His first efforts were directed to the ex- termination of Arianism, which was then making great progress. He also successfully resisted the Pa,gans, who were attempting to restore their ancient worship. \Vhcn Maximinus invaded Italy, and actually entered Milan, Am- brose remained at his post, to assuage the calamities produced by the invading army. When, in consequence of a tu- mult at Thessaloniea, Tneodosius sent an order for a general massacre, Am- brose repaired to the emperor, remon- strated with him on his barbarity, and prevailed on him to promise that the command should be revoked. The mandate was, however, carried into ex- ecution, and 7000 persons were slaugh- tered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards, when Theodosius, in the anguish of self-reproaeh, was about to enter the great church of Lilian, Ambrose met him at the porch and sternly forbade him to appear in the holy place. The emperor ])lcaded the example of David: — " You have imitated David in his crime, imitate him in his repentance," was the reply; and Theodosius was compelled, not only to perform a pen- ance, but to sign "an edict, which or- dained that an interval of tliirty daya should pass before any sentence of S2ii)rjA 38 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. [A dcatli or of coflfiscation should be ex- ecuted. D. at Milan, in 3'J7. AMBKOSINI, Ambrozio, a Femirese : author of several oratorios, ennzoni, and sonnets. D. 1700. — Giuno, a Mantuan, author of a work on " Demonology." B. 1.^80. AMEILHON. Hubert Pascal, a learned Frenchman, author of '• Ilis- toire du Bas Empire," of a celebrated work on the "Commerce of the Egyp- tians," and of "Eesearches into "the Mechanical Arts of the Ancients." B. 1730; d. ISU. AMELIA, Anne, princess of Prussia, sister of Frederic the Great. She was distinguished by her taste for the arts, and set to music "The Death of the Messiah," by IJamler. B. 1723; d. 1787. — Duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar, duchess of Brunswick and Luneburg, wlio liberally patronized men of learn- ing and genius, among whom were Wieland, Goi-the, Schiller, and Herder. B. 1739; d. 18o7.— Youngest child of George HI. and Queen Charlotte ; a princess who in mind and manners was amiable and accomplished. B. 1783 ; d. 1810. AMELOT, Nicolas, a French minister of state in 1788, who was accused of per- secuting one Latude, as the agent of M. Pompadour, during the ancient regime. For some otfence to the republicans, he was imprisoned in the Luxemburor, where his life was saved and prolonged by a young female, who avowed a pas- sion for him ; but at length he died in the prison. His victim, I/itudc, on escaping from the Bastile, brought an action of damages, and recovered from Amelot's heirs. AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Nicholas, a French historian of the 17th century. He resided for some time at Venice, as secretary to the French em- bassy, and wrote a liistory of its gov- ernment. He also translated "The Prince," by Maehiavcl, and other Italian works into French. D. 1700. AMELUNGHI, Jerome, a Pisan poet, preceding Tasso in the mock- iicroic style ; author of " La Gigantea del Fora))osco," in 1547. AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan poet. B. Ifi.'iy. AMflKBACII, Joiiy, a printer of Basil, in the l.")th century; the first who used the Roman type instead of (iotliie ond Italian. D. l.')15. — Boniface, son of the above, syndic of Basil ; and inti- mate friend of Erasmus. I). 1502.-— VrTAS, a learned professor at Wittem- burg, in the 16th century ; editor of the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes ; and translator of selections from Epi- phanius and Chrvsostom. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more properly, Amerigo Vespucci, an eminent navigatoi', was born at Florence, in 14.t1, After receiving a liberal education, ho was sent by his fiither to SiJain for the purpose of conducting his commercial alfairs ; and, being at Seville when Co- lumbus was making preparations for his second voyage, he resolved to quit mer- cantile pursuits, and enter on the career of discovery. His first expedition to the new continent was in 1499, under the command of Ojeda, a year after the discovery and examination of that part of the coast by Columbus. After this he entered the service of King Emman- uel of Portugal, and made two voyages in Portuguese ships : the first in 1501 ; the second in 1503. The object of this last voyage was to find a westerly pas- sage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil, and discovered the Bay of All Saints. In 1505 he again entered the service of the king of Spain, but made no more voyages, as appears from memoranda, showing that he was at Seville till 1508, at which time he was appointed prin- cipal pilot. His duties were to prepare charts, and prescribe routes for vessels in their voyages to the new world, which took his name, though the honor clearly belonged to Columbus, whose priority of discovery is not to be ques- tioned. D. 1516. AMES, William, a native of Norfolk, who, after being educated at Christ's col- lege, Cambridge, left his country, where his Calvinistical tenets were becoming unpopular, and settled as professor in the university of Franeker, in Holland. Here he enjoyed fame and independ- ence ; V)Ut as the air of the place was too sharp for his asthmatic constitution, he removed to Rotterdam, with the inten- tion of passing into New Euglaud. He, however, d. At Rotterdam, 1603, aged 57. He was a learned divine, and his wri- tings were voluminous, his principal Work being " Medulla Thcologica." — Jo- seph, a ship-chandler of Waj^ping, who, in an advanced period of lite, studied antiquities, and rose by his genius and application to consequence, and to the secretaryship of the Society of Antiqua- ries, lie published an account of the earliest printers, with a rejcister of the Ijooks which they printed, in quarto, 1749, besides the list of English heads engraved in mezzotinto, &c., in 8vo. ami) CYCLOP.r.DIA OF HIOCKAril^ 39 IIo also compiled the "Parentalia," from Wren's papers. He d. Out. 7lh, 17'>9, and the lollowiiiir year liis curious collection ot" fossils, shells, medals, &c., was sold by public auction. His daughter married Captain Dampier, in the East India sca-serviec. — Fismer, LL. D., one of the most eloquent of American statesmen and writers, was b. at Dedham, in Massachusetts, April 'J, 17")S. lie was educated at Harvard uni- versity, where he received his degree in 1774. He studied law in Boston, and conunenced the |iracticc of it in liis native village. But the atfairs of the revolution soon drew his attention to politics, and he became conspicuous by his speeches, and by his animated and l)eautiful style as an essay writer. He distinguished himself as a member of the ^tassachusetts convention for ratitying the constitution, in 17SS, and from this body passed to the house of representa- tives in tlie state legislature. Soon after he was elected the representative of the Suffolk district in the congress of the United States, where he remained with the Iiigliest honor during the eight years of Washington's administration. On the retirement of Washington, i[r. A. returned to his residence at Dedham, where he occupied himself with the management of nis farm and the prac- tice of the law. The latter lie relin- quislicd, a few years afterwards, in eon- seq\ience of his declining health ; but he felt too deep an interest in the wel- fare of his country to withdraw his mind and pen from politics. He wrote much in the public papers, relating to the contest between Great Britain and revolutionary France, as it might aftect the liberty and prosperity of America. In 180-4 ho was chosen president of Harvard college — an honor which he decrmed. He'd. July 4th, 1803. His writings, in the following year, were publislied in one volume octavo, pre- faced by a memoir of his life, from the pen nf the Rev. Dr. Kirkland. AMIIEKST, .Tkfkuky, Lord, an En- glisli general of considerable celebrity, descended from an ancient family seated at Sovenoaks, in Kent. He was b.l727, and at the age of fourteen embraced the military jirofession. In 1741 he was aid-de-eamp to (icneral Ligonier, at the battles of Dc-ttiniren, Fontenoy, and Ko- coux, and in 17ri0 obtained the colo- nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. His abilities and experience were now called into action; lie was employed, 1758, at the siege of Louisbourg, and was made governor of Virt.inia, and commander- in-chief of the forces in America; and, in this part of the world, the tall of Ni- agara, Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Mon- treal, with the submission of all Canada, nuirked the progress of his judicious and successful measures. His great ser- vices were honoraltly rewarded by the court; he was made a knight of the Bath, in 1771, appointed governor of Guernsej', the ne.\t year lieutenant-gen- eral of the ordnance, and in 177(5, created baron Amherst of Holnisdale. In 177S he was made commander-in-chief, and though upon the change of ministry these offices were withdrawn, he was again reinstated in 1793, when, two years after, he resigned the command of the forces to the duke of York, and was raised to the rank of field-marshal. D. 1797. AMHURST, NicnoLAS, an English political and miscellaneous writer. B. at Marden, Kent. 1701, and d. 1742. He was author of the " Terras Filius," a satirical work on the university of Ox- ford ; and published, with the assistance of Pulteney and Lord Bolinsbroke, the work bv which he is most known, en- titled "'Tlie Craftsman." AMICO, Antonio, a Sicilian priest, and canon of the cathednd of Palermo, distinguished by some considerable works in history, for which Philip IV. of Spain made him historiographer royal. D. 1641. — Vito Makia, a pro- fessor of theology in the ISth century ; principally known by his Sicilian an- tiquities. AMICOXr, GiAcoMo, a Venetian his- torical and portrait painter, who visited England in 1729. He afterwards went to Spain, and was appointed portrait painter to the king. D. 1752. AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general, of great valor, was descended from tlie ancient kings of Tyre ; and being early intrusted with military command, he distini;-uished himself in the wars of Carthage, ]iarticularly against the Ro- mans, towards whom he bore an im- placable hatred. He was the father of Hannibal. AMIOT, Father, one of the most learned of the French missionaries to China. B. at Toulon, 171S, and d. at Pekin, 1794. This zealous Jesuit, who arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of China, and remained in that capital 4-5 years. By continued application he be- came acquainted with the Chinese and Tartar languages ; and, ft-om time to 40 cyclop.*:dia of biogkapiiv. [amo time, remitted to France tlie result of flis labors, which jitterwards appeared in several publicatious. AMINTA, T., author of the mock- heroic poem, '• La Nauen," in 156G. AMMAN, John Conrad, a native of Sohatfliauscn. B. 1GG9 ; d. 172-i, iu the Netherlands, lie was chiefly distin- guished by his success in teacliing per- sons born deaf and dumb to speak. — John, his son, was a fellow of the Eoyal Society in London, and a member of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, where he lectured on botany, and ac- quired preat reputation. 1).' 1740. — I'ai'l, was a native of Breslaw, who set- tled in 1674 at Leipsic, wliere he (rave lectures on physioloiry, natural history, and botany, t). IG'Jl. — ^Jistus, a famous enfjraver and painter at Zuiieh, in the 16th century. He painted with irreat brilliancy on plass, out excelled chiefly in ensraving, both on wood and copper. D. 1591. _ AMMAXATI, Bartolomeo, a Floren- tine architect and sculptor in the ICtli century, wliose chief performances are the colossal statue of Neptune at Venice and the statue of Hercules at Padua. AMML\NUS, M.VRCELLiNrs, a Latin historian of the 4th century, b. at Anti- och. He wrote the Koman history from the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens, in 31 books, of which only 18 are extant. V. about 890. AMMIRATO, Scipio, an esteemed Neapolitan poet, b. in 1531 ; author of a " History of Florence," which he wrote at the instance of the Grand-Duke Cosmo ; of the " Argomenti" to " Or- lando Fiirioso ;" and of numerous prose tracts, political and historical. D. 1001. AMMON, Ani>i:k.\s, a Latin poet, b. »t Lucca, in Italy, of whose genius Eras- mus made frequent and honorable men- tion. He was sent to England in an oflieial character. AM.MdX I U^;, a surgeon of Alexandria, who invented a metliod of extracting tlie stone from the bladder, which procured him the surname of the Lithotoinist. — Levincs, a monk of Flanders, much esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and piety. "D. 1.556. — Sacoas, a philos- opher of the 3d century, founder of the neo-platonic sect, wiio <1. about 243. — Andrew, a learned native of Lucca, who settled in En-.'land. He lived some time in Sir Thomas More's house, and afterwards in St. Tiiomas's collcfre ; for he was not in clreumstances sufficient to hire or keep a house of his own. There •ubsisted a strong friendship and close correspondence between him and Eras- mus. The advice which Erasmus givea him in regard to pushing his fortune, has a good deal of* humor in it, and was certainly intended as a satire on the art- ful mctliods generally practised by the selfish and ambitious part of mankind. " In the first place (says he) throw off all sense of shame ; thrust yourself into every one's business, and elbow out whomsoever j-ou can ; neither love nor hate any one ; measure every thing by your own advantage ; let this be the scope and drift of all your actions. Give nothing but what is "to be returned with usury, and be complaisant to every body. Have always two strings to your bow. Feign that you are solicited by many from abroad, and get every thing ready for your departure. Show letters in- viting you elsewhere, with great prom- ises." Fortune, at lengtli, began to smile upon Ammonius, for he was ap- pointed secretary to Henr\' VIII., and honored by Pope Leo X. with a public character at the court of that prince ; and in all appearance he would have soon risen higher, had not death carried him off when he was but of a middle age. He d. of the sweating sickness iu 1517. Ammonius wrote several Latin poetiCid pieces. AMOiSTONS, "William, was b. in Normandy, 1603. He was in the third form of the Latin school at Paris, when, after a dangerous iUness, he contracted such a deafness as obliged him to re- nounce almost all conversation with mankind. In this situation he began to think of employing himself in the in- vention of machines ; he applied, there- fore, to the study of geometry; and, it is said, that he would not try any reme- dy to cure his deafness, either because he thought it incurable, or because it in- creased his attention. He studied with great care the nature of barometers and thermometers; and, in 1087, presented a new hygroscope to the Eoyal Academy of Sciences, which was very much ap- proved. Amontons found out a method to acquaint people at a great distance,.in a very little time, witli whatever one pleased. This metliod was as follows : Let there be people placed in several stations, at such a distance from one another, that, by the help of a telescope, a man in one station may see a signal made by the next before Iiim; he must immediately make the same signal, that it may be seen by persons in the station next after hiin, who are to communicate it to those iu the following stations, and amy] CVC'LOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAIMIV. 41 80 on. In this probably orijrhiated the moilern tolc<:fraph. When tho, R: of Anaereon's works remains ; and tliese consist chiefl.y of bacchanalian songs and love sonnets. " The odes of Anacreon (says Rapin) are flowers, beauties, and perpetual graces." ANARIA, G. L., a noble Cdabrian cosmographer. B. 1561 ; author of a celebrated work on demonology, pub- lished at Venice, "apnd Aldum." D. 15S9. ANASTASIUS I., emperor of the East. B. at Illyricum, 480, and d. 518. He was elevated to the throne in 491. — II., raised to the throne of Constantino- ple from the condition of secretary, 713, was a man of learning, and a zealous Catholic, vet he did not neglect the de- fence of tVie empire, then threatened by the Saracens. lie was put to death by Leo, who had usurped tlie crown. ANASTASIUS I., pope, a Roman, succeeded Siricius in o28, and d. 402. ANC] CVCLOl'/EDJA OK IJIOCIUAI'IIV. 43 Ilis epistle to John, bishop of Jeras.i- Ifiii, who Jiad wiitleu to hiiii in behalf ofKullimis, a yiresbyter of Aciuileia, is extant, tof,'ethcr with Kuttiiiiis' apolojry- — II., son of a Konian citizen, sueececled Pope Gclasiiis in 496, and d. in 41*8. — III., a Konian by birth, wa.s raised to the papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and (1. two years afterwards. — IV'., succeed- ed Eugenius III., 1153, and tl. tlic fol- lowing year. Ten letters of this pope arc preserved in the Collections of Conn- eils by Labbe and Ilarduin, and in L)u Chcsnc's History of France. — Tiieopou- TAM-s, bishop of Antioch in the 6th century, banished by Justin the Young- er for iioldiug the oj/niion that the body of Christ was incapable of sulfcringeveii betbre the resurrection. lie was after- wards restored to his see by Mauritius. D. 5'jO. — BiBLioTiiECARius, a' Koman aV)- bot. of Greek origin, of the 9th century ; author of " Liber rontiiiealis." lie was principal librarian in the Vatican. AN AX AGOK AS, of Clazomenre, a cel- ebrated philosopher. E. ooo b. c. lie inherited a considerable estate in his own country, which he relinquished to indulge his thirst for knowledge at Athens, where he applied to the study of poetry and eloquence, and taught phil(>soi)hy, having had among his pu- j)ils Euripides, the tragedian, and Peri- cles, the orator. Ilis reputation, how- ever, created him enemies, and he was condemned to death on a charge of atheism, but the sentence was com- muted into banishment. Anaxagoras then withdrew to Lanipsacus, where he taught philosophy undisturbed until his dea.tli, which happened in his 72d year, 428 B. c. ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic poet, said to liave been the first who in- troduced love adventures on the stage. He was a native of Khodes. and starved to death at Athens, for libelling the gov- ernment. B. 400 B. c. ANAXAKCIIUS, a Grecian philoso- pher of the Eleatic sect of Leueippus. lie was the friend and companion of Alexander the Great. ANAXIMANDEK, the friend and disciple of Tiiales, of Miletus. B. 610 n. c. He had a considerable knowledge of astronomy and geography, and was the iirst who noticed "the obliouity of the ecliptic: lie also taught tliat" the moon receives her light from tlie sun, and that the earth is globular; and to him is ascribed the invention of the sphere and geographical charts. ANAXIMENES, the pupil and suc- cessor of Anaximander. ITo maintiiined that air is the first prinei])lc of all things; and Pliny attributes to him the inven- tion oftlie sun-dial. — A Greek historian and philosopiier of Lampsacus, son of Aristodes. lie was one of the preceptors of Alexander the Great, whom he ac- companied in most of his campaigns, and afterwards wrote the history of his reign, and that of his father Philip. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese Jes- uit, surnamed tlie Apostle of the New World. B. at Tenerilie, 15-38, and d. 1597. At the age of 28 he went to Bra- zil, where he founded the first college for the conversion of the savage natives. _ ANCIIWITZ, N., the Craeovian nun- cio to the Polish Diet ; a man as talented as base ; who sold Poland to Russia and her partitionary colleagues, in 1782, and was hanged the year after, in an insur- rection of the people. ANCILLON. David, a Protestant di- vine. B. at ]SIetz, who in his youth refused to sacrifice his religion to the solicitations of the Jesuits. He studied divinity and philosophy at Geneva, un- der Du Pin, Spanbeiin, the Deodati, &e., and deserved to be recommended liy the .«ynod of Charenton to the church of Meaux. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and settled at Ilanan, where his dis- courses M-erc heard and admired by the most crowded audiences. His colleagues in the ministry, however, were jealous of his iiopularity, and their little in- trigues forced him to abandon the place. He went to settle at Berlin, where he was received with kindness by the court, and had the satisfaction to see his family promoted to places of honor and trust. As his learning was very extensive, he published several nseful works, and from the affluence of his circumstances, he made so Judicious a collection of books, that it was frequently visited as a curiosity by foreigners wl'io travelled thsough Metz. The best known of liis works are, "A relation of the contro- versy concerning traditions, 1657;" "An apoloffv tor Luther, Zuinelius, and Beza, 1G66;" "The Life of William Farel;" "Conversations;" two volumes, 12mo. published by his son. I). 1092. — Chakles, eldest son of the foregoing, was b. at Metz, July 29th, 1659, and wiis made inspector of ihe French courts of justice, in Berlin, and historiographer to the king. He wrote on the edict of Nantes, and the persecution of the Protestants. |)lication of soienco to nieclianical ])ractice; for wliicli pur- iiose, in addition to his academical labors, he tnnudit liis anti^toffa-chiss, as l;c called it, twice every -week, durins^ tlie session, to the enil of his life. lie died in 17'Ji',, directinir by his will that tlie wiiole of his property should be dc- \ dted to the establishment of an educa- tional institution in Glastfow, to be de- nominated Anderson's University, for the use of the nnacademieal classes ; which may justly be considered as the ]iarcut of the various Mechanics' Insti- tutions which have of late years arisen tlu'ouii'hout tlie country. — Jonx, son of a merchant at JIambursh, of which city he liimsclf became principal magistrate in 17J5. He was employed in various ncijoiiations to dilterent European rourts; and during his residence there, he cultivated an acquaintance with all whom he found distniguished for their literary attainments, and kept up a vo- luminous correspondence with thcni after his return. His principal work is, "The Natural History of Greenland, Davis's Straits, and the Countries situ- ated in the Arctic Circle." D. 1743.— Lawkexce, one of the chief promoters of the reformation of religion in Sweden, lie was chan- ellor to Gustavus Vasa; but having engaged in a conspiracy, he IKissed the years of lit'c left to him by the king's cieniency, in retirement. D. 1552. — RoBEKT, M. D., a native of Carn- wath, in Lanarkshire ; author of nu- merous works, critical and biographical. Of those most highly valued arc the fol- lowing: ''Lives of the British I'oets," in 14 vols., published in 1795 ; " Works :uul Life of Tobias Smollett ;" and the " Life of Sanuiel Johnson.'' He was the friend and patron of genius, where- cver it appeared. As it w^^s chiefly owing to him that Campbell's "I'lcas- iires of Hope" was brouirlit out. the poem was dedicated to him. D. 1830. ANDKADA, Diego de Payv.v d', a learned Portuguese divine, distinguish- ed by his eloquence at the council of Trent. D. 1575, — Fhancls, his brother, wrote the history of .John ITL, king of Portugal. — TnoMAP, another brother, was an Augustin friar, who wrote the " Sufferings of Jesus." ANDR.VL, William, an eminent French physician, first brought into notice bv ^lurat. He was l>orn at Es- pedaillac, in 1769. — Gabriel, his eon, equally eminent in the same prolbssioni He was the professor of Hvgienc in thfj faculty at Paris. B. 17!i7'." His " Cli- niquc Mcdicale," and " Precis d'Anato- mie Pathologique," had a great intln- encc in undermining the system of Broussais. ANDKE, C. C, a German writer on science, and editor of the "Compcn- dione Bibliothek." B. 17il3.— There was a German composer of the name of Andre, whose son, J. A. Andue, tirst applied lithography to the printing of music— John, an adjutant-general in the British army during the American war. He was originally a merchant's clerk ; employed to negotiate tin; treason of General Arnold, who proposed to surrender the American works at West Point. He was seized in disguise and sent prisoner to the commander-in- chief. General Washington. His case was submitted to a board of general otlicers, by \vhom he was condemned to death, as a spy, and hung, Oct. 2, 1780. His youth, his accomplishments, and his character, created a great deal of sym- pathy in his behalf. A monument to liis memory has been erected in West- minster Abbey. — Yves iL\Ri, a Frenfh Jesuit and mathematical writer. B. 1675; d. 1764. ANDREA, Caval Canti, an Italian writer of novels and poetry, whose style was admired for its elegance. D. 1672. — Cecchini, a Tuscan poet, who pub- lished a tragedy, called "Troja De- strutta," in 1663. — Salvadoke, another Tuscan poet, who flourished at the be- ginning of the 17th centurv. B. 16on. ANDREAADA, Feruinan-d, a Por- tuguese admiral, who led the first Eu- ropean fleet that visited China. He reached the coast in 1518. ANDREAL, John Reinharp. a Han- overian naturalist. B. 1724; d. 17y3. ANDREAS, James, a reformer of- Wirtemberir, and clianeellor of the uni-' versify of Tubingen. B. 1528; d .15!i0. ; — John, a bishop of Aleria, in Corsica, and a great promoter of the art of print- ing. B. 1417 ; d. 1475. — John, a liiinous caiionist of Florence. His austerity was such that he was said to have laid u]>on the bare ground for twenty years, with nothing to cover him but a bear-skin. He had a daughter, of great beauty and learning, who was accustomed to lecture to his students durir^ghis absence. Her name was Novella, and in her honor he called one of his commentaries " The Novellae." i>. of the plague in 1348. — 46 CYCLOP.EUIA OF HIOGRAPIIV. [and Jorrx was b. a Mahometan, at Xativa, ill the kinirdora of ^'a]elK■ia, and suc- ceeded )us lather in the diijuity of alfaqui of that city. lie was enlightened witli the knowledfire of the Christian religion, by being present at a sermon in the great ciiureh ot Valencia on the day of the As- sumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1417. L'pon this he desired to be baptized ; and in memory of the calling of St. John and St. Andrew, he took the names of John Andreas. At the desire of Martin Garcia, bislion of Barcelona, he under- took to translate from the Arabic, into tlie language of Arragon, the whole law of the Moors ; and after having finished this iindertaking, he comijosed liis fa- mous work of " The Confusion of the Sect of Mahomet :" it contains 12 chap- ters, wlierein he lias collected tlic fabu- lous stories, absurdities, impossibilities, lies, and contradictions, which Mahomet has dispersed in the Koran. This book, which was puljlished at first in Spanish, has been translated into several lan- guaffes; and all those who write against tlie Mahometans quote it very much. ANDREINI, Isabella, a* native of Padua, an excellent poetess and most celebrated actress toward the beginning of the 17th century.— Francis, a cel- ebrated eoinie writer of Pistoa. D. 161*5. — John Baptiste, his son, a dramatic writer, whose " L'Adamo" is said to have suggested to Milton his "Paradise Lost." ANDKELINI, Publio Festo, an Ital- ian, who was poet-laureate to Louis XII. D. 1518. AXDREOSSI, AxTnoxr Francis, a count of France, distinguished as a mU- itarv officer and diplomatist, who served nnder Napoleon, both in Italy and Egypt. He was afterwartls au ambassador to London, Vienna, and Constantinople, and autiior of several military memoirs. B. 1701 ; d. 1828. — Francb, a French engineer, who assisted in forming the canal of Laaeruedoc. 1). 1688. AXDKEOZZI, a celebrated Italian comrioser. B. 1767. ANDRES, DoK Juan, a Spanish au- thor, who wrote on the " Origin of Let- ters." ANDRE Df:S VOSGES, J. F., author of " Lc Tartarc ;" " Paris." B. 1744. ANDREW, John, a iearned bishop of Aleria, in Corsica; and editor of the works of Herodotus, Livv, and other classics. D. 1493.— Bishop of Crete. B. at Damascus, and d. about 720. lie wrote commentaries on the Scriptures, (fee, published at Paris, 1044.— of Ratis- bon, an historian of the 15th centniy, who wrote a chronicle of the dukes of Bavaria, and a history of Bohemia. — Of Pisa, a sculptor and architect. B. 1270 ; d. 1345. He built several grand struc- tures at Florence and Venice ; and also obtained great reputation as a painter, poet, and musician. — Of Cyrenc, an im- postor who, in the reign of Trajan, had the art to deceive his fellow-countrymen, the Jews, into a belief that he was or- dained to be their liberator. They ac- cordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties were committed on both sides before tliev were reduced to obedience. ANDREWS, Henry, a self-taught mathematician. B. of poor parents at Frieston, near Grantham, 1774, and d. Jan. 20, 1820. Having, while in a menial employment, occupied his leisure mo- ments" in the study of astronomical sci- ence, he attained therein great proficien- cy, and for more than 40 years was a computer of the Nautical Ephemeris, and the calculator of Moore'fc Almanac. — James Pettit, an English miscellane- ous writer, youngest sou of Joseph An- drews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where he was b. 1737, and d. at Brompton, 1797. — Lancelot, an eminent English divine, bishop of "Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. B. in London, 1505. There is a pleasant story related of him, in the life of Waller the poet, who, going to see the king at dinner, overheard a verv extraordinary conver- sation between iiis majesty, the bishop of "Winchester, and Neale, bishop of Durham. These two prelates standing behind the king's chair, his majesty asked them, " My lords," said he, " can- not I take my subjects' money when I want it, without all this formality in par- liament V The bishop of Durham readi- ly answered, " God lorbid, sir, but you should; you are the breath of our nos- trils." Whereupon the king turned, and said to the bishop of "Winchester, " Well, my lord, what say you ?" " Sir," replied the bishop, "I "liave no skill to judge of parliamentary cases." The king answered, " No put-offs, my lord ; answer nic presently." " Tlien, sir," said he, " I think it lawful for you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." This prelate d. September 27, 1620, having written many tracts, particularly " A Manual of Private De- votions and i^Ieditations for every Day in the "Week;'' "A Manual of Direc- tions tor the Visitation of the Sick," and " Tortura Torti." — Louing, an editor of Boston. D. 1805. — John, provost of the anf] CVCLOl'.KDIA OF RIUCiKAPlIV. 4T univorsitv of Pennsylvania, distingulsli- od as a scholar. B.'l74G ; J. ISl?. ANDRIEN, Bektkand, of Bordeaux, the restorer of the art of enfrraviiij^ med- als, which had declined after the reign of Louis XIV. B. 1701; d. 1822. AXDKIKUX, Frkdf.rick Wiixi.^m John .Stanislaus, a fertile dramutie poet of France, whose works have great pop- ularjty. lie was a deputy in 1798, and distinguished himself by his speeches in favor of primary schools and the liberty of the press. He opposed the measures of Napoleon when lie was first consul, but the emperor gave him the legion of honor, and made him a profes- sor in the college of France. His prin- cipal works are " Anaximander," " Les Etourdes," " Decade Philosophique," " Moliere avcc scs Amis,"' "Brutus," and the " Examen Critique du Theatre des Grees." B. 1759 ; d. 1833. ANDRIOLI, M. A., a Veronese phy- sician ; author of a work on " Platonic Love,"' 107(J. ANDKISCUS, a man of mean extrac- tion, who, pretending to be the son of Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, took the name of Philip, and was called Pseudo Philippus. Having obtained a signal victory over Juvcntus, the Roman pra'tor, he assumed the kingly power ; out in the end was conquerecl bv Me- telhis. before whom he walked in chains. ANDKOMACIIUS, of Crete, physi- cian to Nero ; he wrote, in elegiac verse, a description of the Theriaca, a medi- cine which he invented. — Of Cyresthes, a Greek architect, who built the famous octagonal Temple of the Winds, at Athens, which, till lately, was used as a mosque by the Turks. He is also said to be the inventor of tlie weathercock. — Livius, the oldest dramatic author in the Latin language, who flourished about 240 years r..c. — Of Rhodes, a fol- lower of Aristotle', ind to whom we arc indebted for restoring and publishing the works of that philosopher, 63 b. c. — OfThessalonica, a learned Greek of the l.">th century. J). Ii78. — I., emperor of of the East, was the son of Isaac, and grandson of Alexis Connienus. lie was of an active martial mind, and eloquent: but had many vices. On the death of his cousin, the emperor ilanuel, in 1163, he was chosen partner in the govern- ment with Alexis II., who, being a mere youth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coad- jutor's thirst for power; but tlie people, exasperated at his various cruelties, pro- claimed Isaac Angelus emperor, put out the eyes cfAndronicus, led him tlirongh the streets in derision, and at Icn^L stabbed him, aared 73. a. p. 118.5. ANDRONICUS PAL/EOLOGL'S II., surnamed the Elder, succeeded Miehaci VIII., in 1283; but was glad to find refuge in a cloister, in 132."), Jiis grand- son iiaviiiir driven liim from the throne. ANDROUET DU CEKCEAU, James, an eminent French architect of the 16th century, who designed tlie Pont Neuf, and commenced the building of it in 1578. He was also employed, in 15',t6, to continue the gallerv of the Louvre ; but was obliged to quit France during the persecution of the Protestants. ANDROS, Edmund, a governor of the province of New York in 1674, and sub- sequently of New England. He was g, tyrant and a bigot, who restrained tho press, imposed taxes, proliibited mar- riage, according to his will. At length his capricious and arbitrary conduct roused the people into revolt. On the morning of April 18, 1680, the peo[)le of Boston took up arms against him, assisted by some from the country, seized both the council and the gov- ernor and had them confined. In the February following he was sent to En- gland for trial, but the case involved the government in such a dilemma that tliey dismissed it without coining to a final decision. In 1692 he was made governor of Virginia, where he con- ducted himself with more discretion. He died in London, in 1714. Fort An- droscoiririn was named after him. ANDRUS, Joseph Y., one of the first agents of the Colonization Society^, who died at Sierra Leone, in 1821. ANDRY, Nicholas, a physician and medical author, of Lyons, in the 17th century ; afterwards dean of the faculty of medicine in the royal college of Paris where he also filled a professor's chair. D. 1742. ANEURIN, a British poet and chief- tain of the 6th century, supposed by some authors to be the same with Gil- das, the historian ; he took part in the battle of ( 'attraeth, which he made the subject of a poem ; this, and " Odes of the ^Months,'" form the whole of his known works: and are to be found iu the ■Welsh Archeology. D. 57^. ANFOSSI, Pasquale. an Italian mu- sician, b. at Naples, who was compo- ser to tlie theatre at Rome, and after- wards travelled to Paris, where he per- formed his " Persecuted Unknown, "^ but the delicate and beautiful music of the piece did not find the warmest re- ception. l''rom France he went to Lon- 48 OYCLOP-tDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ang don, where lie was director of the Italian theatre iu 17Su. He returned to Eome in 1795, and brought out several pieces, whose success compensated him for his many disappohitments. He frequently reminds ns of Sacchini and Picciui, his masters, after whom he formed his style; out his taste, expression, and style of progression are extraordinary. His principal works are, "La Fruta Gardinieri," "II Geloso cli Cimeuto," •' Avaro," " II Carioso Indiscreto," '• Vias:rgiatori Felici," &e., which arc mostly comic operas. He wrote, be- sides, several oratorios and psalms. B. 1729 ; d. 1795. ANGE, Fkancis, a planter of Penn- svlvania. Mho lived till he was 134 years old. He remembered the death of Charles I., and at 130 was in good health and sound mind. D. 17G7. ANGE DE ST. .JOSEPH, i.e Peee, a Carmelite of Toulouse, whose real name was la Brosse. He travelled into Per- sia as missionary, and translated the Persian pharmacopoeia into Latin, be- sides writing a treatise on the language of the country, a useful and very \-alua- ble performance. He d. at Perpignan, 1697. ANGELI, BoNAVENTURA, a celebrated historian, of Parma. D. 1576. — Peter, a distinguished modern Latin poet. B. at Barara, Tuscany, 1517 ; d. 1596. ANGELICO, JuH.v, an ItaUan Domin- ican, who painted tlie chapel of Nicholas V. D. 144S. ANGELIS, Stephen de, au Italian mathematician of the 17th century ; he was for some time a Jesuit, but quitted the order, and became a teacher of mathematics at Padua. ANGELO, FioRiozzoLi, a Florentine poet, honored by Clement Vllth's friend- ship, and much esteemed; author of "Discorso degli Animali," "I Lucidi," and "La Trinuzzia," comedies, and a great variety of other works. lie is chiefly admired by his countrymen for the purity and beauty of his diction. T). 154S.— PouciANO, b. in 1454; author of numerous works, in prose and verse, translations from Greek and Latin: "Rusticus," "Orfeo Favola," &e. — Mi- chael BuosAKOTTi, the greatest of Italian artists, alike eminent in painting, sculp- ture, and architecture, no bad poet, and a noble-hearted man. He was descend- ed from an ancient family of the counts of Canosa, and was b. at Caprese or Chiusi, in 1474. It is said that he was suckled by a woman of Settinianno, who was the wife of a distinguished sculp- tor, so that he drank in the influences of one of the great arts in which he was destined to excel with his milk. He gave evidence of genius at an early age, so much so as to excite the jealousy^ or his young rivals, one of whom, Forrigi- ano' gave him a blow, the marks of which he carried to his grave. Per- haps, however, the impetuous boldness of Michael was as much the cause of their encounter as his genius. Ghirlan- daio was his first master in drawing, and Bertholdo in statuarv. Before ho was 16 he copied the head of a satyr in marble with such skill as to excite uni- versal admiration. Attracting no less attention as a painter, he was commis- sioned, in connection with Leonardo da Vinci, to decorate the senate hall of Flo- rence. In the prosecution of this order, he sketched his famous cartoon of a scene from the Pisan war. Pope Julius II. then invited him to Rome, and in- trusted him with the erection of his se- pulchral monument. This work was twice interrupted, once by the _ artist himself, whose pride had been otfended by the pope, and a second time by the petty envy of his cotemporary. Bra- mante and Juliano du San Goello per- suaded the pope to get Michael to paint the dome of tlie Sistine chapel, in the hope that ho would fail, and so abandon the favor of his patron. Angelo refused the task, but being ordered to undertake it, he executed the frescoes with such masterly genius that they excited gen- eral wonder and praise. The chapel is to this day one of the grandest monu- ments of art. Michael tlien returned to his labors tor the sepulchre, when Jidius died. But Adrian VI. commissioned him to complete the work, which he did, making many statues for it, and particularly the statues of Moses and Christ, which were afterwards placed in the church "dclla ]\Iinerva," at Rome. Under Clement VII. he finished the new Sacristy, and Laurent indan library at Florence. In the first the monuments of the Medici are by him, e. g., the fig- ures of Day and Night. Tumultuous times followed in Italy, which separated him from his public'labor for a while, but when these had passed, he was en- gag(-d to paint the Last Judgment for the Sistine chapel. He was already sixty years of age, and hesitated about under- taking a work which might hazard his fame. But tlie subject Was one con- genial to Ids own profound and lofty tone of thought. How he accomplished it, the gr.and'and gigantic picture which ang] CYCLUP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 49 has ever since been alike the worship and tlie dcsniiir of sueccodinij artists, is the proof. J lis sublime and inexhausti- ble mind poured over the Ijroad and hiyh walls of tbe chapel the profoundest studies, the richest experience, and the holiest sentiments of the man. At a later day he jiainted a "Conversion of St. Paul," and a "Crucilixion of St. Fcter,"' and he sculptured a jjround of the " Descent of (.'hrist into Ilell," and a Bacchus, which Raphael said was equal to the masterpieces of Phidias and Praxiteles. In 1546 he was compelled to continue the building of St. Peter's, the plans of which he recovered from tbeir confusion, and corrected. Tlie capitol of the Farncse palace and other edifices were the work of his hands. His stvle in architecture was grand and iniposmar, full of untamed imagination and native original strength. Indeed, till his works, his poetical and prose writing as well as his statues, partook of the character of the man, who was ardent, severe, firm, and haughty, but profound, original, and true. 1). at Kome in 1564. — MicnAEL, another of the name, but better known as Caravaggio, from the place of his birth, was at first no other than a day-laborer ; but having seen some painters at work upon a brick wall which he had helped to raise, he was so cliarmed with their art, that he innnediatcly applied himself to the study of it, and in a few years made so con- siderable a progress, that in Venice, Kome, and other parts of Italy, ho was cried up and admired as the author of a new style in painting. His pieces are to be met with in most of the cabinets in Europe ; and one picture of his drawing is in the Dominican church at Antwerp, which Kubciis used to call his master. B. 1569 ; d. 1609. ANGELONI, Francesco, an Italian historian, principally known by an elab- orate woi-k on the history of Kome, wliich he illustrated by a reference to ancient medals. D. 1652. — Luioi, a dis- tinguished Italian writer, who lived at Paris. ANGELUCCI, Theodore, an Italian poo\. and physician, who held a profes- Korshiii at Padua, was a member of the academy of Venice, and principal phy- sician at Montagnana, where he d. 1600. ANGELUS, CiiiiisTOPnER, a Greek, who, being driven from his own country by the Turks, found an asylum in En- gland in 160S; and, under the patrou- acre of the bishop of Norwich, he was placed in Trinity eollecro, rauibridge, whence he removed to Baliol college, Oxford, where he was of great service to the junior students, and where he d. 16SS. He published many works in Greek. English, and Latin. ANGEKSTKIN, Johx Jclics, a dis- tinguished patron of the fine arts. B. at St. Petersburg, 1735; d. at Blackhcalh, Jan. 22, 1822. He removed to EuLdand under the patronage of the late Andrew Thompson, and was the first who pro- posed a reward of £2000 from the fund at Lloyd's to the inventor of the life- boats.' His celebrated collection of paintings, esteemed inferior to none of the same extent in Europe, was pur- cliased by the English government for £60,000, and forms the nucleus of a national gallery. ANGHIERA, Peter Martyr d', an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese fam- ily. B. 1455 ; d. 1526, at Grenada, leav- ing several historical works, which are usually quoted under the name of Peter Martvr. ANGILBERT, St., the son-in-law of Cliarlemagne, and afterwards abbot of St. Kiquier. He had a great taste for poetry, but nothing remains of him ex- cept a history of his monastery. He d. 814. _ ANGIOLELLO, John Mario, a Vene- tian historian of the 15th century, taken captive by the Turks, and made'slave to sultan Mustapha, whom he attended in an expedition to Persia, 1473, and wrote the history of Mahomet II., in the Turk- ish and Italian languages ; also the his- tory of Ussun Cassan. He d. about 1530. ANGLES, Count Boissy d', one of the committee of Public Safety durinir thu French revoliition. B. 1756; d. 1824. ANGLESEA, Henry William Paget, marquis of, and earl of Uxbridgc, a Brit- ish general of cavalry, who lost a leg at Waterloo, and became lord-lieutenant of Ireland in 1828. ANGLUS, TnoM.vs, an English priest, the friend of Sir Kenelm Digby, known by the several names of Albius Cnndidus, Bianchi, Kichworth, White, and Vitus, which he assumed in the different coun- tries of Europe, where he spent the greatest part of his life. He distinguish- ed himsf'lf by his learnintj and genius, but his lai^duess lor the Peripatetic phi- losophy, and his attempts to apply the principles of Aristotle to explain the mysteries of religion, created liim many enemies, who procured the condemna- tion of his writings, both at Douay and at Rome. He d. at^er the restoration of (diaries II., but the year is unknown. 50 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BlOGRAl'HV. L\NN AXGOULEME, Charles de Valois, duke d', natunil sou ot" Charles IX. B. 1675; d. 1G50. Catherine de Medicis be([U>jathed to him her estates, but tlie will was set aside iu fa\or of Margaret de Valois. Charles, however, retained the title of oouut d'Auvergue, aud in 1(519 wad ma.le duke d'Augoulenio. He g-.iiued great reputation as a military eommander, but was twice charged with treason, and the second time condemned to death, which sentence was changed into perpetual imprisonment. He was, however, once more pardoned, and em- ployed both in a military capacity aud in various embassies ; he also wrote his owr memoirs.— Louis Antoine de Bour- bon, duke d', nephew of Louis XVI I L, who fought against Bonaparte, aud after the downfall of that leader, was president of the electoral college in the department of the Gironde. B. 177-5. — M.vria Teresa Charlotte, duchess d', daughter of Louis X\'L, a princess of understanding and character. B. 1778. AXGUIEK, Francis and Michael, two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Francis, the eldest, was keeper of the royal cabinet of antiquities, and executed several great works, particularly the mausoleum of the duke of Moutinorcncy. Michael's best piece was a cruciti.K over the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. The former d. 1069 ; the latter, 16S6. AXGUILLAKA, .John- Andrew Dell', one of the most celebrated Italian poets of the IGth century, was b. at Sutri, in Tuscany, about 1.517. His principal work is his translation of Ovid s Meta- morphoses, which, though often un- faithful, aud sinning against good taste, has great merit. For the representation of his tragedy of (Edipus, a theatre was built at Vincenza by the celebrated I'al- iadio. An.ruillara, however, lived and died in poverty. D. 1561. AXGCSCIULA, Sopiionisba, a native of Almona in Italy, eminent for her his- torical and portrait paintings, and also a writer of some repute. She bestowed such attention toiler profession that she became blind, ller sisters Lucia and Europa also excelled in the execution of the pencil. B. 1550; d. 1626. ANICII, Peter, son of a turner, was b. at Oberpersuf, near Inspruek, 1723, and afcer being employed as a laborer and a shepherd, his genius for mechan- ics burst forth, and was improved and corrected by the friendly assistance of Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was admired for his knowledge of astronomy, for the elegance and accuracy of the maps and charts which be drew ; aud for this supe- rior beauty of the pair of globes which he made for the university of Inspruek. D. 1766. AXICHINI, Lewis, a Venetian en- graver, niuch celebrated for the delicacy and precision with which he engraved even the minutest objects. It was at the sight of his pieces that Michael An- gelo exclaimed, that the art of engraving under his hand had reached the summit of perfection. His best pieces was a medal of iUexauder the Great, pros- trating himself before the high-priest at Jerusalem, the head of Pojje Paul HI, and Henry III. of France on the reverse. ANKEKSTRUEM, Joh.n Jajies, a Swedish otiicer, who, in the war carried on by Sweden against Eussia, took part against his country because of an ani- mosity he cherished against the kiug. He was discovered and sentenced to death, but the pardon of the king, in- stead of producing gratitude and loyalty, rendered his hatred inore inveterate. lie conspired with the counts Horn aud Eibbing, barons Badke aud Pechliu, aud Col. Liljehorn, anl others, against Gus- tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch entered a room where a masked ball v/as assembled, the assassin discharged at him a pistol containing two balls aud some nails. The wound was mortal, and the king expired, 2yth March, 1702. The 27th of April following the mur- derer was led to execution, but instead of repenting he gloried iu his deed. His right hand and his head were cut olf. The others were banished. ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constan- tinople, and celebrated for the Greek history which she has written, iu which, with great elegance aud spirit, though often with partiality, she records the events which distinguished her father's reign. D. 1148. ANNA IVANOVNA, daughter of Ivan Alexiovitch, emperor of Russia, married in 1710 Frederic William, duko of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on the throne, 1730. At the death of her husband, 171'J, she took for her favorite, Bircu, a person of low birtii, but great duplicity ; and when raised to the throne her subjects were ruled by this capri- cious and cruel minion, who, it is said, bauisiied no less than 20,000 persons to Siberia through pique, malice, and re- venge. Anna d. 1740, aged 47. AXNAXD, William, A.M., a uatlvo of Edinburgh, who was chosen one of the ministers and became a popular lnqJ Ci'CLOP.IiUl.V OK UIUtjiKAPIlV, 51 preacher there. He behaved with grcaC kHulncss towards the persecuted Pres- byterians, and opposed James wlieii he wished to disi)ense with the penal hiws. At the revokition lie was made dean of liaphoe, in Ireland, where he died, 1710, a;?ed G-4. He wrote a volume of valu- able sermons, little known. ANNAT, Fk.vncis, a native of Kou- er^ue, of the order of the Jesuits, teaeiier of jihilnsopliy at Toulouse, and at'terwurds eui)rloyect at Kome and in France, in the service of the pope. He was made confessor to the French kinir 1054, which office he held IG years, and tlu-n solicited his dismission from in- cTca>in,i^ intlrmities. He is known for his ixiwiit zeal in opposing the Jansen- ibts." D. 1670. ANNE, of Austria, queen of France, eldest daughter of Fhilip HI. of Spain ; married Louis XIII. of France, IGlo, at whose death, 1043, she was declared sole icgent durinir the minority of her son, Louis XI\'., who assumed the reins of Kovernment, 16G1. Anne then retired, passing the remainder of her life in pious exercises. B. 1604; d. 1666. — An.nk, of Beaujeu, daughter of I^ouis XI. of France, and wife^af Teter Beau- jeu, duke of Bourbon ; appointed by iier father's will gouvernante during the minority of his son, Charles Vlll. This preference excited a civil commotion, which was terminated by the defeat of the insurgent nobles, 1488. The prin- cess held^he reins with much firmness, and in general acted prudently. D. 1522. — AxsE, of Brittany, queen of France, daughter and heiress of Francis IL, duke of Brittanv ; married to Charles VIII. , of France," 1491; and. on his death, 1499, to Louis XII. This prin- cess first instituted the order of maids of honor to the queen ; first had the jire- rogative of guartls ancl gentlemen ot her own, and was the first who gave audi- ence to foreign ambassadors. B. 1476 ; ,1. 1514. — Anne, of Cleves, daughter of Jolm, third duke of Cleves, and wife of Henry Vlll. rodiiced a profound impres- sion on the world. ANTON ELLE, Petek Aktoxy, Mar- quis d' ; a conspicuous character in the French revolution. He voted for the death of the queen, and for the destruc- tion of the Girondists. He was himself near meeting the fate to which he con- siirned others, as he was tried for com- plicity in the conspiracy of Babeuf; but he was fortunate enough to be acquitted, and d. at an advanced age, in 1817. ANTONELLI, Nicholas Makia, count of Pergola, who rose tiirough various ecclesia.-*tical promotions to the cardinal- ship. B. 1697; d. 17G7. ANTONI, Skbastiano Df.gli, a Vicen- z:m noble author. B. in 1005; author of " The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tra- gedy. ANTONI ANO, Sxxvio, an Italian poet, made a cardinal bv Clement VIIL B. 1511 1; (1. li-,03. ANTON IDES, or VANDER GOES, John, a Dutch poet. B. in Zealand, 1647. He is principally known by his Eoem in honor of the river Y, which ows through Amsterdam ; in which city his works were collected and pub- lished, 1714. D. 16S4. ANToNINE, DE FoRciQLiosi, a Roman prelate and saint. B. at Flo- rence, 1389; d. 1459, and canonized in 1523. lie highly distinguished himself at the council of Florence, where he dis- puted with the Greeks. ANTONINI, Annibal and Joseph, two brothers, natives of Italy, in the 17th and 18th centuries : they wrote in conjunction the history of Lucania ; and Annibal was the compiler of an Italian grammar and dictionary. ANTONINUS PIUS, Titus Aurelius FuLvirs, emperor of Rome, was b. at Lanuvium, Si!; succeeded Adrian, 133: and d. 101. Ilis reign was distinguished by tranquillity, and by such excellent management, as procured him the title of Fias. — Marcus Anxius Aurelius, surnamed the Philosopher. B. 121 ; adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he succeeded, in conjunction with Lucius Verus, as emperor of Rome ; and d. 180. His death occasioned universal mourn- ing throughout the empire ; the Roman senate and people voted him a god, and his image was long afterwards regarded with peculiar veneration. This emper- or's book of meditations in Greek and Latin has been often printed, and uni- versally admired for the excellence of its morality. — A geographical author, the writer of a valuable Itinerarium, whose age is unknown. Burton published an excellent commentary on it, as far as re- lates to Britain. ANTONIO, or ANTONELLO, b. at Messina, Sicily, 1426 ; d. 1475. He_ is said to have been the first artist who in- troduced oil painting into Italy. — Nich- olas, a Spanish historian. B. at Seville, 1617 : d. 16S4. ANTONIUS, GoDEFROY, a lawyer, who became chancellor of the university of Giessen. — Marcus, one of the greatest orators ever known at Rome. It was owing to him, according to Cicero, that Rome might lioast herself a rival even to Greece itself in tlie art of eloquence. He defended, among many others, Mar- cus Aquiliiis; and moved the judges in so sensiVjle a manner, by the tears he shed, and the scars he showed upon the 1 breast of his dient, that he carried bin ape] CVCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGUAPIIV. 55 cause. He ■was unfortunately killed, during the disturbanoos raised at Rome by Mariiis and Ciuua, in tlie year ot' Eonic, 667. — Marci's, the triumvir, was son of Antonius Cretieus, by Julia, a noble lady of such merit, tliat Plutarch affirms her to have been " eoinparable to the wisest and most virtuous ladies of that a^e." Marc Antony, losing his father when young, launched out at once into all tlic excess of riot and de- bauchery, and wasted his whole ])atri- mony before he had put on the manly gown. He afterwards went abroad to learn the art of war under Gabinus, who Ijave him the command of his horse in Syria, where he signalized his courage in tlie restoration of Ptolemy king of Eirypt. From E;rypt he went to Ctcsar, in Uaul ; and after some stay there, be- ing furnished with money and credit by Ciesar, returned to Kome to sue for the questorship. In this suit he succeeded, and afterwards obtained the tribunate, in which office he was amazingly active for CiEsar, who, when he had made himself master of Rome, gave Antony the guvernment of Italy, with the com- mand over the legions there, in wliicli post he gained the love of the soldiery. But what was more to his honor, he as- sisted Cfcsar so sucecssfidly on several occasions, that, twice particularlv, when Ci\isai"'s army had been put to tl'ight, he rallied the scattered troops, and gained the victory. lie was afterwards a col- league of Cffisar in the consulship, and on the death of the latter, strove to get possession of the sovereign power. But the patriots of the day tooK part with Octavius, Cffisar's son, against him, when he went with an army to Cisalpine Gaul, and laid siege to Mantua, which Deci- mus Brutus valiantly defended. It wiw during this absence that Cicero spoke those famous orations against Antony. The senate declared him a public enemy, and both consuls, Ilirtius and Pausa, accompanied by Octavius, met him in the field. At first he vanquished Pausa, but was afterwards subdued by Ilirtius. Both consuls fell, aiul Octavius took command of the rcpuliliean army ; An- tony fled with his tnuips over the Alps. But Octavius betrayed the si>iiate, and joined with Antony and Lepidus to form a triumvirate. Their return to Rome was marked by violence, bloodshed, and proscription. They were opposed by Brutus and Cassius, wlio were, however, defeated at Philipj)!. Owimr chiefly to the military skill of the latter, Antony obtained the sovereign dominion, and went into Asia, where lie had the most splendid court that ever was seen. The kings and princes of Asia came to his levee, and acknowledged no other sov- ereign in the East but him. Queens and princesses, knowing him, doubtless, to be a man of amour and gallantry, strove who should win his heart; and the fimious Cleopatra of Egypt suc- ceeded. When that queen gave out a false report of her death, Antony threw himself upon his sword and perished — a fit end to a life of dissolute violence and crime. — yEuus Xeisrissexsis, a Spanish writer, and an eminent profes- sor at the university of Salamanca, who wrote the " History of New Spain," and other works. B. 1442 ; d. 1520. ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of ^'endome. B. 1527 ; married Joan of Albret, queen of Navarre, 1548 ; and d. from a wound received in the shoulder at the siege of Rouen, 1562. — St., of Padua, a learned Franciscan monk, was b. at Lisbon, 1195 ; d. at Padua, 1231 ; and was can- onized. Ills works were printed at the Hague. 1041. ANVARI, a Persian poet. B. at Cho- rassan. He was well versed in astrol • osry, and composed several books ou that science; but having failed in a pre- diction, he retired from the court of the sultan Sanirler, and d. at Balkc in 1206. ANVILLE, John B.utist Boukigxon d', a most famous French writer on ge- ography. B. at Paris, 1702 ; d. at Paris, 1782. As much esteemed for the gentle- ness and simplicity of his manners as for his extensive knowledge. He labored at his maps 15 hours a day for 50 vcars. ANYSIUS, or ANISO, Giovanni, an Italian poet of some celebrity. B. at Naples, about 1472 ; d. 1540. ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess, some of whose compositions are still preserved. ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician, who aided in procuring the condemna- tion of Socrates, and was himself after- wards banished. APP3L, John, of Nuremberg, one of the earliest preachers of the Keforma- tion, and originally a lawyer. B. 14S6 ; d. 15:^6. APELLES, one of the most celebrated painters of antiquity, was b. in the isle of Cos, and flourished in the time of Alexander the Great. He was in high favor with that prince, wlio made a law that no other person should draw his picture but Apelles, who accordingly drew him holding a thunderbolt in his 56 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [apo hand. The pieco was finished with so muoli Rkill and dexterity, tliat it used to be said tlicre were two Alexanders : one invincible, the son of Pbilip ; the other ininiitalile, the production of Apelles. Alexander prave hini likewise another remarkable proof of iiis regard : for when he employed Apelles to draw Campaspc, one of his mistresses, having found that the painter had conceived an atfcction for her, lie resigned her to him ; and it was from lier that Apelles is said to have drawn his Venus Anadyomcne. One of Apelles' chief characteristics was, the making his pictures so exactly resemble the persons represented, that the physi- ognomists were able to form a judgment as readily from his portraits as if they liad seen the originals. His readiness and dexterity at taking a likeness Avas once of singuhir service in extricating him from a ditheulty in whicli he was involved at the court of Egypt : he had not the good fortune to V)e in favor with Ptolemy : a storm forced him, howeveT, to take'shelter at Alexandria during the reign of that prince ; where a mischiev- ous fellow, in order to do him an un- kindness, went to him, and in the Icing's name invited him to dinner. Apelles went : and seeing the king in a prodigi- ous passion, told hira, by way of excuse, that he should not liave come to his table l)ut by liis order. He was com- manded to sliow the man who liad in- vited liim ; which was impossible, the person who liad put the trick upon him not being present : Apelles, liowever, drew a sketch of his image upon the wall with a coal, the outlines of which discovered him immediately to Ptolemy. — There was a native of Syria of the same name, who was the founder of an heretical sect, sorao time during the 2d century. APP^LLTCUS, a philosopher to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which lie collected, at great expense, about 90 years b. o. APER, M.^KCus, a Gaul, who was among the finest orators of his time. D. 85. APIAX, Peter, a German mathema- tician and astronomer, who made several valuable observations on comets. B. 14'J.5; d. 1'.89. APICJIIIS. There were three noted Roman efiieures of this name : the first lived in the time of the republic, tlie second under Tiberius and Augustus, and the third in the time of Trajan. It was the second one, however, who was the most famous. He is said to have wasted £1,250,000 on the Luxuries of the table, wrote a book on the pk-:usures and incitements of eating, and finding his finances reduced, hung himself from fear of starvation. APION, a historian of Oasis in EgTOt, who was a professor at Rome during the 1st century. His "Antiquities of the Jews," in which he attacked that nation, was answered bv Josephus. APOLLINARIUS, Claudu's, a bishop of Hieropolis, who wrote a defence of the Christian religion about 177. It was addressed to Marcus Aurelius. — There was a presbyter of Alexandria of this name, in the 4th century, who wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroics. — His son became bishop of Laodicea, and wrote a treatise, which he sent to Julian, against pasranism. D. 382. APOLLODORUS, a grammarian of Athens, flourished 10-i b. c. — A famous painter at Athens, 408 b. c. Pliny men- tions two pictures by him, one of a priest of Apollo at the altar, and the other of the shipwreck of Ajax. — A celebrated architect. B. at Damascus, and lived under Trajan and Adrian. He was em- ployed by the former in building the great stoiie bridge over the Danube, and other structures ; but, falling into dis- grace with Adrian, he lost his Ufe through that emperor's caprice. APOLLONIA, a female Christian martyr, who, at a very advanced age, fell a" sacrifice to intolerance at Alexan- dria, 248. APOLLONIUS, CoLL.VTii.'s, a monk and poet of Navarre in the 15th centnry, who published an epic on the siege of Jerusalem, and other pieces. ^Dvscolus, a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2d century, who wrote a work on syntax ; a collection of liistorical curiosities is also ascribed to him. — There was another grammarian of this name, who lived in the reign of Augustus Cajsar, and com- piled a Lexicon Homcricum, printed at Paris, 1773. — A nuithemutician of Alex- andria, about 240 years b. c. _ He com- posed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. — Rhodus, so called from the city of Rhodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex- andria, and afterwards became keeper of the celebrated library there, in which situation he remained until his death, 240 v.. c. He wrote a poem, in four books, on the expedition of the Argo- nauts. — TrANKUs, a philosophic empiric of Tyana, in Cappadocia. 15. about the Christian era. He visited Rome, where AQU] CYCLOPAEDIA OK HIOCJRAPIIY. 57 Vespasian became his dupe ; but Domi- tian seat him to j)risoii. — A Kotnaii sen- ator and Christian martyr, who lived in the reii^n of Commodus, and probably suffered deatli abouL ISO. APONO; or ABANO, Tetek of, an astrologer and pli ysician, born at Abano, who made himself celebrated by a work entitled, " Conciliator Ditlerentiorum Philosophorum et precipue Mcdicorum." B. 1250; d. 131G. APOSTOLIUS, ]\riciiAEL, a learned Greek of the 15th century. APPIAN, an ancient historian. B. at Alexandria, whence he went to Kome, in the reiun of Trajan, and became an emi- nent pleader. lie wrote the history of Eome in Greek. APPIANI, Andre, a celebrated Mi- lanese painter. B. 1750. His pieces are found m most of the palaces of Milan ; but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns the cupola of Santa Maria dc S. Celso. B. 1750 ; d. 1818. APPLETON, Natkaniel, Congrega- tional minister of Cambridge, Mass. lie was b. Dec. 9, 1603, at Ipswich ; gradu- ated, in 1712, at Harvard university ; and was ordained Oct. 9, 1717. He was much distinguished in his time, for learning and moral worth. In 1771 his alma mater conferred on him tlie degree of doctor of divinity, an honor which had been conferred upon but one per- son. Increase Mather, about 80 years be- fore. He d. Feb. 9, 1784, in 'the 91st year of his age. — .Iesse, D.D., graduated at Dartmouth college, in 1792. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Hampton, N. II. in Feb. 1797. In 1807 he was chosen president of Bowdoin college, the duties of which station he faithfully performed for about 10 years, when his liealth became im- paired. D. 1819. APREECE, or RIIESE, John, a learn- ed antiquary. B. in Wales in the early part of the 16th century, and d. in the reign of queen Mary. One of his works, entitled " Fides Ilistorite Britannia;," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian collection. APROSIO, AxGELico, an Augustine monk, born at Genoa. He ■nTotc a num- ber of books, but is best known by a work, entitled " Bibliotheca Aprosiana." B. 1607: d. 1681. APTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Anti- och, whc) wrote a book called " Progym- nasmatn RJictorica," in the 3d century. APTHORP. East, a learned divine. B. in New Eu^dund, 1732, and d. at Canterbury, 1816. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their mis- sionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in which state he resided for a short time, and then returned to England, and obtained the living of Croydon, Surrey, about 1765. In 1778 he took the degree of D.D., and was appointed to the rec- tory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London ; but, in 1793, he resigned his living on obtain- ing the valuable stall of Flnsbury, in St. Paul's cathedral. APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic phi- losopher in the 2d century, b. atMadaura, Africa. He composed several books, the chief of which is a romance, entitled " The Golden Ass," which has been translated into almost all the modern European languages. AQUAVIVA, Andrew Matthew, duke of Atri, Naples, was celebrated both as a scholar and a soldier. B. 1456 ; d. 1528.— Claude, b. at Naples, 1542, became general of the order of Jesuits, and d. 1615. — Octavio, a prelate of great reputed piety and learning. D. sirch- bishop of Naples, 1612. AQUILA, of Sinope, Pontus, an ar- chitect and mathematician in the time of Adrian, bv wliom he was employed in the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he embraced the Christian religion, but was afterwards excommunicated for prac- tising astrology, when he turned Jew. AQUILANO. Serafino, an admired Italian poet. B. at Aquila, Abruzzo, 1466 ; d. 1500. AQUILANUS, Sebastianus, a Neapol- itan physician of Padua. D. 1543. AQUINAS, St. TnoirAS, called the angelical doctor, was of the noble family of Aquine, descended from the kings of Aragon and Sicily. He was educated by the monks of Mount Cassino, and removed to Naples ; but the inclination which he had to embrace an ecclesiasti- cal life was opposed by his mother, who, after great difficulties, "obtained him from the power of the monks, and confined him in her castle for two years. He, however, escaped, and Hed'to Naples, and afterwards to Rome ; and when im- proved by study, and the famous lectures of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he ap- peared at Paris, and read public lectures to an applauding audience. On his re- turn to Italy, he became divinity pro- fessor to several universities, andat last settled at Naples, where he led an ex- emplary life of chastity and devotion, and refused the archbislioprie of Iho city, in the most disinterested manner, when offered by Clement I\^ Grecorv 58 CYCLOP.EDIA OF niOGRAPIlY. [arx X. invited him to the council of Lyons, to reucl tlie boolc which lie had written against the Greeks ; and he d. on his way to join the pontiff at the monastery of Fossanova, near Terracina, 7th March, 1274, in his SOth year. He was canon- ized, 132:?. llis writings, which are nn- merous, and mostly upon theological subjects, prove him "to have been a man of great learning, and extensive knowl- edge. They have been {^lublished, in 17 vols, folio. ' It was in detence of Thomas Aquinas that Henry VIII. composed the book which procured him from the pope the title of Defender of the Faith. AQUl^'O, Ch.\kles r>', a Neapolitan Jesuit, and an eminent teacher of rhet- oric at Kome. B. 1654; d. 1740.— Louis Claudk V, a distinguished musician. At the age of 6 he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV. ; at 8, the celolirated Bernier declared he could teach him no more ; and at 12 he became organist of a (.•hurch at I'aris. B. 1604; d. 1772. — Piiii.u', a learned Jew of the 17th century, b. at Avignon, converted to the Christian faith, and received bap- tism at Aquino, Naples, whence he de- rived his name. lie was celebrated for his skill in the Hebrew language ; and was intrusted by Le Jay with tlie caro of printing and correcting the He- brew and Ohaldee text of his Polvglot Bible. ARABSCHAH, a Mahometan histo- rian, who wrote a history of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. He was a native of Damascus, where he d. 14.50. ARABELLA STUAET, commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the only child of Cluirle's Stuart, earl of Lennox, the brotlier of Henry Lord Darnley, ftUher to James VI.' of Scotland, by Elizabeth, danglitcr of Sir William Cav- endisli. Tliis innocent victim of jeal- ousy and state policv, wliile an infant, lost her father, and tlius became heiress to a large estate. Several matches were projected for her at home and abroad; and her cousin. King James, was inclined to marry her to Lonl Esme Stuart, whom he liad' cn^ated duke of Lennox, and whom, before liis marriage, he consider- ed as his lieir; but this union was rire- vented by (.inecn Elizabeth, who held the Lady Arabella nn4. ARBUTIINOT, Alex.vnder, a Scot- tish divine and a zealous reformer, was born in 1538, and died in 1583. — John, a celebrated writer and physician in the reign of Queen Anne, was born at Ar- buthnot, near Montrose, and educated at Aberdeen. lie was appointed phy- sician in ordinary to the queen, and ad- mitted a fellow of the college. He en- ■ gaged with Tope and Swift in many of their literary schemes, particularly in tlie satire under the title of " Martinus Seriblerus." In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot published "Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures," which valu- able work was followed by an " Essay concerninff Aliments," itc, and another on the "Etfects of Air on Human Bodies." So excellent a character did he bear with his cotemporarics, that Sn'iftthus pithily describes him: "lie has more wit than all our race, and his humanity is equal to our wit." D. 1735. ARCERE, Akthony, a very learned Frenchman, who applied to the study of the oriental languages, made a tour into the East, and returned richly fur- nished with manuscripts. B. 1(564; d. 1699. — Louis Stei'iien, a French eccle- siastic, poet, and historian of the ISth century ; chiefly known by his works on Eochellc and Amiens. AKCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, the founder of the second or middle academy, was born at Pitane, in .^Eolia. 316 B. c' — A king of Macedon, natural son of Perdiccas II., whom he su'^ceeded, after murdering his brother Alcetas. He liberally encouraged literature and the arts, entertained and patronized Euripides and Zeuxis, 398 b. c. — A Greek philosopher, the disciple and suc- cessor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but removed afterwards to Athens, where ho had Socrates for a pupil. — A geog- rapher; author of a treatise on all the countries conquered by Alexander, in whose time he lived. — A Christian di- vine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flour- ished under Probus, about 27S, and was a zealous champion for the Catholic faith, against the Manichffians. AECHENHOLZ. .Joiin-,^ a Swedish historian, born at Helsingfors, 1695 ; d. 1777. — John "William von, a very volu- minous GoiTnan author. His two most important works are " Annals of British Historv," 20 vols., and a "History of the Seven Years' War." B. 1742 ; d. 1818. AECHIAS, AuLus LiciNitJs, a native of Antioeh, chiefly known from the elo- quent orations inade by Cicero, to de- fend his right to the citizenship of Eome. AECHIGENES, a Greek physician of the Pneumatic sect, who flourished in the times of Domitian and Trajan. His works are frequently referred to by Galen. AECHILOCnUS, a Greek satirist, born in the isle of Paros, 660 b. c. The invention of the Iambic metre is at- tributed to him. AECHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician among the ancients, was a native of S>Tacuse, and related to King Iliero. He was equally skilled in the sciences of astronomy, geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics, and 0{)tics; his aptness in solving problems had be- come proverbial in Cicero's days, and his singular ingenuity in the invention and construction of warlike engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. Tlie com- bination of pullcvs for raising immense weights, the cnclless screw, &e.. were invented by him ; but his genius for in- vention was never more signally dis- played than in the defence of Svraeusc, when it was besieged by Mareellus ; for among other astonishing novelties, lie produced a buniing glass, composed of CO CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [are reflecting mirrora, by which he fired the enemy's fleet. xV't leni^th, however, tlie eity was tiikeu by storm, and Ar- chimedes, theu in his 74th year, was amoiiix the shiin, 212 B.C. AKCIIINTO, Charles, a learned Mi- hincse ot" noble family, who founded an academy for the sciences and mechanics in his native city, which he enriched with an extensive' library, &e. B. 1669. ARCIION, Lons, an antiquary, chap- lain to Louis XIV. ■; author of a "His- tory of the Roval Chapel of France." B. 164.5 ; d. 1717. ARCIIYTAS, a Pythajiorean philos- opher and mathematician of Tarcntum, who was one of the first who applied the theory of mathematics to practical p urposes, 400 b. c. AKCO, NiciioL.v3, Count, a Latin poet, born at Areo, in the Tvrol, 1479 ; d. 1546. ARCON, J. C. Eleoxoee Lemiceaud, a French officer, born at Pontarlier, 173;5; d. ISOO. ARCUDIUS, Petek, a Greek priest, born in the isle of Corfu, who wrote several pieces in defence of the Roman church, and was sent by Clement VIIL to Russia, to settle some religious dif- ferences. D. 1635. ARCUDI, Alexander Thom.vs d', a Dominican of Venice, who wrote sev- eral works, chiefly biographical, of which the " Galatana Letterata" is the principal. I). 1720. ARCULPHUS, a French divine of the 7th century, who visited the Holy Land, and wrote an account of his travels. ARCY, Patrick, a military -writer of the ISth centurv, born at Gal way. D. 1779. ARDENE, Esprit Jean ue Rome n', a French author, born at MarseillcSj 1684; d. 1748. — John Paul, brother of the preeedinfr, w'as a priest at Marseilles, and superior of a college ; but more celebrated as a florist than as an eecle- aiastic. ]). 1769. ARDP^RN, JoHv, an English surgeon of Newark-upon-Trent, to whom the credit of being the reviver of surgery in England in the 14th century has been given. ARDERNE, James, an English di- vine, maife dcau of Chester bv Charles IL D. 16'.»1. ARDINGHELLI. Maria, a Neapol- itan autlior, of noble origin, born in 1730. He was distinguislied in algebra and the phvsical sciences. AREAGATFIUS, h Greek physician, who lived 269 b. c, and practised witb repute at Rome ; but havnig introduced the use of caustics and tiic knife, he was banished. ARENA, Anthony de, a French writer of the 16th century, chiefly known by his poem on the war of Pro- vence, carried on by Charles V. D. 154-i. — James de, a learned civilian and writer in the 13th century. He was professor of law at Padua and Bologna, and wrote " Commentai'ies on the Di- gest and the Code." — Joseph de, an officer in the French service, born in Corsica; arrested at the opera, Aug. 10, 1801, and executed Jan. 31 following, for an attempt on the life of Bonaparte, then first consul. ARENDT, Maetix Frederic, a cele- brated traveller, was born at Altona, in 1769. He commenced his travels in 1798, visiting the northern parts of Eu- rope, and making researches into the antiquities of the countries through whicli he passed. He afterwards trav- elled through Spain, Italy, and Hun- gary ; and it was his practice to carry all his papers with him, live on the charity of others, and sleep in the open air. D. 1824. ARES I, Paul, bishop of Tortona, Mi- lan, who taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples, and wrote some philosophical and religious pieces. B. 1574; d. 1644. xVRET^US, a Greek physician in the time of Vespasian ; his works are held in great esteem. ARETIN, A. and J. G., brothers. B. in 1769 and 1771 ; authors of several German works on the fine arts, "Ma- gazin des Arts dii Dcssin." — Chebto- pher. Baron. B. in 1773 ; a laborious German bibliograph, curator of the Royal library at Munich, and member of the most famous German academies. Among his works are, " Historical and Literary Memoirs;" a "History of the Jews of Bavaria;" "On the Etfecls of Printing;" and many curious treatises on Mnemonics, a Universal Language, the Divining Rod, &c. He edited the "Aurora" in 1806, and published tho " Nouvel Indicateur Litt6raire," at Tu- bingen, 1808. D. 1824. ARETINO, Charles, b. in Tuscany, in the 15th century. He was secretary to the republic of Florence; and emi- nent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin poet. D. 1470. — Fraxcls, a learned ci- vilian of Italy in the 15th century. — GuiDO, a Benedictine monk, who lived in the 11th century. He rendered him- ARO] CYC'LOP.EDIA 01-- KIOGUArilV. 61 self famous by discovering a new metliod of Icarninji; music, or rallier by restorin? the true principle of the ancient Greek music ; and was said to h»ve been the inventor of the six notes in music, Ut, Ro, ili. Fa, Sol, La. They are thought to have been taken from a hymn of St. John, composed by Paul, in 770, and wliich runs as follows : Ut qnennt laxis He sonnre fibria 3Ii ra gestonmi, I'a muH tuoriml, Sijl vc pollutid, ia bias rt-iitiim.— Leon.vrdo, was one of the ablest men in eloquence and science of the lotli cen- tury; and left several works, the cata- lofjue of which may be seen in Gesner's " Bibliotheca.'' He d. about l-iiO, being then 74 years of age, at Florence ; where there is a marble monument erected to him in the church of the Holy Cross, with an inscription to the follo'wiiig purport: — " Since the death of Leonar- do, history is in mourning; eloquence is become mute ; the Greek and .Latin muses cannot forbear shedding tears." — Fraxcisco, a man of great reading, and well acqixaiuted with the Greek lan- guage, lie studied at Sienna, about the year 1443 ; and afterwards taught law there with such a vivacity of genius, that they called him the Prince of Sub- tleties, and his wit became a proverb. He taught also in the university of Pisa, and in that of Ferrara. — Pietko, a na- tive of Arezzo, who lived in tlie ICth century. He was fixmous for his satir- ical writings, and was so bold in his in- vectives against sovereigns, that he got the title of the Scourge of Princes. He used to boast that his lampoons did more service to the world than sermons ; and it was said of him, that he had sub- jected more princes by his pen tlian the greatest warriors had ever done by their arms. Aretino wrote also many irreligious aud obscene pieces, and was the author of some comedies, which were esteemed pretty good of their kind. B. 1491 ; d. 1556. ARETIUS, Benedict, an ecclesiastic, distinguished for his botanical and the- ological attainments, who lived at Berne, Switzerland. D. 1574. ARGAIlv, Greoort, n Spanish Ben- edictine, who wrote an ecclesiastical history of Spain, which he ascribed to St. Gregory. He lived at Madrid, du- ring' the 17tli century. ARGALL, RicH.vRD, apoct, who flour- ished in England in the time of James I. — Sautel, a deputy-governor of Vir- ginia, who in 1612 carried off Poc.ahon- 6 tas to Jamestown, whose attack on the settlement in Acadie began the war be- tween the French and Englisli, and who subdued the Dutch settlements on the Hudson. He was knighted by King James, in 1623. ARGELLATI, PniLiPo, a printer at Bologna, afterwards a magistrate. B. 16S5. — Francisco, his son, author of a " Decamaronc," written in imitation of Boccacio. D. 1754. ARGENS, John Baptiste de Boter, Marquis d', a French miscellaneous writer, who was invited by Frederic William, king of Prussia, to become one of his chamberlains. B. 1704; d. 1771. ARGENSOLA, LrPEucio Leonakdo d', a Spanish historian and poet. B. in Aragon, about 1565; d. 1613. — Bar- tholomew, his brother, was canon of Saragossa, and chaplain of the Empress Maria, of Austria. He was the author of a " History of the Conquest of the Moluccas," aud of a continuation of "Zurita's History of Aragon." It wan said of the two brothers, that the per- fect resemblance of their talents made their countrymen believe them to be twins of Apollo and a Muse. B. 1566 ; d. 1631. AEGENSON, ISIark Rene le Voter, Marquis d', celebrated as the first who introduced lettres de cachet, during his administration of the Police at Paris, 1697, was b. at Venice, where his father was ambassador from the French court, lie was highly respected for his abilities, and the firmness of his character. He succeeded d'Aguesseau in the ofBce of chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced tho following year, and d. of a broken heart in 1721. ARGEXTERO, a celebrated Pied- montese physician, who translated Ga- len. B. 15.-S. ARGENTIE, John, an eminent Ital- ian physician. B. 1513 ; d. 1572. AkGOLI, John, the son of Andrew, a celebrated mathematician, was b. in 1609, at Tagliacozzo, in the Neapolitan territory, and d. about the year 1660, Several philological and archccological works proceeded from his pen, but he is best known as a poet. When only fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the silk- worm, and two years subsequently, his Endymlon, in twelve cantos, which he completed in seven months, during which period he shut himself up, and suffered no one to enter his room, ex- cept to brincr his food. ARGONNE, Don Bonaventltie d'. a native of Paris, author of some useml 62 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ari •works, especially miscellanies of history and li':erature, replete with entcrtiiniug anecdotes and viduuble retlcL-tious, pub- lisned under the n;une of Vigneul de ^[arville. He d. a Cartluisian monk at Gaillon, near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. He wrote also a method of reading the church fathers. AKGL'ELLES. Augustcs, a Spanish patriot during tlie revolution of 1812. B. 1775. AKGUSTIN, Antonio, a Spanish an- tiquarian, and author of '-Dialogus de los Medallas." B. 1517. AliGYKOPYLUS, Joannes, a learned man who fled from Constantinople when taken by Mahomet II., and contributed to the revival of Greek literature in Eu- rope. He was received with kindness by Cosmo de Medicis, duke of Tuscany, placed in the professor's chair at Flo- rence, and made tutor in the prince's familv. lie retired from thence, during the plague, to Rome, where he lectured on Aristotle. He d. of a fever occasioned by eating melons, in his 70th year, about 1478. He translated several of Aris- totle's works, in a manner which proved him to be an able Grecian, and a scholar of the most comprehensive erudition. He was an intemperate epicure, so that the whole of his fortune was squandered in supplyinir the delicacies of his table. lie treated the character of Cicero with contempt, because he had said of his favorite Greek, that it is a language ver- bonim inops. He left some sons equally learned. ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I. mar- ried to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, 474. Slie was so disgusted with tnc in- temperance of her husband, and so eager to enjoy the company of her fa- vorite Anastasius, that she forgot lier dignity and ciiaracter in barbarity. Ze- no, when intoxicated, was shut up in a sepulchre, where lie was buffered to die; and Anastasius, though of obscure origin, was placed on the throne. D. 515. ARIAS MONTANUS, Bknedict, a native of Seville, eminent t'or his knowl- edge of modern and ancient literature. He was engaged by Philip II. of Spain, to publish an edition ot the polyglot Bible, which he completed, and pub- lished at Antwerp, 156'J-7'.'. The mon- arch liberally offered the author a bish- opric, but it was modestly refused, and only a pension of 2000 ducats accepted, with the honor of being chaplain to the king. Arias wrote some biblical and biiJtoricaJ treatises, beside.'? translating the Psalter into Latin verse. B. 1527 ; d. 1598. ARIC'I, C^s.vK, an Italian poet, who wrote an admired diaactic poem, called " La Cultivafione d'egli Olivi." B. 1785. ARI ERODE, an Icelandic scholar of the 11th century, and the earliest of the northern historians. Of his numerous writings only the SchediB and Land- namabok remain. ARION, a Lesbian poet, the inventor of dythrambics, but his hymn to Nep- tune is all that remains of his works. ARIOSTO, Attilio, a Bolognese com- poser, who gave lessons to Handel, with whom and Bononeini, he composed his well-known opera of " Muzio Scevola." His masterly execution on the viol d'amore, a new instrument, gave him applause and opidence in England. D. 1725. — Lrnovico, an illustrious poet. B. at Regifio, 1474, of a family allied to ■ the dukes of Fcrrara. His early genius disjjlayed itself in the composi- tion of the play of Pyramus and TliLsbe, which he acted with his brothers and sisters ; but his father, like the fatlier of Ovid, viewed his studies with a jealous eye, and bade him forsake the muses for the bar. This he did lor a while ; but after his fixthers decease he returned to his favorite pursuits, and, under the friendly patronage of llippolito, cardinal d'P^ste,' he began the plan of a poem, which was to immortalize the Italian muse. The cardinal seems to have valued him rather as a scholar and man of business than as a poet ; for when Ariosto presented a copy of his immortal Orlando, the cardinal inquired, " Where did you pick up this trumpery, master Ludovico ?" He was invited to write in Latin Isy Cardinal Beml)0 ; but with the ardor of a poet he renlieil, that he aspired to the first rank of Italian composition, while he could only stand as second as the votary of the Latin muse. He read with attention the works of Homer and Virgil, and, with a mind stored with all the learning of ancient times, he bor- rowed a subject from Bojardo's Orlando Inamorato, and produced his incompar- able poem of Orlando Furioso. Though devoted to poetry, Ariosto was at times employed in negotiations ; and when, on the death of llippolito, Alphonso, duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron of the poet, he showed his regard for him by appointing him governor of Graffig- nana, a post which he discharged with lionor and fidelity. For his retirement, he built a house at Ferrara; and when questioned why he, who shone in the ARl] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 63 description of magniflcent lialls, and Bploiidid palace.*, liad made it so small, he replied, that words -were cheaper than stones. He read his pojims with so sweet a voice, that liis Iriciids were en- raptured to hear him ; and ho possessed so delicate an ear, -with, at the same time, so sensitive and so choleric a tem- per, that he once entered into the shop of a potter, who had been repeating some of his verses with an improper ac- cent, and broke a great number of the pots exposed to sale. The man expos- tulated in vain at the violence of the stranger. I have not sutliciently re- venged myself on thee, exclaimed Ari- osto ; 1 liave broke only a few pots, and you have spoiled the most beautiful of compositions to my face. He d. at Fer- rara, 8tli July, loS-*?, in liis 59th year. Ariosto possesses all the fire of genuine poetry ; he passes with inwedible rapid- ity and ease from the terrible to the ten- der, from the soft to the sublime ; every character is interesting; his heroes are valiant without rashness ; his hero- ines are feminine without weakness ; and nature appears in all her native ma- jesty, adorned by all the graces of art, and recommended by the most enchant- ing language of poetry. Besides the Orlando, Ariosto wrote satires, comedies, and miscellaneous poems. His principal works have been translated mto the various languaijes of Europe, and he ranks among the classics of the world. — Gabuiel, brother of the above, very in- ferior to him in genius, but a respectable Latin poet. His works were publishecl atFerrara in l.')82. — Horace, son of the last named ; author of a poem entitled Alphoeus, several comedies, and a de- fence of the Orlando against the criti- cism of Pellegrini. ARISI, Francis, an eminent advocate of Cremona ; author of various works, of which the most valuable is his "Cre- mona Literati." R. lOuT ; d. 17-13. ARIS1\^^:NATUS, a Greek writer of the 4th century, praised by Ammianus Mareellinus, but only known now by two books of elegant Amatorv Epistles. ARISTA RCHU.'^, a critic and gram- marian, of Samothrace, who flourished about 150 li. c. Having settled at Alex- andria, he was made tutor to the son of Ptolemy Philomater. His criticisms were so severe that his name has be- come proverbial. — A Greek philosopher, supposed to have flourished abo\it 4 centuries n. c. He is said to be the first ■who knew of the earth's rotatory motion on its own a.\is ; and a work of his treats of the magnitude and distance of the snii and moon. ARISTEAS, a Jew, in the employ- ment of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who as- sisted in the Scptuagint translation of the Bible. ARISTIDES, an Athenian, whoso equity and integrity gained for him the glorious appellation of the Just, was tlie son of Lysnnachus. Being an admirer of the laws of Lycurgus, he prefeiTcd an oligarchy to a democracy, and was, con- sequently, the great O])poncnt of The- mistocles, the head of the denioeratical parly. The dissensions between these two eminent men were so prejudicial to the common weal, that Aristides himself once exclaimed, that "the Athenians would never prosper till lie and The- mistocles were consigned to the dungeon for condemned criminals." The self- denial and patriotism of Aristides were strongly manifested bv liis giving up his share of the commancl to Miltiades, be- fore the battle of Marathon ; and his con- duct after the battle, when intrusted to divide the spoils, was equally praise- worthy. Jn the year 491 b. c. he wa* archon, or chief magistrate; an offici which he filled with high reputation. Themistocles, however, succeeded in having him sentenced to banishment by ostracism. On this occasion, a voter who could not write, and did not know him, met him, and asked him to inscribe the name of Aristides on the shell for him. " Did Aristides ever injure you ?" said the patriot. " No," replied the man, " but I am weary of hearing nira called the Just." Aristides wrote liis own name, and returned the shell. Be- in? recalled from banislmient, when Xerxes was preparinir to invade Greece, he laid all private ditfcrences aside, and acted in perfect concert with Themisto- cles. At the battle of Platiea he com- manded the Athcniati forces, and fouirht bravely, and, subsequent to the battle, his wisdom put an end to a dangerous (juarrel which arose between the con- icderates. He d. of old age aoout 467 years b. c, and did not leave sufficient property to defray the expense of his fu- neral. He was buried at the public cost, a pension and an estate were given to his son, and suitable portions to his daugh- ters. — -^Ei.ius, a native of Adriani, in Mysia ; an orator of great practice and ability during the reigns of Antoninus, Aurelius, and Commodus. — A Christian philosopher, of Athens, in the '2d cen- tury, .lerome ]>raises his " Apology f )r the Christian Faith," but none of his 64 Ci'CLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ari ■writiugs are extatc. — A painter of Thebes in the 8d century b. c, liuuous for his Sower of representing tlio passions. — iUENTiLiAN, a Greek musician, who, about the year 130, wrote a treatise on music. — An historian of Miletus, often mentioned bv Plutarch. ARISTIP^US, founder of the CjTe- naic sect of philosophers, was b. at Gy- rene about 4 centuries b. c. He became a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life Avas so etYeminate as to induce that trrcat man to compose the lecture on jileasures, which is preserved in the Memorabilia ^ of Xenophon. Excellent as that lecture js, it, had little etfect on Aristippus ; who, both in lecturing and living, made pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he was the companion of the courtesan Lais ; and, at Syracuse, he was tavored by the tyrant, "Dionysius, to whom he paid his "court. He established a school of philosophy at Cyrene, which con- tinued for about a century, when it was mei-iTcd into the sect of Epicurus. ARISTO, of Chios, a Stoic philosoplier, 260 B. c. — An Aristotelian philosopher, of Ceos, 230 B. c. A work of his, en- titled " Amatory Similes," is cited by Atbenaius. AKISTOGITOX, a citizen of Athens, 516 B. c, who was executed, after being horribly treated, for conspiring with liis friend Harmodius to slay the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus. Hipparclnis they succeeded in slaying ; and Hippias, who put Aristogiton to death, was ex- pelled the state about three yeai-s after- wards, when tlie statues of Aristogiton and Harmodius were placed in the forum, and it was decreed that no slave should ever bear the name of either. AEISTOMENES, a Greek, son of Nicomedes, a descendant of the regal family of Messene, whose exertions caused the Mcssenians, in conjunction with the Arcadians and Argives, to com- mence the second Messenian war, 685 B. c, in order to shako off the yoke of Sparta. The Messenians, however, were uusnccessful, and went over to Sicily, ■where thev founded the citv of Messina. ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet of Athens, cotemporary with Socrates, Plato, &c., in the .")th century e. c. His comedies were marked by a severity of satire which made him at once feared and popular; and his description of Athenian manners was so exact, that wlien Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to study tlie hiiiiruatre an 1 maimers of Athens, Plato sent him the comedies of Aristophanes a.s the readiest moans of doing so. Only 11 of his 50 ccpiedies remain. These are Plutus, Tlic Clouds, The Knights, The Acharnenses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Female Orators, the Priestesses of Ceres, and Lysistrata. " The Clouds," which he wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is tlie most celebrated of all his comedies : Madame Dacier tells us, she was so much charm- ed with this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did not become the least tedi- ous to her. Aristophanes, having con- ceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several ot his plays, particularly in hi* "Frogs" and his" " Thcsmopiroriazusffi." He wrote " The Lysistrata" when all Greece was involved In war ; in which comedy the women are introduced debating upon the atfairs of the commonwealth ; when they come to a resolution not to go to bed with their husbands till peace should be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which was called by his name, and Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the tetrameter and octa- meter verse. The time of his death is unknown. ARISTOTLE, the chief of the Peri patetic philosophers. B. at Stagyra, a small city in Macedon, in the 99th Olympiad, about 3S4 b. c, was the son of Michomachus, physician to Amyntas, the grandfather of Alexander the Great. By the advice of the Delphic oracle ho went to Athens when about 18, and studied under Plato till he was 37. He followed his studies with most extraor- dinary diligence, so that he soon sur- passed all in Plato's school. He ate little, and slept less ; and that he might not oversleep himself, Diogenes Laertius tells us, that he laid always with one hand out of bed, having a ball of brass in it, which by its falling into a basin of the same metal, awaked liim. When he had studied about 15 years under Plato, ho began to form different tenets from those of his master, who became highly piqued at his behavior. Upon the deatn of Plato, he quitted Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a little city of Mysia, where his old friend Hermi'as reigned. Hero he married Pythias, the sister of this prince, whom "he is said to have loved so passionately, that he offered sacrifice to her. Some time after, Hermias hav- ing been taken prisoner by Maranon, the kincr of Persia's general, Aristotle went to Mitylcnc, the capital of Lesbos, where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, arm] CYCLOP.tUIA OF BIOGRAPHY 65 sent for him to be tutor to his son Alex- ander, then about 14 years of age. Aris- totle accepted the otter | and in eight vears tausjlit him rhetoric, natural phi- losophy, ethics, politics, and a certain sort ot'piiilosophy, according to riutarcli, which he taught nobody else. I'hilip erect;ed statues in honor of Aristotle ; and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which had been almost ruined by the wars. Aristotle having lost the favor of Alex- ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsman, who was accused of a conspir- acy against Alexander's life, removed to Athens, where he set up his new school. The nuigistrates received him very kind- ly and gave liim the Lyceum, so famous afterwards for the concourse of his dis- ciples ; and here it was, according to some authors, that he composed his principal works. When Aristotle was accused of impiety by one Eurymedon, a priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apol- ogy for himself, addressed to the magis- trates : but, knowing the Athenians to be extremely jealous about their religion, and remembering the fate of Socrates, he was so much alarmed that he retired to Chalcis, a city of Eubcea, where he end- ed his days in the 63d year of his age, being the third of the 114th Olympiad, two years after Alexander. The StagjT- ites carried away his body, and erected altars to his memory. AEIUS, a divine of the 4th century, and the liead and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstantiality of the Word. He was born in Libya, near Egypt. The Ariau principles, according to Span- lieim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title ; that he was less than the Father, who only was eternal and without beginning; that he was a creature, having a beginning of exist- ence, created out of things, having no being before the beginning of all things : hence he was made God, and the Son of God by adoption, not by nature ; and that the Word was also subject to change ; that the Father created all things by him as an instrument; and that he was the most excellent of aU creatures ; that the essence of the Father was different from the essence of the Son ; neither was he co-eternal, co- equal, nor consubstantial \Titli the Fa- ther ; that the Holy Ghost was not God, but the creature of the Son, begot and created by him, inferior in dignity to the Father and Son, and co-worker in the creation. His death happened in the vear 336. AEKWEIGIIT, Sir EicnARD, a maa who was born in one of the lo^vest sta- tions of life, being literally a penny bar- ber at Manchester, but by uncommon genius and persevering industry in- vented and perfected a system of ma- chinery lor spinning cotton, that had in vain been attempted by nuiny of the first mechanics ot the 17th aiid 18th centuries; and which, by giving per- j^etual employment to many thousand families, increased the population, and was productive of great commercial ad- vantage to his country. The machine is called a " Spinning Jenn.y." Sir Eichard died Aug. 3, 1792, leaving prop- erty to the amount of near half a mil- lion sterling. AELAND, James Axthoxy, a Gene- vese painter of great merit. His last work was the " Amour of Jupiter with Leda," which, from some whim unex- plained, he destroyed by cutting it to pieces. A copy of it was sold in the artist's lifetime for 600 guineas. B. IGOS ; d. 1743. AELOTTO, Maixardo, a facetious Florentine of the 15th century, and of whose witticisms a collection has been frequently printed, was a parish min- ister in the bishopric of Fiesole ; who, though regarded as a religious buffoon by some, was as benevolent as he was jocose. B. 1395; d. 1483. AEMELLINI, ilAKiAuo, a learned Dominican, born at Ancona, was the author of " Bibliotheca Benedictino Ca- sinensis," and other works. D. 1737. AEMFELDT, Gustavus Maurice, Count, a Swedish statesman of soma note. D. 1814. AEMINIUS, or HEEMANX, who by his intrepidity and success acquired tlio title of "the Deliverer of Germany,'' was the son of Segimer, a chief of the Catti. Having been sent to Eome as a hostage, he was there educated, served in the Eoman army, and for his valor was raised to citizenship and knighted. But his attachment to his native country induced him to revolt, and he became one of the most powerful leaders of tlie discontented German nations. He drew Varus, the Eoman commander on the Ehinc, into that ambuscade in which he and nearly all his troops were slain, and completely baffled Gcrman- icus ; but after having for years witli- stood the vast power of Eome, Anni- nius was assassinated by one of his own countrymen, in the 37th year of Ins age, A.D. '21. — James, a native of Oude-water, in Holland, 15G0, founder of the sect of 66 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aw the Arminians, As he lost his father early, he was supported at the uni- vei-siiy of Utrecht, aiul of Murpiirg, by the libenility of his friends ; but when he returned liome, in tlie midst of the ravages caused by tlie Spanish arms, instead of being received by his mother, he found that she, as well as her daugh- ters, and all her family, had been sae- ritieed to tlic wantonness of the ferocious enemy. His distress was for a while in- consolable, but the thirst after distinc- tion callcci him to the newly founded university of Leyden, where his in- dustry acquiretl him the protection of the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose expense he travelled to Geneva and itiny, to hear the lectures of Theodore? Beza ami James Zabarella. On his re- turn to Holland, he was ordained min- ister of Amsterdam, 15S8. As professor of divinity at Leyden, to which olfice ho was callecl, 1603, he distinguished him- self by three valuable orations on the object of theologj' — on the author and end of it — and on the eertainty of it — and he afterwards explained the prophet Jonaii. In his public and private life, Arminius has been admired for his moderation; and thougli many gross insinuations have been thrown against him, yet his memory has been fully vindicated by the ablest pens, and he seemed entitled to the motto which he assumed, — a good conscience is a para- dise. A life of perpetu:il labor and vex- ation of mind at last brought on a sick- ness of wlrich he died, October 10, 1019. His writings were all on controversial and theological subjects. AK.MSTEONG, Dr. John, a celebrated poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, where his fatlier and brother were min- isters. He took Iiis degree of M.D. in the university of Edinburgh, 1732, but he did not meet with the success in his profession which his merits deserved. His first exertions fur the amusement of the public were some small medical tracts, which were followed by the " Economy of Love," a poem after the manner of Ovid, objectionable for its licentiousness, though admired for the spirit of its lines, corrected and purged in the cilition of ITOS. In 1744 the "Art of Trcserving Health" was pub- lished, and on tliis great and highly finished pcrfDrmancc, the fame of Arm- strong totally depends. By means of his friends, the poet was reeonmicnded to the notice of the great. He was ap- pointed physician to the lame and sick Boldiers, ijehind Buckingham house, and in 1760, he was made physician to the army in Germany. It \vas at tliis time that he wrote his poem called '' L>ay," inscribed to Jolm Wilkes ; and the treedom of remark which he used in one passage upon Chui'chiU not only drew the vengeance of the satirist upon hira, but dissolved tlie friendsiiiji which liad before cordially existed with Wilkes. He collected his scattered pieces which he published in 1770, and tlie following year he l;^TOte a " Sliort Kamble through France and Italy," by Lancelot Temple He died in September, 1779, leaving be- hind him about .£3000, a sum which surprised his friends, as they knew that his income was small. — John, a phy- sician and medical writer, celebrated for his researches on the causes and phe- nomena of febrile diseases. B. 1784; d. lS-20. — .John, an American general, distinguished in the Indian wars. He defended Fort Moultrie, and was in the battle of Germantown. D. 1795. — John, sou of the preceding, was also a gen- eral, who at the age of 18 joined tlio revolutionary army, contrary to the wishes of his parents, was aid to Mer- cer at the battle of Princeton, receiving him into his arms wlien he fell, and afterwards served as major under Gates. Just before the close of the war, he wrote a series of anonjTuous addresses which are celebrated as the " Newburg Letters," and the eft'ect of which was so great, that Washington felt called upon to issue an address to counter- mand their influence. He was sub- sequently secretary of state for Penn- sylvania, a member of the old congress, a United States senator from New York, minister to France under Jefferson, ana secretary of war under Madison. He passed the latter part of his life in lite- rary and agiicultural pursuits. B. 1758 ; d. 1843. AKMYNE, Lady Maey, daughter of Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George, earl of Shrewsbury, married Sir William Armyne, and rendered herself distin- guished by her piety and benevolence, as well as her knowledgo of history, of divinity, and of the lang lages. She en- dowed three hospitals. D. 1675. AllNALD, Kicii.viiD, B.D., a native of London, educated at Benet'tt and Emanuel college, and presented to the rectory of Thureaston m Leicestershire. He published several sermons, but his best known performance is his " Com- mentary on the Apocrypha." D. 1756. AKI^fALL, Wu.LiAM, an attorney's clerk, wlio became a political writer in arn] CVCLOl'.EDIA OF UIOGKAl'lIV. 67 the pay of Sir Robert Walpole. It ap- pears from the report of a secret coiu- mittee, that, in four years, ho received £10,y'J7 6s. 8d. for his pamplilets; and though so liberally rewarded, ho died of a broken heart and in debt, 1741, aged 20. AKNAUD, FuAN-cis Tuomas Bacu- LAiiD d', a prolilic French writer of the time of \'oltairc. His principal Avorks were " Epreuvcs des Sentiments," •'Loisirs Utiles," "Coligny," &c. B. 1718; d. 1751. ARNAUD DE VILLA NOVA, a physician, who improved himself by travelling througli Europe, and created himself enemies by having recourse to astrology. He enjoyed some reputation at Paris, and afterwards retired to Sicily, to Frederic, king of Aragon. He was shipwrecked on the coast of Genoa as he was returning to attend Pope Clem- ent, who labored under a severe ill- ness, 1310 or 1313. ARNAULD, Henky, a French eccle- s'dstic, the son of an eminent advocate, was born in 1597, and, after having been intrusted with important missions to Rome, and other Italian courts, was made bishop of Angers, in 104'.t, and thenceforth devoted himself strictly to the performance of his episcopal duties. His piety and charity were exemplary, and the only time, during nearly fialf'a century, that he quitted his diocese, was to reconcile the prince of Tarento with his father. Angers having re- volted, the queen mother threatened that city with severe vengeance, and was long inflexible. Arnauld at length saved it, by saying, when he adminis- tered to her the sacrament, "Receive, madam, your God, who pardoned his enemies, even when he was dying on tlie cross." To a friend who told him that he ouglit to take one day in the week for recreation, he replied, '•! will readily do so, if you will point out any day on which I tun not a bishop." I). 1(592. — Anthonv, brotlicr of Henry, was born at Paris, in li)12, studied in the colleges of Calvi and the Sorbonne, and took" his doctor's degree in IGil. The publishing, in 1643, of his work on '• Frequent Communion," which was virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was bis first appearance on the arena of con- tro\ersy, where, during the remainder of his life, he made so conspicuous a fiflTuro. He next espoused the cause of Janseiiius, for which he was expelled from the Sorbonne. The result of this was, that he was compelled to live in retirement till the year 1663, and, while thus secluded, ho produced many trea- tises. The Calvinists were the next ob- jects of his attack; after which he had a contest with Malebranche. The in- trigttes of his enemies having rendered it necessary for him to quit France, he withdrew to the Netherlands, where he continued hostilities against tlie Jesitits and I'rotestants. He died at Brussels, in 1694. Arnauld was a man of exten- sive erudition, and an indefatigable and excellent writer on a variety of subjects, literary and philosophical as well as the- ological. His works extend to no less than forty-live quarto volumes. Though in social life his manners were mild and simple, he was of an impetuous dis- position. Nicole, his feUow-laborer in some of his controversies, having de- clared to him that he was tired of this ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest, "Rest!" exclaimed Arnauld, " will you not have all eternity to rest in?" ARNAULT, Antoine VrNCENT, an. esteemed di-amatic poet of France, who laid the foundation of his fame by the tragedy of" Marius a Minturnes," which was first performed in 1791. He soon after published his " Lucrecc," and tlien "Cinciiiiiatus" and " Orcas," besidcH several operas. In 1797 Bonaparte com- mitted to him the organization of the government of the Ionian isles. "While there lie wrote his " Veneticus." lu 1805 he was made president of the Na- tional Institute. After the restoration he was banished, and resided in Bel- gium and Holland. His tragedy of " Germanicus," when first performed in 1817, excited a furious contest be- tween the opposite political parties. Two years after he returned to Paris, and subsequently wrote " Les Guclfes et les Gibelins," "Lycurge," and "GnUliam I.," besides eontributin? to several peri- odicals, and editing a life of Napoleon. In 1833 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the academy. He took an active part in the literary controversy between the classic and romantic schools, in favor of the former. D. 1834. ARNDT, CiiRLSTiAX, professor of logic at Rostock, in Germany ; author of " Observations on the Right Use of Loeic in Divinity," ttc. B. 1623; d. 1683. — JosnuA, brother of the above, and his successor in the chair at Rostock ; author of a " Dictionary of Ecclesiasti- cal Anticniities," and other valuable works. B. 1626; d. 1635. — Gottlteb Vox, imperial Russian counsellor, assist- ant to the Empress Catherine IT. in her GS CYCI.OP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [arn litcmn' employment, and author of a iL'aniell work on " The Orighi of Euro- pean Dhileots," published in 131S. D. 1329. — Cii.ujLEs, son of the last-numedj Hebrew professor at Eostock ; author ot " Fhiloloirii'al Diseourses," " Bibliotheea Politico lleraldiea," <&c. 15. 1673 ; d. 17Sl.__JoHN, a native of Anhalt; author of a treatise " On True Christianity." B. 1555; d. 1621. AKNE, Dr. Tuoii.^ Augustine, a cel- ebrated composer of music. At the early H'^c of IS he produced an opera, entitled "Kosamond," and shortly afterwards composed tlie music for a masque, en- titled •' Alfred," written by Thompson an(l Mallet. On the masque of" Comus"' beinj; adapted to the stage, ArneV music for it obtained him so high a reputation, and such constant employment, that a mere catalogue of the various works he was subsequently the author of, would demand a tar larger space than we can afford. His sister was the celebrated Mrs. Gibber. B. 1704; d. 1778.— Mi- chael, son of the preceding, and, like him, a musical composer ; author of the music of Alcmena and of Cymon. AKXIGIO, Bartholomew, an Italian poet, was originally a blacksmith, but at 18 years of age devoted himself to litera- ture, and distinguished himself so much, that the university of I'adua gave him the degree of doctor. As a physician, which profession he followed, lie was far less distinguished than as a poet. His M'orks are numerous. B. 1523 ; d. 1577. AKNIM, LuDwiG AcFiiN vox, a Ger- man poetj and writer of romances, was b. at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and passed liis life in literary leisure and mdependence, at Heidelberg, Berlin, and his country seat. His cliief works are "Ariel's Offenbaruiigen," " Der Knabe Wunderhorn," "J)er Winter- gartcn," "Grafin Dolores," "Die Kro- nen-\VTichter," " Die Gleichan." D. 1831. His wife, Bettixa Bkextaxo, is still more celebrated than himself, both from her own writings, and the interest- ing relation in which she stood as a child to the illustrions Goethe, her cor- respondence with whom, so singularly fresh, impulsive, and full of sentiment, lias been translated into several lan- ABNOLD, Christopher, a German peasant, whose energy and natural ge- nius enabled lum to become one "f the most aceomi>lished astronomers (if liis age. The only work he left was entitled "Signs of Di>^'iLe Grace, exliibited in a Solar Miracle." B. 1646; d. 1695.— Joiix, an English watcliraaker, and au- thor of many inventions for the more accurate mensuration of time. B. 1744; d. 1799. — John, a miller, celebrated iii consequence of the interference on his behalf of Frederic the Great of Prussia. Believing that Arnold had been wronged of territorial land, by the decision against him of a lawsuit, Frederic reversed the sentence, and imprisoned the judges. — Dr. Samuel, a musieal composer of em- inence. He ediVed the works of Handel, and composed the " Prodigal Son," and other excellent oratorios. His opera of the "Maid of the Mill" still keeps the stage. B. 1789; d. 1302.— Thom,vs, an English physician, eminent for his skill in the treatment of mental insanity. Ho •was the author of " Observations on the Management of the Insane," " A Case of Ilvdrophobia successfully treated," &e. 'B. 1742; d. ISIO.— Kev. Thomas, D.D., head-master of Rugby school, and professor of modern history in the uni- versity of Oxford, was b. at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and educated at Win- chester and "Corpus Christ! college, Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accom- plished scholar, a successful instructor of youth, and an author of sterling value. In'proof of the latter it is necessary only to mention his admirable History of Eoine, his edition of Thueydides, his Lectures on Modern Histoiy, and his various pamphlets on political and eccle- siastical subjects. From the time of his appointment to the head-mastership of Eugby, in 1S2S, the school which had previously been declining, rose rapidly m public estimation, and at the time of his death cnntained 370 boys, includi;ig those on the foundation. His singu- larly upright character, and his warin- heaVtect benevolence, joined to the ae- comnlishment cf the scholar and the gentleman, gave him great influence over all whom he approached. Ilis me- moirs is one of the most interesting and instructive books of the day. — B. 1795 ; d. 1842. — Nicholas, a professor of the- ology at Franekcr, in Friesland, whose sermons and polemical works are not without merit. B. 1628} d. 1630.— Jef- ruEr, the writer of a History of Mystic Theology, and also a History of the Chureli and of Heretics, — himself a zeal- ous pietist, who preached at Perleburg. D. 1714. — Benedict, the most notorious of the name, was b. in Connecticut, of obscure parentage, anil was in early life, a dealer in horses, whieli may account for some parts of his subsequent con- arnJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, f.O duct. Oil the breaking out of the revo- lutioiKiiy war, he espoused the cause of tlie colonists witli enthusiasin. He was chosen to the command of a volunteer military company of New Haven, and innuediatcly after the battle of Lexin.'> laid an interdict upon the city. This disgrace, never before experienced, subdued the Ko- mans. They sued for mercy, and Ar- nold was obliged to fly. He was taken in Campania, and burned at Eomc, as a heretic and a rebel ; his ashes were thrown into the Tiber, and his party was suppressed. But the spirit of his doctrine descended upon the sects which arose during the same and the following centuries. ARNOLDE, EicHARD, a citizen of Loudon in the 16th centurv, and author of a work entitled "Arnolde's Chroni- cle," containing much valuable infor- mation. AENOT, Hugo, an eminent Scottish writer. He was educated for the bar, but illness rendering him unfit for so laborious a profession, he devoted him- self to literature. His "History of Edinburgh," and collection of celebrated criminal trials, show him to have pos- sessed very considerable abilities. He only survived the publication of this work about a twelvemonth ; the asthma made rapid advances on him, and long before his death reduced his person al- most to a shadow. Harry Erskine, meeting him one day eating a dried haddock or spelding, is said to have accosted him thus : " Mr. Arnot, I am glad to see you looking like your meat." Sir. Arnot -Jvhen at the bar was so little of a casuist, that be would n6\cr under- take a case, unless perfectly satisfied as to its justice. One being brought before him, of the merits of which he had a very bad opinion, he said to the intend- ing'litigant, in a serious manner, "Prav, what do you suppose me to be ?" "Why," answered the client, "I un- derstand you to be a lawyer." " I thought, sir," said Arnot sternly, "you took me for a scoundrel." B. 1749 ; d. 1786. AENOUL, an eminent French pre- late of the I'ith century; author of vari- ous works in prose and verse, to bo found in the Spicilegium of D'Acheri and the Bibliotheca Patrum. AENOULT, Jean Baptlste, a French Jesuit and author. The most valuable of his works is " Le Prcccptcur," which was the model of Dodsley's Precejitor. B. 1689. — SoPHiK, a Parisian actress famous in the annals of gallantry and wit. She was on the stage from 1757 to 1778. Her father kept a Hotel Garni and had given her a good education. The princess of Jlodcna, having by chance heard her sing, during Passion week, while the former was at the con- akt] CYCLOPAEDIA OF lUOGRAl'HY. 71 fessional, bron^lit her to the attention of Madame do rompadonr, who }^ot her a phice at the opera. Her beauty and her exquisite port'ormance soon en- chanted the public. Persons of rank and the htcrati sougrht her acquaint- ance, among the rest Kousseau, Duclos, Hehetius, Mably, and Diderot. She was compared to Ninon de I'Enclos and Aspasia. Her wit was so successful that her hoti, mots were eolleeted. It is related that when she saw the heads of Sully and Clioiseul on a box, during the revolution, she exclaimed, Vest la recttle et la di'pensc. While the priest was giv- ing her extreme unction on her death- bed, she said to him suddenly, Je suis comme Maffdeleine, hcaucoup ies pcches me seront remis, car fai leaiicoitp aime. B. 1740; d. 1802. ARNULPH. or EENULPHUS, bishop of Rochester in the reign of Henry I. ; author of " Textus R\'ixes, Scopas, Lcoehares, Timotheus, and some say, Praxiteles. It was an oblong square, 400 feet in circumference, and 130 feet high. The principal Bide was adorned with 36 columns, and 24 steps led to the entrance. D. 351 b. c. AETEMON, the inventor of the bat- tering ram and the testudo, was a native of Clazomene, and cotemporary with Pericles.— Also a heretic of the 3d cen- turv. ARTEVELDE, James von, a rich brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth, eloquence, and talents, acquired un- bounded influence over his countrymen. Having compelled the count of Flanders to take refuge in France, he formed an alliance with Edward III. of England, and strove to transfer the Flemish sov- ereignty to the Black Prince. He was killed in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in 1845. — Philip, his son, a man of restless but determined spirit, was chosen the leader of the Flemings in their revolt of 13S2. He made himself master of Bruges, but the same year was defeated and'killed at the battle of Kosbec. The leading events of his life have been wrought into a beautiful drama, by Mr. Henry Taylor — a drama which is to be numbcrect among the most pleasing and noble specimens of English literature. ARTHUR, sometimes called Artus, an ancient British prince, whose story is so interwoven with the romantic fic- tion of a later age, that it is difficult to separate the genuine incidents of his life from those which are fictitious. He was born about 501, of an adulterous connection between the princess Igeina of Cornwall, and Uther a chief of the Britons. He married the celebrated Ginevra, of the family of the dukes of Cornwall, established the famous order of the Round Table, performed many heroic deeds against the Picts, Scots, and Saxons, and, as the poets relate, against the Danes, French, and Norse, killing the giants of Spain, crushinsr re- bellion at home, and performing a jour- nev to Rome. D. 542. ARTIGUS; Don John, was born at Monte Video, in 1760, and was originall.y in the Spanish service, but quilted it to fiffht for the independence of his coun- try. After having greatly contributed to establish the republic of Buenos Ayres, he became an object of suspicion to the government of that state, was declared a traitor, and compelled to take up arms. For some years he kept possession of the territory called the JBanda Oriental. At length, however, he was defeated, and compelled to seek refuse in Parairuav, where he d. in 1826. AETIZENIUS,' Henry, professor of rhetoric and history at Nimeugen; ASCJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 73 author of a treatise "De Nuptiis inter Fratem et Sororem," &c. B. 1702 ; d. 1759. — John' Henry, son of the above, professor of law at Utrecht ; author of a work " On the Jiirisiirudence of the Nuthcriands," and editor of tlie works of Arator, d States, where he aided in swelling tne fortunes of his firm. His political life com- menced in 1812 as member for Taunton, which he continued to represent till 1820; after which he sat for CaUiugton in successive parliaments till ISul, and in 1832 he was relarned for North Es- sex. Lord Ashburton commenced life as a Whig. On the formation of the Peel ministry in i834, he became presi- dent of the Board of Trade; and in 1865 he was raised to the peerage. In 1842 he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as a special commissioner to settle the dis- putes about the Oregon territory, which then threatened to involve this country in a war with England. Lord Ashbur- ton continued to support the policy of Sir Robert Peel, until the liniil measure of free trade in corn was proposed in 1846, wlien iiis position as a peer and a great land-owner probably overcome his conyictions as a man. Lord Ashburtun married, in 17'J8, the daughter of Wil- liam Bingham, Plsq., of "Philadelphia, CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGHAPIIY, ash] and by that lady, who survived him, he left a numerous family. D. 1848. ASHE, Simeon, a noucouformist, chaplain to I^ord Warwick durin^f tlie civil wars. He was a man of property, and of great intlucnce nmon? his per- suasion. He was educated at Emmanuel college, and settled in Statibrdshire, where he became aequaintcd with Dod, Ball, Hildershain, Langley, and others. His principles were oti'ensivc to Crom- well's party, and it is said, that he was greatly instrumental in the restoration of Charles 11. He d. 1G62. He nub- lished sermons, and also edited Ball's works. ASHLEY, RoBEET, a native of Nash- hill in Wilts, educated at Harthall, Ox- ford, and the Middle Temple, London. He was called to the bar, and distin- guished himself as an eminent writer, as a collector of books, in Holland, France, &c., and as a benefactor to the society to which he belonged. He pub- lished a " Eelation of the Kingdom of Cochin China," and the " Life of Al- manzor," &c., and d. October, 1641, in an advanced old age. ASHMUX, JonN Hooker, a distin- ffuished American scholar, was b. at Blanford, Mass., on the 8d July, 1800. He was graduated at Harvard university in 1818, and appointed professor of law in the same institution, in 1829. Al- though he did not reach the age of 33 years he acquired an enviable reputa- tion. " The honors of the university," says Judge Story, in his funeral dis- course, " were never more worthily be- stowed, never more meekly worn, and never more steadily brightened. He gathered about him all the honors, Avhich are usually the harvest of the ripest life." 1). 1833. — JEnuDi, an agent of the American Colonization So- ciety, was b. at Champlain, N. Y., edu- cated at Burlinffton euUege, and made a professor in the Bangor theological school. He afterwards joined the Epis- copal church, and edited the "Theolo- gical Eepository." Being appointed to take charge of a reinforcement to the colony at Liberia, he. embarked for Af- rica, June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape Monserado, August Sth. About three months after his arrival, while his whole force was 35 men and boys, he was at- tacked by 800 armc'l savages, but by his enersy and tlesperate valor the as- sailants were repulsed, and again, in a few days, when they returned with re- doubled numbers, were utterly defeated. Wlieii ill health compelled him to take 75 a voyage to America, he was e.'scorted to the place of embarkation by three com- panies of the militia: and the men, wo- men, and children of Monrovia parted with him with tears. He left a com- munity of 1200 freemen. He arrived at New Haven, August 10, 1828, a fort- night before his death. He was a per- son of great energy of character, and most devoted piety, and his services to the infant colonv were invaluable. ASHMOLE, !Elias, a celebrated En- glish philosopher and antiquary, and founder of the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, was born at Lichfield, in Staf- fordshire, the 23d of May, 1617. Be- sides filling several offices, civil and military, he was a diligent and curious collector of manuscripts. In 1(550 lie published a treatise written by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to the philoso- phers stone ; together with another tract on the same subject, by an un- known author. About the same time he was busied in preparing for the press a complete collection of the works of such English chemists as had till then remained in manuscript ; this un- dertaking cost him great labor and ex- pense ; and at length appeared towards the close of the year 1652. The title of this work was, " Theatrum Chemieura Britannicum," &c., &e. He then ap- plied himself to the study of antiquity and records. In 1658 he began to col- lect materials for his "History of the Order of the Garter;" which lie lived to finish, and thereby did no less honor to the order than to himself. In Sep- tember following he made a journey to Oxford ; where ne set about a full and particular description of the coins givea to the public library by Archbishop Laud. Upon the restoration of King Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was appointed to give a description of his medals, which were accordingly delivered into his possession ; and King Henry VIII. 's closet was assigned for his use. On the Sth of Jlav, 1672, he presented his "In- stitution, "Laws, and Ceremonies, of the most noble Order of the Garter," to the king, who received it very graciously, and, as a mark of his approbation, granted him a privy seal for £400. In 1679 a fire broke 'out in the Middle Temple, in the next chamber to Mr. Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble library, with a collection of 9000 coins ancient and modern, and a vast repos itory of seals, charters, and other an tiqiiities and curiosities ; but his manu scripts, and his most valuable goldm;'il- 76 CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [asp nl3, were nt liis house at South Lam- beth, la 163^3 the university of Oxford having liaished a inagniftcent repository near the tlioatre, ^Ir. Ashmole sent thither his curious collection of rarities; and this benefaction was considerably auirmeutcd by the addition of his man- uscripts and library at his death, in 1692. ASHTON, Charles, a learned critic, was elected master of Jesus college, Cambridge, July .5, 1701, and installed in a prebend of Ely on the 14th of the same month. His great knowledge in ecclesiastical antiquities was excelled by none, and equalled by few. — Thom^vs, rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, a popular preacher and excellent divine. B. 1710; d. 177o. ASHWELL, George, an English di- vine of thjB 17th century : author of Beveral reUgious works. !B. 1612; d. 1603. ASIIWORTII, Caleb, a native of Northamptonshire, who, from the hum- ble employment of carpenter, rose, by the instruction and patronage of Dr. Doddridge, to the respectability of min- ister of a dissenting congresration, and at last successor in the school of his able master. He wrote Paradigms of Hebrew verbs, and other works, and was respect- ed as a man and as a scholar. B. 1709 ; d. 1774. ASKEW, Anne, an accomplished lady, daughter of Sir William Askew, of Kel- Bay, in Lincolnshire. B. in 1529. She received a learned education, and in early life showed a predilection for the- ological studies. By these she was led to favor the Reformation ; in conse- quence of which she was arrested, and, having confessed her religious princi- ples, committed to Newgate. She was first racked with brutal cruelty in the Tower, and afterwards burned alive in Smithfield, July IG, 154G ; a punishment which she endured with amazing courage and firmness. — Anthony, a phj-siciun and scholar of the 18th century ; author of an appendix to the (ireek Lexicon of Scapula, &c. B. at Kendal, 1722; d. 1784. ASPASIA, a celebrated female, native of Miletus, who went as an adventurer to Athens in the time of Pericles, and by the combined charms of her manners and conversation, completely won the affections of that cmiiieut man. Her station had freed her from the restraints which custom had laid upon the educa- tion of the Athenian matron, and she had enriched her mind with aoeomplish- mcnts rare even among men. Afte* parting with his wife, by mutual con- sent, Pericles attached himself to Aspa- sia, by the most intimate ties which the laws allowed him to contract with a tbreig'i woman, and she acquired an as- cendency over him which soon became notorious, furnished themes for the comic satirist, and subjects for graver strictures by his more serious enemies. But many of the rumors which were set afloat in regard to them were unques- tionably without foundation. They had their origin in the peculiar nature of Aspasia's private circles ; which, with a bold neglect of established usaixc, were composed not only of the most intelligent men to be found at Athens, but also of matrons, whose husbands carried them thither to profit by her conversation. This must have been instructive as well as brilliant, indeed, since Plato did not hesitate to describe her as the precep- tress of Socrates, and to assert that she both formed the rhetoric of Plato, and composed one of his most admired harangues, the funeral oration. Hcr- mippus, the comic poet, brought a crim- inal prosecution against her, on the ground of otfences against religion, and as a corruptor of the Athenian women ; but the indictment was not sustained. Afler the death of Pericles, Aspasia at- tached herself to an obscure yontli named Lysicles, whom she fitted for and raised to some of the highest employments in the republic. — There was another of the same name, a native of Phoccea, in Asia Minor, who seems to have been almost as extraordinary a person as the first. She was so remarkable for her beauty that a satrap of Persia carried her off and made her a present to Cjtus the Young- er. Her modesty and grace won his af- fections, and he lived with her as with a wife, so that their attachment was cele- brated throughout Greece. Her original name had been Milto, but C\tu3 changed it to Aspasia. When he died she fell into the hands of Artaxerxes, whom she despised, and who relinquished her to his son Darius. She was afterwards made a priestess of Diana of Ecbatana, but .Justin says a priestess of the sun. ASPINWALL, William, a skilful and noted physician, was b. in 174-3, at Brookline, in Massachusetts, and took his degree at Harvard college, during the revolution. He was appointed a surgeon in tiie army, and at the battle of Lexing- ton fought as a volunteer. He was par- ticularly successful in the treatment of small-pox ; yet when vaccine inoculation CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPHV. ast] was introduced, he -warmly adopted the practice, and abandoned liis liospital, altliouirh it greatly reduced his prolbs- tjionul cmohnucnts. 1). 1S23. ASSALINI, PiETUo, a physician of Modena, who was surgeon-major in the French army, and accompanied Napo- leon in his expedition to Egypt. He saw a great deal of the jilaguc at JalFa, and wrote intelligently of that pest. lie also wrote on yellow fever, dysentery, dis- eases of the eyes, and improved several surgical instruments. ASSAROTTI, OcTAVirs. B. at Genoa in 1753, and d. there in 1829. The AL)b6 Assarotti was one of those few noble spirits whose lives are devoted to the amelioration of the miseries of their fellow-creatures. He was the great rival of the Abbe FEpee in the estab- lishment of institutions for the instruc- tion of the deaf and dumb : a model of piety, humanity, and charity. ASSELYN, John-, a Dutch painter of the 17th century, was pupil to Isaiah Vandervelde, and afterwards went to Rome. Settling at Amsterdam, in 1645, he obtained great reputation by the pro- ductions of his pencil, which consisted principally of historical paintings, battle- pieces, and landscapes with ruins, and were distinguished for their adherence to nature, and a correct style of coloring. A set of liis landscapes (24 in number) has Ijeen engraved by Perelle. D. 1650. ASSEMANI, Joseph Simon, an arch- bishop of Tyre, and librarian at the Vat- ican, lie was profounilly skilled in the oriental languages, and published sev- eral learned works, such as the " Bibli- otheca Orientalica," " Italicae HistorioB, &c.," "Kalendiea," "Ecelesiai Univer- sffi," &c. B. 1687; d. 1768.— Stephen Evonius, his nephew, bishop of Apamea, succeeded hiui as keeper ot the Vatican library, and was also an oriental scholar. lie published an Oriental Catalogue, and " Acta Sanctorum Martvrum," &c. ASSEK, a Rabbi of the 5th century ; one of the compilers of the Babylonian Talmud. D. 427. ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS, a learned ecclesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biog- rapher of Alfred the Great, by whom lie was made bishop of Sherborne. His " Annals" contain, at once, the fullest and most authentic account of the life of his august sovereign and friend. D. 909. AST, (tEokge Anthony Fredebick, a German philologist. B. at Gotha, wlio wrote an introduction to the study of the works of Plato, which is one of the 7* 77 best of the kind. Re also put forth an admirable edition of those works, with a Latin translation, and able and ex- panded conmicutarics, to which was added subsequently, a "Lexicon Pla- tonicum." lie was professor at the university of Landschut, and afterwards at that of Munich. B. 1778 ; d. 1841. ASTELL, ]\L\BT, b. at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, about the year 1G8S. Her uncle, a clergyman, observing marks of a promising genius, took her under his tuition, and taught her mathematics, logic, and philosophy. She left the place of her nativity when she was about 20 years of age, and sjjent the re- maining part of her life at London and Chelsea, in writing for the advancement of learning, religion, and virtue, and in the practice of those religious duties which she so zealously commended to others. D. 1731. ASTLE, Thomas, an eminant archfeo- logical writer, and author of a Treatise " On the Origin and Progress of Wri- ting," &c., &c. D. 1803.— John, a por- trait painter, pupil of Hudson, who raan-ied Ladv Daniel, and gained great wealth. D. 1787. ASTLEY, Philip, author of "Re- marks on the Profession and Duty of a Soldier," " A system of Equestrian Ed- ucation," &c. ; but better known as the founder, and for many years the man- ager of the Amphitheatre in London, which still goes by his name. B. 1742 ; d. 1814. ASTON, Sir Arthur, a brave com- mander of the royalist troops in the reign of Charles L, who greatly distin- guished himself at the battle of Edge- hhl, &e. He was governor of Drogheda in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell, and is said to have had his brains beaten out with his own wooden leg. — Sir Thomas, also a royalist, who, in the civil wars, raised a troop of horse for the king's service ; and was hitjh sheriff of Cheshire, in 1633. He was killed while attempting to escape after being cap- tured Ijy the republicans, in 1645, ASTOR, John Jacob, a New York merchant, noticeable for the enterprise and energy by which he acciunulnted one of the largest fortunes in America, was b. at Widdorf, Germany, in 1763. He came to this country, in 1784, a poor orphan boy, landing at Baltimore; sup- ported himself as he could \\S. ASTORGAS, Marchioness n', a avo- man in tlio reign of Charles II. of Spain, who killed witli her own hands a beau- tiful mistress to whom her husband was attaclied. She afterwards prepared the heart of her victim for her husband to eat, wliich, when he had done so, she rolled the bleeding head of his mistress before iiim on thelable. This wretched woman escaped into a convent, where she became insane through rage and jealousy. ASTORI, John Anthony, secretary to the academy of the Anemosi, at Venice, and also to that of the academy at Rome, who wrote copiously on Greek and Ro- man literature and antiquities. B. 1672 ; d. 174:^. ASTe Baschi, Mar- quis of, an ingenious Frenchman, who published a work on "Historical Gc- ographv," and furnished materials for Menard's "Pieces fugitives pour 1' His- toire de France." D. 1777. AUBAT, Abbe, cemeur royal in 1784 ; a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Vol- taire pronounces first after La Fontaine. AUBIGNE, Theodore AoRirrA d', a French Calvinist of good family, re- markable for his attachment to Henry IV., and for the honestv with which he spoke the truth to that king even when it was least agreeable. He spent the latter jiart of his life in retirement at Geneva. D. 1630. — Constant d', son of the above, and father of the notorious Madame de Maintenon. His moral character was very inferior to that of his father; but as an author, his "L'ni- versal History," and his satires, poems, memoirs, &c., do him considerable credit. AUBLET, John Baptist Christopher Fuvee, an able French botanists author of "Ilistoires des Plantes de la Guienne Fran(^oise." It was in honor of him that Linnffius gave the name of Verbena Aublctia to a^ species of vervain. B. 1720: d. 1778. AUBEEY, John, an eminent English topographer and antiquary. He loft a vast number of MSS., evincing great re- search, of which Wood has availed him- self in his Oxford biographies; but ho only published one work, entitled " Mis- cellanies," a collection of popular super- stitions. Many of his MsS. are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. B. 1G26 ; d. 1700. AUBRIET, Claude, a French painter of natural historv subjects. D. 1740. AUBKIOT, Hugh, a French merchant, mayor of Paris, and superintendent of finance to Charles V, He was im- prisoned for heresy, but the populace, who had risen against the taxes termed Maillotins, released him, and he escaped to Burgundy. It was from him that the Frencli reformers had the name of Hiu gtienots. 82 CYCLOP.tDIA OF UIOGRAPHY. [aud A.UBEY DE MONTDIDIER, a Frouoh knight of the time of Charles v., who, iicoordiug to tradition, was baeely murdered, in 1371, by his com- panion iu arms, Eiciiard de Macaire. The murder was discovered by means of a dog of the deceased, who showed the most liostile disposition to the mur- derer. The king compelled Macaire to Sght with his accuser, tlie dog, in order kO decide the case ; and the murderer was conquered. From this story the drama of " The Dog of Montargis" has been taken. — John B.vptist, a French prior who was deprived of his situation ftt the revolution, author of " Questions Philosophiques sur la Eeligiou Natu- relle," cVrc. B. 1735; d. ISOO". — Mlle., a figurante of the French opera, who, in 1793, publicly personated the " God- dess of Eeason" at Paris. — A Parisian librarian, and profound mathematician, author of a work addressed to the legis- lative body in 17'jy, " On Weights and Measures ;^' and another, " On the Decimal System." B. 1746. — Joux Fkancis, a French physician of the 18th century, author ot "Les Oracles de Cos," a review of the practice of Hip- pocrates, and other ancient physicians. — DcBoxcHET N., a deputy of the Tiers Etats iu 17S9 ; and author of sev- eral works on political economy. — F., one of the French committee of public safety in 1794. who aimed at counter- revolution. He deprived Bonaparte, after the siege of Toulon, of military employments, and reduced him to great distress; the latter revenged himself afterwards, by preventing Ids re-entry into France after his deportation to Cayenne, on the return of some of his fellow-victims. — De Gouges, Makie- Olymi'ie, a female republican, celebrated for her beauty and talents. She founded the popular temale societies called Tri- coteuscs, and was a perfect enthusiast in her political opinions. At length she was put to death by Eobespierre's party, in consequence of her having denounced them in a panipldet called the " Trois Urues." She ieen. His con- nection witli Burleigh, the lord tre-.isurer, and Sir Robert Cecil, first secretary of state, would liave led to his instant ad- vancement, but for the feud of the latter with Essex. In 1593 he was returned a member of parliament for Middlesex, where he at hrst conducted himself with great dignity and discretion, voting with the popular party against the measures of the ministers, but towards the end of Elizabeth's reign, his poverty be- trayed him into acts of servility mi- worthy of his character. Under James I., a prince ambitious of the title of a patron of letters, he was knighted in 1703. Connnissioned to make a report on the oppressions committed by the roval purveyors in the king's name, ho executed the task with so much satis- faction both to the king and parliament, that the commons voted him their thanks, and James made him king's counsel, with a pension of £100. He soon after contracted an advantageous marriage, was created lord keeper of the seals in 1617, and lord high chancellor and baron of Verulam in 1019, and, in 1620, viscount of St. Albans. But his rapid preferment was only the precursor to a still more rapid fall. He was ac- cused before the house of lords of hav- ing received money for grants of otfice and privileges under the seal of state. He was unable to justify himself", and finally confessed the bulk of the charge*, throwing himself on the mercy of the peers. He was sentenced to pay a fine of £40,000, to be imprisoned in the Tower, and to be declared incapable of holding office, or to appear within the verge of the court. Basil ^lontague, in his admirable life of Bacon, ingeniously attempts to excuse his crimes, but his arguments are scattered like chaff in Mr. ^lacaulay's essay on Bacon, to bo found in his Miscellanies. The sen- tence was not rigorously executed; ho was soon released from the Tower, and the rest of his penalty remitted. Yet ho survived his disgrace only a few years, and died in 1726. During his active political life, and in his fall, he had still been devoted to philosophy. His universal genius had made him master of all the sciences, and his im- mortal writings, the " Adv.ancemcnt of Learning," and the " Novum Oiga- uum," laid the foundations of true scientific method, which changed the philosophy of the world. He treated also, in the "Sylva Sylvanmn," of natural history, wrote se\eral works on mctlicine, and sug-gestcd extensive and wise reforms of law. His moral " Es- says"' are a treasure of profound thought, eloquently expressed. Indeed, in nearly 92 CYCLOP-tDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bac all departments of hnman invcsticjation. he displayed prodigious eapaeity, and was as eopious and beantitul as a writer as he was original and comprehensive as a thhdcer. In mathematies and as- frononiv he was, perhaps, behind others of his tiay, but in every other respect, he soared to such a height, that his cotemporaries scarcely estimated the frreatness of his views and the im- ])ortance of his discoveries. — Kogf.r, an English monk, whoso genius would render the name of Bacon illustrious even if it had not belonged to the great counsellor whose life is given above. He was born in 1214, at llchester, in Somerset, and educated tirst at Oxford and then at Paris, where he took a de- gree as doctor of theology. In 1240 he returned to Oxford, where he joined the order of Franciscans. His inquisitive spirit, however, directed his taste rather to learning than religion, and he was 6oon distinguished for the extent as well as variety of his attainments. His favor- ite pursuit was natural philosophy; in the prosecution of which, having ex- hausted his own means, he relied upon the contributions of friends. He dis- oovered many valuable facts in science ; but such was' the ignorance and super- stition of the day, that his labors were '•egarded as heretical and their results as sorcery or magic. He replied by de- nouncing the ignorance and corruption of the priests, who could not compre- hend his elevated aims, and they, in re- venge, denounced him at the court of Eome. The pope silenced his teachings at tlie university ; and not long after he was thrown into prison, where he was bhut out from all human converse, and almost deprived of food. But the next pope, Clement IV., a more enlightened man, liberated him from confinement, and requested him to publish his works, which he did in the shape of what is now known as the " Opus Majus." Clement's successor, Nicholas III., was not so favor- able to him, and liis writings were asiain condemned and his person imprisonetl. He suffered during ten years, and was only released by the intercession of some learned Englishmen. He died in 1294. His opinions were many of them those of his age, but he was in most respects greatly in advance of it. His views on optics were new and ingenious ; he had investigated the refraction of light, knew the property of lenses, and was either the inventor or improver of the telescope. The camera obscura and the burning glass were not unknown to him, and he made several discoveries in chemistry. He knew the secret of manufacturing gunpowder, was familiar with geography and astronomy ; wrote Hebrew, Latin, and Greek with elegance; and has left behind admirable precepts in moral phi- losophy. Altogether he was perhaps the most wonderful man of his age. — Sir Nicholas, keeper of the great seal under Elizabeth, was born 1510. He was cm- ployed lender Henry YIII., to whom he proposed a plan, which however was never adopted, for the erecting of a col- lege to instruct young statesmen in all the branches of political knowledge. He was knighted by Elizabeth, and made keeper of the seals in the room of Heath, archbishop of York ; but as he tavored the Sutfolk succession he was treated with coldness, and sus.pccted of assisting Hales in writing a tract to tavor the claims of the duchess of Suffolk against the rights of the queen of Scotland. He was, however, soon after reinstated in the queen's good opinion by the inter- ference of Sir William Cecil, and he died 20th February, 1579. — Natha^jiel, a Vir- ginia generah one of the earliest patriots of the New World, was educated at the Inns of Court in England, and after his arrival in this country was chosen a member of the council. The murder of six Indian chiefs induced the savages to take terrible vengeance, inhumanly slaughtering sixty for the six. Their incursions caused the frontier planta- tions to be abandoned. Governor Berke- ley built a few forts on the frontiers, but this wretched expedient produced no beneficial etfcct, for the savages quickly found out, as an old history has it, " where the mouse-traps were set." The people were for wiser and more active measures. They chose Bacon for their leader, who after sendin? to the governor for a com- mission, which was refused, marched without one at the head of 80 or 90 men and defeated tlie Indians. For this act he was proclaimed a rebel. lie was taken, tried, and acquitted, restored to the coun- cil, and promised also in two days a com- mission as general for the Indian war, agreeably to the passionate wishes of the people. As the governor refused to sign the promised commission. Bacon soon appeared at the head of 500 men and ol)tained it by force. The people had not misjudged his capacity to serve them : for by tlie wise and energetic measures he adopted, he restored his scattered friends to their plantations. AVhilc he was thus honorably employed, the gov- ernor again proclaimed him a rebel. This bag] CYCLOPEDIA or niOGKAPHY. 93 measure induced him to countermarch to Williamsburtr, wlicncc he issued his declaration against the governor, and soon drove him across tlie bay to Acco- mao. He also exacted of the people an oath to support him against the forces eniployed by the povernor. lie then p"roscc'utcd the Indian war. The gov- ernor was again routed, and Jamestown burned. To prevent an attack by the governor when besieged by him, he seized the wives of several of the gov- ernor's adherents, and brought them into camp; sending word to their husbantls, that they would be placed in front of his men. Entirely successful on the western shore, Bacon was about to cross the bay to attack the governor at Accomac, when he was arrested by death, October 1st, 1676. He appears to have been a man of noble impulses, great sagacity, and chivalric valor. Ilis story has been wrought into a novel by Mr. Carutliers of Virginia ; and Mr. Parke Godwin, we are told, has an unpublished drama, of which Bacon is the htro. — Piianuel, D. D., an Oxford divine, celebrated for his wit an t liumor. In 1735 he became rector of Baldon, Oxfordshire, where he died, January 2, 1783. lie wrote, be- sides Ave plays, published in 1757, an ele- gant poem called "The Artificial Ki.-», first printed in 1710, and inserted in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1758. — Tiiom.\s, an Episcopal minister at Frederietown, Maryland, died in 1768. He compiled " A Complete System of the Revenue of Ireland," published in 1737 ; also " a Complete Body of the Laws of Mary- land," fob, 1765. He also wrote other valuable pieces. BACONTHORPE, John, called the Resolute Doctor, an English monk, au- thor of a "Compendium of the Law of Christ," 2:5. — JoANXA, his sister, became distinguished as one of the greatest female writers of Great Britain. She was born at Both- well about the year 1765, and at an early aire, manifesteci a strong predilection for literary pursuits. Her first dramatic eilbrts were jiublished in 1798, under the title, "A Series of Plays," in which it is attempted to delineate' the stronger pas- sions of the mind, each passion being the subject of a tragedy and a comedy. A second volume was published in 1802, and a third in 1812. During the interval she gave the world a volume of miscel- laneous dramas, including the " Family Legend," a tragedy founcled upon a story of one of tlie Macleans of Appin, and which, principally through Sir Walters endeavors, was brought out at the Edin- burgh theatre. She'visited Scott in Ed- inburgh in 1803. In the following year the drama in question was played with great temporary success, and Sir Walter Scott's enthusiasm in its favor communi- cating itself to Edinburgh society, tlie drama ran fourteen nights. In 1814 it was played in London. The only " Play of the Passions" ever represented on a stage was " De Montfort," brought out by John Kemble, and played for elev- en nights.— In 1821 it was revived for Edmund Kean, but fruitlessly. Miss O'lscill played the heroine. In fact, like all Joanna's dramatic etforts, it was a poem — a poem full of genius and the true spirit of poetry — but not a play. Scott, however, was strongly taken by it ; his lines are well known : *' Till Avon's flwnns — while nmp: the error© Wil!' Montlort's hnte, nnd Basil's love !— .\wnkening at the inspiring strain iJeem'vl their own Shukspeare lived again '." In 1836 tlie authoress rii;blished thrcB more volumes of plays. Previous to this, in 1823, a lontr-promised collection of poetic miscellanies appeared, containing Scott's dramatic sketch of " Macdutf 's Cross," with, inler alia, some of Mrs. Heman's poetry and Miss Catharine Fau- shaw's ,/< '/.(,' ci'c-yjri'f. She always lived in retirement, and latterly in strict se- clusion, ill her retreat at Hampstead. The literary fame which she had ac- quired bv her own works, aided in no small degree by the lone and loudly ex- pressed admiration of Walter Scott, who alwavs visited her when in London, never sueceeded in drawing her gener- ally into society. D. ISoO. During the 9(5 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [baj greater part of her life she lived with a maiden sister, Affues — also a poetess — to whom she addressed her beautiful Birthday poem. They were of a family in wliich talent and genius were he- reditary. Their father was a Scottish clergyman, and their mother a sister of the celebrated Dr. William Hunter. — John, an active and able cflicer of the East India Company, went out to India a.s a cadet, in 1791, where at the com- mencement of the ISIahratta war he ef- fected the peaceable transfer to the British dominions of a territory yielding an annual revenue of £225, 000. On re- turning to England, Colonel Baillie was, in 1820, elected M. P. for Ilendon ; and subsequentlj' represented the burghs of Inverness, of the abbe de la Caille directed him in the pursuit of science ; and in 1763 he introduced to the acad- emy his observations on the moon, and the next year his treatise on the zodiacal stars. In 1766 he published his essay on the satellites of Jupiter, and in other treatises enlarged furtlier on the import- ant subiect. In 1775 the first volume of his history of ancient and modern astronomy appeared, and the third and last in 1779; and in 1787 that of Indian and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to. He was drawn from his literary retire- ment to public view as a deputy to the first national assembly ; and such was his popularity, that he was, on July 1-lth, 1789, nominated mayor of Paris. In this dangerous office he conducted himself in a very becoming manner, which of- fended the terrorists, and at the same time showing sympathy with the royal family, he became unpopular. He rc- Bigned his office, and in 1793 was guil- lotined by order of the sanguinary tribunal of Robespierre, showing in his death as in his lil'e, resignation, firmness, and dignity. BAILY, Francis, famous in the annals of astronomical science, was the son of a banker at Newbury, and for many years well known on the Stock Ex- change, in which busy arena he realized an ample fortune. The Astronomical Society was organized by him, and throughout life he was the most consid- erable' contributor to its memoirs. Sys- tematic order and steady perseverance were the secrets of his success. D. 1844, aged 70. BAINBEIDGE, Dr. John, an eminent physician and astronomer. B. in 1582. lie gained considerable reputation by his work entitled a "Description of the late Comet in 1628," and was appointed pro- fessor of astronomy at Oxford. D. 1643. — William, a commodore of the United States navy, was b. at Princeton, N. J., May 7th, 1774. He was apprenticed to the sea-service at an early period of his life, and at the age of 19 rose to the com- mand of a mercliant vessel. In 1798 he entered the naval service with the rank of lieutenant. In 1800 he sailed for Al- giers as commander of the frigate George Washington ; and in 1803 he sailed for Ti-inoli, as commander of the frigate Philadelphia, in consequence of "the grounding of which he was captured. On the 29th of December, 1812, having the frigate Constitution under his com- mand, ke captured, after a severe action, the British trigate Java ; and his gener- osity to the prisoners gained for him a strong exfircssion of their gratitude. Since the close of the war Commodore Bainbridge commanded, with great rep- utation and popularity, at several naval stations ; and for several years filled the office of ft commissioner of the Kavy Board. He d. at Philadelphia, July 27th, 1833, in his 60th year. BAINE, Michael, a divine, deputy at Trent, whose writings were condemn- ed as Calvinistic. B. 1513 • d. 1589. BAINES, a noted friend of civil and religious liberty in the British parlia- ment. He was originally a printer at Leeds, but in 1833 was elected to parlia- ment, where he served 7 years. He wrote a " History of the reign of George III.," &e. B. 1774 ; d. 1848. BAIRD, Sir David, a distinguished English general, who served in the East Indies, Egvpt, Cape of Good Hope, Spain, &c.' D. 1829. BAJAZET I., a wariike, but tyranni- cal sultan of Turkey, who succeeded Amridgment of Geography, all works of profound and extensive research, which have made him an authority both m Europe and America. D. 1848. BALBINUS, Decimvs C.elius, chosen emperor of Rome, in conjunction with Maximus, in 287 ; and murdered by the soldierv in the following vear. BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, a Castil- ian, one of the first who visited the West Indies. He established a colony on the isthmus of Panama, where he built the first town on the continei.t of South America, penetrated into the in- terior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and (ibtained information respecting the em- pire of Peru. Jealous ot his talents and success, rival adventurers accused him of disloyalty, and he was put to death in 1517, by Pcdrarias Davila, the Sfianish governor of Darien. BALBUENA, Bernardo de, a Span- ish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico. D. 1G27. BALBUS, Lucrrs Cornelius Theo- piiANEs, a native of Cadiz, whose military exploits caused Pompey to obtain for him the privileges of a Roman citizen ; and he subsequently became consul, being the first foreigner on whom that disrnity was conferred. BALCANQUAL, Walter, a Scotch divine, wlio accomjiianied James I. to England. He was made dean of Roches- ter and bishop of Durham, but in the civil wars he was a severe sufiercr, being driven from place to place for shelter. He wrote the "Declaration of Charles i'. concerning the late Tumults in Scot- land," tli century ; one of tlie chief antliors of "Tlie Mirror for Magis- tTutef>." — Thomas, a Baptist minister of Boston, who was a wliilc at the head of his denomination in New England. D. 1S2S. — FuANCis, a learned civilian of the 16th eenturv, much employed by the po- tentates of liis time, lie wrote "Leges de Ee rustiea Novella," »fec., &c. — Abra- ham, a president of the university of Georgia, member of the convention which passed the constitution of the U. S., and subsequently a member of congress. D. 1S07. BALDWIN L, a distinguished leader in the 4th crusade. On the conquest of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204, he was elected emperor of the East; but being taken prii^oner by the Greeks, ho was never afterwards' heard of. — IL, succeeded his brother Robert, as emy^e- ror of the East, in 1228. On the taking of Constantino])le. in 1261, by Michael I'ala'ologus, Baldwin escaped to Italy, where he d. 1273. BALDWIN, archbishop of Canter- bury. This prelate accompanied Eieh- nrd'l. to Palestine, and d. there, 1291. His writings were published by Tissier, in 1662. BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, succeeded to that dignity in 1100, took Antipatris, Caesarea, and Azotus in 1101, and Acre in 1104. D. 1118.— II., king of Jerusalem, succeeded the above in 1118; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., having renounced his claim to the throne. Baldwin II. was taken prisoner by the Saracens in 1124, and gave them the citv of Tyre as his ransom. D. 1131. — Ilf. succeeded to the throne in 1143. He took Ascalon and other places from the infidels. D. 1163.— IV., the son of Amaiiry, succeeded his father on the throne oi' Jerusalem in 1174. He subse- quently resigned in favor of his nephew. I). 118.'(. — v., nephew and successor of the last named, was poisoned in 1186. BALE, John, an English ecclesiastic. B. at Cove, in 1495, who became bishop of Ossory, in Ireland. Educated a Ro- manist, he was converted to Protestant- ism. His clergy opposed and Ibrsook him, and so furious was their opjjosition, that in one tumult five of his servants were murdered in his presence. He was obliged to fly, and after enduring many hardships, found shelter in Swit- zerland, wliere lie remained till the death of Mary. On his return to Lnudand, lie made no attempt to recover his Irish •Uoees";, but settled m i\ prebend of Canterbury, in 1563. He wrote " An account of the Ancient Writers of Bri- tain," several Scripture plays, and nu- merous polemical tracts. — Robert, prior of the Carmelites of Norwich ; author of "Annales Ordinis Carmelitarum," &e. D. 1503. BALECHOU Nicholas, a French en- graver, whose works are held in high estimation. B. 1710 ; d. 1765. BALEN, Heindrich vax, a Dutch painter, whose "Judgment of Paris" and " Drowning of Pharaoh" are mucli admired. John van Balen, his son, was a distinguished historical and landscape painter. B. 1560; d. 1632. BALES, Petee, a skilful penman, em- ployed by Secretary Walsingham to im- itate writings. He published a work called "The" Writing Master." B. 1547; d. ICOO. BALESTRA, Antony, a Veronese his- torical painter. B. 1666 ; d. 1720. BALFOUR, Alexander, a novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a native of Forfarshire, Scotland. He was the author of "Ilisrhland Mary," besides other novels r.nd poems, and for many years a contributor to various Scottish periodicals. B. 1767; d. 1829. — Sir An- drew, an eminent botanist and physi- cian, and one to whom medical science in Scotland owes a lasting debt of grati- tude for a botanic garden, museum, &c. B. 1630; d. 1694. B.\LGUy, John, an eminent divine of the church of England, and a theo- logical writer, was b. at Sheffield, in 1686, and in 1727 became a prebendary of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the Bangorian controversy; and among his several works may be noticed " An Es- say on Redemption," a " Letter to a Deist on the Beauty and Excellence of Moral Virtue," &c. D. 174S. — Thom.\3, son of the above, prebend and archdea- con of Winchester; author of "Divine Benevolence, asserted and vindicated," a sermon on church government, &c. B. 1716; d. 1795. BALIOL, Sir John de, a native of Durham, who, on the marriage of the daughter of Henry III. to Alexander III. of Scotland, was made one of the guardians of the royal pair. He found- ed Baliol college, Oxford; and having sided with Henry III. against his re- volted barons, the latter seized upon his lands. D. 1269. — John de, son of the preceding, laid claim to the crown of Scotland on the death of Queen Mar- garet. His claim was disputed by s-ev- eral competitors, one of whom was the bal] CTCLOr.KDIA OF RIOGRAl'IlY. 99 famous Robert 'Rruce. But Edward I., to wliom the iiiatter was referred, de- cided in favor of Baliol. He soon fottingham, where he ac- quired great reputation. He was author ol" several works on physic and surgery. — John, the first performer of celebrity on the violin, and the composer of the music to Davenaut's opera of Circe. D. 1679. BANKES. Sir John, chief justice of tlie Common Pleas in the reign of Charles I. Ilis wife, with the family, being at their scat at Corfc Castle, were sum- moned to surrender it, but she success- fully defended it against the parliamen- tary troops, till relieved by the arrival of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse. Sir John d. in 1644. BANIvS, .John, a bookseller, and au- thor of a "Critical Review of the Life of Cromwell," itc. B. 1709; d. 1751.— John, an English dramatist of the ISth century ; author of the " Earl of Essex," a tragedy, &c. — Sir Joseph, an eminent English naturalist, and for many years president of the Royal Society. His en- thusiasm in the stuVly of natliral liistory may he judged of from the fact, that it led him to accompany Cook in his first circunmavigation of the world. He pub- lished only one small work, a treatise on the " Blight, Mildew, or Rust in Corn." B. 1743; d. 1820. — Thomas, an eminent English sculptor. Among the best of his works are " CaraeUieus taken Prison- 102 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bah cr to Konie," and " Achilles mourning the Loss of Briscis." lie also executed the admirable monument in Westmin- ster abbev, to the memory of Sir Eyre Coote. 15. 1735; d. ISOo. BAXrs' AKEK, Benjamin', a nef^ro of JIaryland, who by his own unaided ef- forts mastered the astronomical works and tables of Ferguson, and gained a complete knowledge of the mathematics, so tliat tor years he was the calculator and publisher of the Maryland Epheme- rides. BANXIEK John' a Swedish general who served under Gustavus Adolphus, and at the deatli of that prince became commander-in-chief. B. 1601 ; d. 1641. BAXNISTEK, John, an admirable comic actor, the son of Charles Bannis- ter, well known as a singer and a wit, was born in London, in 17G0. Having secured the favor of the great Garrick, he made his debut at Drury lane thea- tre, as " Master J. Bannister," when twelve years of age ; he then quitted the boards tor a time, but obtained a perma- nent engagement in 177'J. At first he aspired to tragedy, and gave it a decided preference ; but his talents so clearly lay in an opposite direction, that on the death of Edwin he at once supplied his place, giving proofs of first-rate powers, and establishing himself as a public tavorite. The parts in which he excehcd were mainly Svlvester Daggerwood, Lingo, Trudge, tlie Three Singles, Bobadil. L)r. Pangloss, Job Thornberrv, Colonel Feignwell, and Walter in " The Children in ithe W ood." Being much afflicted with the gout, he retired from the stage in 1815, having had the good fortune to earn a competence by his profession, and the prudence to keep it. He d. Novem- ber 8, 1836, respected and beloved by all who knew him. Nature had done much for Bannister, physically as well as men- tally: his face, figure, and voice were excellent ; his spirits exuberant ; and an open manly countenance was a faithful index to the heart of " Gentleman Jack." BANTI, Bkioida Geokgi, a celebrated female Italian singer, was the daughter of a Venetian gondolier, and in her youth nothing more or loss tlian a street singer in Georgi, her native town ; where a no- ble amateur, having noticed the Ijrilliancy of her voice, had her instructed in sing- ing at his expense. It was probable slie was shortly after advised to try her for- tune in a foreign country, for she soon left Venice on her road to Paris ; not however, as it would seem, in prosperous circumstances, since she sang at coffee- houses and inns at Lyons, and other towns, for small sums collected from the guests. M. de Visues, who was then manager of the opera at Paris, relates, that, in the year 1778, he stopped one evening at a coffee-house on the boule- vards, being struck by the sound of a very beautiful voice ; it was Banti whom he heard, as she was singing in the cof- fee-room. He put a louis Jor into her hand, desiring her to call on him the next morning. The result was, that Monsieur de Visnes engaged her imme- diately for the Opera Butia, where she made her debut, by an air sung between the second and third acts of " Iphigeuie en Aulide," and created a universal sen- sation of delight. After the departure of the celebrated Agujari from London, the managers of the Pantheon engaged Madame Banti for three seasons, upon condition that £100 aycar should be de- ducted from her salary, for the payment of an able master to cultivate her voice. Sacchini was the first appointed to this office ; but he found her so idle and ob- stinate, that he soon quitted her as an incurable patient. She was next assigned to Piozzi, whose patience was likewise soon exhausted by her incorrigible in- attention. Her last master in England was Abel ; soon after which she left this country, and sang with enthusiastic ap- plause at several of the German courts, and subsequently at almost every princi- pal town in Italy. Her great success certainly exemplified most strongly the truth of the old adage, "That there are a hundred requisites necessary to con stitute a good singer, of which, whoever possesses a fine voice, is already in pos- session of ninety-nine." After several years absence, Banti returned to England in the spring of 1790, when her perform- ance and singing in Gluck's opera of " Alceste," was thought to be most per- fect; every look, every action, every note, appearing to be strictly appropriate to the cliaractcr she had assumed, and to no other. Soon after this, on the oc- casion of Lord Howe's victory, Banti introduced in one of her cantatas the national air of "God save the king," in a style which perfectly electrified the audience. In the year 1799 she enrap- tured every hearer by her performance in " Ines de Castro," composed by Bi- anchi, and then first produced. The celebrated prayer in it, "Gran Dio ehe regoli," was given in a style of tender- ness and appropriate devotion, which perhaps has never been exceeded on the stage. We believe that the year 1809 bah] CYCLOP.EUIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 103 was the last season of Banti's singinof in England. Slie died at Bologna, in 1806, aged about 50. It is said, that, on open- ing her body, the lungs were found to be of an unusually large size. BAPTIST, "Jonx, a native of Lisle, resident for some time in England, as a painter of flowers, lie studied atAnt- wcrp, and assisted Lc Brun in painting the palace of Versailles, in whieh the flowers were his execution. The duke of Montague, who was ambassador in France, employed him with La Fosse and Kousseaa in the decoration of Montague house, now the British Museum. A looking-glass which he adorned with a garland of flowers for Queen Mary is still preserved at Kensington palace. There is a print of him from a painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, in "\\ alpolu's Anecdotes, lie died 1699. — His son Anthony distinguished himself also in flower painting. — Another of the same name, who was born at Antwerp, paid a visit to England during the civil wars, and was engaged in General Lambert's service, and after the restoration ho paintecl the attitudes and draperies of Sir Peter Lely's portraits. He died in 1691. BARAHONA Y SOTO, Louis, a Spanish physician and poet, a native of Luceria, in Andalusia, continued, under the title of the Tears of Angelica, the romance of Ariosto, and executed his task in such a manner as to gain the applause of Cervantes. He is also the author of some eclogues, stanzas, and sonnets. BAEANZANO, Eedemptcs, a Barna- bite monk, who corresponded with Lord Bacon, by whom he was highly esteem- ed for his proficiency in mathematics. He wrote " Uranoscopia," " Campus Philosophorum," &c. B. 1590 ; d. 1622. BAEATIER, John Philip, a person of Erodigious memory. B. 1721, at Scliwo- ach, in the margravate of Anspach. At the age of 4 he conversed witn his mother in French, with his father in Latin, and with his servants in German. The r.apidity of his improvements aug- mented with his years, so that he became perfectly acquainted with Greek at 6, with Hebrew at 8, and in his 11th year translated from the Hebrew into French the travels of the rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, whieh he enriched with valu- able annotations. His proficiency in mathematics was so great that he sub- mitted to the Royal Academy of Science, at Berlin, a plan for finding the longi- tude at sea, m.arked witt wonderful in- genuity, so that he was elected a member. In 1735 he went with his father to Halle ; at which university he was ollcred the degree of master of arts, or (as they call it) doctor in ]>hilosophy. Baratier drew up that night 14 theses in philosophy and the mathematics ; these he sent im- mediately to the press, and defended the next day so very ably, that fJl who heard him were delighted and amazed : he was then admitted to his degree. But this great application injured his health, and he d. before he was 20 years old. BARBARINO, Francesco, an early Italian poet, who wrote " Document; d'Amorc." B. 1264; d. 1348. BARBAEO, Fkancis, a noble Vene- tian, distinguished by his learning as well as his political talents. He defend- ed Brescia, of which he was governor, against the Duke of Milan, and obliged tiie besiegers to retreat. He is princi- pally known by a partial translation of Plutarch's works, and a treatise "DcRe Uxoria." The latter was published in 1515 at Paris. Some familiar epistles ot his were also published as late as 1743. D. 1454. — Hermolao, the elder, nephew to Francis, was bishop of Trevisa, and afterwards of Verona, where he d. 1470. He translated some of iEsop's fables into Latin, when only 12 years old. — Her- MOLAUs, grandson of Francis, a learned Venetian, employed by his countrymen as ambassador to the Emperor Frederic, to his son, Maximilian, and to Pope In- nocent VIII. He was honored by the pope with the vacant patriarchate of Aquileia against the wishes of his coun- trymen, who had passed a law that their ambassadors should accept no favor from the Roman pontilf ; and so inexorable were the Venetians, that Barbaro"s fa- ther, who was far advanced in years, and intrusted with the first offices of the state, was unable to avert their resent- ment, and died, in consequence, of a broken heart. Barbaro wrote some ex- cellent treatises as well as poetry ; and in translations from Plutarch and Dios- corides he showed his abilities as a Greek scholar. D. 1493. — Daniel, co- adjutor of the patriarchate of Aquileia, with his uncle Hermolao, was sent as ambassador from Venice to England, where he continued till 1551. He d. 1570, and left several learned works be- hind him. among which were a '-Trea- tise on Eloquence." '* Venice,'" — an Italian translation of Vitruvius, and the "Practice of Perspective," folio. BARBAROSSA, Arl-cii, a well-known pirate, who made himself master of Al- 104 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar fiers, nnd murdered the kinj^ Selim liiteini, whom he had come to assist and defend against his Spanisli invaders. He afierwarcfs made himself master of Tunis, and of Tremecen, wliose sover- eign was assassinated by his own sub- jeets. His suceess M^as stopped by the marquis of Gomares, frovcruor of Orau, whom the heir of the Tremeeen domin- ions liad invited to his support; but when besieged in the citadel he made his escape by a subterraneous passage ; but being overtaken, he was cut to pieces witli liis followers. D, 1518. — Cheredin, a brother of the above, was an admiral under Selim II. lie obtained possession of Tunis, but was cheeked bv Charles v., after which he plundered several towns of Italy, and then advanced to Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered. He d. in 1547, aged 80, leaving his son Asau in possession of the kingdom. — Haykadin, or Kuayr Eddix, younger brother of the preceding. lie was left by Aruch to secure Algiers, when he marched against Tunis', and, on his death, was proclaimed king in his place. Findinjr his authority insecure, he made application to the Ottoman Sultan Soli- man, offering to recognize his superior- ity, and become tributary, provided a force was sent to him sufficient to main- tain him in his usurpation. Soliman agreed to his proposals, and, ordering him a reinforcement of janizaries, in- vested him with the dignity of viceroy or pacha over the kingdom of Algiers. Thus reinforced, Hayi-adin built a wall for the improvement of the harbor, stren; d. 1704. BARNAV'E, Anthony Peter Jo.seph, an eloquent and popular member of the French national assembly. He was charged with the conveyance of the kinif from Varennes to Paris ; on wliich occasion he conducted himself with great delicacy and respect. Though he had retired to private life, he was ut' rested by the faction then in power, and guillotined in 1794. BARNES, Juli.vna, prioress of St. Alban's in the 1.5th century, author of treatises on " Hunting, lliiu-king, and Heraldry." — Robert, D.D., chaplain to Henry VIII. ; burnt to death in Smith' field tor Lutheranism, in 1540 ; aulhot •of a treatise on " Justification," &c. — JosiiTA, a learned divine, educated at Christ's hospital, London, and Emman- uel college, Cambridge, author of the "Life of Edward III.," and a poem " On the History' of Esther," and editor of the works o'f Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer. B. 1054 ; d. 1712.— Thom.\s, a gentleman of famous literary ability, and principal editor of " The Times," which journal owes much of its celebrity and influence to the powerful political leaders that came from his pen, as well as to the rare skill and discrimination he evinced in the general control and adaptation of the articles furnished by his coadjutors, &c. Notwithstanding the share he necessarily took in the strife of politics, it is recorded to his honor that he retained the friendship of all who had once intimately known him, how much soever they might chance to ditier on questions of public interest. Mr. Barnes was educated at Christ's hospital and Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. and M.A. degrees. D. 1841, aged 55. — Daniel IL, a distinguished conchol- ogist, who, with Dr. Griscom, originated and conducted with great reputation the high school of New York. He was also a Baptist preacher. On Sunday, the day before his death, he preached at New Lebanon from the text, "Ye know not what shall be on the mor- row:" on the next day, the driver hay- ing been thrown from his seat, Mr. Barnes in his alarm jumped from the carriage, fractured his skull, and died soon after. His learned communications on conchology were published in Silli- man's journal, with explanatory plates. BARNEY, JosiirA, a distinguished commander in the American navy. He was employed in the public service du- ring the war of the revolution, and was twice captured. In a vessel named the Ilyder Ali, carrying 4 nine and 12 six pounders he captured, after an action of 20 minutes, the Gen. Monk of 18 guns, nine-pounders, with the loss of 4 men killed, and 11 wounded. The Gen. Monk lost 80 killed, and [>?> wounded. He sailed in the Gen. Monk with dis- bar] CYCLOPAEDIA 01' BIOCiRAPHV. 11. Eatches for Dr. Franklin at Paris, and rought back a valuable loan from the king of Franco. In 1796 he went to France with Mr. Muuroe, deputed the bearer of the American flag to the Na- tional Convention. In lHl;3 ho was ap- pointed to the command of the flotilla for the defence of the Chesapeake. He participated in the battle of iiladcus- burg, and was wounded by a ball in the thigh. In ISlo he was sent on a mission to Europe. lie d. in 1S19, aged 59. lie had been 41 years in public service, and eniraffcd in''J<> battles. EAKNEVEL'DT, JunN d' Oldex, a Dutch statesman of great abilities, am- b.issador to Elizabeth in England, and to Henry IV. of France. His attempts to limit the authority of Maurice the second Btadtholdcr of Holland, raised him ene- mies, by whose virulence he was accused of designs to deliver the country to the Spaniards, and in consequence of this false charge, he was tried and beheaded in 1619. His sons, William and Ren(5, resented the cruelty exercised against their father, and though the elder es- caped, Kene felt the punishment due to a conspirator. The mother stepped in in defence of her son, and when Maurice expressed surprise to see her eager to save him when she had seen his father fall unlamented, she indignantly re- plied, " I would not solicit a pardon for my husband, lor he was innocent. I ask it for my son because he is ijuilty." r.AKO or BAKONI, Peter, a native of Estampes, in France, who left his country on account of his attachment to Protestantism, and found a hosjiitable asylum in England, in the house of Lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with Dr. Pierce, by whose influence he was chosen Margaret professor of divinity, 1574. The tranquillity of his residence was however of short duration. He op- posed Whitacre, Tindal, and Chadder- ton, who violently supported the tenets of absolute predestination, and whilst ho gave a more moderate explanation to tha doctrine in his sermons and in his lectures, he found himself cited before the vice clumeellor, and accused before Archbishop Wliitgift ; and though Lord Burleigh, the chancellor, disajiproved of the virulence of his prosecutors, he found himself obliged to leave Cam- bridge for Crutciredfriars, London, where he died. His writintrs were on divinity subjects, and in Latin. BAKOCCIO, Fkederio, a painter of Urbino, who learnt sculpture of his fa- ther, aii'l architecture, geometry, and perspective of his uncle, and drew the Inacfs of his Virn^ins after the features ot his sister, and those of his Jesuses after his nephew. Cardinal de la Ko- vere becanie early his patron, but the jealousy of }iis rivals proved nearly fatal. He was maiiciously poisonecl, and though he recovered by the im- mediate application of medicine, his constitution grew weak and languid, and he lingered in an unhealthy state, till his 84th year, 1012. His paintings are in good esteem, his historical pieces are deservedly admired, but he shines with superior lustre in the execution of his devotional portraits. His merits were universally admitted, and his in- firmities alone prevented him from ac- cepting the honors which were liberally ottered to him by the duke of Tuscany, the Emperor Rodolph II., and Philip II. of Spain. In correctness he is great; he understood well the effects of light and shade, and though the attitudes of some of his figures are out of propor- tion, he may be said to approach the softness and graces of Correggio. BARON, BoNAVENTURE, a native of <^.'lonmel, Ireland, educated by his uncle Luke Wadding, and afterwards em- ployed as divinity professor at Rome, where he spent 60 years, and died blind in a good old age, March 18th, 1696. He was a learned and voluminous writer. His '' Thcologia," in 6 vols., is his best pertbrmance. See a list of his works in Sir James Ware's writers of Ireland, p. 253. — Michael, son of a merchant ot Issondun, became cele- brated as a player. His powers in ex- pressing the passions were unusually great, and he was deservedly called the Roscius of his time. He was not insen- sible to the popularity which he enjoyed, and with arrogance and vanity he ob- served, that once in a century a Cajsar might arise, but that 2i)00 years were requisite to produce a Baron. His su- perior excellence was in a great degree owing to his own exertions, so that Ra- cine in representing his .'Vndromaehe to the actors, with tlie judgment and cor- rectness of a poet aiul of a man ot' feel- ing, paid him the highest compliment, assuring him that he could give him no instructions, " for,"' added he. " your own heart will tell you more than any lessons of mine can suggest." He died at Paris, 22d Dec. 1729, aged 77. Three volumes in 12mo. of theatrical pieces, apjicaivd in 1760, under his name, of which, however, some suppose that he was not the author. His dialogue is 112 C'YCLUl'.KUIA OF BIOGItAPlIY, [bA!{ lively, and bis scenes diversified; but there is not very little of brilHiiney of coloring wbioh an acquaintance with, the manners of the great could have Buvplicd. BAKONI, Adkianxe Basile, a native of ilantua, sister to the poet Basile. She was so admired for her beauty, her wit, and her accomplishments, that vol- iimes were written in her praise. Her daughter Leonora possessed equal charms, and met equal admiration, and in 1C39, a collection of pieces in Latin, Greek, Spanish, Italian, and French, was published, in which her beauty and her perfections were portrayed with all the graces of poetn". She also wrote some poetical trifles. The daughter had profound skill in music, a sweet voice, and the utmost delicacy of manner. Mr. Bayle styles her one of the finest singers in the world. BARONIUS, C^s.vR, confessor to Cle- ment VIII., who made him cardinal and librarian of the Vatican ; author of " Ecclesiastical Annals." B. at Sora, 1588; d. 1007. BAROZZI, Jaites, a celebrated archi- tect, successor to Michael Angelo as ar- chitect of St. Peter's ; author of " Eules for the Five Orders of Architecture," (fee. B. 1507 ; d. 1577. BAERAL, Petek, a French abbe ; author of a "Dictionary of Roman An- tiquities," ret'crment which was due to his merit from his imcle, bishop of St. Asaph, and from 10* Ward, bishop of SaV'^-VT. tiod, in 1672, the king, whom he served oy his con- duct, and Haltered by Ids poetry, raised liim to the mastership of Irinity college, observing, that he gave it to the best scholar in England. He was vice chan- cellor in 1075 ; but his public services were of short duration. He died of a fever, 4lh May, 1677, aged 47, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where liis friends, by contribution, ei-ectcd a monument over him, uf which the epi- taph was written by Dr. Maplctoft. The writings of Barrow are numerous and valuable, and chiefly on mathematical subjects. As a divine he was great as well as exemplary. His sermons aro highly esteemed, and have been fre- quently edited. His works in English were published together by Dr. Tillot- son, in 3 vols, folio. — Sir John, IJart., for many years a secretary to the En- glish admiralty, an extensive traveller, and a voluminous writer of travels, bi- ographies, &c. B. 1764; d. 1348. "BARRUEL, Augustix, a French eccle- siastic, and of some note as a man of letters during the French revolution, was born in" 1741. He was for some years editor of " Le Journal Ecclcsi- astique ;" but as the principles he there advocated were opposed to the revolu- tion, he was obliged to fly to England, where, in 1794, he publisticd Ids " His- tory of the French Oergy," &c. ; but his best known work is entitled "jlemoirs for a History of Jacobinism, Impiety, and Anarchy," in 5 vols. 8vo. ; a pro- duction in which fact and fiction are so closely interwoven as to destroy its au- thenticitv. He returned to France in 1S02, and died there in 1820. — De Beauvekt, Anthony Joseph, Count do, was boru at the castle of Boauvert, near Marseilles, in 1756. In 1790 ho belonged to the national guard at Bag- nols ; and on the flight of the royal tam- ily to Varcnnes he offered himself as a hostage for Louis XVI. In 1795 he was editor of the journal entitled '' Les Actcs dcs Apotres;" for which he was sen- tenced to deportation, Init escaped. For a time daring the consulate he was under the surveillance of the iiolice; but at length obtaining the protection of the Empress Josephine, he was appointed to an ofUce in the department of Jura; where he died in 1817. He wrote the " Life of Rousseau," and various works relative to the Bourbons during their exile. BARRY, GrRALD, better known as Giraldus Canibrensis ; author of " Topo- 114 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bar praphia Ilibeniicfi," " Itinerarhim Cnm- briit," etc. lie nourished in tlie 12tli eenturv. — ijpr.ANOKr., a eelobnited actor, aud, tor a time, the rival of Garrick, and, in the liiixher walks of the drama, is supposed by many to liave greatly excelled him. l5. ITli); d. 1777.— James, lord of Sautrv, chief justice of the King's Bench in Ireland ; author of ''The Case of Tenures upon the Commission of De- fective Titles."' D. lG7o. — James, an eminent painter, born at Cork, 1742 ; having early discovered great genius for the art, he was patronized by Mr. Burke, and brought to London, where he be- came a pupil to Sir Joshua Eeynolds. AVhcn Jlr. Burke came into administra- tion with the marquis of Eoclvingham, he sent Mr. Barry to Italy at his sole expense. After visiting all the celebrated schools of the continent, in which he occupied three years, he returned to London; and in 1V75 published '"An Inquiry into the Eeal and Imaginary Obstructions to the Acquisition of the Arts in England."' About two years after this he was elected a royal acade- mician, and in 1786 made professor of painting to the Koyal Academy; but in 1799, on an alleged addiction to demo- cratic principles, was removed from that office. He seems soon afterwards to have taken disgust at society ; from which he retired into obscurity, living unattended, and half-starved, till some friends raised about £1000, with which they purchased an annuity for him ; but before the first quarter's payment of it became due he died, 1806. His greatest etlort of art is a series of alle- gorical pictures, which he painted gra- tuitously for the great room of the Society of Arts in the Adelphi. — William T., an American statesman, postmaster-gener- al under Jackson, and afterwards minis- ter to Spain. B. 178i)\ d. 1885. — John, a distinguished naval officer in the Bcrviee of the United States, born at Wexford, in Ireland, who was of great assistance to Washington during the revolutionary war. He took many prizes, and conquered the British ship of war Atalanta.' B. 174.5; d. 180;3.— Maeie Jeanne Gomaht de VAunERNiEK, Coun- tess vv, a celebrated mistress of Louis XV. of France, was the daughter of a commissioner of the customs at Vau- couleurs, became a milliner at I'aris, and, on being seen by the king, soon took the place of Madame de I'ompadour. She was married to the Count du Barry', and acquired prodigious infliu'nce at the court. She caused the ruin of the haughty Duke de Choiseul, and pro- moted the Duke d'Aiguillon. When the king died she was banished to an abbey near Meaux. During the revolu- tion she was condemned to death and executed. Her conduct in her last mo- ments betrayed the greatest weakness and fear. B". 1744; ct 1793. BARTAS, William de Sallust du, a French poet, warrior, and statesman ; confidentiallv employed by Henry IV. : author of " "the Week of the Creation,'' &c. D. 1590. B ARTII, John, a French naval officer, remarkable for his skill and daring as a pvivateer. B. at Dunkirk, 1551 ; dri602. BAKTIIE, Nicholas Thomas, a li'reneh dramatic writer, and translator of " Ovid's Art of Love" into French, &e. B. 1783; d. 17S5. BAETHELEMI, Nicholas, a monk of the 15th century; author of a treatise "On the Active and Contemplative Life, &c. BAETHELEMY, John James, the learned author of "The Voyage of the Younger Anaeharsis in Greece ;" was b. at Cassis, in Provence, 1716; d. 1795. BAETHEZ, Paul Joseph, an eminent French physician, was born at Montpe- lier in 1734, where he founded a medical school, which acquired great reputation throughout Europe. For many years he practised in Paris, and was consulted upon the most important cases ; he also wrote in the "Journal des Savans," the "Encyclopedic," &c.. and was a mem- ber of almost every learned society. Du- ring the revolution he suffered greatly in ills fortune ; but Napoleon, who knew his great merits, restored him, in liis old age, to wealth and honors. D. 1806. ' BAETHOLDY, Jacob Solomon, a Prussian diplomatist, born a Jew, but after travelling in Greece he abjured Judaism, and became a Protestant. lu 1807 he served against the French as an officer in the land-wehr of Vienna, and wrote a tract called " The War of the Tyrol," which produced a great sensa- tion. D. 1826. BAETHOLEMON, Fkancis Hppo- LiTE, a musical composer and violinist, was born at Bordeaux, in 1741, but resided chiefly in London, and was for many years leader at the opera-house. As a composer he was remarkable for rapiditv ; and as a performer for taste and execution. D. 1808. BAETLETT, Josiah, a governor of New Hampshire, who was originally a physician of merit, then commanded a sar] CYCLOP.EIUA OF BIOGUAPHY. 116 regiment of militia in the revolution, was a member ot' tlie continental con- gress, and was the first who voted lor, and, alter the iiresiden:, si.ne I the Dec- laration of Independence. B. 1729 ; d. iry,. BAKTOLI, or BAKTOLUS, a learned civilian, who is said to have contributed more tlian any of his predecessors to the elucidation of legal seicnce. B. 1012; d. 1350. — Danill, a learned Jes- uit ; author of a '• llistorv of the Jes- uits," &e. B. at Ferrara, 1G08 ; d. 1G85. — Cosmo, an Italian writer of the H5th century; author of a "Life of Frederic Barbarossa," &e. BARTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the 14th century ; professor of law at Pisa, and author of numerous works on law and other subjects. BARTOLOZZI, Fraxcis, an engraver of tirst-rate merit, was born at Florence in 1723; went to England in 17t!4; was admitted a member of the Koyal Acad- emy in 1709, and went to Lisbon, at the invitation of the prince-regent of Portu- gal, in 1802. Tlie productions -of his graver are numerous, highly esteemed, and easerlv sou'^ht after. D. 181-5. BARTON, Bkiinaud, the "Quaker poet," was born near London, 1784. In 1810 he became a clerk in Alexander's bank, at Woodbridge, where he otfieiated almost to the day of his death. Ilis tirst volume of poetry was publislied in ISU, and this was succeeded by luimerous others, most of them devoted to homely subjects, but all of them anunated by the purest feeling and the most glowing fancy. But it was not only tor his merits as a poet, tliat Bernard Barton deserves to be held in remembrance. He was en- dowed with every qiuility which endears a man to all that come within his influ- ence. His genial good-humor and vast stores of information made him a wel- come guest wherever he appeared ; and the native sincerity of liis character, which was set fortli in every act of his lite, was enhanced by a benignity, lib- erality, and charity in entire accordance with the precepts of his faith. D. 1849. — Benjamin S., a noted physician and naturalist of Philadelphia, educated at Gottingen, and a contributor to the transactions of the Anierieau Philosoph- ical Society. He was for many years professor of natural history and botany in the university of Pennsylvania, and succeeded Dr. Rush in the chair of med- icine. B. 17G0; d. 1815. — Elizabetu, a country girl of Aldington, in Kent, (therefore called the "holy maid of Kent,") of whom English Protestants give this account. She was used as an instrument, by t!ie Catholics and adhe- rents of Queen Catherine, to excite tlie English nation against tlie proposed di- vorce of Henry VIII. from his tirst wife, and the apprehended separation of tlie English eluirch from Rome, witii which the king then threatened the pope. Her delirium, in a violent nervous illness, was made use of by the parson of Al- dington, and by a canon of Canterbury, to persuade, her that she was a prophet- ess inspired by God, and destined to prevent this undertaking of the king. During her paroxysms, she cried out against this divorce, and against the pre- vailing sins and heresies. The arch- bishop of Canterbury and bishop of Rochester encouraged her to coniinuo her revelations, which she pretended were eominunieated to her by a letter from heaven. By the prophecy, that Henry, if he persisted in his purpose of divorce and second marriage, would not be king tor one month longer, and would die a sluuncfLil death, she excited many monks and nuns to violence against the king. Her revelations pro- duced such a fermentation among the people, that Henry ordered the appre- hension and examination of Elizabeth and her accomplices before the star- chamber. Afcer they had there con- fessed the imposture, they were con- demned to make a public confession and suffer imprisonment; and when it was found that the party of the queen were laboring to make them retract their confession, they were adjudged guilty of high treason, for a conspiracy against the king, and executed, April 30th, 1534. BARTR AM, John, an eminent Amer- ican botanist, was b. in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1701. He formed 'a botanic garden near Philadelphia, said to have been the tirst establishment of the kind in America; and so intimate an acquaintance had he with the vege- table kingdom, that Linnajus pronounced him " the greatest natural botanist in the world." D. 1777. — William, a son of the preceding, was also a distinguished naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fother- gill, he travelled through the Floridas, Carolina, and Georgia, for the purposes of making researches in natural liistory, and transmitted to his emi>loyer in Lon- don the valuable collections and draw- ings which he had made. His " Amer- ican Ornithology" may be considered the precursor of Wilson's invaluable 116 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHV. b work. His " Travels." also, is a rare aud curious hook. D.' 1823. BAKWICK. JoiiN'. an English divine, Avho exerted himsclt with considerahlo zeal and ability on the royal side in the civil wars. B. 1612; d.'lGG-l.— Peteu, brother of the above, an eminent physi- cian : anthor of a "Defence of Harvey's Doctrines of the Circulation of the Blood,"' &o. D. 1705. BASEDOW, John Beenaed, a Ger- man writer, and prol'essor of moral phi- losophy and belles Icttres. His novel plans of education excited great atten- tion in Germany ; and in the seminary he established 'at Dessau, called "The Philanthropinnm,"many excellent teach- ers were formed, and great good effected. An account of him is to be found in Goethe'.s Autobiography. B. 1723; d. 1790. BASEVI, George, a distinguished architect. Among the edifices built or -»;:?tored by him are the churches in the early English style at Twickenham and Bromnton, the Norman church at Ilove, ricar Brighton, and St. Mary's Hall, at Brighton, in the Elizabethan style. Bel- grave square, in the metropolis, was erected from his designs ; and he was joint architect with ilr. Smirke of the Conservative Club, in St. James's-street. Having gone to insnect the west bell- tower of Ely cathettral, then under re- pair, he accidentally fell through an aperture, and was killed on the spot. B. 170o ; d. 1S4.5. BASIL, St., called the Great, to dis- tinguish him from other patriarchs of the same name, was b. in 329, and was made, in 370, bishop of Ca;sarea, in Cap- padocia, where he cl. in 379. He is the most distinguished ecclesiastic among the Grecian patriarchs. His clforts for the regulation of clerical discipline, of the divine service, and of the standing of the clergy ; the number of his ser- mons ; the success of his mild treatment of the Arians ; and, above all, his en- deavors for the promotion of monastic life, for wliich he prepared yows and rules, observed by himself, and still re- maining in force, prove tlie merits of this holy man. The Greek church honors him as one of its most illustrious patron saints, and celebrates his festival January 1st. His followers are far spread; there are even some of them in America. They lead an ascetic life. Tlic vows of obedience, chastity, and poverty, framed by St. Basil, are the rules of all the orders of Christendom, although ho is particularly the father of the eastern, as St. Benedict is the patriarch of the western orders. BASILIUS I., the Macedonian, em- peror of the East ; killed by a sta^' while hunting, in S3i5. — II., succeedecf John Zimisces, in 976. He was guilty of abominable cruelty in his war with the Bulgarians. D. 1025. — There was also, of tliis name, an impostor, who excited a revolt in the eastern empire, in 934, and was burnt to death at Constantinople. BASILOWITZ, John, emperor of Kussla ; he added Astracan to his em- pire, and was the first who assumed the style and title of Czar. D. 1584. BASIEE, Isaac, a learned divine, prebend of Durham. On the breaking out of the civil war he lost all his prefer- ments ; on whicli he made a journey to the Morea, where he preached with great success among tlie Greek Christians ; and on his return wTote an account of his travels. B. 1607 ; d. 1676. BASKEEVILLE, John, an English artist, deserving of notice for his im- provements in printing and type-found- mg- "lie was born at AVolverly, in "\^^orcestershire, in 1706, and, inheriting a small estate, was brought up to na profession. He, however, acquired a particular skill in penmanship and carving letters on stone ; and, at the age of 20, he settled at Birmingham as a writing master. He subsequently en-' gaged in the manufacture of japanned works ; and, in 1750, commenced his labors in the branch of art which ac- quired for him so much celebrity. His first great performance, as a printer, was an edition of Virgil, in royal 4to., 1756, which was followed by many of the Latin classics, and some Enoflish ones, in 4to. and smaller sizes. The heauty of his typographical productions was superior to any thing which had previ- ously appeared from an English press ; and when it is considered that the paper and ink, as well as the types and work- manship, were the fruits of one man's skill and ingenuity, it must be admitted that he i)0ssesscd great mei-it. He d. in 1775 : and his types and matrices were afterwards sold at Paris, for £3700, toBeaumarchais, whoprinted with them, at Kehl, a superb edition of Voltaire. Baskcrville was an enemy to all outward forms of divine service, which he de- clared to be mere superstition. He ordered, in his will, that his body should not be buried in a buryin^'-ground. — Sirr Simon, an English physician of great eminence and wealth; knighted by Charles I. D. 1641. BASJ CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 117 BASNAGE, Benjamin-, a French Prot- estant, cliviuc ; author of " A Treatise ou the Church." B. loSO ; d. 1652. — Anthony, sou of the above ; imprisoned at Havre dc Grace on account of liis rc- lijfion. B. IGlo; d. 16U1. BASSAN, (\vhose real name was Giaconio do route,) a painter, born in 1510. He was surnaracd Bassan, from the place Bassano, where liis father lived. His pictures are scattered all over Eu- rope. He painted historical pieces, laud- Hcapes, llowers, &c., and also portraits ; amonir others the doge of Venice, Ari- osto, Tasso, and other persons of emi- nence. He lived to the aj^e of 82, dying iu 15'J2. Several of ]iis best works are in the churches of Bassano, Venice, Vicenza, and other towns of Italy. He left four sons, who all became painters. — Francisco was employed by the Vene- tian republic, with raul Veronese and Tintoret, to adorn the palace of St. Mark. He was of a melancholy turn, and once thought himself pursued by archers, so that in a fit of self-created terror he threw himself out of a window, and d. 1094, aged 44. — Lkander, another bro- ther, obtained as a reward for his pieces the collar of St. Mark, from the doge of Venice, and a gold medal from the Empe- ror Rodolphus n. — .John Baitiste and Jeeome were eminent as imitators of the style and manner of their father. BA&SANO, Hughes Bernard M.veet, Duke of, a celebrated French political writer and statesman, was the son of an eminent physician at Dijon. On the first outburst of the French revolution lie enthusiastically embraced its ex- tremest principles, and published a paper under the title of the '' Bulletin de I'Assemblee," which he continitcd until a bookseller started the Monitcur, of which Maret was appointed editor, and which speedily become the otlicial organ of the government. He became acquainted with Bonaparte just as that extraordinary man began to rise into celebrity and infiuencc, and was placed by him in the important office ot chef do division in the foreign office. In 1811 he was made Uuc de Bassano and minister of foreign affairs; and iu Isri he conducted a'ld signed the well-known treaties between France,, Austria, and Prussia, preparatory to th*>j^fatal ex- pedition to Russia. When the emperor was sent to 1\\\k\. in 1S14, the Due de Bassano retired from public life ; but immediately after the return of the cm- {i^or, he joined him, and was very oei^\ being taken prisoner at Waterloo. \ On the ntter ruin of Napoleon, the duke was banished from France, but at the revolution of July, isyo, he was recalled, and I'cstored to all the honors of wliica he had been deprived. In IS-'JS he was made minister ofthe interior, and jiresi- dent of the council, but the ministry of which he formed a part, survived only three davs, B. 1753; d. 1839. BASSANTIN, .James, a Scotchman, who after studying astronomy and the mathematics at Glasgow, travelled through the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, and at last settled at Paris, where he acquired both repu- tation and money, as a mathematical teacher. He returned in 1562 to his native country, and becoming early ac- quainted with Sir Robert Melvil, a strong partisan of Mary queen of Scots, he afterwards supported the pretensions and ambitions views ofthe earl of .Mur- ray. In his religion ho was a zealous Protestant, as a man of learning he was strongly tin>,tured with the failings and the superstition ofthe time. He placed great confidence in astrology, ana with more zeal than good sense assertcil the infiuencc ofthe planets on the alfairs of the world. His works are all ou math- ematical subjects, and though not freo from pedantry, and improbable conclu- sions, they yet bear strong testimony to his merits as a philosopher. I). 1568. B.'\.SSP2T, Richard, governor of Dela- ware, was a member oif the old congress in 1787, and was appointexl a senator under the new constitution. In ISOl he was placed on the bench of the fed- eral judiciary ; but the repeal of the act constituting the courts, deprived him of his office in 1802. D. 1815. BASSI, Laura, wife of Joseph Verati, honored in 1732 with the degree of doc- tor of jihilosophy for her high mental accom|)tishments, which she displ^iyed in her lectures on experimental philos- ophy. Her private life was also ileserv- ing of the highest encomiums, and ex- hibited her as the possessor of every amiable virtue. D. 1778. BASSO.MPIEKRE, Francois de, a marshal of France, of a family of dis- tinction in Lorraine, was confined in the Bastile bv Richelieu, who dreaded the power of'' his satire. He remained in this confinement 10 years till the death of his persecutor, and employed his time in writing his memoii-s. which are interesting, though occasionally trivial. On his release he received the ofi;er of 5i}O,000 livrcs from the duchess of Aiguillou, niece of Richelieu, which 118 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [bat ho politely refused, adding, " Madam, vour uncle has done me too great an injury, to allow ine to rceeive so much goodlVom you." lie was cninloyed in embassies bv Louis XIII., ana he pos- sessed all tlic requisites of a eonrtier, with great presence of mind, atfability, wit, and uncommon generosity. lie spoke tlie languages of Europe with great fluency. He was found dead in his bed, in l"04ii, in his 67th year. BASTIAT, Fkederic, a French polit- ical economist, who achieved a wide reputation by his writings. Without bemg a discoverer of new truths, he possessed the rare faculty of expanding, witli clearness, vivacity, and vigor, the grounds and the effects of complex natural laws already developed by the technical processes of philosophy. The whole, or nearly the whole, ot the tracts written by M. tiastiat, under the generic title of "'SSopliismes Economiqucs," orieinally appeared in the Journal dcs Economistes, a periodical of which, for the last six years, he has been a prin- ci])al supporter. M. Bastiat was a mem- ber of the French national assert. ""ly ; and he bore the highest character as an able, upright, and zealous servant of his constituents and his country. D. 1850. BASTIDE, John FRANCia de la, an industrious French miscellaneous writer, was born at Marseilles in 1724. He settled in Paris, where he engaged in various literary enterprises ; of which the most voluminous were the " Bibli- othequc Universelle des Komains," in 112 vols., and the "Chois des Anciens Mercures," in 108 vols. BASTWICK, John, an English phy- sician, and a famous writer against the church in tlic time of Charles I. B. at Writtle, in Essex, 15t>3 ; d. 1650. BATE, George, physician to Charles I., Oliver Cromwell, and ('harles II., and one of the first members of the lloyal Society. lie was the author of a Latin history of the civil wars, and some medical works. B. 1593; d. 1669.— JuLu:s, an English divine, author of a "Hebrew Lexicon'' &c. D. 1771. BATEC^UMBE, William, an English mathematician of the 15th century, au- thor of a treatise, " De Sphujra Solida," &c. BATEMAN, William, bishop of Nor- wich, a learned ]>relate, and the founder of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. D. 1354. B.\TES, WiLMAsr, a non-conformist divine, author of "Lives of Learned and Pious Men," tfec. B. VV^r, ; d. 1699. — Jou.v, an eminent musician, born at Halifax, Yorkshire, in 1740. He was unanimously chosen conductor ofthe commemoration of Handel at West- minster Abbey; and till the year 1793 he conducted the choral performances of ancient music, when he retired, and was succeeded by Mr, Greatorex. His wife was a first-rate singer. D. 1799. BATIIALMUSI, an Arabian writer, author of a work on " Genealogies," &e. D. 421 of the Hcgira. BATHE, William, "an Irish Jesuit, governor of the Irish seminary at Sala- manca. D. 1641. BATHURST, Rali b, dean of Wells, author of some elegant Latin poems, and o'.c of the founders of the Royal Society. B. 1620; d. 1704.— Allen, Earl, I zealous opposer of the measures of Sir Robert Wjilpole, and the intimate friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison, and the other eminent -writers of his time. B. 1684; d. 1775.— IIexry, Earl, son of the above, and lord chancellor of England, author of the "Theory of Evi- dence," etc. B. 1714 ; d. 1794.-^Henry, bishop of Norwich, was born at Brack- ley, in Northamptonshire, in 1744; and "educated at Winchester, and New col- lege, Oxford. He was presented to the rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in 1770, subseqiiently became dean of Dur- ham, and, in 1805, was consecrated bishop of Norwich. In the house of lords, Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous supporter of the Catholic claims : in his diocese, an exemplary prelate. D. 1837. — Henky, archdeacon of Norwich, eldest son of the preceding, and rector of the valuable livings of North Creake, Nor- folk, and of Hollesley, Suffolk, was the author of "Memoirs" of his right rev- erend father; a work overflowing with spleen anil expressions of disappoint- ment, that one so faithful to his old friends, the Whigs, should have never been preferred to a richer diocese ! D. 1844. BATIIYLLAS, the cotemporary of Pylades, and one of the most celebrated pantomimists of antiquity, was born at Alexandria, and became the slave of Majcenas, who enfranchised lijpi. The art of these celebrated mimics consisted in expressing the passions by gesture, attitudes, «fcc., not by the modern fool- eries of .harlequin, clown, and scenic changes.' Bathylliis excelled in repre- sentimr comedy; Pylades in tragedy. BATONI, Pomi'eo Ghjolamo, an Ital- ian painter, who was the restorer of the moacrn Koinaii school and had no rival but Mengs. All his pieces are taken CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 11! from nature. The manner in ■which lie executed Ills paintings was iieeiiliar. He eoverci-l liis sketcli with a cloth, and began to paint the upper part on the left hand, and proceeded gradually to- wards the riglit, never uncovering a new place before tlie first was entiruly tin- islied. Boni, who compares him with Mengs, calls the latter the " painter of philosophy;" the former, the "painter of nature." Batoui painted many altar- pieces, and numerous portraits ; for uistance, that of tlie Emperor Joseph and the Empress !Maria Theresa, in tlie imperial gallery. His " Mat,'tlak-n," in Dresden, and his " Keturn of tlie I'rodi- gal Son," in Vienna, are celebrated. BATOU, or BATU KHAN, grandson of Zengiiis Khan, and his successor in the northern part of his vast empire. He died, after a long reign and very uumerous conquests, in 127(5. BATSCn, AuGusTiis Jonx Geokge Charles, an eminent German naturalist; author of " Elenehus Fungorum," &c. B. 1761 ; d. 18ul. BATTELY, John, archdeacon of Can- terbury, and chaplain to Archbishop Saneroft ; author of '• Autiquitates Ku- tupinai," dec. B. 1747 ; d. 170S. . BATTEUX, Chaules, a Freneli phi- losopher, eminent for his erudition, as well as for his private virtues, and the humanity which wits directed to the maintenance of a numerous and im- poverished family. His works are vari- ous, but chiefly on classical literature, in which he displays frequently more method and labor than eloquence or purity or depth of thought. It is said that his death v/as accelerated by grief in observing that the elementary book which he wrote for the military school of Paris, did not succeed so well as he wished. Among other works he pub- lished the four poetics of Aristotle, Hor- ace, Vida, and Boileau, with notes. D. 1780. BATTHYANI, Cocnt, a noble Hun- garian who took an indirect part in the attempt to redress the wrongs of his country in 1848. He was one of the deputation who undertook the recon- ciliation of the authorities and the people. But the deputation tailed in its object, and this was iiis last public act. On the 8th of January, he was arrested in the drawing-room of his sister-in-law, at Pesth, transferred successively to Oeden- burg, Laybach, and Pesth, and, after nine months' iiiii>risoiuiU'iit. w;is tried by court-martial, dcchiivd guilty of high- treason, and sentenced to die on the gal- lows, October G, 1849. He heard the sen- tence with tranquillity and composure. Ilaving taken leave of his wife, lie en- deavored in the course of the nii,'lit to open the veins of his neck by means of a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape the last in.lif,niity of what the Austriaas called the "law."' But hi.s atteinid was discovered and his life preserved till he was formally executed, or rather mur- dered. He was never in open rebellion, and his ettbrts mainly had been to reform and improve rather than revolutionize. But the detestable and cruel spirit of despotism makes no distinctions. BATTISHALL, Jonathan, an emi- nent musical composer, who added to Erofound knowledge great taste and a ne imagination. His " Kate of Aber- deen' will be celebrated (among numer- ous other of his compositions) as long as pure melody shall be admired. B. 1738; d. 1801. BATTIC, William, ft physician of eminence who was skilful in the treat- ment of diseases of the mind, and wrote a "Treatise on Mental Madness.'' B. 1708; d. 177tJ. BAUDELONQUE, John Louis, a French surgeon of distinction, appoint- ed by Napoleon to be midwife to Maria Louisa. His works on midwifery are in repute. B. 174''); d. ISIO. BAUDIER, MicHALL, a native of Lan- guedoc, historiographer of France under Louis XIII. lie wrote the "History of the Mahometan Religion," the " Lite of Cardinal Amboise," of "Mareehal de Toiras," 1644, of "Ximenes," " Suger," and others ; and though his style is heavy and inelegant, yet his works are curious and interesting, and valuable for their authenticity and the variety of his matter. BAUDIN, Nicholas, a well-kno^vn navigator, who contributed many speci- mens of natural history to the collections of Europe. B. 1750; d. 1803. — Peter CiiAKLEs, a member of the French na- tional assembly and convention, and author of anecdotes "Sur le Constitu- tion." V,. I7f.l ; d. 1799. BAUIUUS, Dominique, a native of Lisle, who studied at Aix la Chapelle, Leydon, and Geneva. He visited En- gland in the suite of the ambassador of the states of Holland, and formed an acquaiutanoe with Sir Philip Sidney, and at'tcrwards he went to France, where he staid 10 years, and by means of Aeliilles de Harlai he was admitted ad- vocate of the parliament of Paris. He next went to Leyden, where he w«« 120 CrCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [BA raised to the professorial chair of elo- quence, aiul with Mcursins named his- toriographer of the states of Holland in 1611. lie Mas a man of genius as well as erudition, and in his Latin poems he displayed taste and elegance of com- position. D. ]i513. BAUDOT DE JUILLT, Nichol.\s, a native of Vendome, son of a collector of excise, and author of several historical pieces, written with method and inge- nuity, though too much in the spirit of romance. His " History of the Conquest of England, by "William of Normandy," of ''Philip Augustus," and "Charles VII.," are his best pieces. He wrote besides the " History of Catherine of France, queen of England ;" " Germaine de Foi.x ;" the "Secret History of the Constable of Bourbon;" "Spain Inva- ded bv the Moors," four vols., &c. D. 1759. ' BAUDRAND, Michael Antoine, an ecclesiastic, born at Paris. He visited Rome, Gcrmtmy, and England, and dis- tinguished himself by his " Dictionnaire Geographique," two vols, fol., printed first in Latin, and afterwards in French. B. 16;3:5 : d. 1700. BAUHINUS, or BAUHIN, Joiix, a French physician and celebrated bota- nist ; author of " Historia Plantarum," &c. B. 1541; d.161-3.— Gasp AKD, brother of the above ; an excellent botanist, author of " Institutiones Anatomicte," "Phvtopinax," " Pinax," and numerous other works. B. 1560; d. 1624. BAULDRI, Paul, professor of sacred history at Utrecht ; author of " Chrouo- lodcaf Tables," &c. B. 1639 ; d. 1706. 13AUL0T, James, a French lithoto- mist, whose method was adopted and improved upon by the celebrated Ches- elden. B. 1G51 ; tl. 1720. BAUME, James Francis de la, a French divine; author of "The Chris- tiade," &c. &c. I). 1757. — Antiiont, a French chemist ; author of a " Treatise on Ttnioretical and Experimental Chem- istry," " A Manual ol Pharmacy," &c. D. 1805. — Nicholas Augustus de la, marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal of France, was born 1636. It is related of him, that although from his earliest youth he had been distinguished by his tlaring valor, and had frequently braved death in the field of battle, yet such was his ridiculous superstition, that on the contents of a salt-cellar having been ac- cidentally thrown on him, he instant- ly exclaimed that he was a dead man, and expired from the terror with which it inspired him. D. 1716. BAUMER, JoHX "William, a German physician ; author of a " Natural Histo- ry "of the Mineral Kingdom," &c. B lVl9; d.l78S. BAUMGAKTEN, Alexander Got LiEB, an acute and clear thinker of the school of "Wolf, was born in 1714, at Berlin, studied at Halle, and was for a time professor extraordinaiy there. In 1740 he was made professor of philoso- phy at Frankfort on the Oder, and died there in 1762. He is the founder of a?sthetics as a science, and the inventor of this name. He derived the rules of art from the works of art and their ef- fects. His ideas of this science he first developed in his academical discussion, "De Nonnullis ad Pocma pertinenti- bus." Meir's "Principles of all Liberal Sciences" originated irom his sugges- tions. Eight years later, Baumgarten published his " jEsthetica," a work which death prevented him from com- pleting. His theories of art are now superseded in Germany by the more profound and extensive works of Schil- ler, Scholling, Hegel, and their followers. BAUR, Fkederic William Von, a na- tive of Hessian Hanau, who served in the Hessian troops in the pay of Britain 1755. In 1757 he was made a general, and was ennobled by Frederic II. of Prussia, and in 1769 he entered into the service of the Russians, and was ap- pointed by Catherine inspector of the salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities as an engineer and mechanic were also employed in supplying Moscow with water, and in making deeper the canal of Petersburg, and in constructing a capacious harbor at its extremity. He was also author of " Memoires Histori- ques et Geographiques sur la Vala- C'liia," and of a "Chart of Moldavia," to illustrate the war between the Turks and Russians, in seven slieets. D. 1783. — John AVilliam, a painter of Stras- burgh ; chiefly noted ibr his architec- tural subjects." B. 1610; d. 1640. BAUSE, John Frederic, a distin- guished German engraver. B. 1738 ; d. 1S13. BAUSSET, Cardinal Louis Fkancls DE, an eminent French prelate, born at Pondicherry in 1748, was educated in France, and was made bishop of Alais before the revolution. Napoleon patro- nized him ; and Louis XVIII. made him a peer, and obtained for him the cardi- nal's hat. He is the author of a "His- tory of Fcnclon," and of a " History of Bossuet," both works of merit. D. 1824. BAUTRU, "William, a Frenchman, CYCLOPAEDIA OK BIOGRAPHY. bat] famous for his wit, whieli he displayed with great freedom and ctKeaey at the court and among the ministcns. After 8cein2:thc Escuri'al in Spain attendedby an ignorant librarian, lie told the king .hat it woidd bo advantageous for him to make his librari;in his treasurer, be- cause, said he to the monarch who in- quired why, he never touches what he is intrusted with. B. 1598 ; d. lWr>. BAWDVVEEN, William, an English divine and antiquary ; editor of two volume^ of Doonistlay Book. lie pro- posed to complete tlie work in eight other volumes, but died before he could efl'cct it, in 1616. BAXTER, KicnARD, an eminent non- conformist divine, was born Nov. 12, 1615, at Kowton, near High Ercal, in Shropshire, and died 1691. lie was or- dained in 1033. It was not long after, however, that the oath of universal ap- probation of the doctrine and discipline of the church, called the " Et Cetera" oath, drove him and others from the establishment. In 1640 he was invited to be minister at Kidderminster, but the civil war, which broke out soon after, exposed him to iicrsecution, as he es- poused the cause of the parliament. He retired to Coventry, and continued his ministerial labors t'ill the success of the republicans recalled him to his favorite flock at Kidderminster. The ascenden- cy of Cromwell gave him great otfence, and he even presumed to argue in pri- vate with him on the nature and illegal- ity of his power, but in the only sermon which he preached before him, he wisely conflned his subject to the dissensions which existed in the kingdom on re- lisious matters. He was in London after Cromwell's death, and preached before parliament the day before the king's return was voted, and likewise before the lord mayor for Monk's suc- cesses. Charles II. made him one of his chaplainSj and Chancellor Clarendon offered him the bishopric of Hereford, which he declined. He was, liowever, soon involved in the general persecution of the non-conformists. His paraphrase on the New Testament drew upon him, in 1635, the vengeance of JetlVies, and he was condemned to be imprisoned for two years, from which jninishinent, six months after, he was discharged by the interference of Lord I'owis with Kincc James. He wrote a vast number of books ; Mr. Longr, of Exeter, says 80 ; Dr. Calamy, 120; but the author of a note in the Biographia Britannica tells ns that he had seen 145 distinct treatises 11 121 of Mr. Baxter's : his p>ractical woVbs have been published in four vols, folio. Bishop Burnet, in tlie History ofhis Own Times, calls him " a man of great pietv ;" and says, "that if ho had not jneddled with too many things, he would have been esteemed one of the most learned men of the age ; that he had a moving and pathetieal way of writing; and was, his whole life long, a man of great zeal and much simnlieity ; but was unhap- pily subtle and metaphysical in every thing. — William, an eminent critic and grammarian, nephew to the foregoing. B. at Lanlugany, in Shropshire, lG5'i; d. 1723. He published excellent editions of " Anaereon," and " Horace," was author of a " Latin Grammar," 1679, and of a " Glossary of the Roman An- tiquities," which, however, goes no far- ther than the latter A., and was printed 1726. — Anhrew. a writer in metaphysics and natural philosophy. Born in 1686, at Aberdeen, where "he received his education at King's college. His prin- cipal employment was that of a private tutor. His "celebrated work. " An In- quiry into tlio Nature of the Human Soul"," was first published in 4to., and has been several tunes reprinted. Bishop Warburton calls it "the most finished book of the kind that the present times have produced." Baxter drew up, for the use of his pupils, a piece entitled " Matho ; sivo Cosmotheoris, Pucrilis, Dialogus," &c., which he afterwards greatly enlarged, and published in En- glish. I). 1750. BAYARD, James A., an American lawyer, a representative in congress from Delaware, and afterwards senator, who distinguished himself in the famous de- bate on the judiciary, and in 1314 was one of the commissioners who treated for peace between the United States and Great Britain at Ghent. B. at Philadel- phia in 1767 ; d. 1815.— Pierke vu Ter- rail, Chevalier de, called the knight without fear and without reproach. B. 1476, in the castle of Bayard, near Grenoble, was one of the most spotless characters of the middle ages. He was simple and modest ; a true friend and tender lover ; pious, humane, and mag- nanimous. At the age of 13 he was re- ceived among the pages of the duke of Savoy, the ally of France. Charles VIII., who 'saw him at Lyons, in the suite of this prince, was struck with the dexter- ity with which the youth manaired his horse : he beirged him of the duke, and committed bin to the care of Paul of Luxemburgh, count de Ligny. The 122 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bat toiu"naments were his first field of glory. At the aire of 18 Bayard aceompanit.-d Charles ^■l^. to Italy, and distinfruished liimself greatly in the battle at Verona, where he took a standard. At the be- ginning of the reign of Louis XII., in_a battle near Milan, he pursued the fugi- tives with sueh eagerness, that he enter- ed the eity with them, and was taken as a prisoner. Ludovico Sforza returned him his arms and his liorse, and dis- missed him witliout ransom. While the French were in Apulia, he defeated a Spanish eorps, and made their leader, "Don Alonzo de Sotomayor, prisoner, treating him with generosity. Soto- mayor, however, not only violated his parole by flight, but ealumniated Bayard, who, according to the custom of that time, challenged him and killed him. Afterwards, like Iloratius Codes, he de- fended a bridge over the Garigliano singly against the Spaniards, and saved the French army by checking the ad- vance of the victorious enemy. For this exploit he received, as a coat of arms, a porcupine, with the motto, " Vires ag- minis unus liahetP He distinguished himself equally against the Genoese and the Venetians. When .Julius II. de- clared himself against France, Bayard went to the assistance of the duke of Ferrura. He did not succeed in his plan of taking the pope prisoner; but he re- fused with indignation an offer made to betray him. Being severely wounded at the assault of Brescia, he was carried into the liouse of a nobleman, who had fled, and left his wife and two daughters exposed to the insolence of the soldiers. Bayard protected the family, refused the reward of 2500 ducats, wliieh they off'ered to him, and returned, as soon as he was cured, into the camp of Gaston de Foix, before Ravenna. In an engage- ment, which shortly after ensued, he took two standards from the Spaniards, and pursued the fugitives. Gaston, the hope of France, perished through his neglect of the advice of Bayard, who, in .he retreat from Pavia, was again wound- ed, and carried to Grenoble, where his he was in danger. " I grieve not for death," he said, " but to die on my bed, like !i woman." In the war commenced by Ferdinand the Catliolic, he displayed beyond the ryrenees the same talents, the same heroism, which had distin- guished him beyond the Alos. The fatal reverses wliicli iinbittcred the last years of I.ouis XIT., only added a Viright- er splendor to the personal glory of Bayard. Henry VIII. of f^ngland, m al- liance with Ferdinand and Maximilian tlircatened Picardy in 1815, and besieged Terouane. The French army disgraee- fvdly took to flight. Bayard, witli his accustomed intrepidity, made an inef- fectual resistance to the enemy : over- powered by superior numbers, his troop was on the point of laying down their arms, when perceiving an English officer at some distance, he immediately gal- loped towards him, presented his sword to his breast, and cried, " Yield or die !" Tiie Englishman surrendered his sword, when he immediately gave him his own, saying, " I am Bayard, and your cap- tive, as you are mine. The boldness and ingenuity of this action pleased the emperor and the king of England, who decided that Bayard needed no ransom, and that both captives were released from their parole. "When Francis I. ascended the throne, he sent Bayard into Dauphine, to open for his army a passage over the Alps, and through Piedmont. Prosper Colonna lay in wait for him on his march, expecting to sur- prise him, but Bayard made him prison- er. This brilliant exploit was the prelude to the battle of Mariguano, in which Bayard, at the side of the king, performed wonders of bravery, and de- cided the victory. When king Charles V. invaded Champagne with a large army, and threatened to penetrate into the heart of France, Bayard defended the weakly fortified town of ^lezieres against every assault, until the dissen- sions of the hostile leaders compelled them to retreat. Soon afterwards, Genoa revolted from France, when his presence reduced it to obedience ; but, after the surrender of Lodi, fortune changed, and the French troops were expelled from their conquests. Bonnivet was obliged to retreat through the vallev of Oasta ; his rear was beaten, and "lie himself severely wounded. The safety of the army was then committed to him, and it being necessary to pass the Sessia in presence of a superior enemy, he vigor- ously attacked the Spaniards, when a stone, from a blunderbuss, struck his right side, and shattered his backbone. The hero fell, exclaiming, "Jesus, my God, I am a dead man 1" " They hasten- ed towards him. "Place mo under yon tree." he said, "that I may see the ene- my," and died, April the 30th, in the year 1524, surrounded both by friends and enemies, who all shed -tears of ad- miration and grief. BAYER, John, a German astronomer of the 17th century ; author of "Urano- bat] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 123 metria," a celestial atlas. — Theophilus SiKQFKKD, a tnTiuun pliilologist ; author of a very curiuus and. able work, enti- tled " Musffiuin Simcum." B. lGy4; d. 173S. BAYLE, PiEiiRE, author of the "Ili.s- torical and Critical Dictionary," was b. at Carlat, in the county of Foix, (Lani^iiu- doc,) in 16-17, and received his first in- structions from his father, a Calvinistic preacher. lie gave early proofs of an astonishing memory, and of singular vivacity of mind. At the age of i'J he enterecl the college of Pny-Laurenes, to finish his studies. The ardor with which he devoted himself to them •weakened his constitution. All books were eagerly devoured by him ; his taste for logic led him jiarticularly to study religious controversies, but Amyot's Plutarch and Montaigne were his favor- ite works. In Toulouse, he studied phi- losophy with the Jesuits. The arguments of his" professors, and, still more, his friendly discussions with a Catholic priest, 'who dwelt near him, confirmed his doubts of the orthodoxy of Protest- antism, so that he resolved to change his religion. His conversion was a triumph to the Catholics. Ilis family, however, tried all means to regain him, and atler 17 months he returned to his old faith. In order to escape from the pun- ishment of perpetual excommunication which the Catholic church then pro- nounced against apostates, he went to Geneva, and thence to Copet, _ where Count Dohna intrusted him with the education of his sons, and where he studied the philosophy of Dcs Cartes. But atler some years he returned to France, and settled in Paris. In 1075 he obtained the philosophical chair at Sedan, where he taught with distinction imtil the suppression of this academy in 16S1. The appearance of a comet, in IGSO, which occasioned an almost uni- versal alarm, induced him to publish, in 1682, his " Pensces divcrscs sur la Comcte," a work full of learning, in which he discussed various subiccts of metaphysics, morals, theology, history, and [lo'litics. It was followed by his " Critique gen(5rale de rilistoiro du Cal- vinisme de llaimbourg." This work, received with equal approbation by the Catholics and Protestants, involved him in many disputes. lie afterwards un- dertook a periodical work, " Nouvelles de la Kepublique dcs Lettres," in IGS-i. The death of liis father and of his two brothers, together with the religious persecution* in France, induced lum to undertake his " Commentaire Philoso- phiquc sur ces Paroles de TEvangilc ; Contrains-les d'Entrcr;" which, in re- gard to style and tone, is not worthy of him. lie' next devoted all his attenlioix to the composition of his " Dictionnaire Ilistorique et Critique," which he first published in 1690, 2 vols., fol. This wa3 the first work which appeared under his name. He died, so to speak, with tha pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of 59. "Bayle," says Voltaire, ''is the first of logicians and skeptics. His great- est enemies must contess that there is not a line in his works which contains an open aspersion of Christianity ; but his warmest apologists must acknowl- edge that there is not a page in his con- troversial writings which does not lead the reader to doiibt, and often to skepti- cism." Bayle compai'es himself to llo- mer's cloud-compelling Jupiter. BAYLKV, Anselm, an English di- vine, author of " A Grammar of the Hebrew Language," &c., &c. D. 1791. — Sir John, a'learned and upright judge, wa.s called to the bar in 1792, and ap- pointed a scrjcant-at-law in 1799. Iii 1S03 he was made one of the justices of the King's Bench, and received the honor of knighthood. He was a man of liberal education and enlarged no- tions. His work on " The Law of Bills of Exchange" has long been a standard book in the profession, and its value in the commercial world is universally ac- knowledged. B.1773; d.l841.— Ricn.\RD, an eminent Americiin physician, was b. in Connecticut, in 1745. After study- ing at home, ho completed his profes- sional education in London, and settled at New York. In 1792 he was appointed professor of anatomy in the college of Columbia, wh-cre he" acquired great ce- lebrity. In 1799 he published his work on vellow fever, wiierein he proved it to be a local malady. T>. 1801.— Mat- thias, remarkable for longevity, died about the year 1789 at Jones' creek, a branch of the Pcdce, in North Carolina, aged 136 years. He was baptized at the age of 134. His eyesight remained good, and his strength was very re- markable till his death. BAYLY, Thomas IIatxes, a lyrical poet of some merit, and the author of several dramatic pieces, and one or two novels. Though very poruilar in his own day, the majority of nis writinir-i are already rapidlv passing into oblivion. B. 1797; d. 1830.— Lewis, bishop of Bansror, author of " Practice of Pictw" D. 1632. — William, au astronomer, who 124 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [be A went out with Captain Cook in the last two voyages of tliut eelcbratcd circum- uavi;Tator. D. ISIO. BEACON, TiioiiAs, prebendary of Canterbury in tlie reign of Queen Ehza- bcth, author of numerous works against popery. BEARD, JonN, known for his em- incnee as an aetor, first appeared at Drury-lane, as Sir John Loverule, in the "Devil to Pay," 1737, but his suc- cess was intcrrujited, for a few years, by a marriage with Henrietta, daughter of the carl of Waldegrave. He afterwards exchanired Drury-lane for Covent-gar- dcn. Ills wife died in 17r)3, and six vears after he married the daughter of Mr. Eieh, whom he succeeded in the man- agement of Covent-garden. In 1759 he appeared in the character of Macheath, and divided the applauses of the town for fiftv-two successive nights, with Miss Brent, as Polly. In 17fiS he re- tired from tlie stage,'and died that year, aged 74, much respected for his jjrivate character. BEATON or BETIIUNE, a cardinal, and archbishop of St. Andrews, in Scot- land, whose infamous persecutions of his Protestant countrymen caused him to be assassinated in his castle, in 1546. — James, nephew of the above, and bishop of Glasgow, author of " A His- tory of Scotland." B. 1530 ; d. 1603. BEATTIE, James, a pleasing poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Lawrencckirk, county of Kincardine, in 1735. In 1765 he published a poem called the "Judgment of Paris," which proved to be a failure. In 1770 his " Essay on Truth," written in opposi- tion to the skepticism of Hume, gave him his first fame. Five large editions were sold in four vears. A few months after, he publishecl the first book of the "Minstrel," 4to., and, in 1774, the second, which pleasing poem is likely to be the bulwark of his fame. It was at first published anonymously, but its language spoke to the heart and feelings of all classes; the learned descanted upon the critical merits of its structure, and the unlearned traced in it the ef- fusions of a heart alive to the beauties of nature, and warmed with the kindly sympathies of humanity. To a splendid edition of his " Essay on Truth," pub- lished by subscription in 1770, he added flome iniscellnneous "Dissertations on Poetry and Music, Laughter and Lu- dicrous Composition, &c." In 1783 he published "Dissertations, Moral and Critical," 4to. ; and in 1786, appeared his "Evidences of the Christian Eeli- gion," 2 vols. 12mo. In 1790 he pub- lislied the first volume of his "Elements of Moral Science," the second of which followed in 1793, and to the latter was appended a dissertation against the slave-trade. His last pul)lieation was an "Account of the Life, Character, and Writings of James Henry Beuttic," liis eldest son, an amiahle and promising voung man, who died at the age of 22, in 1790. This great affliction "was fol- lowed, in 1796, by the equally premature death of his youngest and 'only survi- ving son, in his 18th year; which losses, added to the melancholy loss of reason by his wife, wholly subdued his con- stitution ; and, after two strokes of palsy, he died at Aberdeen, in August, 1803. Beattie was a religious and amia- ble man, as well as a liiseinating and respectable controversialist. BEATTY, Sir William, who was pre- sent during the last moments of the. hero of Trafalgar, an "Authentic Nar- rative" of whose death he published in 1831. D. 1842. BEAUCHAMP, Joseph, a French as- tronomer and Bernardino monk, born at Vesoul, in 1752. During the revolu- tion he was employed on a secret mis- sion by Napoleon, but falling into the hands of tne English, they delivered him up to the Turks, by whom he was imprisoned as a spy. He was subse- quently released, and d. at Nice, 1802. — -KiciiAED, an English prelate, admi- rably skilled in architecture. He was surveyor of the works at Windsor, and rebuilt the chattel there in the reign of Edward IV. Tlie great hall in the epis- copal palace of Salisl)ury, and the se- pulchral ehajDcl in the cathedral, are also monuments of his taste and science. D. 1481, BEAUCHATEAU, Francis Matthias CiiATELET DK, a Frcnch poet, remarkable for his jirecocious talents, author of " La Lyre du jeune Apollon," published when he was only twelve years old. B. 1645. BEAUCLEKK, Topham, a gentleman of great literary talents, and a friend of Dr. Johnson, who said that " Beau- clerk's talents were those which he had felt himself more inclined to envy than those of any one else he had ever known." B. 1739 ; d. 1780. BEAUFORT, Henkv, the half-brother of Henry IV. of Englantl, was a cardinal, bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of- the kingdom. He was proud, ambitious, and immensely rich ; but the hospit.i' cea] CYCLOr.'EUIA OF EIOCiliAPIIV. 125 of St. Cros3, at "Winchester, which he founded, iuid iiuuierous charitable bi:- quests, prove tiiat his riciics were uki- niatcly well applied. ]). 1417. — Marga- ret, countess ot' Kichniond and Derby, niotlier of Henry V^H. She founded St. John's co!lc";e, and Christ's eollcire, Cambridge, and distinguished herself likewise as an author, li. 1441 ; d. 150ti. — Francis de Vkxdome, duke of, son of Caesar, duke of V'endonie, was im- prisoned by Cardinal Mazarin. On his escape, he broke out into open violence, but soon succeeded in making his peace, and was appointed admiral of France. Killed at the siege of Candia, IGG'J. — Louis de,' author of " Dissertations upon the Uncertainty of the First Five Ages of the Koman Ecpublic," and other learned works. D. 1795. BEAUHAKXOIS, Aluxaxdek de, a French nobleman who took part in the revolution, and after having been at one time president of the national assembly, and served in the armies of France with distinction, was put to death by the rev- olutionary tribunal just previous to the fall of Eobcspierrc, in 17',i4. B. 1760.— Francis, marquis de, elder brother of Alexander, was born in 175tj. He was appointed major-general in the army of the Prince of Condc, in 17if2; protested against the unlawful treatment of the king, in a letter to the president of the national assembly ; and when Bonaparte became first consul, ho exhorted hnn to restore the sceptre to the house of Bour- bon. He was afterwards appointed am- bassador to the court of Spain, but fell into disgrace with Napoleon, and was banished. He returned to Paris after the i-estoration. D. 1819. — Eugene de, son of the above, was born in 1780; en- tered the army early, and became one of Napoleon's generals, and his viceroy in Italy, which office he filled with credit and distinction, from 1S05 to 1814 ; when on his patron's reverses he retired to Bavaria, married the king's daughter, and was made duke of Leuchtenberg. D. 1824. — HoRTENSE Eugenie, cx-qucen of Holland, and duchess of St. Leu, was born at Paris, in 1753, being the daughter of Viscount Beauharnois (who perished by the guillotine in 1794) by his wife Josephine, afterwards the consort of Napoleon. Hortense was married to Louis Bonaparte in 1802, but it was an ill-starred union, and they separated in 1807, after she had given birtli to three sons ; the eldest of whom ("Napoleon Charles) died in childhood ; tlie second (Napoleon Louis) was killed in an in- surrcction at Eomagna, in 1832; and the youngest (Louis Napoleon; is the first president of the French republic, established in 1848. D. 1837. BEAU LIEU, Sebastian de PoNTArLX DE, a celebrated French enixinecr and tield-marshal under Louis XlV., autluir of " Views and Plans of the Battles and Sieses of Louis XIV." D. 1674. B'EAUMAKCHAIS, Pierre Aigustin, baron of, was the son of a watchmaker of Paris, b. in 1732, whose father tle»- tined him to the same trade, but early giving indications of fine musical talent, he became teacher of the harp to the daughters of Louis XV., and was ad- mitted into their society. By a rich marriage he laid the foundation of his immense wealth. He now aspired to literary reputation. His "Eugenie"' ap- pearea in 1707, and " Les deux Amis" in 1770, the first st'dl holding its place on the stage. He showed unconnnon talents in his lawsuit against Goesman and La Blanche, when he wrote against the former (who belonged to \.\\c. jjarVci- ment Afaupeou^ which was engaged in a dispute with the ministry) liis cele- brated " Mcmoircs," which entertained all France. Had he remained more quiet he probably would have gained his pro- cess. The fame of his "Mcmoircs" alarmed even Voltaire, who was jealous of every kind of glory. The " Barber of Seville" and the "Marriage of Figaro" have given him both permanent and uni- versal reputation. Shortly before the revolution he was involved in the pro- cess against the banker Kornmann. In 1792 he wrote "La Mere coupable," but never regained his former fame. lie was once more in his true element in his memoir " Mes six Epoques.'' His contract to supply the United States with military stores, during their revo- lutionary war, had increased his fortune, of which he always made a noble use; but he lost about a million livres by his famous edition of the works of Voltaire, the very imperfect execution of which was not answerable to the innnense cost of it. He lost still more at the end of 1791, by his attempt to provide the French army with 60,000 muskets. Dis- contented with the present, despairing of the future, wearied with stiniguling against the revolution and Ids creilitors for the ruins of his wealth, lie died at the aire of 69 years, without any partic; ular cliscase, in ilay, 1799. Ilis biog- raphy appeared in 1802; and in l^oo an edition of his works, in 7 vols. Beau- inarehais was a singular instance of ver- 126 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [bea Batility of talent, being at once an artist, po'itii-ian, projector, nicrcliaiit, and dra- matist, lie was passionately attached to celebrity. His " .Marriage of Figaro'' excitetl one of tliosc extraordinary sen- sations ibr which Paris has always been remarkable. The Englisii moditicatious of this comedy convey but a slight no- tion of the mischievous subtlety and deep spirit of intrigue in the original. lie left to his heirs a claim against the United States of a million of francs, for supplies furnished during the war, which has been repeatedly presented to congress, but always rejected on the ground that he acted only as the agent of the French government, and had been paid bv it. BEAUMELLE, LArRExcE, a French writer and critic; autlior of "Letters to Voltaire," of whom he was a decided opponent ; " Connnentarv on the Hen- riade." etc. B. 1727 ; d.'l773. BEAUMONT, Francis, and FLET- CHER, Joii.v, two eminent English dra- jnalie writers. Tlie former was b. in 1585 studied at Oxford, and d. in 1616 ; the latter was b. at London in. 1570, and d. tiiere in 1625, of the plague. Animated by the same inclination, thcvboth devo- ted themselves to poetry. 'Their plays, about fifty, appeared under their joint names, and it is impossible now to de- termine their respective shares in sever- al of these productions. According to the testimony of some of tiieir cotem- poraries, Fletcher was the inventing genius, while Beaumont, though the younger of the two, was more distin- guished for maturity and correctness of judgment. Shakspeare was their model, and, like him, they intermix pathetic and low comic scenes; but their attempts to surpass their model sometimes lead them nito extravagances. Their desire, also, of pleasing the public at times, in- duces tliem to deviate from a correct standard of taste. Tiiey succeed best in their comic scenes. Their cotempora- rics preferred them even to Shakspeare, lis much as posterity have reversed tlic judgment. — JClie de, a French advocate, distinguished for liis memoir in favor of the unfortunate family of Galas. B. 1732 ; d. 1785. — Madame le prince be, a French lady, wlio devoted her talents to the instruction of vouth, and wrote many pleasing moraf works ; among others, " Magazin des Adolescens," ^ Mairazin des Jeunes Dames," some novels, &c. B. 1711; d. 1780.— Sir &EOKOE, a distinguished amateur ar- tist, was b. at Diinmow, Essex, in 1753; d. 1827. — John Thomas B.v.ibek, was b. in London, in 1774, his paternal naraa being Barber. In his youtli he mani- fested a strong desire to obtain eminence as a painter. He afterwards became an author, and published a " Tour in "Wales,"' besides several tracts upon the best mode of arming the population, so as most etfectually to repel the threatened French invasion ; and he at lengtli put; in practice what he had so strenuously recommended to others, by organizing a matchless rifle coi^ps, known by the name of the " Duke of Cumberland's Sharp-shooters," of which corps he was appointed, in 1803, captain commandant. In 1806 he establislied the Provident Institution, which gave rise to the vari- ous similar establishments, now better known as " saving banks," throughout the kingdom. He died in May, 1841, having bequeathed the bulk of his prop- erty to his children, except the sum of 10,000^. to establish a philosophical in- stitution in Beaumont square, ilile-end. BEAUMONT DE PEKEFIX, H,ui- DouiN, tutor to Louis XIII., and subse- quently archbishop of Paris ; author of a " History of Henry IV." D. 1670. BEAUNE, Floriment de, a French mathematician ; discoverer of a method to determine the nature of curves by the properties of tlieir triangles. D. 1652: BEAUK AIN, John ue, geographer to Louis XV. ; author of a " Description of the Campaigns of Luxembourg, from 1690 to 16114." B. 16'J7 ; d. 1771. ' BEAUEIEU, G.vspard Guii-liard de, a French writer ; author of " L'Eleve de la Nature," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1795. BEAUSOBEE, Isaac de, a French Protestant divine, who settled at Berlin, and became chaplain to the kin? of Prussia ; author of " Defense de la Doc- trine des Eeformes," &c. B. 1650; d. 1788. — LouLs, counsellor to the king of Prussia ; author of " Philosophical Dis- sertations on the nature of Fire," &c. B. 1700 ; d. 1783. BEAUVAIS, William, author of a work on the medals of the Eoman em- pire. B. 1698 ; d. 177S.-— Charles Nicn- 0L.is, a French physician, member of the Convention at the' revolution ; author of "Essais Historiques sur Orleans," &c. B. 1745; d. 1794, BEAUVILLIERS, Francis de, duke de St. Aignan, a soldier, courtier, and poet, in the reign of Louis XIV. B. 16o7; d. 1687.— Paul de, eldest son of tlie preceding, was highly distinguished for talents and probitv. He held high oiBces in the state, and shared with tho BSC] CYCLOP-tDIA OK BIOOIiAI'HY. in virtuous arclibishop of Cambray, in tlie education of tlic duke of Burlectrieity, that Beecaria's labors far surpass all that had been done before and after him on this subject. The academies of Louuou and Bologna elected him a member. He wrote many other valuable works on this subject. The most important " Dell' Elettricismo artificiale" contains all that was then known of electricity. Franklin, who esteemed his works, had them translated into English, in 1759 the king employed him to measure a degree of the mericlian, in Piedmont. He began the task in 1760, together with the abbot Canoniea, and published the result in 1774. The doubts expressed by Cassini of the exactness of this measurement drew from him his " Lettre d'un Itali- ano ad un Parigino," in which he showed the influence of the proximity of the Alps on the deviation of the pendulum. As his thoutrhts were entirely absorbed by his studies, ,:e often neglected the nicer rules of good breeding, without losing however the general esteem. He died Api-il the 27th, 1781. BECHER, John JoAcnnr, authoi of the first theory of chemistry, was bom at Spire, in 16';35. He finished his rest- less life at London, in 1685, after having resided in many parts of Germany. He had many enemies, and has been accused, not entirely without justice, of charla- tanry; yet his influence on the science of chemistry gives him still a claim to remembrance. He brought it into a nearer connection with physics, and sought for the causes of all the phenom- ena of the inorganic universe in these two departments of science. This is the object of his principal work, " Physica Subterranea." At tlie same time he be- gan to Ibrm a theory of chemistry, and conceived the idea of a primitive acid, of which all the others were only modi- fications. He also made researches into the process of combustion. — Daniel, physician to the elector of Branden- burirh ; author of " Commcntarius de Theriacii." ite. D. 1670. BECKET, Thomas a, archbishop of Canterbury ; a man raised from a com- paratively low station to the very liiirhes' offices by Henry IT., but proud, insolentj and uns'ratcfuL Havincr shown hinisch the violent opponent of his royal patron, 128 CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bed the latter gave utterance to some hasty expressions resjiecting him in the pres- ence of his courtiers, and he was at length assassinated at the altar of Can- terbury cathedral, in 1170. After his death he was canonized. BECKFOKD, AVilliait, one of the most remarkable men of modern times, was the son of alderman Beckford, of London, wlio bequcatlied him West In- dian and other property, said to amount to upwards of £lOi.vXX)'per annum. He had a strong passion for building ; and in erecting lonthill Abbey he spent in a very few years the enormous sum of .4'"27o,i)00 1 One tower of immense costliness, employed 460 men both by uight and by day through an entire win- ter, the torches used by the nocturnal workmen being visible to the astonished travellers at miles distant. As might be expected, the mortar and cement used had no time to set jii'operly, ere a vio- lent gale of wind brought the vast struc- ture to the gi'ound. Merely remarking that he should have been glad to witness the sublime lall of such a mass of mate- rials, he gave orders for the erection of another tower of 276 feet in height ; this also fell to the earth in the year 1825. Building, however, did not alone occupy Mr. Beckford. An excellent scholar, and Eosscssed of a fine taste in almost every ranch of art, he collected in the fantas- tic but costly " Abbey," one of the finest and most extensive libraries in England, and his pictures and curiosities were al- most unequalled. His vast expenses, and the loss in chancery of a large por- tion of his West Indian property, ren- dered it necessary for liim to sell the abbey, and, with a few exceptions, all its rich and rare contents, in 1822. AVlien the sale was announced, public curiosity was so generally excitecT, that the enormous number of 72^0 catalogues were sold at one guinea each ! Though his eccentric and more than princely lavishness of outlay caused Mr. Beck- ford to be much talked of, both in En- gland and in Portugal, where he built a 3"csidencc, his true claim to any notice here rests upon his undoubted talents as an author in many walks of literature, and his genius as displayed in the wild and singular tale of "Vathek." which is BO splendid in description, so true to eastern costujne, and so wild and vivid in imagination, that Lord Bvron con- sidered it difficult to credit tliat it was written by a European, and said, " Even Ea-sselas must bow belbre it ; the hapjiy valley will not bear a comparison witli the hall of Eblis." In addition to thU work, upon which his fame securely rests, Mr. Beckford wrote a satirical work, entitled "Memoirs of Extraordi- nary Painters;" "Italy, with Sketches of Portugal and Spain ;" and " Keeol- lections of an Excursion to the Monas- teries of Alcobaf;a and Batalha." T>. 1844. BECKINGHAM, Charles, an English dramatist ; author of " Scipio Africa- uus " a tragedy, &c. D. 17o0. BECKMANjS', John Anthony, a na- tive of Hanover, and a professor at Got- tingen, where he lectured for man\ years on subjects connected with rural and political economy, &c. He was the author of several works, of which his "History of Discoveries and Inven- tions" is the best known. B. 173'J ; d. 1811. BECLAED, Peter ArorsTus, an em- inent French anatomist, was born at Angers, in 1785 ; became professor of atiatomy and physiology at Paris, where he attained the highest reputation as a lecturer and man of science. He wrote "Anatomical Memoirs," &c. 1). 1825. BEDA, or BEDE, an eminent eccle- siastic of the Sth century, usually called the Venerable Bede, was born in the year 672 or 673, near Wearmouth, in the bishopric of Durham. From the age of 7 to that of I'J he pursued his studies in the monastery of St. Peter, at Wear- mouth. Being then ordained deacon, he was employed in the task of edu- cating the youth who resorted to the monastery for instruction, and pursued liis own studies with unremitting ardor. In his 00th year he was ordained priest; and his fame for zeal and erudition reaching the ears of Pope Sergius, he was invited to Eome, but, in conse- quence of the death of that pontift", never went there. It is not even certain that he evcrleft Northumberland, which, of course, reduces the incidents of his life to his literary pursuits and domestic occupations, as he accepted no benefice, and never seems to have interfered with civil transactions. Ills "Church His- tory" was published in 701. His last literary labor was a translation of the Gospel of St. John into Saxon, wliichhe completed, with difficulty, on the very day and hour of his death. The wri- tings of Bede were numerous and im- portant, considering the time in which they were written, and the subjects of whicli they treat, which extended to ecclesiastical affairs, religion, and edu- cation only. His "English Ecclesiasti- cal History" is the greatest and most CVCLOr.liUIA OF lUOGUAl'llV. BiiDJ popular of his works, and has acquired additiounl culebrity oy the translation of Kiaur Alfred. The euDeotions wiiieii he made for it were tlic labor ol" inany years. Besides his own personal inves- iii^ations, he kept up a eorrcspondence with the monasteries throughout the heptareliy, to obtain archives and ree- ords for' his purpose; and thiis nearly all the knowled^39. BEDLOE, William, captain, an infa- mous informer, noted for his perjuries, and rewarded with £.'500 for pretended information respecting a popish plot, nnd tiie death of Sir Edmuudbury God- frcv. I). lOSO. BEECIIEY, Sir William, an eminent English ])ortrait-painter, but he did not wholly confine himself to that l)ranch of the iirt, having )),iinted some histor- ic'il compositions of more than common merit, especially his "Iris bearing to Somnus the command of .Juno to warn Alcyone bv a dream of tlu^ fate of her husband Oeyx." His chief e.wellence, however, lay in portrait-painting, to which, indeed, he chielly eonfmed him- self and in which ho greatly surpassed most of his cotemporary artists in number. Died aged 80 years, in 1839. BEER, Michael, a learned Jew of Paris. B. at Nancy in 1784, was the first of his religion who pursued the profession of an advocate in France. His success in this career was brilliant, but he soon gave himself up exclusively to literature, and received the honor never before conferred upon a Jew, of being admitted into the learned acade- mies of France. He was elected a mem- ber of the Eoyal Society of Antiquaries, of the Philote'chnic Society, of the acad- emies of Nancy, Strasburg, Nantes, and Gottingen. Napoleon invited him, in 1807. to the assembly of Jews, who were to aclvise concerning the amelioration of that people; and the general sanhedrim for France and Italy chose him their secretary. At the erection of the king- dom of'W^estphalia, on account of his knowledge of the language of the coun- try, he received an appointment in the ministry of the interior, and, afterwards, was appointed to a corresponding of- fice in the French ministry ; he also delivered a course of lectures on Ger- man literature in the Athenaeum of Paris. BI*"ERING, Vitus, a captain in the Russian navy, was born at Ilorsens, in Jutland. Being a skilful seaman, he was employed by Peter the Great in the navy established at Cronstadt. His tal- ents, and the undaunted courage dis- played by him in the naval wars against the' Swedes, procured him the honor of being chosen to command a voyage of discovery in the sea of Kamtschatka. He set "out from St. Petersburg, Feb. 5th, 1725, for Siberia. In the year 1723 he examined the northern coasts of Kamtschatka as far as lat. 67" 18' N., and proved that Asia is not united to America. It remained, however, to bo determined whether the land opposite to Kamtschatka, was, in reality, the coast of the American continent, or merely islands lying between Asia and America. June 4th, 1741, he sailed, with two ships, from Ochotsk, and touched on the northwestern coast of America, between lat. 35o and 39° N. Tempests and sickness prevented him from pursuing his discoveries ; he was east on a desolate island, covered with snow and ice, where he grew danger- ously sick, and died Dee. 8th, 1741. The straits between Asia and Ami^rica have received the name of Beering'a Straits, and the island on which he died that of Beering's Island, BEIlj C'VCI-Oi'.tDIA OK HlOUIt.VPJlV. BEETHOVEN, Louia von, b. in Bonn, 1"7'2, was the son of a man who had been a tenor singer there ; but ac- cordinff to another aceount, a natural son ot Frederic William II., king of Prussia. His great talent for music was early cultivated. He astonished in his eighth year all who heard him, bv his execution on the violin, on wliicli he was in the habit of performing, with great diligence, in a little garret. In his eleventh year lie played Bach's " Wohl Temperirtes clavier," and, in his thir- teenth, composed some sonatas. These promisiiig appearances of great talent induced the then reigning elector of Co- logne, to send him, in 1792, in the char- acter of his organist, and at his expense, to Vienna, that he might accomplish himself there in composition, undor the instruction of Haydn. Under Haydn and Albrechtsberger he made rapid pro- gress, and became, likewise, a "■reat player on the pianoforte, astonisliing every one by his extempore perform- ances. In 1S09 he was invited to the new court of the king of Westphalia, at which several men of distinction per- suaded him to remain by the promise of a yearly salary. He composed liis principal works afrer 1801. A few years before his death, a cold, which he had cauglit by composing in the open air, produced a deafness, wliich became, by degrees, very great. He lived, aftei'- ■wards, very much retired, in the village of Modlingen, near Vienna. Instru- mental music has received from his compositions a new cliaracter. Beetho- ven united the humor of Haydn witli the melancholy of Mozart, and the char- acter of his music most resembles Che- rubini's. His boldness is great ; though the more powerful nature and richer imagination of Mozart embraced a wider- field, and many of his compositions ex- press the whole height and depth of his character. Besides the great sympho- nies and overtures of Beethoven, his quintets, quartets, and trios for stringed instruments, his numerous sonatas, liis variations, and other pieces for the pia- noforte, in which he shows the great richness of his imagination, ho also composed vocal music, with scarcely less success. To this department be- longs his opera " Leonore," (in its alter- ed state, called " Fidclio," ) some masses, an oratorio, (the ''Mount of Olives,") and somrs for tlie piano-forte, among which the composition of Matthison's "Adelaide," called by us, "Kosalie," and some songs of (Toothe are celebrated. He died March 26th, 1827, near Vienna, in creat poverty. BEH.-VIM, MAUTfN, b. at Nuremberg, about 1430, is distinguislicd as one of the most learned mallieinaticians and astronomers of his age. He was engaged in commerce, and travelled lor the pur- pose of carrying on his business from 1155 to 1479 ;" but he also devoted him- self to the study of the mathematical and nautical sciences, in which EcLno- montanus is said to have been his mas- ter. He went from Antwerp to Lisbon in 14S0, where ho was received with marks of distinction. He sailed in the fleet of Diego Can on a voyage of dis- covery, and explored the islands on the coast "of Afrix'a as far as the river Zaire. He is also said to have discovered, or at least to have colonized, tlie island of Fay- al, where he remained for several years, and assisted in the discovery of the other Azores. He was afterwards knighted, and returned to his native country where he constructed a terrestrial glol)e in lVj-2, whicli bears tiie marks of tlie imperfect acquaintance of that age with tlie true dimensions of the earth. Benhaiin died, after several voyages, in Lisbon, in luOti. Some ancient Spanish historians assert that he made several discoveries, and that he gave to his friend (.'olumbus the idea of another hemispliere. Kobertson (in his History of America) and other historians contradict this statement. It is also rejected by Irving. BEHN, Aphara, a lady of some celeb- rity as a writer of plays and novels, was descended from a good family in Canter- bury of the name of Johnson, and was V)oru in the reign of Charles I. Her father, through the interest of his rela- tion Lord Willougliby, being appointed lieutenant-general of Surinam, embark- ed with his family for the West Indies, taking with him Aphara, who was then very voung. The father died at sea ; but his family arrived safely at Surinam, and remained there lor some years, du- ring which time Aphara gained the acquaintance of the American prince Oroonoko, whom she made the subject of a novel subsequently dramatized by Southern. On her return to England she maiTied Mr. Belin, a I;ondou mer- chant, of Dutch extraction; but was probably a widow when selected by Charles II. as a proper person to acquire intelligence on tlie continent durinir the Dutch war. Slie accordingly took up her residence at Antwirp, where she engaged in gallantries tor the sood of her "countrr; cud it is said that, bj' 132 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAl'HY. [bel means of one of her admirers she ob- tained adviec of the intention of the Dutch to sail up tlie Thames, wliich she transmitted to Enghmd. This intelJi- genee altiiough true, being discredited, she gave up politics, returned to En- gland, and devoted iierself to intrigue and writing for support ; and, as she liad a good pei*son and much conversa- tional talent, she became fashionable among the men of wit and pleasure of the time. She publislied three volumes of poems by Kochester, Etherege, Crisp, and others, with some poetry of lier own : and wrote seventeen plays, the heartless licentiousness of which was disgraceful both to her sex and to the age which tolerated tlie performance of them. She was also the authoress of a couple of volumes of novels, and of the celebrated love-letters between a noble- man and his sister-in-law. Pope, in his character of women, alludes to Mrs. Behn, under her poetical name of " As- trca:" *'Thp s'a^e how loosely doos Astren tre»il, Who fnlrly puts lier cliaracUrs to bod.'' She died in 1689, l^etween forty and fifty years of age, and was buried in the clois- ters of Westminster abbey. BEICH, Joachim Fbancb, a native of Suabia, eminent as a painter of cattle pieces and landscapes. B. 1655 ; d. 1748. l>ElNAS(.'ni, John Baptist, a native of Piedmont, an eminent historical paint- er. B. 1G:U: d. 1688. BEK, or BEAK, Anthony de, bishop of Durham, a bold and spirited prelate, who united the skill and courage of a soldier to the austerity of a divine. He led the van of the English army under Edward I. in an expedition against the Scots ; built Barnard castle and other fortresses, and performed many gallant exploits: but at length broke his heart at being excommunicated by the arch- bishop of York, in 1^10. — David, a Dutch painter, pupil of Vandyke, and portrait painter to Christina, queen of Sweden. B. 16-21 ; d. 1656. BElvlvilER, BalthjVs.vr, a divine of Amsterdam ; suspended from his func- tions for publishmg "The World Be- witclied," a refutation of the popular errors in witchcraft, &c. B. 1681; d. 16;is. BEKKER, Elizabeth, an ornament of Dutch literature in the department of l!ie belles Ictlres. Few fenuile authors liave imited with so grctit talents so much dignity and purity of morals. The influence of her numerous works was much increased by her character, and several of them are considered classics in Dutch literature, particularly her ro- mances, " Willem Lecvend," in 8 vols. ; "Letters of A. Blankart to C. Wild- scliut." and the "History of Sara Burger- hart.'' She wrote her most i nportant works in conjunction with her friend Agatha Deken, and the share of each in the composition of them is unknown. Elizabeth was born at Flushing, in 1738, and died at the Hague, in 1804. Her inseparable friend in life followed her nine days later in death. BEL, John James, a counsellor of Bordeaux, compiler of the " Diction- ntiire Xeologique," and author Of "Let- ters on Voltaire's Marianne,'' &c. D. 1738. — Matthl^, an Hungarian divine, historiographer of the Emperor Charles VL, author of " Apparatus ad Historiam Hungaria?," &c. B. 1684.; d. 1749. — Charles Andeew, son of the above, li- brarian and professor of poetry to the university of Leipsic. B. 1717 ; d. by his own hand, 17S2. BELCHER, Jonathan, governor of Massachusetts and New Jersey. He graduated at Harvard college in 1699. Not long after the termination of his coUegiate life, he visited Europe, and after the lapse of several years, returned, and commenced business as a merchant in Boston. He was chosen a member of the council, and in 1729 was sent as an agent of the province to England. After the death of Governor Burnet, he was appointed to the government of Massachusetts and New ILampshire, in 1730. In this station he continued 11 years, when he was superseded. On repairing to England, he so far suc- ceeded in vindicating his character and conduct, as to obtain the appointment of governor of the province of New Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and spent the remaining years of his life. He enlarged the charter of Princeton college, and was its chief patron and benefactor. He d. in 1757, aged 76.— Jonathan, chief justice of Nova Scotia, was graduated at Harvard college, in 1728. He studied law at the Temple, in London. He was among the first settlers of Chebucto, afterwards called Halifax, and being, in 1760, senior counsellor, on the death of Governor Lawrence he was appointed lieutenant-governor, in which ollicc he was succeeded by Col. Wilmot, in 1763. In 1761 he received his ap- pointment of chief justice. B. 1708; d. 1776. BELCIIIEK, John, was born at King- ston, Surrey, and after an Eton educa- HELJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF HIOGRAPHY. 133 tion was put apprentice to Cheselden, ' the most celebruted surgeon of his age. rcrsevcrance and assiduity soon ren- dered hiin eminent in liis profession, and in 173G lie succeeded Craddock as surgeon in Guy's hospital. In this em- ployraent he became respected and be- loved for his attention, and, unlike the mercenary practitioners of tlio times, ho considered not the emoluments of his office, but the character of his station, and treated with unwearied patience and humanity those whom diseases or misfortunes had placed under his care. In his private life he was equally ami- able, his whole time was devoted either to his friends or to the improvement of his profession, and many are the in- genious communications with which he lavored the I'hilosophical Transactions and other pul;lications. lie respected the name of Guy almost to adoration, observing, that no other man would have sacrificed £150,000 for the relief of his iMlow-creatures. B. 1706 ; d. 17S5. BELDEN, Joshua, physician. After grad^iatiug at Yale college, in 1787, he studied physic with Dr. L. Hopkins. Besides his useful toils as a physician, he was employed in various otiices of public trust. lie was a zealous sup- porter of all charitable and religious in- stitutions. B. 171)8; d. 1818. BELESIS, a Chaldean, who raised Arbaces to the throne of Media, and was rewarded with the government of Babylon. BELGKADO, James, an Italian Jesuit, eminent as a poet, antiquary, and math- ematician, author of a treatise entitled " The Existence of God demonstrated Geometrically," rincipal reason of his appoint- ment. During his administration Cap- tain Kidil was seized, and sent to EnL'land for trial. In 1700 he returned to New York, and died there in 1701. BELLONI, .Ji-uoMK, a celebrated Eo- man banker, created a marquis by Pope Benedict XIV. : autlior of an "Essay on Commerce." I). 1760. BELLoKI, Jons Peter, a celebrated Italian anti'piary and connoisseur in the polite arts ; author of " Lives of Modern Painters, Arclutcets, and Sculptor.s," &c. D. 1696. BELLOTI, Peter, an Italian painter, chieflv of portraits. B. 1625; d. 1700. BEIjOE, William, a divine and critic, was born at Norwich in 1756, and edu- cated at Cambridge. After having been assistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head master of Norwich school, he took or- ders, and obtained church preferment. He was finally rector of Allhallows, a prebendaiy of St. Paul's, and librari.an of the British Museum. The latter situ- ation however he lost, in consequence of a visitor to the museum having pur- loined some valuable prints. In con- junction with Dr. Narcs, he established the " British Critic." He is the author of "Anecdotes of Literature" and "Scarce Books ;" the " Sexagenarian ," and otlier works ; and the ti-anslator of " Herod- otus and Aulus GeUius." He died in 1817. BELON, Peter, an eminent French naturalist and physician of the 16th cen- tury, was born in Maine, about 1518, travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia, and England ; published in 1553 a very interesting account of his travels ; and was assassinated in 156-1. He is the author of several valuable Avorks on natural history, particularly on fishes. Belon is considered as the inventor of comparative anatomy, and one of the founders of natural history. BELOSIELSKY, Prince, a Eussian noble; author of "Poesies Francoises d'un Prince Etranger," &e. D. 1809. BELOT, John de Blois, advocate to the privy council of Louis XIV. ; author of " Apologie de la Langue Latine." BELSHAM, Thomas, an eminent Uni- tarian divine ; author of a discourse " On the Importance of Faith, and the Duty of makmg Open Professions of it," &c. D. in his 80th year, 1829.— William, brother of the preceding, an eminent writer; author ot "Essays, Political and Literary," " History of Great Britain, Irom the Ee volution to the Treaty of Amiens," in 12 vols. 8vo., &c. D. aged 75, in 1827. BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MOEON, Henry Francis Xavier de, a virtuous and humane French prelate, was b. in 1671, at the castle of La Force, in Perigord. In 1709 he was made bishop of Marseilles, and when that city was visited by the plague in 1720, instead of deserting his nock, he hourly hazarded his life to afford them succor and con- solation. As a reward, he Avas offered the rii'h bishopric of Laon, which con- ferred the title of duke ; but he replied, that "ho woald not quit a church to bkm] CYCLOP.«DIA OF niOGRAl'IlY. t;7 which he had devoted his life." A col- lege was founded by him in his episcopal city. This exemplary pastor wrote a " History of the JJishops of his I)io- cese;" "Pastoral Instructions;" and the "Life of Mademoiselle deFoix." D. 1755. BELUS, celebrated in profane history ns the founder of the Babylonian empire. He was deified afccr his death, and a temple 'was erected to him at Babylon. He IS probably the Baal of Phoenicia, and the Nimrod of Scripture. Flour- ished 1322 c. c. BELYX, a British prince and com- mander under Caraetacus. BELZONI, (iiAMiiATTisTA, that IS, .John Baptist, an cnterprisinar traveller, was born at Padua, and educated at IJome. He was destined for the monastic life, but left the city when it was occupied by the French armies, and in 1803, went to London, where he exhibited as the Pataf/oniarh Sam~wn, at various minor theatres. There he acquired, besides an acquaintance with the English language, much knowledge of the science of hy- draulics, the study of which had been his chief occupation in Rome, and which afterwards carried him to Egypt. He Zeft this country, after a residence of nine years, accompanied by his wife, and took his way through Portugal, Spain, and Malta,' to Egypt. There' he lived from 1815 to 1819, at first as a dan- cer, till he won the favor of the pacha, who made use of his services. Belzoni, though often alone amidst the rude in- habitants of the country, kept them in awe by his extraordinary stature and strength. He succeeded in opening, not only the pyramid of Ghiza, which had been already opened in the 17th century by Pietro della Valle, and to which the French, duringtheir expedition to Egypt, could not find the entrance, hut also a second, known by the name of CepTirehef:, and several catacombs near Thebes, es- pecially one in afine state of preservation m the valley of Biban el Jlolook, which is considered to bo the niansoleum of Psammis, in 400 i:. c. The drawin:rs which he has furnished of these antiqui- ties are the most exact which we possess. In the year 1816 his perseverance and ekill succeeded in transportincr the bust of Jupiter Memnon, together with a sar- cophagus, of .ilabaster, I'ound in the cata- combs, from Thebes to Alexandria, from wiienee they came to the British Itlu- seum. On 'the 1st of August, 1817, he opened the temple of Ipsambul, near the second cataract of the Nile, which two Frenchmen, Cailliaud and Drovetti, (tho l-J- French consul-general,) had discover id the year before, but had not succeed >d in opening. Belzoni found a subtjr- raneous temple in its ruins, which until that time had been unknown. He then visited the coasts of the Red Sea, and the city of Berenice, and made an expe- dition into the oasis of Jupiter Ainuiou. Ills journey to Berenice was rewarded by the discovery of the emerald mines of Zubara. Belzoni refuted Cailliaud's assertion, that he had found the farious Berenice, the great emporium of Europe and India, by subsequent investigations on tiie sj)ot, and by the actual discovery of the ruins of that great city, four days' .journey from the place wiii'eh Caiilia"iid had taken for Berenice. His " Narrative of the Operations and recent Discoveries within tiie Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia; and of a Journey to the 'Coast of the Ked Sea in search of Berenice : also of an- other to the Oasis of Jupiter Amnion," (London, 1820,) accompanied by a folio vol. of forty-four copperplates, 'was re- ceived with general approbation. Padua, his native city, requited his present ot two Egyptian "^statues from Thebes with an honorary medal. In the year 182=?, this enterprising traveller had made preparations for "passing from Benin to Houssa, and Timbuctoo, when he died at Gato, on his way to Benin, Dec. tho 3d, 1823. He believed the Nile and Niger to be ditfercnt streams, and tliat the Niger empties its waters into tho Atlantic ocean ; opinions which have eventually been proved to be correct. The following inscription was placed over his grave : *' Here lies tlie remains of G. BKLZo^^, Whfi wns attacked witli dysenten-, tit Benin, (On his w:iy to Houssa and Tinibuctoo,) On the 26th of November, and died at this place, Decem- ber 3d, 1823. Tho "■cntlemnn who placed tlilo inscription over the grave of this inln-pid and enterprisinj; traveller, hopes that every Kiiropiaa visilinfr this spot will cause the ground to he clnarcd, and the fence round the ^ftve to n« re- jmired, if neee3sary." BEMBO, Pietro, one of the most celebrated of the Italian scholars that adorned the IGth century, was born at Venice in 1470. He verv early learned the Latin, and afterwards, at' Messina, under the direction of Lascaris, tlto (?rcek language; after which he return- ed to liis native country, and there pub- lished a small treatise" on mount Etna. In compliance with the will of his father, he entered upon the career of public business, but, soon conceiving a aisliko for it, he devoted himself to science and 138 CYC'LOP^tDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ben tliR theological profession. At Ferrara, ■wlierc he completed his philosophical studies, he entered into a connection witji Ercolo Strozzi, Tibalileo, and par- ticularly with Sadolcto. From Ferrara he returned to Venice, where a literary society had been established, in the house of the printer Aldus Manutius. Bumbo became one of its principal mem- bers, and, for some time, toolc pleasure in correcting the beautiful editions which priiceeded from this celebrated press. Afier visiting Kome, he went, in 1506, to the court of Urbino, at that time one of those Italian courts where the sci- ences stood hi^dicst in esteem. He lived there about six years, and gained sev- eral powerful friends. In 1512 he went to Rome with Giulio de Medici, whose brother, pope Leo X., made him secre- tary, jind gave him his friend Sadoleto for a colleague. About this time he be- came acquainted with the young and beautiful Morosina, with whom he lived, in the most tender union, during 22 years. She presented him with two son.s and a daughter, whom he educated with the greatest care. Ills many la- bors, arising from his ofliee as well as his literary pursuits, and, perhaps, too great an indulgence in pleasure, having impaired his health, he was using the balied to the wound, he caused himselt to be brought again on deck, and continued tke^^action. At this critical instant, being most dis- gracefully abandoned by several of the captains under his command, who sign- ed a paper expressing tiieir opinion lliat " notliing more was to be done," the whole fleet etfected its escape. (Jn lii3 return to Jamaica, he broughi the de- linquents to a court-martial, by which two of them were convicted of coward- ice and disobedience of orders, and con- demned to be shot ; which sentence, on their arrival in England, was carried into execution at Plymouth. Benbow, wlio sutfered equally in mind and body from this disgraceful business, gradually sank under liis feelings, and expired at Jamaica, Nov. 4th, 1702. BE.N'CU), Fr.vxcis, an Italian Jesuit; author of Latin poems, &c. D. 1.5'J4. BENEDETTO, Castiglione, an Italian painter, chiefly of pastoral scenes. B, 16K1; d. 1670.' BENEDICT, St. founder of the first religious order in the west, was born at Norcia, in Spoletto, in 480. In the four- teenth year of his age he retired to a cavern situated in the desert of Subiaco, forty miles from Komc, and, in 51o, drew up a ride for his monks, which was first introduced into tlie monastery of Monte Cassino, in the neighborhood of Naples, founded by him (fj29) in a grove of Apollo, after the temple had been de- molished. This gradually became the rule of all the western monks. The abbots of Monte Cassino afterwards ac- quired episcopal jurisdiction, and a cer- tain patriarchal authority over the whole order. With the intention of banishing idleness, he prescribed in addition to the work of God, (as he called prayer and the reading of religious writings.") the instruction of youth in reading, writing, and ciphering, in the doctrines of Chris- tianity, in manual labors, (includinsj me- chanic arts of every kind.) tiiid in the manaarement of the monastery. With regard to dress and food, the rule was severe, but not extravagant. lie caused a library to be founded, for which the aged and infirm brethren were obliged to copy manuscripts. By this means he contributed to preserve "the literary re- mains of antiquity from ruin ; for, tliouirh he had in view only the copying of religious writings, yet the practice was afterwards extended to classical works of every kind ; and the learned world is indebted, for the preserv-ation of great literary treasures, to his order. He dicil about the age of sixty-seven. BEXEZET, A.vTHONT, a distinguiah- cd philanthropist, b. at St. Quentin, in 140 CVCLOP/EDIA OF 13I0GRAPHV. [BEIf France, January, 1713. His parents were opulent, and ot' noble descent. On the revocation of tlie edict of Nantes, tlie family associated themselves with thellujruenots ; and, on this account, his father's estate was confiscated, in 1715, who thereupon sonirht temporary refuge in Holland, and afterwards in England, where Anthony received his education. He became a member of the society of Friends about the 14th year of his age. In 1731 he arrived, along with his par- ents, in Philadelphia. His first employ- ment was that ot an instructor of youth at Germantown — a calling which led him to prepare and publish several elementa- ry books for the use of schools. About the year 1750 he was particularly struck with the iniquity of the slave-trade, and the cruelty which was exercised by too many of tliose who purchased and em- ployed the negroes. His voice and his pen were now employed in behalf of this oppressed portion of his fellow-beings, iinding the blacks in Philadelphia nu- merous, and miserably ignorant, he es- tablished an evening school for them, and taught them himself gratuitously. His first attempts to rouse public feeling on the subject of slavery consisted in short essays in almanacs and newspa- pers, whicli he was indefatigable in circu- lating. He soon published a variety of more elaborate and extensive tracts. These were printed at his own expense, and distributed, witliout charge, wher- ever he thought they would make an im- pression, lie addressed them directly, with suitable letters, to most of the crowned heads of Europe, and to many of the most illustrious divines and phi- losophers. Tlie fervor of his style and the force of his facts obtained for his philanthropic efforts the notice which he Bought for the benefit of his cause. Great personages, on both sides of the Atlantic, corresponded with him, and it is certain that he gave the original im- pulse to those dispositions and measures which led the way to the abolition of the slave-trade by Britain and the United States. Clarkson, the English philan- thropist, whose labors contributed so largely to the accomplishment of that object, acknowledges that his under- standing was enlightened and his zeal kindled by one of Benezet's books, when ie was about to treat the question sub- mitted to the senior bachelors of arts in the university of Cambridge, Anne liceat invito in servitatem dare.^ About the year 1763, the wrongs inflicted on the aboriginal race of North America excited his susceptible mind, and prompted him to publish a tract, entitled, '-Some Ob- servations on the Situation, Disposition, and Character of the Indian Natives of America," He addressed the British government and military commanders, about the cfl'cct of hostilities against the natives, with characteristic boldness and j^athos. His various philanthropical ef- torts and his excellent qualities obtain- ed for him peculiar consideration in the society of Friends. In 1780 he wrote and published a " Short Account of the religious Society of Friends, connnonly called Quakers ;" and, in 1782, a "Dis- sertation on the Plainness and innocent Simplicity of the Christian Eeligion." His private habits, morals, and pursuits were adapted to endear and dignify his public career. He died at Philadelphia, May the 5th, in 17S4, aged seventy-one. When it was announced that he was se- riously ill, a multitude of his fellow-cit- izens presented themselves at his house with anxious inquiries ; and he convers- ed lucidly with lumdreds after his case was pronounced to be hopeless. There is extant a full and interesting memoir of his life, by Kobert Vaux. BENGER, Miss Elizabeth Ogilvt, b. in 1778, at Portsmouth, was the daughter ot a purser in the navy, who died in 1796, and left his wife and daughter with a slender provision. In 1802 she removed with her mother to London. She soon attracted attention by her verses, and Miss Sarah Wesley early became her patron. She composed some theatrical pieces, which did not meet with success. Mr. Bowyer, the engraver, employed her to write a poem on the "Slave-Trade," which, with two others, was published in quarto, with engravings, in 1812. She successively published " Memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth Hamilton," "Memoirs of Jolin Tobiu," the dramatist, and " Notices of Klop- stock and His Friends," prefixed to a translation of their letters from the Ger- l bv lien the " History of Anno Boleyn," whi was translated into French, " Memoirs of Elizal)eth, queen of Bohemia," and "Memoirs of Marv, queen of Scots." D. 1827. BENI, Paul, an eminent Italian phi- lologer, author of " Remarks on Ariosto and Tasso," &c. D. 1(!27. BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, one of the earliest travellers of the middle ages who visited the central regions of Asia; author of a Hebrew work of travels, which, though interesting and romantic, cenJ CYCLOP.EUIA OF BIOGKAPHV. 141 is remarkable chiefly for its misrepre- BCiitations. D. llTii' EEXINI, Vincent, a learned Italian phvsic'iaii, iuitlior of " Notes on Celsus," &c. B. i:i;5; <1. 1764. BEXXET, CuitisTopiiEH, an Ensrlish pliysit'ian, author of " Tabidoruiii Tlic- iitriun, sen Plitliisios,'' cfef. D. IGSo. — IIenkv, earl of Arlinu'toii, born in 1618, was eJiieaied at Clirist-chureh, Oxford, and espoused the royal cause duriiiLC tlie civil wars. He was knii^hted at Bruises, by Charles II., who employed hiiu as his minister at Madrid, and after the restoration as his secretary of state. Though ho was one of the live minis- ters, C'litford, Ashley, Buckingham, Ar- lintrlon, and Lauderdale, denominated cabal,, he did not enter into their views, nor support the schemes formcfl to render tlie monarch absolute. When accused for the ill success of the Dutch war, he ably defended himself before the commons, and was acquitted by a small majority. Arter serving the king twelve years as secretary, he retired upon the indolent office of* chamberlain, ;)nd was afterwards employed as a nego- tiator with the prince of Oranse ; but was unsuccessful iji liis endeavors to procure a general peace. Arlington, who died in 1085, is described by Bur- net as a proud man, but his abilities were so strong, and at the same time so versatile, that he was the only person who could manage with success the king's temper. He was a Catholic in reli<'ion, though in power he inveighed with bitterness against the Koraan Cath- olics. BENNINGSEN, Levin Augustus, baron of, Russian commander-in-chief, b. at Banteln, in Hanover, 1745, early entered into the Russian service, and distinguished himself bv great gallantry in the war against Poland, luider the Empress Catherine II. He acted a chief part in tlie conspiracy of the palace against tiie Emperor I'aul I. In 1806 he was appointed to command the Rus- sian army which hastened to the assist- ance of the Prussians ; but, before his arrival, the Prussians were defeated at Jena. He afterwards fought the nuir- derous battle of Eylau, (next to that of Mojaisk, perhaps the most bloody in military history,) and the battle of Fried- land. After the peace of Tilsit, he re- tired to his estates. In 1S13 he led a Russian army called " the army of Po- land,'' into Saxony, took part in the battle of Leipsic, and blockaded Ham- burgh. After commanding the annv in the south of Russia, he finally settled in his native country, and died Oct. 3d, 1826. He is the author of '-Thouirhts on certain Points requisite f )r an Ollicer of Light Cavalry to be acipiainted with," Riga, 17!»4 ; W'ilna, 1805. BENNITSKI, Alex.\xder Petro- VIT3C1I, a Russian poet, author of " Ko- mala," a poem ; a translation of Ossiau, &c. B. 1780; d. 1808. BENOIT, Elias, a learned Protestant divine, pastor of the church of Delft, author of a " Historv of the Edict of Nantes." B. 1640; d. 1723. BENSERADE, Isaac de, a French poet, born near Rouen. Though pooi*. his wit and his poetical talents rendered him popular; he was noticed by Riclie- lieu, to whom, according to some he was related, and a pension was settled upon him. After the death of Richelieu he attached himself to the duke de Brcze, and he wtis named as envoy to Chris- tina, queen of Sweden, an employment which he did not undertake. As "a poet his talents were such that for a time he divided the applauses of the town with ^'oiture. His rondeaux on Ovid are his worst performances. In the last part of his life he retired to Gentilly, where he employed himself in works of piety, and translated almost all the psalms. He was so attlicted with the stone, that he reluctantly submitted to the operation of cutting, but the surgeon punctured an artery, ran away iiistoad of checking the etfu'siou of l^lood, and the unfor- tiinate patient expired in the arms of his confessor, during the vear 169i>. BEXTHAM, Jeremt, the celebrated writer on politics and jurisprudence, was b. in 1749. Ho studied English law, but never appeared at the bar, be- ing enabled, by easy circumstances, to devote himself entirely to literary com- positions. He did not, however, pub- lish his chief works himself. They were arranged and translated into French by his friend M. Dumont, and printed partly in Paris and partly in London. Among them are " Traitcs de Legisla- tion, Civile ct Penale, &c.,'' and " Tlic- orie dcs Peinos et des Recompenses." He advocated a thorough correction of civil and criminal legislation. His "Fragments on Government," in op- position to Blackstone, appeared anony- mously in 177G, and witli his name, at London, in 1823. In France, his liter- ary labors found a better reception than in England or Germany. A small pamphlet on the liberty of the press, was addressed by him to the Spanish 142 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bed Cortes, during their discussion of this subject; and,"in another, '-Three Tracts rehitive to the Spanish and rortuguese Atiairs," Loudon, 1821, lie refuted the idea of the neoessity of a house of peers in Spain, as well as Montesquieu's pro- position, that judicial forms are the de- fence of innocence. One of his latest ■works was tlie *' Art of Tacking," that is, of arranging juries so as to obtain any verdict desired- His previous work, "Essaisurla Taetique des Asscmblees Legislatives," edited, from the author's papers, by Dumont, and translated into German, contains many useful observa- tions. His " Introduction to the Prin- ciples of Morals and Legislation," treats of the principal objects of government in a profound and comprehensive man- ner. Zunoljclii has translated his "The- ory of Legal Evidence," into Italian. Among his earlier works was a '' De- fence of Usury," showing the impolicy of the present legal restraints on the terms of peeuniarv bai'gains ; 1787. Mr. Bentham died in London, June 6, 183-2, leaving his body to be dissected for the benefit of science. He was a man of primitive manners, unblemished char- acter, and undoubted earnestness in the cause of the people at large. He is considered as the father of the Utilita- rians, or those moral-political-econo- mists, who view every thing as it is af- fected by the principle of "the greatest happiness of the ^'reatest number." BENTINCK, William, first earl of Portland, was descended from a noble family in Holland. When the prince of Orange was seized with the small-pox, it was recommended that he should re- ceive the warmth of a young person in the same bed. Bentinck" ofifered himself, and caught the same disease in a violent degree, but the danger to which he sub- mitted was amply repaid by the favor of the prince. "William brought him with him to England, raised him to the pcerairc, and granted liim valuable lands. The earl, faithful to his principles, served the king in various onices, civil and military, and attended him in his last moments. D. 170'.). — William Henry Cavknoish, third duke of Port- land, was born in 17-38, and educated at Christ-ehurcli, O.xford. He was called to the house of lords by the death of his father in 176-2, having sat for some time in the house of commons as member for Weobley ; after his accession to the up- per house he voted with the marquis of Kockingham, under whose udministra- Vion he was lord chamberlain. During the American war he acted with the op- position, and was apjiointed lord lieu- tenant of Ireland in 1782, but in con sequence of the breaking up of the administration, by the death of the marquis of Kockingham, he only con- tinued in that otfice three months. The memorable coalition succeeded, which fell before the rising fortunes of Mr. Pitt, and from that time the duke voted with the whig opposition until he was elected chancellor of Oxford in 1792. He soon after joined with Mr. Burke in his alarm at the French revolution, agreeing with this orator and other seceders, on the score of French poli- ties, to support the administration. He was accordingly appointed secretary of state for the home department in 1794, and continued in that office until the resignation of IMr. Pitt in 1801, when he was made president of the council, which he held until 180-5. He succeeded Lord Grenville as first lord of the treasury in 1807, which office he resigned soon after, and was succeeded by ^Ir. Percival. D. 13(18. — Lord George", a British states- man of considerable ability, the fourth son of the duke of Portland, who en tered parliament in 1828, first as a mod- erate whig, but subsequently he became a tory, and opposed Sir Kobert Peel's movements in favor of free-trade. D. 1848. BENTIVOGLTO, Oorneho, cardinal and poet, b. at Ferrara, lfi68, early dis- tinguished himself by his progress in the fine arts, literature, philosophv, the- ology, and jurisprudence. Pope Cfcment XlT'inade him his domestic prelate, and secretary to the apostolic chamber, and sent him, in 1712, as nuncio to Paris, where, durinff the last years of the reign of Louis XIV. he acted an important part in the affairs of the bull Unigenitus. The pope, in 1719, bestowed on him the hat of a cardinal. Poetry had rccupied the leisure hours of the learned ^Ardinal. Some sonnets composed by him arc to be found in Gobln's collection, vol. 3, and in other collections of his time. Under the name of Selvaggio Porpora he translated the " Thebais" of Statins into Italian. He delivered several ad- dresses before societies for the promo- tion of the fine arts. His discourse in defence of the utility and moral influ- ence of painting, sculpture, and archi- tecture, delivered in the academy of design, at Koine, 1717, was reprinted by the academy of the Arcadians, in the second volume of the " Prose dcirli .Vr- cadi." D. 1732. — Gnino, celebrated as bbn] CYCLOPAEDIA OF EIOGRAPHV. 143 A cardinal and an historian, was b. at ferraru, in 1579. lie studied at Fadiia with j^reat repatatioii, and afterwards, iixinf^ liis re:»idencc at Kome, ac^cired general esteem by Ids prudence and in- tcjrrity. lie was nuncio in Flanders from 1607 to liSlt!, and afterwards in France till 1021. Ilis character stood so Incfh that, on the death of Urban VllL, in 1644, he was generally thouijht to be the most likely person to succeed him ; but, on enteriiiif the conclave, in the hottest and most unhealthv season of the year, he was seized witli a fever, of which he died, aged 6."^. lie lived in a magnificent style, and was much em- barrassed at tiie time of his death — a circumstance attributed to his canvass for the papacy. lie wrote a "History of the Civil W'ars in Flanders," in Ital- ian; an ''Account of Flanders" during his legation, also translated by the earl of Monmouth ; his own " Memoirs ;" and a "Collection of Letters," which are reckoned among the best specimens of the Italian languaLre. BENTLEY, Kichakd, a celebrated En- glish divine and classical scholar, dis- tinguished as a polemical writer, in the latter part of the 17tli century, was born near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1662. His father is said to have been a black- smith. In 16S4 he took the degree of A.M. at Cambridge, and, in 1689, obtain- ed the same honor at the sister univer- sity. His first published work was a Latin epistle to doctor John Mill, in an edition of the "Chronicle c»f John Malea," which appeared in 1691. Dr. Stillingfleet, having been raised to the bishopric of Worcester, made Bentley his chaplain, and, in 1692, collated him to a prebend in his cathedral. In 1693 he was appointed keeper of the royal library at fet. James's — a circumstance which incidentally led to his famous controversy with the honorable Charles Boyle, afterwards earl of Orrery, rel.a- tive to the genuineness of the Greek Epistles of Phalaris, an edition of which was publi.^hed by the latter, then a stu- dent at Christ-church, Oxford. In this dispute, Bentley was victorious, though opposed by the greatest wits and critics of the age, including Pope, Swift, Garth, Atterbin-y, Aldrich, Dodwell, and Con- vers Jiliddleton. who advocated the opin- ion of Boyle with a degree of warmth and illiberality that appears highly extraordinary." Tn 1699, havincr three vears before been made D.D., I'- pub- lished his " Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris," in which he satisfaotorily proved that they were not the composi- tions of tho tyrant of Agrigentum, who lived more than five centuries before the Christian era, but were written l>y some sopiiist under the borrowed name of Phalaris, in the declining age of Greek literature. Soon after this publicatica, he was presented by the crown to the mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge, worth nearly £1000'a-year. He now re- signed the prebend of Worcester, and, in 1701, was collated to the archdeacon- ry of Ely. In 1711 he published an edition of Horace, at Cambridge, in 4to., which was reprinted at Amsterdam: and in 1713 appeared his " Kcmarks on Collins's Discourse on Free-thinking," under the form of a Letter to F. H, [Francis Hare] D.D., by Pliileleuthcrus Lipsiensis. He was appointed regius professor of divinity in 1716, and, in the same year, issued proposals for a new edition of the Greek Testament — an un- dertaking for which he was admirably qualified, but which he was prevented from executing, in consequence of the animadversions of his determined ad- versary, Middleton. In 1726 he pub- lished an edition of Terence and Phae- drus ; and his notes on the comedies ot' the former involved him in a dispui; with Bishop Hare, on the metres ' f Terence, wliich provoked the sarcas'.ic observation of Sir Isaac Newton, that " two dignified clergymen, instead of minding their duty, had fallen out about a play-book." His last work was an edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, with conjectural emendations, which appear- ed in 1732. This added nothing to his reputation, and may, iia one word, be characterized as a failure. D. 1742. BENYOWSKY, Count Mauritr-s Augustus ve, magnate of Hungary and Poland, was b. 1741, in the Hungarian province of Xittria. He embraced early the profession of arms, and after serving in the imperial armies, joined the eon- federation of the Polish nobility. He accepted a high command m the army, and distinguished himself against the Russians in various skirmishes, till sev- eral wouHils disabled him, and lie fell into the hand^ of the enemy. The tri- umph (if the Russians was great in pos- sessing? the person of such an adversary ; but, instead of respecting his misfor- tunes, they insulted his fate, and load- ing him with irons, confined him in a prison, where the dead carcasses of his companions in misery threatened a pestilential contagion. He escaped, but again was taken, and hurried uway 144 CyCLOP,EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. b tlirongli the deserts of Siberia to Kam- Btehatka, -n-bcre he tbuiid himself an iu- Biilted exile and degraded prisoner, 1770. In this distant retreat he formed the de- sign of escapinir, and the daughter of M. Kilon, the governor of the place, con- sented to share his fortunes, and assist him in his Hight. He succeeded in his attempt, made liiraself master of _Kam- stehatKa by force, and, accompanied by eight-six iliithful followers and nine women, among whom was bis fair pro- tector, he sailed on the 11th May, 1771, from the barbOr, and passing by the island of Formosa and the coast of China, reached, Sept. 17th, the port of Macao, from whence be departed for Europe in a French vessel. He no sooner landed in France, than he was encouraged by the French court to form SI settlement lit Madagascar. He eagerly embraced the proposal, and after a res- idence of scarce seven months in Europe, set sail for Africa. On landing at Mad- agascar, the governor of the isle of France sent a small force to oppose him. He met the invaders with his usual bravery, but his adherents were few and timid, and the hero, abandoned by the thirty natives that were with him, and assisted only by two Europeans, found himself overpowered. A ball having struck him on the right breast decided the fortune of the day. He fell behind the parapet, but his iulnnnan enemies, dragging him by the hair, saw him expire in a few minutes after, May the 23d, 1786. BERCHTOLDT, Leopold, Count, was b. in 1758, and devoted bis life to the relief of the wretched. He spent thir- teen years in travelling through Europe, and four in travelling through Asia and Africa, to assuage human misery. The results of his experience are contained in his "Essay to direct and e.xtend the Inquiries of Patriot Travellers." He wrote several j)amphlets on " The Means of Reforming the Police," which he caus- ed to be printed in different European countries, at his own expense, and to be distributed giatis. His prize questions gave rise to many pamphlets and treati- ses on the means of saving the drowned and seemingly dead. He offered a prize of 1000 florins for the best treatise on beneficient inntitutions and was himself the founder of many. From 1795 till 17!>7 be travelled through Asiatic and European Turkey, chiefly for the pur- pose of counteracting tlie ravages of^the plague. At a later period he was en- paged in making vaccmation more exten- eively known. During the famine that raged in the Riescngebirge, from 1805 to 1806, he procured corn and other pro- visions from distant regions. He fitted up the palace Buchlowitz on his estate Buchlau, in Moravia, as an hospital for the sick and wounded Austrian soldiers. Here this patriot and pliilautbropist was carried off bv a contagious nervous fever, Julv the 2Cth, 1800. BERENGARIUS, or BERENGER, of Tours, a teacher in the philosophical school in that city, and in 1040 archdea- con of Angers, is renowned for his phi- losophical acuteness as one of the scho- lastic writers, and also for the boldness with which, in 10")0, he declared himself against the doctrine of transubstantia- tion, and for his consequent persecu- tions. He was several times compelled to recant, but always returned to tlic same opinion, that the bread in tlie Lord's supper is merely a symbol of the body of Christ, in which be agreed with the Scotsman, John Erigena. The Cath- olics ranked him among the most dan- gerous heretics. He was treated with forbearance by Gregory VH., but the scholastics belonging to the party of the great Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter- bury, were so irritated against him, that he retired to the isle of St. Gosmas, in the nei.^hborhood of Tours, in the year 1080, where he closed his life at a great age in pious exercises in 1088. This Berengcr must not be confounded with Peter Berengcr, of Poitiers, who wrote a life of Abelard. BERENGER I., king of Italy, who assumed the sovereignty on the death of Charles I. in 888. He was defeated by Rodolijh of Burgundy, in 922, and siiortly afterwards assassinated. — II., became king of Italy in 950, but was subsequently deposed for his tyranny, and died in "confinement in Germany. — James, a celebrated anatomist and phy- sician of the 16tb century, bom at Carpi, in Italy, and died at Fe'rrara, 1550. lie made several important anatomical dis- coveries, and is said to be the first who used mercury in syphilitic diseases. — Laukence Peter, a native of Provenoe, professor of rhetoric at Orleans previous to the revolution ; and, after the restora- tion of the Bourbons, professor at the Lyceum of Lyons, and inspector of acad- emies ; autlior of "Les Soirees Pro- vencales," &c. I). 1822. BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Philadclphus, and wife of Antiochus, king of Syria. She was deserted by her iiusband in fav(jr of his former wife Laodiec, by whose orders she was stniu ber] CVCLOP.CUIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 145 gled in licr retirement nt Antiocli, 143 B. 0. — A dauifhtcr of rtoleiiiy Aulctcs, king of Etrypt. She usurped lier t'uther's throne, and put her first husband to death ; b\it the Romans replaced I'tol- cmy on his tlirone ; and lie caused his rebellious daughter to be executed. — A daughter of Agrippa, kingof .ludea, and wife of her father's brother, Ilerod, who was made king of Chalcis by the Em- peror Claudius. Becoming a widow, she gave her hand to rolemon, king of (Jilicia, out she soon deserted iiim, and became the mistress of Titus, who, it was thouirht, would have made her his wife but tor the murmurs of the Eomans. BERESFORD, James, rector of Kib- worth, Leicestershire, was born at Up- ham, in Hampshire, in 1764, and received Jiis education at the Charter-house, and Merton college, Oxfonl. He was the author of a variety of separate works, besides several excellent papers in the " Looker-on," a periodical of consider- able interest, published in 1792-3; but the work which obtained for him the greatest celebrity, was the well-known humorous satire entitled " The Miseries of Human Life." D. 184^. BERETTINI, Peter, an Italian archi- tect and painter of great merit. B. 1506 ; d. IfifiO. BERG, Matthias van deb, a Elemish painter, pupil of Rubens. B. 1615 ; d. 1687. BERGEN, Dirk van deb, a celebra- ted landscape and portrait painter. D. 1680. BERGHEM, Nicholas, an eminent painter, b. at Haerlem in 1624, and re- ceived ills first instruction in painting from his father, Peter of Haerlem, who was a very different artist. He then continued his studies under Van Goyen, and the elder Weenix. It is related, that once, when pursued by his father, he fled into the workshop of Van Goyen, who, to protect him, called to his pupils, " Berg hem" (conceal him) : this, it is said, occasioned his new name. Love of his art, and the great demand tbr paintings, as likewise the avarice of his wife, prompted him to labor witli groat assiduity. To buy cngravinirs, of which he was very fond," he was often compel- led to borrow money from his students, which he could only refund by deceiving his wite in regard to the price of his paintings. In this manner lie obtained a rich collection. Berfrhem's landscapes and representations of animals adorn the most ccleb'-at«d galleries. The distin- guishing cUaracWri sties of his pictures 13 arc the brcailth and just distribution of tlic lights, the grandeur of his masses of light and shadow, the natural ease and simplicity in the attitudes of his figures, the brilliancy and harmony, as well as transparency of his coloring, the correct- ness and true perspective of liis design, and the elegance of his composition. Although lie hardly ever left his work- shop, yet he had closely observed nature, during a long residence in the palac3 of Beuthem. He died at Haerlem, in 1683. BERGMAXN, Tourern Oi.of, a nat- ur.al philosopher and chemist, was b. at Catherineberg, in the Swedish prov- ince of West Gothland, March the 9th, 1735, and obtained, after many difficul- ties, the permission of his family to de- vote hiins(_'lt' entirely to the sciences. At that time disciples flocked iVom all quar- ters to Linnaius, at Upsal. They were joined by Bergmann, in 1752, who, by his acuteness and his discoveries, which were facilitated by his attainments in geometry and physics, excited the notice of this great man. In 1758 he became doctor of philosophy and professor of physics at Upsal. Upon the resignation of the celebrated Wallerius he stood candidate for the professorship of chem- istry and mineralogy. His competitors charged him with ignorance of the sub- ject, because he had never written on it. To refute them, he shut himself up for some time in a laboratory, and prepared a treatise on the manufacture of alum, which is still considered as a standard work. In 1767 he became professor of chemistry, and devoted himself with ardor to this science. He invented the preparation of artificial mineral waters, and discovered the sulphureted hydro- gen gas of mineral springs. We are in- debted to him for a knowledge of the characters which distinguish nickel from other metals. On a number of minerals he made chemical experiments, with an accuracy before uncommon. He pub- lished a classification of minerals, in which the chief divisions are based on their chemical character, and the sub- divisions on their external form. His theory of the chemical relations is still esteemed, and if it has received somo new developments from the further re- searches of Berthollet, it has not been overthrown. The order of Gustavus Vasa was bestowed on Bergmann. Ho declined the invitation of Frederic the Great to remove to Berlin. T\ 1784. BERKELEY. Georoe, bishop of Cloyne, in Ireland, celebrated for hia 146 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [beu ideal tlieorv. He was h. at Kilcrin, Irelaud, in 16?4; became fellow of Trin- ity eollei;e, Dublin, in 1707 ; travelled in It:\ly as fur as Lejrliorn, in 1713 and 1714, and, at a later period, in 1721, he was made chaplain to the lord lieutenant of Ireland, the duke of Grafcon. He ap- peared with much applause as an author before he was twenty years old. His works on philosophy and mathematics, amon;T which his "T?heory of Vision," published in 1709, is the most brilliant proof of the author's acuteuess, procured nim a wide-spread fame. In 1724 he was promoted to the deanery of Deny, and resigned his fellowship. He now published his " Proposals tor the Con- version of the American Savages to Christianity,-" by the establishment of a college in the Bermuda islands. The project was very favorably i-eeeived, and persons of the first ?-ank raised consider- able sums by subscription to aid it; and Berkeley, having resigned his prefer- ment, set sail for Ehode Island, with several other persons of similar views, to make arrangements for carrying on his college. The assistance of parliament, which had been promised, not being af- forded, his undertaking miscarried, after he had spent seven years and a consid- erable part of his fortune in his efibrtsto accomplish it. He afterwards wrote numerous philosophical, religious, and politico-economical works ; among the rest two treatises on the utility of tar water. D. 1753. — George, earl of, one of the privy council of Charles H. ; au- thor of " Historical Applications and Occasional Meditations." D. 169S.— Sir William, of the same family as the above ; vice-admiral of the white. He was killed in an action with the Dutch, 1606. — John le Franc van, a Dutch physician, naturalist, and poet ; author of " Poems," " Natural History of Hol- land," &e. B. 1729 ; d. 1812.— Sir Wil- liam, governor of Virginia ; author of "The Description and Laws of Vir- ginia," &e. D. 1677. BERKENHOUT, John, an Engli.sh physician and general writer. He was D. at Leeds, in Yorkshire, about 1730, and his father, who was a Dutch mer- chant, gave him an education suitable to the same calling ; but his turn being to a military life, he entered into the Prussian service, and rose to the rank of captain. In 1756 he quitted that ser- vice and entered into that of England, where he obtained the same rank. At the peace, in 1760, he went to Edinburgii, aud begaa the study of physic ; wlule there he published his " Clavis Anghea Linguie Botanicre," a book of great merit : in 1765 he went to Levden, and took his degree of M.D. On liis return to England' he settled at Isleworth, in Middlesex, and soon after published his " Pharmacop£eia Medica." In 1778 he attended the British commissioners to America, and at Philadelphia he was committed to prison, but he soon af[er- wards was set at liberty, and returned with the commissioners to England, where he obtained a pension. D. 1791. BERLICHINGEN, GGtz, or Godfrey VON, with the iron hand; born at Jax- thausen, in Suabia ; a bold, restless, warlike, and honorable German knight, of the middle ages. He placed himself at the head of tlie rebellious peasants, in tiie war which they waged au'ainst their oppressors, but was soon matle prisoner. Before that time he had lost his right hand, and therefore wore one made of iron. He died July the 23d, 1562. His biography, written by himself, was printed at Nuremberg in 1731 and 1775, and, for the third time, at Breslau, in 1813. This book contains an excellent picture of the social life and customs of the middle ages, and has furnished Goethe with the subject for his beautiful drama, " Goetz von Berlichingcn," which Sir Walter Scott translated. BERNADOTTE, Charles John XIV., king of Sweden aud Norway, whose original name was John Baptiste Julius Bernadotte, was born of very humble parents at Pan, in Bearne. He received a good education, and it is said that he was designed for the bar, but he sud- denly abandoned liis studies, and en- listed as a private in the marines. For nine years from his enlistment, that is, up to the year 17S9, the utmost rank that Bernadotte had attained was that of sergeant; but in the opening made b." the French revolution, by the sweep- ing away the arbitrary barrier \yhicli till then haci rendered plebeian merit of little avail in the French service, Bernadotte saw his advantiure, and improved it so well, that in 1792 he was a colonel iu the army of Custines. In 1793 he so distinguished himself under the com- mand of Kleber, as to be raised to the rank of general of brigade, and shortly afterwards, of division. On the Rhine and in Italy he more and more distin- guished himself, and he showed that his talents were not those of a mere sol- dier, by liis conduct in a somewhat dif- ficult embassy to Austria. Between him and Napoleon there seems to have been CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 147 a constant distrnst, if not actual liatred ; novertliulesH, Bernadotte luul a niar- shiil's stall' on the establishment of the consulate, and was created prince of Ponto Corvo in 1S06. In all his cam- paigns, Bernadotte was distinguished from the great majority of the Frencli commanders by the clemency and gen- erosity of his conduct from the moment that the battle was at an end ; and it was this conduct, even more than his brilliant reputation as a soldier, that caused him to be put in nomination as a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden. Kapoleon, then emperor, could but with dithculty be induced to consent to Ber- nadotte becoming crown-prince and heir to the throne. "What!" said Berna- dotte, " will you make me greater than yourself by making me refuse a crown V The sarcasm told, and Napoleon merely replied, "Go! our fates must be accom- Elished !" From the instant that he ecame crown-prince of Sweden, the fortunate soldier showed a determina- tion to give all his energies to his adopt- ed country; he formed a secret alliance with Kussia in ISl'-', and. in ISIO, he took command of the combined armies of Northern Germany against France. Never during half a century before his accession had Sweden known the peace or the prosperity in which he left her in the hands of liis son Oscar. B. ITOo ; d. lS4-t. BEKNAKD OF ilENTHON, arch- deacon of Aosta, was born in 923, near Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated aniong his cotemporaries for his learn- ing and piety; bat his claims to the notice of later ages rest on his having been the benevolent founder of the two admirable institutions on the Great and Little Saint Bernard, by means of which tlie lives of so many travellers have been Bavcd. D. 1008. — Of Thlringia, a fa- natical hermit of the 10th century, who threw almost all Europe into consterna- tion, by preaching that the end of the world was at hand. Multitudes relin- quished their occupations, and became pilgrims; and others were so frightened at an eclipse of the sun, which then occurred, that they hid themselves in caverns and holes in the rocks. The terror spread by this man was not whol- ly removed till towards the end of the eleventh century. — Edwarb, an English philosopher and critic; author of " Ety- mologieum Brittanicum,'' a "Treatise on Ancient Weisjhts and Measures," &c., &c. B. 1(J3S; d. 1097. — Jamls, a French Protestant divine ; author of an "Historical Account of Europe," &c. B. lO.'iS; d. 1718. — .JonN, an actor; au- thor of " Ketrospcction of the Stage." D. 182S. — Claudk, surnamed "the poor priest," was a native of I->ijon, whose active benevolence towards the poor and sick was unremitting during the whole course of his life, and for whose support he not only expended his whole inher- itance, £20,000, bat was continually em- ployed in soliciting for them the bene- tiictions of others. B. 1588; d. IG-il. — Peter Joseph, a French amatory poet, styled by Voltaire, U ffe/itil Bernard, an epithet by which he is still distinguish- ed. B. at Grenoble, 1710; d. 177o. — Sir Thomas, a gentleman and scholar, to whom the Society for bettering the Con- dition of the Poor owes its establishment, and who was also the active promoter of many charities, was born at Lincoln, 1700; d. 1818. — Duke of Weimar, the fourth son of duke John of Saxe-Wei- mar, was a genei'al whose magnanim- ity, skill, and impetuous valor were fre- quently displayetl while commanding the Swedish army after the death of Gustavus; and who afterwards, while in alliance with France, did great ser- vice to the Protestant cause. He died by poison, administered, as his cotem- poraries asserted, at the instigation of the duke of Kichelieu, who had become jealous of his power: but of this there is no sabstantim proof. B. 1604; d. 11139. — Suiox, general of engineers of France, was b. at Dole in 1779. The kindness of the parish priest supplied him with sufficient of the rudiments of learning to allow his entering the Polytechnic school at fifteen years of age. La Place, Hauy, and other great men were then at the head of the Polytechnic school, and so well did Bernard avail himself of their lessons, that he not only became one of the most distinguished engineer otiicers and aids-de-camp of Napoleon, but, subsequently to the emperor's fall, exe- cuted works in the United States, which are most undoubtedly unequalled else- where ; the most distant places being united by canals, actual navigable rivers, and upwards of four thousand five hun- dred miles of frontier rendered secure against invasion by forts and works. Since July, 1830, he returned to France, and was lor some time minister of war. D. 1839.— Saist, the abbot of Clairvaux, and one of the most infiuential ecclesi- astics of the middle ages. He was born of a noble family at Fontaines, in Bur- gundy, 1091. lie became a monk of Oitcaux in 1113, and two year* later, 148 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [beb first abbot of Clairvaux. An austere m:muer of living, solitiuy studies, bold language and eloquence, with the repu- tation of a prophet, made him soon the Oracle of Christian Europe. Ho was called the honeyed teacher, and his wri- tings, a stream from Paratlise. Ho prin- cipally promoted the crusade in 1140, and quieted the fermentation, caused at that time by a party of monks, against the Jews in Germany. He declined all promotion, and in the rank of abbot of his '•beloved Jerusalem,'' as he used to call Clairvaux, he continued with all hu- mility, but with great boldness, his cen- sures of the clergy and his counsels to the popes. Innocent II. owed to him the succession of the right of investiture in Germany, and Eugenius III. his edu- cation. He was, at the same time, the lunpirc of princes and bishops, and his voice in the sj-nods was regarded as di- vine. By his rigid orthodoxy and his mystical doctrines, which, though at times enthusiastic, were always directed to the promotion of practical Christian- ity, he refuted the subtleties and di.i- Icctics of the scholastic philosophers, al- though his severity against Abelard and Gilbert of Poree can by no means be justified. Luther says of him, "If there has ever been a pious monk who feared God, it was St. Bernard ; whom alone I hold in much higher esteem than all other monks and priests throughout the globe." He died in 1153, and was can- onized by Alexander III., in 1174. BERN^VEDEZ, Diego, called by his countrj'men the Portuguese Theocritus, was not more eminent as a pastoral poet, tiian as a brave warrior ; and after nu- merous deeds of heroi-sm, was taken prisoner by the Moors at the battle of Alcazarnuiver. D. 1596. BER>iARDI, Augustus Frederic, a German philologist, whose great aim was to invent a universal grammar common to all languages, and who, in his endeav- ors to effect that object, di^ilayed great ingenuity and learning. B. at Berlin, 17G8 ; d. 1820. — Jon\, a celebrated en- graver and architect. J). 1555. BERNARDINE, a Catholic saint; fanonized for his zeal in causing more than 300 monasteries to be founded. B. at Massa, in Tuscanv, 13S0 ; d. 1445. BERXARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, James Hevrv, was b. at Havre, in 1707, and is said to have been a descend- ant of the celebrated Eustace de St. Pierre, the patriotic mayor of Calais. At the nrr'i of twenty he entered into the engineer service; and he successively served at Malta, in Russia, and in Po- land. On his revisiting his native coun- try, he obtained a captain's commission in the engineer corps, and was sent to the Isle of France, from whence, how- ever, after a residence of three years, he returned, with no other fortune than a collection of shells and insects, and a narrative of his voyage. Tiic latter, which was his first literary eftbrt, was published in 1773; and he,"thencefort!i, devoted himself to literature. His "Studies of Nature" appeared in 1784, and passed rapidly through several edi- tions. "Paul and Virginia" was pub- lished in 1788, and this delightful tale acquired an unprecedented j.)opularity, and _ set the seal on his reputatioii. During the reign of terror, he narrowly escaped the scatfold. From Napoleon and his brother Joseph he received pensions, which gave comfort to his latter days. He d.'in 1814. His "Har- monies of Nature" was given to the press after his death. The best edition of his works is in 12 octavo vols. Tlio philosophy of St. Pierre is occasionally eccentric ; but the purity of his morality, and the beauty of nis style, deserve the hiffhest praise. iBERN^ES, or BARNES, Juliana, an English lady of the 15th century, of whom little more is known, than that she was prioress of the nunnery of Sope- well, near St. Alban's, and has' her name prefi.xed, as the writer or compiler, to one of the earliest and most curious pro- ductions of the English press. The title of the second edition, printed in the abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, "The Boke of Hawkyng and Iluntyng, with other Pleasures dyverse, and also Coot- armuries." The first edition (1481) does not treat of coat-armor or her- aldry. This work, under the title of "The Book of St. Alban's," became a popular manual of sporting science, and was several times reprinted in the 16th century. As a typographical curiosity, a small impression of it was published, in 1811, by Mr. Halsewood. BERNI, Francis, one of the most eminent Italian poets of the 16th cen- tury, was b. at Lamporecchio, in Tus- cany, and d. of poison, in 1586. He remodelled Bojarao's "Orlando Inna- morato." Ilis "Rime Burlesche," and his Latin "Poems," are to be found in various collections. — Count Francis, a civilian, orator, and poet, was b. at Ferrara, in 1610. He was greatly in fiivor with Pope Innocent X., Alexander VII.j and Clement IX., and with two ber] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIV. 149 Buccessive dukca of Mantua. lie ex- celled in dramatic pieces, of which he wrote eleven. A voliuue of his miscel- lanies was published with the title of "Academia." D. 1G7:3. BElvNIER, Francis, a physician and traveller, was b. at Anijcrs. In 1655. after having passed tliroujih Syria and Egypt, he visited India, where lie re- sided for some years, as physician to Aurungzebe. On his return to France he put)lished his "Travels," a work of great interest and authenticity. I3er- nier was universally admired for the graces of his mind and person. His principid work, besides his "Travels," IS an "Abridgment of Gassendi's I'hi- losophy," in 8 vols. D. 1688. EEKNINI, John Laurence, wlio was at once a painter, a sculptor, and an architect, and whom his eotemporaries denominated the modern Michael An- gelo, was b. at Naples, in 1598. At the early age of eight years, ho mani- fested his genius by sculpturing' the head of a child in marble. Some of his finest works were produced before he was twenty. He was patronized by Popes Urban VIII., Alexander VII., and Innocent X., and was invited to France by Louis XIV. His finest productions are at Home. Bernini had a line genius ; but he is accused of mannerism, and of having often violated the principles of true taste. D. IGSO. BEENIS, Cardinal Fkaxcis Joachim DE PiERRES DE, a Frcncli poet and statesman, was b. at St. Marcel de I'Ar- dcche, in 1715. In early life, he pub- lished some lig'"t poetry, which gamed him the patronage of Madame de Pom- padoui, through whose influence he was pensioned, and received into the academy; he was subsequently em- ployed to negotiate in Italy, Spain, and Austria, promoted to be minister for foreign auairs, and gratified with the dignity of cardinal. In 1764 he was made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769 was sent ambassador to Komc. The revolution deprived him of his rev- enues ; but he obtained a pension from Spain. He left behind him a poem, with the title of "Keligiou Avenged." D. 1791. BEEXOUILLI, a family of eminent mathematicians, who emigrated from Antwerp to Bale, in consequence of the religious persecution of the duke of Alva. Eight distinguished men be- lonired to this family, wliom we shall notice in the order of scnioritv. — James, was b. at Bale, in 1654, ancl, in 1687, la* was elected professor of mathematics in that college. He greatly advanced the science of mathematics, by Ids applica- tion of the dilferential calculus to the solution of gcoijietrical and mathemati- cal problems, his invention of the Ber- nouillian numbers, and his calculation of curves, spirals, and evohites. He d. 1705. — John, brother of the former, was b. at Bale in 1667, and became one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, lie was destined for the profession of a merchant, but was predilected to the sciences, and, in 1685, he published, in conjunction with his brother, a very valuable work " On the Dilferential Calculus," and was the first who de- veloped the method of integration. Four years after this, he went to France, where he became the instructor of the Marquis del'Hopital, about which time he discovered the calculus of ex- ponents, and took the degree of M.I). In 1695 he became professor of math- ematics at Groningen. From Frederic I. of Prussia, he received a gold medal for the discovery of mercurial phospho- rus, and was likewise chosen member of the academies of Berlin and Paris. In 1705 he succeeded his brother as pro- fessor of matlicmatics at Berlin, and died in 1748. — Nicholas, nephew of the the former, was b. at Bale, in*16S7, and although intended for the law, de- voted himself to the favorite study of his uncles. He studied under John B. Math, at Groningen and Bale, and hav- ing travelled through Switzerland, Hol- land, and England, in 1713, became member of the royal societies of London and Berlin. On being recommended by Leibnitz, he was chosen professor of mathematics at Padua, in 1716, but, in 1722, he went to Bale, as professor of logic, and, in 1731, he was translated to the chair of Koman and feudal law. He died in 1790, and left the three fol- lowing sons. — Nicholas, b. at BaJe, in 1695, became, in 1723, professor of law there, and died in Petersburg, in 1726. — Daniel, b. at Groningen, in 1700, studied medicine, and took the degree of M.D. He became professor of anat- omy and botany at Bale, iU 1733, and, in 1750, of natural philosophy, and died in 1782. He received ten ditfcrcnt prizes from the academy of Paris, one of which he shared with his father, lor investiga- tions ill nstronomv. He was one of the greatest natural plulosoplicrs and math- ematicians of his time, and was a mvin- ber of the societies of Petersburg, I'aris, 1 and Berlin, to whoso transactions ho 150 CVCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ber coutributed many of their most valuable pi))er:<. — John, b. at Bale, in 1710, be- (.■auie proi'ccrsor of rhetoric tlierc, in 1745, and three years afterwards was translated to tiie chr.ir of matliematics. He died in IT'JO, and left tlic two fol- lowing sons. — John, the author of sev- eral excellent works, was b. at Bale, 1744, became, at the aire of nineteen, royal astronomer at Berlin, travelled through all Europe, and returned, in 1770, "when he became director of math- ematics of the academy, and died in •lgij7. — James, b. also at Bale, in 1759, became professor of mathematics at Pe- tersburg, and married the daughter of Euler. BEKNSTORFF, John IIaktwio Er- nest, Count, a celebrated statesman in the employment of the king of Den- mark, and founder of the Danisli So- ciety of Languages and the Fine Arts, and' tlie Economical and Agricultural Society. B. at Hanover, 1712; d. 17i2. — Andrew Peter, Count, nephew of tne above, a Danish minister of state. Du- ring the American war lie etfected the armed neutrality of Kussia, Prussia, Denmark, and Sweden, for the protec- tion of the trade of those powers against the belligerents ; and it was chiefly owing to his skilful policy that Den- mark Vas prevented from being drawn into collision with either Sweden or Kussia, when the war broke out__be- tween those powers in 1788. B. 1735; d. 1797. BERO ALDUS, Philip, an Italian pro- fessor of eloquence. B. 1458 ; d. 1505. — Philip, nephew of the above, an Ital- ian poet, librarian of tlie Vatican under Pope Leo X. D. 1518. BEROSUS, priest of the temjile of Belus, at Babylon, in the time ot Ptol- emy Philadelphus. He wrote a " His- tory of Chalclsea," some fragments of which are preserved by Josephus. BERQUIN Arnauld, an elegant French writer, author of "Idyls," "L'Amides Enfans," and other inter- esting works for youth. B. 1749 ; d. 1791. BERRETINI, Nicholas, an eminent historical painter, pupil of Carlo Muratti. B. 1017; d. 1082. BERRI, Charles Ferdinam) de Bour- bon, duke do, second son of the Count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X. of France; assassinated by one Louvel, who attacked him just as he had left the opera-house, and was on the point of stepping into his carriage, Feb, 10, 1820 He shared in common with the Bourbons all the reverses they were doomed to sutler; and he deserved a better fate, if it were only for the be- nevolence of his character. His sou Henri, born posthumously, commonly called the Due de Bordeaux, or the Comte de Chambord, is the legitimate heir to the throne of France. BEKKLMAN, William, an English divine, author of 5 vols, of sermons, &c. B. lOSS; d. 1750. BERRUYER, Joseph Isaac, a French Jesuit, whose writings were condemned at Rome for their too great liberality, author of a " History oif the People of God," &c. D. 1658." BERRY, Sir John, an English naval commander, knighted for ins distin- guished bravery at the battle of Soiith- wold Bay. He "died of poison, adminis- tered to him on board his ship, 1691. — Sir Edward, a rear-admiral of England. This officer was tlie only one in the royal navy who had received three med- als for his services, having commanded a line-of-battle ship in tlie memorab>le battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St. Domingo. D. 1831. BERSMANN, George, a learned Ger- man, author of " Notes on some of the Classics," and a Latin version of the "Psalms of David." B. 15:38 ; d. 1611. BERTAUT, John, a French prelate and poet, chaplain to Catherine de Me- dici, and secretary of the cabinet of Henry III. B. 1562; d. 1611. BERTHIER, Alexander, prince of Neufchatel and Wa.— Henry Gratica, Count, a distinguished French general, who shared the exile of Najwleou, and whoso military achievements were eclipsed by the fidelity of his devotiori to the great captain. He was with his leader in all his campaigns, and acted a brilliant part at Spandau, Friedland, Lutzeii, Bautzen. B. 1770; d. 1844 BEHTRANDI, John Ambrose Maria, an eminent surgeon and anatomist of Turin; author of a "Treatise on Surgi- cal Operations," and various other pro- fessional works. B. 1723: d. 1765. BERULLE, FiERRE de. Cardinal, foun- der of the congregation of the Oratory. He was employed in many alfairs of stale in France ; and accompanied Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles L, to England. D. 1629. , , BERWICK, James Fitzjames, duke of, natural son of James II. and Arabella Churchill, sister of the duke of Marlbo- rough ; a distinguished and gallant sol 152 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bei dier, and author of a valuable volume of memoirs. Killed at the siege of I'liil- ipsbursrli, in I7t>-1. BEliVLLUS, an Arabian bishop of the Sd century; converted by Origen from his heterodox opinion, that Christ had no existence prior to his incarna- tion. BEKZELIUS, Baron, one of the gi-eat chemists of modern times, TN'as b. in 177y, in Ostgothlaud, a province of Swe- den, where his father kept a village seliool. After graduating at Upsala in 1804, he repaired to Stockholm, where he became an assistant to Spawrnraaun, who had accompanied Captain Cook in one of his voyages round the world ; and at his dea'th, in 1806, he succeeded him in tlie chair of chemistry, which he continued to fill for forty-two years. It would be impossible within our limits to give even a summary of his labors during this period ; suffice it to say, that in a century which has produced a great- er number of distinguished chemists than perliaps of any other class of men of science, Berzelius stood out as a star of the first magnitude. His patient labors, and ingenious investigations, have done more to lay the foundation of organic chemistrv than those of any other chemist, "to him pre-eminently belongs the honor of applying the great principles which had oeen established by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lussac, and him- self, in inorganic chemistry, to unfolding the laws which regulate the combinations forming the structures of the animal and vegetable kingdoms; and in thus opening the way for the discoveries of Jiuldcr, Liebig.'Dumas, and others. To him chemistry is indebted for the dis- covery of several new elementary bodies, more "especially selenium, morium, and cerium ; and to his skill as a manipula- tor may be traced many of the analytical processes at present in use. Under these circumstances it is not surprising that all the scientific societies of the world contended for the honor of enroll- ing his name among their members ; and the various minor honors which he received from his own sovereign from time to time, were finally crowned by his being made a knight grand cross oif the order of V'asa in 1829, and his eleva- tion to the rank of a baron in 18'J5. D. 1848. B?^SOLDE, Christopher, a counsellor of Vienna; author of a "Synopsis of Politics," a "History of the Ottoman Empire," &c. B. 1577 ; d. 1658. BESSAEIAN, Joii.v, a Greek priest, one of the most eminent revivers of learning in the 15th century, and founder of the noble hbrary of 'St. Mark, at Venice. He translated from Aristotle. Xenophon, &c. ; and zealously defended Plato against the attacks of George of Trebizond. He was made a cardinal by Pope Eugene, and had tlie title of patri- arch of Constiintinople given him by Pius II. B. 1395; d. 1472. BESSEL, Dr. Frederick William, a distinguished Prussian astronomer, b. 1784. He was professor of astronomy in the university of Berlin ; and such was the skill and assiduity with which he prosecuted his favorite study, that he was twice presented with a gold medal from the Eoyal Astronomical Society of London, for the uumberand accuracy of his observations. D. 1846. BESSIERES, John- Baptlst, duke of Istria, and a French marshal, was b. at Poitou, in 1769. He distiu;^uished himself in many memorable battles, and was highly esteemed by Napoleon for his honor,' skill, and bravery. He fell in the combat that preceded the battle of Lutzen. BETHENCOUET, John de, a Norman baron, and a military adventurer, who conquered the Canary Islands, and after- wards held them as' a fief of the crown of Castile. D. 1425. BETHLEM-GABOR, the son of a poor Transylvanian Calvinist gentleman, was patronized by Gabriel Battori, then dethroned him, a'nd, in 1613, proclaimed himself prince of Transylvania. In 1618 he reduced Hungary, assumed the title of king, and invaded Austria and Mo- ravia ; whence, however, he was ex- pelled by Tilly. A treaty ensued, and he relinquished his Hungarian con- quests ; but remained sovereign of Transvivania till his death, in 1629. BETHUNE, DiviE, an eminent phi- lanthropist and Christian, was b. at Dingwall, Eosshire, Scotland, in 1771. In early life he resided at Tobago, where his only brother was a physician. He removed to the United States in 1792, and settled as a merchant in New York. Before a tract society was formed in thia country, Mr. Bethune printed 10,000 tracts at his own expense, and himself distributed many of them. He also im- ported bibles for distribution. From 1803 to 1816 he was at the sole expense of one or more Sunday schools. D. 1824. BETTERTON, Thomas, a celebrated actor, was b. in 1635, at Westminster, and began life as an apprentice to a bookbinder. At the age of twenty, BKZj CVCLOP.-liUlA OF XilOURAPIIY. 153 however, he weut upon the Blage, and ulliuiulely acquired a bijjh degree of repuialioa ;is a tragie aclor ; especially iu borne of Shakspeare's principal char- acters. In lU'J J he opened a new theatre iu J.incolu's Inn Fields ; but this spec- idation Wiis uiisuccessl'ul. Several pieces Were altered by him lor the stage. D. 1710. liETTINELLI, Xaviee, an elegant Italian writer, was b. at Mantua, in 171S, and became a member of the soci- ety of Jesuits. For some years he had the direction of the college of nobles at Parma, and afterwards was professor of eloquence at Modena. lie continued his literary career till his death, which took place at Venice in ISUb. His works oc- cupy 24 vols, liimo., of which two are occupicvl by tragedies, and three by poems. Of his prose works, one of the most celebrated is " Letters of Virgil." BETTS, JonN, an English physician of the time of Charles 11. ; author of a treatise " De Ortu et Natui'a Sanguinis," &c. BETUSSE, Joseph, an Italian poet of the IGth century ; he translated into Italian tlie Latin works of Boeeaccio, and wrote a life of him. BEUCKELS, William, a fisherman, a native of Dutch Flanders, is one of those men who have a claim to be con- sidered as beucfaetors of their country. About the beginning of the lytli century he discovered the art of curing and bar- relling herrings ; a discovery which proved in the nighest degree beuclicial to hi.s native land. Ilis countrymen erected a statue to his memory. D. 1449. BEUF, John lEj a French antiquary ; author of " Memoirs of the History of Auxerre," &c. B. 1607 ; d. 1070. BEUKNON VILLE, PiiTEKKLEL, count of, a French marshal, was b. in Bur- gundy, In 1752, served iu the East In- dies, and under Dumourier, and was made minister of war iu 1793. He was one of the republican commissioners whom Dumourier gave up to the Aus- tiians, and was imprisoned at Olmutz till 1795. On his return to France he was appointed to the command of the armies of the Sainbre and the Mcuse, and of Holland. Durinjf the consulate he was ambassador at Berlin and Ma- drid ; and, under tho empire, was grand ollicer of the legion of honor, senator, and count. He voted for the deposition of Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent, and was rewarded with the title of miir- shal. D. 1821. BEVTCR, Dr. Thomas, an English civil- ian ; a judge of the Cinque Ports, and author of a treatise on "The Legal i'olity of the Eomans," &c. D. 1791. BLVEKIDGE, \\illiam, bishop of St. Asaph ; an eminent orientalist, critic, and theologian, and one of the most dis- tinguished scholars that ever adorned the prelacy, was b. at Barrow, Lin- colusiiire, iu 1638, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He was the author of numerous works ; among wliicb are 12 volumes of " Sermons," "Private Thoughts on Keligion," " Institutionum Chronologicarum Libri duo," &e. Ho bequeathed the principal part of his property to charitable uses. D. 1707. BEVERLY, JoH.v of, tutor to the Venerable Bede, and subsequently arch- bishop of York. He was one of the most learned men of his time, and sev- eral of his devotional treatises are still extant. D. 721. BEVEENINCK, Jerome van, a Dutch statesman ; greatly instrumental in pro- moting the treaty of Kimcguen, which produced a general peace. B. 1614 ; d. 1690. BEVEEWICK, John de, a Dutch physician ; author of some valuable works on professional subjects. B. 1594; d. 1G47. BEWICK, Thomas, a celebrated en- graver on wood, which art he acquired under a Mr. Beilby, of Nevvcastle-on- Tyne, with whom he went into partner- ship. He was considered, when lie died, at tlie head of his art. — John, brother of the preceding, who also attained great excellence in the art of engraving on wood. These ingenious men carried their art to a state of perfection which will not easily be surpassed. The first work that attracted tlie notice of the public, and at once established their reputation, was a "History of Quadru- peds," published in 1790, with figures on wood. It was eagerly sought after by the curious, and has been followed liy many other proofs of their abilities, tlio last of which is a " History of Brit- ish Birds," 8vo, published iu 1797, two years after the death of John. BEZA, Theodore de, was b. in 1519. at Vczelay, a small town of Bur- gundy, of a noble family. He was con- fided to the care of the celebrated protcssor Melchoir Wolmar, who taught him the Scriptures. But these pious in- structions seemed at first smothered un- der the passions of youth. Surrounded in Paris with all that could lead astray, amiable, rich, and full of spirit, V-e Uvea 154 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGIIAI'HV. [ciO as a man of the world, published a vol- ume of liLrht poetrv, uiider the name of ''Juvenilia," and oontraeii'd a secret niarriajre, because one of his uncles, who was in orders, had bequeathed to him the revenues of some ecclesiastical benefices. A severe sickness awakened his consci- ence. •• Hardly had I strength to rise," he writes to W'olmar, "when, breaking all ties, and packing up my small elfects, I left at once my country, parents, friends, to follow Christ. I exiled my- self voluntarily, and retired to Geneva with my wife." Ilis marriage was pub- licly consecrated in the church, and he renounced all his youthful sins. This occurred in the month of November, 15-18. He made the acquaintance of Calvin, whose life he subsequently wrote, and became his intimate friend. He was appointed professor of the Greek lan- guage at Lausanne, and afterwards pro- fessor of theology, rector of the academy, and a pastor in Geneva. He composed many writings, mostly of a polemical character ; among the rest a defence of the right to punish heretics. His larsrest works arc Commentaries on the New Testament, collections of Sermons, the translation into French verse of a part of the Psalms, and the History of the Re- formed Church of France, to the year 1513-2. D. 1565. BEZOUT, Stephen, a celebrated math- ematician, and mathematical examiner of tiie naval and artillery schools, was b. at Nemours, in 17;30,'and d. in the Gatinois, in 1733. He is the author of a •• General Theory of Algebraic Equa- tions," and two "Courses of Math- eiratics," the one in 4 vols., and the other in 6, for the use of the royal ma- rine and artillery schools. One anecdote proves the kindness and courage of Be- zout. Tliough he had never had the small-pox, he ventured to tlie bedside of two youths of the naval academy, who were laboring under it, and whoVould have been thrown back a year in their promotion, had he not exnmined them. BIAN'< 'HI, Antonio, a Venetian gon- dolier of the 16th century, who obtained great note by his ])oetieal talents, author of "]1 Templi ovvero di Solomonc," and "A Treatise on Italian Comedy." — John, known also bvthe Latin name of Janus Pl.\ncl-s, a celebrated Italian pliy- sieian, anatomist, and naturalist, and the reviver of tiie Academy of the Le- incei. B. at Kimini, 1G',>''5; d. 1775. — Francis, u musical composer, born at Cremona, author of " Disertor Fran- che»o," " Semiramide," &c. He went to England, wrote "Castoro o PoUuce" for Madame Storaee, and "Inez de Cas- tro" for Mrs. Billiugton ; and died early in the present century. BIANCHINl, Francis, a philosopher and mathematician of Verona, author of "Istoria Universale provata eon Monu- menti et Figurata con symboli degli Antichi," and a vast nuniber of scien- tific and literary treatises. B. 1662 ; d. 1729. BIART, Pierre, a Jesuit missionary, who came to Acadia in 1611, and who wrote a relation of the events of his voyage and visit. The next year he as- cended the Kennebec, and in 1G13 ar- rived at St. Saveur on the Penobscot. He was taken prisoner and carried to England by Argall. WAS, called one of the wise men of Greece, b. at Priene, a small town of Caria, about 570 b. c. Tliough born to great wealth, he lived without splendor, expending his fortune in relieving the needy. On one occasion, certain pirates brought several young women to sell a.s slaves at Priene. Bias purchased tliein, and maintained them until he had an opportunity of returning them to their friends. Tliis generous action made him be styled "The Prince of ^\'ise Men." BIBIENA, Bernardo da, a Eoman cardinal, raised from a low origin by Leo X., author of a comedy entitleii " La Calandria," greatly admired in Italy. B. 1470; d. by poison, as it is supposed, 1520. — Ferdinand Galli, an eminent painter and architect. B. at Bologna, 1657 ; d. 1743. BICHAT, Maria Francois Xavier, a celebrated French physician, who, du- ring a short career, gave an impulse to the science which he'eultivated that has not yet ceased to be felt, was b. at Tho- irett, in the department of the Ain, Nov. 11, 1771. At Paris, he studied under the direction of Desault, who treated him as a son. On the death of that distinguished professor, Bichat su- perintended the publication of his surgi- cal works, and, in 1797, began to lecture upon anatomy, in connection with ex- pt'rimental physiology and surgery. In 1800 appeared his "Traite des 'Mem- branes," which passed through numer- ous editions, and immediately afcer pub- lication, was translated into almost all the languages of Europe. In the same year was pul>lished his celebrated work "Keeherches sur la Vie et la Mort," which was tbllowed the next year by his "Anatomic Generale," a complete bid] CVCLOlMiDlA Of DIOGUAl'IIV. 155 code of modern anatomy, physiology, and medicine. In the tiSth year of Ills acre, Bic'liat was appointed physieian of tlie Hotel-Dieu, in Paris, and, witli the energy characteristic of true ffenius, be,<;an his labors in palhologictil anat- omy. In a sinfjie winter, he opened no less than 600 bodies. Bicliat is the founder of the medical theory at present received, lie is the creator of general anatomy, or of the doctrine of the iden- tity of the texture of tlie different orfrans, which is the fundamental principle of modern medicine. D. 1802. BICKERSON, Sir Eichard Hcssey, admiral of tlie red, and general of ma- rines, was b. Oct. 11, 17511, and entered the royal navy at an early period. D. 1832. BICKERSTAFF, Isaac, a dramatic writer of the 18th century, author of " Love in a Village," "Lionel and Cla- rissa," &c. BIDDERMAX, Jonx Gottlieb, a German writer, and rector of the public Rcnool at Fricdburg, author of treatises "Ue Latinitate Maccaronica," "Deln- Bolcutia, Titoloruni Librariorum," &c. D. 1772. BIDDLE, John, a celebrated Soeinian •writer, was b. 1615, at Wotton-under- Edgc. Being led to doubt of the doc- trine of the Trinity, he drew up twelve arguments on the subject; in conse- (juence of which he was connnitted to jail by the parliamentary connnittee then sitting" at Gloucester, but was liberated, on security being given for his appear- ance when called for. About six months afterwards, he was examined before a committee of the parliament, and his pamphlet ordered to be burned by the common hangman. He however per- sisted in his opinion, and, in 1648, pub- lished two tracts, containing his "Con- fession of Faith, concerning the Holy Trinity, and the Testimonies of Ireua^us, Justin Martyr, and several other early writers on the same subject." These publications induced the assembly of divines to solicit parliament to decree the punishment of death against those who should oppugn the "established opinions respectm;,' the Trinity. He was, some time after, again remanded to prison, by the zeal of President Brad- shaw, and remained for some years in confinement, sulijcctcd to the "greatest privations. A general act of oblivion, m 1651, restored hiui to libertv, when he immediately disseininated his opin- ions. Cromwell banished him to St. Mary's castle, Scilly, where he remained three years, until the protector liberated him in 1658. He then became pastor of an lndei)endent congregation, and continued to support his opinions until fear of the Presl)yterian parliament of Richard Cromwell induced him to retire into the countiy. On the restoration, he was apprehended at one of the pri- vate assemblies, and upon process of law, fined .£180 and ordered to lie in prison until it was paid. He fell a mar- tyr to this sentence, by catching one of the distempers so comnion at that time in jails, and d. during September of this year, in the 47th year of his age, a mar- tyr to religious intolerance. Toulmin styles him the father of the modern Uni- tarians. — NicnoL.vs, an American naval commander, b. 1750. He was regularly bred to tlie sea, and was a thorough seaman. In 1770 he went to London, and entered the Britisli navy. After the commencement of the revolution, he returned to l*hiladeli)hia. Being ap- pointed commander of the Andrea Do- ria, a brig of 14 guns and 130 men, he sailed under Commodore Hopkins, in the successful expedition against New Providence. After refitting at New London, he was ordered to proceed olf tlie bank of Newfoundland. He cap- tured, in 1776, among otlier prizes, two ships from Scotland, with 4()0 Highland troops. Being appointed to the com- mand of the Randolph, a frigate of 82 guns, he sailed from Philadelphia in Feb. 1777. He soon carried into Cliarles- ton, four valuable prizes bound from Jamaica to London, one of them, the True Briton, of 20 gnns. A little fleet was now fitted out under his command, with which he cruised in the West In- dies. In an action with the British ship Yarmouth, of 6-t guns, March 7, 1778, Capt. Biddle was wounded, and, in a few minutes afterwards, while he wa8 under the hands of the surgeon, the Randolph, with a crew of 315, blew up, and he, and all his men but 4, perished. — NicnoL.vs, a son of Charles Biddle who was distinguished in the revolu- tionary war, made himself known as a president of the bank of the United States. lie was b. in Pennsylvania, educated at Princeton, stu. 1844. BIDLAKE, John, a divine and p let, was b. at Plymouth in 1755. lie was 156 CVCLOP.i:i)IA 01-' BIOGKAPIIV. [bil educated at the school of his native place, and after takincr his tii>t degree in arts ut Christ-church, Oxford, he became master of the same seminary, whicli he conducted with reputation, lie pro- ceeded to his doctor's degree, and in 1811 was appointed to preach the Banip- tou Lectures ; but in the act of deliver- iug the tliird discourse, lie was suddenly seized with an epileptic fit, which pro- duced total blindness. Besides some single sennons on ditferent occasions, he publislied two volumes of discourses ; the "Bainpton Lectures;" "Introduc- tion to the Study of Geography ;" Poems, "The Sea, a roem;" "The Country Parson, a Poem ;" " Eugenio, or the Precepts of Prudentius, a Tale ;" " The Summer Eve, a Poem;" "Virginia, a Tragedy ;" " Youth, a Poem ;" and "The Year, a' Poem." U. 1814. BIDLOO, Godfrey, a native of Am- sterdam, eminent as a physician and an anatomical writer. He was professor at the Hague, and afterwards at Leyden, and physician to King William, whom lie attended in England. Some of his poems in Low Dutch were published in 1719. His great work is "Anatomia Corporis Humani," Amsterdam, 1685. D. 1713. BIEFIELD, .Tames Frederick, baron de, a native of Hamburgh, employed by the king of Prussia as secretaiy of le- gation, and afterwards as preceptor to Lis brother, Ferdinand, and in 1747 made curator of the universities, and afterwards baron and privy councillor. He spent the last part of his life in litc- rarj' retirement. He is the author of several works not highly esteemed. D. 1770. BIEV^RE, Marquis de, a marshal of France, who acquired a high reputation as a wit and punster. When he was introduced to Louis XV. the king de- sired that he should make a pun. " Give me a subject, sire," he re])lied. "Oh! make one on me," rejoined the monarch. " Nay," said tlic marquis, as quick as thought, "the king is never a subject." He wrote two comedies, one called the "Seducer," which still keeps possession of the French stage ; the other " Kepu- tations," which hiis not so much merit. He went to one of the Spns for his health, and wliile there, on his death-bed, could not resist the temptation to play upon words. As he was dying, he said, "Je m'en vais de ee pas, (de Spa.)" B. 1747; d. 1789. BIGLAND, John, a voluminous writer, originally a village f thoolmaster, whose first publication did not appear till he was 50 years of ago; author of " A System of Geography and History," "Histories of Suaiu and England," " Letters on Entclish and French His- tory." B. 1750;'"d. 1S32. BIGNE, Marquerin de la, a doctor of the Sorbonno ; compiler of the first edition of the "Bibliotheca Patrum." B. 1546 ; and d, at Paris about the close of the 10th century. BIGNEY, Grace de la, a French ecclesiastic; author of a poem entitled "Le Koman des Oiseaux." D. 1074. BIGNICOUET, Simon de, a counsellor of Eheims ; author of " Pensees ct Re- flexions Philosophiques." B. 1709; d. 1775. BIGNOX, Jerome, a learned French writer; author of treatises "On Konie and its Antiquities," " On the Election of the Pope," &c. ; and editor of the "Formulaj" of Marculphus. B. 1589; d. 1656. — John Paul, grandson of the above, librarian to the king of France ; author of " Les Aventures d'Abdalla fils d'llauiff," &c. D. 1743. BIGOT, Americ, an eminent French scholar. He assisted in the publication of several works ; and having discovered Palladius's Life of Chrysostom in the duke's library at Florence, he published both the Greek text and his own Latin translation of it. B. 1626; d. 1689. BILDERDYK, William, an eminent Dutch poet, was b. at Amsterdam, 1750. In 1776 he obtained from the society of Leyden the first prize for a poem on the influence of poetry upon government. In the following year no obtained from the same society two prizes for an ode and a didactic poem, " On True Patriot- ism." Since that period, he has ranked with Feith, and Madame de Launoy, among tlic first Dutch poets. In 1780 he obtained a new prize tor a poem " On the Connection of Poetry and Eloquence with Philosophy." He added to this poem, some time afterwards, an import- ant commentary, which showed him to be a man of learning and a philologer. BUderdyk, besides devoted liimself to law, at "the Hague, with great success. On tlic invasion of the Netherlands by the French, he left fiis country on ac- count of his adherence to the hereditary stadtholder, and removed to Brunswick, and afterwanls to London, where ha delivered in the French language lec- tures on literature and poetry, which were numerously attended. After the new order of things was firmly estab- lished in Holland, ho returned in 1799, CVCI.OP-KUIA OK BIOGRAPHV, 15; and soon afterwards published Bome of his principal works. Anioiii,' these are a didaetie poem on astronomy, and the masterly imitations of Delille's " L'llonnne des Champs," and " Pope's Essay on Man." Louis Bonaparte, on )iis accession to the tlirone, :i])poiutod him his teacher of Dutch, and one of the first members of the national institute founded by him. After the incorpora- tion of Holland into the French empire, his muse was silent ; but she rose the more vigorously after the deliverance of his countrv. I). ]><31. B1LFI^'GEK, George Bernard, a Gorman writer and professor of jiluloso- phy and thcolojjy. He was a man of most extensive learning, and the author of " Dilucidationes Fhilosophica;," &c. B. ]fiS8; d. 1750. BILGUKR, Jony Elric, a Swiss sur- geon ; author of several professional treatises, in one of which he maintains the utility of amputation in eases of gun- shot wounds, I). 1796. BILLAUD, Varennes de, the son of a French advocate at Roehelle, was edu- cated at the same college as Fouchc, and proved himself one of the most violent and sanguinarv characters of the French revolution. lie bore a principal part in the murders and horrid massacres which followed the destruction of the Bastile ; voted immediate death to the unfortu- nate Louis XVL ; and officiated as presi- dent of the convention on the 18th of Oct., 1703. lie was afterwards deported to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small pension allowed him bv Pethion. 1). at St. Dominiro, in 1810. ' BILLING, SiGisMoxD, a French liber- al, b. at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. lie entered the army at the very eommenee- mcntof the revolution, and distinguished liimself at the battle of Genappe'ancl on other occasions ; was commissary of war to the armies of the Korth, the Khino, &c., in 1702, and to the army of Ger- many at the time of General Moreau's retreat, and was present in many cele- brated battles and sieges. "When the reverses of Napoleon had endangered the safety of Franco, Billing, as the com- mander oi' a legion of the national guard, surrounded and defended the chamber of representatives while it was in the act of pronouncing the emperor's for- feiture, and was otherwise active in bringing about his abdication. lie was also, in conceit with General Lafayette, greatly instrumental in effecting the revolution of 1S30, which seated Xouis Philippe on the throne. D. in 1S32. 14 BILLINGTONj Elizabeth, one of the greatest female smgers of her own, or perhaps any otiier tnne, was of German origin, but b. in England iluring 1770. At an early age she studied the piano- forte under Schrocter, and attained to an extraordinary proficiency. At four- teen, she made her first appearance as a singer at Oxford, and two years after- wards married Mr. Billington, a per- former on the double-bass. She appeared at Covent- garden, for the first time, as Kosetta, iii " Love in a Village," with such success as to secure her an imme- diate engagement at what was then con- sidered the enormous salary of £1000 for the rest of the season, besides a benefit ; the managers afterwards voluntarily fiving her the profits of a second night. n 178-5, she appeared at the concerts of ancient music with Madame Mara, whose brilliant performance she, to say the least, fully equalled. From this period, till 1703, no music meeting, opera, or con- cert of reputation was considered com • plete without her. In the last-named year she visited Italy, and performed, accompanied bj- her brother C. Weichsel, at the tiieatre of San Carlos at Naples; Bianchi composing expressly lor her hia celebrated opera " Inez de Castro." In 1801, her wonderful powers being then in their meridian, she returned to the London stage, appearing alternately at either house. In 1S17, she quitted En- gland for ever, and d. after a short ill- ness, at her villa of St. Artien, an estate she liad purchased in the Venetian ter- ritories. BIXGLEY, the Garriek of the Dutch stage, was b. at Rotterdam, in 1755, of English parents. In 1770, in his twenty- fourth year, he made his debut at Am- sterdam. The public odium was then excited against England, on account of its ships having captured vessels tinder the Dutch flag, without any prcviou* declaration of war, and Bingley was unfavorably received. But he soon con- quered this prejudice, and continued to be the favorite of the public. In 170(5 he was di cctor of a company of actors, who played principally at 'Eotterdam and the Ilairue, but also visited other cities of Holland. One of his last repre- sentations, in which he was assisted by the great actress Wattier Ziesenis, was the part of Farnese, in Lalain's tr.igedy of "Maria," acted in 1818, before the roval familv. In the same year, he d. at the Ilaixue." BIOEKXSTAEIIL, James Joxas, a distiniruished traveller, b. nt Rotarbo, 158 CVCLOP.EDI\ OK lUOGRAPIir. S iji the Swedish province of Sundermaun- land. in 1731, studied at Upsal, at'ter- ■vvurds entered the Ihmilv ot'Buron Kud- beclv as tutor, and travelled with liis son to Eii^rlaud and tlie continent of Europe. AVliile residing in Paris lie studied Ori- ental languattes. On the return of his upil to 'Sweden, he was appointed by iustavus III. to make the tour of Greece, Syria, and Egypt, receiving at the same "time, the title of professor at the university of Lund. He now went, at the king's expense, to Constantinople, in ITTii, where he remained for some time, to learn the Turkish language. Ho then proceeded on his travels as far as Saloiiiki, where he d. of the plague, 1779. He had given an account of his travels, in the form of letters to his friend Gloerwell, who at first published them separately in a journal, which ap- peared in Stockholm; and afterwards in separate works. BION, b. in Smyrna or in its neighbor- hood ; a Grecian pastoral poet, of whose life no account is to be found. Among the few poems written by him, which have descended to our times, his elegy on Adonis is considered as the best. His poems together with those of Mos- clms are trenerally found as an appendix to the idyls of Theocritus, and have been well translated by Fawkes. — Nich- olas, a French mathematician ; author of a "Treatise on the Use of the Globes," &e. U. ll-i^. BTRAGUE, CLEME>n', an engraver on gems, said to have been the first discov- erer of the art of engraving on diamonds. He wa.s b. at Milan, and flourished du- ring the middle of the 16th century. — Rene de, a Milanese of noble family, who sought shelter in France from the vencjeance of Louis Sforza, and became a cardinal and chancellor of France. He is infamously memorable as one of the authors of tlie massacre of St. Bartholo- mew. B. l.-iOO; d. l.')8.3. BIRCH, Tiii).u.\.s, an industrious histo- rian and biographer, was b. at London, in 1705. He became usher in three ditfereiit schools, and afterwards took orders in the church, and obtained in 1732, a living in Essex, under the patronaire of the attorney-ircneral, after- wards Lord Hardwicke. hi 1734 he en- gaged with some coadjutors in writing the "General Historical and Critical Dictionary," founded on that of Bayle, and completed in 10 vols, folio, 1741. II • suhse(|uently obtained various pre- ferments in the church. In January, 1765, lie wa^ killed by a fall from his horse, on the road between London and Ilainpstead. Birch had formed very extensive manuscript collections, which, together with his library of printed books, he bequeathed to the British Museum. He was one of the pioneers of literature. Dr. Johnson was repeatedly obliged to him for literary information, bestowed on him a Greek epigram, and for many years corresponded with him. The lit- erature of his country is mucli indebted to the activity and diligence of this per- severing writer. — Samuel, wlio for inimy years played a distinguished part as a member of the corporation of Loudon, was b. in that city in 1757, and succeed- ed his father in his well-established business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill. He was the first to propose the measure of arming and training the inhabitants as volunteers; and he had the honor, successively, to become lieutenant, ma- jor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant of the first regiment of Loyal London Volunteers. Yet, although never un- mindful of his position as a party man in politics, he found leisure to employ his pen in various walks of literature. He was also among the earliest and most active supporters of the Literal^ Fund Society, to which he continued attached till his decease, and had long been the senior memljcr of its council. In 1814 he filled the civic chair. D. 1841.— Hakvey, the assumed name of Enoch Crosby, a person employed as a spy for the American army, and whose adven- tures have given occasion to one of the creations of Cooper, the American nov- elist. BIRD, William, an eminent musician in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly composed sacred music, and to him " Nou nobis Domine" is attributed. B. 1.543 ; d. 1653. — John, an eminent math- ematical instrument maker; author of "The Method of constructing Mural Quadrants," &c. D. 1766. — Edward, a painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but who also executed many religious and historical pieces, and was made histori- cal painter to the Princess Charlotte of Wales. B. 1772; d. 1819. BIREN, John Ekvest de, duke of Courland, the son of a peasant, whose handsome person and address obtained liim an unbounded influence over Anna, daughter of Peter I., and duchess of Courland, who, when she ascended the throne of Russia, committed the reins of sovernment to his hands, made him duke of Courland, and at her death, in 1740, left him regent of the empire. He nis] CVCLOP-'EDIA OF lUOGRAPIIV, 159 vrns subsequently banished to Siberia ; reeulleil bv Peter III., and liis diifliy re- Btorcd to him by Catlierinc, in 17G3, but whieli, r.ix years afterwards, lie rclin- qiiislied in favor of his eldest son. B. V)S7: d. 1772. BIUKRKCK, George, M.D., president of ilu: London Mechanics' Institute, was the sou of a merchant and banker at Settle, in Yorksliire, where he was b. in 1771). In liis boyhood he displayed a stronj; inclination for those mechanical pursuits to which he afterwards became so devoted ; but his friends having de- tcnnined that lie should embrace the medical profession, he first studied for this oliject at Leeds, then removed to London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie, and subsequently went to Edinburirh to complete his education. At the atre of twenty-one he was appointed professor of natural history in the Andersonian Institution of Glasgow; and havin;^ while there successfully established a mechanics' class, he was induced, in 1822, to found the London Mechanics' Institute in Chancery Lane, to which so- ciety he senerously lent £9000 for erect- m. BLACK, Joseph, a celebrated chemist, b. at Bordeaux, of Scottish parents, in 17'2S, studied medicine at Glasgow. Dr. Cullen, his instructor, inspired liim with a taste for chemical studies. In 1754 he was made doctor of medicine, at Edin- burgh, and delivered an inaugural dis- sertation, " De Huniore acido a Cibis oi-to et Magnesia alba," which exhibits the outline of his discoveries relative to carbonic acid and the alkalies. In 175*5 he published his Experiments on White Magnesia, Quicklime, and several other Alkaline Substances, in the 2d volume of the Essays, Physical and Literary, of the Edinburgh Society. He demon- strates the existence of an aerial fluid in these substances, whicli he calls fixed air, the presence of which diminishes tlie corrosive power of the alkalies and the calcareous earths. This discovery formed the basis of all those wliich have imuiortalized the names of Cavendish, Priestley, Lavoisier, &c., and gave a new form to chemistry. In 1751 lie en- riched this science with his doctrine of latent heat, which has led to such im- portant results. In 175(1 he was ap- pointed professor of medicine and lecturer on chemistry in the university at Glasgow, in the place of Dr. Cullen, and, in 1765, wlien Cullen left the pro- fessor's chair in Edinburgh, ho was there also succeeded by Bhiel<. No teacher inspired his disciples with sucli a zeal for study; his lectures, therefore, contributed mucli to make the taste for chemical science general in England. Upon Lavoisier's proposal, the Academy of Sciences, in Paris, had appointed him one of its eight foreign members. His habits were siniplc, his character cold and reserved. Though of eminent abil- ity as a chemist, he injured himself by his long opposition to the reception of the new cliemical theory. At length, however, he was convinced of its supe- rior accuracv, and did justice toils mer- its. D. 17',ilt. BLACK ADDER, John, a distinguish- ed preacher among the Scottish Cove- nanters. BLACKBURNE, Francis, an English divine, eminent as a theological writer, and remarkable for the publication of works favoring dissent from the cliurcli to wliich he belonged, was b. at Rich- mond, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and was educated at Cambridge. In 1750, lie was made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was a friend to religious liberty, and hostile to confessions of faith. On this subject he was deeply involved in controversy. The most celebrated of his performances on it is the Confessional, which appeared in 1776. His works have been collected iu six volumes octavo. He d. in 1787. BLACKBURN, William, eminent as an architect and surveyor, was b. Decem- ber 20th, 1750, in Southwark. His na- tive genius overcame the disadvantages of a contracted education, and he ob- tained a medal from the Royal Academy, and the more flattering commendation of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best drawing of St. Stephen's church, Wal- brook. ^ D. 1790. BLACKLOCK, Thomas, a divine and poet, was b. at Annan, iu Dumfries, in 1721, and lost his sight by the small-pox when he was only six months old. To amuse and instruct him, his father and friend used to read to him, and by this means he acquired a fund of iuformatiou, and even some knowledge of Latin. At the age of 12 he began to versify, and his devotion to the Muses was continued through life. Considering his circum- stances, liis poems have great merit. Ho studied at the university of Edinburgli for ten years, and his progress in the sciences was very considcral)le. He was ordained minister of Kircudbright, but, being opposed by the parishioners, he retired on an annuity, and received stu- dents at Edinburgh as boarders, and as- sisted them in their studies. Besides liis poems, lie is the author of some the- ological works, and an article on the ed- ucation of the blind: the latter was printed in the Eiicyclo[)a3dia Britaiinica. He d. in July, 1791, regretted by all his friends. BLACKMORE, Sir Richard, a poet bla] CVCLOP.EDIA OF moaKAPHY. 101 and physician, was b. in Wiltshire, cd- ucrttccl iit Oxford, took liis dffrrec at Pad- u:i, and was kniy-htcd by ^\'illianl III., wlio also appointed hii^i liis physician. He was afterwards pliysician to Queen Auue. In 1G'.)6 lie published his first poem. Prince Arthur, which was rapidly succeeded by otlier works ; nor was lie deterred from pursuingliiscarecr by the riclieule which was heaped upon hii'n by Dryden, Tope, and nearly all the wits of theai^e, whose dislike of him was sliarp- ened by liis whicr principles. lie is the author of nearly thirty works, in verse and prose ; of the latter many are on medical subjects. Ilis best poem is en- titled Creation^ Blackmore was an in- different poet, but he was undoubtedly possessed of considerable talent, anil was a pious and worthy man. He d. in 1720. BLACKSTONE, Sir AViLLiAir, an em- inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk mercer, and was b. at London, in 1723. After having been for several years at the Charter house, he completed his ey Cohuan for his theatre in the Hay market. In 17iiO she was married to Jlr. George Bland, brother of the celebrated Mrs. Jordan. She continued on the boards of Drury till that theatre was burnt, in iSijy ; and for many years delighted the lovers of simple melody with her strains at Vauxhall .Gardens. ' Her latter years were clouded by a degree of mental im- becility which prevented her appearing in pulilie ; but in 1804, by the proceeds of a benefit which was granted to her at Drury-lane, together with a sum liber- ally given by Uie late Lord Egremont, an annuitv of £70 was secured to her for life. b. 1837. — Elizaketii, an En- glish lady, eminent for her knowledge of Hebrew. A jjhylaetery of her writ- ings is preserved by the .Royal Society. D. 1720. — KicnARD,'a i)olitical writer of Virginia, was for some years a principal member of the house of burgesses. In 17C8 he was one of a. committee to re- monstrate with parliament on the sub- ject of taxation ; in 1773 one of the com- mittee of correspondence ; in 1774 a delegate in congress. He was again chosen a deputy to congress in 1775. Though he declined the appointment from old age, he declared, he should ever be animated, " to support the glo- rious cause, in which America was en- gaged." D. 1778. — TuEODoiiic, a patriot and statesman, was a native of Virginia. He was bred to medicine, but at the commencement of the revolutionary war, he took an active part in the cause of his country. Ho soon rose to the rank of colonel, and had the command of a regiment of dragoons. Li 177'J he was appointed to the command of the convention troops at Albemarle barracks in Virginia, lie was chosen a repre- sentative from Virginia, in the first con- gress under the present constitution of the United States. D. 1790. BLANDEATA, George, an Italian physician, who renewed all the tenets of Arius with respect to the Trinity. He fled from the persecution of the in- quisitors of Pavia to Geneva, and after- wards to Poland, where the king, Ste- phen Battori, made him a privy coun- cillor. He attempted to make the king a follower of his opinions, but faUed. He was strangled by his nephew, & worthless character, to whom he had left his property, 15'J3. BLANKOF, John Fenxisz, a Dutch marine painter of considerable eminence. He was at the outset a scholar of Ever- dinijen, but finished his studies atEome. His best pictures represent storms on the coast of the Mediterranean, in which he combined Flemish fidelity with Ital- ian grandeur. B. 1623. BLASIUS, Gerard, a Flemish phys'- elan, who distinguished himself by his researches in anatomy and physiology. He was graduated at Leyden, and waa afterwards a professor at Amsterdam. He was the earliest writer of importance on compai-ative anatomy. His chief works w^ere " Observata Anatomiea," &c., and "Zootonieal, sen Anatom33 variorum Aniinalium." D. 1682. BLAYNEY, Benjamin, a divine and biblical critic, was educated at Oxford, where he became M.A. in 1753, and D.I), in 1787. He was professor of He- brew at that university, canon of Christ- church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts, lie translated Jeremiah, tiie Lamenta- tions, and Zcehariaii ; edited the Oxlbrd Biljle in 17Gt< ; and wrote a Dissertation on Daniel's Seventy Weeks. D. 1801. BLEDDIN, a BrUish bard of the 13th centurv, manv of whose pieces are in the Welsh ArV-bicoloiXV. BLEDRI. bisliop ofLlandraff in 1023 ; Burnamed tJie -wise on account of his great learniii'i-. BLEECKEE, Ann Eliza, a lady of some literary celebrity in New Y'ork, daughter of" Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and wife of John J. Bleeeker. Slie resided after her marriage at Tomhanic, a soli- itary and lieautiful ])Iacc IS miles above Alljany, but was driven from it in the night bv the approach of Burgoyne'a army, tier writings, both in prose and CYCLOP-'EDIA OF HlOCnAlMlV. ir,5 poetry, were published in 1703, by her claughtor, who likewise distiii^nislied herself as a writer, Margaret V. Fau- geres. B. 17.')2; d. 1783.— Antiionv, a poet of the city of New York, educated at Columbia college, and attained a re- spectable position as a lawyer. For nearly thirty years he was a loading con- tribnior to the periodicals of Xcw York and l'hiiaC CrCLOP.EDIA OF UlUGRAl HV. [bi.o RKN3. a native ol" Denmark, bishop of Ki- pp.u, who wrote a botanical work in- tended to illustrate the Old Testament, called " Testanien Thoenicologiees Sa- en¥." 1). 177;!. BLOEMART, Abraham, a Dutch painter, b. at Goreuni, 15(35, d. at Utrecht ni 1G17. His paintings are reproached witli various faults, yet he is distinguish- ed by the brilliancy of his colors, and the richness of his' invention. In the representation of tlic clilaro-oscuro he may be called great. He painted all sorts of objects ; but his landscapes are tiie most esteemed. He had four sons, of whom the youngest Cornelius, is the most distinguished. He was b. at Utrecht, 1G0;5, and d. at Kome, 1680. He was an engraver, and his engravings are distinguished for purity, elegance, and softness. He was the founder of a new school, from which proceeded Bau- dot, Poillv. riiastcu, Speier, Koullat, &c. BLOMiiFlELD, Fuangis, an English topographer and divine ; author of " Col- lectanea Cantabrigiensia," &c. D. 1755. BLOMFIELD, Edw.uid Valentine, a distinguished classical scholar, who received his education at Gains college, Cambridge, where, besides other prizes, he gained, in ISO'J, a medal for writing his beautiful ode, '' In Desideriuin Tor- soni."' B. 1786; d. 1816. BLOND, James Christopher le, a miniature painter; and author of a trea- tise on a method of engraving in colors. B. 1670; d. 1741. BLONDEL, a minstrel, and liivorite of Kichard Cujur dc Lion, whom lie is said to have discovered in his German dungeon, by sin<;ing beneath its walls the first part of a song of their joint com- position. — David, a Protestant writer and minister, was b. in 15'Jl, at Chalons sur Marne. In 1650 he was invited to Amsterdam, to succeed Vasorius, as pro- fessor of history, and he d. there in 1665, after having lost his sight in conseciuenee of the humidity of tlie climate. Blondel Was a man of learning, had a minute ac- (puiiTitancc with histoVy, and was a fluent speaker. Among his works, one of the most curious is his refutation of the silly story of I'opc Joan. He has the merit of having written in favor of liberty of conscience. — Francls, an eminent Frendi architect and diplomatist, was b. in 1617, at Kibemont, in I'icardy. After liaving been sent as envoy to Constanti- nople, lio wa3 appointed counsellor of htate, one of the dauphiirs preceptors, professor of the royal college, and mem- oer of the Academy of Sciences. The noble triumphal arch of St. Denis was erected by him. He wrote various works on literary, architectural, and mil- itary subjects. 1). 1680. — James Fran- cis, was i). at Eouen, in 1705, and, like his nncle, was an architect of great talent. The merit of a course of archi- tectural lectures, which lie delivered at Paris, obtained him the appointment of professor at the academy. In his final illness, he had himself removed to his school at the Louvre, that he miglit yield up his last breath where he iiad taught his art. Blondel is the author of French Architecture, a Course of Civil Architecture, and other works of a similar kind. D. 1775. BLOOD, Thomas, a singular and des- perate character, who was originally an officer in Cromwell's army. His first re- markable enterprise was an attempt to surprise the castle of Dublin, which was frustrated by the duke of Ormond. Ho subsequently seized the duke in the streets of London, with the intention of haiigiii;^ him at Tyburn, and was very near accomplishing his purpose. His' last exploit was an attempt to carry away the crown and regalia from the Tower. For some inexplicable reason, Cliarles II. not only pardoned him, but gave him an estate of £500 per annum. D. 1680. BLOOMFIELD, Robert, a poet, b. at Honington, in Suffolk, in 1766, was the son of a tailor, and was eai-ly left father- less. He was taught to read by his mo- ther, who kept a village school, and this was, in liict, his only education. At the age of eleven he was employed in such husbandry labor as he could perform ; but, his constitution being delicate, he was subsequently apprenticed to the trade of shoemaking, at which he work- ed as a journeyman for many years. His leisure hours were spent in reading, and in the composition of verses. His poem of the Farmer's Boy was at length Drought before the public, by the benev- olent exertions of Canel Loft, and it pro- cured the author botn fame and profit. He subsequently published other poems, among which m;iy bo mentioned Wild Flowers, Hazlewood Hall, and the Banks of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune clouded the latter years of this modest anil meritorious writer, and he d. in 182.3, when he was almost on the verge of insanity. — .JosErii, governor of N4, and made himself con- sj)ieaous by his deistical opinions, and by considerable talent. His "Anima Mundi" was suppressed, and publicly burnt. This work he followed up by three of the siinic kind : The Life of Apollonius Tyaneus; Great is Diana of the Ephesiaus ; and Keligio Laici. Of tlie revolution of 16S3 he was a warm friend ; but he acted little in consonance with its principles, when he published his "King William and Queen Mary C'onqueroi-s," to assert their right to the crown by conquest. The commons ordered this tract to be burnt by the hangman. He shot himself in 1693, in consequence of the sister of his deceased wife having refused to marry him. — Thomas, was b. at Bavdeslcy, in Wor- cestershire, in 1618, and d. in 1679. He published Glossographia ; a Law Dic- tionary; and va-'6us other works; the most curious and \aluable of which is, " Fragmcnta Antiquitatis, or Ancient Tenures of Laud, and Jocular Customs of Manors." BLOW, John, a musician, was b. in 164S, at North Callingham, in Notting- hamshire, received a doctor's degree from Archbishop Sancroft; and, on the death of Parcell, became organist of Westminster abbey. He d. in 170S. His secular compositions were collected, in 1700, under the title of " Ainphion Anglicus." His church music receives qualified praise from Dr. Burney. BLUCIIER, Gkbaral Lkbrf.cht, Prince vox, a Prussian field-marshal, b. at Eostoek, Dec. 16, 1742. He served 45 years in the arn»y ; and his celebrity in the field, though rarely victorious, obtained him the name of " Marshal Forwards." He aided Wellington in gaining tie battle of AVaterloo, V\v his timely arrival at the most decisive mo- ment. In reward for his services the kintrof Prussia created a special order of Kni'jfhthood. D. at Kriblowizt, 1S19. BLUM, Joachim Christian, a Ger- nv.m; author of " Lvrieal Poems," " The Promenades,"- '' Dieljonary of Proverbs," "The Deliverance of Ra- tlicnau," &c. B. 1739 ; d. 1790.— Eobf.rt, whose commanding eloquence daring his brief political career gained for him a hic'h name, was b. at Cologne in 1S07. Cradled in poverty, his education was completely neglected ; but from his earliest years he manifested a thirst for learning. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith ; he after- wards worked as a journeyman in dif- ferent parts of Germany, especially at Berlin; but on his return to Cologne iu 1830, he was obliged to accept the hum- ble oUice of box-opener in tlie theatre of that city. Amid all the difficulties with which he had to struggle, he acquired a high degree of cultivation, and succeed- ed in the management of various liter- ary and politioiU journals of Leipsic. In 1847 he became a bookseller. The events of March, 184S, brought him out as u politician. He represented Leipsic in the parliament at Frankfort. On the breaking out of the second revolution at Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired thither with some other members of his party, to offer a concrratulatory address to tiie Viennese. Here he harangued the people with great power and etfect ; but after the suppression of the rebel- lion he was arrested, tried by court- martial, and condemned to be shot, Nov. 9, 1848. The news of his arrest and execution caused great consternation throughout Germany; but it has not yet been resented, as it unquestionably will be, when the people rise once more to vindicate their rights. BLUMAUEE, Lewis, a German satir- ical poet ; author of a " Travesty of the iEneid," tfee. B. 1755 ; d. 1798. BLl'MENBACH, Johann Friederich, one of tiie greatest naturalists of modern times, was b. at Gotha in 1752. He early displayed a great aptitude for sci- entific pursuits, and before he had com- pleted his 24th year, his fame as an inquirer into nature liad spread through- out the civilized world. In 1776, he was appointed professor of medicine in the university of (iottingen, where he had been educated ; and here, for the long period of 61 y<'ars, he continued, by his lectures and his woiks, to extend the science of comparative anatomy, which has been so successfully cultivated in more recent times, and of which he may be trulv said to liave been the founder. D. 1S37. BLUTEAU, DoM Ea'H;.i;-.. a Ro- man Catholic priest, b. ui T Jt Iri of French parents; author c h vV- .'-'a 16S CYCI.OP.tDIA OK BIOGRAPHY. [eCcJ Portuguese and Latiu Dictioniuy. D. 1734. BOABDIL, or ABOUABOULA, tlie last Moorish king of Granada ; he was expelled for the last tuue from Granada by Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, in 1491 ; and afterwards resided in Africa, where he was killed in battle in the ser- vice of tlic king of Fez. BO ADEN, .J.'viiES, a dramatic author and critic. Educated for the law, he was, like many young men similarly situated, a great lo'ver and frequenter of the theatre ; and, from loving the stage, be got to Avriliug for it. His plays are numerous, but wc believe there is not one of them that now keeps possession of the stage. Far more important are his dramatic memoirs, which are probably the best records we have of J(.ihn Kem- ble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. Inchbald. His " Inquiry into the authenticity of the various Pictures and Prints (if Shaks^ieare,"' and a tract on '•Tiic Sonnets ot ShaKspeare," arc also verv valuable works. B. lTi)2; d. 1889. BOADICEA, or BONDUCA, queen of the Iceni, in Britain, during the reign of Nero, having been treated in tlie most ignominious manner by the Komans, iTeaded a general insurrection of the Britons, attacked the Koman settle- ments, reduced London to ashes, and put to the sword all strangers, to the number of 70,000. Suetonius, thoEo- man general, defeated her in a decisive battle, and rather than fall into the hands of her enemies, slie put an end to her life by poison. This battle was fought A. D. 61. Cowpcr's beautiful poem on her, is one of his most delightful pro- ductions. BOBPvOFF, Simon SEROiEvrrscn, a Eussian poet, wlio enjoyed considerable reputation at St. Petersburgh. His best poem is sxiid to be " The Cliersonide, or a Summer's Day in the Crimea." His lyrical works have been collected in four volumes. D. 1810. BOCCACIO, Giovanni, one of the most enduring of the Italian prose writers, was born at Paris, of an illicit connec- tion, which his father formed in that city, in 1813. His family came original- ly from Certaldo, in Tuscany, whence he derives the appellation sometimes given him of IM CeriaUlo. He was ori- ginally intended by his father for a mercantile profession ; but after spend- ing six vears with a merchant at Flor- ence an'l Paris, and turning his thoughts to the canon law, he abandoned the pur- suits which interest or authority dicta- ted, and devoted himself totally to liter- ature. He studied under his friend and patron Petrarch, by whose suggestions he retired from the tumults and factions of Florence, and visited Naples, where he was received with kindness by king Robert, of whose natural daughter he became enamored, and to whom he often pays his homage, in his various poetical pieces, as Fiammetta. Placed in fortunate circumstances, with a lively and cheerful disposition, of a soft and pleasing address, the favored lover of a king's daughter, he regarded with more aversion than ever the station for which he had been intended. The fond- ness of the princess for poetry ; his own intimacy with scientific and literary men ; the tomb of Virgil, near Naples, which he used to visit in his walks ; the pres- ence of Petrarch, who was received with the highest distinction at the court of Naples, and who went from that city to Kome, to be crowned with the poetic laurel ; the intimacy wlueh had arisen between the two poets — all operated powerfully on Boccacio, to strengthen and fix his natural inclination for poetry and literature. After living tv,o years at Florence with his father, he returned to Naples, wliere he was very graciously received by the queen Joamia. It is thought that it was no less to gratify the young queen, than his Fiammetta, that he wrote his " Decameron," which has raised him to the ran,k of the first Italian prose writer. On the death of his fa- ther, becoming master of his own incli- nations, he settled at Florence, where his first work was a description of the plague, which forms the opening of the " Decameron." He passed the remain- der of his life in liis native village, where his constitution was weakened by his great application, and where he d., of a sickness in the stomach, 1375. His works are some in Latin and some in Italian. He possessed uncommon learning, and he may honorably bo reckoned as one of those whose great exertions contributed most to the revi- val of learning in Europe. His best- known composition is the before-men- tioned " Decameron," a romance occa- sionally licentious, but abounding with wit, satire, and elegance of diction. His " Life of Dante," his "Genealogy of tha Gods," his "History of Kome," and his "Thesis," arc much admired. Though his poetry does not possess the sweet- ness of Petrarch's lines, his prose is unetjualled for its graceful simplicitj and varied elegance. 'J CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOCiRAl'HV. 169 BOCCAGE, I^Iakie Anne uu, a cele- brated French poetess, was b. at Kouen, 1710, became llie wife of a receiver of taxes ill Dieppe, wlio died soou after tlie luan-iage, leaving lier a youthful widow. She concealed lier talents, however, till the charms of youth were past, and fust published her productions m 1740. The lirst was a poem on the mutual influence of the fine arts and sciences. This gained the prize from the academy of Kouen. She next attempted an imitation of "Paradise Lost," in six cantos; then, of the " Death of Abel ;" next a tragedy, the " Amazons ;" and a poem in ten cantos, called the "Columbiad." There is a great deal of entertaining matter in the letters which she wrote on her travels in England and Holland, and in which one may plainly see the impression she made upon her cotemporaries. Iler works have been translated into En- glish, Spanish, German, and Italian. D. 1802. BOCCALINI, Traj.vn, an Italian sat- irist; author of the "Political Touch- stone," a "Satire on the Spaniards," &c. His writings gave so much offence to the Spanish court, that it caused him to be murdcved at Venice, IGlo. BOCCIIEKINI, LuiGi, a celebrated composer of instrumental music, pen- sioned for his merit by the king of Prussia, and warmlv patronized by the king of Spain. P>. i740 ; d. 1805. BOCCIII, AcuiLLKs, a Bolognese, of a noble foinily, who distinguished himself in the lOth century by his attachment to literature ; author of " Apologia in Plautum," and numerous other works. BOCCOLD, John, or JOHN OF LEY- DEN, a tanatic of that city in the 16th century, who headed some rcvoltcrs, and made themselves masters of Mun- 8tcr, where he assumed the characters of king and prophet. The city was at length taken by the bishop, and Boccold was hansred. BOCCONE, Pattl, an Italian natural- ist ; author of " Musca di Plante rare." B. 1633; d. 1704. BOCCUCI, Joseph, a Spanish author, b. in 1775. He served at first in the army, iu the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, against republican France, but after- wards devoted himself to letters. He is the author of several comedies played at the ^ladrid theatre. BOCIIAPvT, Samvei,, a French Prot- estant divine; author of "Geographia Sacra," a treatise on the " Terrestrial Paradise," :5. BODONI, CiAMBATiKTA, Superintend- ent of tlie royal press at I'arma, chief printer to the'iing of Soain, mcml>er of several a.-adcm'es of Italy, knight of several high ordjrft, wa.s b., 1740, at Sa- luzzo, in Piedmont, where Lis father owned a printing establishment. He began, while yet a boy, to employ him- self in engraving on wood. His labors meeting with success, he went in 1753 to Rome, and was made compositor for the press of the " Fropa.^anda." He ne.xt established a printing-house at Parma, which he made the lirst of the kind in Europe, and gained the reputa- tion of having far surpassed all the splendid and beautiful productions of his predecessors in the art. Tlie beauty of his type, ink, and paper, as well as the whole management of the technical part of the work, leaves nothing for us to wish, but the intrinsic valueof his editions is seldom equal to their out- ward splendor. His liomer is a truly admirable and magnificent work ; in- deed, his Greek letters are the most per- fect imitations that have been attempced, in modern times, of Greek manuscript. His splendid editions of Greek, Latin, Italian, and French classics are highly prized. _ D. at Padua, 1613. BOEc^, Hector, a Scottish historian, was b. at Dundee about the year 1465. He studied at Aberdeen, and afterwards at Paris, where, in 1497, he became pro- fessor of philosophy in the college of Montacute. In 1500 he was elected principal of the college of Aberdeen, which was just then founded by Bishop Elphinstonc. On the death' of the bisliop,-in 1514, he resolved to give to the world an account of his life, in com- posing which he was led to write the history of the lives of the whole of the bishops of Aberdeen. It was published in 1522. He next wrote a " History of Scotland," which was published at Paris, 1526. A second edition was printed at Lausanne in 1574. 1). 1534. BOEIIM, .Jacob, one of the most fa- mous mystics of modern times, was b. at Altsoideuberg, Germany, in 1575, and passed the first years of liis life, with- out instruction, iii the tending of cattle iu the fields;. The beautiful and sub- lime objects of nature kiadleil his ima- gination, and inspired him with a pro- found piety. Raised by contem]ilation above his' circumstances, and undis- turbed by exterior influences, a strong sense of the spiritual, particularly of the mysterious, was awakened in him, and he saw in all the workings of nature upon his mind a revelation of God, and even imairincd himself favored by di- vine inspirations. The education which he received at school, though very im- perfect, consisting only of writing, spell- boeJ CYCLOP.«l)IA OF liKKJKAPnV. ITl ing, and reading the Bill c, supplied new food for the excited i.iind ot the hoy. He became afterwards a shoe- maker; and this sedentary life seems to have strengthened his contemplative habits. He was much interested in the disputes which prevailed on the subject of Cryptocalvinism in Saxony: though he never took a personal part in secta- rian controversies, and knew no liigher delight than to elevate himself, undis- turbed, to tlie contemplation of the In- finite. His writings are very unequal, but always display a profound feeling. In 1594: he became a master shoemaker in Gorlitz, married, and continued a shoemaker during liis life. His first work appeared in IdlO, and was call- ed " Aurora." It contains his revela- tions on God, man, and nature. Tiiis wive rise to a prosecution against liiin ; b\it he was acquitted, and called uj)iin, from all sides, to continue writing. He did not, however, resume his ]ien until 1619. One of his most important works is "Description of the Three Principles of tlie Divine Being." His works con- tain profound and lofty ideas, mingled with many absurd and confused notions. He died, after several prosecutions and acquittals, in ltV.'4.— ^V illiam Antiionv, a learned German divine, and chaplain to Prince George of Denmark. B. 1073 ; d. 173-2. BOEHMER, G. G., a professor at Got- tingen, b. in 1761. Always a liberal, and attached to the French party, he edited an independent journal in 1791. He congratulated the French republic on its union with Belgium in 1796, and was complimented with a seat in the convention. He was subsequently per- secuted by the anti-French party, and imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Er- furt. He was author of a " Memoir to demonstrate the Khine as the Natural Boundary of France," &c., and many political German works. BOERHAAVE, IIermax, one of the most eminent physicians of modern times, b. at AVoornout, near Leyden. His knowledge as an anatomist, chemist, and botanist, as well as in the causes, nature, and treatment of diseases, was imrivallcd; and his fame was spread over the world. Peter the Great visited him on his travels ; and a Chinese man- darin wrote to him with this address, " To Boerhative, the celebrated physi- cian of Europe." No professor was ever attended, in public as well as private leetui'es, by so great a number of stu- dents, from such difterent and distant parts for so many years successively: none licard him witiiout coticeiving a veneration for his person, at tiie same time that they expressed their surprise at his prodigious attainments ; and it may be justly affirmed, that none in so private a station ever attracted a more universal esteem. So unmoved was he by detraction, from which the best of men are not exempt, that he used to say, " The sparks of calumny will be present- ly extinct of themselves, unless you blow them." His writings are numerous, among the principal may be mentioned, ''Institutiones Medica;;" "Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis ;" " Inilex Phuitarutn ;" and " Elementa Chimiie." H. 1668; d. 1738. BOETIIIUS, Anicius Manlius Tor- QUATus Sevekinu.s, a Roman philosopher, whose virtues, services, honors, and tragical end all combine to render his name memorable, was b. 470 ; studied at Rome and Athens ; was profoundly learned ; and filled the hiirhest offices under the government of Theodorie the Goth. He was long the oracle of his sovereign and the idol of the ppO[)le ; but his strict intccrrity and intiexible justice raised up enemies in those who loved extortion and oppression, and he at last fell a victim to their macliinations. He was accused of a treasonable corre- spondence with the court of Constanti- nople, and executed in 524. While he was at the helm of state, he found rec- reation from his toilsome occupations in the study of the sciences, and devoted a part of his leisure to the construction of mathematical and musical instru- ments, some of which he sent to Clo- thaire, king of France. He was also much given to the study of the old Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and wrote Latin translations of several of them. His most celebrated work is that composed during his imprisonment, " On the Consolations of Philosophy," translated by two of the most illustrious English rulers, Alfred and Elizabeth. It is written in prose and verse inter- mixed. The elevation of thought, the nobleness of feeling, the case and dis- tinctness of style which it exhibits, make this composition, short as it is, far supe- rior to any other of the age. BOETtCHER, John- FREDERtr, the inventor of the Dresden porcelain, b. February 5th, 16S'2, at Schleiz, in the Voiutlaiid, in his 15th year went from Magdeburg, where he received his early education, to Berlin, as apprentice of an apothecary. There he devoted his 172 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. [boi nights to the making of gold out of other metals. Oet. 1st, 1701, he changed, as it is said, in the presence of several witnesses, eighteen pieces of silver into fine gold. As this was much talked of, the king desired to see him, and Boettcher, believing he was to be arrest- ed as an adept, tied to Saxony. The king of Saxony gave him large sums of money, and became very impatient to see tile gold. Boettcher, in 170-i, at- tempted to escape, but was overtaken, ftnd, with the assistance of one Tschiru- hausen, who had discovered a kind of porcelain, invented an improved com- position of it, with which he hoped to appease the king, who was in the habit of spending immense sums in China- ware. In 170.") Boettclier invented the Dresden porcelain, which has since be- come so famous. He made use of a clay found in the vicinity of Meissen. Tlie king, upon this, made him a baron of the empire, and director of the new manufactory of porcelain in Meissen, though he was often treated as a prison- er, lest the secret should be betrayed. He was finally removed from his dignity on account of his immoral life. D. i71t), in the createst povcrtv. BOGDAXO WITSCn, Hippoltt Fed- KKowiTscn, the Russian Anacreou, was b. in 1743, at Perewolotshna, in White Russia. Hi.s father was a physician. He was designed tor an engineer; went, fortiie purpose of studying engineering, to Moscow, in 1754 ; but, having higlicr views, he applied himself to the study of the fine arts, and to learning foreign languages. He gained patrons and friends, and, in 1791, was made inspec- tor in the university of Moscow, and afterwards translator in the department of foreign affiiirs. In 1762 he travelled Willi Count Beloselsky, as secretary of legation, to Dresden, wliere he devoted his whole attention to the study of the fine arts and of poetry, till 176S. The beautiful pictures in the gallery of that place inspired himtowritehis "Psyche," (Dnschenka,) which appeared in 1775, and fixed his fame on a lasting tbundu- tion. After this he devoted himself to mu.-iic and poetry, in solitary stutly at Pctcrsburir, till Catharine called him from his retirement. He then wrote, on different occasions, several -ilramatic and historical pieces. In 17«S he was made j)resident of the itnp(;rial archives. In 1792 he took leave of the court, and lived as a jirivate man in Little Russia. Alexander recalled him to Petersburg, where he lived till 1803, BOGORIS, the first Christiau king of Bulgaria ; converted by his sister, Who had" been taken prisoner by the troops of Thcodosia, and was restored to him by tliat enifiress. BOGUE, David, a dissenting ministe? of very considerable acquirements; pas- tor of a congregation at Gosnort, Hants, where lie also kept an establishment for the education of young men destined for the Christian ministry, in connection with the Independents. He is consid- ered as the father of the London Mis- sionary Society, and he also contributed greatly to the formation of the British and Foreign Bible Society. He wrote .in "Essay on the Divine Authority of the New Testament,'' a " Historv of tho Dissenters," &c. B. 1749 ; d. 182)5. BOIIEMOND, the first prince of An- tioch. He took Antioch in 109S, and subsequently took Laodicea. D. 1111. BOHN, John, a German physician ; author of a " Treatise on the Duties of a Physician," (fee. B. 1640; d. 1719. BOHUN, Edmund, a political writer of note in the reign of James II. and William HI. ; author of a " Defence of King Charles II. 's Declaration," a " Ge- ographical Dictionary," " Life of Bishop Jewell," &c. He was living at the ac- cession of Queen Anne, but the exact date of his death is uncertain. BOIARDO, Matteo Maria, count of Seandiano, was b. at a seat beloniiing to his family near Ferrara, in 1434. From 1488 to 1494, the period of his death, he was commander of tlie city and castle of Retrsrio, in the service of his protec- tor, Ercole d"Este, duke of Modena. This accomplished courtier scholar, and knight was particularly distinguished as a poet. His " Orlando Innamorato" is continued to the seventy-ninth canto, but not completed. He immortalized the names of his own peasants, and the charms of the scenery at Seandiano, in the persons of his heroes and his descrip- tions of the beauties of nature. In lan- guage and versification he has been sur- passed by Ariosto, whom he equalled in invention, grace, and skilful conduct of complicated episodes. Domenichi, Ber- ni, and Agostini new modelled and con- tinued the work of.Boiardo, without improving it. One continuation, only, will never be forgotten — ^the immortal "Orlando" of Ariosto. In some of his works, Boiardo was led, by the spirit of his times, to a close imitation of the an- cients, as in his " Capit' li," also in a comedy borrowed from Lucian's " Ti- mon," and in his Latii eclogues and BO I J C'VC'LOr.EUIA OF BKKillAIMl V. ll'S translations of Herodotus and Apu- leiiis. BOICIIOT, JiiAN, a distiii.Lnri>lied French ^culjitor. Tlic '•Cul^;il (inuip of St. Mieliuel,'' and the '■Sitiiiig Her- cules," are among his best works. The bas-reliefs of the rivers on the Trium- phal Arch of the Carousel arc his. B. 1738; d. 181t. EOIELDIKU, Adi'.ikx, a i .'lebratcd French musical composer, b. in 1775; author of numerous well-known operas: " Le Calife de Bagdad," "Jean do Pa- ris," &c. '' Telcmaque" is thought his clief-Wauvre. His style is characterized by a sweet and natural melody, much imaginative gayety, and simple but pleasing accompaniments. BOIGNE, Count, a French soldier of fortune, was b. at Chamberry, in 1751. When 17 years old he entered tlie French army, which lie quitted for the Kussian service in about 5 years, and was taken Erisoucr at the siege of Tenedos. After eing released he left Kussia, and in 177S went into the service of the East India Company ; but fancying himself neglect- ed, he otfered himself to the notice of Mahajee Scindiah, the celebrated prince of the Mahrattas, to whom he was of the greatest use during his campaigns, and who loaded him with honors and riches. Having remitted his vast fortune to En- gland, and wishing to return to Europe ior the sake of his healtli, he left India in 1795, and settled at Chamberry. He d. in 18-30, possessed of about twenty millions of trancs, the greater part of which he bequeathed to liis son. BOILEAU, James, b. at Paris, in 1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a canon, and dean, and grand vicar of Sens. He is the autlior of several theo- logical and other works in tlie Latin language, the most celebrated of w^hich is tlie " Historia Flagcllantium." James Boileau was caustic and witty. Being asked why he always wrote in Latin, he replied, " for fear the bishops should read me, in which case I should be per- secuted." The Jesuits he designated as men "who lengthened the creed, and abridged the decalogue." D. 1716. — Giles, a French writer ; author of a translation of Enictetus, «fec. B. 1631; d. 1669. — John James, a French divine ; author of " Letters on Morality and De- votion," ifcc. 13. 1735. — Nicholas, Sieur des I'reux, a celebrated poet, b. at Paris, 1636. His father, who left him an or- phan before he was 17, had not tbrmed Vie most promising expectations of the l>owers ot his mind; but the dulness of youth disappeared as he approached to maturity. He applied himself to the law; he w.is admitted advocate in 1656. but he did not possess the patience and application requisite for tlie bar, and exchanging his pursuits for the study of divinity, he at last discovered that a de- gree at the Sorbonne w^as not calculated to promote the bent of his genius, or gain him reputation. \\\ the tield of literature he now acquired eminence and fame. The publication of his first satires, 1606, distinguished him above his poetical predecessors, and he became the favorite of France and of Europe. His art of poetiy added still to his repu- tation ; it is a monument of his genius and judgment. His " Lutrin" was writ- ten in 1674, at the request of Lamoignon, and the insignilicant quarrels of the treasurer and ecclesiastics of a chapel are magnified by the art and power of the poet into matters of importance, and every line conveys, with tlie most delicate pleasantry, animated descrip- tion, refined ideas, and the most inter- estuig scenes. Louis XIV". was not in- sensible of the merits of a man who reflected so much honor on the French name. Boileau became a favorite at court, a pension was settled on him, and the monarch, in the regular approbation from the press to the works of the au- thor, declared he wished his subjects to partake the same intellectual gratifica- tion which he himself had so repeatedly enjoyed. As a prose writer Boileau pos- sessed considerable merit, as is tLiUy evinced by his elegant translation of Loncinus. After enjoying the favors of Ins sovereign, Boileau retired from public life, and spent bis lime in literary jirivacy, in the society of a few select and valuable friends. D. 1711. BOILLY, N., an agreeable and pro- ductive French painter, b. in 1768. His most celebrated pieces are, "The Arri- val of the Diligence;" "The Departure of the Conscripts;" and "Interior of M. Isabeau's Atelier." He has some atfec- tation of Dutch coloring, but truth of execution is his great forte. BOINDON, Nicholas, a French dra- matist ; author of several comedies. Having d. an avowed atheist, he was in- terred without any religious ceremonies. D. 1751. BOINVILLE, De, whs b. of a noble family, at Strasburg, in 1770. He quit- ted a lucrative office, and joincil the French republican party in 1791. He then went to England with La Fayette, as aid-de-cainp. He married an English \.l CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIUGRAPHY. [bol lady <,f ^eat talent and beauty, accepted a 001 iil ai.d under Napoleon, and per- ished in the retreat from Moscow. BOIS, John Du, a French monk, who served in th.o army of Henry III. On the death of Henry IV. he accused the Jesuits of liaviug caused the assassina- tion of that prince. For this accusation lie was contineJ in the castle of St. An- frelo, at Rome. 1). lt)-2t). — 1'hilip du, a French divine ; editor of an edition of Tiliullus, Catullus, and Propcrtius, ad usum Dclphini. I). 170''. — Gekard du, a priest of tlie Oratory ; author of '• An- nals of France," "History of the Church of Paris," *c. 0.1690. BOISMORAXD, Abbe Chiron de, an unprinci[)!ed French satirist. Bred a Jesuit, he first satirized that order, and then refuted tiis own satire. D. 1740. PdOSlU)BERT, Francis le Metel de, a French abbot, celebrated for his wit, anouis XV'III. cre- ated him 11 peer; but he was, for a time only, deprived of his title, in conse- quence of his recognition of the emperor on his return froin Elba. His writings are on various subjects : among them are "Tiie Literary and Political Studies of an Old Man ;" an " Essay on the Life of Maleshcrbes," &c. B. 1756 ; d. 1826. BOISSY, Louis i)K, a French comic writer, who, although he had been tlie autlior of numerous successful come- dies, was reduced to such extreme dis- tress, that had he not been opportunely rescued by the marciiioness do Pompa- dour, lie and his wife would have per- ished tlirough hunger. I). 17")S. BOIVIN, FisANCH de, a French writer; aithor of a " History of the Wars of Piedmont." D. 1618. — Lours, a French advocate ; author of poems and ronif learned historical treatises. 1). 1724. — John, brother of the above, professor of Greek in the Royal college of Paris, and keeper of the king'.i library; author of a French version of the "Birds of Aristophanes," and the " CEdipus of Sophocles," &c., &c. D. 1726.— De ViLLEjTEuvE, John, a Norman writer, chielly on classical literature; author of " An Apoloirv for Homer," and the "Shield of Achilles," &c. D. 17-26. BOIZOT, Louis Simon-, b. in 1743; a French painter and sculptor, but more distinguished as the latter. The "Vic- tory" of the Fountain of the Place du Chatclct, is his chcf-d'anurre. Elegant, graceful, and delicate as are the various productions of his chisel, he is accused of too great monotony in the attitude and expression of his figures, as well as inaccuracy of outline. BOKHARI, a celebrated Mussulman doctor; he was a predestinarian, and the author of a collection of traditions, entitled " Tektirtch." D. 256 of the Hegira. BOL, Ferdinand, a Dutch historical and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt. B. 1611 ; d. 1681. BOLANGER, John, an historical painter, pupil of Guido. I). 1660. BOLD, Samuel, an English divine and controversial writer; author of a " Plea for Moderation towards Dissent- ers," &c. D. 1737. BOLDONIC, C, an Italian writer, b. in 1768; author of "La Omstituzione Francese," (published in 1792,) which contributed to ditfuse the renovated seeds of freedom over Italy at that epoch. liOLEYN, Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, is known in English history as the wife of Henry VIII., and as tlie occasion of the reformation. She went to France in the seventh vear of her age, and was one of the attendants of the Entrlisli princess, wife to Louis XII., and afterwards to Claudia the queen of Francis I. and then of the duchess of Alencjon. About irv25 she returned . to England, and when maid of honor to Queen Catherine, she drew upon herself the attention and affection of the king, and by her address in the management of the violence of his passion, she pre- vailed upon him to divorce his wife ; and as the pope refused to disannul hismar- ria2e, England was separated from the spiritual dominion of Rome. Henry was united to his favorite, 14th Nov. 1532, by wjioin he had a daughter, after- wards t^ueen Elizabeth, but his passion was of short duration, and Anne Bo- cyn so long admired, so long courted by bol] CYCLOP-EUIA OF lUOOUAPIiy. r tbo amorous monarch, was now despised for JaiK; Seymour, andoruc-lly bclieaded May r.illi, i'outj. She bore li'er i'ato with resigaation and spirit ; but thoujrli branded with ignominy by Catholic wri- ters, she must appear innocent in tlie judgment of impartial men, and the dis- graceful accusation brouijlit ai^'ainst her, of a criminal connection with licr own brother and four other persons, must be attributed totlic suggestions and malice of that tyrant, who, in every instance, preferred the gratification of his lust to every other consideration. Her story is a favorite one with the dramatists and poets. BOLTNGBROKE, Henry St. John, Lord Viscount, son of Sir Henry St. John, was b. at Battersea, in 1672, and educated at Eton and Christ-church, Oxford. He obtained a seat in parlia- ment in 1~00, and in 1704 was appointed secretary of war and the marines, but resignec\ the secretaryship in 1707. In 1710 he again formed part of the minis- trj', as secretary of state, and had a prin- cipal share in the peace of Utrecht. In 1712 he was created Viscount Boling- broke ; but, dissatisfied with not having obtained an earldom, and with other cir- cumstances, he became the enemy of his colleague Harley, of whom he had long been the friend. On the accession of George I. an impeachment of Boling- broke being meditated, he fled to France, and, at length, accepted the ollice of secretary to the pretender. He was soon, however, dismissed from this new ser- vice, and, in the mean while had been impeached and attainted in England. After a residence in France till 1723 he was pardoned, and his estates were re- stored, but he was not allowed to sit in the house of peers. More indignant at this exclusion than gratified by his par- don, he became one of the chief oppo- nents of Sir E. Walpole, and by the power of his pen contributed greatly to the overthrow of that minister. In 1735 lie again withdrew to France, and re- mained there till the death of his father, after which event he settled at Battersea, where he resided till 1751, when he d. of a cancer in the face. Bolingbroke was intimate with and beloved by Pope, Swift, and the most eminent men of liis age ; his talents were of tlie first order ; he possessed great eloquence, and, in point of style, his writings rank among the best in the Enirlish lanixuage. BOLIVAR, Simon, the celebrated Liberator of South America, and the most distinguishcil militarv commander that has yet appeared there, was b. of noble i)arents in the city of Caraccas, 17^0. Having accjuircd tlie elements or a liberal education at home, he was sent to Madrid to complete his studies ; and afterwards visited Paris, where he form- ed an acquaintance with several di>tin- guished men. He thert made the tour of Southern Europe, again visited tiie Spanish capital, and married the young and beautiful daughtc;* of the Marquis de Ustariz del Cro ; but soon after his return to his native land, whither she ac- companied him, his youthful bride .1-11 a victim to the yellow^ fever ; and he ona* more visited Europe as a relief to his sor- row for one so fervently beloved. On returning to South America, in 1810, he pledged himself to the cause of indepen- dence, and commenced his military career in Venezuela, as a colonel in the service of the newly founded republic. Soon after this he was associated with Don Louis Lopez Mendez, tor the purpose of com- municating intelligence of the change of government to Great Britain. In 1811 he served under Miranda, and had the command of Puerto Cabello ; but the Spanish prisoners having risen and seiz- ed the fort, he was obliged to quit the town and proceed to Caraccas. At length Miranda was compelled to submit to Mouteverde, the royalist general ; and Bolivar, entering the service of the pa- triots of New Grenada, soon had another opportunity of assisting his old friends the Venezuelans. For a while he was successful, but reverses followed ; and when, in iS15, the Spanish forces under Morillo arrived, he threw himself into Carthaoreua, and subsequently retreated to St. Domingo. The spirit of resist- ance was, however, by no means extin- guished ; he found new means to lead his countrymen to victory; and after many desperate conflicts the indepen- dence of (ikilumbia was sealed, and Bol- ivar was chosen president of the repub- lic in 1821. His renown was now at its height, and every act of his government showed how zealously alive he was to the improvement of the national institu- tions and the moral elevation of the people over whom he ruled. In 1823 he went to the assistance of the Peruvians, and having succeeded in settling their internal divisions, and establishing their independence, he was proclaimed Liber- ator of Peru, and invested with supreme authority. In 1825 he visited Upper Peru, which detached itself from the government of Buenos Ayres, and waa tbrmed into a new ropublic, named 7*';- 176 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bon livia, in honor of the hberator ; but do- mestic factious sprani:; up, the purity of liis motives was oalleil in question, and he was ehartced with aimiuijat a perpet- ual dietatorsliip ; he aceordingly declar- ed his determination to resig'u his power as soon as his numerous enemies were overcome, and to repel the imputations (if ambition cast upon him, by retiring to seclusion upon liis patrimonial estate. The vice-president, Santander, urged him, in rejily, to resume his station as constitutional president; and though he was beset by the jealousy iuid distrust of rf^-al factious, he continued to exercise thccliief authority in Columbia till May, 1S30, wlien, dissatisfied with the aspect of internal ail'airs, he resigned the pres- idency, and expressed a determination to leave the country. The people ere long became sensible of their injustice to his merit, and were soliciting him to resume the government, when Ids death, which liajipened in December, 1S80, pre- vented tlie accomplishment of their wishes. In jicrson he was thin, and lomewhat below the middle size, bnt ca- pable of great endurance ; his complex- ion sallow, and his eyes dark and pene- trating. His intellect was of the highest order, and his general character of that ardent, lofty cast, which is so well calcu- lated to take the lead among a people emerging from the yoke of tyranny. BOLLzVND, Sir William, an eminent lawyer and one of the barons of Exche- quer, was a member and one of the originators of the Koxburgh Club, and is often mentioned by Dr. Dibdin among the most ardent admirers of the literature of the olden times. B. 1773; d. 1840. BOLLANDUS, John, a learned Flem- ish Jesuit; onQ.of the compilers of the " Acta Sanetoram." D. 1005. B(n.OGNP:SE, Fkanoisco, the as- sumed name of Francis Grimaldi, an ex- cellent landsc:ipe painter, pupil of Anni- bal Caracci. D. 1080. BOLSEC, Jerome, a Carmelite friar of Paris. lie became for a time a Protest- ant, but again returned to the Catholic faitl), and marked his zeal against I'rot- esfantism in his lives of Calvin and Theodore Beza. D. 1582. BOIiSWERT, Scheldt, an engraver of the 17th centur\-, a native of Friesland, but who passed most of his life in Ant- werp ; distinguished for the excellence of his engravings from Rubens and Van- dvek. "BOLTON, Edmund, an English anti- quary of the 17th century ; author of "Elements of Armories," "Nero Cte- sar, or Mouarchie Depraved," &c. — Ro- BEKT, a Puritan divine ; author of a " Treatise on Happiness," &c. _B. 1571 ; d. 16:51. — Koiiicr.T, dean of Carlisle; au- thor of an "Essay on the Employment of Time," &c. 1). l7i)S.— Sir Willlvm, a captain in the British navy, and a ne- phew of Lord Nelson, commenced his cai'eer in 1733, as a midshij>man, on board the Agamemnon, commanded by his gallant uncle ; under whom he serv- ed with credit and ability on the most trying occasions, during a great part of the war. Although he did not obtain higher promotion, owing chiefly to his not being present in the ever-memora- ble battle of Trafalgar, (which Nelson emphatically regretted during the_ en- gagement,) his merits as a naval officer, his gentlemanly deportment, and above all, his humanitv, deserve to be record ed. B. 1777 ; d". 1830. BOLTS, William, an English mer- chant, of Dutch extraction, b. in 1740. He was invested with high employ in the East India Company's service, and realized a large fortune in India ; but being accused of a design to subvert the Indian government, he was arrested, sent to England, imprisoned, and sub- jected to a seven years' process, which dissipated his large fortune. He d. at last in a poor-house. Pie left a work " On Bengal," and " Considerations on the Affairs of India." BOLZANI, Urbano Valeeiano, a learned monk ; teacher of Greek at Venice, and the first who wrote a gram- mar of that language in Latin. D. 1524. BOMBELLI, Seb.vstian, an eminent Boloo-nese historical and portrait ])ainter. B. 1035 ; d. 1685. — RAriiAEL, a celebrated algebraist of the 10th century, and the first who invented a uniform method of workinir equations. B(J.Mr>ER(J, Daniel, a Dutch printer; whose Bible and Talmud are highly valued. D. 1549. BOMPART, Jean- Bai-tiste, a French republican vice-admiral, h. in 1757 ; brought into notice by his fighting a British frigate of 44 guns, witli his sliip, the Ambuscade, 36 guns, otF New York. His ship was taken, and himself made prisoner, during the expedition to Ire- land in 1798. lie always retained his steady republican feelings daring Bona- parte's imperial ascendency, and even during the Hundred Davs. BON ST. HILARY, Fkancis Xavier, alearned French writer; author of "Me- moire sur Ics Marrones d'lnde," &c. D. 1761. BON J CYCLOPAEDIA OF UIOGRAPIIV. 177 BONA, John, Cardinal; author of Bcveral devotional works. Kaised to tlie cardinalate by Clement IX. D. 1G74. BONA MY, Pktek Nicholas, a French ecclesiastic; historiotrraplier of Paris, librarian of St. Victor, and conductor of the journal of Verdun, a clever periodi- cal work. lie also contributed largely to the Memoirs of the Academy of In- Bcriptions. B. 1G94; d. 1770. — A gener- al ; one of the conquerors of Najilcs, in 17S9. In charging; the principal redoubt at Moskwa, he received twenty bayonet wounds, and was left in tlie hands of the Eussians. lie returned to France in 1814. B. 1764. BONANNI, Philit, a learned Jesuit of Eome ; author of a "History of the Church of tlic Vatican;" ''Collection of the Medals of the Popes," &c., &c. D. 1725. BONAPARTE. The name of a Corsi- can family which has been made for ever illustrious by the prodigious military genius of one of its members, the late emperor of the French. The most au- thentic genealogical documents ascribe a Florentine origin to the family, and trace them back to the year 1120, when one of them was exiled from Florence as a Ghibclline ; and in 1332 we find that John Bonaparte \ya» podeda of that city. In 1404, his descendant and namesake, who was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Vis- conti, duke of Milan, married the niece of Pope Nicholas V. Ilis son, Nicho- las Bonaparte, (^written Buonaparte until ftfter Napoleon s first Italian campaign, when the u was dropped,) was ambas- sador from the same pontitf to several courts, and vicegerent of the holy see at Ascoli. In 15G7 Gabriel Bonaparte es- tablished himself at Ajaccio, and for several generations his descendants were successively heads of tlie elders of tliat city. But Napoleon Bonaparte ridiculed the pride of ancestry, and was eager on all occasions to declare that tlie exalted station he had attained was due to his own merits alone. — Carlo, his father, was a respectable advocate at Ajaccio, in the island of Corsica. He liad studied law at Eome, but resigning the gown for the sword, lie fought under Paoli against the French, and when Corsica surrendered was reluctlantly induced to live under the French government. On this submission, being much noticed by the new governor. Count do Marbocf, he was appointed judge lateral of Ajaccio. D. in his 3'.ith year, of cancer in the sto- mach. — Marie Lktitie, whose maiden name was Eamolini, the wife of Carlo, a lady of great beauty and accomplish- ments, bore him fivo sons and three daughters, and lived to sec them elcva- ^p, ted to the higliest positions. — Napoleox, ^^ was b. on the l-'ith August, 1769, at Ajaccio. He was educated at tlie mili- ta'iy school of Bricnne from 1779 to 17S4. His conduct there was unexceptionable. He seems to have cultivated mathematics more than any other branch of study. He was fond of the history of great men, and Plutarch seems to Iiave been his favorite author, as he is with most young persons of an animated character. For languages he manifested little taste. He made himself well acquainted with the French classics. From the military school at Bricnne, he went with nigh recommendations to that of Paris. In 17S6 he commenced his military career, being appointeel in that year second lieutenant in the regiment of artillery La Fere, after a successful examination, one year after the death of his father. While at the school in Paris, young Bonaparte expressed a decided dislike of the dis- cipline and mode of living there, which he thougiit by no means fitted to prepare the pupils for the privations of a military life. Napoleun, then 20, was at Paris at the epoch of the 10th of August. In September he returned to Corsica. The celebrated Paoli, who had acted as lieu- tenant-general in the service of France, had, meanwhile, been proscribed, with twenty other generals, as a traitor, and a price set on his head. In Jlay, 1793, Paoli raised the standard of revolt to secure his own safety, and threw oft" the yoke of the convention. He assembled a eonsulta of the Coi'sican malcontents. Bonaparte openly opposed the views of Paoli, and a war broke out between the adherents of that leader and those of France. Many excesses were committed, and Paoli went so far as to make attempts upon the persons of young Bonaparte and his family. But Bonaparte suc- ceeded in conducting them safely to France, where they retired to La Valette, near T1 he signed the prelimi- naries of peace with England. In 1802 he was declared first consul for life. In T*04 lie was made emporrir. In 1^05 he was declared king of Italy. Hostilities ajrain breaking out wiili Austria, he won the Itaftlcs of W(-rtingiien, Ourlzbnrirh, Mcmminghcn, Elchingcn, crqitured Ulm and an entire army, and taking Vienna and fiirhting the battles of Diernestoin, and -Xusterlitz, he forced the Aus"rians to sifjn the treaty of I'reshnrrh. The rear 1806 may be regarded as the era of bis king-making. New dynasties were •reuted by him, and princes promoted or transferred according to his will ; the crown of Naples he bestowed on his brother Joseph, that of Holland on Louis, and of Westphalia on Jerome ; while the Confederation of the Khlne was called into existence to give stability to his extended dominion. Prussia again declared war : but the disar^trous batt-'o of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both she and Eussia were glad to make peace with the French emperor in 1807. Na- poleon now turned his eye on Spain. After taking measures to bring about the abdication of Charles IV. and the resignation of Ferdinand, he sent 80,000 men into that country, seized all the strong places, and obtained possession of the capital. In 1809, while his ar- mies were thus occupied in the Pen- insula, Austria again ventured to trj- her strength with France. Napo- leon thereu])on left Paris, and at the head of his troops once more entered the Austrian capital, gained the decisive victory of Wagram, and soon concluded a peace ; one of the secret conditions of wliich was, that he should have his marriage with Josephine dissolved, and unite himself to the daughter of the emperor, Francis II. His former mar- riage was accordingly annulled; Jose- phine, with the title of ex-empress, re- tired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles from Paris ; and he espoused the arch- duchess Maria Louisa, in April, 1810. The fruit of this union was a son, who was styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied with the conduct of Russia, he now put himself at the head of an invadinnr army, prodigious in number, and admirably appointed, and marched with his numer- ous allies towards the enemy's frontiers. This eventful campaign against Russia may be said to have opened on the.2-2d June, on which day he issued a procla- mation, wherein, with his usual oracular brevity, he declared that his "destinies were about to be accomplished." On the 28th June he entered Wilna, where he established a provisional government, while he assembled a general diet at War- saw. In the mean time the French army continued its marcli, and passed the Nie- men on the 2">d, 24th, and 25th June, arriving at Witepsk on the way to Smo- lensko, in the early part of July. In tlie march it obtained several victories, and the Russians finding their enemy too powerful in open contest, contented ' themselves ibr the most part in wasting the country, and adiling to the severities I and operation of the Russian climate j upon a southern soldiery. The French kon] C'VCI.Or.KDIA OF BIOGKAPIIV. 179 army, however, undauntedly proceeded, until arrivln,!r near Moscow on tlie 10th September, the famous battle of Boro- dino was foutjht, so fatal to both parties, and in which 6O,000 are supposed to have perished. Napoleon notwithstand- i)ig pressed on to Moscow, from which the Russians retreated, as also the greater part of tlie inhabitants, who abandoned it by order of the governor. Count Rostopc'liin. "When, therefore. Napoleon entered the celebrated capital, four days after the battle, he found it for the most part deserted and in flames. This strong measure saved the Kussian empire, by completely destroying the resources of Napoleon. After' remain- ing thirty-five days in the ruins of this ancient metropolis, exposed to every species of privation, retreat became ne- cessary, amid one of the most striking scenes of human suffering ever experi- enced. Hunger, cold, and the sword attended the wretched fugitives all the way to Poland, and the narrative of Count Segur, who details all the events and their effect on Napoleon, possibly forms the most appalling picture in modern history. On the IHh Decem- ber, Napoleon entered Paris at night, and on tlie following day a bulletin, with no great concealment of their extent, disclosed his losses. Early the next month he presented to the senate a de- cree for levying 850,000 men which was imanimously agreed to, and he forth- with began preparations to encounter the forces' ot Kussia and Prussia, now once more in combination. On the 2d May, they met at Lutzen, and the allies retired, on which Austria undertook to oiediate, but not succeeding, the battle of Bautzen followed, in which the Frencli were victorious. On the 20th May, an armistice took place, and liego- tiations were opened, which proved fruitless ; and Austria was at length in- duced to join the allies. On tliis im- portant event, Napoleon endeavored to reach Berlin, while the allies sought to occupy Dresden, which attempt induced him to return and rci)ulse them in the battle of Dresden, on which occasion, Moreau, who had come from Paris to flight under the banner of the confeder- ates, was mortally wounded. At Icntrth these equivocal contests terminated in the famous battle of Leipsic, fousht on the 16th, 18th, and 19th October, which was decisive of the war as to Germany. The French loss was immense; Prince Pouiatowski of Poland was killed, iif- teon general officers were wounded, and twenty-three taken prisoners ; and of 184,000 men, opposed to 300,noo, n?t more than G0,Ouu remained. On this great victory, the Saxons, Bavarians, Westphalians, in a word, all the con- tingent powers declared for the allies. Napoleon returned to I'aris, and inter- rupted the compliment of address, by thus stating the disagreeable fact, that " within tlie last year all Europe marched with us, now all Europe is leagued against us." lie followed up this avowal by another demand of 800,000 men. The levy was granted, and on the 26th January, he again headed his army, and the allies having passed the Rhine early in the same month, in the succeeding month of February were fought the bat- tles of Dizier, Brienne, Camp Aubert, and Montmirail, with various success ; but nov,' the advanced guard of the Rus- sians entered into action, and Napoleon was called to another quarter. The san- guinary conflicts of Montereau and No- gent followed, in which the allied forces suffered very severely, and were obliged to retire upon Troyes. Early in ilareh the treaty of alliance was concluded be- tween Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, by which each was bound not to make peace but upon certain condi- tions. This was signed at Chatillon, on the 15th March, and made known to Napoleon, who refused the terms. His plan was now to get into the rear of the combined army, and by this mano?uvre to endeavor to draw them off from Paris ; but the allies gaining possession of his intentions by an intercepted letter, has- tened their progress, and on the 30th March attacked the heights of Chau- mont, from which they were repulsed with great loss. At length, however, their extensive array bore on so many points, that on the French being driven back on the barriers of Paris, Marshal Marmont, who commanded there, sent a flag of truce, and proposed to deliver up the city. Napoleon hastened from Fontainbleau, but was apprised iava leagues from Paris of the result. lie accordingly returned to Fontainbleau, where he commanded an afmy of 50.000 men, and the negotiation ensued which terminated with his consignment to the island of Elba, with the title of ex-cm- peror, and a pension of two millions of livres. He displayed becoming firmness on this occasion, and on the 20th April, after embracing the officer commanding the attendant grenadiers of his guard, and the imperial eagles, he departed tc his destination. Not loiij; al^er, secretU ISO CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [BON embarkiu* in some hired feluccas, ac- companiea with about 1'200 men, he landed ou the 1st Marcli, 1S14, iu the guh" of Juan, in Trovence. lie imme- diately issued a proclamulion, announ- cing his intention to resume the crown, of "which "treason had robbed him," and proceeding to Grenoble, was at once welcomed by the commanding officer, Labedoycre, and iu two days after he entered Lyons, where ho experienced a similar reception. In Lyons he pro- ceeded formully to resume all the func- tions of sovereignty bj' choosmg coun- sellors, generals, and prefects, and pub- lishing various decrees, one of which was for abolishing tiie noblesse, of whom tlie restored faniily had already made the French people apprehensive, and another proscribing the race of Bourbon. Thus received and favored, he reached Paris on the 20th March without draw- ing a sword. In the capital ho was re- ceived with the loud acclamations of " Vive I'Einpereur !" and was joined by Marshal Ncy, and the generals Drouet, Lallemand, and Lefebvre. Ou the fol- lowing day he reviewed his army, re- ceived general congratulations, and an- nounced the return of the empress. On opening the assembly of representatives, ou tiie 7th June following, he talked of establishing a constitutional monarchy. But by this time the allies were once more in motion, and having collected an im- mense supply of stores and ammunition, he quitted Paris on the r2th of the same mouth, to march and oppose their pro- gress, lie arrived on the loth at Avcs- hes, and on the 14th and 16th fought the partially successful battles of Fleurus and Ligny. On the ISth o(?curred the signal and well-known victor}' of Water- l<;o, in which the British made so suc- ci'ssful a stand under the duke of Wel- lington, until aided into decisive victory Va' the timely arrival of the Prussians under Bulow. In the battle, out of 9"), 000 men, it is thought that the French lost nearly 50,000. Napoleon immedi- ately returned to Paris, but the charm was now utterly dissolved; and, soured by tlie result of the battle, and fearing another occupation of the capital, a Btrong party was openly formed against liim, and even his friends urged him to abdicate. He was prevailed unon at length, with some difficulty, to talce this Btep in favor of his son. For some time he entertained the idea of embarking for America ; Viut fearful of Britisli cruisers, he at length determined to throw him- Bolf on the generosity of the only people who had never materially yielded to his influence. He accordingly resigned him- self, ou the l")th July, into the hands of Captain Maitland, of the Bcllerophou, then lying at Eochfort, and was exceed- ingly anxious to laud iu England. On giving himself up, ho addressed the prince regent iu a well-known letter, in which he compared himself to Themis- tocles. It is impossible to dwell on the minutiaB of his conduct and reception, or ou the circumstances attendant on his consignment for safe custody to St. Helena, by the joint determination of the allies. For 'this, his tiual destina- tion, he sailed ou the 11th August, 1S15, and arrived at St. Helena on the 13th of the following October. The rest of his life is little more than a detail of gradual bodily decay; rendered, however, stri- king by the narrative of his remarks, conversation, and literary employment, among the few faithful courtiers and officers allowed to accompany him. After a few years, he was taken with cancer in the stomach. He bore the excruciating torture of his disease for six weeks with great firmness, generally keeping his eyes fixed ou a portrait of his son, which was placed near his bed. From the beginning he refused medicine as useless ; and his last words, uttered in a state of delirium on the morning of his death, were, " Mou fils !" soon after- wards, ' " tete d'armee !" and lastly, " France." This event took place on ou the 5th May, 1821, iu the 52d year of his age. He was interred, according to his own desire, near some willow trees and a spring of water, at a place called Haiuc's Valley, his funeral being attended by the highest military honors. Thus terminated the eventful and daz- zling career of Napoleon Bonaparte, ona of those extraordinary gifted individuals, who, lulling into a period and course of circumstances adapted to their peculiar genius, exhibit the capacity of human nature in the highest point of view.— Napoleox Fkancis Cuarles Joseph, duke of Reiclistadt, only son of the Em- peror Napoleon bj' his second wife, Maria Louisa of Austria. After his fa- ther's downfall, he was wholly under the care of his grandtather, the emperor of Austria. lie was from infancy of a weakly constitution, and a rapid decline terminated his life iu 18'32, at the early age of 21 . It would appear, from a work by M. do Montbcl, entitled " Le Due do lleichstadt," that the young Napoleon possessed many amiable (qualities, and was greatly beloved by those who knew bon] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 181 him; wliile he had all the enthusiasm and passion ot" youth in cxlrcnio force, alternating^ witli a distrust, a caution, and a rapidity in fathoming,' the charac- ters of tiie persons with whom he was necessarily broupjlit into contact, which are tlie usiuil qualities of a. 1745. BOND, John, an English physician ; author of critieal notes on Horace, Per- pius, and other classics. D. 1612. — Oliver, a famous Irish associate with Kapper Tandy and Theodore Wolfe Tone, in the Irish rebellion of 1707-8. He was arrested in 17'J8 ; terms were made with the trovcrnment to send him to America; but he was found dead (with apoplexv, as reported) in prison. B. 1720. BONDAjr, Peter, a famous Dutch writer of voluminous and useless com- niencarics. B. 1727 ; d. 1800. BUNDI, Clement, the poetical Delille of the Italians; author of the "Conver- sazione," which resembles Cowper's Task ; '• The ^-Encid," translated in versi seiolti, &e. D. 1816. BuNDY, Count de, a French liberal, but keeping aloof from the revolution- ary tenipi'st till he was called into emi- nent public service by Napoleon, who made him his ehambcrlam in 1805. From that time he always remained faithful to him, attending most of his campaigns. As prefect of the Ehone, during the Hundred Davs, he urged constitutional and reformmg measures on his patron. He always sat with the parti'e gauche, when elected deputy de L'Indre, in 1818, and advocated liberal measures. B. 1766. B(.)NE, IIenuy, a celebrated enamel oainter, who, by the force of his own genius, raised himself and his art to a high pitch of eminence. He n'as b. at Truro, in Cornwall, on the 6th of Feb- ruary, 1755, and was apprenticed to ft china painter in Bristol, which place he subsequently left Ibr London. Here he for a eousiilerable time wcirked lor the jewellers, but was during the whole of this period devoting a very energetic and ingenious mind to his art, which he so thoroughly mastered, that when, in 1794, he cxlui)ilcd an enamel after a pic- ture by Sir .loshua Eeynokls, it attract- ed iiuivcrsal admiration. His pictures thenceforth were eagerly sought for by the royal family and the lovers of art, and he obtained very high prices, and was elected into the Koyal Academy. Amongst a vast number of paintings, te producetl one which nnist be considered a phenomenon by all who are acquainled with the technical processes of the art; this wa6 the Bacchus and Ariadne, after Titian, the dimensions of which were eighteen inches by sixteen. Mr. Bov.-lcs of Wanstead purchased it ibr 2,2i!0 guineas. Mr. Bone's great celebrity was derived from his being the first to trans- fer to enamel the splendor of color, which the great tiesh masters had de- picted in oil. This, surrouniled as it was with the mechanical ditiiculties of enamelling, was only perfected by his making numerous technical discoveries, and possessing naturally great ability ibr ])ainting. His genius for art, his mechanical invention, his undaunted perseverance, and unwearied industry, iniited as they were to a most benevo- lent and manly nature, combined to render him a great man. Besides the numerous enamels he annually pro- duced both for foreign and English pur- chasers, he transferred to his almost in- destructible material, all the authentic portraits of the Elizabethan period, form- ing a national series and a splendid por- trait gallery. This noble collection was unfortimately dispersed after his death, the purchase having been declined by the government. D. 1S34. BONEFACIO, Vexetiano, an Italian painter of eminence. D. 16o0. BONER, Ulrich, the most ancient German fabulist, was a Dominican friar of Berne, in the 14tli century. He pub- lished his fal)les under the title of " Der Edelstcin," (The Gem.) BONET, Theophilvs, a celebrated German physician ; author of several learned works. ]). 1689. BONIIOMME, Dui-LN-, P. J. B., b. in 1737 ; a respectable conventionalist, and friend of modern liberty, who perished in 17'.i3 by tiic revolutionar,y tribunal. BONIFACE, St., whose name was WiLFKiu, a saint of the Koman calen- dar, w.as a native of Enijland, and made archbishop by Henry 111. He travelled through many parts of Germany, of which country he was called the apostle ; and after reclaiming many from jiagan- ism, he was slain by some peasants in Friesland, in 754.— The name assmned by nine popes ; but the lives of whom present nothing worthy of particular notice. — A coun't of the Roman empire in the 5th century, and an inlitnata 184 CYCLOP.V.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [boo friend of St. Augustin, at whose desire be devoted himself to public affairs. He was slaiu in a desperate contest with Aetius, in 4 52. BONIFACIO, Balthaz^vr, a learned Venetian, bishop of Capo d'Istria; au- thor of •■ Ilistoria Ludicia," Latin po- ems, &c. D. 1659. BON J OUR, William, a French monk, and missionary to China ; author of " Dissertations on the Scripture," &c. T). 1714. BONNEFONS, John, a French writer of Latin poems, which arc printed with those of Beza, in Barbau's edition of 1757. B. 1554; d. 1014. BONNELL, James, accomptant-gen- eral of Ireland in the reign of James II.; remarkable for his firmness and integri- ty in the discharge of his public duty in a" troublesome and perilous time. Some " Meditations" of his, printed with his "Life," written by Arclideacon Hamil- ton, sliow him to "have been a man of considerable intellect. B. li'.5:3 ; d. 1699. BONNEll, Edmund, an Eaglish pre- late, notorious for his persecution of the Protestants during the reign of Queen Mary. On the accession of Queen Eliza- betli he refused to take the oath of su- premacy, and was committed to the Marsha'lsea, where he remained nearly ten ycarsJ. D. 1569. BONNET, CiiAKLES, a distinguished naturalist of Geneva; autlior of "In- sectology," " Essay on riiysiology," " Considerations on Organized Bodies," &c. B. 1720; d. 1793. BONNEVAL, Claudius Alexander, count of, a French adventurer, son-in- law .of Marslial Biron. After serving under Prince Eugene against the Turks, resentment at having been imprisoned for challenging the prince caused him to go over to llie Turks, and become a Mussulman. His services were highly valued by the Grand Seignior, who gave him the title of Achrnct Pacha, and raised him from rank to rank, till he be- came masicr of the ordnance. D. 1747. BONNEVIE, Abhic, a great preacher of funeral orations over the Bonaparte family and Bonapartists ; and cquaHy zealous in preaching funeral orations for the Bourbons, after their fall. " Is the abbe as virulent a;;ainst the tyrant as ever?" asked Napoleon, in passing his cure, on returning from Elba. But the abbe had disappeared. B. 1764. BONNEVILLE, a poet of the French revolution, who was tiie friend of Con- dorcet. La Fayette, and Paine, and was with Kosciusko when he fell. Though accused by Marat, in the National Con- vention, as an aristocrat, he was so far from being an ultra in his views a3 to denounce Bonaparte (on his becom- ing emperor) as tlie Cromwell of France, wiien the latter suppressed his periodi- cal, the "Bien Informc." Among hia works are "Theatre Allemand," " Poe- sies Ecpublicanes," " Nouveau Code Coniugal," " Esprit des Keligions," &c. B. 1760. BONNIER, a French republican, who was sent as a plenipotentiary to a "con- ference" with Prince Metternich, in 1799, at Rastadt ; but the negotiation was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier was murdered between that town and Strasburg, and his papers taken away. Bonnier's seat in the Council of Ancients was for two years after covered with crape, as a testimony of respect. B. 1750. BONNINGTON, RicnARO P.vbkes, a British artist of great merit and of sin- gular ])recocity. "At 3 years old he could sketch most of the objects he saw, and at 15 was admitted to "draw in the Lou- vre at Paris. After visiting Italy he brought back many able specimens of his works, and finished a successful, though brief career, at the age of 27, in 1828' BONNYCASTLE, John, professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Acad- emv, Woolwich ; author of " Tiie Sohol - lar's Guide to Arithmetic," "The Ele ments of Geometry," " A Treatise upon Astronomy," &c. D. 1821.— Chap.lks, a son of tiic preceding, became an emi- nent professor of natural philosophy, at the university of Virginia, and wrote several cxcelient mathematical works. I). 1840. BONNSTETTEN, Charles Von, a learned and voluminous German writer, the friend of Matthison, Sails, and Fred- ericka ISnm. B. 1745; d. 1S32. BONOMl, Joseph, an Italian architect of considerable taste and genius, from whose design the Roman Catholic chapel near Manchester-square was erected. D. 180S. BONTEMPI, Giovanni Andrea An- GKLixr, an Italian musician of the 17th century; author of "Nova qnatuor Vocibiis coinponendi Methodus," &c. BOOKER, Luke, a clergyman of the church of England, distinguished for his literary acquirements, was b. at Not- tingham, in 1672; took holy orders in 1785; and eventually became the vicar of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author of many "works, viz., "Poems" on vari- ous occasions ; " Christian Intrepidity," boh] CYCLOP.iiDIA OF UIOUKAI'IIY. 185 *' Calista, or tlio Picture of Jlodcrn Life," " EntlianaHia, the State of Man after Death," "Discourses and Disser- tations;" and a variety of otliers. D. 18:35. BOONE, Danikl, one of tlie earliest settlers in Kentucky, was b. in ViriiiLL-s de, a French physician; author of '•Recherches sur quelques pointes de THistoire de la Medecine_," &c. D. 1770. BORDELON, Laurence, a volumi- nous Frencli writer; author of "Dia- logues for the Living;" "Curious yari- eties ;" several dramatic pieces, Solmone on Marco Antonio Borgheso, the son of his bro- ther, Giovanni Battista; granted him a revenue of §150,000, and obtained for him the title of a grandee of Spain. AiHithcr of his nephews, Scipione Calfa- relli, he created cardinal, unci made him adopt the name of Borghese. From Mar- co Antonio Borghesc, prince of .Solmonc, is descerided the rich tamily of Borghcae, which is continued in the prince Ca- millo Borghcse, and his brother, Fran- cesco prince B. Aldobrandini. — Makia 1'aulink, princess, the beautiful sister of Napoleon, was b. at Ajaccio, October 20th, 1780. When the British oceunied Corsica, in 1793, she went to Marseilles, where she was on the point of marrying Freron, a member of the convention, and son of that critic whom Voltaire made famous, wlien another lady laid claim to iiis hand. She afterwards mar- ried Gen. Leelerc, with whom she em- bark'-d, 1801, for St. Dominijo, and was called by the poets of the fleet, the Ga- latea of' the Greeh, the reniis mariiui. She was no less courageous than beau- tiful, for when the nesrroes, under Cliris- tophe, stormed Cape Francois, where she resided, and Leelerc, who could no lon- ger resist the assailants, ordered his lady and child to be carried on shipboard, Bhe yielded only to force. After his death she married, in 1803, the prince Caraillo Borghcse. Her son died at Eoine soon after. With Napoleon, who loved her tenderly, she had many dis- putes, and as many reconciliations ; for she would not always follow the caprices of his policy. Yet even the proud style in which she demanded what her bro- thers beirsed, made her the more attract- ive to her brother. Once, however, when she for^rot herself towards the empress, whom she never liked, she was obliged to leave the court. She was yet in disgrace at Nice, when Na- poleon resigned his crown in ISlt; upon which occasion she immediately acted as a tender sister. Instead of re- mainiu!? at her palace in Rome, she set out for Elba t' join her brother, and acted the part ot meiliutrix between him and the other membt-rs of his family. Before the battle of Waterloo, she placed nil her diamonds, which were of great CYCLOP-EUIA v:>F iUOGKAPHY. 181 value, at the disposal of her brother. Tiiey were in his carriage, which was taken in that buttle, and were shown publicly at London, lie intended to liave returned them to her. She lived, afterwards, separated from her husband, at Rome, where she occupied part of the palace Borghcse, and where she possessed, fronriSlG, the villa Sciarra. iler house, in which taste and love of the fine arts prevailed, was the centre of the most splendid societv at Eomfa. D. lS2-i. BOKGTA, C.ESAn, a natural son of Pope Alexander VI. lie no sooner heard of his father's exaltation to the papal chair, than he left Pisa, where he was fixed for his education; but the anibitious prospects which he had form- ed were checked by the coolness with which Alexander received him. He complained to his mother, Vanozza, who for a while quieted his impatience, but he was dissatisfied to see the dukedom of Gandia conferred upon his elder bro- ther, Francis, whilst the primacy of Valenza only was reserved for himself. Afterwards," by the influence of liis mother, whose greatest favorite he was, over three other sons and a daughter called Lucretia, the dignity of cardinal was conferred upon him, and he became the friend and confidant cf hts father's councils. The elevation of Ffancis, how- ever, to secular power continued to ex- cite his jealousy, so that at once tosrratify malice and revenge, he caused his un- happy brotiier to be murdered, and thrown into the Tiber, where his man- gled carcass was a few days after found. The pope bitterly lamented his late, but all his inquiries i^fter the nuirderer were silenced by Vanozza, who, justly sus- pected as an accomplice, terrified the astonished father, by declaring that if lie did not desist, the same dagger was ready to stab him to the heart. Cajsar^ succeeded to his brother's honors and fortune, when he resigned the dignity of cardinal, that he might with greater lat- itude gratify his avarice, ambition, and cruelty. Bands of assassins were kept around him, who sacrificed to his pleas- \ire both friends and foes ; bat his nuir- dcrous schemes once liked to have re- coiled upon himself. United with liis father in the attempt to poison nine newly-created cardinals, whose posses- sions" they coveted, the wine was by mistake brought to them, and, drinking of it, the piipe died, and Ciesar barely escaped. Ilis crimes were now too pub- lic to bo unnoticed. Thoush lately 188 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGKAPIIV. [bor raised to tho dukedom of Valentinois by Louis XII. he wus stripped of all his dignities, und seat a prisoner to Spain, but he escaped to the court of his bro- ther-in-law, John, king of Navarre; and after trying in vain to restore his fallen fortunes, he engaged in tlic civil war, by whieli his brother's kingdom was distracted, and was killed by the stroke of a spear, under the walls of Viana, March l'2th, 1507. He appears to have been a skilful and intrepid soldier, of moderation in his habits, and, what is still more strange, a lover of poetry and art. — Stkk.vni, a cardinal, was a native of Valletri. He had an enthusiastic love for art, and throughout life devoted great attention to the collection of rcHcs. ft was usual with him to change a valua- ble piece of plate for some rare article to adorn his museum ; and on one occasion, to purchase an Egyptian munmiy, he even parted with the plate from his ta- ble, and the buckles from his shoes. Pius VI. created him cardinal in 1789; and tho succeeding pope named Cardinal Borgia president of the council when the French garrison evacuated Eomc. He was the author of some works in support of the papal temporalities. D. 1804. BC)RIE, Jea.x, one of the most vio- lent cif the French revolutionists, and inventor of tlie " Farandoles." He was a lawyer. B. about 1770; d. 1805, in e.xile. BORIS, Gadexow, grand master of the horse to Theodore Ivaiiowitz, empe- ror of Russia. He is said to have put to death both the emperor's brother and the emperor himself; and it is certain that at the death of tiic latter Boris be- came emperor. He governed cruelly and tvrannieally, but d^ suddenly, just as Russia was invaded by a Polish" army, which was headed by a young jnonk, • who pretended to be Demetrius, the de- ceased brother of Theodore, in KJOS. BOR J .A., Fkancis de, a Spanish poet nntl statesman, a descendant from Pope Alexander VI., wa.s appointed viceroy of Peru, in lOM, and jroverned tliat prov- ince in a manner which was honorable to liim. He returned to Spain in 1021, and cidtivated literature. As a poet, he is most esteemed for his lyrical compo- sitions. D. 1688. BORLACE, Edmund, the son of one of the lords-justices of Ireland, was edu- cated at Dublin, and settled as a physi- cian at Chester. His principal work is a " Ili.storj' of the Irish Rebellion." D. 1G82. BORLASE, WiLLiA^ii, an antiquary and topographer, was b. KitKi, atPendeen, in Cornwall, was educated at Oxford, and, till tlie end of his days, rector of Ludg- van and vicar of St. J ust, in liis native county. The first of these preferments he obtained in 1722. In 1749 he was made F.R.S.,.and, in 1766, LL.D. His chief works are, the " Antiquities His- torical and Monumental of the County of Cornwall ;" " Observations on the Scilly Islands ;" and a " Natural History ot Cornwall. D. 1772. BORN, Ign.vtius, baron ; an eminent German mineralogist and writer ; au- thor of a treatise on " Tiie Process of Amalgamation," &c., &e. B. 1742; d. 1791. BOROWLASKI, Count, the celebra- ted Polish dwarf, who, althoui^h less than three feet in heiglit, was of perfect symmetry, and attained the age of 98. He had been prevailed upon by some of the clergy of Durham, who liad casually seen lam when on his "travels," 40 years before his death, to take up his abode near that city. He spoke several languages, was generally well informed and witty, and his company was ac- cordingly much courted by the gen- try of Durham and its vicinity. T). 1837. BORRI, Joseph Feancls, a native of Milan, who distinguished himself by hia extravagant pretensions as a chemist, a heretic, and n quack. After playing for some time tlie prophet at Rome, he re- turned to Milan, where ho attached to liirnsclf great multitudes, from whose credulity he exacted a great deal of money, under oath of secresy, with the expectation tliat the kingdom of God was going to be established on earth. His schemes were so well concerted tiiat he nearly seized the sovereign i)Owcr by means of his adherent^;, l)Ut was at last forced to tly. The Inquisition passed sentence of condemnation on his char- acter, and jMiblicly burnt his effigy and Ids writings, in 1660. From Stras- burg, v/herc he had retired, he went to Airisterdam, and there for some time figured as a character of superior dignity and uncommon \irtucs. lie was respec- ted and courted as a universal physi- cian, till a revolution in his fortune drove him away from that country too, yet loaded witli the borrowed jewels of the credulous Hollanders. At Hambur? he obtained the protection of Christina, queen of Sweden, by pretending to find the pliilosopher's stone ; and lie gai>"»-^ the same confidence at Copenhagen, iV«io 3 OS J CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGKAIMIV. 189 the kinw of Denmark. Thouph his hy- potrisy at hist beeuiiie known to his illiislrioiis patrons, he e.-iinetl his wislics in tlie liberality of their rewards, and attempted to retire to Iluii^'ary. Bein^ however aecidentally seized as a spy, his name was reported' to the emperor of Germany in the presence of the papal niineio, "who claimed him as an exeom- munieated heretic. The emperor coii- sented to deliver him \\\\, provided his life was spared, and JJoi ri was conveyed to Kome, and condemned to perpetual imprisomncnt, which was however soft- ened by the interference of the duke of Estrees, whom he cured in a dan<;erons illness. D. at the castle of St. Angelo, in 1695, aught in the royalist army; and after the cam- paign in 1800, accompanied his father to England, and was residing with him at Wanstead-IIouse in 1804, when his son, the Duke d'Engliien, was mur- dered. The duke's death is attributed to the excitement of his mind respecting the revolution of July, lS:jO. His prop- erty he left by will to the Duke d'Au- male, third son of Louis Philippe, king of the French, with the exceptysn of e large bequest to Sophia Dawes, barones; de Feucneres, an Englishwoman, witl: whom he lived. D. 1830. — Nicholas, i French poet, author of "Nugse," a col lection of Latin epigrams ; a didacti' poem, called "Ferraria;" a trcati* "De pucrorum moribus," &c. D. lool — Nicholas, nephew of the above, pro fessor of Greek, author of ''An Impr ■ cation ntrainst the Parricide of Hcu» ,' IV.," &c. D. 1644. BOURCIIIER, Thomas, cardinal, a-.d archbishop of Canterbury. He crowned no fewer than three kinirs, viz.. E-lw- rd IV., Richard III., and llenry VII. D. 148(5. — JoHM, Lord Berners, a military commander of great skill and repute in the reigns of Henry VII. and VI II., by the latter of whom he was made gov- ernor of Calais, author of a translation of " Froissart," " The Life of Marcus Aurelius," &c. D. 1532. BOURDALOUE, Louis, a Jesuit, and a JYencli preacher of consummate elo- quence; was b. at Bourgjs, in 1632. The reputation which he acciuircd by preaching in the country, inuuced his superiors to send him to Paris, where he immediately acquired popularity, and became the favorite preacher of Louis XIV., who sent him into Langucdoe, to convert the Protestants. The latter part of his life was spent in visiting the sick, and the prisons, and in other works of charity. His sermons occupy 16 vol- umes,' and have often been reprinted. D. 1704. BOURDON, Sebastlvn, a painter of merit in various styles, but particularly in landscape ; was b. at Montpclier, in 1616, and studied at Rome, where he was the friend of Claude Lorraine. In 1652, wishing to avoid the civil wars which threatened France, he visited Sweden, and was patronized by Chris- tina. She made him a present of some pictures which Gustavus had brouirht from Dresden ; but on examininsr them. Bourdon disinterestedly told her tluit she ought not to part with so valuable a collection. Christina afterwards took them to Rome, and they at length fonued a part of the famous Orleans gallery. 196 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sotr Ho v.-as an engraver as well as a painter. 1). 1071. iJOLTKGEOlS, Sir Francis, whose pa- rents were Swiss, was born in London, iu 1756, and was designed for the army, but displayed such "an attachment to painting that he was placed under Loutherbourg. After having travelled for improvement, he became a royal ncadenueian. In 17'Jl he was appointed painter to the king of Toland ; and, in 17'J4, landscape painter to George III. The splendid collection of pictures which Mr. Desenfans had bequeathed to him. Sir Francis left to Dulwich college, with ten thousand pounds to build a gallery for them. D. 1811. BOUKGOING, John Francis, Baron de, was b. at Nevers, in 174S ; served early in the army, and successively acted as secretary of legation, and lastly as am- bassador at various courts. Of his wri- tinirs, the principal are, the "Picture of Modern Spain," 3 vols.: and "Histori- cal and Philosophical Memoirs of Pius VI. I). ISll. BOURIGNON, Antoinetta, a fanatic, \). at Lisle, in 161G. She came into the world so very deformed that a consulta- tion was hekl in the family some days about stifling her as a monstrous birth. But if she sunk almost beneath humanity in her exterior, her interior seems to have been raised as much above it ; for at 4 years of age she not only took notice that "the people of Lisle did not live up to the principles of Christianity which they professed, but was thereby dis- turbed 80 much as to desire a removal into some more Christian country. Hav- ing an aversion to matrimony, she twice eloped from home to avoid it. The read- ing of mystical works inflamed her ima- gination," and she believed that she liad visions and ecstatic trances, in which fihe was commanded to restore the true evangelical spirit in the world. She wandered about incessantly, and w;vs expelled from many countries ; but she made numerous proselytes, among whom were men of abilities. D. at Franeker, in Holland, lObO. Her reve- ries fill 22 volumes. BOUKLIE, Anthonv dk Giiscard, Abbe dc la, wlio is known in English history as the Marrjuis de Guiscard; was b. in 'Quercy, in lij58, and entered the church. For some crime, however, he was compelled to fly. Failing in an attempt to spread the revolt of the (/'c- vcnncs, he took refuge in Englaml, where he received a pension from Queen Anno's ministers ; but having betrayed them to his own government, he was summoned before the privy council. There he stabbed Mr. Ilarley, and in return, was so dangerously wounded by some of the counsellors that he d. in Newgate, in 1711. BOUKNE, Benjamin, of Bristol, Ehode Island; was b. about the year 1755, and educated at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1775. He was conspicuous for talents and learn- ing, and spent a large part of his life in public and honorable employments. Ho was for some time a member of congress, ^nd in 1801 was appointed judge of the circuit court of the United States. D. 1808. — Vincent, one of the most elegant of modern Latin poets; was educated at Westminster and Trinity college, Cambridge, took his degree of M.A. in 1721, and d. undermaster of Westmin- ster school in 1747. Cowper describes him as having been the neatest of all men in his versification, the most slov- enly in his person ; and, as a poet, he thiiiks him not at all inferior to Ovid. BOUKKIENNE, Louis Antoine Fau- VELET DE, the secretary of Napoleon, whc had formed a friendship with him when they were scholars at Brienne, was b 17G"9, and studied law at Leipsic. When Napoleon was first consul he was made counsellor of state. Yet afterwards he was accused of not being sincerely at- tached to the government of Napoleon as emperor. He was an inconsistent and treacherous politician, and even wrote against Ins old patron and friend. His " Memoirs of Napoleon" have been proved to be, in some respects, unworthy of entire confidence. D. 1834. BOUKKIT, Mark Theodore, a native of Geneva, b. 1739, was a chanter in the cathedral of his native city. He is known to the public by his various jour- neys to the A1)is, and particularly to the glaciers and IMont Blanc; of which he published narratives in 1772 and 1785. The last of these works was reprinted in 1789, with a " Description of the Gla- ciers of the Pennine and Khetian Alps." I). 1819. B(JURSAULT, Edmund, a French writer, was b. at Muci TEveque, in Bur- gundy, 16-58, and though his father, a dissipated officer, to prevent him from knowing more than himself, would give him no education, he acc|uired a con- summate knowledge of the French lan- guage. He wrote'scveral comedies, par- ticularly " Esop in Town," and " Esop at Court," three romances, and other works of considerable merit, among BOW J CYCLOP.IiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 197 which may be mentioned " Lcttei-s to Babet." Eovirsaiilt was a man of nioilest mind and a fovglvin.ir spirit. 1). 1701. BOUKSIEK, Lawuknce Fkancis, a doctor of tlie Sorbonuc, wlio d. at Paris in 174'J, a.ired 70. He was author of several controversial books in divinity, and of an able treatise called " Taction do Dieu sur les creatures," 2 vols. 4to. or 6 vols. 12mo., which was attacked by Malebranclic. lie wrote also an address to I'ctcr the Great wiien he visited Paris, for tlie union of the Greek and Latin churches. — Philip, an ecclesiastic of Pa- ris, who was the first concerned in the " Nonvelles Ecclesiastiques" in 1727, in which he was assisted by Berger, d'Etc- mare, de Fcrnanville, and others. D. i7<;7. BOURVALAIS, Paul Poissox, a fa- mous French financier, who rose from obscurity to opulence and consequence, by industry, and afterwards by dishon- est means. lie was accused of having amassed a princely Ibrtune from the dis- tresses of the state during the Spanish succession war, and his vast wealth was forfeited. He was some time indemni- fied ; but his disgrace had broken a heart uaturally tierce and impatient. D. 1710. BOUTERWEK, Frederick, profes- sor of moral philosophy at (iottingen, a man of much merit as an academical in- structor and a writer on literature, was b. April 15th, 1706, at (.)la'r, a village not far from Goslar, in North Germany. After applying himself to many depart- ments of learning, inrisprudence, poe- try, &c., he at last became entirely de- voted to philosophy and literary history. Bouterwek has gained a pennancut reputation by his " History of lilodern Poetry and Eloquence," published ISOl -1821, a work which, though unequal in some respects, and in parts, especial- ly in the first volume, partial and s\iper- licial, is an excellent collection of notices and observations, and may be considered one of the best works of the kind in German literature. D. 1828. BOWDICH, Thomas Edward, a wri- ter in the service of the English African Company, was a native of Bristol, lie was selected to conduct a mission to the king of Ashantee, of which mission he published a very interesting account. lie again set out to explore the interior of Africa, and had already reached the river Gambia, wlien a fever, produced chiefly by anxiety, terminated his life in 1824. " lie was an excellent linguist and a pleasing writer ; and besides tlie work already mentioned, the public are in- ^ 17* debtcd to him for a translation of Mol- lah's " Travels to the Sources of the Sen- eo-al and Gambia," and otlier works. B. 1798. BOWDITCII, N.\TiiAMEL, j)resic.ent of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was b. at Salem, ^lass., March 2(5, 1773. On account of tlie straitened circumstances of his parents, he had no advantages of education than those af- forded by the common town schools of that period ; and he wa.s taken from school at the early period of 10 years. At the age of 12 or l:;, he ^ as ])laced as an apprentice, or clerk, in a ship-chandler's sliop, where he remained till he was 21. In his 22(1 year he wenfc to sea in the capacity of captain's clerk ; and he spent about nine years in a seafaring life, during which he made five voyages, four of tliem to the East Indies ; first as captain's clerk, afterwards as supercar- go, and finally as master. After relin- quishing his nautical life, he became, in 1804, president of a marine insurance company, in Salcin, which station he held till' 1823, when, on the establish- ment of the JIassachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Comjiany, in Boston, he was induced to leave his native place, and take charge of the institution. Notwith- standing his limited advantages of edu- cation, and his engagements, through life, in laborious employments, by his extraordinary genius, and almost eciually extraordinary economy of time, he gain- ed a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, Ital- ian, Spanish^ French, Portuguese, and German languages, made himself tke most eminent mathematician and astron- omer that America has produced, and did more for the reputation of his coun- try among men of science aliroad, than has been done by any other man, except, periiaps, Audulion and Dr. FranUlin. His tirst publication was his well-known " Practical Navigation," of which the first edition ap]ieared in 1802, while the author was ongatrcd in a sea- faring life, in the capacity of supercargo. From that period it has been the st;md- ard work on the subject ; and in point of practical utility, it is esteemed one of the most valuable works extant. Among his scientific labors were numerous and important communications to the Mem- oirs of the .\mcrican Acailemy ; but the great work \ipon wliicli his fame, as a man of science will principally rest, is his copious andprotimnd commentary upon the " Mechairuiue Celeste"' of L-i Place, of which he made the first entire trans- lation, and which he has elucidated in a 198 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [boy manner that commands the admiration of men of scieiK'c. D. IS'jS. BO WDLEK, Thomas, an English pliy- sioian ; author of " Letters from llol- kiid,"' and editor of the " Family Shak- speare," &q. B. 1754 ; d. 1825.— liAN.VAfi, was sister of the above ; autlior of '•roeins and Essays," and of some popu- lar "Sermons on "the Doctrines and Du- ties of Christianity.'' D. 1880. BOWDOIN, James, a governor of Massachusetts, was born at Boston, in tiie year 17'i7, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1745. He took an early stand aj'ainst the encroachments of the British government upon the provincial rights, and in 1774 was elected a delegate to the first congress. The state of his health prevented his attend- ance, and his place was afterwards filled by Jlr. Hancock. In 1778 he was chosen president of the convention which formed the constitution of Massachu- setts, and in 1785 was appointed gov- ernor of that state. He was a member of tlie Massacluisetts convention assem- bled to deliberate on the adoption of the constitution of the United States, and exerted himself in its favor. He was the first president of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, established at Boston in 178ti, and was admitted a member of several foiTign societies of distinction. D. at Boston, 17'J0. BOWEK, Archibald, a native of Dun- dee, b. in lOSiJ, was educated at St. Omer, entered tlie order of the Jesuits, and be- came a secounllor of the Inquisition, at My,cerata, iu the Papal States. He, how- ever, fled to England, in 17'2G, embraced the Protestant faith, and was patronized by persons of eminence. His sincerity was much doubted, and his conduct was attacked by many, particularly by Dr. Douglas, the detector of Lauder. iJovver conducted the " Historia Literaria;" wrote a very indiflerent " History of the Popes," and contributed largely to the •'Lniver.-al History." D. 1700. BOWLES, Kev. William Lisle, whose sonnets exercised no unimportant iufl.u- eiice on Englisli literature, was b. at Kintr's Sutton, in Nortliamptonshire, a parish of wliicii liis father was vicar, in 1762. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity college, (Jxford, where he took his degree in ll'.fz. On leaving the university he entered into holy orders, and was appointed to a curacy in Wilt- Rliire; from which he was [ireferred to a living in Gloucestershire, and in 180-'> to a canonry in Salisbury cathedral. His ui-xt step was to the rectory of Bremhill in Wiltshire, to which he was presented by Archbisliop Aloore. His first ap- pearance as a poet was in a small collec- tion of sonnets, which were published in 178i), and may be reckoned among the first-fruits of a new era in poetry. In these sonnets there were observed grace of expression, a musical versifica- tion, and especially an air of melancholy teuderncss, so congenial to the poetical temperament. The subsequent poems of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise of his youth. The chief of these were his " Hope, an Allegorical Sketch " " St. Michael's Mount," " Coombe Ellen," and " Grave of Howard." His " Spirit of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his Sroductions, was published iu 1804. Mr. owles published also an edition of Pope, which involved him in the famous controversy with Lord Byron — as well as a great variety of smiill tracts, litera- ry, antiquarian, and theological. He was, in fact, a very frequent, though he cannot be called a voluminous, contribu- tor to the literature of the present cen- tury. D. 1850. BOWYEE, "William, an eminent scholar and typograplier, was b. in London, in 1699, and al'ter having been for some time at St. John's college, Cambridge, became a partner with his father in the printing business. He was printer to various learned bodies, and to the house of lords. lie published several philological tracts, and added notes to many erudite works iVom his press; but his principal production is an edition of the New Testament in Greek, with conjectural emendations. D. 1777. BOXHOPvN, Mark Zuerius, professor of rhetoric, politics, and history, in the university of Lcyden ; author of a trea- tise on tlic Discovery of Printing, and of numerous Latin works, both prose and verse. B. 1612; d. 105:1. BOYCE, ^\'ILLIAM, doctor of music, and an eminent composer both of saerea and secular pieces. B. 1710; d. 1779. BOYD, Mark Alexander, an eminent Scotch writer; author of " Epistol» He- roidis," &c. B. 1562; d. 1001.— Hugh Macaully, a Scotch i)olitical writer, to whom, without any sufficing reason, the celebrated Jjetters of Junius were at ono time attributed. He accompanied Lord Macartney to Madras. D. 1791. — Rob- ert, an eminent Scotch divine, b. at Glasgow, in 1578; d. 1627. — Zachary, a Scotch divine of the 17tli century, and twice rector of the university of Glas- gow. Among various other works which boy] CYCLOP^KUIA OK HIOGHAPIIY. 199 he published, is "The Last Battle of the Soul ill Death;" mid ainon>^ the nu- merous JISS. ho left, id a collection of quaint poems, entitled, " Zioa'ri Flow- ers," popuhirly called " Zauhary Boyd's Bible.' D. l'i')3, leaving' a considerable lejracy to the Glasgow college. BUYDELL, John, a worthy alderman of London, and disUiiguislied encour- ager of the arts of painting and engrav- ing, b. at Dorington, in Shropshire, 1719, and intended for a land-surveyor, which was the profession of his fatiier; but chance having thrown in his way "Bad- deley's Views ofdilferent Country Seats," he determined on quitting the pen for the graver; and at above 20 years of age put himself apprentice for seven years to Mr. Toms, whom he served six years, and bought up the seventh. He then applied closely till he had engraved 152 prints, which he published in a book at the price of five guineas. AVith the profits of this he set about encour- aging other professors of the art; he discovered the talents of AVoollett, and employed him to engrave the two fa- mous pictures of '"Niobe" and "Phae- ton." He soon commenced a great foreign trade in English prints, and realized by his spirit of industry and enterprise a considerable fortune, form- ing too the well-known "Shakspeare Gallery." The long duration of the French war, however, having almost wholly stopped liis export trade, in which he had embarked large sums of money, he was, in the spring of 1804, induced to crave permission of parlia- ment to dispose of the "Shakspeare Gallerv" by lottery. D. 1S04. BO\'ELblEU,"ADBiAN, one of the most celebrated opera composers of France. He was b. at Kouen, 1775, but went early to Paris, where he was ap- pointed professor of the piano at the Conservatoire. He wrote " Ma Tante Aurora," and the "Calife de Bagdad," when he was made chapel-master to Alexander of Russia, and repaired to St. Petersburg. Li l>sll he returned to Paris, and wrote " Le Dot de Susette," "Jean de Paris," " Le Chaperon Eouge," and best of all, " La Dame Blanche." A sweet and natural melody, simple but agreeable accompaniments, an expres- sive gayety, and great variety, are the characteristic excellences of his style. D. 1S84. Buyer, Able, a well-known glossog- rapher; b. at Castres, in France, IMi. The work he is chiefly known by, is a very excellent " French and English, and English and French Dictionary." He wrote also " A French Grannnar" in English, which still retains a high rank in our schools. D. 1720. — .Jon.\ liArrisT Nicholas, a French physician, eminently skilful iu the treatment of infections dis- eases; author of a '• Pharmacopaeia," tracts on Contagious Disorders, cfcc. D. 1~6S. — Jkax PiEUKi;, a celebrated mu- latto president of the island of Hayti; who was b. at Port au Prince in iVtiO. His mother was a negress from Congo, and his father a sliopkeeper and tailor of good repute. Attacliing himself to Rigaud, he set out for France, but was eajptured by the Americans, but was released at the close of the war between France and the United States. He took part iu Leclcre's expedition against St. Domingo, but afterwards joined Potion's party, and rapidly rose till he was luimed Petion's successor in the presidency. Adroitly placing himself at the head of the various insurgents as they rose, he reduced the whole island to one repul>- lican government. He was subsequently obliged to sock safety from au insurrec- tion excited by his violence, in the island of .Limaica. BOYLE, Robert, a philosopher, who ranks with Bacon and with Newton ; was the seventh son of the celebrated earl of Cork, and was b. at Lismore, in Ireland, January the 26th, 1626, the year that Bacon died. Eton has the honor of his early education, which was pertijcted by private tutors, and lastly at Geneva. After having travelled over various parts of the Continent, he settled in England, and devoted himself to sci- ence, especially to natural philosopliy and to chemistry. Every year of his life was mark(!(.l by new experiments. We ai'e indebted to him for the first cer- tain knowledge of the absor})tion of air in calcination and combustion, and of the increase of weight wliich metals gain by oxidation. He first studied the elieiu- ieal phenomena of the atmosphere, and was thus the predecessor of Mavow, Hales, Cavendish, and I'riestlcy. In all philosophical inquiries, he displayed an accurate and methodical mind, relying wholly upon experiments. At the same time his imagination was warm and lively, and inclined to romantic notions, which were first produced in his child- hood, by the perusal of Amadis of Gaul, and always exercised a visible influence on his character. He was naturally in- clined to melancholy, and this temper of min:). BOYLSTON, Zabdiel, wash, at Brook- line, Massachusetts, in 1 684. He studied medicine at Boston, and entered into the practice of his profession in that place. In 1721, when the small-pox broke out in Boston, and spread alarm through the whole country, the practice of inocula- tion was introduced by Dr. Boylstou, notwithstanding it was discouraired by the rest of the faculty, and a public or- dinance was passed to prohibit it. He persevered in his practice in spite of the most violent opposition, and had the satisfaction of seeing inoculation in gen- eral use in New England, for some time before it became common in Great Brit- ain. In 1725 he visited Euirland, where he was received with much attention, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Upon his return, he continued at the head of his profession for many years, and accumulated a largo fortune. Besides communications to the Royal Society, he published two treatises on the Small Pox. D. 1766. — •XicnoL.\s, a benefactor of Harvard college, who had been au eminent merchant, and was about to retire from business, to enjoy the fruit of his industry, when he d. He bequeathed to the university at Cam- bridge £1500, as the Ibundation of a lectureship on rhetoric and oratory. John Quincy Adams, in 1S06, was tho first occupant of the chair thus created. D. 1771. — Ward Nicholas, also a dis- tinguished patron of Harvard college, having given to the medical school a collection of medical and anatomical books, and made provision for its en- lartjement. BOYS, William, b. at Deal, in Kent, 1735, was bred a surgeon, but devoted much of his time to antiquarian re- searches, and published, besides other works, an elaborate and valuable " His- tory of Sandwich, with Notices of the other Cinque Ports, and of Riehbor- ou?rh." D. 1803. BoYSE. John, one of the translators of the Bible in the reign of James I., was b. at Nettlestead, in Suffolk, 1560, and d. 1643. leaving a great many manu- scripts behind him, particularly a com- mentary on almost all the books of tho "Sew Testament. — Samuel, a very in- genious person, but as remarkable for imprudence as lor inj^'enuity, b. in Dub- lin, 1709. In 1731' he published, at Edinburjrh, a volume of poems addressed to tiie countess of P^glinton. He wrote also an elegy upon the death of Lady bra] CYCLOP-tDIA OF JUOGKAPHV, 201 Stormont, entitled " The Tears of tlie Muses;" with which Lord Stormont ■was so muoli pleased that he ordered Bovsc a haiKlsouie present. These pub- lieatiims, and tlie honorable notice taken of them, wore the means of recommend- ing him to very high persons, who were desirous of serving him ; but Boyso was not 11 man to be served. He made an improper use of these recommendations, and had often recourse to the meanest arts to procure benefactions. At some times he would raise subscriptions for poems which did not exist ; and at others, ordered his wife to inform peo- ple that he was just expiring, to move the compassion of his friends, who were frequently surprised to meet the num in the street to-day who was, yesterday, said to be at the point of death. In May, 1749, however, he d., after a lingering illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- lane, where he was buried at the ex- pense of the parish. BOZIv ('laudk Gros de, b. at Lyons, 1680, distinguished for his knowledge of anticjuities and medals, which gained the patronage of Chancellor Pontehar- train, and other illustrious characters, and the honor of a seat in the French Academy, and in the Academy of Belles- Lettres, of which he became perpetual secretary. lie was respected for his private character, as well as his great learning. Ilis works were on medallic subjects, besides historical panegyrics on the members of the Academy, the first IT) vols, of which he published — and a valuable catalogue of his own library. T). at Paris, 1758. BRACCIOLINI DELL' API, Franxis, an Italian poet of Pistoya, who, at the age of 40, became an ecclesiastic, and was patronized by Pope Urban VIII., and by Cardinal Antnony Barbcrini, with whom he had been secretary. He wrote several tragedies, comedies, and pastorals — besides " La Croce Kiacqui- stata," a poem which the Italians rank next to Tasso's " Jerusalem," and a jiocm in twenty-three cantos, on the pope's election, for which, at his patron s de- sire, he assumed the surname of Delia Api, and added to his arms three bees. D. at the a-re of SO, li!45. BRACIIMANN, Louisa, b. 1777, a poetess styled the " Sappho of Ger- many ;" she was found drowned in 182'2 : it was supposed that she threw herself into the water. BRAClvEXKIDGK, Ilron Hknry, a judge of the supreme court of Pennsyl- vania. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1771. In 1781 he settled at Pittsburg, which was then almost a wil- derness, but he predicted llial it would soon become a large town, and in its imiirovemenl he engaged with zeal. In 17iS'J he was ajipointed jmlge. He pub- lished a poem on the "Kising Glory of America," 1774; " Eulogium of the Brave Men who fell in the Contest with Great Britain," 1779 ; " Modern Chival- ry, the Adventures of Capt. Farrago," 1TJ2 ; " Incidents of the Insurrection in 1794 in Pennsylvania," 1795 ; " Law of Miscellanies, containing Instructions for the Study of the Law," 1814. D. 1816. BKACKETT, Joshua, a physician, graduated at Harvard college, 17.j2. He first became a ^^reaeher, but gave up that profession for the study of medicine, tie established himself in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and continued there during life. He took a deep interest in the promotion of natural history at Cam- bridge, and requested his wife to appro- priate $1500 towards the professorship of that science in Harvard college. She complied with his request, and added to the amount. He was a benefactor of the N. II. Medical Society, of which he was president from 1793 to 1799, presenting to it, at its establishment, 143 vols, of valuable medical books. D. 1802. BKACTON, HiiXRY de, a native of Devonshire, who studied at Oxford, and became eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244 ■was made one of the judges itinerant by Henry III. He is chiefly known by his excellent work " De Legibus and Consu- etudinibus Anglise," amost finished and valuable perlbrmance, divided into five books, and containing, in good language, a curious and interesting detail of the legal learning, the laws and customs of our ancestors. Though blamed by Houard for mingling too nnicli of the civil and canon law in his compositions, he has long been held as a writer of great authority, and deservedly esteemed by Lord Coke, and other great lawyers, as the first source of legal knowledire. BKADBUKY, TnoM.\s, a native of Lonilon, edueateil at Clapham, in com- pany with Dr. Watts, and distinguished among the Xoncontbrmists as a boUl and eloquent preacher in defence of Calvin- istical doctrines and revolution princi- ples. He wrote some theological trea- tises, besides three volumes of seiTuons, and the "Mystery of Godliness." D. 1757. BRADDOCK," Edw.uid. major-general and commantler of the British army ii. the expedition against the French, on the river Ohio, in 1755, arrived in Virginia 202 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOORAPHV. [URA in February of that year, and, in the sprinor, marched acrainst Fort du Quesuo, now Pittj^burtr. He reached the Mouon- gahehi, July "sth, at tlie head of 1200 men, the bairiraire having been left be- hind, under the care of Colonel Dunbar, to advanec by slower inarches. On the next day he moved forward to invest the fort, and, by disregarding the caution of nis provincial officers, who warned him against the danger of a surprise in an Indian war, fell into an amouscade, by ■which he lost nearly one half of his troops, and received himself a mortal •wound. All his officers on horseback, except Colonel, afterwards General, Wasliington, who acted as aid, being killed, the army retreated precipitately near forty miles, to Dunbar's camp, where the general, wlio was conveyed there in a tumbril, expired. BKAUFORD, William, the second governor of Plymouth Colony, was b. at Austertield, England, in loSS. At the age of IS he joined those dissenters who lied to Holland, to enjoy religious free- dom. Ilis leisure hours were passed in learning the art of silk dyeing. After a residence of ten years he removed to America. His wife fell into the sea and was drowned, just before the place for the colonv was selected. In 1621 he was appointed governor of the new settle- ment, when one of liis first acts was to secure the friendship of the Indian Massassoit, and all his subsequent ca- reer was one of devotion to his duties. The original government of Plymouth was founded entirely on mutual consent. The first patent was oVjtained in the r^ame of .John Pierce ; but another pat- ent of larger extent was obtained of the council tor New j;ne times it v/as In' his own request that the peo[)le did not elect him. I). 16r)7. — U iLLiAM. a lawyer of eminence, h. in Philadelphja, 1705. In the spring of 1709 he entered the college at Prince- ton, then under the direction of the learned Dr. .John Wotherspoon. In 1779 he was admitted to the bar of the su- preme court of Pennsylvania, where his character soon introduced him to an \in« usual share of business ; and, in August, 17S0, only one year after he was licensed to practice, he was appointed attorney- general of the state of Pennsylvania. August 22d, 1701, he was made a judge of the supreme court of Pennsylvania. His industry, integrity, and ability, en- abled him to give general satisfaction in this office. On the attorncy-genrral of the United States being proinotcd to the office of the secretary of state, Bradford was appointed to the vacant otfice, Janu- ary 2Sth, 1794. This office he iield till his death. In 1793 he published an "Inquiry how far the Punishm«>'it of Death is necessary in Pennsylv. nia." This performance justly gained hi'n great credit. D. 1795. — Samuel, was b. in Blackfriars, 20th December, 1652, and after studying at St. Paul's school, the Charter house, and Benet's college, Cambridge, he went abroad on account of some scruples of conscience, and ap- plied himself to physic. He afterwards was reconciled to the doctrines of the church, and as the friend of Archbishop Sancroft, and the chaplain of King Wil- liam, he rose in ecclesiastical preferment to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a pre- bend of Westminster, and the master- ship of his own college. In 1718 he became bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723 of Rochester, which he held to the time of his death, 1731. He edited "Tillot- son's Sermons." — Jon.v, an English mar- tyr, b. of a respectable family at Man- chester. He was for some time clerk to Sir John Harrington, the treasurer of the English forces at Calais, but after- wards turned his thoughts to the study of divinity, and took his master's degree at Cambridge. He was eloquent as a preacher, and his abilities exposed him to persecution in Mary's reign, so that, after a long imprisonment, he was burnt in Smithfield, 1st July, 1555. Some of his letters are extant. BRADLEY, James, a celebrated as- tronomer, was b. at Sherborne, in the year 1602. He studied theology at 0.x- ford, and took orders ; but his taste for astronomy soon led him to change the course of his life. His imele instructed him in the elements of mathematics, his own industry did every thing else, and, in 1721, he was appointed professor of astronomy at Oxford. Six years after- wards, he made known his discovery of the aberration of light. But, although this discovery gave a greater degree of accuracy to astronomical observations, and although the discrepancies of differ- uvcLOP.KDiA or ciuc;R.\ruv. ■iov. eiit observations were much diininislied, yet slight ditt'erenees remained, and did not escape his oijservation. lie btudied them during 13 years witli the greatest perseverance, and finally discovered that tliey were lullv explained by the supposi- tion of an oscillating motion ot'the earth's axis, completed during a revolution of the moon's nodes, in eighteen years. He called this phenomenon the nulation of the earth's axis ; and published, in 1748, (I'hilosoph. Trans. Ao. 785,') his account of the apparent motion of the fixed stars, with its laws, arising from this phenomenon of nutation. iJ'Alcm- bert afterwards explained the physical causes of this plienomenon, upon the principal of universal attraction. By these two discoveries, astronomers were for the first time enabled to malcc tables of the motions of the heavenly liotlies •with the necessary accuracy. Bradley had already, in 1721!, explained the me- thod of obtaining the longitude by means of the eclipse of .Inpiter's first satellite. In 1741, at the death of Doctor Halley, he received the appointment of astronomer royal, and removed to the observatory at Greenwich. Here he spent the remain- der of his life, entirely devoted to his astronomical studies, and left thirteen volumes folio of his own observations, in manuscrijit. Of these, the first vol- ume was published by Iloresby, 179>*. The whole appeared under the title of "Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory at Greenwich," 1750-62 ; Oxford, 1805. D. 17(52.— EicHARU, pro- fessor of botany at Cambridge, and au- thor of several works, chiefly compila- tions on botany and horticulture. Dr. Brewster's popular invention, the ka- leidoscope, was at one time said to be due to Bradley ; but it appears that the doc- tor's instrument and the one proposed by Bradley are quite ditferent, and th.'it the latter W'ould be very inferior. D. 1732. BKADSIIAW, .Toiix, celebrated as president of the tribunal by which Charles I. was tried, is said by some to have been b. in Derbyshire, and by others in Cheshire, in 1580. lie studied the law in Gray's Inn. In tiie contest between Charles and the people, Br.acl- shaw espoused the cause of the latter. The parliament made him chief justice of Chester, and he was also chosen to preside in the high court of justice which sat upon tlie king. Cromwell, to whose usur])ation he was hostile, de- prived him of the chief justiceship. D. 1659 ; but, at the restoration, such was the vehemence of the roy .list bigotrj", his remains were disinterred, and liang- ed at Tvburn. BKA'DSTKEET, Simon-, governor of Massachusetts. lie was in 5larch, 1630, chosen an assistant of the colony about to be established there, and arrived at Salem, in the summer of the same year. He was at the first court which was held at Charlestown, August 23d. He was afterwards secretary and agent of Mas- sachusetts, and commissioner of the united colonies. lie was sent with Mr. Norton, in 1662, to congratulate King Charles on his restoration, and as agent of the colony to promote its interests. From 1673 to 167'J, he was deputy-gov- ernor. In this last year, he succeeded Mr. Leverett as governoi", and remained in oifiee till May, 1686, when the charter was dissolved, and Joseph Dudley com- menced his administration as president of New- England. In May, 1689, after the imprisonment of Andros, he was replaced in the office of governor, which station he held, tUl the arrival of Sir William Phipps, in ilav, 1692, with a charter, which deprived the people of the right of electing their eluef m;i«ris- tratc. D. 1697. — Axne, entitled to re- membrance as the author of the first volume of poetry published in America. Her volume was dedicated to her lather, in a copy of verses, dated March 20, 1642. The title is, "Several Poems, compiled with great variety of wit and learning, full of delight ; wherein espe- cially is contained a complete discourse and description of the four elements, constituting, aires of man, seasons of the year, together with an e.xact epitome of tile tliree first monarchies, viz. : the Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, and Koman comnion-vvealth, from the beginning to the end of their last king, with divers other pleasant and serious poems. Bv a Gentlewoman of New England." A third edition was published in 1758. D. 1672, aged 60. — .John, a major-general in America, appointed by the king of Great Britain, was, in 1746, lieutenant- governor of St. .Tolm's, Newfoundland. He was afterwards distinguished for his military services. It was thought of the highest importance, in the year 1756, to keep open the communication with Fort Oswego, on lake Ontario. General Shirley accordingly enlisted forty com- panies of 'ooatmen, and placed them under the command of Bradstrcct. In the spring of this year, a small stock- aded post of 25 meii hnd been cut otf. It became necessary to pass through th« •204 CYCLOl'.iCDIA OF BIOUKAPllY. BRAj country with larjre sqnadrons of boats, as the enemy iiitested the passage through the Onondaga river. On his return from Oswego, July, 1756, Col. Bradstreet, who was apprcliensive of being anibusiied, ordered the several divisions to proeeed as near each otlier as possible. lie was at tlie head of about 300 boatmen in the first division, wlien at the distauee of nine miles from the fort, the enemy rose from their am- buscade and attacked him. He in- stantly landed upon a small island, and with but six men maintained his posi- tion, till he was reinforced. A general engagement ensued, in which Brad- street with gallantry rushed upon a more nimierous enemy, and entirely routed them, killing and wounding about 20') men. His own loss was abotit 80. Ill the year 175S, he was intrusted with the command of 3000 men on an expedition against Fort Frontenac, which was planned by himself. On the 27th of August it was surrendered to him. In 1704 he compelled the Delawares, Shawnese, and other Indians, to terms of peace. He was appointed major- general in 1772. D. 1774. BKAinVAKDIN, Thom.\s, a native of Hatfield in Sussex, educated at Ox- ford, where he was proctor and divinity professor. For his great merit as a mathematician, philosopher, and divine, he was made confessor to Edward III. during his wars in France, where as a preaclier his eloquence had great in- lluence in restraining the violence and lawless conduct of the military. He became archbishop of Canterbury in 1348, and from his learning was called the '' Profound Doctor." Among otlier things he published a tract called " Causa Dei," besides " Gcometria Speculativa," " Arithinetica Specula- tiva," "Tractatus Froportionum, Ven- ice, l.")0.'>. He was consecrated at Avignon. D. 1549. BKADY, Nicholas, an English di- vine; translator of the jEneid, and, in coniunction with Tate, of the Psalms. B. at Ban;cwark. New Jersey, and fixed his res- idence near the forks of the Delaware in Pennsylvania, where he remained about a year. From this place lie re- moved to Crosweeksung, in New Jersey, where his efforts among the Indians were crowned with great success. In 1747 he went to Northampton, Massa- chusetts, where he passed the remainder of his life in the family of the celebrated Jonathan Edwards. His publications are a narrative of his labors at Kauna- meek, and his journal of a remarkable work of grace among a number of In- dians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, I74rt. D. 1747. BKAITH WAITE, Jony, an ingenious mechanic, constructor of a diving ma- chine, with which he explored the Koyal George, sunk off Spithead ; the Ilartwell East Indiaman, otl one of the Cape de Verd(>, Islands; and the Abergavenny East Indiaman, off the Isle of Portlaml. From the first he only succeeded in raising some guns and an anchor; but from the second and third he brought up property to a verv large amount. D. 181S. BRAMAH, Joseph, an English en- gineer, distinguished for the number, value, and ingenuity i>f his mechaniail inventions. Among these were his in- valuable hydrostatic press, his safety locks, various improvements in the steam-engine, in the process of making paper, in the construction of main-pipes, wheel-carriages, the becr-machinc, &c. B. 1749; d. 1814. BRAMANTE, D'UKBINO, L.vz.uio, a celebrated Italian architect, much em- ployed by Pope Julius II., and who first designed and commenced the church of St. Peter at Rome. He was a skilfiil painter and musician as well as archi- tect, and a volume of poems from his pen was printed in 1756. D. 1514. BR.'VNOAS, LAURAorAis, duke de, IS a French nobleman, distinj^uishcd for his scientific attainments ; discoverer of the composition of the diamond, and a great improver of the manufacture of porcelain. B. 1705; d. 1824. BRAND, John, an able and volumi- nous writer on politics and political economy; author of numerous political pamphlets and some poems. He was rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk, and of St. George, Southwark. 1). 1S09. — John, an English divine and antiqua- ry ; author of the " History and An- tiq^uities of the Town of Newcastle," " Observations on Popular Antiquities," &c. B. 174:'.; d. ]S0i3. BRANDER, Gustavus, an English an- tiquary and naturalist. He was of a Swedish family, but born in London, where he was an eminent merchant and a director of the bank. He contributed largely to the Transactions of the Anti- quarian Societj. &c. B. 1720; d. 1787. BRANDES, £i{NEST, a Hanoverian author and statesman, b. 1758. He was a friend of Burke ; and published a work on the French revolution, in refutation ofBarruel. D. 1810. BRANDT, Sv.DASTiAS, chancellor of Strasburg ; author of " Varia Carmina," " Navis Stultifera," &c. D. 1520.— Nich- olas, a German chemist, who is said to have discovered phosphorus in 1667, while attempting to find a solvent by which to convert silver into gold. — Ernevold, count de, a Danish states- man, convicted of being concerned in the conspiracy of Count Struensee, and executed in 1772. — George, an eminent Swedish natural philosopher; author of accounts of various valuable experi- ments made by him upon the metals. D. 1768. BRANTOME, or Pierre de BOUK- DEILLES, a celebrated French chron- icler. He was a liivored attendant ujwn Charles IX., Henry III., and the duke d"Alen(;on ; and iVis memoirs, though somewhat too free in their details, are highly valuable as graphic and faithful illustrations of an interesting period of French history. BRATTLE," Willi.\m, a man of ex- traordinary talents and character, grad- uated at Harvard college, 1722. Ho studied theology and preached with acceptance. His eminence as a lawyer drew around him an abundance of clients. As a physician his practice was extensive and celebrated. lie was also a military man, and obtained the ap- pointment of major-general of militia. While he seonred'the favor of the gov- 206 cyc'lop^t:di.v of iuography. [brk eruor of tho state, he aiso ingratiated himself with the people. At the com- meiicenicnt of the American revolution, an uuliappy sympa'liy in the plans of General Gai!;e incliieeel him to retire into Boston, from which place he acconi- pauied the troops to Halifax, where he d. 177.".. BKAUN, Geokge, a German ecclesi- astic ; author of '"Lives of Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary ;" an oration against dissolute clerics, &c. D. 16i!i. BKAY, Sir Kegixald, an English statesman, and favorite of Henry Til. He was a frank friend to that sovereign; disdaining to withliold his disapproval when it was deserved. He is chiefly memorable for having superintended the erection of that heantil'id structure, Henry VII. "s chapel at Westminster, and for having finished that of St. George at Windsor. D. 150;i. — Thom.vs, an En- glish divine, who labored with great zeal in propagating the gospel in foreign parts, and who came several times to America to promote that object. B. 165(3 ; d. rector of St. Botolpli's, Aid- gate, 1730. — William, an industrious antiquary ; editor of Evelyn's Diary and Meme Tonderibus et I'retiis Vetcrum Numniorum,"" "Inquiries Touching the Diversity of Languages and lieligions," and various otlier works. BEET, AxTnosY, a French writer; author of " Connnentaries on Moliere," " Qiiatre Saisons," a poem, (fee. D. 1792. ERETEUIL, Louis Auouste de Tox- NELiER, an eminent French diplomatist, and at one time secretary of state ; but being a zealous partisan of monarchy, he was compelled to tlee from France at the commencement of the revolution. In 1802 he was permitted to return. D. 1807. BKETON, Nicholas, an English pas- toral poet in the time of Queen Eliz.a- beth ; author of " An Old Man's Lesson and a Young Man's Love," " Phillida and Corydon," &e. — Raymond, a French friar and missionary to the West Indies ; author of a "French and Caribbean Diotionarv," &c. 1). 1679. BRETSCHNEIDER, Henry Godfrey VON, an Hungarian, wliose versatility of talent was only equalled by the perseve- rance with which he exercised it in satir- izing the follies and impostures of the age' B. 1739: d. 1810. BREUGHEL. There were four emi- nent painters of this name. — Peter, commonly known as Old Breuffliel, from his being the father of Peter the young- er, and the J">nill, t'rom his choice of subie(!ts, was h. near Breda, in 1510, e.x- collod in landscape and ludicroufl pic- tureSj and d. in 1570. — Jonx, his son, called, from his dress. Velvet Breugliel, was b. at Brussels, in 1560, attained high reputation, and d. in 1625. He some- times painted in conjunction witli Ru- bens. — Peter, tiie younger, another son of the elder, denominated Hellish Breughel, from his love of the liorrible, d. in 1642. — .\f.kaham, a native of Ant- werp, surnamed the Neapolitan, was b. in 1672, excelled in fruit and flowers. BREWER, Anthony, a dramatic wri- ter, of the reign of James L Though he enjoyed great reputation, nothing is known of Jiis life. Six of liis pieces are extant. By acting at Cambridge in one of these, named " Ling\ia, or the Five Senses," the dormant ambition of Crom- well is said to have been first awakened. This story, however, is exceedingly apoervphal. BREWSTER, William, one of the first settlers of Plymouth Colony, was b. in England, 165o', and educated at tho university of Cambridge. After com- pleting his education, lie entered into the service of William I)a\4son, ambas- sador of Queen Elizabeth in Holland ; but separated from hiri when he med- dled with tho wawant ' Dr the execution of Mary. As he discc rered much cor- ruption in tho constitu ion, forms, cere- monies, and discipline )f the established church, he thought it jis duty to with- draw from its comin .nion, and to es- tablish with others f. separate society. This new church, v r der the pastoral care of the aged ^f .•. Clifton and Mr. Robinson, met at ]Mi . Brewster's house, where thev were en) ertained at his ex- pense, as long as thjy could assemble without interruptic i." They were at length compelled 1 1 seek refuge in a foreign country. 1 .< this attempt they were opposed by tl e government, and he was seized with Mr. Bradford and others, just as they were going to Hol- land, in 1607, and imprisoned at Boston, in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest sufterer of the company, because he had the most property.' Havinsr with mncli difficulty and expense obtained his liberty, he first assisied the poor of the society in their embarkation, and then followed them to Holland. His estate being exhausted, he opened a school at Leyden for teaching the En- glish tongue.and being familiar with Iho Latin, he found no impediment t'rom tho want of a languaLre common to both. By means of a grammar, which ho formed himself, he soon assistC'l them to a correct laiowledge of tho English, 208 CYCLOP-'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bri By the help of some friends he also set up a pi"intiii0. BEISSON, or BR1SS(1NIUS, Barn.v- B.\a, an eminent French lawver and phi- lologist, a^ithor of a treatise "De Kegio I'ersarum I'rincipatio," (Src. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 107'J, he remained in the city, and was com- pelled by the partisans of the League to act as the first president of the parlia- ment; and his conduct as a magistrate was made the pretext for putting him lo death, in ir/jl. — M.\TiiiaiN James, a French chemist and naturalist, author of a treatise on " OrnitholoLry," &e. B. 1723 ; d. 1806. BRISSOT DE WAEVILLE, Jzan PiERui:, one of the most active of the French revolutionists, and from whom a faction was denominated, was b. near Chartres, in 1767, and was originally brought up to the law. He, however, abandoned that pursuit, and became a literary character, and editor of the " Courrier de I'Eu ope." His first works of any importance were a "Theory of Criminal Law," and a " i'hilosophical Library of Criminal Law." After hav- ing visited England, he returned to Paris, was patronized by the duke of Orleans, ancl was sent to the Bastilc for an alleged libel. A second time he was on the point of being imprisoned, but he made his escape. In 17SS he went to America; but he did not long remain there. He came back to France in 17S9, published his "Travels," and became an active political writer, particularly in the journal called the "French Patriot." To nn-alty he was decidedly hostile. In 17yi he was elected a member of the legislative assembh', and he bore a pro- minent part in it, as well as in its suc- cessor, the convention. The war be- tween France and Austria and Great Britain was brought about chiefly by his exertions and intrigues. After the death of Louis XVL the jacobin faction gained the ascendency, and Brissot was at length sent to the scaffold, on the Slst October, 1793. BKITANNICUS, Jonx, an Italian critic and grammarian, b. at Palazzolo near Brescia, about the middle of the 15th ccnturv, and d. 1510. BKITTON, Thomas, a native of Hig- ham Ferrers, was b. 1054, and, from his trade and his musical taste, was known as "the musical small coal man." TliouL'h he cried his small coal about the streets, he gave concerts at his humble dwelling, at which some of the most eminent professors and persons of fashion attended. He was also a pro- ficient in chemistry, and a collector of books and curiosities. Britton was at last frightened to death, in 1714, by a 210 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [bro brutal ventriloquist, who predicted to him liis approacliinii cud. The terrified votary ol' um»ic took to his bed, and died iu a lew days. BK*.)CIv, Is.\AC, major-general in the Britisli army, ciiptured Gen. Ilidl and bis whole army at Detroit, August 10, 1S12. lie afterwards proeeedecl to the Niagara frontier, and was killed in the battle of Quucnstown, Oet. Wtli. lie ■was rallying his troops, whieh liad been put to niglit by a desperate eharge of Col. Chrystic, when he was pierced by three balls. He was a brave and gen- erous otiieer. During his funeral the guns of the American fort were fired as a token of respect. BlvtJCKLESHV, EiCHARD, a physi- cian, was b. at Mineheud, in 1722, took his degree at Leydeu, in 1745, and, after having been jihysician to tlic army iu Germany, settled in London, where he became popuhir. D. 17'j7. Broeklesby was a liberal-minded man, aiid was in habits of friendship with the most emi- nent of his eotemporaries. Some med- ical tracts, and a *' Dissertation on the Music of the Aneieuts," are his only productions. BRODEAU, John-, was b. at Tours, in loUO, and rose to such eminence as a scholar and critic, that Scaliger,.Grotius, and others, have bestowed on his merits the most unbounded encomiums. lie studied law under Alciat, and afterwards applied liimself to philosophy and belles leltres, of which he became the support and the ornament. After travelling in Italy, he returned to France, where he lived in literary retirement, and honor- able iudependeuee. D. l.)03. His an- notations on several of the classics were publi.-hL'd afti'r his death. BKoDZlNSKI, Casimik, one of the most distingaislied of tlie modern poets of Poland. lie was b. near the town of Lipno, 17;tl, and in curly life served in an artillery corps. He fought against Kussia in 1812, and was at the battle of Leipsic, where lie was taken prisoner. Being liberated on his parole lie went to Cracow, and soon after to Warsaw, where he acted as profi^ssorof seslhetics iu the university, lie wnjte vigorously in defence of the romanticists as against the classic school of critics. After the insurrection of 1831 the university of Warsaw wa.-i suppressed. This preyed upon his mind so that he d. at Dresden, l>s;5. BKOECKIIOUSEX, Jan Van, a dis- tinguished Dutch scholar; author of poem?, and editor of some valuable edi- tions of Propertius, Tibullus, and other classics. D. 1707. BH( )GLIE, Victor Francls, duke de, a gdlant French general under the old monarchy, who emigrated at the com- mencement of the revolution, and put himself at the head of a corps of emi- grants at Champaignc. B. 1716 ; d. 180-i. BKOGLIO, Victor Maurice, count de, marshal of France, was b. of an illustri- ous family at Quercy, and distinguished himself in the service of Louis XIV. D. 1727, aged 80. — -Fraxcis Makie, his son, was also marshal of France, and de- served tlie highest honors by liis war- like conduct in Italy, and in the cam- paigns of 1733 and 1734. I). 1745. — Victor Fkaxcis, a son of the last, also a marshal, was the conqueror of Berngen, and greatly distinguished during the seven years' war. lie quitted France in 1794, and retired to Kussia, where he was received with honorable distinction, and raised to the same rank which ho held in the emperor's service. — Clau- dius Victor, prince de Broglio, son of the preceding, espoused the paity of the republicans at the beginning of the rev- olution, and was flattered by the dema- gogues with the title of marshal. His refusal to receive as law, while comman- der of the army of the Khine, the de- cree which suspended the king's author- ity, proved fatal to him. He was called to Paris, and condemned to death by the revolutionary tribunal. He was guillo- tined, 1794, aged 37. BROKE, Sir Puilip Bowes Verb, an English rear-admiral, who performed a great many services to his country, the chief of which was the capture of the American ship Chesapeake by the Shan- non in June, 1813. B. 1776 '; D. 1841. BROME, Alexander, an attorney and satirical poet, whose writings, on the side of Charles L, are said to liave great- ly obstructed the progress of puritanism. In addition to writing satirical songs, he translated from Lucretius and Horace, and wrote a comedy, called " The Cun- ning Lovers." B. 1020; d. IGOO.— Rich- ard, an English dramatist, coteinpora- ry with Ben Jonson, to whom he was originally servant, but who rose by force of his native genius to considerable emi- nence. His comedies were formerly very popuhir, but they are not now perform- ed. D. 103-_>. BROMFIELD, William, an eminent Enirlish surjreon ; author of " Chirurgi- eal (Jbscrvations and Cases," "The City Match," a comedy, &c. B. 1712 ; d. 1792. BE02ySTED, ■Petek Oluk, a philolo- BKOJ CYCLOP.tDlA OK BIOGRAPHi 211 ger and niitiquarian, of Jutland, who wrotu an accotiiit of his "Travels ami KcseaiX'hfs iu Greece," which is greatly esteemed by men of science. B. 1781 ; d. 1842. BEONGNIART, Augustus Louis, apothecary to Louis XVL, was one of those wlio earliest and most sedulously contributed, by his lectures, to dilfuse a knowledge of phvsics and chemistry in France. D. at Paris, 1S04. Besides many scientific essays, he is the author of an " Analytical 'Description of the C^ombinations" and Decompositions of various Substances." BKONKUORST. Pkter V.vn, a Dutch painter, b. at Delft. 15S8, and d. IGiil. He painted, with great success, pcrsiice- tive views of temples and churclies, enlivened with small but well-executed human figures. Tn the town-house of Delft is his representation of Solomon's Judgment. — Jonx van, b. at Leyden, 1048, learned the art of painting with- out any instruction, and attained to a high dcsree of perfection. He princi- pally painted animals, and was particu- larly successful in his birds. The light- ness and brilliancy of the feathers are represented with much truth. He was a pastry-cook and painted merely tor his amusement. — Anotlier John van, b. at Utrecht, 1003, was a painter on glass. His works in the new church at Amster- dam are much esteemed. He has also engraved some works of Cornelius Poel- enburg. BRONZINO, Anoklo, a painter of the Florentine school, and imitator of Michael Angelo, nourished about 1.550. He painted a great number of portraits, and his historical paintings are distin- guished by the striking "and pleasing features of the heads they contain. One of his best paintings is a "Christ," in the church of Santa Croce, at Florence. It is remarkable for its grouping and coloring, as well as for the heads, many of which are the portraits of his friends and eotemporaries ; yet it is not alto- gether free from mannerism and atfecta- tion. D. at Florence, l.JTO. BROOCMAN, Cii.\RLE3 Ultiic. a Swe- dish writer on education, especially as regards the education of teachers. His principal work is " An Accoimt of the Educational Institutions of Germany," from the earliest period up to his own time. D. 1812. BROOKE, Sir Robert, chief .iusticc of the common pleas in the reign of Queen Mary, and author of various legal works. D'. 1553. — Frances, a clever novelist and dramatic ^jriter ; authoress of " Lady Juliet Mandcvillc,"' and other novels; 'the tragedies of "^'i^giniu," and the "Siege of Sinope;"' "Rosina," a musical entertainment, Arc. D. 178'J. — IIknuy, a political and literary writer; author of " Letters Addressed to the People of Ireland," "The Earl of West- moreland," a trasiedy, the celebrated novel of "Tlie Fool of Quality," &c. B. at Rantavan, in Ireland, 1706 ; d. 178:5. — James, a political writer and poet. He succeeded Wilkes as editorof the "North Briton," which he continued to conduct to the end of its publication. D. 1807. BROOKES, Joshua, an eminent anato- mist and suri,'eon, b. 1701. Afrcr study- ing under the most celebrated men of his day, commenced his career as a pro- fessor' of anatomy, pathology, and sur- gery, when about 20 years of age, _ His museum was enriched with the choicest anatomical specimens and osteologieal preparations; and the lectures on anato- my and its kindred sciences, which di'iring a long life he was in the habit of delivering to his pupils, (of whom he could reckon 7oOi\) laid the foundation of their scientific fame to some of the most distincuished members of the pro- fession. D.18v3. BROOKS, John, b. at Medford, Mass., 1752, was originally a physician, but on the breaking out of the revolution, took up arms in behalf of his country. He was soon raist-d to the rank of major in the continental service, and was distin- jruished for his knowledge of tactics, being associated witli Baron Steuben, in the duty of introducing a uniform sys- tem of exercise and nianreuvres. In 1777 he was appointed lieutenant-colo- nel, and had no small share in the capture of Burgoyne, on the 7th of October, at Saratoga. When the conspiracy of some of the'officers against the connnander- in-chief, in March, 1783, had mcU ni. — Ei.KAZEK, a brigadier- general iu Concord, ^lass., in 1726. Without the advantages of education, he acquired a valuable fund of knowl- edge. It wa.s his practice in early life to read the most approved books, and then to converse with the most intelli- gent men respecting them. In 1774 lie was chosen a representative to the gen- eral court, and continued 37 years in public life, being successively a repre- sentative, a member of the senate, and of the council, lie took a decided part in the American revolution. At the head of a regiment, he was engaired in the battle of White Plains, in 1770, and distinguished himself by his cool, de- termined braverv. U. 1806. BROO.ME, Dr. William, an English divine and poet. In addition to his own poems, and a translation of Anacreon's Odes, he contributed eight books to l'ope"s translation of the Odyssey ; but having complained of his scanty remu- neration, his brother bard rewarded him witii a niche in the Dunciad. He was vicar of Eye, Suir>lk. D. 1745. BKOSCill, Carlo, better known by the name of Farinelli, one of the tinest singers ever known. He was retained to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of Spain, and acquired vast political power in the reigns of that monarch and his successor. Unlike the generality of royal favorites, he behaved with invari- able modesty and honor. B. at Naples, 170.5; d. 1782. BROS.SAED, Sebastian de, an emi- nent French musician; author of "Pro- domus Musicalis," &c. 1). 1730. BROSSE, Guy de la, a French botan- ist and pliysician to Louis XIII. ; author of " L'Ouverture du Jardin Royal," and other botanical works. D. 1751. BKOSSKS, Charles de, a French law- yer, and the schonl-fellow and friend of "liutfon; author of "Letters on Ilercu- laiieum,"' &<: B. 1700; d. 1777. BROTHERS, Richard, a fanatic, who, iu 1703, commenced his career as the apostle of a new relitcion, and announced liiinself as " nephew of tiie Ahniffhty and prince of the Hebrews, aj^pointed to lead them to the land of Canaan." He predicted variou.s changes as about to occur, and his disciples were not con- fined to the poor and ignorant. The great orientalist, Halhed, and other men of unquestionable ability were advocates of his claims, but his career at leugtii attracted the notice of government, and he was committed to Bedlam for life aa a confirmed lunatic. He published sev- eral works on his peculiar views of the- ology. BliOTIER, Gabriel, a learned French Jesuit, and librarian to the college of Louis le Grand; author of a treatise '■On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman Coins," an excellent edition of "Tacitus," and other classics, &c. B. 1723; d. 1780. — Andrew Charles, a French abbe, nephew of the above. He was a friend to the royalist cause, and the editor of "L'Annee Litteraire," which was so obnoxious to the pjarty ia power that he was transported to Guiana. D. 1708. BROUGHTON, Hugh, a learned He- brew scholar and polemical writer, who was educated at the expense of the cele- briited Bernard Gilpin. B. 1549 ; d. 1612. — TiioM.vs, a prebendary of Salisbury, and a literary character of considerable merit; author of "Christianity distinct from the Religion of Nature," "Disser- tations on the Prospects of Futurity," "Hercides," a drama, &c. He was also one of the principal contributors to the Bio^s, of the value of whicli ho was ignorant, while Hals kept the profits of them to himself. Two pretty painliugs of his, "The Five Senses"' and "The Twelve Months," are mentioned as belonging to that period. By the advice of Adrian of (Jstadc, his fellow-pupil, he escaped to Amsterdam, where lie was surprised to hear that his paintings were esteemed. He now giiined considerable sums by his labors ; but, in- stead of devoting himself to his art, he made the inn his workshop, never ex- erting himself till the hostess insisted npon payment. He threw into the fire a painting tor which he did not receive the price demanded, and began a new one with more care. Having gone to Antwerp during tlie wars of the Low Countries, he was thrown into prison as n spy. He declared that he was a paint- er, appealing to the duke of Ahremborg, who was likewise imprisoned there ; and, at the prince's intercession, having been provided with materia'ls, he jiainted his guards playing at cards with so much expression and truth, that Kubens, at the sight of the picture exclaimed, " This is Brouwer's work ; none but he can succeed so well in such subjects." Ku- bens eifected his release by standing bail for him, clothed him, and received him into his house and at his table. Broawcr, however, instead of bein^ gratefid for this generosity, escaped secretly, to plunge into still greater ex- travagancies. He took lodgings with a baker, Craesbeke, who became a skilful painter by his instructions. This man, whose inclinations agreed with those of Brouwcr, had a handsome wife, and the connection between these three persons became so intimate that they were obliged to flee from justice. Brouwer went to Paris, but finding no employ- ment there returned to Antwerp, where he d. in the hospital, in 1610. BKOWALLJUS, John, bislion of Abo ; an eminent naturalist, and the author of various tracts on botany, &e. D. 1755. BROWN, JoHX, an eminent clergy- man and multifarious writer, b. 1715, atRothbury, North innberland, educated at St. John's college, Cambridge; and after various church preferments became chaplain to the king. The chief of his numerous works arc, " Essays on the Characteristics of the Eai-1 of Shaftes- bury," " Barbarossa," a tragedy; an "Estimate of the Manners and Princi- ples of the Times," a " History of the Rise and Progress of Poetry,"' and "Thoughts on Civil Liljcrty, Licentious- ness, and Faetion." It is supposed that his mental exertions were too great, for he fell into a state of dejection which terminated in his death by his own hand, in 1766. — JoHX, a Scotch painter and author, favorably known in the former character by his painting of the bust of Homer from the Townley marbles, and by his portrait of Pope. As an author he is even more distinguished by his " Letters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera," which he addressed to his friend Lord Monboddo. B. 1752 ; d. 1787. — RoBEr.T, the founder of tho sect of the Brownists, b. at Northamp- ton, was related to Lord Burleigh. He pursued his studies at Cambridge. About 1580, he began to attack the government and liturgy of the church, had many followers, and was soon im- prisoned by the ecclesiastical commis- sions, but was liberated by the interest of Lord Burleigh. He then settled at Middleburgh, in Holland, collected a congregation, and wrote a book, entitled a "Treatise of Reformation, without taiTying for any Man." In 1585, how- ever, he returned to England, became engaged in contests with the bishops, was disowned by his father, and was at length excommunicated. Conviction, or perhaps policy, now induced him to conform, and in 1590 he obtained a liv- ing in Northamptonshire. His end M'as in unison with his life. At the age of more than 80, he was committed to jail for striking a constable and abusing a magistrate, and he d. shortly after his committal. He used to boast, " that he had been incarcerated in thirty-two prisons, in some of which he could not see his hand at noonday." His sect long survived him. In the civil wars it bore the name of the Independents. — Thomas, a writer of talent and of con- siderable though coarse wit, was the son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was ed- ucated at Christ church, Oxford, but quitted college on account of his irregu- larities. For a while he was a school- master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting this situation, however, he settled in London, as an author by profession, and gained notoriety by his lampoons, his humor, and his' conversational powers. He d. in 1704. Ilis works fori i 4 vols. 12mo. — Ulysses Maximo.ian, an Austri- an field-marshal, the son of an expatria- ted Irish officer, was b. at Basil, in 1705 ; 214 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [bro Berved with distinctioa against tlio Turks, iiud at tlio battles of Parma and Guiistalla; was made lield-iuarshal in 1731) ; sifinalized his talents in Italy, from IT-Wto 1746, particularly at the bat- tle of riaeentia ; and d. in tlic Bolicmi- an capital in 1757, of the wounds which he received at the battle of Traguo. — John, celebrated as the parent of the Brunonian system of medicine, b. 1735, at Buncle, in Berwickshire, originally studied with a view to the church, but afterwards commenced the study of Ehysie. For a while he was patronized y Dr. Cullen. lie, however, quarrelled with that gentleman, and became his active opponent. After many strug- gles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon- don, in 178'i, andd. there, October, 178S. leaving a numerous family in want. His misfortunes principally arose from liis habits of intemperance. His medi- cal system is developed in his " Elemen- ta Medicinte," and lias, at least, the merit of simplicity, a,s it classes all dis- eases under two 'lieads — those of defi- cient and those of redundant excitement. — JoH.N% an eminent landscape engraver, was a fellow-pupil of Woollet, and for some time worked in conjunction with liiin. Their teacher's name wasTinney. Brown acquired considerable reputation for the taste and spirit of liis burin, and became an associate of the Roval Acade- my. D. at the ago of 60, 1801.— Wil- LLVM, a celebrated gem engraver, b. 1748. At the commencement of his career he was patronized by Catharine of Russia, and subsequently by Louis XVL The French revolution drove him from Paris, and he settled in London, where he pro- duced many excellent works. 1). 1825. — .John, a painter, b. at Edinbnrgli, in 1752, resided 10 years in Italy, and -ac- quired there a knowledge of all the ele- gant arts. On his return, he settled at Kdinburtrh, in which city he d. 1787. He was the intimate friend of Lord Mon- boddo, to whom he addressed his " Let- ters on the Poetry and Music of the Italian Opera." Tliey were published by the learned judge in 1789. — Charles I5rockden, an American novelist and man of letters, was b. in Pliihulclphia in January, 1771. After a good school ed- ucation, he commenced the study of the law, in the, office of an eminent member of the bar. During the preparatory term, liis mind was inuch engaged in literary pursuits, and when the time ap- proached for his admission into the courts, he resolved to abandon the pro- fession altogether. His iiassion for let- ters, and the weakness of his physical constitution, disqualified him for the bus- tle of business. His first pubUcation was "Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Eights of Women," written in the autumn and winter of 17',)7. The first of his novels, issued in 1798, was " Wicland," a power- ful and original romance, which soon ac- quired reputation. After this followed '•Ormond," '' Arthar Mcrvyn," "Edgar Huntley," and "Clara Howard," in rapid succession, the last being published in ISOl. The last of his novels, " Jane Talbot," was originally published in London, in 1804, and is much inferior to its predecessors. Hi 1799, Browu published the first number of the " Monthly Magazine and American Re- view," awork which he continued for about a year and a half, with much in- dustry and ability. In 18t)5 he cov^- menced aiiothcr journal, with the title of "The Literary Magazine and Ameri- can Register," aiid in" tliis undertaking he persevered for five years. During the same interval he found time to write three large pplitical pamphlets, on the " Cession of Louisiana," on the "British Treaty," and on " Commercial Restric- tions." In 1806 he commenced a semi- annual " American Register," five vol- umes of which he lived to complete and publish, and which must long be con- sulted as a valuable body of annals. Be- sides these works, and many miscellane • ous pieces published in different peri- odicals, he left in manuscript an unfin- ished system of geography, which has been represented to possess uncommon merit. D. of consumption, 1810. — John', b. 1736, in Providence, R. 1., was a leader of the party which, in 1772, destroyed the British sloop of war Gasper, in Nar- ragansct Bay. He became an enterpri- siiig and wealthy merchant, and was the first in his native state who traded with the East Indies and Cliina. He was chosen a member of congress, and was a generous patron of literaturCj and a great projector of works of public utility. D. 18o3. — Dr. TnoMAS, a man eminent as a metaphysician, moral philosopher, and poet, b. at Kirkmabreck, in Scot- land, in 1777, displayed an early acule- ness and thirst for knowledge. Ilis first education was received in the vicinity of London, and was completed at the university of Edinburgh. At the age of twenty he wrote a masterly answer to Darwin's "Zoonomia." In 1810 he succeeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh, as professor of moral philosoi>hy, and soon gained universal admiration as a BROJ CYCLOPEDIA OK BIOGRAPHY. 21; lecturei, by his eloquence and talents, and atl'ectiou b\- liis kindness to tiie Bludeuts. His brilliant career was un- tbrlunately cut short, by consumption, ou the 'Jd'of April, ISiiO. As a philoso- pher, liis reputation is establisiied by his inquiry into tlic ■' Kclation of Cause and Ellect,"' " Lectures on the Philoso- phy of the Human Mind," and "Physi- olo'fjy of the Mind." As a poet, by his poems, in two volumes : " Agnes,"' "The Wanderer of Norway," and "The Paradise of Coquettes." — William, _a poet, b. in 1590, was a native of Tavi- stock, and was educated at O.xford. In 1624 he became tutor to the earl of Caernarvon, who fell at the battle of Kewbury, and he subsequently resided in the family of the earl of Pembroke. His death is supposed to have taken place about 1G45. His " Britannia's Pas- torals," which were published in his 23d year, and his "Shepherd's Pipe," have great merit. Discursiveness and an occasional quaintness are the faults of his poetry ; but they are redeemed by a lively fancy, much power of de- scription, and llowincr numbers. — Jacob, general, and at the time of his death at the head of tlic American army. In early life he belonjred to the sect of the Quakers, and was employed as a teacher of youth. In 1799 he went on to the froiitiers, and purchased a lot of land, took his a.\e, and began to fell the forest with his own hand, in order to com- mence a settlement. This was soon done. He purchased more land, and was made agent for M. I>e Roy de Chau- mont, a distinguished Frenchman, who owned n large tract of that country, and was industrious in obtaining settlers, and when he had enough for a company of militia, they were formed, and he so far sliook olf the Quaker as to take command of them, at their urgent re- quest. From the command of a compa- ny he soon found himself at the head of a regiment. M the commencement of the war of 1S12 he was raised to the oflice of major-general of nnlitia. Tlie general government soon after proftered him a hitrh connnand in the army of the United States. It was accepted, and he moved on from one degree of fame to another in this short war, until he found liimself at the head of the army : and at the return of peace he made his head- quarters at AVashinL'ton. D. ISL'S. BROWNE, Sir Thomas, a nhysieian and eminent writer, h. in Lond'H, 1605, and educated at Winchester and Oxtbrd. He took hi8 degree at Leyden, and set- tled at Norwich, where he gained exten- sive practice. Ili.^ ** Religio iledici" liaving been surreptitiously published, ho gave to the world a correct edition in 1042, which was soon translated into several languages, and repeatedly re- printed. It was attacked by many wri- ters, some of whom, with equal absurdi- ty and injustice, accused the author of ijeing an infidel, and even an atheist. Tills work was followed by his celebra- ted "Treatise on Vulgar Errors," and " Ilydriotaphia, or a Treatise on Urn Burial," published together with "The Garden of Cyrus." D. 1082. Browne was a man of great benevolence, and of extensive erudition. His style is singu- lar and pedantic, but has generalh' strength, and often felicity of expres- sion. — His son EnwAP.D, who was b. about 1642. and d. 1708, was president of the College of Physicians, and is the author of an account of his own "Trav- els in Austria, Hungary, Thessaly, and Italy." — Simon, b. at Shepton Mallet, 1680, became a dissenting minister, first at Portsmouth, and next in the Old Jew-ry, in which latter situation he re- mained till 172:5, when liis reason was shaken by the loss of his wife and his only son. The monomania which afllict- ed him was of an extraordinary kind. Though retaining the power of reason- ing acaitely, he believed that God "had annihilated in him the thinking sub- stance," and that though he seemed to speak rationallv, he had "no more no- tion of what lie said than a parrot." Imagining himself no longer a moral agent, he refused to bear a part in any act of worship. While in this state, however, he continued to write forcibly, and, among other things, produced a "Defence of the Religion of Nature, and the Christian Revelation, against Chris- tianity as old as the Creation." To this he prelixcd a dedication to Queen Caro- line, in which he affectingly expatiated on Ills soulless state. His friends sup- pressed tliis melancholy proof of his singular insanitv ; but it is preserved in the ".\i'.venturer.'' D. 1732. He is the author of iiymns, sermons, and vari- ous controversial and theological pieces. — Sir V.'ii.LiAM, a physician, an eccentric but amiable cliaraeter, b. 1692, studied at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn, whence he removed to London, w here he d. 1774. In dross, style, and manners lie was a com])lete oddity, a circumstance which exposed him to the shafts of satire. He had, however, the good sense and diguitv of mind to smile at 216 CyCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bru Buch attacks. At Lynn lie nailed to his house door a pamphlet which was writ- ten against liiui ; and when Foote carica- tured liim, in the " Devil on Two Sticks," Browne sent him a note, prais- ing the accuracy of the mimic's persona- tion, and sending him his own mutf to complete the picture. Browne left three gold medals to be yearly given to Cam- bridge under-graduates, for Greek and Latin compositions ; and founded a scholarship at Peterhouse, where he was educated. lie translated " Grego- i-y's Elements of Dioptrics," and collect- ed, under the title of " Opuscula," his own light pieces. — George, count de, an Irisli Catholic, h. in 1098, entered into the Russian service. He saved the Empress Anna Ivaiiovua from the con- spiracy of the guards, and served with distinction under Lascy, ilunich, and Keith. On the hanks of the Volga he stopped, with only three thousand men, the whole Turkish army. He was, how- ever, taken prisoner by the Turks, and sold as a slave, but escaped. In the seven years' war, he distinguished him- self at the batt!r-s of Prague, Kollin, Jaegendorf, and Zorndorff. Ilis services ■were rewarded with the government of Livonia. After having held it thirty years, lie wished to retire, but Catherine ll. replied, "Death alone shall part us." D. 1792. — Mosf;s, a divine and poet, was b. in 1703, and was originally a pcncut- ter; but, through the interest of Har- vey, he obtained orders, and the living of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. D. in 1787, at Morden college, of which he was chaplain. He is the author of sev- eral works, the principal of which arc "Piscatory Eclogues," and "Sunday Thoughts." Browne was a great lover of angling, and published an edition of "Walton's Angler. — Isaac Hawkins, a native of Buiton-upon-Trcnt, b. 1706, studied at Westminster, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a man of infinite wit, lie was mute in par- liament. He is the author of an excel- lent Latin poem, on the " Immortality of the Soul, which has been more than once translated, and also of "Poems." Of his minor poems, the "Pipe of To- bacco," in which he admirably imitates fii.x ]ioets of that ])eriod, is tlic best known, and is deservedly popular. D. 17615. — Patrick, a botanist and physi- cian, b. at Crossboyne, in Ireland, 1720 ; Btudied physic at Paris and Lcyden. He then went to the West Indies, which he had visited in bis youth, and finally took up his abode at Jamaica. Ketura- ing at length to Ireland, he d. in 1720, at Kusbrook, in the county of Mayo. His chief work is the " Civil and Nat- ural History of Jamaica." — W^ixliam George, an English traveller, a man of fortune, who penetrated into the interior of Africa, and was the first who gave an account of the African kingdoms of Darfur and Bornou. His " Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792 to 1798," were published' in 1799. About the year 1814 he was murdered in Per- sia, while on his way to explore the re- gions south of the Caspian. BRUCE, Robert, the deliverer of Scot- land from the English yoke, a descend- ant, by the femaleside, "from David, bro- ther of William I. Like his father, who was a competitor for the crown with Ba- liol, he at first fought under the English banners. He, however, at length asserted his right to the sovereignty, and was crowned at Scone, in 1306. After many reverses, he totahy defeated Edward II., in ISM, at Bannockburn, and thus es- tablished himself firmly on the throne. He d. in 1329. Tradition says, that after one of the defeats which he sustained at the outset of his career, when Bruce was hiding from his enemies, and almost disposed to relinquish his enterprise in despair, he was animated to persever-" anee by the example of a spider, which he saw foUed in nine attempts to reach a certain point, but which persisted, and succeeded in the tenth. — James, one of the most celebrated of modern travellers. For a short time he held the post of British consul at Algiers, but resigned it in order to gratify his passion for travelling. After traversing the greater portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a journey to ascertain the source of the Nile. An account of this journey he subsequently published ; and some of his statements, particularly those which referred to the manners and customs of Abyssinia, were received with mingled incredulity and ridicule. Though greatly annoyed by the disgraceful illiberality with which he had been treated, he bore the taunts and sheers of his shallow critics with a taciturn pride, not deign- ing to satisfy disbelief, or to disarm ridi- cule, but trusting the day would ere long arrive when the truth of what he had written would bo confirmed by others ; and it is now clearly proved, from the statements of many subsequent travel- lers, that he was every way undeserving of the censure bestowed upon him. B. at Kinnaird house, Stirlingshire, 1780 ; BRCJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV, 217 and d. in consequence of an injury sus- tained hv Ihlliiiir down stairs, at liis pa- ternal c-^tato, IT'Jl. — John, an able writer on coininereo, moral pliilosopliy, and political economy; author of "First Principles of I'liiJosopiiy." "Annals of the East India Company,'' &c- 1^- 1^26, aged 82. — Michael, a Scotch poet. His parents being of the poorest class, his ear- ly life was one of considerable privation. This, and his ardent attachment to po- etry, probably aggravated a constitu- tional predisposition to consumption, and he d. in tlie 21st year of his age, in 17(;7. His poems are few in number, ])ut sinirnlarly plaintive and elegant. — Petek Hexky, a German military officer of Scotch descent. He was at the battle of Truth, and was several times em- ployed by the Russian court in diplomat- ic missions. His memoirs, puolished at^er his death, give some curious details of his travels. He d. in Scotland, in BEUCKER, John- James, a German Lutheran clergyman; author of " His- toria Critica Philosophla?," &c. B. 16'j6 : d. 1770. BRUCKNER, Joii>f, a Lutheran di- vine, pastor of the Walloon congrega- tion at Norwich ; author of " Theorie du Systenie Animale," " Criticism on the Diversions of Purlev," &e. B. 172G ; d. 1S04. BRUEYS, David ArcfSTix, a French dramatic writer ; in early life a Protest- ant, but afterwards a biiroted adherent to the Catholic faith. B." lG-10 ; d. 1753. — Francis Paul, a gallant French admi- ral, commanding the fleet which con- veyed the army of Bonaparte to Egypt, and killed at the battle of the Nile. BRUGMANS, Sebald Justinus, a learned Dutchman, physician-in-chief of the army, and the author of some valuable medical works. After the union of Holland with France, Napoleon made him inspector-general of the hos- pitals ; and it has been remarked that so skilful were his arrangements, that the number of deaths by wounds and diseases was never increased by hospital fevers. After the battle of Waterloo, he proniptlv procured medical aid for up- wards of 20,00rt men. B. 1703 ; d. 1819. BRUGNATELLT, Louis, an Italian physician and chemist ; author of " Bib- liotheca Tisica d'Europe," :3; d. 1727. BRUNO, a saint of the Roman calen- dar, and founder of the (,'arthusian order of monks, the Hrst house of wliich he estabiiihed in the desert of Chartreuse. B. 1030; d. 1101.— Thk Great, arch- bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine; an able politician, who took a conspicu- ous part in all the great transactions of his time. He was the brother of the Emperor Otho I. D. \)65. — ■Giord.vno, a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of the Dominican order. The boldness with which he censured the irregulari- ties of his monastery obliged him to leave it ; and tiying to Geneva, he em- braced the Protestant religion. Beza and Calvin, however, obliged him to quit that city, and he proceerthe popuhir indig- nutiou against. the murderers of Cajsar, who lied troiri koine and raised an army, of ;s-liich Brutus and Cassias took the command ; but being totally defeated at the battle of Philippi, where they en- countered the army of Antony, Brutus escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause "irretrievably ruined, requested Strato, one of his confidants, to kill him. For a long time his friend refused, but on hearing Brutus call one of his slaves to perform the fatal office, he ex- claimed, " Forbid it, gods, that it should ever be said that Brutus died by the liand of a slave for want of a friend !" and presenting the sword as he turned away his face, the noble Roman fell on it and expired, 42 b. c, in the 43d year of his age. BRL'i'EKE, John de la, an eminent French writer; author of "Dialogues on Quietism," published after his de- cease; and of "Theophrastus, translated from the Greek, witli the Manners of the present Age." Of this admirable and admired work, Voltaire says, " Its rapid and nervous style struck the pub- lic at once ; and the allusions to living persons, which abound throngh its pages, completed its success." B. 1644 ; d. VVJd. BRYAN, Michael, a connoisseur of paintings, whose judgment was highly esteemed, though he lost large sums by his own purchases. He was the author of a valuable " Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers." B. 1757; d. 1S21.— Sir France, a distin- guished soldier and statesman. lie served with great credit against the French in the earl of Surrey's expedi- tion, and subsequently became chief jus- ticiary of Ireland. He is chiefly mem- orable, however, as a poet ; his works being printed with those of his friends Wyatt and Lord Surrey. D. 1550. BRYANT, .Jacob, a distinguished an- tiquarian and philologist; author of an able, though smgular " Analysis of An- cient Mythology," published" in 3 vols. 4to. ; a treatise on the " Truth of Chris- tianity," a work in denial of the exist- ence of Troy, and various other publi- cations of great erudition and ingenuity. B. 1715; d. 1804. BRYDGE.S. Sir Samuel Egertox, hart., a gentleman of versatile talents and eccentric character. B. 1762, at Wootton Court, in Kent, was educated at the King's school. Canterbury, and at Queen's college, Cambridge. In 1700, after the death of the last duke of Chandos, he induced his elder brother, the Rev. £. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim to the barony of Chandos, the £onsid- eraiion of which was long procrasti- nated ; but at length, in 1S03, the house of lords decided aerainst its valid- ity. On the death of liis brother, in 1807, Sir Egerton pertinaciously ad- hered to his favorite, though illusory notion of obtaining a coronet, main- taining that, though defeated by parlia- mentary law, he could, when he pleased, assert his rights by common law, while he regularly added to the sitrnature of his name — '*/)(?/• leffem tcrrce, JJ. C. nfS.'^ — meaning Baron Chandos of Su'dely. He made several unsuccessful attempts to obtain a seat in parliament, but was ultimately (1812) returned for Maid- stone, which borough he continued to represent about six years. In 1814 he was created a baronet; and in 1818, upon the loss of liis seat in the house of commons, he visited many parts of the Continent. In 1826 he returned to England, for two years, and took up his abode at Lee Priory, the scat of Col. Brydges Barrett, his eldest son ; at the expiration of which time, his affairs be- coming inextricably embarrassed, ho finally quitted his native land, and re- moved to Geneva, where he remained in great seclusion until his death. His literary labors were exceedingly multi- farious : poetry, romance, politics, gen- ealogical antiquities, and topography, were the principal ; and in many he ac- quitted himself with considerable skill. His abilities as a genealogist, topogra- Eher, and bibliographer, are attested by is "Censura Literaria Restituta," 10 vols.; " Theatrum Poetarum ;" "Stem- mata Illustria ;" " British Bibliog- raphy ;" " Lex Terra>," &c. Besides these, he published the novels of " Mary de Cliffnrd," "Arthur Fitz-Albini," and "The Hall of Hellingsey ;" "Imaginary Biography," 3 vols. ; "'Recollections of Foreign Travels," 2 vols. ; " The Auto- biography, Times, Opinions, and Co- temporaries of Sir Egerton Brydges," 2 vols. ; and numerous others, inde- pendent of contributions to many jieri- odicals on almost every subject. D. 18-57. BRYDONE, Patihok, a Scotch gen- tleman; author of "Travels into Sicily and Malta," &c. B. 1741 ; d. 1810. BRYENNIUS, Mancel, an early mu- sical composer; he published, in the 14th century, a treatise on harmonics, of which a Latin translation, together CYCLOl^BDIA OF mOGIlAPIIY. BPCJ with the compositions of the author. was piiblislic.l l)y ])r. Wallis, in IG'.t'J. BUACIIK, I'niLii', an able French liy- droyrapher; author of some valuable hvdrofrrapliioal and geographical works. B. IToO: (1. 177.'). BUAT NANC.'AY. Louis Gabriel du, an eminent Frencli diplomatist and writer; author of a "History of the Ancient Nations of Europe," " Maxims of Monarchical Governmeut," &c. B. 1732 ; d. 17S7. BUG, Sir Geokoe, historian and anti- quary, was a gentleman of the privy elianiber to James 1.; and author of "The Life of Richard III.," "The Art of Revels." &c. BUCIIER, Maktin, a friend of Luther, and so eminent a preacher of the re- formed faith, that Crunmer, when arch- bishop of Canterbury, invited^ him to England, and lie became professor of theology at Cambridge. B. 14yi ; d. 1551. BUCilAN, Stuart Erskine, earl of, a nobleman devoted to literary and scien- tific pursuits, and founder of the Anti- quarum Society in Scotland. In 17^1 he instituted an annual commemoration at Ednam, the birthplace of Thomson, in honor of the poet ; and on that occa- sion, Burns composed his " Address to the Shade of the Bard of Ednam." D. 1829. — William, a native of Scotland, and author of the well-known "Domes- tie Medicine," &c. B. 172y ; d. 1805. BUCHANAN, George, an eminent Scotch historian and poet. Tiie few works which he wrote in his vernacular tongue are greatly admired ; but his llimc chiefly rests on his Latin works, which are singularly beautiful in their stylo. B. 1506; d. 'l5S2. — Claudius, a Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and professor and vice-provost of the college at Fort William. Of his numerous works, the most interesting are "Chris- tian Researches in Asia," and a " Mem- oir on the Expediency of an Ecclesias- tical Establishment in India." B. 1766 ; d. 1815. BUCIIOZ, P. Joseph, a naturalist and botanist of Metz, who must have been one of the most mdustrious compilers that ever lived, his works forming more than 300 volumes. B. 1737 ; d. 1807. BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of, the favorite of James I. and Charles I., was raised to the highest of- fices in the state, became the dispenser of all favors and honors, and conducted himself with so much pride and inso- lence, as to excite popular hatred and disgust. Being intrusted with the com- 19* 221 mand of an army, he lost the flower of it in an ill-conducted attack on the Islo of Rhe, and returned to refit his shat- tered armament. When he was again about to sail, he was assassinated at Portsmouth, bv a lieutenant of the name of Felton, August 23, 1G2«.— Gkougk Villiers, duke of, son of the preeediiie. B. 1G27; studied at Cambridge; served tbe king in the civil wars ; hud his es- tates seized by the parliament, which, however, were afterwards restored to liim ; and he eventually became a min- ister to Charles II., and was one of his most profligate courtiers. His political conduct was, like his general behavior, characterized by unprincipleil levity and imprudence; and though his literary and conversational powers were far above mediocrity, yet he was an object of contempt, and d. unregretted at Kir- by Mooreside, Yorkshire, in lOSs. — Anne Eliza, duchess of, daughter and heiress of the last duke of Chandos ; b. 1779 ; married to the marquis of Buck- ingham, then Earl Temi>le, in 1796. Throughout life this amiable and accom- plished woman displayed those traits of character which shed the brightest lus- tre on exaltea rank, and hallow the memory of their possessors. She was boundless in her charities ; pious, affec- tionate, and sincere ; Avithdrawing from the "pomps and vanities" of the world, to indulge in the charms of retirement, where she could cncouratre the deserv- ing, reform the erring, and minister to the necessities of the distressed. D. at Stowe. 1836. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, John Shef- field, duke of, son of the earl of Mul- trrave. B. 1649; served under Marshal Turenne, and took a part in the revolu- tion of 1668. He also distinguished himself as a poet. Buckingham house, in St. James's park, since converted into a roval palace, was originally built for him. " I). 1720. BUCKINK, Arnold, an artist of the 15th century, and the first who engraved maps on copper. He illustrated an edi- tion of Ptolemy, which was printed by Sweynheiin, of Rome, one of the earliest printers in that eountrv. BUCKMINSTER, JosEi-ii, a famous preacher of Portsmouth, N. II. He graduated at Yale college in 1770, and from 1774 to 1778 was a tutor in that seminary. He was ordained in 1779. After a" ministry of thirty-three years his health became greatly iiii paired. 1>. 1812, aged Go. It is remarkable, that on tiie preceding day liis eldest son, a 222 CYCLOP.iiDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [bup clergrvman in Boston, died sifter a week's illness. Altlioutrh Dr. 13. had not heard of his iiickness, yet lie saiil to his wife repeatedly a few hourd before his own death, ^-Joseph is dead T He published a uuiuber of " Sermons," wnd a short "Sketch of Dr. Mackintosh."' — Joseph Stevens, a preacher of the Brattle-street church in Boston. lie graduated at Harvard collcii'e in 1800. The next four years were spent partly in the family of his relative Theodore Lyman of Walt- liani, partly as an assistant in the acad- emv at Exeter, and in the prosecution of theological studies. He was ordained in 1j05, and, after a visit to Europe, preached for about five years. Mr. Ijuckminster was a very interesting and eloquent preacher, and perhaps as pop- ular as any one who ever occupied a pidpit in Boston, his hearers appearing, wherever he preached, to hanir on Ins lips with delight. In 1808 he published a '-Collection of Hymns," for the use of his society, a number of "Kevicws" in the •' Monthly Anthology" and other periodicals; "The Right lland of Fel- lowship" at the ordination of the Kev_. C. Lowell ; " A Sermon on the Death of Gov. Sullivan," 1809; "On the Death of \V. Emerson," 1811: and "An Ad- dress before the Phi Beta Kappa So- ciety." D. 1812. BUCQUOI, CU.\RLES BONAVENTURE DE LoNGL'EVAL, count dc, an eminent gen- eral, b. 1551, entered early into the Spanish service, and signalized his valor in the Low Countries. In 1620, in conjunction with the duke of Bava- ria, he entirely defeated the Protestant army near Prague ; but he stained his laurels by his subsequent cruelties. After having reduced Moravia, he was killed, in 1621, at the siege of Neu- hausel. BUDE, or BUDyEUS, William, b. at Paris, 1467, where he d. 1540, spent a youth of dissipation, but at length ap- plied himself so closely to study, that his classical acquirements gained for liim the title of tlie Prodigjf of France. He was employed on embassies by Louis XII. and Francis I., to the latter of whom he was secretary and librarian. Bude translated some treatises from Plutarch, and wrote several works, the chief of which arc, his "Tractatus de Asse," and " Commentarii Linguae Grecae." BU DGELL, Eustace, b. at St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 168.", and educated at Christ-church, Oxford. Addison, who was related lo him, took him to Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that country Budgell rose to offices of great trust and profit, and to be a member of the Irish parliament. While filling those offices with diligence and honor, he contributed to the -'Spectator" and "Guardian," translated ihe "Charac- ters of Thcophrastus," and wrote vari- ous pieces in verse. The tide of fortune, however, at length turned against him. He was dismissed from his office of ac- comptant and comptroller general of Ireland, for satirizing the lord-lieutenant, who had treated him ill ; he lost £20,000 in the South Sea bubble ; he spent £50oO more in vain attempts to obiain a seat in the house of commons ; and at last became involved in lawsuits and embarrassments. The finishing stroke was put to his fate, by the setting aside the will of Dr. Matthew TincHdl, in which appeared a bequest of £2000 to Budgell. His difficulties, and the dis- grace of having a forgery attributed to him, stung him to the heart, and be ended his existence by throwing him self into the Thames, May 4, 1787. .Be- sides the works already mentioned he established a periodical culled the "Bee," assisted in the "Craftsman," and wrote the "History of Cleomenes," and "Me- moirs of the Family of the Boyles." BUELL, Jesse, a distinguished agri- culturist, who devoted the best part of his life to the ditfusion of knowledge in his favorite branch of practical science. In the year 1813 he established the " Albany Argus," a political paper, which he edited till 1821. He was for several yeiu's a member of the New York legislature, and once a candidate for governor. But he was best known as the editor of "The Cultivator," which attained a large circulation among farmers and others interested in agri- culture. B. 1787; d. 1809. BUFFIP2R, Claude, a Jesuit, b. in Poland, of French parents, 1661, studied at the college of Kouen, where he after- wards held the situation of theological professor. Buffier was employed in the " Mcmoires de Trevoux," and likewise produced a great number of theological, metaphysical, biographical, and geo- graphical works. Several of them were collected in a folio volume, with the title of a " Course of Sciences on new and simple Principles." Though some- times superficial, he is, on the whole, an elctrant and instructive writer. D. 1737. BUFFON, George Louis le Clerc, count de, the "Pliny of France," was the son of a counsellor of the parliament bul] CYCLOIMIUIA OF lUOGKAPHV, 223 of r>ijon, and wns> b. September 7, 1707, at Miiiitburd. iuBarLriuiily. He stiulied tlie law at Di.jon, but never praetised it ; his inclinations loading him to math- ematical and physical science, and Eu- clid being his constant pocket com- panion. After having travelled into Italy and England, lie succeeded to his paternal estate at Alontbard, between which and Paris his time was spent. In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the royal garden and cabinet at I'aris, the treasures of which lie greatly increased. His patent of nobility he obtained in 1771. lie was also a member of the French Academy, and of the Academy of Sciences. Bulfon d. April 16, 1788. As a man, he was fond of dress and display, lax in his morals, and immeas- urably vain. Newton, Bacon, Leib- nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were the only persons whom he would allow to be great geniuses ! His first literary works were, "Translations of Hale's Vegetable Statics," and " Newton's Fluxions." But for his'fame he is in- debted to his " Natural History," in 36 volumes, which has been naturalized in almost every European language. Though always immethodieal, though often inaccurate, and though full of the wildest theories, it is undoubtedly an astonisliinu' work, whether we consider the extent of its information, the spirit of its descriptions, or the eloquence of its style. BllGEAUD, Mmishal, duke of Isly, a distinguished French soldier, b. at Limoges, 1784, served under Napoleon at Austcrlitz, and was made field- marshal for gaining a victory over the Moors in 1844. D. 1840. , BUGGE, Chevalier Thomm, an emi- nent Danish astronomer; greatly dis- tinguished by his trigonometrical survey of the island of Zealand. His other chief works are a treatise on " Math- ematics," and " An Account of the state of the Arts and Sciences, &c., in France, at the close of the Kevolution." B. 1740 ; d. 1815. BULIj, John', doctor of music, was chamber musician to James L His compositions were very numerous : the ,aatioua! anthem of " God save the King'' being among thoin. The time of his death is uncertain, but he was alive at the commencement of the year 1622. — Georok, bishop of St. David's, a learned prelate, and a very industrious and able theological writer, author of "Ilarmonia Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Niceine," &c. B. 1634; d. 1709. BULLER, Ch.vrles, a politician of rare promise, b. at Calcutta, ISdO. re- ceived his etUieation nartly at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Camoridge, and from an early age gave promise of more than ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he entered parliament on the eve of the reform bill for the borough of West Looe, which belonged to his family. He voteel for the bill. On all questions that came before parliament he took an active part; and on many occasions his opin- ions were far in advance of the whig party, with whom he subsequently took otfice. In 1838 he accompanied Lord Durham to Canada as his private secre tary; and in this capacity drew up tho masterly report upon the affairs ot that colony, which is considered as one of the most ctfective state papers of the age. In 1841 he was appointed secre- taiy to the Board of Control, an office, however, which he relinquished in 1842, on the formation of the Peel ministry. In 184G, on the formation of the whig cabinet, he was appointed judge advo- cate ; ill November of the same year he ■was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn of the privy council in July, 1849, and in November exchanged the easy office of judge advocate for the onerous duties of chief commissioner of the poor laws, an office which he held till his death. Besides discharging faithfully liis official duties, he found leisure for literary pur- suits, and many able articles in the "Globe" and the " Edinburgh Review" emanated from his versatile, pen. D. 1848. BULLET, Petek, an eminent Freneli architect of the 17th century. He con- structed the church of St. Thomas Aqui- nas, and many other splendid edifices in Paris, and wrote some good archi- tectural work's. BULLIALDUS. Ismael, a French as- tronomer and mathematician, author of " Philolaus ; a Dissertation on the True Svstem of the World," "Tabulae Phi- lolaica>," &c, B. 1605; d. 1694. BULLIAKD, Pierre, a French bota- nist, author of " Dictionnaire Elcmen- tairo Botanique," " Herbier de la France," &c. He designed and en- graved his own plates. B. 1742 ; d. 1793 BULLINGEK, Hexry, a Swiss pastoi of the reformed church, and the inti- mate friend of Zuinglius, whom he suc- ceeded as pastor of Zurich. His wri- tings were very numerous, but being almost entirely controversial, they are now little regarded. B. l.')04; d. 157''. BULOW, Fkederio WiLUAit, count 224 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [bur ♦■on Dennewitz, a pallaiit Prussian gen- eral, whose services were most essential to his couutry on many perilous oeea- sious. He was aetively engaircd against the French at the earliest periods of the hitc war, and, in ISOS, was made a gen- eral of brigade. His memorable vic- tories, in 1813, at Moekern, Luekau, Grosbceren, and Deunewitz, were re- warded by promotion and a title. He afterwards distinguished himself in Westphalia, Holland, Belgium, &c. ; and, as commander of the fourth di- vision of the allied army, he contributed essentially to the victorious close of the battle of Waterloo. B. 175.5 ; d. 1816.— Baron Henry von, distinguislied in the annals of diplomacy, b. 1790, at Meek- lenburgh Scliwerin. In 1826 he was appointed ambassador of Prussia at the court of St. James's; and to his talents were due several of the most important. treaties which allayed the warlike spirit of the times. Here he remained till 1811, when he was nominated minister of foreign affairs at Berlin ; but the crisis of atfairs in Prussia proved too much for bis exhausted energies, and the overstraining of his intellect, in his at- tempt to guide the vessel of the state, procluced a mental alienation, under which he succumbed in 18-46. BUNYAN, John, tiie celebrated au- thor of "The Pilgrim's Progress," &c., was the son of a travelling tinker, and for a time followed his father's occupa- tion. Mean, however, as was his origin, and dissipated as his early habits con- fessedly were, it appears tiiat he aban- doned the latter, and attached himself to the Anabaptists, among whom ho soon became distinguished as a preacher. Being imprisoned for contravening the laws against dissenters, he employed the twelve years of his confinement in wri- ting the most popular allegory in our language, "The Pilgrim's Progress." He was at length released throuirh the interposition of the bishop of Lincoln, and resumed his ministry at Bedford. B. 1C2S ; d. 16S8. BUONO, a Venetian architect of the 12tii century, who erected the well- known tower of St. Mark at Venice, a campanile or bell-tower at Arezzo, and several other grand edifices. He is de- servedly reckoned amoiiir the earliest im- provers of modern architecture. BUONONCINI, Giovanni Bai'tisti, a celebrated Italian composer, and one of Handel's most powerful rivals in En- gland. Besides operas, he composed various cantatas and sonatas, and the grand funeral anthem for the duke of Marlboroutrh. He is supposed to have d. at Venice about the middle of the Ibth century. BUPALUS, a famous sculptor of the isle of Chios in the 6th century b. c. He is said to have hanged himself in vexation at a satire written upon him by Hipponax, a poet, whose leanness he had caricatured in a statue. BUECHARD, or BROCAEDUS, bish- op of W^orms, in the 11th century. As- sisted by the abbot Albert, he compiled the famous collection of canons, in 20 books, entitled '* Magna Decretorum, seu Canonum Volnmen." D. 1026. BUECHARD, John, a native of Ger- many ; master of ceremonies to the pope, and, subsequently, bishop of Cit- ta di Castello ; author of a journal or diary of Pope Alexander VI., the MS. ot which, with a continuation by some other hand, is in the Chigi Library at Rome. 1). 1505. BURCIIIELLO, an Italian poet, whose real name wa? Dominico, was b. at Florence, in 1380, and d. at Rome, 14-48. Burchiclllo was a barber, and his shop was the resort of all the wits of the city. Such celebrity did this humble abode obtain, that the representation of it was painted in the Medicis gallery. With much wit and elegance, his poems are in style the most eccentric, and often un- intcllifriblo, that can be imagined. BUECKHARDT, John Lewis, a Swiss gentleman, who proposed to the English association for exploring Africa to be their missionary. He was unfortunate- ly carried olf by dysentery while wait- ing fort he caravan with which he was to go to Tioibuctoo. His papers were sent to England, and from them have been published his " Travels in Nubia," and " Travels in Syria and the Holy Land." B. 1784: d. 1816. John Cii.vRLEs, a learned German astronomer : author of " Tables de la Lune," &c., and of a German translation of La Place's "La Mdcaniqne Celeste." B. 1773; d. 1S25. BURDER, George, an eminent dis- senting minister ; author of " Evan- gelical Truth Defended," &c., and one of the editors of the " Evangelical Ma^ra- zine." I). 1S32. BUEDETT, Sir Fr.\nci3, bart., „n aristocrat by birth and fortune, but for a long series of years one of the most popular members of the British parlia- ment, was h. in 1770, ami received his education at Westminster school and Oxford university. On returning from buk] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 225 a continental tour, during which he had ample oijport unities of witnessing the pro;;ress of tlie Frcneli revolution, he was evidently imbued with some por- tion of its spirit, which was in no small deirrec fostered and encouraged V)}' his friend and instructor, the celebrated John Ilornc Tooke, the well-known au- thor of the " Diversions of Parley, " of wliom, indeed, Sir Francis may fairly be considered the elere. In 179;5 he married the youngest daughter of Tho- mas Coutts,"csq., the wealthy banker, with whom he received a large fortune ; and in four years afterwards, on the deatli of his grandfather, succeeded to the baronetcyi In 1707 he was returned to parliament; and he soon distinguish- ed himself by his resolute hostility to the measures of government. His op- position to ministers was so formida- ble and unceasing that, in 1810, having addressed a letter to his constituents, in which he declared that the house of commons had exercised their power il- legally by committing John Gale Jones to prison, the publication of this letter was deemed a gross breach of privilesccutions which he encourajjed atrainst the unfortunate Ma- ry, queen of S(>ots. B. l.i'20 ; d. l.=)93 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sun BUKMAN, Peter, an eminent critic, b. at Utrecht, lOtiS, was professor of his- tory, eloquence, and Greek, first at Utrecht, and afterwards at Leydeu.^ He subsequently V)ecame professor of his- tory and cliief librarian to the United Provinces. Besides publishing valuable editions of many of the Latin classics, and an edition of Buchanan's work, he wrote Latin poems, and various critical and philological dissertations, discourses, and epistles. — Johx, a physician and botan- ist, the pupil of Boerhaave, and nephew of the celebrated critic. He was profes- sor of botany at Amsterdam. Barman, anionff other tliinirs. p\iblishcd a " Cata- ioLTiic ofC ■ylouiaii Plants, " in which Lin- naeus assisted him ; and " Descriptions of rare African and American Plants ;" and translated into Latin " Rum- phius's Herb.ll of Amboyna." B. 1707 ; d. 1780. — Pktkk, brother of the bota- nist, b. .at Amsterdam, 1714, was brought up by his uncle, whom he assisted in his critical labors, and of whom he was no unworthy rival in erudition. He was professor of eloquence atFraneker, and afterwards, professor of poetry, li- brarian, and keeper of the gymnasium, at Amsterdam, where he d. of an apo- plexy in 1778. He wrote a volume of Latiii poems, and edited Aristophanes, Claudius, Propertius, and other classical writers. Like his uncle, he was irasci- ble, and was frequently engaged in vio- lent literary quarrels. BURN, RicHAKD, a native of Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, was edu- cated at O.vford, and became vicar of Orton, in his native county, a magistrate, and chancellor of Carlisle. He is the author of the useful book known as " Bnrn'.s Justice ;" a similar work on Ecclesiastical Law ; a " History of the Poor Laws ;" and, in conjunction with Nicholson, a " Historv of Westmoreland and Cumberland." "D. 17S0. BURNES, Sir Alexander, a lieuten- ant-colonel of the British army in In- dia, who filled several important of- fices at Cabool, where he, with his brother Charles and several others, were assassinatofl in 1841. BURNET, (riLBERT, bishop of Salis- bury, b. at Edinburgii, 164!}, was a very zealous promoter of the revolution which finally placed the present family on tlie English throne. As a writer, he is distiniruished by his " History of the Reformation," i)ublished between 1079 and Ifi"! and for which he had the thanks of both houses of parliament. In 1699 he published his " Exposition of the 39 Articles of the Church of En- gland ;" and after his death, which hap- pened March, 1714-15, his "History of his Own Times, with his Life annexed," was published by his son, Thomas Bur- net, afterwards &ir Thomas. — William, eldest son of the foregoing, was suc- cessively governor of the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. He landed at Boston. July, 1728, and was immediate- ly involved in provincial disputes. Ho was a man of learning, and published several works on theological and scien- tific subjects. B. 1688 Td. 1729.— Eliz- BETH, third wife of Bishop Burnet, was the daughter of Sir Richard Blake, knight. At the age of 18 she married Robert Berkeley, esq., with whom she went to reside in Holland till the revolution, and after being a widow seven years, she, in 1700, married the bishop' of Salisbury. The fortune which she possessed was employed to the most benevolent purposes, and the goodness of her heart was displayed in iier maternal attention to the children of her last husband. She published a method of devotion, a book of merit, v/hich showed her great knowledge of religion, and which was again re- printed four years after her death. B. 1601 ; d. 1709. — Thomas, a philosopher and divine, b. at Croft, in Yorkshire, about 1635, was educated at Cambridge, was appointed master of the Charter- house, m 16S5, and became chaplain and clerk of the closet to King William. As master of the Charter-iiouse, he distin- guished himself by boldly resisting the attempts of James H. to make a Roman Catholic a pensioner of the establish- ment. As a literary character, he ac- quired reputation by various works of merit, but particularly by his " Telluris Sacra Theorie," which ho subsequently translated into English, with the title of the " Sacred Theory of the Earth," and which, though its philosophy is radically defective, will always bo admired, for the sublimity of its imagery and the elo- quence of its stvlc. 1). 1715. BURNETT, .James, Lord Monboddo, a distinguished Scotch judge; author of a " Dissertation on the Origin of Lan- guage," &c. Though both learned and acute, he exposed himself to much and merited ridicule by asserting the exist- ence of mermaids* and satyrs, and by other ridiculous theories, particul.arly his whimsical speculations relative to a supposed affinity between the human race and ne monkev tribe, B, 1714; BUR CYCLOPAEDIA OF niOGRAPlIY. 229 d. 1779. — George, a modem English au- thor of some talent nnd more industry. He wrote " Letters on the State of I'o- land," and the " Introduction to Mavor's Universal History;" he also edited vari- ous publications, but d. in penury, 1811. — Gilbert Tiiomxs, a lineal descendant of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, having received a classical and scientific educa- tion, studied with success under medi- cal and anatomical professors ; and ulti- nuitely became the professor of medical botany at King's college, London. He had for some time prcviou>ly lectured upon his favorite study at the Hunterian theatre in AVindmill-streel, and to which he owed his appointment to tlie honor- ary professorship to the Mcdico-lJotani- cal boeiety, before his election to the chair at King's college. B. 1800; d. 183.^. BURNEY, Charles, a doctor of music and literary character of some note, was b. at Shrewsbury, in 1726, and studied music under Dr. Arne. In 1749 he pro- duced at Drury-lane, the musical pieces of ''Alfred," ''Kobin Hood," and "Queen Mab." Ho then settled at Lynn, where he resided nine years, during which period he was employed on his " Gener- al History of Music," tlie first volume of which however he did not give to the press till 1770. In 1760 he returned to the capital, and in 1766 brought out, at Drury-lane, an English version of the " Devin du Village." In 1770 and 1772 he travelled through France and Italy, and Germany and tlie Netlierlands ; of which tours he published interesting narra- tives. He became a member of the Royal Society after his second return, and contributed to their transactions an account of young Crotch. Besides the productions already mentioned, and many musical compositions, he pro- duced several works, one of the cliicf of which is a "Life of Metastasio," in three volumes. D. 1S14. — Ch.\rles, second son of the preceding, was b. at Lynn, in 17.57, and educated at the Char- ter-house, Caius college, Cambridge, and Aberdeen. After having been an assist- ant to an academy at Hi^hgato, and afterwards to Dr. Rose, of Chiswick, whose daughter he married, he estab- lished a school at Hammersmith, which at a subsequent period he removed to Greenwich. He obtained the livinjrs of Deptford and of Clitl'e, and a prebend at Lincoln, and was appointed one of the king's chaplains. Dr. Burney was one of the most consummate Greek scholars in Europe. His classical ac- quirements -were first displavfid in his criticisms in the "MonthlyReview." He published an "Appendix to Scapula;" an edition of the "Choral Odes of vEs- chylus ;" and other erudite works. His valuable library was purchased for the British Museum. D. 1817. — James, a son of the historian of music, b. 1739, accompanicr! Captain Cook in two of his voyages ; was much beloved by John- son ; became a rear-admiral, and dis- played a respectable portion of the liter- ary talent of his family, in a "History of Voyages of Discovery," 5 vols. 4to; an "Account of the llussian Eastern Voyages ;" and some philosophical tracts. D. of apoplexy, 1820. — William, master of the royal academy, Gosport; a school where many distinguished naval and military ofncers have been educated. He was the author of " Lives of the Na- val Heroes of Great Britain," &c. E. 1762; d. 1832. BURR, Aat!ox, president of tlie col- lege of New Jersey ; eminent as an able and learned divine, and an accomplished scholar ; in 1748 was unanimously elected president of the collesre which he was instrumental in founding, as successor to Mr. Dickinson. The college was re- moved about this time from Elizabeth- town to Newark, and in 1757, a short time before the death of Mr. Bujt, to Princeton. In 1754 he accompanied Mr. Whitefield to Boston, having a high esteem for the character of that eloquent itinerant preaclur. Mr. Bun- published a treatise entitled "The Supreme Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ," maintained in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. Em- lyn's inquiry : reprinted at Boston in 1791. He published also a "Fast Ser- mon" on account of the encroachments of the French, January 1, 1758; "The Watchman's Answer to the Question, What of the Night ''' a sermon. 1756 ; a funeral sermon on Governor Belcher, 1757. B. 1714; d. 1757. — .Toseph, a, philanthropist, of Manchester, Vermont, who gave in his will over $90,000 to public institutions. D. 1S28. — Aarox, third vii'e-presidentofthe United States. B. at Newark, New Jersey, February 6, 1756, was the son of the Rev. Aaron Burr. His mother was the dauffhter of the celebrated Rev. Jonathan Edwards. He was graduated at the college in Penn- sylvania. 1772, at the age of 16 ; in 1775, in his 2iHh year, he joined the .\merican army, under Washinrrton, at Cambridge; accompanied General Arnold as a pri- vate soldier in his expedition against Quebec ; after his arrival there, ho acted 230 CVCL0P.!:D1A of mOGRAPHY. [buu OS au aid-de-camp to General Mont- gomery; and on his return, in 1776, Geueriil Washington invited liimto join hisliimily at liead-quartcrs. Some cir- cnmstuuce soon tooK place, which has not been fully explained, by which Burr lost the conlidence of Washington ; and the hostility of the former to the latter from that time was uiKiisguiscd. In 1777 Burr was appointed lieutenant- colonel, and distinguished himself as an able and brave officer; but in March, 177'.', he was, on account of the state of Ills health, compelled to resign his otiiee, and retire from military life. He tlicu devoted himself to the study of law; commenced practice at Albany, in 17S2, hut soon removed to the city of New York ; he became distinguished in liis prot'essiou ; was appointed attorney- general of the state of New York in 17Sy ; from 1791 to 17'J7 he was a mem- ber of the United States senate, and bore a conspicuous part as a leader of the republican party. At the election of president of the United States for tlic fourth presidential term, Thomas JeH'er- son and Aaron Burr had each 73 votes, and the choice was decided by congress, on the 36th ballot, in favor of Jetferson for president, and Burr for vice-presi- dent. On the 12tli of July, lSu4, Colonel Burr gave Alexander Hamilton, long his professional rival and political opponent, a mortal wound in a duel. He soon after conceived the project of invading Mexi- co ; for which he was at length appre- hended and brought to Kichmond, in August, 1807, on a charge of treason, and, after a long trial, acquitted. He afierwards returned to the city of New York, practised law to some extent, but passed the remainder of his life in com- parative obscurity and neglect. D. at Staten Island, New York, September 14th, 1836. BUliNS, KoBERT, the greatest of Scot- tish poets, was tlie son of Wm. Burns, a gardener and small farmer, near the town of Ayr, and was b. January 25tli, IjVj^ He was brought up to rustic iTEor ; but his education was not neg- lected, as lie received, at an early age, instructions in English grammar, by a Mr. Murdock, to wliicli he added an ac- quaintance with the French language and practical mathematics. Smitten with a passion for reading, lie devoted cver\- moment he could spare to the perusal of such Vjooks as fell in his way, and, among tiiem, meeting with the works of some of the best English pools, he was enabled to cultivate and improve a taste for poetry and romantic fiction; which was, perhaps, first in- spired by the chimney-corner tales of an old woman in his father's iamily, whose memory was plentifully stored with adventures of fairies, witches, war locks, ghosts, and goblins, which she religiously believed, and therefore do- tailed with the most impressive clfect to her admiring auditors. Burns's first poetical etfusions were prompted by love, a passion of which he was pecu- liarly susceptible. Having begun, he continued to make verses, which at- tracted the notice of his neighbors, and gained him considerable reputation. lu 1781 he engaged in business as a flax- dresser, in the town of Irvine ; but his premises were destroyed by fire, and he was obliged to relinquish the underta- king. His father dying, he took a small farm in conjunction with a younger brother; and tliis scheme also proved unsuccessful. In the mean lime, he had formed a connection with a young woman, whom, on her becoming pre»'- nant, he would have married ; but his ruined circumstances induced her friends to object to it. Thus unsuccessful at home, he engaged himself as assistant overseer to a plantation in Jamaica. To obtain the funds necessary for the voy- age, he was induced to publish, by sub- scription, a volume of his poetical ett'u- sions. It was accordingly printed at Kilmarnock in 1786, and Burns, having derived from the publication the assist- ance he expected, was about to set sail from his native land, when his purpose was prevented bv the communication of a letter from ^Doctor Blacklock to a tViend of the Ayrshire poet, recom- mending that he should xisit Edin- burgh, in order to take advantage of tlio general admiration his poems had ex- cited, and ])ublish a new edition of them. This advice was eagerly adopted, and the result exceeded his most san- guine expectations. After remaining more than a year in tlie Scottish me- tropolis, admired, flattered, and caressed by persons of eminence for their rank, fortune, or talents, he retired to the country with tlie sum of £.500, which he had realized by the second publica- tion of his poems. A part of this sum he advanced to his brother, and with the remainder, took a considerable form near Dumfries, and at the same time procured the otlice of an exciseman, lie now also completed his matrimonial engagement with Miss Armour, the young woman to whom he had beea 11 U It J CYChOP-EUIA OF BIOCIUAl'llV. ^31 contracted. His convivial habits ere long prevented him tVoni paying a pro- pur attention to ins farm ; ami, after a trial of tiiree years and a half, he found liimself obliged to rc-^ign Iii.-< lease, and remove to the town of Dumfries, to fol- low his employment as an exciseman. He continued to exercise his pen, par- ticularly in the comjiosition of a nund:ier of beautiful songs, adapted to old Scot- tish tunes, Ihr a j)eriodical work pub- lished at Edinburgh. But his residence in l)unifrics was by no means favorable to his habits. His society was courted by the idle, the gay, and the dissipated, wlio were delighted with his conversa- tion, or charmeif with his brilliant wit ; and, perhaps, many who had little sym- pathy with the powers of his genius were eager to solicit his acquaintance and society, that they might be able to boast of an intimacy with so extraordi- nary a man. In the winter of 17t»5, his constitution, broken by cares, irregular- ities, and passions, fell into premature decline. The sunnner returned, but only to sliine on his sickness and his grave. In July, 17'.i6, a rheumatic fever terminated his lite and sufferings at the early age of ;57. lie left a wife and four children, for whose support his friends and admirers raised a subscription ; and •with the same object, an edition of his works, in four volumes 8vo., was pub- lished by Dr. Currie, of Liverpool. In his person. Burns was about five feet ten inches high, of a form that indicated strength as well as agility; his forehead wiis linely raised ; his eyes were dark, large, fidl of ardor and intelligence. Ilis character, though marred by impru- dence, was never contaminated by du- plicity or meanness. He was an honest, proud, warm-hearted man ; combining sound understanding with high pas- sions and a vigorous and excursive ima- gination. He was alive to every species of emotion ; and he is one of the few poets who have at once excelled in hn- nior, in tenderness, and in sublimity. His songs, his talcs, and his poetical epistles display pathos, wit, a vigor of sentiment, and a purity and elegance of style, while his prose is almost equal to his poetry. BUKKILL, James, a distinguished lawyer and statesman of Rliode Island, b. at Pro»idence, 1772, was, in 17'J7, ap- pointed attorney-general of the state, and continued to discliarge the duties of this ofhce for more than sixteen vcars. In 1813 he was elected to a seat in the state legislature, and in the fol- lowing year was chosen speoKer of the house of representatives. In I'^IG he was appointed chief justice of the su- preme court, and in the next year was elected to a seat in the senate of tho Lnited States. Of this body he con- tinued a member till his death in 18:^0. Judge Burnll was eminent as a scholar in general literature ; and his moral character was free from reproach or suspicion. His moral and social virtues, united with intellectual attainments of so high an order, gave him an inlluenco in the circle of his acquaintance seldom surpassed. BUKKOUGHS, George; the name of this man ought to be preserved from oblivion, as a memento of the excesses to which mankind may be driven, when under the intiuence of any powerful de- lusion. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1(570, and was a settled min- ister in Falmouth, Maine, now Portland, and afterwards in Salem or Danvers. In 17U2 he was prosecuted for witch- craft. The evidence, on which he was convicted, could not have been admitted in any court, whose members were not deeply infected with the prevailing mania. The witnesses were allowed to tell, that two of his wives had appeared to them, and accused him of being the cause of their death ; and threatening if he denied it, tliey would appear to them in court. This, they pretended, actually happened, and that they had been thrown into a paroxysm of fear from the horrid apparition. BURKOW, Sir James, an eminent English lawyer, author of four volumes of "Reports," an "Essay on Punctu- ation," &c. D. 1782. — Reube>-, an able mathematician, author of a tract " On Projectiles," a "Restitution of Apollo- nius on Inclinations," Arc. D. 17yl. BURROWS, WiLLLVM, an officer in the American navy. In 171*9 he re- ceived a midshipman's warrant, and served on board ditierent ships. In 1803 he was under Preble in the Tripol- itan war. In the war of 1812 he was appointed to the command of the sloop of war Enterprise ; he sailed from Ports- mouth, and on Sunday, Sept. 5, 1813, fell in with his Britannic majesty's brig Boxer, otf Portland, between Seguir anil Cape Elizabeth. After an action of 45 minutes, the Boxer was captured, tho commander, Blytli, being killed by a cannon-ball. At the tlrst tiie. Lieut. Burrows was wounded, but refused to be carried below. AVluu the sword of his enemy was presented to him, he 232 CVCLOP,EDI.V OF ClOGllAPHY, [but exelnimed, claspiaj!^ his hands, "I am satisliiHl : I die couteuted." BUKTON, Edwaiu), resrius professor of divinity in the university of Oxford, aud rector of Eweltue, was b. ITO-i ; edu- Ciited at Westudiister, and inatricnhited at Christ-ehurch, Oxford. His talents, close application, and exemplary con- duct did not puss unnoticed ; and he rose from one honorable station to an- other, liis various pamphlets, and the works lie edited, prove that he was able aud industrious. D. 18;i6. — John, an Knjrlish divine and critic, author of various theological treatises, poetry in Greek, Latin, and Enirlish, and other productions. i). ;'7i. — Hobert, an En;,disli divine, author of that sin- gular work, " The Anatomy of Mel- ancholy;" whicli Archbishop Ilerrinj; describes as "the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense." The archbishop adds, that the wits of the reigns of Anne and the first George were deeply indebted to Burton; aud we may venture to say, that the '• wits" of the succeeding reigns have been no less so. B. 1576 ; d. 1640. BL'SBY, Rich Ann, the venerable mas- ter of Westminster school — celebrated for Ins abilities as a classical teacher and as an unflinching disciplinarian — was b. in 16IJ6. He held the situation of head master from 1640 to the time of his de- cease, in 1695. BUSCHE, Herman von der, a learned German, friend and fellow-laborer of Lutlier, author of Scholia on ancient writers, Latin poems, &e., . 1534. BUSCHETTO DA DULICHIO, a Greek architect of the 11th century. He erected tiie cathedral church of Pisa, the fin^t specimen of the Lombard ec- clesiastical style of bnilfa x-ropheti- ca Davidis Kegis," &e. D". 1664. BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, Abraham, a learned Pole; prol'cssor of theology and philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of the Popes," "Annals of the Church," &c. B. 1567; d. 1637. c. CAAB, or CAB, Ben ZoHAra, an Ara- bian Jew, rabbi, and poet. lie satirized Mahomet so severely, that " the Proph- et" made war on the Arabian Jews tor the purpose of getting the poet into his power ; but when Mahomet's success was no longer doubtt'ul, Caab became his zealous panegyrist, abandoned Ju- daism lor Mahomctanism, and was greatly in Mahomet's favor. He is said to have assisted in the composition of the Koran. D. 62-2. CABANIS, Peter Jonx George, a French physician of considerable emi- nence. Becoming intimate with Mira- beau, he was made a member of the council of Five Hundred ; and under the government of Napoleon he was one of the senators. His writings are chiefly medical; but in addition to these he published an interesting account of the last illness and death of Mirabeau. B. 1757 ; d. 1S07. CABAKKL'S, Francois, Count, a Frenchman, who having settled in Spain ill a commercial character, ren- dered that country considerable service in establishing a p>aper currency, when cut off from her resources in America. He was afterwards the Spanish minister of finance; to which oifiee he was ap- pointed by Joseph Bonaparte. B. 1752 ; d. 1^10. CABESTAN, or CABESTAING, William ue, a Provencal poet of the 13th century, celebrated alike tor his talents and misfortunes. Having ex- cited the jealousy of Kayinond de Seil- lans, he was put to death ; and his heart was dressed and served up to the lady, who, on learning the horrible nature of her rcjiast, died of grief. CABOT, Sebastian, an English navi- gator of great eminence, was the son of a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at Bristol. He made several voyages with his father, ^who had obtained from Henry VIII. letters patent, empoweriiii,' him and his three sons to discover unknown lands and conquer them.) and they on one occasion discovered Ncwt'oundland, and on another saw tiie mainland of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was among tlie first to 236 CyCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cad notice the variationa of the needle. His Bkill in UKU-itimc aliairs iudiiocd Edward VI. to settle a pension ou hiin as graud pilot of Eiitrlaiid ; and he was consulted on all questions relating to trade and navitration. He publislied a man of the world, and a work entitled " Aaviga- zione nelle parte Septeutrionale." B. 1477 ; d. ir)57. CABRAL, or CABRAKA, Pedro Alvajsez, a celebrated Portuguese navi- gator of the I'ith century. CACCIA, Gcolielmo, surnamed, from his place of residence, 11 ilonealvo, an excellent painter, lie executed some fine altar-pieces, but his fame chiefly rests upon his small Madonnas, which are highly valued. D. 1625. CACCINI, Giulio, an Italian musician and composer. In conjunction with Peri, he composed the opera of "Eury- dice,"' on tlie occa.sion of the marriage of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici ; and it is said to have been the first opera performed in public. He was also the author of a work entitled " Nuovo Mu- siche.'' D. 1015. — Francesca, daughter of the above, much celebrated at Flo- rence in the 17th centuiy, as a poetess and composer of music. CADAMOSTO, Louis, a Venetian navigator, patronized and employed bv the king of Portugal. He discovered the Cape' Verd Islands. An account of his voyages and discoveries was pub- lished after his death, which took place in 1464. CADE, Jack, a noted rebel, a native of Ireland, who, during the feeble gov- ernment of Henry VI., put himself at the head of 2ii,00u men, collected from the populace in Kent, and marched into London, where he boldly proposed the rectifying of various abuses in the state. Elated with his popularity and success, he next assumed the title of Lord Mor- timer, declaring himself the rightful heir to the throne, as a descendant of Ed- ward III. ; but this extravagance in- duced the citizens to resist liim, and the insurgents were compelled to submit to the royal authority. All who returned to their homes were pardoned ; but Cade, wiio was excepted from the gen- eral amnesty, and for whose body 1000 marks were oti'ercd by the government, wandered about the woods of Kent and Sussex for a time, till at length he was discovered, and killed in a garden at llolkfiel'l, Sussex, by a crentleinan of Kent, named Alexander Edroscribed. Cscsar, liowever, escaped the search tUnt was made after him, and Sylla was at length induced to exempt him from prosecution, though ho did so very un- willingly, telling those who interceded with him that they would repent their kindness, as he could see in Cwsar the germ of many Mariuses. Having dis- tinguished himself as an orator in the impeachment of Cornelius Dolabella, ho speedily grew a public favorite, and became successively military tribune, quffistor, and a'dilc. The profusion with which he lavished his librTality while in these offices, involved him very deep- ly in debt ; but having obtained the government of Spain, he contrived to amass money sufficient for their dis- charge, though they are said to have exceeded a million and a half sterling, a fact wliich, as he hela the government only a year, says but little for his scru- pulousness as to the means he used for self-aggrandizement. Having unitctl with I'ompcy and Crassus in the memorable coalition, called ''the first triumvirate,'' he became consul, and then obtained the government of Gaul, with the com- mand of four legions. And now it was that his genius had ample scope. His military career was rapid and brilliant, Belgians, Helvetians, and Nervians suc- cumbed to him ; the German tribes were repulse. 1777. CAGLIAKI, Paul, see Paul Veeo- NE9E. CAGLIOSTRO, Alexander, Count, tlie assumed title of an impostor, whose real name was Joseph Balsatno. He was b. at Palermo; and having lost his fa- ther at an early age, iie was placed under the protection of tlie friars of merfy, whose order he entered as a novice. Here he acquired the elements of chemistry and physic ; but he speed- ily made his escape, and committed so riiany frauds in Palermo, that he was obliged to abscond. After visiting va- rious parts, he at length reached Naples, where ho married a woman of as aban- doned a disposition as himself, with whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal, and England, pretending to supernatu- ral powers, and wringing considerable sums from those who became his dupes. In England this exemplary couple estab- lished" an order of what they called Eiryptinn Masonry, and as their dupes wen; of the higher order, they easily obtained from thcin the loan of valuable jewels, on pretext of some intended ceremonials. With these they went otf to Paris, and lived there in the utmost extravagance. The count, however, was thrown'into the Bastile, on a charge of being concerned in the fraud of the celebrated diamond necklace of Marie Antoinette; and when he obtained his liberty, he judged it high time to quit France. He tiien went to Italy, where his wife divulged some of his crimes to the Inquisition, and he was confined in the rlungcons of the eastle of St. Angelo. 1). J 794. CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken from that of his birthplace, of Thomas de Vio, a Neapolitan monk, and sub- sequently general of his orcler, author of a work on the " Power of the Pope," which procured him the archbishopric of Palermo, and a cardinalate ; "Com- mentaries on Aristotle and Aquinas," &c. I). 1534. CAILLE, Nicholas Louis de la, an eminent French mathematician and as- tronomer, author of "Elements of As- tronomy," and of numerous other valu- able woVks of science. B. 1713 ; d. 1762. CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an emi- nent Roman lawyer, author of a valuable body of legal institutes. He died about the beginning of the 3d century. CALAMY, Edmund, a Presbyterian divine. He was educated at CamlDridge, and obtained a living; but he rcsignecl it, and joined the nonconformists, rather tlian comply with the order for readin" the "Book of Sports." He entered warmly into the religious disputes of the tiiiie, and was one of the writers of tlie treatise against episcopacy, entitled, from the initials of its authors, " Sniec- tymnuus." Though he preached before the house of commons, and was one of the assembly of divines at Westminster, he opposed i)oth the execution of diaries I. and the subsequent domination of Cromwell. At the death of the latter he actively aided in the restoration, and became chaplain to Charles II. The act of uniformity (vv^yt^id him again to ae- calJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 239 cede, and ho d. in retirement in 1656. — EoMUM), grandson of the above, and a disseniing minister of pveat note. lie was a very voluminous writer. Besides numerous sermons, and controversial tracts against Echard, Iloadley, and Others, he published an abridj^ment of " Baxter's History of his Life and Times," with numerous supplementary artiele-s. D. 1782. CALANUS, an Indian philosoplicr, mueli esteemed by Alexander the Great. At the asre of So,"bcinf,' atHieted with a painful illness, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, which he ascended with a composed countenance, and expired in the names, saying, that having lost his health, and seen Alexander, life had no more charms for him. GALAS, John, a merchant of Tou- louse, memorable as the victim of judi- cial murder. His eldest son committed puicide; and as he was known to be attached to the Roman Catholic faith, a rabble cry arose that he had on that ac- count been murdered by his father. It was in vain that the unhappy parent pointed out the fact that he had a llo- man Catholic servant who was unin- sured. He was condemned literally without the shadow of a proof of his guilt, and put to death by being broken on tiie wheel. Voltaire and others sub- sequentlj' caused the process to be re- vised, and tlie unhappy widow procured a pension. The unjust and ignominious death of Galas took place in 1762. CALCAGNINI, G(ELIo, an Italian military olficer, who bore arms under the Emperor Maximilian, and Pope Julius II., and was distinguished er^ually as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting the profession of arms, he became pro- fessor of belles lettres in the university of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much esteemed, but as a prose writer he is more valuable for his matter than for his style. D. 15-41. CALDARA, PoLinoRO, b. at Caravag- gio, 14y"i, went to Rome in his youth, carried bricks, at tirst, for the masons who worked in the Vatican, and felt a great desire to become a painter, from seeing several painters who were occu- pied in the Vatican. Raphael employed him in the galleries of tiiat jialaee, where he painted," inider his direction, several excellent friezes. At Messina, lie exe- cuted an oil painting which represents Christ bearing the cross, contains a number of beautifiil ficrures, an 1 proves liis ability to treat the most elevated Bubjeets. * He lias approached, more than any one, to the style and the man- ner of tlie ancients, particularly in imi- tating their hanno-relievoK. His figures are correct, well-distributed and ar- ranged ; the positions are natural, the heads full of expression ami character. It is evident that he would have acquir- ed great celebrity if he had undertaken greater works. He applied himself to the chiaro-oscuro, partictdarly to that kind of it which is called .i;/rajfia!o, but showed, also much talent in his landscapes. At the sack of Rome, in 1527, he Hcd to Naples, and on his re- turn from that place to Rome, in 1543, was murdered by a domestic, — A cele- brated composer of the 18th century, b. at Venice, 1714, and d. 1763. His church compositions are still in repute. GALDAS, Francis Joseph, a distm- guished Spanish naturalist. He was employed by the congress of New Gra- nada to complete the Flora of Bogota, when the disturbed state of public attairs interrupted the work ; and this unfortu- nate gentleman and his colleague, Don Lozano, having sided M-ith the patriot party, were put to death by the Spanish treneral Murillo, in 1S16, " GALDERON. Don Pedko Calderox DE LA Barca Henao t Riano, descended IVom an ancient family, was b. at Madrid, Jan. 1, 1511], received his early educa- tion in tlie Jesuit's college of his native city, and studied at Salamanca, where he" devoted himself chiefly to historv, philosophy, and jurisprudence. liis poetical genius early discovered itself, having even before his 14tli vear written his tirst play, " El Garro del Cielo." His talent for this species of poetry, which has brought his name down to posterity, and, perhaps, his powers of invention in the preparation of entertainments or festivals, soon gained him friends and pa- trons. "When he left Salamanca, in 1625, to seek employment at the court of Ma- drid, many noblemen interested them- selves in briii'jring forward the young poet. Bnt, having an inclination for the military profession, he entered the ser- vice in li 25, and bore arms with distinc- tion lor lo years in Milan and the Nether- lands. In 16"ii he was recalled by Philip IV., wl'.o saM' him the direction of the court entertainments, and, in particular, the pi-criaratioii of plays for the court the- atre. Tlie next year he was made knight of the order of San .Jago, and served in the campaign in Catalonia. The unex- pected termination of the war rcsti>rc'! him again to his peaceful o.vuiiatioii. The kin? now etuferred on him a u\outh- 240 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAL ly pension of thirty escudos d' oro ; but ]\ti still einploycil his tiJcuts with uniii- tenuittcd iiidusti'y iu composing for the theatre and the church. The king spared no cost in the representation of his theatrical pieces. Ten years after, in 1051, he procured permission from the order of San Jago to enter the clerical profession, and, in 10.j3, obtained a chaphiin's ollice iu the archiepiscopal church at Toledo, without quitting, how- ever, his former occupation. But, as tliis situation removed him too far from court, ho received, in 1003, another at the king's court-chapel, (being still allow- e 1 to hold the former,) and, at the same time, a pension was assigned him from the Sicilian revenue. His fame greatly increased his income, as he was solicited by the principal cities of Spain to com- Eose theirautos sacramentales, for which e was liberally paid. He bestowed par- ticular pains on the composition of these pieces, and, in faet, eclipsed all that the Spanish literature, so rich in this depart- ment of fancy, had hitherto produced. Keligion is the ruling idea, the central Eoint, of his poems. Whatever subject e handles, he exhibits true poetical genius. Even allowing that he is infe- rior in richness of invention to Lope de Vega, he certainly excels him in fineness of execution, elevation of feeling, and aptness of expression. The Spanish na- tion esteem Calderon among the greatest poetical geniuses, and many faults in his writings are certainly to be attributed to the age and circumstances of the author. Among his dramatic works are many pieces of intrigues, full of complicated plots, and rich in stirring incidents. There are, besides, heroic comedies and historical plays, some of which merit the name of tragedies. To this class belongs the " Constant Prince," which deserves an honorable place among ro- mantic tragedies of tiie first rank. Be- sides these, he has left 9.5 autos sacra- mentales, 200 loas, ("preludes,) and 100 Baynetes, (farces.) He wrote his last play in the 81st year of his age. The smaller Eoems of Calderon, his songs, sonnets, allads, &c., notwithstanding the ap- plause which they received from his co- temporaries, are now forgotten : but liis plays have maintained their place on the stage even more than those of Lope de Vega. Tiie number of Ids collected plays amounts to 12S. He wrote, how- ever, many more, some of which were never published. D. May 25th, 1CS7. CALDERWOOD, DAvm, a Scotch Presbyterian di^■ine of the reign of Charles IL His opposition to episcopa- cy caused him to be banished, and he went to reside in Holland, wliere he published his celebrated "Altaire De- masccnum." He subsequently returned to Scotland, and by his writings and personal exertions greatly aided in the establishment of Presbyteriaaism. D. 1051. C.\LENIUS, Walter, a native of Wales and one of its historians. He was archdeacon of Oxford in 1120. CALENTIUS, Elisius, a Neapolitan poet anrl prose author. He was precep- tor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand, king of Naples, and the earliest writer on the illegality of putting criminals to death except for murder. D. 1503. CALEPINO, Ambrose, an Italian grammarian and philologist : author of a very valuable "Polyglot Dictionary,'" and other learned and useful works. 1). 1510. CALETTI, Giuseppe, surnamed It Cp.esionese, an admirable Italian painter. His principal picture is that of St. Mark, in the church ban Benedetto, at Fcrrara. In some of his works he so closely imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can scarcely distinguish them. D. 1000. CALHOUN, JoHX Caldwell, one of the most eminent of American states- men, was of Irish descent, but b. in Abbeville district, S. C, on the ISth March, 1782. The family originally re- sided in Pennsylvania, but removed thence to Virginia, and afterwards to South Carolina. In 1802 he was sent to Yale college, studied law in Litch- field, Conn., and in 1807 was admitted to the bar of his native state. He was elected to the legislature the next year, and in 1811 was chosen to congress, where he soon greatly distinguished himself by his logical power as a debater, and where he remained till 1817, when he was made secretary of war, under President Monroe. In 1825 he was elected vice-president of the United States, and in 1831, a senator. In 1843 he was made secretary of state, and again became senator in 1845. Thus from tlie year 1821 till his death, March 31st, 1850, he was rarely absent from Washington. In all the political ques- tions which arose during that time he took an active and prominent part, gen- erall}" on the side of extreme state rights. His speeches were full of thought and knowledge, terse, bold, and manly, and his character was one of the greatest integrity and elevation. He left behind him several works on political subjects, which are soon to be published. cal] CYCL0P-4i;:>IA 01' ElOGRAPIIV. 241 CALIGULA, Caius Cjesak Auorsxis Germanici-s, tlie lioiiian emperor aiul tyrant, bciran liis reign a. v. 07, with every promising appearance of becom- ing the real lather and friend of his people ; but at the end of eight months he was seized with a fever, which, it is charitably presumed, must have perma- nently deranged his intellect, for his dis- position totally changed, and he com- mitted the most atrocious acts of impiety, cruelty, and folly. He caused sacrifices to beoft'ercd to" himself, his wife, and his favorite horse ; murdered many of his subjects with his own hands ; had otiiers j)Ut to the rack while ho was enjoying his meals, or beheaded in his presence. But in the midst of his enor- mities lie was assassinated by a tribune of the people, as he came out of the theatre, a. u. 41, in the 2'jth year of his age. CALIPPUS, a Greek mathematician of the 4th century b. c, famous for hav- ing corrected the cycle of 19 years, invented by Meton, to show the corre- spondence of time in the revolutions of the sun and moon. CALLCOTT, John Wall, doctor of music, an eminent English composer. The Nobleman's Catch-club having riro- poscd a prize, he sent in a hundred compositions. It was then ruled that no individual should send more than three compositions of a sort; and Call- cott accordingly, in 1789, sent twelve, four of which gained the four medals. For many years he carried oft' at least one annual'prize, until 1793, when the prizes ceased to be given. He wrote, besides glees, catches, and other com- positions, a " Musical Grammar," and made some progress with a '' Musical Dictionary." B. 17G(3 ; d. 1S21.— Au- gustus Wall, brother of the above, an eminent English landscape painter, b. at Kensington, 1779. Originally a chor- ister in Westminster abbey, he was induced to try his hand at portrait paint- ing; and such was his success, that lie immediately followed the new pursuit to which his inclination pointed. Year after year his reputation increased ; and from 1799, when ho first submitted a specimen of his abilities for exhibition at the Koyal Academy, till lSlt>, when he was elected a royal academician, he had advanced almost to the summit of his profession. For many years his pictures of sea-coast views and English inland scenery were in considerable request ; nor were they ever deficient in number, his industry beins on a par with his 21 ability. On his marriage with the widow of Captain Graham, they made a conti- nental lour, and it was evident soon after his return that liis study of Italian scenery and the Italian masters had wrouglit an entire change in his style of composition. No longer did wc see rural scenes of England — mills, markct- earts, or ferry-boats ; but " Morning" and "Evening," Italian compositions; " Sunset near Canneglia," " Italian Girls at their First Communion," and others of that class. Though for a time, how- ever, he had abandoned, he had not forgotten the studies of his earlier years ; and in 18:57 the public were both sur- prised and delighted with a large picture of " Raft'aelle and the Fornarina," with figures the size of life. In that year he received the honor of knighthood. D. 1844, aged G-">. — Makia, Lady, daughter of Rear-admiral George Dundas, b. 1779. was married at a very early age to Cap- tain Graham, E. N. ; she accompanied him to India, returned to England, and published her travels in the three presi- dencies before she was 24 years of age. Some years later she accompanied her husband to South America, where he died, and she was in Chili during the terrible earthquakes of 1822-3. Besides the " Travels" above named, she pub- lished a "History of Spain," a "Scrip- ture Herbal," and several minor works. Her second husband was Sir Augustus Callcott, the artist. D. 1842. CALLET, John- Fkancls, a celebrated French mathematician, hydrographcr, and cntrineer ; author of a " Memoir on the Discovery of the Longitude," a "Supplement to Bezout's Trigonome- try," and a " Table of Logarithms, from 1 to 108,000." D. 1798. CALLIMACHUS, a sculptor and ar- chitect of Corinth. He is said to have invented the Corinthian order of archi- tecture, and to have taken the hint of its capital from a plant of the acanthus which surrounded a basket covered with a tile on a tomb. He flourished in the 6th century b. c. — A Greek poet and historian. The remains of his writings, consisting of elegies, hymns, and epi- grams, liave been published by several eminent editors, and translated into En- glish by Dodd and Tytler. CALLINUS, a Grecian orator and poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th century b. c. Some of his poetry is in the collection of Stobajus, and he is said to have been the inventor of elegiac verse. CALLISTHENES, a Greek philoso- 242 CTCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CAI. pher and poet, a relative and pnpil of Aristotle, by whom be was recommend- ed to Alexander the Great. He aecom-- panied that prince in the expedition asrainst Persia, and was at first much esteemed by him. It seems, however, that tlie philosopher had no smtdl por- tion of arrogance, a quality not likely to serve him with a despotic and iiTitable prince. lie crowned the oftenees of his tree speaking by boldly reprobating Alexander's assumption of divine hon- ors. For this he was put to death. CALLOT, .James, an eminent French engraver. Ilis plates are very n\tmerous and hicrhly esteemed, and his drawings scarcely less so. D. 1636. CxVLLY, Pierre, a French divine and philosopher. lie was a stanch Cartesian, and was much engaged in philosophi- cal controversies. He also distinguish ed himself in converting Protestants to the church of Kome. In addition to his controversial works, he wrote some ficrmons, and an " Introduction to Philosophy," and edited "Botthius cle Consolatio'ne." D. 1709. CALMET, AuGusTiN, a French Bene- dictine abbot of Senones ; author of a "Universal History," "Dictionary of the Bible,"' and other learned and well- known works. B. 1672; d. 1757. CALONNE, Charles Alexander de, an eminent French statesman, who suc- ceeded Necker as comptroller-general of the finances in 1788; but after four years of incessai\t endeavors at financial reform, was obliged to retire to En- gland. He wrote " Observations sur plusieurs Matieres du Droit Civile et Coutnmier," 2. CALPRENEDE, Walter de Costes, lord of, a French nobleman and friend of the crreat Conde, who is said to have aided him in the composition of " Cas- handra," " Pharamond,"' &e., volumi- nous romances, once very popular, but now suidc into almost entire oblivion. D. 166:^. C.\LVARE, Dexis, an eminent Dutch painter, wlio had the honor of giving tlie earliest instructions to Guido, .\lba- no, and Domenichino. His cTief-cT cenvre is the picture of St. Michael, in the church of St. Peter, at Bolo'.nia. I). 1010. CALVERT, (;i:okoe. first Lord Balti- more, an EnL'lish statesman. He was for some time 8 -cnMary of state to James I., but was obliired to resign liis office on becom'n r a Roman Catholic. He did not lose the favor of tiie kinir, how- ever; but obtained a valuable trrant of land in America, and by liis wise and just conduct formed the colony which has in modern times inereasecl to the populous and wealthy state of Maryland. D. 1GJ2. — Frederick, seventh Lord Bal- timore; author of a "Tour to the East, with Remarks on Constantinople and the Turks," "Coelestes et Inferi," &c. D. 1771. — Frederick, an ingenious and enterprising artist residing in London, whose numerous drawings and litlio- graphic prints afford ample evidence both of his versatility and untiring as- siduity. D. 1835. — Leonard, first gov- ernor of Maryland, was the brother of Cecilius Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America as the head of the colony, in 1633. He arrived with his colony at Point Comfort, in Virginia, 1634. On the 3d of March he proceeded in the bay of Chesapeake to the north- ward, aiid entered the Potomac, up which he sailed twelve leagues, and came to an anchor under an island, which he named St. Clement's. Here he fired his cannon, erected a cross, and took possession, "in the name of the Saviour of tlie world, and of the king of England." Ilnving obtained an in- terview with the Werowance, or prince, Calvert asked him whether he was will- ing that a settlement should be made in his own country. He replied, " I will not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your own discre- tion." Having convinced the natives that his designs were honorable and pacific, the governor now sought a more suitable station for commencing his colony. He visited a creek on the north- ern side of the Potomac, about four leagues from its mouth, where was an. Indian village. Here he acquainted the prince of the place with his intentions, and by presents to him, and his princi- pal men, conciliated his friendsliip so much as to obtain permission to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when it was stipulated the na- tives should entirely quit the place. Thus the governor took peaceable pos- session of the country of Maryland, and gave to tlie town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek on which it was situa- ted the name of St. George. The prov- ince was establislicd on the broad foun- dation of security of property and of freedom of reliirion. This liberal policy renilered a Roman Catholic colony an asylum for those who were driven from New England by the persecutions which were there experienced from Protest- ants. The governor superintended the aifairs of the country till the ciyil war in cam] CTCLOr.«:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 243 England, when the name of a papist be- came so obnoxious tliat the parliament assumed the {government of the prov- ince, and appointed a new governor. On the restoration, Ceciliiis Calvert re- covered iiis right. D. 167G. CALVl, Lazzaho, an able Italian art- ist, but of so jealous and evil a disposi- tion, that he poisoned an artist who rivalled him ; and, on finding Luca Cam- bvaso's jiortiou of the decoration of a church preferred to his own, abandoned his own profession, and did not resume it for 20 vears. D. 1606. CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, John, after Luther the most eminent of the religions reformers. His writings, both controversial and practical, were very numerous, and marked by great vigor and perspicuity ; and though they are now little read, the principles they in- culcate arc held by a vast body in all countries in which "the reformed religion is established or tolerated. There is, however, a deep stain in the character of this reformer. While vindicating the liberty of conscience, he so far forgot his own principles and disobeyed the behests of the gospel, as to consign to the flames the' unfortunate Servetus. The principal work of Calvin is his " Christian Institutes." B. at Noyon, in Picardy, l.=i09: d. 1564. CALVISIUS, Sellius, a German wri- ter; autlior of "Opus Ckronolosjicum," a work much praised by Scaliger and other learned men ; a treatise on music ; a work against the Gregorian calendar, &c. He also composed several psalms and other pieces of church music. D. 1615. CAMBACERES, Jean Jacques Regis, dnke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction by the French revolution, was b. at Montpelicr, in 1733, brought up to the legal profession, and by his talents soon attracted the notice of the convention, by whom he was appointed to various judicial offices. In the discussion rela- tive to the fate of Louis XVI., although he w.'is one who declared liim guilty, yet he disputed the right of the convention to judge hiin. aiul voted for his proviso- ry arrest, or. in case of hostile invasion, his death. For a time he had the man- agement of foreign all'airs ; and when Bonaparte was first consul, Cambnccres was chosen second consul. After Napo- leon became emperor he was an especial favorite, and w;is created arehchancel- lor, grand oltieer of the legion of honor, and ultimately duke of Parma, anil presi- dent of tlie chamber of peers. In fine, he always showed a sincere attachment to Napoleon, and devoted his best ener-" gies to his cause ; and though he was banished on the second restoration of Louis XVIII., yet he was afterwards allowed to return to Paris, where he d. in IS'24. CAMBRIDGE, Adolphus Fp.edekio, duke of, the seventh and youngest son of George III., was b. 1774 ; d.lSoO. CAMERON NE, Pierke Jacqce-s Etienne, baron de, a distinguished French general, was b. at Nantes, 1770. Entering the army in 1790, he served with distinction in the campaigns of the republic and the empire. He accom- panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, re- turned with him in 1816, commanded a division of the Old Guard at the bat- tle of Waterloo, refused to surrender, though his men were nearly destroyed, and fell into the hands of the English, after being severely wounded. In 1S16 he was brought before a council of war ; but though 'unanimously acquitted, he was placed in retirement, and did not re-enter his country's service till 1830. The celebrated words, " La Garde meurt, et ne se rend pas," are attributed to him. D. 1842. CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeed- ed his father, the great Cyrus, in 529 B.C. He was of a violent and vindictive disposition, which he manilested equal- ly by his invasions of Egypt and Ethi- opia, and by his cruel treatment of his own subiects. D. 521 b.c. CAMDEN, Charles Pratt, Earl, a distinguished British lawyer and states- man, was the third son of Sir .lohn Pratt, chief justice of the court of King's Bench, b. 1713. In 1757 he was ap- pointed attorney-general ; and in 1762 made chief justice of the common pleas. In 1765 he was created a peer, and the year following advanced to the dignity "of lord chancellor. On the question of libels Lord Camden always opposed the doctrine laid down by high authority, viz., that juries were only the judges of the matter of fact, and not of tlie law. In 1782 he was appointed president of the council, which office he resigned the following year; but he was afterwards reappointed, and held it till his death in 1794. — John Jeffreys Phatt, mar- quis of, was b. in 1759, being the only >on of Charles, first Earl Camden, some time lord high chancellor of England. He was educated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and in 1780 he "was returned to parliament as one of the members for Bath ; sl.ortly after which he received 244 CYCLOPEDIA OF MOGRAPHY. [cam the appoit.tment of one of the tellci's of •the cx'.'licqucv. In 1794 he siiccoedcd liis lather in the pcera;:e, luid the year followhig he was made lord lieutenant of Ireland. For his eminent services to the state, he was created Marquis Cam- den and carl of IJrceknoek in 1812. D. ISJtO. — William, a learned Ensflish an- tiquary. He received his early educa- tion at Christ's hospital, and subse- quentlv studied at Oxford, where he took his B.A. deiiree. After filling the situations of second and chief master of Westminster school, his proficiency in antiquarian lore procured him the lion- orable and lucrative office of Claren- cieux king-at-arms. In addition to his great and well-known work, "The Britannia," he published "iVnnals of Queen Elizabeth," a Greek grammar, &c. B. l.-)ol; d. 1G23. CAMERARIUS, Joachim, a learned German writer, the friend and biogra- pher of Melancthou. B. I'm ; d. 1574.— JoAcniM, son of the above; author of some botanical essays, &c. B. 1534 ; d. 15yS. CAMERON, Joiix, a Scotch Protest- ant divine, who, after filling the divin- itv chair at Glasgow, obtained that of Montauban, in France. Mild by nature and tolerant by Christian philosophy, he endeavored to mediate between Protest- ants and Catholics; but some zealots belonsing to the latter caused him to be so severely assaulted, that he died from the eftects'of the brutal attack. D. 1625. CAMILLA, daughter of Metabus, king of the Volsci. On succeeding her fatlier she distinguished herself in arms, and fell in battle assisting Turnus against jiEneas. C AMILLUS, MAKcrs Furius, a Roman general. After obtaining the highest honors from his apjilauding compatriots he was charged \vitli peculation, and went into exile. But when Brennus and his Gauls besieged the capital, Camillus nobly set- aside his private feelings, hastened to Rome, and Ireed it from the barbarians ; after which he was made dictator. I). 365 b. o. CAMOENS, Luiz ue, the most cel- ebrated poet of the Portuguese, was b. at Lisbon, probably in 1524; for it ap- ijcars, from a catalogue of persons em- barking for the East Indies m 1550, that Camoens, whose age is there given at twenty-five years, offered himself as a volunteer for the campajgn. His father was a seH-cai)tain, and perished by ship- wreck, on the coast of Goa, in 1556. Camoens .studiod at Coimbra, and hav- ing coir.pleted his education, re nirned to Lisbon, wliere he fell deeply in love with a lady of the palace, Catharino d'Attayde. ' He was exiled to Santarera, on acco\int of disputes in which tliis love involved liim. i rom despair he became a soldier, and served in the fleet which the Portuguese sent against Morocco, He composed poetry in ti)e midst of battles; and, as danger kindled his genius, so genius animated his courage. An arrow having deprived him of liis right eye before Ceuta, he naturally hoped that his wounds would receive a recompense, though his talents were not appreciated ; but envy opposed his claims. Full of indignation at seeing himself ncirlected, he embarked, in 1553, for India, and landed at Goa. His powerful imagination was e.xcited by the neroic deedsof his countrymen in this quarter ; and, although he had much reason to complain of them, he could not resist the desire of celebrating their glory in an cpie. But this vivacity of mind essential to the poet, is not easily iniitec' with the moderation which a dependen* condition demands. Camoens was dis- pleased with the abuses of the govern- ment in India, and wrote a satire, which caused his banishment to Macao, where he lived several years in no other society than that of nature, and composed his Lusiad, the subject of which is Vasoo da Gama's expedition to India. The parts of it whicn are best known are the episode of Ines de Castro, and the ap- pearance of Adamastor, who, by means of his power over the storms, aims to stop Gama's voyage, when he is about to double the Cape. The versification of the Lusiad has something so charm- ing and splendid, that not only culti- vated minds, but even the common people, are enraptured by its magic, and learn by heart and sing its beautiful stanzas. Being at last recalled from his banishment, at the mouth of the river Meeon, in Coehin-China, he was ship- wrecked, and saved himself by swim- ming ; holding in one hand, above the water, the inanuscript of his poem, the only treasure which he rescued from the waves, and which was dearer to him than life. In Goa, he encountered new persecutions ; he was confined in prison fjr debt, and not allowed, until his friends became responsible for him, to embark and return to Lisbon, in 156'J. King Sebastian, yet hardly past the age of childhood, took an interest in him. He accepted the dedication of his epic, (which appeared in 1572,) and, being on cam] CYCLOPAEDIA OF ItlOGRAPIIV. 245 the point of embarking on bis expedi- lion airaiiist t!i,' Moors in AtVii'ii, lie fflt, more sensibly than othnr.-*, the ge- nius of tho poet, wiio, like him, loved dantrcrs it' they led to glory. But Sebas- tian was killed in a battle before Alcacar, in 1578, when every source of assist- ance, as well as every hope of Camoens, was destroyed by this event. So great was his poverty, that at night, a slave whom he had brought with him from India, begged in the streets, in order to support the life of his master. In tins misery he yet wrote lyrie poems, some of which contain the most moving com- plaints. This hero of Portuguese liter- ature, the ornament of his country and of Europe, d. at last, in 1579, in the hospital at Lisbon. CAMPAN, Jeanne Louise IIenp.iette DE, distinguished no less for her amia- bility than her acquirements, was b. at Paris, 1752. Attached to the court in the capacity of companion to the French princesses, she was particularly dis- tinguished by Jlurie Antoinette, wliosc good and evil fortune she shared with alfectiug fidelity and devotion. At'ter the revolution she instituted a celebrated educational establishment at St. Ger- mains; she was subsequently appointed by Xa])oleon head of tlie institution for the ei.lucation of the daughters of officers whom ho had enrolled in the legion of honor; but after tiic restoration of the Bourbons, this establishnient was dis- solved, and lier relationship to Marshal Ney involved her in various unpleasant investigations which imbittered lier life. She d. in 1822, leaving behind her, be- sides a respected name, many educa- tional works, (of which her "Education des Fillcs'' deserves particular notice,) and valuable memoirs, rich in interest- ing sketches of the private life of her former mistress and friend. CAMPANELLA, Tmoma?, an Italian monk of the Dominican order. Having strongly opposed the I'eripatetic philos- ophy, his enemies caused him to be ac- cused of conspiracy, and he was confined first at Naples and afterwards at Kome. From tho latter place he escaped to France, where Cardinal Richelieu ob- tained him a pension. His best works are "Do recta Patione Studendi," and " Aphorisma Politica.'' D. lGo9. CAMPBELL, Arciiibai-d, marquis of Argyle, a zealous and gallant partisan of the Covenanters. At the restoration of Charles IT. the marquis was commit- ted to the Tower. After remaining a prisoner about five mouths, he was se?it 21* to Scotland, where he was tried for high treason, and beheaded in 1001. — Ai'.eiii- liAi.i), earl of Argyle, son of the above, and a zealous adherent of the royal cause, was excepted from the general pardon issued by Cromwell in 1054. Though he defeated the endeavors of his enemies to bring him to the scattbld, he most nnlbrtunately ventured to re- turn from Holland, where he had found shelter, and being apprehended, was conveyed to Edinburgh, and beheaded in 1GS5.— .John, duke of Argyle and of Greenwich, was distinguished equally as a soldier and a statesman, lie was brigadier-general at the famous battle of Eamilies, and commanded with bril- liant effect at Oudenarde and Malphiquet. To these services he added tliat of beat- ing the earl of JSIur at Dumblain, and compelling the Pretender to quit the kingdom. These actions, and his ex- ertions in bringing about the union, were rewarded with the garter and the English dukedom of Greenwich. He also held several offices, of which SirE. "Walpole deprived him, but which he rcgamed on that minister's removal. B. 1071 ; d. 1713. — Archibald, a relative of the above, and bishop of Aberdeen ; author of the very scarce and curious work, "The Doctrine of a Middle State between Death and the Resurrection." He resigned his bishopric in 172-1, and d. 1744. — George, a Scotch divine, princi- pal of Marischal college, Aberdeen, and professor of divinity there ; author of the " Philosophy of Rhetoric," — still a standard work, — a " Reply to Hume on the Miracles," " Lectures on Ecclesiasti- cal History," &c. B. 1709 ; d. 1790.— John, a Scotch architect, surveyor of the works at Greenwich ; author of " Vitruvius Britannicus." D. 1734. — John, a clever and industrious Scotch writer ; author of the " Military His- tories of Prince Eugene and the duke of Marlborough ;"' a " Political Survey of Britain," the "Lives of the Admirals," Szc. D. 1775. — Neil, was the officer selected by the British government to accompany Napoleon to the island of Elba; and it was during a short excur- sion, \vhich his bad state of health ren- dered necessary, that Napoleon etTected his escape. After spending thirty-one years in the service of his country, he fell a sacrifice to the noxious climate of Sierra Leone, of which colony he had been appointed commander-in-chief. D. 1827.— Thomas, an eminent poet, was the son of a Scotch merchant, who gave him an excellent education at Glasgow, 246 CYCLOPAEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY. [cam ■where he ;Treatly distinguished himself. A tnmsLiiiuu of his tVom Aristopliiiiies was nronoiuiued by the best judges to be the lincst college exercise they hud ever seeu ; aud, v.-heii little more than thirteen, he won a bursary in his college iroiii a competitor nearly double his age. Leaving Glasgow at an eaily age, he beltled in Edinburgh as a private tutor ; nd here, when only in his twenty- econd year, he published "The Pleas- .n-es of Hope'" — by all judges allowed to be one ot the most elegant poems in our language. The success of this work Was such as to allow of his making a tour on tlic Continent, whence he gave the v.-orld those splendid lyrics, "Ye ilariners of England,'' "Tiie Exile of Erin,"' and " liohenlindeu." At the buttle of Hohenlinden he was so near that he could see the returning conquer- ors wiping their blood-stained sabres upon their horses' manes ; a cireuni- stance to which, in after years, he was of.en iieard to allude. Soon after his return from the Continent, Mr. Campbell married and settled in London, employ- ing himself not only in occasional com- position of poetry, but also in tiie drudgery of mere compilation. He published "Gertrude ot Wyoming," "The Battle of the Baltic,'' "Lord niin's Daughter," and "O'Connor's Child ;" and he was engaged by Mr. Murray to write the admirable and well- known " Critical Essays and Speci- mens." Subsequently 'he edited the Kew Jlonthly and the Metropolitan Muirazines, and published "Theodoric," a poem, besides editing some few re- prmis and compilations. Early in his career he was relieved from the absolute want which too often stings genius into imprudence, by the kindness of Charles Fox, who put him on the pension list for £2' 10 per annum. Ills health liud for some years been but feeble, and in 184:3 he retired to Boulogne, where he d. June 15, 18 ll-, ajred 07. C.\MI'E, JoAcniM Henry, a German writer, author of a "German Diction- ary," " Letters from Paris, eulogistic of the French Revolution," "Theoph- ron," and the " New Robinson Crusoe." The last-named work, by which he is chiefly known in Elngland, is founded on the popular work of Defoe. B. 174G ; d. 1818. CAMPEGGIO, LoBENZo, originally a professor of civil law at Bologna, but on the death of his wife he entered the church, became a bishop, and at length fi cardinal. In 1519 he was .sent as le- gate to England, and while there was nominated iiishop of Salisbury. After being some time in Germany as legate, and employed in opposing Lutherunism, he again went to England to decide be- tween Henry VIIL and Catharine of Aragon, on which occasion he olfended Henry without being of any real service to the queen, lie appears to have been a man of considerable learning and nat- ural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus and other eminent scholars among his friends. D. 1539. — A brother ot' the above, and a bishop, author of several "Treatises on Canon Law." D. 15G4. CAMPER, Petek, a Dutch physician and naturalist. His writings on various departments of " Nutural History and Philosophy" are collected in volumes; and, in addition to these, he wrote an ingenious treatise on "The Physiogno- mies of Men of Ditferent Nations." B. 17-22; d. 17S9. CAMPHU YSEN, Dyrk, a Dutch land- scape painter of the 17th century, dis- tinguislied for the excellence of his moonlight pieces. C AMPI, Berxardix, an Italian painter, and author of an excellent treatise on the principles of his art. D. 1584.^ Various persons of this name are dis- tintruished in the annals of Italian art. CAMPL\N, Edmund, an English Je- suit, lie was educated at Christ's hos- pital, and graduated at Oxford ; but on a visit to Ireland was induced to turn Catholic, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay. He wrote " Chronologiu Universalis,'" and a drama, called "Nectar and Am brosia." Being chosen by Gregory XIII. to visit England as a missionary, he was discovered, tried for high treason, and executed in 1581. CAMPISTBON, Jean Gualbert de, a French dramatic poet. Three volumes of his plays are extant; and some of them are thought to be but little inferior to those of his celebrated eotemporary, llaeine. B. 1050; d. 1723. CAMPOMANES, Peduo Rodriguez, count de, a celebrated Spanish, states- man, whose profound views in political economy obtained him, in 1705, the ap- ]iointmcnt of fiscal to the council of Castile. lie was afterwards made min- ister of state, and wrote many useful works. D. 1789. CAMPS, Francis de, abbot of Ligny, author of a " History of France," " Dia- sertutioii on Medals," &c. D. 1723. C.VMPSON, Gauri, raised by tho Mamelukes to tlie sultanship of Egypt < and slain, after a beneficent reign of 12 can] CYCLOP.KDIA OK IJIUGKAPUT 247 years, in an action with Selim, emperor of the Turks, in 1516. (^AMUS, Akmam) Gastox, was one of the deputies from Paris to tlie states- general in ITs'.t; luid, when a member of tlic convention, voted for the dcatli of the king. Althongli he opposed tlie cstablisliment of the consular govern- ment, vet Bonaparte continued him in his olhce of arehivist, wliioh he held several years. B. 1740; d. 1804. — John I'kter, a French prelate, remarkable for the raillery he introduced into his ser- mons. He was created bishop of Bellay l>y Henry IV., but his severe reproofs . 16i51. — Henry, an Enirlish musician and poet. He chiefly excelled in ballads, one of which, " Sully in our Alley," was praised bv Addison "for its words, and by the celebrated Geminiana for its music. He was the author of several burlesque and other dramatic pieces highly popidar in their day. D. by his own hand, 1743. — George' Saville", son of the above, in- herited much of his lather's peculiar talent; and, though intended for the business of a printer, speedily aban- doned that for the stage. His songs, chiefly patriotic ones, were inferior to his father's both in poetry and music. Besides these and some farces, he wrote '•A Rural Ramble," "Balnea," being sketches of the English watering-places, &c. D. ISOl. — .Joseph, a French printer, who made some' important improve- — "nts in the art of stereotyping. D. ..,^1. — William, a celebrated Baptist missionary, b. at Paulerspury, North- •M.iptonsliire, 17G1. His father kept a small school in the village, and appren- ticed his son to a shoemaker at Hack- leton, where his earnest inquiries upon religious subjects attracted the notice, ancT soon obtained him the friendship of the Rev. Thomas Scott, of Raven- stone. He joined a congregation of Baptists, and in his 20th year began to preach, whicli he contimu' 1 for two years, when he was publicly baptized in the river Nen. In 1787 he was intrusted with the charge of a congregation at Lei- cester; where, persevering in his benev- olent oVyect of converting the heathen, be induced other ministers to join him ; and, in 1702, they formed themselves into a Baptist Mis.sionary Society at Ket- terintj. William Carey' was nominated to go upon their first mission, and India was selected as the most desirable field for the commencement of his zealous eflTorts. He arrived in Bengal in 1794, but liad'tlie ill fortune to lose all his money and effects by the sinking of a boat "in the river Hooghly. After pa- tiently enduring severe toils and priva^ tions for three years, (during which pe- riod however he acquired the Bengalee,) Mr. Carey preached publicly ; but as the East India Company were opposed to his object of forming an establishment inland, in 1709 he proceeded to the Danish settlement of Serampore. _ This little missionary settlement, consisting of four preachers only, with their wives and families, rapidly increased ; a school was opened, and type being sent from England, a translation of the Scriptures was printed in the Bengalee language. Mr. Carey having made himself a com- plete mas'ter of the native language, was, in 1801, appointed by the governor pro- fessor of Sanscrit and other oriental lan- guages at the college of Fort William, Calcutta. He had many difficulties to contend with, both from" the prejudices of the natives, and the political views of influential individuals at home. Ho never relaxed in the work he had begun, but translated the Scriptures into sev- eral of the Indian languages, and lived to witness the success of his ardent ex- ertions for their dissemination among the native tribes. D. 1S34.— MArrHEW, a voluminous writer of Philadelphia, b. in Ireland. He was originally a printer and bookseller, but in 1779 wrote a pamphlet against the oppression of the Irish Catholics, which causing alarm for his safety, he was secretly sent to Dr. Franklin'in Paris, and gained his friend- ship. In 1783 he set up the "Freeman's Journal," which plead the Irish cause witli great warmth. He was prosecuted for a libel on John Foster, the British premier, and sentenced to Newgate, but he was released at the instance of the lord mayor of London, in 1784, and em- igrated 'to Philadelphia, where he pub- lished the "Pennsylvania Herald," the "Columbian Magazine," and the "Amer- ican Museum." He also wrote, in 1814, the " Olive Branch," and subsequently "Vindicia; Hiberniese," the "Philoso- phy of Common Sense," &c. B. 1700 ; d. '1839. CARISSIMI, GiACOMO, a much ad- mired musical composer of the 17th century. CAlilTEO, an Italian poet of the 15th and l*)th centuries; author of "Opera Nuova e Amorosa Composta," &c. CARLETON, George, bishop of Chi- chester, was educated by tlie famous Bernard Gilpin, who sent him to Oxford. His literary powers arc honoralily men- tioned by 'Fuller, Camden, and Pochard ; and his writings are very numerous. D. 1628.— Dudley, Lord Dorchester, an ,AK] CVCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGRAl'IIV. 253 Enc;lish statesman during the reijrns of Juines T. ami CliailcM I. lie was a man of great ability ; but, like Laud aud other statesmen of that time, he had a bigoted loudness for arbitrary govern- ment. As an author he is chiefly known by Jiis ''Letters to and from Sir Dudley Carleton during his embassy to Holland, from January, 1616, to December, 1G20." These letters, which were edited by Lord Hardwieke, contain much valuable information, though tluy also display much prejudice. J), lij.i'i.— Guy, Loril Dorchester, a military nllicer of great conrau-o and skill. Having passed through the subaltern ranks, he, in 1762, became a colonel, and distin- guished himself very greatly at the siege of Ilavanna. In 1772 he was raised to the rank of major-general, and in- trusted with the important office of gov- ernor of Quebec, in which situation he defended Canada against generals Ar- nold aud Montgomery. For this Gen- eral Carleton was knighted, and promo- ted to the rank of lieutenant-general. lie next saceeedcd General Clinton as commander-in-chief in America; and, at the conclusion of the war here, was raised to the peerage, and made gov- ernor of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. D. 1808. CAi; LISLE, A^•THo^•Y, one of the most distinguished anatomists and phy- siologists of the age, was b. at Stilling- ton, Durham, 1708, and commenced his prot'essiouul studies at York. He thence proceeded to London, and became a resident pupil of Mr. H. Watson, a sur- geon of Westminster hospital, and one of the court of examiners of burgeons' hall, a man of the first rank in his pro- fession. In 17t'3, that gentleman dymg, Mr. Carlisle succeeded him in the hospi- tal, aud speedily distinguished himself, as much by his invariable humanity to the sulferiug poor as by his surgical skill. He was senior surgeon to the Westminster hospiUil, one of the coun- cil aud court of e.K;xminers to the Eoyid College of Surgeons. D. 1S40. — Nicno- i-.\s, an eminent antiquary, b. at York, 1771. After receiving what he himself calls an " humble educatiou," he entered the naval service of the East India Com- pany, aud gradually amassed a consider- able sum, which enabled him to bo of great assistance to his brother, the emi- nent surgeon, at the beginning of his career. In 1807 he was elected secretary to the Society of Antiquarians, his com- petitor bein^ the late Dr. Dibdin; aud in this capacity he found leisure to com- pile many laborious aud useful works. In 1812 he was appointed assistant libra- rian at Buckingliam house; in lb28 ho was nominated one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber; and in testimony of the estimation in which he was lieKl, he received orders from Austria, Den- mark, and Hanover, and from Oxford the hoiorary degree of D. C. L., in 1835. D. 18-17.— Howard, earl of, b. in 1748 ; uncle and jruardian of Lord Byron ; to whom the latter dedicated his "Hours of Idleness ;"' and finding them too feebly defended from the attacks of the northern critics by his noble relation, he subjected him to the rack of satire, along with his presumed enemies, in " English Bards." The earl of Carlisle always, after he was superseded by the duke of Portland, in Ireland, acted with the Whig opposition. Some of this nobleman's literary works deserve a higher character than thev have attain- ed. "The Step-Mother," and "A Father's Vengeance," tragedies, are pub- lished with a collection of his lordship's poems, in Svo. CAKLOS, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, was b. lol.j. He was tie formed and sickly, and of an extremely violent disposition. He was to have espoused Elizabeth of France, but his father, be- coming a widower, married that princess himself. This circumstance greatly irri- tated him, aud it is said that he had entered into a conspiracy iigainst his king and father. On this charge he was thrown into prison, where ho died about six months after his arrest. The man- ner of his death is variously stated, some affirming that he was poisoned, bled to death, or strangled, while others attri- bute his death to his own acts. B. lo45 ; d. 1567. CAELY'LE, JosepuDacke, an English divine and linguist. He accompanied Lord Elgin on his embassy to Constan- tinople, aud took that opportunity to explore various parts of Asia JMinor, Egypt, &o. His specimens of Arabic poetry, aud a learned sununary of the atlairs of Egypt, from the year 971 to the year 1453, were published during his lifetime, aud procured him considerable celebrity. Alter his death, a volume appeare'd of his "Poems suggested by Scenes iu Asia Minor, Syria and Greece.'' D. 1804. CAKMONTELLE, a French writer; author of "Proverbes Dramatiques," some romances, conversations, d'c. D. 1806. CAKNAEVON, Hf.n-ry John Georob 254 CVCl.OP.EDIA OJ' BIOGRAPHi', [car Herbert, third earl of, eminent as an author, a traveller, and a politician, was b. 1800. After linieihinir hisseh'iol edu- cation at Eton, he repaired to Christ- ehurch, O.^tbrd, and his university ca- reer tenninuted. he entered upon a well- devisuil plan of travel, extendinsr over Italy, the Peninsula, yiarts of Africa and Greece; and the results of which he, from time to time, ^a\'C to the world in works abound inar in animated and pic- turesque descriptions. His most popu- lar work was his '"rortuijal and Galli- oia,"' but his '' Moor,"' a poem, and " Don Pedro," a tragedy, evince poetic powers of no mean order. D. 1849. CAKNE, John, a modern author, who travelled for a considerable! time in tlie East, and gave the fruits of Ids travels in the volume entitled " Letters from tlic East," which oriijinally apjieared as a Scries of ])apers in tlio "?\ewMontldy Ma make tiie tour of Italy and Greece. On quit- tiller En5:land, she assumed the title of countess of Wolfenbuttel ; and, while at Milan, took into her service an Italian, named Bartolomco Bergami, in the capa- city of a courier, whom slie soon eleva- ted to the ollice of chamberlain, and appointed his sister one of her maids of honor. For a time she resided at a villa on the banks of tlic lake of Como ; but afterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens, Constantinople, Ephesus, and lastly Je- rusalem. While there she exhibited e.\traordinai';v munificence in ffifts to the conventual fathers, as well as to the poor; and took upon herself to found a new order of knifrhthood, entitled the order of St. Caroline, of which she con- stituted Bcrirami ir^nd master. Her indiscretion in thus exalting liergami, and the improper familiarity with which it was alleged she treated him, became a theme of general conversation; and commissioners were secretly sent out to Milan by the prince regent, in order to make inquiries into her conduct, and to furnish the necessary evidence on which to obtain a divorce. All circumstances appeared favorable to him for the con- summation of this long-desired ol)jeet. While absent from Ensrland. death had dopi-ived her of her friends. George III., and the duke of Kent; of her daughter, the T'rincess Charlotte ; and her brother, the duke of Brunswick, who fell in re- sistin;; the French, previous to the bat- tle of Waterloo. Yet, on the prince of Wales ascending the throne, January 2ii, 1820. the ministry ottered her an in'- come of .£,')0,iiOO sterlinir, the title of queen of Er.gland, and all the dignities appertaining thereto, on the condition that she should continue to reside abroad. This proposal she rejected with great indignation, accused her enemies ot" the basest eonsnirncy against her, and returned to England, cheered by the enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of the people. She was now ]iub!icly ac- cused by the minister, Lord Liverpool, of adultery ; and, after a protracted trial, the bill of ]iains and penalties was y.assed to a third reading', by a trifling majority ; but ffovernmcnt thought it prudent to withdraw it, and tlie jn-oceedintrs drop- ped. Atter this outrage on public de- cency, preparations were made for the king's coronation. The queen nt iirst demanded to be crowned with him ; nnd this being peremptorily refused, she re- quested to be present at the ceremony, but had to endure the mortification of being repeatedly turned from the doors of Westminster abbey, and refused ad- miission. The spirit of Caroline sunk under this last elfort. She was sud- denly taken ill, while witnessing a per- formance at Drury-lane theatre, and d. 1821. Ilavincr expressed a wish that she should not be buried in England, her remains were removed to Brunswick, and deposited between those of her fatlier and brother. On the funeral pro- cession passing through London, a vio- lent conflict took place between the life-guards, who were conducting it, and the populace. To what extent the oueen was guilty no one can say, the evidence being most conflicting and unsatisfacto- ry : but never was a woman more deci- dedly the victim of brutal vengeance, or one who had so many pleas to urge in extenuation of her crime, if really guiltv. CAEPENTER, Laot, an eminent theo- losrical writer, 1). at Kidderminster, 1780 ; was drowned 5th April, 1850. Dr. Car- penter was a most industrious writer. Besides publishing numerous sermons and polemical pamphlets, he contributed largely to Kees's Cyclopaidia and many periodicals ; and his substantial works, published both during his life and since Ills death, are masterpieces of style and argument. His "Apostolical Harmony of the Gospels"' is referred to as an au- tliority even by his theological oppo- nents. — KiciiARD, an English divine of the 17th century. lie was orisjinally educated for the established church, but seceded from it, and became a Catho- lic priest. He again recanted, and ob- tained a vicarage in Sussex ; but at the rebellion he quilted Entrhmd, and again professed himself a Catholic. Tiie res- toration caused him to return to En- gland, and turn Protestant. Here it might have been supposed his turnings would end, but he in fact changed (>nee more, and died a Catholic. The writings of this unprincipled man are, " Expe- rience, History, and Divinity," and " The Pragmatical Jesuit." CARPI, Ul)o da, a painter and engra- ver of the Kith century, to whoni is generally attributed the invention of the kind of "engraving called ehiaro-oscuro. — GiROLAMi DA, a painter of the lOth century, and a very successful imitaUr of Correggio and Parmejiano. 256 CVCLOP.EDIA OF lilOGRAPHV. [car CAKPINI, JoHX DE Plano, a Domin- ican Iriar of the loth century, and one of the embassy from Pope Innocent IV. to the descendants of Zenghis Khan, sent to prevent them from invading Europe, and to induce tlieni rather to turn their arms against the Saracens and Turks. OAEPOCKATES, a heretic of the 2d century, who denied the divine nature of Christ. His followers were accused of lewd and immoral practices, but Dr. Larduer thinks the accusation to have arisen rather from enmity than tact. CAKR, John, an English attorney and writer; author of '-The Stranger in France," '' The Stranger in Ireland," "A Tour througli Scotland," etc. While vx Ireland, he was knighted by the lord lieutenant. D. 1822. — William Hol- WELL, an English clergyman, and a dis- t'nguished patron of the tine arts. He spent large sums in pictures, which he bequeathed to the National Gallery. D. 1830. CAEEA, Jonx Louis, a French wri- ter and politician. In addition to a pe- riodical, entitled " Les Annales Poli- tiques et Litteraires," he published several essays. Having ioined the party of Brissot, he was condemned on the fall of that leader, and guillotined in 1793. CARRANZ.\, Bartholomew, a French Dominican. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent, and had the honor to accompany PhUip II. of Spain to England, where !ie labored so zealous- ly to establish Catholicism, that the king muiie him archbishop of Toledo. Here, however, his success ended ; for being accused of heresy, he was imprisoned at Rome for 10 years, and subsequently sent to a monastery for the remainder of his life. His chief works are, a "Sum- mary of the Council," and a " Treatise on tlie Residence of Bishops." I). ITiTO. CARRE, Louis, an eminent French matlieinatician. Besides many import- ant contributions to the "Memoirs" of the Academy of Sciences, he published an elaborate " Method of Measuring Surfaces and Solids, and finding their centres of Gravity, Percussion, and Os- cillation." D. nn. CARREL, Akmand, chief editor of the " Paris National," and a distinguish- ed political writer. I), ol" a woimd he received in a duel with M. Girardin, a few davs previous. .Julv 24, 1836. CAPJiENO DK :^II'RAXDA, Juan, Don, an eminent Snauisli painter, pa- tronized by Philip IV. In coloring he surpasses all his countrymen, with the exception of JIurUlo. l3. 1685. CARRERAS, Jose Miguel, Ju.vn, and Luis, throe brothers, distinguished in the revolution of Chili ; who for patriot- ism, talents, and pui-ity of cliaracter bad not their equals in that country ; yet, bv a singularly adverse fortune, they all perished at Mendoza, under the merci- less rule of O'lliffgins and San Martin. With brutal cruelty the latter sent their aged father an account of the expenses of the execution of Juan and Luis, who sutfered in 1818, with an order for its immediate payment. He paid it, and, two days afterwards, expired of a broken heart. ' Don Jose Miguel did not meet his unhappy fate till 1822, when endeav- oring to take advantage of a popular movement in his favor, he was sur- rounded by a superior force, made pris- oner, and' executed on the very spot where his brothers had sutfered. CARRIER, John Baptist, a monster of ferocity, gendered in the French rev- olution, was b. near Aurillac, 1756. He was sent on a mission to La Vendee, where he caused thousands of victims, men, women, and children, to be drown- ed, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary mode of execution being too tardy lor him. Fifteen tliousand individuals per- ished in this way ; in short, the banks of the Loire were strewed with the dead bodies, and the water was so polluted, that it was prohibited to drink it. On the fall of the party called the Mountain, he was tried before the revolutionary tri- bunal which condemned him to the guil- lotine, 1794. CARRINGTON, Edward, a valuable oilicer in the American revolution, was some time quartermaster-general of the, army mider Gen. Greene, in tiie South, and by his judicious counsels and unre- mitted exertions in supplying the army, greatly contributed to the advantages gained over the enemy. He afterwards was attached to the army in the North, but, previously to the evacuation of Charleston, resumed his former station. After the peace he was a representative in congress from Virginia. WlienAarou Burr was tried for high treason, he was foreman of the jury. B. 17+9 ; d. 1810. CARROLL, John, first Catholic bish- op in the United States, was b. at Upper Marli)orough in Maryland, 1 731, and sent for education at the age of 13 to Flan- ders. From St. Omer's, where he re- mained 6 years, he was transferi'cd to the colleges of Liege and Bruges. He was ordained a priest and became a Jes- car] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 257 uit. In 1775 he Kturned to America, and engacred in the duties of a pan.sh priest. Ill 173ij lie was appointed vicar- fjeneral, and settled at Baltimore. lu 1790 he was consecrated in England, Cutliolic bishop of the United States, and returned with the title of the bishop of Baltimore. A few years before his death he was created archbishop. _ 1). ISlf). — Charles, the last surviving sign- er of the Declaration of American Inde- pendence. He was b. at Annapolis, on the 120th of Sept., 17^7 ; and d. at Balti- more, Nov. 14, 1832, in his OOtli year. He was descended of a respectable Irish tiunily ; inherited a large estate, and was of the Catholic religion, lie was educa- ted and studied civil law in France. Subsequently he went to England and pursued the study of common law at the Temple. At the' age of 27 years he re- turned to America, and was soon known us an advocate for liberty, and one of the ablest political writers of Maryland. In 1776 he was elected a delegate to con- gress, and subscribed his name to the Declaration of Independence. In 1778 lie left congress, and devoted himself to the councils of his native state ; in 1789 he was elected a senator in congress ; and in ISIO he quitted public life at the age of 04, and passed the remainder of his days in traiiquiHity, beloved and revered by his friends and neighbors, and honored by his country. His mind was highly cultivated, and he was much distinguished for urbanity of manners and social virtue. CAESTARES, "Willlvm, a Scotch di- vine, but of more influence as a politi- cian, was b. at Cathcart, 1049. In order to remove him from the danger of being led into politics, his friends sent him from Edinburgh, where he had commenced his studies, to Utrecht. Becoming known to the prince of Orange he soon obtain- ed his contideneo, and was much em- ployed by hiin in Ibrwarding his inten- tions ujion England. Being privy to the Rye-house plot he was apprehended, and put to the torture, which he bore with much fortitude, but at length was in- duced to make a statement, which was afterwards nsed against his friend, Mr. Baillie. On his liberation he returned to Holland, wliere the prince received him very cordially, and made him his cliaplain. He accompanied William to England, and though nominally only his chaplain, was in fact one of the most in- fluential and able of his state advisers. Under Queen Anne he had no political power, but she caused him to be made principal of the university of Edinburgh, in which iTiiportaut post he gave satisfac- tion eoually to her majesty and to the Scottisli public. By the house of Han- over he was equally patronized, and he continued a favorite till his death, in 1715. CAESTENS, AsMcs Jacob, a Danish painter of very consideraisle merit. His subjecta, nearly all taken from the classic authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude with vigorous expression. B. 1754 ; d. 179S. CARTE, Samuel, an English divine and antiquary, author of a valuable and elaborate work, entitled "Tabula Chro- nologica," &c. D. 1740. — Thomas, son of the above, and like him an antiquary and historian, and a divine. On the accession of George I., feeling tliat he could not conscientiously take the re- quired oaths, he abandoned his profes- sion; and during the rebellion of 1715 he was so strongly suspected, that a warrant was issued against him, but he was safely concealed in the house of a clergyman in Warwickshire. As an author he is chiefly known by his " His- tory of England," and that of the "Rev- olution of Portugal." B. 16SC ; d. 1754. CARTER, Elizabeth, an English lady, daughter of a clergyman residing at Deal, in Kent. Under the instructions of her father she became an admirable Greek and Latin scholar, and was well skilled in German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Ara- bic ; nor was she a mere reader. She translated Crousaz's critique on Pope's "Essay on !Man," Algarotti's explana- tion of Newton''s philosophy, and Epie- tetus. These dissimilar labors appeared during her life ; and, after her decease, six volumes of her correspondence were published, which are calculated to give even a higher opinion of her intellect than her more learned and masculine performanccj>. B. 1717; d. 1800. — Joiix, an eminent draftsman, architect, and antiquary. In the latter character he wrote ably and zealously in reprobation of the disfigurement of the remains of ancient beauty by tasteless attempts at improvement. Of his ability as a (-fral'ts- man and engraver there is abundant proof in the plates of the "Views in En- gland," &Q.; and it is worthy of notice, that his various powers were devclopea by his own industry, unaided by early ed- ucation. D. 1818. — Thomas, an eminent Irish musician and composer of vocal music. Among his conqiositious are the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou gang 258 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BI0GRAPU1. [OAH wi' me 1" nnd '• Stand to your guns, ray Learts of oalc." D. 1801.— N.\tiianii;l H.\ZELTi.\E, a si^holar aud travoUur, grad- uated at Dartuioutli college in IS 11, aud afierwards studietl law. lie was two or three years professor of languages iu Dartmouth university. In 1>;20 he be- came the proprietor aud editor of a newspaper iu the state of New York, i'rom 162') to 1S27, he was abroad trav- elling upon the continent of Europe, as the companion and guide of a young gentlenuui of New York, whose father defrayed the expenses of the tour. Du- ring his abst'uce he enriched his paper with letters from Europe, which on his return lie collected and published, com- prising the " Journal of a Tour through Ireland, Eusxlaiid, Scotland, France, Italy, and Switzerland," 1827. In 182'J, ho relinquished his paper, and for the benefit of his health proceeded again to France. He d. at Marseilles, 1880, aged 42. lie Wiis a poet as well :is a writer of prose; his largest poetical piece is entitled the " Pains of Imagination," delivered at Dartmouth college. CAKTEllE T, Sir Geokge, one of the proprietors of IS'ew Jersey. Tlie name of rsew Jersey was given, because Car- teret's family were from the isle of Jersey. Elizabethtown is said to have been named from his wile. — John, earl of Granville, an eminent English states- man, was b. lOyO. Immediately on at- taining his majority, he took his seat in tlie house of lords." Warmly supporting the Hanoverian succession, he was no- ticed by George I., and employed by him in various posts until 1721, when he succeeded Craggs as secretary of state. In 172-'. he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland; and though he pave the irritable natives some otl'cnce by prosecuting the printer of the Dra- per's (Swift's) letters, ho was on the whole a popular viceroy. In the reign of George 11. he again held that distin- guished post, and with even more suc- cess than before. On his return to England he became a strono; opponent of Walpulc; and when he had succeeded in removing that statesman, and pro- curing office ibr himself, he supported mexsiires similar to those he had for- merly condemned. But though as sec- retary of stivtc, and as president of the council, in which office he died, his conduct was marked by much vacilla- tion, lie retained his court I'avor to the last. D. 17ti8. — I'liiLii', a distinguished uaval officer of the Ihtli century. In conjunction with Captain AVallia ho commanded an expedition to the South Seas, iu 176(5. Of the discoveries they made, some account is given by Ilawkes- worth in the introduction to his narra- tive of Cook's voyage. CAKTIEK, James, a French navi- gator, who made several voyages of discovery on the coasts of North Amer- ica, especially in Canada, from 1534: to 1542. CAKTWEIGIIT, John, an English gentleman, distinguisliied for his zealous attachment to political reform. His writings in favor of American inde- pendence, and on universal liberty, as well as the public addresses wiiieh ho promoted in furtherance of a radical reform of the government, made him conspicuous, lie also displayed great firmness and disinterestedness on aU occasions where multitudes assembled to advocate and petition for popular rights. D. 1824, aged 84. — Euiiu.ND, brother of the preceding, and a clergy- man of the established cliurch. In 1770 he published a poem called " Armine and Elvira;" but he is chiefly known by some valuable discoveries in me- chanics, which obtained for him £10,000 from parliament as the reward of his ingenuity. D. 1S24. — Thomas, an emi- nent I'uritan divine of the reigns of Elizabelli and James I., author of "Com- mentaria Tractica in totain Historiam Evangelicam," a "Body of Divinity," " Conimentaria Succiuta et Dilucida in Proverbia Salomonis," &c. D. 1603, aged 68. — William, an English divine and poet. Both as a preacher, and as a member of the council of war at Oxford, he served the cause of Charles I. ; ana his exertions in the latter capacity caused him to be for a short time imprisoned by the parliament. His literary talents must have been great, for Bishop Fell said that he was "all that man could arrive at ;" and Ben Jonson, in his familiar way, said, " My son, Cartwright, writes all like a man." But tire remains of Cartwrigiit are very disproportionate to these high praises, consisting only of four plays aud a few poems. D. 1643. CAKUSO, LuiGi, an eminent Nea- politan composer. His "II Fanatico per la Musica" is the work by which he is best known in this country ; but all his works are very popular in Italy and Ger- many. He died early in the present century; but it is not precisely knowa at what date. CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth colony, was a native of En- gland, aud was among the emigrants to oar] CYCLOP.KDIA OK BIOGKAPHY. 259 Leyden who composed Mr. Robinson's C'liurrli in tliat pliicu. Wiicn u renioviil to America was contemplated, lie was appointed one, ot'tlie agents to negotiate witli tlie Virtrinia company in England for a suitable territory. lie obtained a patent in liJiy, and in the following year came to IS'ew England with the lirst company. As they arrived without the territory of tlic south Virginia company, from whom they had received the char- ter, which was thus rendered useless, it was tliought best tliat a political asso- ciation sliould be formed. A written instrument was drawn up and sub- scribed before they landed, and Mr. (I'arver was unanimously elected gov- ernor for one year, lie conducted the affairs of the colony with great prudence, and discovered great address in his management of the natives. In the ensuing March lie was confirmed as governor for another year. He died suddenly in April following. — Jon.v- THAx, an enterprising traveller, was a native of Connecticut. He was intended for the profession of medicine, but he quitted it for a military life. He v/as an oJlieer in the French war, and served with reputation till the peace of ITii;}. After this he spent two years and five months in exploring the most interior parts of Nortii America, and penetrated to the Faeitic Ocean, over that broad part of the continent, which lies between the iod and the 4t3th degrees of north latitude. He hoped to facilitate the discovery of a nortliwest passage, or of ft communication between Hudson's bay and the Faeitic ocean. He arrived at Boston in October, 176S, after having travelled nearly 7000 miles. He went to England for the pur]iose of pulilish- ing his journals and charts. Though he presented a petition to the king, even his expenses were never refunded to him. When his papers were almost ready for the press, under a permission he had obtained lor tlieir publication, an order in council requireJ him to oeliver thcin into the plantation otiice, to do wliich, he was compelled to re- purchase them, from the bookseller, to M'hom he had sold them. About ten years afterwards he published an ac- count of his travels. D. in abject want in London, 1780, aged -18. GARY, Thomas, deputy governor of Nortli Carolina tor tlie proprietors, and collector of their ouit rents, succeeded Daniel in the administration of the province, b\it was removed from his offices iu 1700j for neglecting to account to his employers. He continued to sit in the council, and the next year at- tempted to resume the reigns of gov- ernment by force, in order tliat he might retain the treasures which were iu his hands. He armed a band of insurgents, but was at length repulsed and his fol- lowers dispersetl. He was carried to England for punishment, but was never tried. — IIenkv Fhancls, the well-known translator of Dante, was b. at Gibraltar, 1772. His father was a captain iu the army; but soon after the birth of liis sou he settled iu Stalfordshire, and scut him when eight years old to Uxbridge school, and at'terwards successively to Riigl)y and Birmingham. In 17U0 he was admitted as a connnoner of Clirist- churcli, Oxford, and after finishing Uis college studies he was presented s.ie- cessively with the livings of Abbot's Bromley in Staflbrdshire and Kingsbury iu Warwickshire. The delicacy of iiis health having obliged him to have re- course to the best medical advice, he went to Loudon in 1808, aud after hold- ing various cures in the metropolis and the vicinity, in IS'2.3 he became assistant keeper of printed books iu the British Museum, au otliee, however, which he resigned in 18;;7, when his application for the chief librarianship was rejected, ilr. Cary was addicted to literature from his youtli up ; he contributed largely to the '• Gentleman's"' aud the '• Loudoa Magazine," iiroduced translations of the "Birds"' of Aristophanes aud the " Odes"' of Pindar, aud wrote a series of "Lives of the English Poets," in contuiuatiou of Dr. Johnson's; besides editing the works of Pope, Cowper, Milton, Thomson, and Young ; but his chief reputation rests on his admirable translation of Dante, which, though somewhat neglected on its first appear- ance, has since received the meed of acknowledgment from all competent critics. D. 18W. — RoiiEKT, an English divine and writer. During the civil war he distinguished himself by leaving the established church and joined the Presbyterian party ; aud, at the resto- ration, he disgraced the cluirch by again espousing its principles. His tergiver- sation was rewarded by an archdeaconry, from which, however, he was ejected iu IG'U. He wrote a learned and useful work, entitled "PaUeologia Clirouica." D. 16^8. CARYL, John, secretary to Ifary, queen of James II. He remained faltli- fiil tu that unfortunate prince, and wa8 rewanled for his fidelltv with the titles 260 cyclop.*:dia of bioguapiiy. [cAS of Earl Caryl and Favou Dartford. _ lu the ruigu of Queen Auiio he was living in Enghind, and was intimate witli Fope. He was the aatlior of some poeuis, some translations of psalms from the Vulgate, and of two plays, "The English I'riucess," a tragedy; and '■ Sir Solomon, or the Cautious Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his death is unknown. — Josepji, an eminent noneonfarmist divine, author of a vo- luminous and valuable "Commentary on Job.' D. 1073. CASA, John- de la, secretary of state under Fope Taul IV. Jle was distin- ;:juished as a statesman, and as an ec- clesiastic ; but his fame rests upon his writings, which arc considered among the piu'est specimens of Tuscan com- posiiion. His poems, both light and serious, are of a very high order, but his chief work is a prose dialogue, '' Ga- lateo, or the Art of Living in the World." }]. Io03 ; d. liioij. CASANOVA, M.vRK Antoxi', a mod- ern lyatin poet. He imitated Martial in his style, and made I'ope Clement VU. a favorite object of his attack. He at length otfended so greatly that he was condemned to die. Clement, however, was induced to pardon him. But the unlucky satirist escaped execution only to perish still more miserably ; for, on the taking of Kome by the Imperialists, be was reduced to the necessity of lit- erally begging for bread, and at length diedof disease produced by hunger, in 1527. — De Sein-galt, Jean Jacques, whose career of adventure and intrigue in almost all the countries of Europe has gained for him the name of the Gil Bias of the ISth century, was b. at Venice, 1725. He figured as priest, soldier, and statesman, successively ; found means to srain the tavor of some of the greatest poti^iitates of Europe, among others, i-'redcric the Great ami Catharine II. ; and after roaming from place to place I for liis intriguing spirit frequently led to a forced change of quarters) he ended his long life of mingled eharlatauerie, profligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803. llis love of literature and science, and his proficiency in them, brought him acquainted with Voltaire and other cele- brated literary men of the day ; and besides other works he left copious memoirs of his life and times. Brock- haus the Leipsic bookseller, to whom the MS. was intrusted for publication, publislied them in lS-i-2.— Fuancis, bro- ther of the preceding an eminent painter, olncf V "f landscapes and battle-pieces. He was employed by Catharine 11., of Kussia, to paliit the victories of her armies over the Turks. B. in London, 1727 ; d. 1805. — Jean Baptiste, another brother of the adventurer, was b. in London, 1730. He was a pupil of Mengs, and closely connected with Winckel- mann in his antiquarian researches. It is said that, by way of testing the saga- city of the German antiquary, he sent him two pictures, which he had him- self painted in the style of those a short time previously found at Herculaneum, declaring them lo be ancient discoveries; and that Winckelmann was so taken in as to insert enijravings of them in the first edition of his "History of Ancient Art," with an elaboi-ate connnentary upon their merits. Casanova was pro- fessor of painting in the Dresden Acad- emy ; and his works on ancient art are still cited by the Germans as authorities. D. IT'JS. CASAS, Baetholomew de l.\s, a Spanish prelate, distinguished for his generous and constant, though unavail- ing, exertions in favor of the natives of South America. Ho was b. in 1474, and in his lyth year accompanied his father, who sailed with Columbus, to the West Indies. On his return.to Spain he em- braced the ecclesiastical profession, in order that lie might act as missionary in the western hemisphere, "there to spend his days in preaching the gospel to the Indians, and humanity to their oppressors." Never did man more zealously endeavor to eflect a great and good object. Twelve times he crossed the ocean, to plead at the foot of the Spanish throne the cause of the WTCtehcd Indians, and passed fifty years of his life in attempting, though with little eft'cct, their amelioration. He was made bishop of Chiapa in 1544, !)ut he re- signed his SCO m 1551, returned to his native country, and d. at Madrid, 15(56. Of the writings of Las Casas, the most valuable is his " General History of the Indies." CASAUBON, Isaac, a native of Gene- va, distinguished by his great erudition and powers of criticism. For several years he held the Greek ^irofessorsiiip at Geneva; but at length tceling dissatis- fied with the amount of remuneration, lie gave up his professorship, and re- moved to raris. Tliere he was made professor of the belles lettres, and had a pension, not very punctually paid, as- signed to him by' Henry IV. ; at whoso death Casaubon" went to England, and •Tames 1. gave ';im two jSrcbends. In CASJ CrCLOl'.'EDIA or JilOURAl'lIV. 2(51 return, nowever, the pedantic king re- cjuireJ the aid of the grtiut eritiu in wri- tin2f ivirainst the Koiiiau Calholie;'. Casaubou's editions of classic authors are very numerous, and display itu- niciise industry and erudition. B. 155!) ; d. Ifil4. — Meric, am of the above. His "I'ietas contra Maledicos," written aji'aiiist. the. (.'at holies, and ill vindication of his father, introduced him to the no- tice of Kinij Cliarles I., by whom lie was presented to some valuable church preferments. Durinirthc commonwealth lie was persecuted and imprisoned, but reniairu'd unshaken in liilelity. At the restoration he recovered his livings. Amon^X his writing's the best is, " A Treatise concerning Enthusiasm." D. 1671. CASE, Jonx, an English ]ihysician and ])hiiosophical writer; autlior of " Sumnui vcterum Interpretuin in uni- versam Dialecticam Aristotelis." 1). 1599. CASANEUVE, Fikrrk de, a learned French antiquarian ; author of •' (^ri- gines an Etymoloijies Franc;oises," " La Catalotrue Fran(;oise," &c. D. IGoO. CASIMIR HI., called the C.reat, one of the most illustrious sovereigns the world has over seen, was b. 130i». Hav- ing succeeded his father on tlie throne of Poland in 1385, he entered upon a course of vigorous and enlightened re- form, and dosed a long life of devotion to his people's welfare in 1370. CASLON, William, an English letter- founder, to whom we are indebted for improvements in i^rinting type. B. 1692 ; d. 1766. CASSAGNES, Jacques, a French ec- clesiastic and poet. He was of so irri- table a nature, that a satire of Boiloau's actually drove him mad, and ho was obliired to be coutined in the convent of St. Lazarus until his death, in 1679. CA8SANDEK, Geokoe, an able Ger- man controversialist. Of his writings, which are very nnmcrons, the ablest and most elaborate is his " Consnltatio Cassandri." I)e Thou praises his mild- ness and modesty ; qualities but too rarely belons;ing to controversialists. B. 1515; d. 1566. ' CASS AS. Loris Francjois, an eminent Frencli anti<(uarian and artist ; aiithor of " VoyaiTo I'ittorcsque de la Syric, de la Phenicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Eirvpte." B. 1756 ; d. 1S27. CASSERIO, or CASSERIUS, Gil'lio, anatomical professor at Padua. He was at first the menial servant of the jrrcat ftiatomi-^t. Fabricius, at Aquapendeute, to whom he became a.ssistant, and, final- ly, successor in the professorship. Ilia only published work is" Pcntffisthesioii," or a ti'eatise on the five senses. D. 1616. CASSINJ, Joiix DoMi.vic, an eminent astronomer, was b. at PerinaMo, near Nice, and studied at Geneva with the Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he was invited to pay a visit to that coun- try, where the kindness shown to him by Louis Xl\'., and his great minister, Colbert, caused him to remain for tlie rest of his lite. He was tlie first resi- dent in the royal observatory at Paris, and he continued to inhabit it lor up- wards of forty years. Durinir that time he determined the parallax of Mars with the sun, demonstrated the diurnal mo- tion of Jupiter round his axis, and dis- covered the four satellites of Saturn, in addition to that which Huygcns had dis- covered. 1). 1712. — James, son of the preceding, and, like him, an eminent astronomer ; author of " A Treatise on the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth," " The' Elements, or Theories of the Phvnets," ifec. B. at Paris, 1677 ; d. 1756. — De TiiuuY, C^sar Francis, soa of the last named, and his successor ia the royal observatory. Like his father and grandfather, he did muck to ad- vance science ; and, having better in- struments than theirs, lie was enabled to improve upon their labors. B. 1714; d. 17s-)-. — The last member of this illus- trious family, whose name is also asso- ciated with theirs iu the pursuit of science, d. in 1845. CASSIODOKUS, Marcus Aurelics, a Koman statesman and historian. He was of a noble tamily, and held some of the hi?hest offices of state, ineludiiitr that of consul. His writings are cxtrcinely valuable, especially his twelve booJcs of epistles, on account of the liijht they throw upon the manners of his time; but his St vie is condemned by Gibbon as being tjuaiut and declamatory. D. 575. CASSIUS, LoNoiNus Caius. a Roman of the last aire of the republic, and tlie associate of Brutus in the assassination of Julius Ciesar. That his patriotism was sincere may fairly be inferred from his reply to Antonv, who, on the day id'ter the assassination of Caesar, taunt- ingly asked him if he had another dag- ger ; " Yes," was the reply, " if you become a tyrant." At the battle of Philippi he commanded the let"t wing, and on its giving way he retired to a tent with his freedman, by whom, as it is thought, he was slaui, as he was found 262 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY", [cAS ^^nth his head severed from his body. Brutus, in lai«entiiig him, called him " ultiraus Komauorum." I). 42 b. c. CASTAGNO, Andke.^ del, so called, after the village in which he was b., was the son of very poor parents, and, being earlv left an orphan, was adopted by an uncle, who employed him m tending cattle'in the tields. In this situation he made some attempts at dra\A'ing, which caused Bernard do Medici to place him with a master. While studying at Flo- rence he became acquainted with Do- menico Venetiano, who was acquainted with the new method of painting in oil and varnish. Thcspleudor of this mode of coloring, the art of which was then unknown in Tuscany, was much ad- mired, and Castagno 'availed himself of Domenico's friendship to obtain the secret ; but not satisfied with this, he was wretch enough to murder his friend and benefactor, in order to be the sole possessor. This he efi'cetcd without suspicion, but just betbre his death con- fessed the horrid crime. B. 1409; d. CASTALIA, Sebastian, one of the earliest friends and fellow-laborers of Calvin. Unfortunately for Castalio's worldly condition, he 'diftered from the great reformer on some theological ques- tions. He was in consequence deprived of his office of teacher in tlie college of Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where lie occupieil himself with a Latin and a French version of the Bible, gaining a scanty subsistence for his family by teaching Greek. Calvin, unmoved by the indigence to which his conscientious and candid opponent was reduced, used all his influence to thwart his exertions. He even brought against him an accu- t-ation of theft, from which Castalio cleared himself triumphantly. 1). 1563. CASTKLL, Edmund, an English divine and lexicographer, was a n.itive of Hat- ley, Cambridgeshire. He spent a hand- some fortune, and occupied seventeen years, in the composition of his "Lexi- con Ileptaglotton," a dictionary in seven hinguiures ; but nearly all the copies re- mained unsold, and but for some prefer- ment in the church, and the Arabic professor at Cambridge, his zeal, learn- ing, and diligence would have been unrewarded. B. 1600; d. 1G85. C.VSTELLT, Bernardo, a Genoese painter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates of whose " Jerusalem," engraved by Avostino Caracci, he drew the designs. D. 1629. CASTELLO, Gabriel Launoelot, a Sicilian gentleman, distinguished for his zeal and talent as an antiquarian ; author of " The Literary History of Sicily," " Critical Kemarks on a Book printed in Catania, in 1747," "Dissertation on a Marble Statue found in the Campagna of Alessa," &c. B. 1727 ; d. 1794. CASTELNAU, Michael le, lord of Mauvissierc, an eminent statesman and soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and Henry III. He was very often in En- gland in the character of ambassador from France. While resident there he acted with great kindness towards the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He left memoirs of his negotiations, of which there is an English translation bv his daughter. D. lo92. CASTI, Giambattista, an Italian poet ; author of an epic, entitled " Gli Aniinali Parlanti," translated into Engbsh by Mr. Kosc ; a satire, entitled " Tartaro ;" and some novels, posed and even imprisoned by his enemies, to the high- est honor, and was at last declared by the people of Lucca their sovereism prince. The Florentines, however, viewed his elevation with jealous en- mity, and oO,OiiO foot, and 10,000 horse appeared in the field. 22,000 of whom he destroyed, with the loss of only IfiOO of his own men. But here fortune checked the career of his greatness ; fatigued after the bloody contest, and regardless of a chill north wind which blew upon him, be was seized with an ague, which carried him olf in a few days, when he expected to rise to the sovereignty of Italy. D. 1S2S. CASWELL, RiniARD, governor of North Carolina. He was a member of the first congress, 1774. In 177i) he was at the head of a regiment, and was en- gaged by a body of loyalists under Gen- eral McDonald,' at a place called Moore's creek bridge. McDonald was defeated, and taken prisoner by Caswell, with the loss of 70 men in killed and wounded, and 1500 excellent rittes. This victory •-?fts of eminent service to the Amcrieau cause in North Carolina. He was pres- ident of the convention which formed the constitution of North Carolina in December, 177'5, under which constitu- tion he was governor from 1777 to 1780, and from 1785 to 1787. D. 178'J. CATALANI, Angelica, one of the most celebrated singers of modern times, was b. at Sinigaglia in the papal states, 1782. Her early years were spent in tho convent of Gubio; and so perfect were her vocai vrgans,- even in her infancy, that the sanctity of the church itself was violated by the applause which her choral perlbrmances called forth. Soon after quitting the convent, she made her debut in the theatre Argentina, at Rome, in 1802 ; and the immense success which she achieved on tiiis stage procured her immediate engagements in all the the- atres of Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and Paris new triumphs awaited her: but even those were far outshone, in_ ISOH, by the enthusiasm of her reception in England, where she remained eight years, delighting the metropolis with her appearance at the Italian opera, and reaping large harvests both of fame and wealth in lier provincial tours. After the restoration of the Bourbons, she re- turned to Paris, where she undertook the management of the opera buffa; but this speculation was unfortunate, and Madame Calalani, to repair her shattered fortunes, made a iirofessional tour through all the capitals of Europe, and at lenijth returned to England in 1822, when the enthusiasm of her reception suifered no abatement. There she re- mained three years. In 1825 she again visited Paris, and after once more going the round of Europe, she retired _ to Italy in ls:50, v.-hen she purchased a villa near Florence, and spent the remainder of her life in the bosom of her family. She had been long married to a French captain, called Valiabregue. D. at Paris, 1849. (?ATEL, CiiAni.K3 Simon, an eminent composer, b. 1773. at Paris, was tho au- thor of the ffimous "Traite d'llar- mone," and of many operas, the chief of which are "Semiramis," " Les Baya- deres," " L'Aubergc de Bagueres," &c. D. 18^0. CATRSBY. Mark, an eminent En- glish nat^rali^t. patronized by Sir Hans Sloane and (.ther wealthy lovers of science. He sjient many years in Amer- ica, for the purpose of "collecting and describing tlie most curious natural pro- ductions bf that country. He fixed his resideni^e in raroliiui, whence he made 264 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cat excursions into Florida, Georsria, and the Bahama Islands. The result of his labors was '• The Natural History of Canada, Florida, and the Bahama Isl- ands ;■' a very splendid work in two folio volumes, illustrated by upwards of 200 plates. B. lOSO : d. 17-i9. CATIIAPvINE, St., of Sienna, was b. at Sieiina, 13-17, and when she was 20 years of age beeame a sister of the order of St. Dominic. Having considerable ability and a very lively imagination, she became celebrated as a seer of visions. So great an influence, in fact, did her alleged visions and revelations obtain her^ that she was able to prevail on Gregoiy XI. to be reconciled to the Florentines, and to remove the papal seat to Eome from Avignon, after it had for 70 years been fixed at the latter place. She wrote si.x treatises on the " Provi- dence of God," " The Divine Doctrine delivered by the Eternal Father speaking to the Spirits,"' some .short prose pieces of devotion, and some poems. D. 1380, and was canonized by rope Pius II. in 14G4-. — Of France, daughter of Charles VI. of France, and the wife of Henry V. of England, who, on his marriage to her, was declared successor to the French crown. Their sou, afterwards Henry VI., wa.s crowned in both countries while still an infant. Being left a wid- ow, she privatelj' espoused Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, by whom she had two sons, the elder of whom, Edmund, earl of Kichmond, was father of Henry VII. B. liOl; d. 1438.— Of Aragox, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, was b. 1483. In her 18th year Bhe was married to Arthur, prince of Wales, oldest son of Henry VII. The young prince dying in a few months after his marriage, Henry's mercenaiy dread of losing the rich dowry of Catha- rine, induced her brother-in-law, after- ward.s Henry VIII., to marry her. The vast religions changes to which this marriage gave place, belong rather to history than to biography. Sullice it, therefore, to say. tliat after years of an.Kiety and spirited resistances, he was divorced. But though she was no lon- ger called queen at court, her attend- ants at Kimbolton castle, where she took up her residence, were never al- lowed to address her otherwise than as queen, a.s she protested to the last that tlie divorce was unjust and illegal. Just before her death she wrote so pathetic a letter to Henry in favor of Mary, their daughter, thatj stern as the tyrant was, he is said to have shed tears as he pe- rused it. She possessed considerable literary ability, but some devotional pieces, which are sometimes attributed to her pen, were in fact the production of Queen Catharine Parr. I). 1536. — The eldest daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, of Kendal, in Westmoreland. She was married early in life to Edward Burghe ; and, surviving him, she was next mar- ried to John Neville. Lord Latimer. Her second husband, too, she survived ; and, in 1643, was raised to the throne by King Henry VIII., being the sixth and last wife of that polygamic monarch. Her attachment to the reformed religion, and her kindness to those who support- ed it, gave deep and deadly ofl'ence to the still powerful Catholic faction. Gardiner, Wriothesley, and others, de- termined to remove, if possible, so dan- gerous an opponent from court, but failed. Though during the king's last illness he was, in the words of a writer of that time, "as furious as a chained lion," Catharine continued to retain her ascendency over him, and at his death he left her a legacy of £4000 in addition to her jointure, "ibr her great love, obe- dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom." She afterwards married Sir Thomas Sey- mour, uncle of Edward VI., but they lived by no means happily together ; and when she died, though in childbed, it was currently reported that she was poisoned. D. l.HS. — De Medici, the wife of Henry II. king of France, was the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her 16th year, she was married to Henry, duke of (Jrleans, son and successor to Francis I. of France. Her beauty and accomplishments made her the orna- ment of the French court; and young as she was, she had deceit and cunning enough to make herself acceptable to all Eartics. For ten years she brought her usband no children, but she subse- quently had 10, of whom three success- ively were kings of France. With pro- found jiolicy she secured the affection and contidence of her children in their earliest youth, thereby assuring to her- self that influence which she desired to exercise over their maturer age. On the death of her husband, and the accession of Francis II., the powerful Guises shared her political power ; and it is probable that it was in order to avoid col- lision Willi them tliat she joined in their detestable fury against the Huguenots. But the reign of Francis was very brief; and when Charles IX., then only in his 11th year, succeeded him, Cath.irinebad oat] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGUAPMV, 265 all the aiiUionty of re;?ent, though not the title. Tlic death of the duke of Guise still furtlicr jiiorcased lit-r power, uiid she WHS joined heurt and soul with the Catliolies in perseeutinj; tiio Iluirue- nots. To ehuracterize her ])olitical con- duct at this time, wcneed only name the horrible massacre of iSt. Bartholomew, an atrocity which just and humane men of every creed, country, and ai,'c will join in Veprobatinir. That Charles IX. was urged to this horrid act by the per- suasions of Catharine most historians admit; and in less than two years after the massacre he died, worn out in mind and body by the stinifs of remorse. At the deatli of Charles, Catharine was de- clared regent until the arrival of her son Henry from Poland. During her regen- cy she governed rigorously and saga- ciously, and deliveretl up the kingdom to lienry III. on his arri\al, in such or- der as \vith only connnon prudence and firmness, would have insured him a peaceable reign. But the new king's weakness soon relaxed the bands which his mother had so lirmly drawn around faction, and civil disturbances ensued, by which Catharine's later years were much imbittered. Admitted by all to be a sagacious, lulroit, and courageous woman, but detested by every piarty in the state, she d., aged 85, in 1.589. — Of Bkaoanza, daughter of .John IV. of Por- tugal, and queen of (.'harles II. of En- gland. The dissolute conduct of her husband, and the shameful openness of liis illicit amours, gave her much pain. But though neglected by him, she stead- ily and sternly preserved her own honor, and his so far as it depended on her. After his deatli she returned to Portu- fal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don 'edro, was compelled by his increasing infirmities to retire, she was made re- gent. She held this office but for a brief space ; but her conduct, both as regards her internal measures and her carrying on the war with Spain, showed consid- erable political ability. D. in the 6"th year of her age, 1705. — I., empress of Russia, was the illegitimate daughter of a Livonian peasant. After some years spent in the service of a clergyman, she married a Swedish dragoon, wlio shortly afterwards went on an expedition and never returned. S!ie then resided, it is doubtful whether as servant or para- mour, with the Russian general, Bauer, Then Prince Menkzikotf became enam- ■•ed of her charms, and made her his mistress. Peter 1. now distinguished hor by his notice, and she became at first his mistress and afterwards i s em- press. During his lifetime she snowed great devotion to him, and at his death siie was proclaimed his successor. But her reign was short ; for her indulgence in intoxicating liquors produced a dis- ease of which she d. in 1727, at the age of 41. — II., empress of Russia, was the daughter of the prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, b. 1720, and in 1745 became the wife of the emperor Peter III. Tiiis prince was addicted to low society and to the most scandalous excesses ; and Catliarine, even in her youth, was by no means re- markable for chastity. "\Vith the incon- sistency usually to be observed in such cases, each party reproached the other ; Catharine, stung by her husband's bru- tality, became still more openly indeco- rous in her conduct, and Peter indulged in low wassail to such an extent that he must have been deranged. lie at length became so infatuated by his disgust for Catharine and his passion for one of his mistresses, the Countess "VVoronzoff, that he had determined to divorce and imprison the former, and make the lat- ter his empress. Informed of his de- signs, Catharine promjitly exerted her self, caused her husband to be seized, and sent him as a prisoner to a small Xialace about 20 miles from St. Peters- tjurgh, where Prince Alexis Orloff put him to death, with the connivance, if not at the jiositivc command, of the empress. This occurred in .luly, 17C2, and in the next month Catharine was solemnly crowned empress of all the Eussias. Ill as her power was obtain- ed, she used it wisely and well. She trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter the Great, aiming at once to enrich and civilize her dominions. Schools and towns were founded, public works of equal magnificence and use were com- menced and finished, and the horrible tortures which had been inflicted on Russian criminals were almost totally abolished. But her amonrs in the mean time injured her as a woman, and her tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a foul blot upon her escutcheon as a sover- eign. Ambition, however, and lack of female virtue did not wholly degrade her, for her internal policy was ns much directed to the useful as to the irrand; and amid all the distraction of business and dissipation she found time to en- courage literature. Indeed, she was herself the author of instructions for ft code of hnvs, which she also translated into German; and she wrote several dramatic pieces, and some moral tfJca 266 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cat for the uso of children. D. aged 67, 179fi. CATHARTNUS, Ambrose, an Italian divine ; author of " Treatises ajrainst the Doctrines of Luther and Ochinus." He attended the council of Trent, and be- came succes:1. CAVALCAXTI, Bartolomeo, a learn- ed Italian ; author of a work on " Rhet- oric," and of another on the "Forms of a Republic;" both able treatises. He served for some time as a military ofReer, and was einj)l<\ved in some important neirotiations In' Pope Paul III. 1). l.")t!2. — Guiuo, a Florentine pliilosopher and poet of the 13th century, was a friend of Daiite, and, like hiin, an active Ghib- elline. His poems, which are eliiefiy amorous, are above mediocrity. D. 1300. CAVALIER, John, the son of a French peasant, was b. 1679. lie be- came leader of the Camisardes, or Prot- estants of Langnedoc, when thev re- volted against the tyranny of the king : and led by him, they forced Marshal Villars to ' make a treaty with them. Cavalier then became a colonel in the king's service, but fearing some treach- ery he transferred his skill and courage to England, and d. governor of Jersey, 1740. CAVALIERI, BoNAVENTURE, an Ital- ian friar, who became a disciple of Gali- leo. He was professor of matheinatica at Bologna, and wrote some valuable treatises on geometry, conic sections, &c. D. 1647.^ CAVALLINI, PiETRO, a Roman paintr- er. He was pujiil of Giotto, wliom he assisted in tlio famous mosaic in St. Peter's. D. 1364. CAVALLO, Tiberius, an ingenious natural philosopher, b. at Naples 1749, who went to England for commercial objects, and was so struck with the dis- coveries at that period in physical sci- ence, that he abandoned his pursuits, settled in London, and devoted his future life to the advancement of science. He was author of many treatises on "Electricity," "Aerostation," "Mag- netism," &'c., and contributed largely to the " Ph^osophical Transactions." D. 1809. CAVE, Edward, an enterprising book- seller, was b. at Newton, W arwicKshire, Iti'Jl, and educated at Rugby school. Having been deprived of a clerkship in the post-office, in consequence of his resistance to some abuses of the privi- lege of franking, he took a shop by St. John's gate, Clerkenwell, and commen- ced the " Gentleman's Magazine." The work was highly successful; and among the contributors to it was the subse- quently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom Cave was one of the earliest friends and employers. D. 17o4. — William, a learn- ed Ensrlish divine; author of "Primi- tive Christianity," "Lives of the Apos- tles and Martyrs," and " Historia Lile- raria." The last-named work is an account of the writers against and in defence of Christianity down to the 14tb century. B. 1637; d. 1718. CAVEDONE, GiACOMO, an eminent Italian painter. He was a disciple of the Caracci; but though some of his works are said to be equal to those of his mas- ters, he d. in absolute destitution, in 1660. C.\VENDISII, Thomas, an English navigator in the reign of Elizabeth, was a native of Sullblk, where he inlierited a good e'^tate ; but having injured bis •208 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [jAZ fortune by early extravagances, he fitted out three vessels to cruise against the Spaniards ; and sailing for the coast of South Ainorica, succeeded in taking sev- eral valuable prizes. After circumnavi- gating the gloiic, he returned to England with a large fortune. This lie soon dissi- pated, an Jagain went to sea; but meeting witli no success, d. of cliagrin while off the coast of Brazil, in 1592. — William, a native of Suffolk, was b. 1505. lie ob- tained the oliicc of usher to Cardinal W'olscy; and the fidelity he displayed on the fall of his patron endeared him to Henry VIII., who took him into his service and knighted him. In the suc- ceeding reigns lie was equally favored, and his sou became the earl of Devon- shire, lie wrote the life of his early triend and patron. Cardinal Wolsey. D. 15')7. — "William, cluke of Newcastle, son of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest son of the last named. By .lames I. he was made a knight of the Bath, Baron Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles I. appointed him governor to the prince of A\ ales, and made him earl of Kew- castle. The earl proved himself worthy of the favor shown to him ; for, when Chai-les I. resolved on an expedition against the Scots, he contributed £10,000, — a very large sum at that time — besides raising a troop of horse. Du- riuii the civil war he behaved with great gallantry ; and when the royal cause became hopeless, he joined Charles II. in his exile. At the restoration, he was created duke of Newcastle. He was the author of several pnems and plays, but is now chiefly remeinl)cTed as an autlior for his treatise on " Horsemansliip." B. 1.592; d. 167G.— William, first duke of Devonshire, was the son of William, third carl of Devonshire. He was b. 1640, and attended James, duke of York, as a volunteer against the Dutch; but he soon made himself obnoxious at court by his opposition in parliament. He gave evidence in favor of Lord Wil- liam Russel, and even offered to ex- change clothes with that unfortunate nobletnan to enable him to escape. In IGsi lie succeeded to the title of earl of Devonshire, and was shortly afterwards imprisoned, and fined £30,000 for stri- king Colonel Culpepper, in the presence chamber. For the jiayment of tliis large sum he gave bond, but before it heeaine due, the arrival of tiie jirinee of Orange had put an end for ever to tiie tyranny of .James. The, earl now became a favo- rite at court, and in 1694 his earhloin was raised to n dukedom. 1^. 1707. — John, Lord, brother of the preceding; an able statesman, who distinguished himself by his opposition to Lord North, and succeeded that nobleman as chan- cellor of the exchequer. D. 17ii6. — Henrv, a member of the Devonshire family, and one of the most eminent natural philosophers of modern times, devoted himself exclusively to scien- tific pursuits, acquiring a distinguisiied rank among those who have most con- tributed to the progress of chemistry ; and his researches relative to hydrogen gas, or inflammable air, gave rise to^he practice of aerostation. By the death of an uncle, in 1773, he received a large addition to his fortune ; and, being ex- tremely regular and simple in his man- ner of living, he left at his death the enormous sum of £l,200,o00, to his relations. It has been truly said of him, that he was "the richest among the learned, and the most learned among the rich men of his time." B. 1731 ; d. 1810. CAW^TON, Thom.\s, a nonconformist divine. Being implicated in Love's plot against Cromwell, he fled to Holland. and became pastor of the English church at Rotterdam. He was skilled in the oriental lanffuages, and assisted in the Polyglot Bible, and Dr. Castell's Poly- glot Lexicon. D. 1659. — Thomas, son of the above, and, like him, a Puritan divine and an oriental scholar. He otR- ciated to a dissenting congregation in Westminster ; and was author of " Dis- sertatio de Usu Linguae Hebraicse in Philosophia Theoretica," a "Life of his Father," Arc. D. 16G7. CAXTON, William, the earliest En- glish printer, was a native of Kent, b. about 1410. Having served his time as a mercer, he went abroad as agent to the Mercers' company, and afterwards was taken into the suite of Margaret of York, wife of the duke of Burgundy. AV'liilc residing in Flanders, he acquired a knowledjre of the art of printing, and translated and printed in that coimtry the "Recuyell of the History of Troy." Returning to England, he set up a press in Westminster abbey ; and 1474 issued the "(Jame of Chess," the first book ever printed in England. I). 1491. CAYLUS, Anne Claudk I'nii,n» he, count of, a French writer; author of the " Descrijition of the Gems in the Koyal Cabinet,"' a truly splendid work ; " Dis- sertation on the Arts," &c. ; and found- er of a prize for di'awing in the Academy of Painting. B. 1720; d. 17G5. CAZES, Pierre .L^oques, a French OBI.] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGilAI'HV, 269 painter, pupil of Bouloerne and tlie elder Houasse. Ills prinwpul worlc is a noble Scripture piece ot' ''The Woman witli im Issue of Blood," in the church of Kotre Dame. B. 1676; d. 175-i. CAZOTTE, John, a French writer; author of •' Lc Diable Amoureux," ''Oli- vier," and otlier poems, chiefly of the humorous kind. In the revolution, which he opposed with all his power, lie was thrown into the prison of tlic Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth ; and when the massacre of the prisoners took place, his daughter threw herself between him and the murderers, there- by preventing the execution of their purpose ; but he was again condemned to death, and perished by the guillotine, 1702, at the age of 72. 'Prouf the scaf- fold he cried with a tirm voice to the multitude, "I die, as I have lived, faith- ful to God and to my king." CKBA, AuFALDo, a Genoese poet ; au- thor of two tragedies, a history of Kome, and two heroic poems, "II Furio Ca- millo," and "Esther." D. 1G23. CEBES, a Theban philosopher, pupil of Socrates. The Tablaturc of Human Life, usually printed with the Enchiri- dion of Epietetus, is generally attributed to him, but by somo his authorship is disputed. CECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper name was Francis degi.i Stabili, an Italian physician, mechanician, and poet; author of -'L'Aceria," a poem, «fec. In 1322 he obtained the appoint- ment of professor of philosophy and as- trology at Bologna, and subsequently that of physician and astrologer to the duke of Calabria ; but being accused of inagic, he was condemned by the In- quisition, and burnt to death in 1327. CECIL, KoBEKT, carl of Salisbury, was the second son of Lord Burleigh, the prudent minister of Queen Elizabeth. Trained to business under his father, he became first the assistant and then the successor of secretary Walsingham. Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, he sedulously cultivated the friendshij) of James VI. of Scotland. The event justified his foresight, for he was made high treasurer, and created earl of Salis- bury almost immediately after James's uccession to the English crown. He ■was an extremely able, and, generally speaking, unriglit minister; but the share he hatl in causing the deaths of Essex and Raleigh, tends much to sink him in the estimation of posterity. B. 1563; d. 1(512. CECEOPS, an Egyptian, wlio married the daughter of Actseus, a Grecian prince ; and founded Athens about 1556 li.C. CEDllEMIS, George, a Greek monk of the 11th century, who wrote a "His- tory of the World, from the Creation to the Year 1057," which was printed with a Latin version at Paris in 1647. CELESTI, Andrea, a Venetian paint- er. Ho executed some beautiful land- scapes and some tine altar-pieces. D. 1706. CELESTINE L, saint and pope ; suc- cessor of Boniface I. He became pope in 422, condemned the doctrine of Nes- torius in 43o, and d. in 432, with a high reputation for i)iety and wisdom. — III., pope, succeeded Clement III. in ll'Jl. lie claimed the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and conferred the latter on Fred- eric, son of the Emperor Henry VI., on condition that he should be tributary to the holy see. 1). 1198. — V., a pope and saint. He was a Benedictine monk, and founder of an order called Celes- tines, which was suppressed in France. He led a life of great seclusion, and the fame of his austerity caused him to be elected pope in 1294. Cardinal Cajetan persuaded liim to resign, and then, hav- ing caused himself to be elected, by the title of Boniface VIII. , imprisoned Ce- lestine. D. in confinement, in 1296. CELLAKIUS, CimisToPHER, a learned German writer, professor of history at Halle ; author of " Notitia Orbis Anti- quse," " Atlas Coslestis," &c., and editor of several Greek and Latin authors. D, 1707. CELLIER, Eeni, a learned French Benedictine ; author of an " Apology for the Morality of the Fathers," written against Barbeyrac, and compiler of a " General History of Sacred and Eccle- siastical Authors." D. 1761. CELLINI, Benvenuto, a Florentine artist, of equal genius and eccentricity. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith and jeweller, and at the same time learned drawing, engravimr, and music. Clem- ent VII. employed him both as gold- smith and musician; and such was his reputation for courage, that when Pome was besieged by the duke of Bourbon, Cellini was charged with the detl-nce of the castle of St. Angelo. Diu'ing tiio life of Clement, Cellini was em]>loycd to make stamps for the mint, and his coins and medals are exquisite specimens of skill. On the death of his patron he went to France, where he was patronized and employed by Francis I. ; but he soon returned to Pome, and being ao- 270 CYCLOPAEDIA OF UIOGRAPHV. [CKR cased of havinsr robbed the castle of St. Angelo while intrusted with its defence, he was. there imprisoned. Ilo however ese«ped, was retaken, but finally released !it the interecssion of the Cardinal Fer- rara. lie once more went to France, wliere he e.xecuted some matrnitieent works, espeei:dly some larjre ti^nires in metal. In live years he left France for Florence, where he was employed by the Grand-duke Cosmo. Working equally well in metal and marble, on the largest and the most minute scale, Cellini, even as an artist alone, was a most wonderful man. But when we remember that he was a musician, an author, and an ad- mirable m.aster of the sword, it is im- possible to withhold our ailmiration from the extent and variety of his genius. As an author, he produced a work on sculpture and the casting of metals, a treatise on the goldsmith's art, and an antobiogniphy full of vivi'l and vigorous writiu;,'. This last work, which contains some details scarcely credible, even with a large allowance for the evident vanity of the author, has been translated into all the modern languages. B. 1500; d. 1570. CELSIUS, Olaus, a learned Swede; the early patron of Linnseus, and the first promoter of the science of natural liistory in Sweden, lie publisiied va- rious "theological and other works, par- ticidarly one entitled " llierobotanicou," an accmuit of the plants mentioned in the Bible. B. 1670; d. 175<). CELSUS, AuKELius CoiiNELirs, a Eo- man physician of the time of Tiberius ; author of treatises on agriculture, rheto- ric, and military af&iirs, and of 8 books on medicine. All except the last work is lost, but that is used in the medical schools of every nation in Europe. — An Epicurean philosopher of the 2d cen- tury, lie wrote a book against the Christian religion. It is not extant, but if we may judge from Origen's reply to it, Celsus was a keen disputant, even with the disadvantage of assailing truth and defending error. CELTES, Conhad, a modern Latin poet, native of Germany. lie wrote odes, amatory poems, and epigrams, and a prose liistory of Nuremburg. J). 1508. CENSOHlS'US, a lioman, twice con- fiul. In 270 the soldiery compelled him to accept the purple, and murdered him a week after he had done so. CEXTLIVUE, Susannah, an English dramatic writer and actress ; author of "The Busy Bodv," "A bold Stroke fur • Wife," ice. iler writingH are viva- cious and elegant, but they are occasion- allv indelicate. D. 1723. CEOLWULF, a king of Northumber- land in the 8th century, of whom the Venerable Bede makes honorable men- tion as a I'ust and pious king. His do- minions being overrun by Ethelbald, king of Mercia, Ceolwulf retired to the monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the remainder of his life in retirement and prayer. CEFIIALON, an Ionian author of an epitome of general history from the time of Ninus to that of the emperor Adrian, in whose reign he flourished, and of a history of Troy. In imitation of Herod- otus, iie divided his epitome into nine books. CERACCIII, Joseph, a Roman sculp- tor, a pupil of the great Canova. He unfortunately involved himself in polit- ical disputes, and was obliged to seek shelter in France, where he was engaged in a conspiracy against the life of Bona- parte, for which he was executed in 1801. CEKATINUS, .James, a learned Dutch- man, professor of Greek at Leipsic, which ottice he owed to the recommendation of Erasmus. His true name was Teyng, that which he adopted being a Greek derivative equivalent to Horn, the name of his native place. He wrote " l)e Sono Grteearum Literarum," compiled a Greek and Latin lexicon, &c. D. 1530. CERCEAU, John Anthonv du, a French poet. He wrote several critiques, some comedies, and Latin and French poems. B. 1676 ; and accidentally shot in 1730, by the prince of Couti, to whom he was tutor. CERDA, Berxarda Ferreira de la, a Portuguese lady of the 17th century, remarkaljle for the extent and variety of her accomplishments. She was well versed in the ancient and modern lan- guages ; excelled in rhetoric, mathemat- ics, and philosophy; was a most skilful musician; and wrote various poems and comedies of great merit. ('ERE, John Nicholas, a distinguish- ed French botanist, director of the bo- tanic garden in the Isle of France. He greatly extended the culture of cloves and other spices in the island, and pub- lished a valuable memoir on the cultiva- tion of rice. 1). 1810. CERINI, Giovanni Domknico, an Ital- ian painter, chiefly of historical subjects. B. 1606 ; d. 1681". — Joseph, an Italiaa poet and dramatist. B. 1738; d. 1779. CERINTIIUS, a hercsiareh of the 1st century. He was by birth a Jew, and is supposed to have been a pupil of Sinioi cha] CVCLOP-i:DIA OF UIUUKAIMU'. 271 Majjus. His doctrine was a compound of juchii.s'.ii, Chri^tiiinity, and the specu- lations of the Gnostics. CEKUTI, Frederic, a learned Italian Bclioolniiister. He wrote a Latin dia- loirtie on the " Riyht Ediu'ation of Yoiitli,' and anotiier on " Ci)inedy," and pubiislied editions of Horace, Juve- nal, and Pei-seus, each witli a para- plirase. B. l-Hl ; d. 1579. CEKUTTI, Josicrri Anthont JoAcnnr, a Jesuit, tor some time professor in the society's collesre at Lyons ; author of an " Apoloory" for his order, and of various miscellaneous pieces. He entered with ardor into the attairs of tlie revolution, and conducted a paper called 'Teuille Villaffcoise." ]{. 173>') ; d. 17y2. CERVANTES, de Saavedra, Miguel, the celebrated Spanish novelist, was b. 1547. Althousjh he {,'avo early promise of literary talent, he was compelled, through poverty, to seek a subsistence in some other profession, and became a page to the cardinal Giuiio Aquaviva, in Rome. He then entered the navy, and lost his left ann at the famous battle of Lepanto. After this, ho joined the troops at Naples, in the servieo of the Spanish kins'; i"it, returninj; home- ward, he was unfortunately taken pris- oner l)y a corsair, and remained in slavery at Altricrs live years. When lie was at leng-th ransomed, lie settled at Madrid, married, and published in the course of lu years about 30 dramas ; but though he showed great genius, he was not so successful as his rival. Lope de Vega, and he reliictautly abandoned this species of composition for that which has immortalized his name — the produc- tion of " Don Quixote." Cervantes had in view, by this work, to reform the taste and opinions of his countrymen. He wished to ridicule that adventurous heroism which was the source of innu- merable novels on kniirht-errantry. The work was, at first, coldly received, but it soon met with applause, and it may now safely be said to be tlie most popu- lar work that was ever written. Still its extraordinary good fortune did not ex- tend to the author, who struggled on for many years with nothing to console hiin in liis poverty but his genius, and a pro|ier estimation of his own merit. D. Ifilti. CEEVETTO, a celebrated Italian mu- sician, who performed at Drury-lane in the time of Garrick. He much of- fended that irritable performer by loudly snoring one niijht, when the audience was in a state of the most perfect silence. Garrick reproached him in the green- room, but the fiddler appeased the actor by exclaiming, '• Ah, Mr. Garrick, it is aivav the var ven I be ver much please I" D. 1783, at the age of 103. CESARINI, .JuLiAX, a cardinal. He was employed by Martin V. and Eugc- nius IV., in political negotiations. Be- ing sent by the latter pope to Hungary, he persuatled Ladislaus to break trace with tlie Turks. The battle of Varna ensued, and the cardinal was slain, iHi. — ViKoiNio, an Italian writer, vvliose Latin and Italian poems are distin- guished by great elegance. D. lG2i. CESAKUTTI, Melchior, an Italian poet, and professor of rhetoric, Greek, and Hebrew, in the university of I'adua ; author of "Essays on the Origin and Progress of Poetry," " On the Italian Language," &c. ; and translator into Italian of the "Iliad," and of "Ossian's Poems." B. 1730 ; d. IbuS. CESPEDES, Paul, an eminent Span- ish painter. His principal work is " The Last Supper," an admirable picture iu the cathedral of Cordova. He was the author of a learned treatise on ancient and modern painting. D. Ii503. CEZELLI, CoxsTANXE, a heroine of the loth century. Her husband, while defending Leucatc, was taken by the Spaniards, and they threatened Con- stance tliat they would put liim to death if she did not surrender the fortress. She ret'used, but ottered all her property to ransom him. Tliis was uiuivailing ; and being foiled in tw'o assaults, they raised the siege, and put their barbarous threat in fDrce. CHABEIiT, Joseph Bernard, mar- quis of, a distinguished navigator, as- tronomer, and geographer, b. at Toulon, 17ii4:. He performed several distant voy- ages, and formed the project of a chart of the Mediterranean; but the American war interrupted the work, and called Chabert to his post, where he distin- guished himself so highly, that, in 1781, he was made commander of a squadron. The revolution drove him to England. In ISOO he lost his sight, in consequence of his intense application to study; and, in 1802, he returned to Paris," where Bonaparte assigned him a pension. D. ISOn. CHABRET, Pierre, an able French advocate ; author of a work entitled "The French Monarchy and its Laws." D.1786. CIIABKTAS, an Athenian general, to whom a statue was erected, for aidinaf the Boeotians against Agesihius. He CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGliAPHY. [CIIA conquered C^'prns for the Iving of Egypt, aii'l was slain at Cliio, 08.1 u. c. C'HABKY, ^L\KK, a French painter nud si.ti!i>tor. His best works, inclu- dinsr a tine equestrian statue of Louis XIV., ailorned the city of Lyons, but thev were destroved bv the revolution- ary'rabble. D. 1727. 0HA18, Ohakles. a Protestant divine, lie was a native of Geneva, but for many years otlieiated as pastor of the French church at tlie Hasrne. He was author of " An Apoloey for Inoculation," some theolo!.'ical cssavs, and a French ti'ansla- tion of the Bible. D. 1785. CHAISE, Francis de la, a French Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIV., over wlioin lie acquired a vast intluence. D. IT*"'!*. The site of his house and grounds at Paris is now occupied by the beauti- ful comctcrv which bears liis name. CHALCIDIUS, a Tlatonie philosopher of the od century. He wrote a com- mentary on the Timaaus of Plato, of which a Latin version was published at Levden. OHALCONDYLES, DraETRirs, a learned Greek, who, on the taking of Constantinople in 1479, established him- self as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He ■\vTotc a Greek grammar, and edited the lexicon of Suidas. I). 1513. CHALKS, Claitdius Fkaxcis de, a French Jesuit, professor of hydrogra- phy and mathematics ; author of a " History of Mathematics," a " Treatise on Navigation," "Researches on the Centre of Gravity," &17 ; and he continued to occupy Iiiinself in literary pursuits till ill-lieattli compelled him to abandon them. D. 1834. — George, a Scotch writer of considerable ability and industry; author of "Cale- donia," "An Estimate of the Compara- tive Strength of Great Britain," &c. llis statistical ability procured him the situation of chief clerk of the Board of Trade, which he enjoved for manv vears. B. 1744; d. 1825.— riioMAs, was'b. at Anstruther, in Fife, on the 17th of ilareli, 17^0, and was early sent to study at St. Amlrcw's university. On the com- jiletion of his theological studies, he otti ciated for about two years as assistant in the parish of Cavers, and in 1803 he obtained a presentation to the parish of Kilmany, in Fifeshire. Here he remained for some years, in the quiet discharge of his clerical duties, when he was suddenly awakened to a knowledge of "vital Chris- tianity," while engaged in writing the article "Christianity" for "Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia," and from this moment his quickened and concentrated faculties were intent on reviving the old "evangelism of the Puritans and the Eetbrmers." The heroism with which he avowed his change, and the fervor w'ith which he proclaimed the gospel, made a great sensation in the quiet country round Kilmany ; and at last t'he renown of this upland Boanerges began to spread over Scotland, when, in 1815, the tow'n council of Glasgow invited him to be the minister of their Tron church and ]iarisli. Thither he repaired, and in that city for 8 years sustained a series of the most brilliant arguments and overpowering appeals in behalf of reli- gion. In 1817 he visited London. Here his popularity was not less overwhelm- ing. Tlie churches in which he was to E reach were crowded to suffocation long eforc the service commenced ; and amongst his auditors were a number of the distinguished clergy, ])cers, mem- bers of parliament, and literary charac- ters of all classes and denominations. After continuing about four years min- ister of the Tron chureli, he was re- moved to the new church of St. John's. In this new sphere he tried to give practical direction to the theories he had propounded, relative to the support en A J cycloim;i)Ia ok uiooitvi'iiv. 273 and the suppression of pauperism. In management, he cxpeeted it to become a model for all the parishes in Scotland, in the independence of its provision for the abatement of panperisin, as well as in the spiritual ayency it was to adopt. But the work ho had undertaken, and the invasions made upon his time, de- prived him of tliat solitude so much required for pulpit preparations, especi- ally for such pulpit exhibitions as he was wont to give ; and he was fain to seek relief in an academic retreat. In 1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi- losophy at St. Andrew's ; in 1828 he was removed to tlic eliair of thcoloiry in the university of Edinburgh ; and here he prosecuted his multifarious labors, lec- turing, preaohing, publishing, organi- zing schemes for the welfare of the einireh, and taking an active manage- ment in her courts, till tiie disruption in the church of Scotland, in 184:3, when he joined the Free Church, which lie mainly contributed to found, and be- came principal and professor of theology to the seceding body. D. 1847. — Lioxkl, a physician of South Carolina, eminent for medical science. He first practised in Christ-church, but soon removed to Charleston, where he continued till his death. He wrote, in 1754, useful re- marks on opisthotonos and tetanus, which were published in the first vol- ume of the observations and inquiries of the Medical Society of London. His most respectable work is an essay on fevers, published at Charleston, 1767, in which he gave the outlines of the spas- modic theory, wiii<-h had been ta'ught by Hoffman, and whicli was afterwards more fully illustrated by Cullen. Besides several smaller productions, he also pub- lished a valuable work on the weather and diseases of South Carolina. 1). 1777. CIIALONER, Thomas, an English statesman. He obtained his knight- Imoil by his gallantry at the battle of Musselburgh, and was afterwards em- ployed as Queen Elizabeth's ambassador to Spain and Germany. He translated " Erasmus's Praise of Folly," and wrote " De Ecpublica Anglorum instauranda, libri decern," itc. 1). I'jC.'). — Thomas, son of the above, was . CHANDLER, Edward, bishop of Durham; author of a "Defence of Christianitv from the Prophecies of the Old Testament," Ac. B. 1671 ; d. 1750. — Mary, an Entrlish poetess. B. 1G87 ; d. 1745.^RicnAnD, a divine and anti- quary. He travelled, in 1761, throus:h Asia" Minor and Greece, at the expense of the Dilettanti Society; anil wrote "Travels" in those countries. — Samuel, an eminent dissenting divine; author of a "Vindication of the Christian Re- ligion," a "Vindication of the llistory of the Old Testament," a " History of Persecution," " History of the Life of David," *c. B. 1693; d. 1766. CHANDOS, John, an English gener- al of great celebrity, in the 14th centu- ry ; distinguished not more for bravery than for his generosity and moderation. He was killed at the bridge of I.eusac, near Poitiers, in 1Q69. CHANNING, "William Ellery, was b. at Newport, Rliode Island, 1780. His maternal irrandfather, William Ellery, was one of those who signed the Decla- ration of Independence, and his father wa.s a partner in the eminent mercantile firm of Gibbs A: Channing. at Newport. Educated at Harvard college, he was early induced to abandon the profession of niodicine, for which his fatlier intend- ed him, and to prepare himself for tlio Unitarian ministry ; and in 1S03 he com- menced his career by taking charge of the congregation of the Unitarian cha] el in Federal-street, Boston. His eloquence rendered him from that time forth one of the !nost conspicuous men in Amer- ica. His discourses display great genius ; they are beautiful specimens of pulpit eloquence; chaste, earnest, pure, and sublime. He took an earnest part in all the great religious and moral move- ments of the day, and by the fervor of his convictions, the chasteness and per- suasiveness of his style, his dignified character, and fearless utterance of what he thought, wielded a potent influence not only over the opinions of his cotem- poraries, but over the whole future mind of his country. To him more than to any one else the people of New England are indebted for the liberality and tol- erance of religious controversy. Dr. ('haniiing was ever the advocate of peace, and though he could not but be aware that his opposition to the slave system must needs diminish his popu- larity, he was instant in season and out of season in denouncing it. D. Oct. 2, 1842, aired 62. CHANTREY, Fraxcis, a sculptor of eminence, was b. at Norton, near Shef- field, 1781. When a mere child he dis- covered considerable talent in drawing and modelling ; and during his appren- ticeship with Mr. Ramsey, a carver and gilder at Shetfield, the wliole of his leis- ure hours were most assiduously devoted to the study and practice of his favorite pursuits, ilaving made a compensation to his master for the remaining term of his apprenticeship, he paid a short visit to London, and attended the school of the Royal Academy. He then returned to Sheffield, where, at 20 years of age, he may be said to have commenced bus- iness ; but his career of lame and for- tune was not begun until 1809, when ho received an order from Mr. Alexander, the architect, for four colossal busts of Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and Nelson, for the Trinity House, and for the Grecn- wich Naval Asylum. From this period he was unrelaxing in his etforts, and continually suceesslul ; anil, amonir the admirable" productions of his chisel, . . . . . j^ io there appeared, in 1817, that exquisit group oi "The Sleeping Children." i 2TG CVCLOP.EDIA OF DIOGRAPIIV. [CHA Lichfield Cathedral; universiilly ac- knowledged as "images of artless beau- tv and innocent and unalleeted grace." His busts of Lord Oastlercagh, Sir Wal- ter Scott, the poets Wordsworth and and Southey, Mr. Canning, John Een- nie, George IV., Willian' IV., Queen Victoria, Lord Melbourne, Sir Eobert Peel, and tlie dnke of Wellington ; and statues of James Watt, Dr. Cyril Jack- son, Grattan, Washington, Sir Joseph Banks. Spencer Terceval, Canning, Sir .lohu Malcolm, Dr. Dalton, Roseoe, Gen. Gillespie, Lady Louisa Kussell, (when a cliild,) Bishops Bathurst and Kyder, are amoncr his cliiuf works. D. Nov. 25, 1842. CliAF^tAN, Frederic nENRY,^ a Swedish viee-adniiral ; author of a " Treatise on Marine Architecture." D. 1808. — George, an English poet. He wrote 17 dramatic pieces, but he is chiefly remembered for his vigorous translation of Homer, of wliich Pope is said to have made more use than he chose to admit. D. IGO-i. — John, a learned English divine; author of "Eu- sebius, or a Defence of Christianity," &c. B. 1704; d. 178i. CIIAPONE, Hester, was the daugh- ter of a Mr. Midso, of Twywell, North- amptonshire. Among her first produc- tions is the interesting story of" Fidelia," in tlie "Adventurer;" but she is prin- cipally known by her valuable "Letters on the Improvement of the Mind," ad- dressed to a voung lady, and published in 1773. D."l801. CHAPPE D'AUTEEOCHE, Jonx, a Frcncli astronomer. In 1760 he went into Siberia to observe the transit of the planet Venus; and, in 1708, lie gave tlie publican account of his journey in three volumes. He then went to Cali- fornia for tlic same purpose, but died there in 17C9.— Ci.ArnE, nephew of the preceding, was b. 1703. He introduced the use of telegraphs into France, and the first public event communicated by it was the cajiturc of Conde, in 1793. The honor of tlic discovery being claim- ed by others, his mind was so much affected that he committed suicide in 180.-.. CIIAPPLE, William, an English to- pographer, lie contributed largely to the "Gentleman's Magazine," and ed- ited a part of " liisdou's Survey of Dev- onsliire. 1). 1781. CIIAPTAL, Jean Antotne Claude, count of Chanteloupe, a French peer. Statesman, anotb year that he showed himself active and independent ; but, from that time till his abdication, he was, through- out a monarch. He was indefatigable in business, weighing the reasons on both sides of every ease with great minuteness ; very slow in deciding, but firm of purpose, and prompt to execute. Being equally rich in resources and saga- cious in the use of them; gifted with a cool judgment, and always master of himself, he steadily pursued his plans, and was generally able to ovei'come the greatest obstacles. I). 1558. — VI., son of the Emperor Leopold, was declared king of Spain by his father, in 1703, and crowned emjicror in 1711. Tlie taking of Belgrade by his geiural, rrince Eu- gene, compelled the Turks to make peace with him ; and his alliance with Holland, France, and EiiLdand enabled him to obtain considerable advautanfCfi 21 over Spain. Subsequently, however, ho was at war with his allies, and thu.s lost Naples and Sicily; and was also en- gaged in an injurious contest with Tur- key. D. 1740.— VIII., elector of Bavaria, was raised to the empire of Germany in 1742, by the influence of France and I'russia, though he had a powerful rival in ilaria Theresa of Hungary, who was supported by England and Sardinia. D. 174.5. — II., suruamed the Bold, king of France. He was crowned king in 840, and elected emperor by the Itomans in b75. 1)., supposed by poison, in 877. —III., Iving ol France, surnained the Simple. He ascended the throne in 893. His whole reign was one of struggle against the iS'ormaus and his turbulent barons, who at length caused Itobert, a prince of the blood royal, to be crown- ed. Ill the battle Ibuglit between the two sovereigns, Robert was slain; but his son, Hugh the Great, pressed Charles so hard, that ho sought shelter in the castle of the count of Vermandois, where be d. 029. — 1\^, son of Philip the Fair, succeeded to the crown of France in 1^22. His reign lasted only six years, and in that brief time he was deprived by England of the province of Guienne. 1). 1328. — v., suriiamcd the Wise, was the first prince who bore the title of dauphin, on the death of his brother, in 1804. His reign was very beneficial to his people, whose commerce and agri- culture he greatly promoted. He found- ed the library" of Paris, and gained several advantages over the Englisii. D. 1080. — VI., suruamed the Wcli-beloved, was sou and successor of the above. Owing to tlie feuds of the dukes of Bur- gundy and Orleans, and the misconduct of his ministers, he was unable to resist the warlike Edward of England, who conquered France and disinuerited the danpliin. D. 1 122.— VII., surnained the Victorious. He was crowned in 1422, and recovered the whole of his domin- ions from the English, with the excep- tion of Calais. 1). Utjl.— VIII., king of France, surnamed the Affable, was" the son of Louis XL, and ascended the throne of France in 1483, at the early age of thirteen. He was a warlike prince, and, in 1495, obtained a victory over an army of Italians five times as numerous as hi3 own. D. 1498.— IX., king of France, succeeded to the throne in 1G50. The civil wars, and, above all, the massacre of Paris, have left an in- delible stain upon the memory of this prince, D. 1574. — X., or Chables-Phi- LippB DK Bourbon, (known as Count 278 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CIIA d'Artois until the Hccession of his brother l.juis XVIII., and afterwards a^ Miiiisiuiir, ) vviis the tifili and yoiiiig-est son of rhc dauphin J.ouis, son of Louis X\'., and was b. IT-T. In 1773 he mar- ried the princess Maria Theresa, dautrh- tcr of Victor Auiadciis 111., kinpr of Sartlinia. On his succeeding to the throne of France in 1624, it was seen that he adhered too mv.ch to the ex- ploded dogmas of the old rcgirae to ac- quire the same degree of popularity that, by good tact and a more complying dis- position, his predecessor had enjoyed. On the 25th of July, 1830, in conse- quence of the result of a general election, Charles X. issued his two fatal ordi- nances, one abolishing the freef Naples, great grandson of the last named, lie married Margaret, niece of Joan, queen of Naples ; and when Joan was excommunicated, in 1380, he ob- tained that kingdom from the pope. He put the deposed queen to death, and was in his turn excommunicated by tlie pope. This did not prevent his endeavoring- to possess himself of the crown of Hun- gary, but he was slain in the atteiniit in 1386.— X., GvsT.vvLs, king of Sweden. He was the son of John Casiniir, and ascended the throne on the abdication of C[ueen Christina, in 1654. He was very sueecssful against Poland, but was compelled to raise the siege of t'opeu- liayeu, which he sought to possess him- self of, on account of Denmark liaviug allied itself with Poland. D. 1660.— XL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the preceding. He lost several import- ant places during his war with Denmark, but they were restored to him at the peace of Nimeguen. He greatly in- creased the power and resources of his kingdom. D. 1697. — XIL, king of Sweden, son and successor of the ])rc- ccding. He was only 15 years of age when he ascended the throne, and hia youth encouraged Kussia, Denmark, and I'oland to unite against him. Those powers, however, found him fully equal to the task of humbling them. Den- mark being subdued, he attacked ICus- cha] CYCLOP.'RDTA OF lUOGRAPHY. 278 aiii ; and in the famous battle of Narva, ill IToM, he is saiil 1" liiivc shiin ;'iO,itiii» of till) cucniy, .basidc-j nialvintr 'J'J,oOii jirisoners, llfoii^h his own force was short of 10,000. Poland next felt his i(i;\ver; lu! detliroiied Auirustus, and iiiade Stanislaus king in Ids siead. Thus far liis wliole course had been prosper- ous ; but in seekincr utterly to erusli I'eter the Great, he sustained a terrible defeat attlic battle of Pultovva, and was himself so severely wounded, that he was removed from the field on a litter, and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Here his edii'.luet was so violent that tlio Grand Seignior was compelled to besiege his residence. Afier desperate resistance Charles was overpowered, and for ten months he was kept a prisoner, lie no sooner was allowed to return to his own dominions than he commenced an attack on Norway, and in besieging i<'rederickshall was killed by a cannon- shot, in 171S. lie was one of the great- est warriors of liistory. — XIII., king of Sweden, was b. in 17i8 ; and being aji- ])ointed, at his birth, high admiral of Sweden, his education was directed chictly to the learning of naval tactics, anil in 178S he defeated the Kussians in the gulf of Finland. On the murder of Gustavus 111. he was placed at the head of the regency; but he resigned the government, in 17'.tG, to Gustavus Adol- phus IV., who had become of age, and did not appear again in public life till a revolution hurled the king from the throne. lie was then elected, and sub- sequently bestowed his entire contidenee on Marshal Bernailottc, whom the cr^tatcs had chosen to succeed Prince Christian in ISlo. 1). 1818. — (IiiAiti.Es Albert, king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, prince of Carignano, was b. ITilS. At his birth he had but little chance of ever swaying the sceptre, for there wore seven male heirs of the house of Savoy, through whom the crown might have descended. Ills early life was conse- quently passed in comiiarativc insigniti- canec, and his name was but slightly known to lOurope tuitil the revolution of lS-21, which broke out in support of the so-called Spanish constitution of 1812, compelled King Vittorio Euianuele to abdicate in favor ol'his brother, and led to Charles Albert's nomination as regent of tiic kingdom. Charles Albert, "who h id all along l)een in the secrets of the conspirators, took measures to carry out tluir desiu'us ; b\it the duke of Gencvois, in whose favor Kiuif Vittorio had resign- ed the crown, having refused to sanction the proceedings of the new government, and liaviu!.'' taken instant me:i>:iiiv.'s to put dojijii the insurgents, Charles Albert lied to No vara, and deserted and be- trayed the party witii whom he had co- operated, lienouncing the opinioiis he had adopted, he acted as a volunteer in 1823, in Spain, under the duke d'An- gouleme, and there lent his aid to crush the constitution, tlie principles of which he had so lately attempted to establish in Sardinia. On his return to Turin he re- mained in retirement mitil the death of Carlo Felice led to ins accession to the throne, 27th April, 18:31. During the first 17 years of his reign, kw events occurred to give a clear insight into the natural bent of his mind; but in March, 1848, after the Milanese haSO CYCLOP-EDIA OF I.iOGR.'vPHV. [CIIA commanded in Italy arcainst Bonaparte and Massena ; Ions,' disputod viclorv at Caldiero, Ecknuihl, and Essling; but lost the decisive battle of Wagram, ■ftlicre he was wounded. After this event he livetl in retirement, during wliieli he wrote a huninous and impar- tial narrative of Ids campaigns, and en- riched military science with the profound views set forth in his "Principes de Strategic."' D. 1S47. — I., king of En- gland," was b. in Scotland, IGOO. He was the second son of James VI. of Scotland, and I. of England, by Anne, daughter of the king of Denmark ; and upon the death of Prince Henry, his elder brother, in 1612, was created prince of Wales. On the death of his father, in 1625, he ascended the throne, his kingdom being engaged in war with Spain, and much imbittcred against his fi-iend and minister Buckingham. It unfortunately happened for C'harles I. that he had to the full as liigh and ex- acting a notion of the royal prerogative as either his father or Elizabeth, while be had to deal with an entirely ditlcrent state of public opinion. The parliament impeached Buckingham, and the king supported him; war with France was declared, against the popular wish, be- cause Buckingham so willed it; and then the king, obstinate and impolitic in his enforcement and extension of his prerogative, got at loggerheads witli his parliament, and ultimately forced the nation into civil war. The first battle between the king's forces and the par- liameutary army was at Edgchill, in which neither party had much to boast of. For some time, however, the royal- ists were generally successful ; but the battles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby were all singularly unfavorable to the' royal cause. Indeed, after the defeat at Naseby, the king was so power- less, that he took the resolution of tlirowiu^ himself upon the good feel- ing of the Scottish army, then lying before Newark ; and by that army he was sold, and delivered into the hands of the parliament. For a time he was treated witli mucli outward respect, but becoming alarmed for his personal safe- ty, he toiind means to malce his escape from Ilamj/ton Court. On arriving on the eoa-st, whither he went with tiie in- tention of quitting the kingdom, he could not obtain a Vessel to go abroad, but crossed over to the Isle of Wight, where the governor, Hammond, eon- tiued him in Carisbrook eastle. While there, negotiations were carried on be- tween him and the parliament ; but the domhuuit party, commanding the army, cleared the bouse of commons of the moderate and timid members, and erected a court for the trial of the king. He was condcmuJd to death, and on the 80th January, 164y, beheaded at White- hall, a warning to hypocrites and tyrants. — II., son of the above, was b. in 1630. He was living as a refugee at the Haguo when the sentence on his father was ean'icd into execution. He, neverthe- less, assumed the regal title, and finding that the Scots had proclaimed him, he left the Hague for Scotland, and was crowned at Scone. Cromwell marched towards Scotland to give him battle, and Charles passed by forced marches into England. Cromwell, however, whose force was superior, discovering the manoeuvre, turned back in pursuit ; and the royal army was overtaKen at Wor- cester, and utterly routed. After ditti- culties and escapes which have rather the air of romance than of fact, Charles escaped to France, where he resided lor some years, keeping up the mimicry of a court, but frenuently reduced to ex- treme distress. The death of Cromwell, the general discontent of the people, and the dexterous policy of Genend Monk, restored Charles to his crown and king- dom ; and he reigned with a power far greater than that for aiming at which his father had been put to death. Un- taus^ht by adversity, he was luxurious, selfish, and indolent. The English non- conformists were treated with jealous rigor, and the Scottish Covenanters were shot and sabred without compunc- tion. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to some complaints made to him of Lau- derdale's cruelty in Scotland, will give quite as full a clew to his kingly char- acter as 'can be required : " I perceive," said Charles, '• that Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things against the peopk of Scotland; but I cannot find that he has acted against my interest." D. 1685. During this monarch's reign the capital was visited by heavy calain- ities ; the plague in 1665, ami the fire of London in the following year ; while pretended plots and conspiracies were made jiretexts tor brin;,'ing some emi- nent persons, wlio were obnoxious to the court, to an ignominious deatli. As to the character of Charles II., he was, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a sensiuilist and voluptuary: encouraging, by his example, a taste for dissolute nianners, which poisoned the moral health of society ; and though he pre- chaJ CYCLOI'.EUIA OF BIOGKAPllY. >81 served a degree of popularity with the multitude, from the easiness* of his manners, yet ho was totally destitute of exalted sentiments. — Edwauo Stuaiit, called the Pretender, was tlie graiulsou of James II., and b. at Kome, 1720. In 17i:> he lauded in Scotland, and pub- lished a manifesto exhibitiuic the claims of his father to the Enj.dish throne. lie v,'as joined by several of the Ilij^hlanders, and on entering EdinbnrLch, ho caused his fatiier to be proclaimed; on which General Cope hastened towards the ca[iital, but was attacked by the Pre- *euder at Preston Pans, and defeated. Instead of making' a proper use of this victory, by advancinjf into England, Charles relumed to Edinburjj^h, wastin;,' his time iu an idle parade of royalty. Afterwards, on being joined by lords Kihnaruoek, Cromart;y, Bahuerino, and other discontented chiefs, he marched as far as Manchester ; but hearing that the king was about to take the field, he returned to Scotland, where lie defeated the English forces, under Ilawley, at FalUirk. In the meantime the duke of Cumberland advanced to Edinburgh, and from theuee to Aberdeen, the Pre- tender retreating before him. At last the two armies met at Cullodcn, April 27, 174(), when, after an obstinate con- flict, in which the Highlanders displayed prodigious courage, liis army was sig- nally defeated, and entirely dispersed. Charles, after wandering about in dif- ferent disguises, chiefly among the He- brides, effected liis escape to France. D. at Florence, 178S. CIIARLETON, Lewis, bishop of Hereford, an able prelate, distinguished for his proficiency in theology and the mathematics. D. 130'.). — Walter, an English physician. He resided abroad witli Ciuu-les II., and returned ^vith him at the restoration. His writings, in natural history, medicine, thcoloiry, and natural philosophy, are very numerous and learned, especially his "Onomas- ticon Zoicon" and " Chorea Gigantum ;'' the former a classified arrangement of animals, the latter ai> essay on Stone- hentre. D. 17o7. ClIAKLEVOIX, Peter Francis Xa- viER, a French Jesuit, and for some time a missionary in America. On his return, he became conductor of the •' Journal de Trevoux." In addition to his numerous contributions to thiit work, lie wrote " Ilistoire Gencrale de Paraguay,"' " Histoire Gcnerale de la Nouvelle France," ifce. D. 1761. CHARL<)TTE AUGUSTA, daughter 24* of George IV. and Queen Caroline, waa b. Jan. 7, 1790, and married to Prince Leopold of Coburg, May 2, ISIO. Her marriage was the result of mutual esteem. But their anxious wishes as parents were suddenly blighted: on the ijth of November, 1817, the princess was delivered of a still-born child ; and, in a few hours after, she was seized with convulsions and expired. Never before, perhaps, was national and individual borrow so strikingly expressed. The unhappy dissensions of her royal pa- rents, and the vicious blandishments of courtly parasites, were contrasted at Claremont by conjugal atfection and the pleasures of a virtuous life. CHARNOCK, John, an English naval oflicer and miscellaneous writer, author of a "History of Marine Architecture," "Biographia Navalis," a "Supplement to Campbell's Lives of the Admirals," &c. I). 1807. — Stephen, a nonconfor- mist divine. He was an eloquent and popular preacher, and advocated Calvin- istical doctrines witli great force and originality. His "Discourse on Provi- dence" is considered the best of his writinirs. I). IGSO. CHARPETIER, Fiiancls, the author of a treatise " On the Excellence of the French Language," and other works. D. 1702. CHARRERIE, Madame de St. Hya- ciNTiiE DE, a French lady of vcrsatllo ability; authoress of "Lettres Neu- cliatelloises," " Caliste, ou Lettres ecrites de I^ausanne," and several suc- cessful novels and ilramas. D. 1806. CUARRON, Peter, a French divine, and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will, left him the privilege of bearing his arms ; a strong proof, considering the pride of a Gascon, of his personal con- sideration. His chief worlcs are " The Three Smiths," a "Treatise on Wis- dom," and a volume of " Christian Dis- courses." CHASE, Samuel, a judge of the su- preme court of the United States under the constitution of 1789. He was set- tled in the practice of law at Annapolis, at the conuncncement of the American revolution, was a delegate to the general convention at Philadelphia, 1774, and served in that body several years. When the proposition for independence was be fore compress, as he had been prohibited from voting for it, by the convention of Maryland, he innnediately traversed the province, and summoned county meet- mars to address the convention. In this way that body was induced to vote for 2S2 C\'CLOP/EDIA OF mOGKAPIiy [CUA iudepeudence. ; and with this authority Mr. Chnso rt;turiied as^iun lo congress iu season to vote I'or the dochiratlon. Iu 1783 he was sent to Eughnid as the affcnt of the state of Maryhind to re- claim a hirjxe amount of property, which had been intrusted to the bank of En- ghnid. In 1785 he removed to BaUi- more. In I7'.t0 he was a member of the convention in Maryland for considering the constitution o*f tlie rnited_ States. In 17'Jl he was appointed chief justice of the general court of Maryland, and ill 1796, an associate judge of tlie su- preme court of the United States, in which station he continued till his death. In ISO? Judge Chase was impeached for his conduct" in tlie trials of Fries and Callender, solely on politiciil grounds, and the senate acquitted him. D. 1811. CHASLES, Francis James, a French writer of the 18th century ; compiler of the " Dictioimaire do Justice." — Grego- ry DE, a French naval officer and a witty writer; author of " Les lllustres Fran- coises," " Journd d'un Vovage fait aux Indcs Orientalcs," &c. D. 1720. CHASSENEUZ, BiUJTHOLOMEW de, an eminent French lawyer; author of "Catalogus Glorias Mundi," "Oonsilia, or Consultations on Points of Law," &c. It is greatly to his credit tluit he used all his power :is president of the parliament of Provence to delay the decree issued by that body against the Vaudois of Me- ri'ndol and Cabricres. Indeed, it was suspected that his humanity caused his enemies to hasten his end by poison. D. 1541. CIIASTELAIX, Ci.AUDE, a French ecclesiastical writer; author of a "Uni- versal Martyrology," the " Koman Mar- Ivrolo'V," and a journal of his own life. 1). 171-i. CIIASTELAKD, Pierre de Boscole DE, a Frenuli gentleman, whom Do Thou supposes to have been grandson of the Chevalier Bayard. He went to Scotland in the suite of the untbrtunatc Mary, and became so violently enamored of his roval mistress, jis to secrete himself in licT apartment. Being discovered when the queen retired to rest, lie was com- mitted to prison, and finally beheaded on a oharL'c. of trca'^on CIIASTKLER, Joiiv, mar(iui3 of, an eminent Austrian general. lie was se- verely wounded at the siege of Valen- eierincs in 17!i'5, and was subsequently orijKjscd successively to Lcfevre and Mtirat. In ISOS, with llormayer, lie was the soul of tlie famous Tyri)lese insur- rection ; and he was characterized by Kapolcon, in a wiatnrul proclamation, as " the leader of a band of robbers," and an outlaw. Iu all his engagements he displayed equal skill and courage, aud was at length rewarded with the post of governor of Venice. B. 17()3; d. 1820. CIIASTELET, Gaerielle Emilie ue Bretelil, marchioness of, a Freucli lady, distinguished by her proficiency in science. "She translated the " Insti- tutes of the Pliilosophy of Leibnitz" from the German, aud subsequently be- coming acquainted with the philosophy of Newton, she translated his " Prin- cipia," and added an able commentary. B. 170G ;' d. 1749. CIIASTELLUX, Francis John, Mar- quis de, a French field-marshal ; autlior of " Travels in North America," and a treatise on " Public Happiness." D. 1738. CHATEAUBRIAND, Francis Au- GUSTE, vicomtc de, wliose checkered ca- reer and numerous productions gained him a prominent place in the history of his time, was b. at St. Malo, 17G9. Afto. pursuing his studies at Dol and Kennes, m his ifth year he joined the regiment of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and re- paired to Paris. On the eve of the meeting of the states-general in 1789, animated by a love of adventure, he went to America". Here he spent two years amid tlie wild grandeur of savage life, " tlio world forgetting, by the world for- got," when accident threw into his hands a journal whiej revealed to him the immense events which three years had sulicred to bring about in his native country, and he returned. Wounded at the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was conveyed in a dying state to Jersey ; and after a partial recovery sailed for England, where he sulfered great priva- tions, whicli a few translations, and, as he subsequently made known, the time- ly aid of the Literary Fund Society, en- abled liim to mitigate rather than relieve. Here he published his first work, enti- tled " P>sai Ilistorique ct Politiciue sur les Eevolutions Anciennes et Moder- nes," 1797. After the ISth Bruraairo he returned to France, and contributed to the Mereure. His " Attala" appeared in 1801 ; and was followed in 1802 by his most celebrated work, the "Genie du Christianismo." Soon afterwards ho was appointed by Napoleon secretary to the French embassy at Koine. In Marcli, 1804, he was nominsitcd minister [ileni- ])0t';iitiary to Switzerland ; but he re- signed oil learning the melancholy fate ot^the duke d'Eughien, and resisted all ('II a] Ci'CLOl'.KDIA UK lUUUliAlMIV, 283 the overtures which Napoleon subse- quently made to him. In 1S07 lie pub- hshccl " Les Miirtyns," and four years hvter his " Itinrrairc dc Paris a Jerusa- Ic-ui." Ill 1814, Cliateuubriand hailud the restoration, iii a brochure, cnlitlLMl •■ I'onaparte ct Ics Bourbons.'' At G'lient he was considered one of the iniuisters of Louis XV'III. ; in 181.") he was created a peer of France; in the fol- lowing^ year he became a uiember of ihe Institute. "La Monarchie scion la ('liarlc," wliich he published the same year, threw him for some years into dis- credit with the court; but in 1S2U the hi^'hest state appointments once more lay open to him, and he became success- ively ambassador at Berlin in 1820, and at London in 1S22, and the same year minister of lbrei,ii:n atiairs in the Vilcle ministry, when lie ori;anizcd the inva- sion of Spain under the duke d'Angou- leme, ana took part in the congress of Verona, the history of which he after- wards recorded. In 1324, being sum- marily dismissed from otiice, lie took refuge in the columns of the Journal dcs Debuts, where he vigorously attack- ed his former colleagues ; and on their fall in 1823, he was sent as ambassador to Home, but resigned his office in 1829, on the formation of the Polignac admin- istration. On the news of the outbreak of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to Paris, where he was hailed with accla- mation by the people, but after deliver- inir a glowing oration in favor of the duke of Bordeaux, he retired from the chamber of peers, never to enter it again. From this period he personally took leave of politics; but he continued to send fortii from time to time pam- phlets on the government of Louis Phi- lippe, conceived in so bitter and violent a spirit, that he became an object of sus- picion to the ministry, and was summa- rily arrested, but soon discharged. Ills last years were spen^, in domestic privacy. Besides the works above meiUioned, Chateaubriand wrote " Etudes llisto- riques," " Essai sur la Littcraturc An- glaise," (a poor production,) and numer- ous pamphlets upon historical suljjects and tlie (lolitics of the dav. D. 1843. ClIATEAUBPvUX, Joi'in Baptist Vi- vian dh, a French dramatic writer ; au- thor of " Philoetetes," " Mahomet IL," " Lei Trovennes," &e. D. 177'). C1L\TEAUKEXAUD, Fran-cis Loui? Roissiii.iiT, count of, a distinguished French admiral. lie was a great scourge to the Sallee rovers, and signally defeat- ed the Dutch fleet in 1675. D.'l716. CIIATEL, Fkancis du, a Flemish painter of the lUth century. Ills chief work, wliich is in the town-hall of Ghent, represents the king of Spain re- ceiving the oath of lidelity from the states of Flanders and Brabant. — Pif.rue uv, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous de- fender of the Galilean church. He was an excellent scholar, and assisted Enus- nuis in his translations from the Greek, lie wrote a Latin letter against the em- peror, Charles V., and two funeral ora- tions for Francis I. 1). l.')52. — Taxxe- GUY w, an able French general. Ho was in the famous battle of Agincourt: and when tlie Burgundians surprised Paris, he was fortunate enough to save the dauphin, between whom and the duke of Burgundy lie afterwarils brought about a reeouciliation. D. 144H. ClIATELKT, Paul du Hay, lord of, a French othccr of state iu the reign of Louis XIII. ; author of the '■ History of Bertrand du Gueselin," constable o£^ France. D. liJ36. CHATHAM, William Pitt, earl of, one of the most illustrious statesmen that ever graced the British senate, was b. 1708. After studying at Eton and Ox- ford, he entered the army as a cornet of dragoons, but quitted it on being re- turned to parliament as a member for Old Sarum. His talents as an orator were soon displayed in opposition to Sir Robert Walpolc, and had so great an ef- fect, that the duchess of Marlborough, who had a deadly hatred to that minis- ter, bequeathed to Mr. Pitt a legacy of £lO,OuO. On the change of administra- tion, he v,-as made joint vice-treasurer of Ireland and paymaster-general of the army, which jilaces he resigned in 1755 ; but tlie year following he was appointed secretary of state. In a few mouths he was again dismissed from office ; but an efficient administration being wanted in 1757, and the nation being enthusiasti- cally attache- iiuerrupted by the cloath of George II., Avliose successor was preju- diced against Pitt by his adversary, the earl of Bute, a statesman of limited views. Pitt, therefore, resigned his post in 1761, only retaining his seat in the house of commons. Foreseeing the separation of the American colonies from the mother country, if the ai-bitra- ry measures then adopted should be continued, he advocated, especially in ITtiii, a conciiiatory policy, and the re- y)cal of tlip ^tamp act. In the same year he wa . .nvited to assist in forming a new ministry, in which be took the otiice of privy seal, and was created vis- count Burton, baron Pynsent, and earl of Chatham ; but in 1768 he resigned, as he found himself inadequately seconded by his colleagues. In the house of lords, he continued to recommend the abandonment of the coercive measures employed atfainst America, particularly in 1774: but liis warning was rejected, and, in 1770, the colonies declared them- selves independent. He still, however, labored in the cause, and used all his efforts to induce the government to ef- lect a reconciliation with the American states ; and, as he was speaking with his accustomed energy on the subject, in the house of lordsVApril 8, 1778. he fell down in a convulsive fit. He d. on the 11th of the following month, and his body, after lying in state, was sol- emnly interred in Westminster abbey, where a superb monrimcnt was erected to his memory at the national expense. — .John, earl of, &c., eldest son of the celebrated statesman, was b. 175G, and fiucceedcd to the peerage on the death of his father, in 1778. On the death of the duke of Kent, lie was appointed governor of Gibraltar, which he held, with other offices, to the time of his death, in 1S35. lie was the last peer of the I'itt familv. CIIATTERTON, Tuoma.s, an English poet, Avliose precocious genius and mel- anclioly fate liave gained liim much celebrity, was b. at Bristol, 17.52. Ilis fithcr was sexton of Redeliff church, Bristol, and young Chatterton professed to have receive;i7. CHIAPvAMONTI, SciPio, an Italian ecclesiastic and writer. His works are very numerous, and are chiefly on the mathematics and natural philosophy. He founded the academy of the Oifus- cati, at Usena, in Bologna, and was president of it when he d., 1652. CHIAKI, Pietro, an Italian ecclesi- astic and poet of the 18th century. He was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies attained considerable popularity. Those of Chiari were however much inferior to those, of his rival. D. 1788. CHICIIELEY, Henet, archbishop of Canterbury, an able and acconrplished scholar and statesman, was b. at Higham Ferrers, 1302. On the accession of the inflmt king, Henry VI., he became first privy councillor, and directed all his attention to church affairs, striving at once to check the progress of Wiekliff- ism, and to modcrato'the ardor of the Catholic court. He founded and en- dowed AU SouFs college, Oxford, made many important improvements in Lam- beth palace, and built the western tower of Canterbury cathedral at his own ex- pense. D. 1443. CHICOYNEAU, Francis, an eminent physician and professor of medicine at Montpclier. When the plague was ra- ging at Marseilles, he was sent to the relief of the sufferers, whom he reas- sured by his calm courage. The import- ant services he rendered on this occasion procured him a pension and several appointments at court. His principal literary production is a work " On the Origin", Syin])toins, and Cure of the Plague;" a work doubly valuable on account of the interesting narratives with which it is interspersed, being the result of the author's own experience. D. 1752. CHILD, .TosTAii, an eminent London merchant of the 17th century, and au- thor of several works on subjects con- nected with political economy, among which may be noticed his "Discourse on Trade,'" *c. B. 1630; d. 1699.— William, an Ensrlish musical composer and musician. He was for many years oriranist in St. George's chapel, Wind- sor, and in the Cliapcl Royal, at White- hall. The simple style of his composi- tions caused fliem to be neglected in his own lime, but tliey arc now mueli ad- mired. D. 1697. caoj cvci-oiMcuiA OF inuuitAiMir. 287 CIIILDEBERT I., king of Frauce, who ascL'iiikHl the tliroiic in 511. Aided hy his bfothcirs, Ciotuiro and Clodumir, do nltafkcd aud dclcated Sigisiiuind, king of Biirgiiiidy. Childebert and Clntairo tiicn liinicd their arui.s against S[iaiH, hut without success. 1). 5.")8. — I h, king of Fnmce, succeeded liis father, Sigebcrt, in u75. On the death of liis uncle, Cliilperic, king of Soissons, he gained the kingdoms of Orleans and Bin-gimdy. D. by poison, 5'JO. — III., king of France. lie ascended the throne at the very early age of 12 years; of wliicli circumstance Pepin, mayor of tlie nahice, took advantage to trovern both Kinir and kintrdom. D. 711. ClIILDKKIC 1., k-ing of France. He succeeded liis father, Merovanis, in 450 ; was dcjiosed in tlie following year, and reinstated upon tlie throne in 4(i3. D. 4S1. — H., king of France, was the son of Clovis 11., and succeeded his brother, (.'loluire 111., in 673. lie was a de- bauched and cruel tyrant, aud, together with his wife and son, was assassinated in (J73. — III., surnanied the Idiot, king of France, began his reign in 742, and was deposed in 752. CIIILLINGWOUTII, Wiluam, an English divine, lie was a sound schol- ar, an able niathcmatician, and above mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent was towards disputation and metapliys- ics; and he was so acute in discovering difficulties, that he doubted where men of far less natural capacity and acquired knowledge would have been presump- tuously certain. In this state of mind a Jesuit convinced him of the truth of the tenets of Papacy, and he actually went to the Jesuit's college at Douay. "While there, he meditated the publiea- lion of a vindication of his conversion to the church of Rome, but Lund, then bishop of London, dissuaded him from nis iniriiose. lie subsequently returned t" EiiLrland, became a Protestant again, and i>iililislied the masterly treatise, entitled "The Keligion of I^rotestants, a safe Way to Salvation." Some hesi- tation about signing the thirty-nine articles jireventcd him from obtaining preferment in the church ; but he at length consented to sign, aud became chancellor of Salisbury, &c. At the breaking out of the civil war, he warmly espoused the royal cause, and published a treatise on the "Unlawfulness of Ee- sisting the Lawful Prince, althoush most Tyrannous, Impious, an 1 Idola- trous." He also invented a machine, or rather imitated one described bv some ancient authors, for the attack of fortified places. ]). Ii;i4. CHILMEAD, Edmi-nd, an English mathematician and musician ; author of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient Greece ;" another, which was not printed, "On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library." D. 1C54. C'lIILO, one of the seven sages of Greece. lie flourished in the 6tii cen- tury 15. c, and was celebrated for his just conduct as a magistrate. It was he who caused the celebrated "Know thy- self," to be graven on the temple of Delphi. ClUPMAN, Nathaniel, a distin- guished lawyer and judge of V'ermont, b. at Salisbury, Ct., 1752, and in 1786 made judge of the supreme com-t of Vermont, whither he had removed. In 17t)l he negotiated the admission of Vermont into the union as a state. In 1793 he j)ublished a small work called "Sketch of the I'rinciples of Govern- ment," which was afterwards expanded in a larger work. T). 1S43. CHITTENDEN, TnoM^v.s, fii-st govern- or of Vermont, was a member of the convention which declared Vermont an iiKlcpendent state, aud one of the com- uiittee to solicit an admission into tho union in 177S ; he was elected governor, and continued so till his deatli. D. 17'J7. CHITTY, Joseph, an eminent special pleader, aud the author of many well- known works, which have become in- dispensable auxiliaries to every legal student and practitioner. D. 1841, aged 65. CIIOISI'>l'L, Stephen Fkancis, duke of, entered the army early, was appoint- ed ambassador to Rome and Vicuna, and honored with a peerage. He then be- came prime minister of France, to which station lie was raised through the in- fluence of niadame de Pompadour. He made many judicious reforms and alter- ations ill the French army, increased the navy, and brought about the cele- brated family compact. In 1770 he was dismissed from olhce, aud exiled to one of his estates. B. 1714; d. 1785. CHOISI, I'"i;ancis Timoleon de, a French ecclesiastic and writer. In his youth he was of very debauched and abandoned habits. For some vears ho wore the dress of a woman, ant."! passed by the name of the Countess des Barres ; but a severe illness had the good efl'ect of awakening him fi'om this way of life, aud he became an abbe. Besides a " Life of David," a "Lif<» of Solomon," J88 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [CHR and a "History of tlic Church," he pivc the " Memoirs ol'tlie Countess des Barres," containing some account of his youthful irrejjuhiritics. He also ■vvrote and translated several other jiieces, but thev arc held in very little estima- tion. l3. 17:i4. CHOl'lN, Frederic, a great modern composer and pianoforte player, was b. near Warsaw, 1810. Compelled to leave I'dhind in consequence of political con- vuI>ions, lie played in jjublic at Vienna and ^Munich in 1^31, ami soon afterwards repaired to Paris, where he continued to exercise his art till the revolution of It-lS drove him to England. He re- turned to Paris in 1849; and d. in the autumn leaving behind him a reputation, both as a player and a composer, which will not soon pass away. — Eene, an emi- nent French lawyer and writer, author of "The Custom of Aujou," "The Custom of Paris," " De Sacra Politica Monastiea," &c. D. 1(506. CH(_)KIEK, ^^icnoLAS, a French law- yer *and writer, author of a " General History of Dauphiuy," &c. D. 16it2. C'HOKIS, Louis, an eminent Eussian artist and traveller, b. 17'.I5. He was appointed drauglitsman to Captain Kot- zebue's expedition round the world in 1814, and on his return published his "Voyage Pittorcsqne," accompanied with Cuvier's descriptions. lie also published " Les Cranes Humains," with observations by Dr. Ciall and others. In IS'27, M. Cfhoris sailed from France, with the intention of travelling through America; but while on his journey in Mexico, in company with an English gentleman, they were attacked by robbers near Xalapa, and Choris lost his life, March lit, 1828. CHKETIEN, Florent, a French poet of noble family, tutor to Henry IV. of France. Besides writing satires and tragedies, he translated Oppian, some of the plays of Aristophanes, and I'aca- tus' panegvric of Theodosius. I). 15',H]. CHKISflAN, Edward, an English lawyer, author of an " Account of the Origin of the Two Houses of Parliament with a Statement of the Privileges of the House of Commons," a "Treatise on the Bankrupt Laws," &c. He was Downing professor of law in the nui- versitv of Cambridge, and chief justice of the' Isle of Ely. D. 1823. CHRISTIE, James, the son of an emi- nent auctioneer in London, was distin- guished for his critif'al taste in tlic fine arts, and his aiitiquarian knowledge. Though he followed his ijather's profes- sion, he found time to give to the world some ingenious and valuable works, viz., an "Essay on the Ancient Greek Game invented by Palamedes," show ing the origin of the game of chess ; a " Disquisition upon Etruscan Vases ;" an "Essay on the Earliest Species of Idolatry," &c. D. 1831. CHKISTIN A, queen of Sweden. She was the only child of the famous Gusta- vus Adolphus, whom she succeeded in 1032, being then only G years old. Du- ring her minority the kingdom was wisely governed by the Chancellor Ox- eustiern ; and when she was crowned, in 1550, she formally declai-ed her cousin, the count palatine Charles Gus- tavus, her successor. For four years she governed the kingdom with an evi- dent desire to encourage learning and science ; and at the end of that time, weary either of the task of governing, or of the personal restraint which roy- alty imposed upon her, she abdicated in favor of her cousin, and proceeded to Eome, where she surrounded herself with learned men, and busied herself with learned pursuits. At Paris, on one of the various occasions of her vis- iting that city, she had her equerry, an Italian, named Monaldeschi, murdered in her own residence, and almost in her own presence ; a crime which seems to have had no other cause than the un- fortunate equerry's indifference to the blandishments of his mistress. In IfiGO, the death of the king, her cousin, caused her to go once more to Sweden ; but her change of religion, and the re- ports which had reached that country of her conduct elsewhere, had so dis- gusted her former subjects that they resolutely refused to reinstate her in the sovereignty. Being threatened with the loss of her revenues as well as her crown, she consented to preserve the former by finally renouncing the latter; and she retired to Eome. D. 1689. CHEISTOPHE, IIe.nry, a negro, one of the leaders of the insurgent slaves of St. Domingo. He possessed consider- able ability, but his courage was carried to ferocity. He successfully opposed the French, whose perfidious seizure of tlie negro chief, Toussaint Louverture, he amply revenged, and assumed tlie title of Henry I., king of Hayti ; but he acted 80 despotically that a consjuiraey was formed against him ; and Boyer, the successor of Petion, who had estab- lished a republic in the south of Do- mingo, was invited to take part with the discontented subjects £>f Christ ophe, and CHU] CYCLOl'.-EDIA OF BIOGIIAPIIV 289 demanded his deposition. At length, flndiuj^ that even his body-guard was no loiij,'o,r to be depended on, lie shot himself ihrou-rli the heart, Oet. 8, IS-'O. CHRISTOl'liEKSON, John, bishop of Chiehester, durinij the r(;i!jns of Ilenrv VII 1. and Edward \'l. lie trunsiated, from Greek to Latin, Philo, Eusebius, and other authors ; but he was rather industrious tlian learned, and succeeding authors have been much misled hy him. D. I."i58. CllKVSOLOKAS, Manuel, a Greek of nijble family. Beiui; sent to Europe by tlic Emperor Manuel TaUeologus to Bolieit the Christian princes to aid Con- istantinople against tlie Turks, he settled at Florence as a teacher of Greek. Sub- .soquenlly he tauLcht at Milan ; but when the Eiupcriir Mnmiel came to that city, he was employed by him in a mission to the court of the Emperor Sigismund, and afi, nvards to the general council at Coustatee, in which city he died. He was author of a " Greek Grammar," a " Parallel between Ancient and Modern Eome," etc. D. UU. CllKYSOSTOM, .John, St., was really name(|uence of his preaching, that on the death of Nectarius, patriarch of Con- stantinople, he was raised to that high and important post. He now exerted himself so rigidly in repressing heresy and paganism, and in enforcing the ob- ligatmns of monachism, that Theop'ii- lus, bishop of Alexandria, aided and encouraged by the Empress Eudoxia, eaussd him to be deposed at a synod hckl at Chaleedon, in 4i13. His deposi- tion gave so much olfence to the people, by whom he was greatly beloved, tliat the empress was oblii^red to interfere lor his reinstatement. He soon, however, provoked her anger by opposing the erection of her statue near the great church ; and, in 4o4, another synod de- posed him, and exiled him to Armenia. He sustained his troubles with admira- ble courage; but being ordered to a still greater distance from tiie capital, where his enemies still feared his influence, he died while on his journey. D. 407. CHUBB, TnoM\s, in English deistical writer, author of " Die Supremacy of the Father asserted," "Discourae ou Miracles," &c. B. ltJ79; d. 1747. CIIUKCH, Bknjamin, celebrated for his exploits in the Indian w"ar.s of New liLnirland, was b. at Duxbury, Mass., li&J. He commanded the party that killed Philip in August, 107ij. — IJenja- Mix, a physieiau of some emii'cucc, and an able writer, was graduated at Har- vard college in 1754, and practised med icine in Boston. For several years be- fore the revolution, lie was a leading character among the whigs and patriots ; and ou the commencement of ti e war he was appointed physician-general to the army. While in the performance of the duties assigned him ui this capa- city, he was susp)eetcd of a treacherous correspondence with the enemy, aiul immediately arrested and imprisoncid. After remaining some time in prison, he obtained permission to depart for the West Indies. The vessel in which he sailed was never heard from after- wards. He is the author of a number of occasional poems, serious, pathetic, and satirical, which possess considerable merit. CHURCHILL, Charles, an English clergyman and poet. The death of his father, who was curate of St. John's, Westminster, brought him to Lond(jn, anil he obtaineliilus Gibber was productive of both discomfort and disgrace, and she was se])arated from him for many years. Her conduct, however, made it evident that he had been more to blame for tho circumstance than she had; and she was as much respected in private life aa she was ailmired on the stage. Her style of acting was well adapted to that of Garriek, with whom she frequently performed. 1). 1706. CICCARELLI, Alphonso, an Italian physician ; author of " De (jlitumno Flumine," " Istoria di Casa Monaldes- ca," &e. Having forged genealogies, and committed otlier literary impo.stures, he was executed at Rome, in loSO. G1CER(J, Makcus Tl'i.i-ius, the prince of Roman orators, was the son of noble parents, and at an early age save such decided indications of his ability, that after having served in a single cam]iaien under Sylla and P. Strabo. lie devoted hin\self, by the advice of his friends, to the bar. For this purpose he studied cim] CYCL01M':i)IA OF JiUJCRArilV. 201 under Molo, an eminent lawyer, and Philo the Athenian, then resident at Rome ; and, at the a_f,'e of 26, he coni- monced praetiee as a pleader ; his first important cause beinjj the defenec of Sextns Koseius Amarinus, who was ac- cused of parricide by one ChrysoLfonus, a freed man of tiie dictator fivUa. He saved his client, but was obligetl to with- draw to Athens from fear of resentment of the dictator. As londotn in foundinij public schools. lie flourished in the otli century b. c. CINCINNATUS, Lucius Qcintus, one of the most illustrious characters of an- cient Kome. He was made consul when the senate and the people were striving for the aseendency ; and, being much incensed airainst the latter for having banished his son, he sternly resisted their demands. He was named consul a second time, but refused the office and retired to his farm, whence he did not again emerge until he M-as saluted dic- tat()r, and entreated to lend his aid against the jEqui, who had closely in- vested the consul Minucius, and the army nnder his command. Steppinsr at once from the petty details of a farm to the momentous duties of a general and a statesman, Cincinnatus exerted himself so efficiently, that the ^qui were fain to retire, after having passed under the yoke. Having caused uis son to be re- called from exile, after the chief witness against him had been convicted of per- jury, lie laid down his vast authority and returned to his farm. He was agairi, though 80 years of age, made dictator, when Moelius conspired to overthrow the republic ; and he put down the domestic conspirator as promptly as he had for- merly repelled the ^Equi. He flourished in the r>tii century u. c. CINELLl, Giovanni, a Florentine phvsician ; author of " Bibliothcca Vo- laii'te." B. 1625; d. 1700. CINNA, Lucius Cornklics, a Koman ; the friend, partisan, and fellow-consul ofMarius. He it was who drove Sylla from Rome, and recalled Marius from his African exile. He participated in the numerous murders which followed the return of Marius; and when in his third consulship, and while preparing for hostilities with Sylla, was assassin- ated, 84 B. 0. CIXO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juris- consult and jioet, b. at Pistoia, 1270, whose proper name was Guittone. He Was very eminent as a lawyer, and be- came a senator of Kome, and professor Bueeessively at various universities. In addition to some elegant poetiy, by which he is chiefly known, he wrote a " Commentary on the Digest." D. 13oG. CINQ-MAKS, Henky OoirriEK, mar- quis of, was son of the marquis d'Effiat, marshal of France. He was introduced by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of Louis XIII., and was for some time a most distinguished favorite of that mon- arch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal and to the king, he instigated Gaston, duke of Orleans, tlie king's brother, to rebellion. They had proceeded so far in their treasonable designs as to set ou foot a treaty with Spain, ensraging that power to assist them. But tlie vigilaueo of tlie cardinal discovered their plans, and the marquis was apprehended •jud beheaded in 1642. CIPRIANI, John Baptist, an emi.ieut painter, b. at Pistoia, in Tuscany. His drawings are greatly admired for their correctness, fertility of invention, and harmonious coloring ; and many exqui- site enirravings were made from them by Bartolozzi. D. 1785. CIECIGNANO, Nicholas, an Italian painter, several of whose works are in the churches of Loretto and Rome. D. 15S8. — Anthony, son of the above, and also eminent as a painter. D. lG2o. CIRILLO, Dominic, an Italian bota- nist, president of the Academy at Naples, and professor of medicine in the uni ■ versity of that city; author of "Tiie Neapolitan Flora," a "Treatise on the Essential Characters of certain Plants," &c. When the French entered Naples, Cirillo took an active part against his sovereign, and on the restoration of le- gitimate govermiieut was executed as a traitor in 'I71t5. CLAGGETT, "VYilliam, an English divine; author of four volumes of ser- mons, and of some well-written tracts airainst dissent and jiapacy. D. 1727. — Thomas Joun, bishop of the diocese of Maryland. He was consecrated, Sep- tember 17, 1792, and d. August 2, ISltt. CLAIR, Arthur St., was b. at Edin- burgh, and came to this country with Admiral Boseawen, in 1755. He served as a lieutenant under Wolfe. In the rev- olutionary war he espoused the Amerieari cause. He was appointed a brigadier- general in 1770, and a major-general in 1777. He evacuated Ticoiideroga in July, 1777, on the approach of'Bur- goyne's army. A court of inquiry hon- orably acquitted him of charges of cowardice and treacliery. He was a delegate to congress from Pennsylvania in 1784, and in 17S7 was chosen presi- tla] CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 293 dent of congress. He was appointed governor of the territory northwest of tiie Oliio, in Oct., IT'^D. "in 179L he wii.s appointed coinuiander-in-ehief of the forees to bo employed against the In- dians, lie suttered a sii,'nal defeat in the neigldjorliood of the Miami viUatres, in November. It is said that sucli was tlie panic, tliat the troops fled precipitately thirty miles, though pursued only four. There was no ground of censure on St. Clair for this defeat. Tlie next year, however, he resigned his military com- mission. Ohio was erected into an in- dei>endcnt state in 1S02. In an adilress to tlie people ho declined being ii candi- date for governor. Before the election of a governor by the peoj)le, he was re- moved from office by Mr. Jefferson. D. 1818. CLAIEAULT, Alexis, a French mathematician ; author of " Elements of Geometry," "Elements of Algebra," a " Treatiseon the Figure of the Earth," &c. He was remarkable for the pre- cocity of his talent ; for at four years of age ho could read and write, at nine he had so far studied mathematics as to be able to solve some difficult problems, and at eleven he published a work on curves. B. 171:5; d. 17()5. CLAIEON, Clahje Josephine de la TuDE, a celebrated French actress, b. near Conde, 172:5, and who, commen- cing her histrionic efforts at the early age of 12 years, soon became the first tragic performer of her age and country. D. 180=5. CLAIRBORNE, William C. C, gov- ernor of Mississippi and Louisiana. Being bred a lawyer, he settled in Ten- nessee, of whicli state he assisted in forming the constitution, and afterwards represented it in congress. In 18u2 he was appointed governor of the Mis- sissippi territory, and in 180-4, of Louis- iana, to which office he was chosen by the people, after the adoption of its con- stitution, from 1812 to 1816. He was then elected a senator of the United States, but d. before he took his seat, in 1817. CLAPPEETON, IlroH, the celebrated African traveller, was b. in Annan, Dum- friesshire, 1788, and at the ago of 13 was apprenticed to the sea-service. Having during his apprenticeship inadvertently violated the excise laws, by taking a few pounds of rock salt to the mistress of a liouse which the crew frequented, he consented (rather than imdcrgo a trial) to go on board the Clorinda frigate, commf.nded by Capt. Briggs. Through 25* the interest of friends he was soon pro moled to be a mid>lupman, and in 1814 was raised to the raidi of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Con- lianee schooner, on lake Erie. In 1822 he was chosen to accompany Dr. Oud- ney and Lieutenant Dcuham on an e.\- peclition to Central Africa, and on his return to England he received the rank of captain. In six months afterwards he was dispatched on a second mission for exploring tlie country from Tripoli to Bornou, but was not allowed to cater the place. It was during the period of his detention that he was attacked with dysentery, which proved fatal at Sacka- too, on the 13th of April, 1827. CLAEENDON, Euward Hyde, earl of, lord high chancellor of England, was b. at Dinton, in Wiltshire, 16u8. He was educated at Oxford, and studied law under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief justice of the King's Bench. During the civil wars he zealously attached him- self to the royal cause, and contributed more than any other man to the resto- ration. In his judicial capacity his con- duct was irreproachable, though he was a strong loyalist. But he at length be- came unpopular, and was removed from his high employments, and, in order to escape the consequences of impeach- ment, found it prudent to go into vol- untary exile. D. at Kouen, 1764. His '• History of the Eebcllion," taken as a whole, is an admirable work, and calcu- lated to secure to his memory a lasting fame. His daughter Anne was married to the duke of York, afterwards James II. ; and two daughters, Anne and Mary, the fruit of this marriage, both ascended the English throne. — Hexry Hyde, carl of, son of the foregoing, was b. 1688. He was, for a short time, lord lieutenant of Ireland, in the reign of James II., and wrote a "History of the Irish Ee- bellion," &c. D. 170i). CLAEK, William, originally of Vir- ginia, was b. 1770, and moved with his father's family to Kentucky, in 1784. They arrived at the falls of Ohio, where the city of Loviisville now stands, on the 4tli of March, the town then consisting of but a few log cabins, surrounding a fort, but a short time established by Gen. George Eogers Clark, the brother of the deceased. In 1808 he was ten- dered by Mr Jefferson, the appointment of captain of engineers, to assume joint command with Captain Mcrriwether Lewis, of the northwestern expedition to the Pacific ocean. Tiiis was accepted, and the party left .St. Louis for the vast 294 CYCLOP-liDiA OF UIOGRAPIIY. [ULA ami then uucxplorcd regions between tlie Mississippi river uml the oeeiin, in Miuvh, ISo4. On tiiis perilous expedi- tion, he was the prlneipiil military di- reetor, wliile Lewis, assisted by liiniself, was tlie seicntilie niana<;er. Gen. Chirlv kept and wrote tlie journal, which has been sinoe published, and assisted Lewis in all celestial observations when they were to.j-ilhcr. In 1815, President Mad- ison ap[)ointed liini governor of the ter- ritory and superintendent of Indian atfrtirs. lie held these offiees in junc- tion, until Missouri was admitted into the union, in 18-_'o. In 18-22 he was ap- jiointed, i)y J'resident ilonroe, superin- tendent of Indian affairs. As connnis- sioncr and superintendent of Indian atiairs for a loner series of years, he made treaties with almost every tribe of Indians. D. lSo8. CLAKKE, Adam, one of tlie iiiost eminent modern scholars in the oriental laiiiruasres, and biblieal antiquities. He was 1). in Ireland, and received the ru- diments of learning from his father, who was a schoolmaster in that eoun- try; but subsequently studied at the school I'ounded by John Wesley, at Kingswood, near Bristol. At the early age of 18 he beeame a travelling preach- er in the Methodist connection, and for '^0 years continued to be so. But though he was very popular as a preacher, it is chiefly as a writer that he is known, lie i)ublished a very curious and uset'ul "Bibliographical Dictionary;" a supple- ment totliatwork; a laborious "Com- mentary on the Bible ;" a " Narrative of the last Illness and Death of Kichard I'orson;" "Memoirs of the Wesley Family;" and edited "Baxters Chris- tian Directory," and several other reli- gious works. His "Commentary on the Bible" alone would have been a long labor to a man of ordinaiy industry. But such were his energy and perseve- rance, that besides the above works and numerous sermons, he wrote ibur elab- orate and valuable re]>orts on the state of the public records, and edited the first volume of a new and laborious edi- tion of ]{ymer"s "Fojdcra." B. 1702; (1. of cholera, 18^52. — Edward Daxiei,, a celebrated moflern traveller, antl profes- sor of miiu-niloiry at (.'ambridge, was b. 171)7. lie ai'cOTU])anicd Lord Berwick to Italy in 17'J4; and in 1799 he eoin- menced a tour tlirough Denmark, Swc- df!i, J/'.pland. Finland, Russia, Tavtary, • .'ir-'assia, A-^ia Minor, jsyria, Pal'/stine, j'^.'yjit. (irecee, aii'I Turkey, returning in 18U2, through Germany and France. By his exertions the library of Cam- bridge was enriched with nearly a hun- dred volumes of manuscripts, and the colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres, lie also brought to England the sar- copliagus of Alexander, and a splendid colleetiou of mineralogical specimens, which he turned to the best advantage in his subse(|uent popular lectures on mineralogy, wlien ho was appointed to the professor's chair in 18o8. D. 1321. — JekemL/VH, organist to St. Paul's ca- thedral. His compositions are not nu- merous, but they are remarkable for pathetic melody. An imprudent and hopeless passion for a lady of high rank so much disordered his mind, that he committed suicide, in 17o7. — John, an American divine and writer; author of "Funeral Discourses;" a popular fnct, entitled "An Answer to the Quest, sn, 'Why are You a Christian?'" he was appoint- ed to preach the sermons at Boyle's Lecture, and took tor the subjects of his sixteen sermons, " The Being and Attri- cla] CYCLOPEDIA OF IJIOGKAl'IIV. 20." Imtcs of God," and "The Evidences of NatHi-al and Eevealed Kelinrioii." In 1712 he imbli.Hliod a new and valuable edition of " Ciesar's Commentaries," and a work entitled, "Tlie Si-ripture Doc- trine of tlie Trinity." Tliis work in- volved liim in a controversy, in which his principal opponent was Dr. Water- land ; and the heterodoxy of Dr. (Jlarke was made the subject of a complaint in the lower house of convocation. Sub- sequently lie had a controversy with Leibnitz on tlie principles of religion and natural philosophy ; and gave con- siderable olfence by altering the sint^in? jisalms at St. James's, where he was cliMjilain to Queen Anne. The latter ])art of his lill- was distinffuishcd by his letter to Mr. Iloadlcy, "On the Propor- tion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in Motion," and his edition of " Homers Iliad" with a Latin version. D. 172'J. — .loiiN, brother of the above, dean of Salisbury; author of "Sermons on the Oriirin of Evil," a translation of Gro- tius's "De Veritate," &c. D. 17'20.— Wii.i.iAM, a!i Entrlish divine and writer; author of "The Connection of the Ro- man, Saxon, and Entrlish Coins," " A Discourse on the Commerce of the Ko- mans," S:c. D. 1771. CTjAKIvSOX, Thom.V!, a man whose wiiole life may be said to have almost passed in laborinij to cttect the extinc- tion of the slave trade, was b. at Wis- beach, in Suffolk, in 1700. He was first brouLdit into notice as the friend of the ncLrro by a I^atin pri/.e essay upon this subject, which was afterwards published in Enii'lish. Associations were formed, and the question was agitated and dis- cussed throughout England ; at length Mr. Clarkson having become acquainted with Mr. Wilbcrtbrce, it was agreed that the latter gentleman should bring the subject under the notice of parliament. This was in 17S7, and it there met with various success until 1S07, when the memorable anti-slavery law obtained the sanction of the legislature. D. Sept. 26, ISlt"., aowcr. D. IC'^7. CLAUDE LORRAINE, so called fmm tiie place of his birth, W'ts an admirable laudso;qu' painter. His real name was CLAvnK Gki-ee, and he was the son of poor parents, -who put him apprentice, it is said, but doubtfully, to a pastry- cook. The love of art, however, pre- vailed over the circumstan'-es in which he was ])laced ; and having received some instructions in drawing from his brother, who was a wooil-enirraver, he went to Rome, and was employed by the painter Tassi, from whom he re- ceived instructions in the fundamental principles of his art. But it was from the study of nature that he derived ins best lessons, and in that study he was unwearied, passing entire days in the fields, noting every change in the aspect of nature at the various stages of the day, from sunrise to dusk. The sight of some ])ictures by Godfrey Vals en- chanted him so much, that, in spite of his poverty, he travelled to Naples to study with the artist. His genius now- unfolded itself with such rapidity, that he was soon considered one of the first landscajte painters of his time; particu- larly after he had studied, in Londiardy, the paintings of Giorgione and Titian, whereby his coloring and chiaro-oscuro were greatly imuroved. After making a journey into his native co\mtry, he settled, in lt;27, in Rome, where his works were creatly sought for, so that he was enabled to live much at his ease, until lfi'-^2, when he died of the gout. The principal galleries of Italy, France, England, Spain and Germany are adorn- ed with his productions. CLAUDIANUS, CbAT-nius, a Latin poet, whose place of nativity is sup- posed to be Alexandria, in Egypt. He flourished under the reigns of Theodo- sius, Arcadius, and Honorius ; and a statue was erected to his honor in the forum of Trajan. CLAUDIUS, TnsERirs Dnusrs. a Ro- man emperor, was b. 9 r. c., at Lyons, and origmally called Germanieus. After spending 50 years of his life in a private station, nnhonored and but little known, he was, on the murder of Caliirula, hia uncle, proclaimed emperor by the body- guard, and confirmed in the sovereiirnty by the senate. At first he performed some praiseworthy acts, but he soon be- came contemptible for his debauchery and voluptuousness, and he died of poison administered by his second wife, Affrippina, r>4. — II., Makcvs Ai-rf.i.us Fi.AVus. surnamed Gothkts, a Roman emperor, b, 214, was raised to the tiirone on tb.e death of Gallienus ; and, by liia virtues, as well as by his splendiil victn- rres over the Goths, he i)roved hiniseU" worthy of his exalted station, D. 270. CLAUSEL, BERTRiiND, a distinguish- 206 CYCLOV.-EDl.V OK UIOGKAPHY. [CLB ed French soldier, b. at Mirepoix, 1773. Ho hud nh'eadv ffaiiicd distinction in tlie anny of tlie ryrenccs, at St. Domingo, in Italy, and Duhnatia, when he was sent to" Sjiain in ISIO, under Jnnot and :^[asscna. lie be^iotred Ciiidad IJodrigo, was wovinded at Salamanca, and having saved, dnriiicr a retreat nieniovable in military annal.**, the army of Portug'al, and led it into Spain, was appointed commander-in-ehicf in the north of Spain, 1813. Banished on the return of the Bourbons in 1815, he retired to the United States, where he remained some years. Innnediately after the revolution of isr.o lie w;is appointed commander- in-chief of the forces in Algeria; but the check he sustained at Constantine, in 1S:{(>, led to his resignation, and the rest of his davs were passed in retire- ment. 1). 1842. CLAVIERE, Etienne, a statesman and financier, was a native of Geneva, and for some time conducted a bank in tiiat city ; but was forced to emigrate to Prance on account of the part he took in some T)olitical offences. In conjunction witli Brissot, he published a treatise, " Do la France ct des Etats Unis." Dis- iilaying great zeal in revolutionizing ''ranee and her colonies, he obtained cousideraljle influence; but on the fall of tlic Girondists he was arrested, and committed suicide in prison, 17'J3. CLAVIGERO, Francesco Saveiro, a native of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Hav- ing made himself acquainted with the traditions and antiquities of the Mexi- cans, he wrote a very v.alnable work, entitled, "Tlie History of Mexico." CEAV'IUS, ( 'imisTopiiKR, a German Jesuit and luatbcniatician. By order of Pope Gregory XIII. he corrected the calendar ; and lie ably defended himself against the animadversions on his labor of the elder Scaliger and otb.ers. He also publi.shed some valuable mathe- matical works, among which was an edition of Euclid, with annotations. 1). 1612. CLAYTON, Egbert, bisho]^ of Clog- her; author of an "Introduction to tlie History of tlie .Jews," " The Chronology of the Bihlc \'indicated," "A Vindica- tion of the Histories of the Old and New Testament," written against Bo- lingbroke, &c., &c. B. 1 flO.O ; d. 17r,8.— JoH.N', an eminent botanist and physi- cian of Virginia, was b. in England, and came to America in 1705. He was clerk or prothonotary for Gloucester county, in Virginia, 51 years. 1). 177-3, aged 87. — Joshua, a physician, was the president of Delaware from 1789 to l7iR, and governdagogus, or the Instructor," "What Rich Man shall be Saved," and " Stroir.ata," the last named of which is a very valuable mis- cellaneous work, contai: ing facts and quotations to be met with in no other writer. CLEMENT XIV., Pope, whose real name was Gangaxellt, was a native of St. Archangelo, near Rimini. In 1759 he was raised to the cardinalate by Pope Clement XIII., and on the death of that pontiff ho M'aa elected his successor. cle] CYCLOPiEDrA 01'' BIOGRAPIIY. 297 lie was at first apparently disinclined to the supprussiim of the powerful but ■unpopular order of the Jesuits, but he at IniiTth beeanic convinced of the ne- cessity for their suppression, and he signed the brief for it in 1773. Clement was one of the most enlij^htcned and benevoleut characters that ever wore the tiara. D. 1775. — Franck, a Frencli Eencdictine monk; author of a comple- tion of "L'Art de verilicr Ics Dates," a '•Treatise on the Oriirin of the Samari- tan Bible," &c. I). 17'j:5. — Jk.vn :\Iauie IJeunard, a Frencli critic and dramatic writer, who distinguished himself by his strictures on the works of Voltaire, I.a Ilarpe, and others. He is the author of the trairedv of "Medea." — B. 1742; (1. 1S12. (,'JjEMENTI. Muzio, ail eminent cora- ])0ser and pianist ; the fatlier of piano- forte music, and a genius whoso fancy was as unbounded as liis science. B. at IJome. 17.52; d. 1832. CLJiOPATUA, queen of Egypt, was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, at his death, left his crown to her and her younger brother, Ptolemy; but be- ing I'ninors, they were placed under the guardianship of Px)thinus and Achilles, who deprived Cleopatra of her share ot the government. Cu'sar, however, who liad met her at Alexandria, being struck with her youthful charms, proclaimed her queen of Egypt ; and for some time Cleopatra exercised a very potent and injurious influence over the Roman wjnrior. After Cwsar's death she ex- erted her art, and used her beauty and accomplishments to entangle the trium- vir, M;\vk Antony ; and becoming in- volved in the ruin he brought upon himself in his contest witii Octavius, she ]uit an end to her existence, by applying an asp to her arm, the bite of which caused her immediate death, 80 B.C., aired 3'J. ■" CLEOSTK ATUS, a native of Tencdos, and an eminent astronomer and mathe- matician. He first arranged tiie signs of the zodiac, Aries and Sagittarius, and corrected the error of the length of the Grecian year, by introducinir the period termed Oetoetarls. According to Dr. Priestley, he flourished in the Gth cen- tury B. 0. CliERC, John le, a celebrated scholar, b. at Geneva, 16-)7. As his father was a physician of eminence, and a Greek pro- fessor at Geneva, the greatest attention was ]iaid to his education, and after studying lielles lettrcs anil the classics with tlie most iudefatigalile earaestness, he directed his thoughts to divinity at tlic age of l'.», and was at the proper time admitted into orders. He soon after embraced Arminianism, and after residing some time at Saumur, he visit- ed England, where he was honored with the acquaintance of many learned and respectable characters. At Amsterdam, 1683, he became popular as a preacher, and particularly as professor of philos- ophy, nebrew,'and ])olite literature. His "Ars Critica" was published in 1G1.'6, and in 17oy appeared his '• Sulpicius Severus," his ''Grotius," and also the " Remains of Menander and Philemon," a collection which drew upon him the severe censures of those able scholars, Bentley and Burman. D. 173r.. CLERFAYT, Francis Seeasti.\.n Charles .Joseph ue Ckoix, count de, an Austrian general, who served with great distinction in the seven years' war, par- ticularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa, &c. From the conclusion of that war till 1788, when he took the field against the Turks, he lived in retirement ; but in the war which arose out of tlie French revolution, he commanded the Austrian army with great credit to himself, in 17y3 and 17y4, though overborne by numbers, and often defeated in conse- quence. In 1795 he was made field- marshal, and general-in-chief on the Rhine, and closed his military career Vjy totally foiling the plans of the French. He tiien resigned his command to the Archduke Charles, and became a mem- ber of the Austrian council of war. D. 1798. CLERMONT TONNERE, Astoine Jules de, cardinal, and chief of the French bishops, was bishop of Chalons in 1782, and was an active member from his diocese to the states-general. He is chiefly mentioned, however, as the au- thor of a most interesting "Journal of what occurred at tlie Temple during the Captivity of Louis XVI." B. 1749 ; d. 1839. — Stanislaus, count de, was one of the first among the nobility to side with the popular party in the opening scenes of the French revolution. Hav- ing at length given umbrage to his party he was put to death in 1792. CLEVELAND, John, a political wri- ter of the time of Charles L He stren- uously supported the cause of that monarch, and, tor a time, prevented Cromwell from being returned member of parliament for Cambridge. 'Syhea the civil war actually broke out he join- ed the royal army, and was made judge advocate to the troops which garrisoned 298 CYOLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [CLI Newark. Of his satires several editions have been printetl, but they have shiircd tlio fate of most works written on tem- porarv subiccts, and are Jiow known to but fi-w. J). 16n!\ CLlFi'H)]n>. Ckokoe, carl of Cumber- land, an eminent naval commander and scholar of tlie time of Queen Elizabeth. He was present at the trial of the unfor- tunate queen of Scotland, and in the same year sailed for the coast of South America, where he made himi5elf very formidable to the Portuguese. He was captain of one of the ships engaged against the memorable " Armada" of Spain, and subsequently commanded several expeditions to the Spanish main and tlie Western islands ; in one of which expeditions he liad the good for- tune to capture a iralleon, valued at £150,000. B. 1558; d. 1605.— Anne, dauglitcr of the preceding. She was married first to Kichard, Lord Buck- lun-st, afterwards earl of Dorset, and second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke. Slie possessed considerable literary abil- ity, and wrote memoirs of her first hus- band, and of some of her ancestors. But she was chiefly distinguished by lier generosity and high spirit. She built two hospitals, repaired severjil churches, and erected monuments to tlie memory of Spenser and Daniels, the latter of whom had been her tutor. CLINTON, .James, was b. 1736, in Ulster county. New York. He display- ed an early inclination for a military life, and held successively several offices in the militia and provincial troops. Du- ring tlie French war he e.xhibited many proofs of courage, and received tlie ap- pointment of cantain-eommandant of the four regiments levied for the protection of the western frontiers of tlie counties ristcr and (Jrange. In 1775 lie was ap- pointed colonel of the third regiment of New York forces, and in the same year marched with Montgomery to Quebec. During the war he rendered eminent Bervices to his country, iuid on the con- clusion of it retired to enjoy repose on liis ample estates. He was, however, frequently called from retirement by tlie nnsolicited voice of liis fellow-citizens ; and was a member of the convention for the adoption of the present constitution of the L'liite.l States. D. IRl 2. —George, vice-president of the United States, was h. in the county of Ulster, New York, 1730, ami was educated to the nrofession of the law. In HOS he was cliosen to n (seat in the colonial iissembly, and was elected a lelegate to the continental congress in 1775. In 1776 he was ap- pointed a brigadier in the army of the United States, and continued during the progress of the war to render importauL services to the military department. Iji April, 1777. he was elected both i;over- nor, and lieutenant-governor of New York, and was continued in the formei office for eighteen years. He was unan- imously chosen president of the con- vention which assembled at Pough- keepsie, in 1783, to deliberate on the new federal constitution. In ISOl he again accepted the office of governor, and after continuing in that capacity for three years he was elevated to the "vice- presidency of the United States ; a dig- nity whicii he retained till liis death at "Washington, in 181'2. — De "Witt, was b. 1769, at Little Britain, in Orange county, New York. He was cducatcil at Colum- bia college, commenced the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar, but was never much engaged in professional practice. He early imbibed a predilec- tion tor political life, and was appointed the private secretary of his uncle, Geo. Clinton, then governor of the state. In 1797 he was sent to the legislature from the city of New York ; and two years after was chosen a memberof the state senate. In ISOl ho was appointed a senator of the United States, and continued in that capacity for two sessions. He retired from the senate in 1808, in consequence of his election to the mayoralty of New York, an office to which he was annual- ly re-elected, with the intermission of but two years, till 1815. In 1817 he was elected, almost unanimously, governor of the state, wa*s asain chosen in 1820, but in 1822 declined beini; a candiaii,'n in 1781-83, which Lord Cornwal- lis answered, and to which Sir Henry made a reply. Ho was governor of (iibraltar in "l 705, and also ineniber for Newark, and d. soon after. He was the author of •'Observations on Stedman's History of the American War." (JLITUS, a distinguished Macedonian general, who saved the life of Alexander the Great at the battle of the Granicus, but who, having expostulated with his imperial master when the latter was in a lit of intoxication, was slain by liim. CLIVE, KoBEisT, Eord t'Ln'K, and baron Plassky, was b. 1725, and in his llith year went to India as a writer, but soon quitted that employment for the arm^•. Heintr intrusted with the attack of i)evieoltali, a fort of the rajah of Tanjore, he performed this important duty so well, that be was shortly after- wards made commissary. The French having artfully obtained cdnsiderable teri'itory in the ('arnatic, Clire advised that an attack should be made on the city of Arcot, which being intrusted to liim, a complete victory ■was obtained. This unexpected victory drew off the French from Ti'ichinopoly, wliicli they were then besieging, to retake Arcot, which ('live defended in such a manner that they were compelled to raise the sictre. This was followed by a scries of victories ; and in 1753 he embarked for l']ngland, where he received a valuable ])resent from the East India Company, and was raised to the rank of lieutenant- colonel in the king's service. After a short stay in England t"or the benefit of his health, ho returned to India, and was shortly called upon to march to ('al- cutta, of which the nabob Surajali Dow- lah had taken ))ossession. He was again successful, and iiercciving that there could be no permanent peace obtained until the nabob was dethroned, he made the necessary arriitigcments, and in the i'amous luittle of I'lassey, put the nabob completely to the rout, and established the power of the English more firmly than it had ever before been. As gov- ernor of Calcutta, Lord Clivc performed great services, both civil and militai-y ; and when he returned to Enirhmd ho was raised to the first peeratrc by tlic titles which stand at the head of this article. He once more visited India, but was called upon only for civil meas- ures, which he took with his usual sagacity. In 17ii7 he returned to En- irland, iiaving done more to extend the English territory and consolidate the English power in India than any other connnander. But the large W'Calth he had ac^iuired during his long and ardu- ous services exposed him to an accusa- tion in the house of commons of having abused his ])ower. Tl c charge fell to the ground, but it had .he etteet of in- juring hi.s mind so deeply tnat he com- mitted suicide in 1774. — Catiiaiuxe, a celebrated actress, was the dautrhter of an Irish gentleman named lluftar. At an early age she gave her hand to Mr. Clivc. a barrister; but a separation taking place between them, she took tlie stage for her profession, and became a very great favorite. In private life her wit caused lier to be souelit by persons of the liiL'-hest rank. D. 1785.' CLOGTS, JoHX Baitist de, a Prus- sian baron, better known as ANAcnAr,.«H Cloots, one of the wildest and most violent actors in the early scenes of the French revolution. He was b. at Cleves, and very early dissipated the greater portion of his fortune. In 1790, being at Paris, he presented himself at the bar of the national assembly, attended by a mimber of men dressed to repre- sent various foreign nations ; and, de- scribing himself as the " orator of the huinan race," he demanded the risjht of confederation. After making hitnself conspicuous by a variety of projects, he was in 17'.>2 sent to the national conven- tion as deputy from the department of the Oise. He was among those who voted for the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI., but becoming an object of suspicion to Pobcspierre, he was arrest- ed, and LTuillotincd in 1794. CLOSTEKMAX, Jonx, a German portrait painter. He was employed in Spain, Italy, and England: in the latter country there are many of his works ; among them the great picture of Queen Anne, in Guildhall, Lon.lon. I). 1713. CLOVIS, the first Ciiristian kinir of France. From a comparatively petty tract he extended his rule tiir and wide, partly by force of arms and partly by his marriage with Clotilda, dauL'hter of Childcric, the deceased king of the Bur- gundinns. Having conquered the petty independent staites of Gaul, lie added 300 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [cob them to liis dominions, and established tlie capital of his kingdom at I'uris, ■where lie d. in 511. CLOWES, JoHX, an EnKlish divine, rector of the church of .St. John at Man- clicpter. Embracing' the doctrines of Swcdenbort:, lie published translations of a large portion of his theological wri- tinirs, and nianv works in agreement whh them. E. 1743; d. 1831. CLUBIJE, Jonx, an English divine, author of a satirical tract, entitled "The History and Antiquities of Wheatfield," intended as a satire on conjectural ety- mologists ; " A Letter of Advice to a Young Clergyman," &e. D. 1773. — William, son of the above, vicar of Brandeston, in Suffolk ; translator of Horace's " Art of Poetry," and of six of the satires of that poet, and author of three Ivrio odes, &c. D. 1814. CLUTTERBUCK, Egbert, an English antiquary and topographer, was a native of lierttordshirc, and having an inde- pendent fortune, devoted his time_ to seientitic and literary pursuits. Having collected materials for a new edition of Chauncey's " History of Hertfordshire," he changed his plan, and produced a new work instead of re-editing the old one. D. 1S31. CLUVIER, Philip, a Dutch soldier and scholar, author of " Germania An- tiqua," " Sicilia Antiqua," " Italia An- tiqua," &c. He is said to have under- stood and spoken with fluency no fewer than nine languages. D. 1623. CLYMER, George, a patriot of the American revolution, and one of the signers of the declaration of independ- ence. He was educated a merchant. In 1775 he was one of the first conti- nental treasurers. In 1780 he co-oper- ated with Robert Morris in the estal> lishment of a bank for the relief of the country. He was a member of congress under "the present constitution. In 1791 he was placed at tlie head of the excise department in Pennsylvania. In 1796 he was sent to Georgia to negotiate, togetiier with Hawkins and Pickens, a treaty with the Cherokee and Creek Indians. He was afterwards president of the Pliiladelphia bank, and of the academy of fine arts. 1). 1813, aged 73. COBB, Samuel, an ingenious poet, educated at Christ's hospital, of which he afterwards became master. He was of Trinity college, Cambridtre. D. at London, "l713. He wroti; observations on Virgil, and a collection of poems. He also assisted Rowc in his "Calli- psedia." and Ozcll in his "Boileau's Lutriu." — Ebenezer, remarkable for longevity, was b. in I'lymouth, Mass., March 22, 1694, and was ten years co- temporary with Peregrine White, of Marshfield, the first son of New En- gland, who was born on board the May- flower in Cape Cod harbor in Nov., 1620. D. at Kingston, Dec. 8, 1803, aged 107 years. — James, secretary to the East In- dia Company, author of " The Siege of Belgrade," '' The Haunted Tower," and other dramatic pieces. D. 1818. COBBETT, William, was b. in the parish of Farnham, Surrey, 1762, and brought up from his earliest years on his fathers farm. An accident — the mere sight of the stage-coach on its journeyto London while he was going to Guildford fair — led him suddenly to quit his homo and rustic pursuits, in order to seek his fortune in a wider sphere. His first employment, unfitted as he was for it by nature and hal)it, was that of an " under-strapping quill- driver" in Gray's Inn. After nine months' drudgery he enlisted as a sol- dier, and he was sent to the depot at Chatham, where he remained about a year, attending closely to his duty, but applying every leisure moment to the improvement of his mind. The regi- ment at length sailed for Nova Scotia, and was then ordered to St. John's, New Brunswick, where he soon attracted the notice of his superiors by his industry, regularity, and habitual temperance ; and was 'rewarded by being appointed sergeant-major of the regiment. After seven years' service, the regiment re- turned to England; and Sergeant-major Cobbctt solicited and received his dis- charge. But seeing that a war with En- gland was inevitable, he embarked for America, where, under the sobriquet of Peter Porcupine, he quickh' bcgan_ to exercise his talents by the publication of his "Observations" and other polit- ical pamphlets, opposed to the preva lence of French principles. But he found it necessary to quit America; and, on his return to England, com- menced a daily paper called the " Por- cupine," in which at first he strenuously supported the government. He then began a publication styled " The Weekly Register," which contained various articles which were severely denomi- nated libels, and he was arrested, fined, and imprisoned. From this period a gradual change may be discovered in the tone of (.'ohV>ett's political disquisi- tions, and ere long he was looked upon as the leader of the radical reformers. coc] CYCL0PJ2DIA OF BIOGRAPilV, ;ioi 111 1S03 bo agiiiii attracted the notice of Sir Viciiry Gibb.s, at that time liis maj- esty's attoriipy-gcnaral. The libel re- lated to the lloirjriiii; of some men in the local militia, at Ely, iu Cambridgeshire ; he was found guilty, sentenced to two years' imprisonment in Newg-ate, to pay a fine of £1000 to the king, and at the expiration of the two years to give se- curity for his good behavior for seven years, himself in £300, and two securi- ties in £100 each. This severe sentence Cobbett never forgot or I'orgave. Ko sooner was he liberated than lie showed his enemies that his active mind had received a fresh stinmlus ; he reduced his "Kegister" to 2d., wherel)y its sale was inunensely increased, and he sought for every possible means of annoying those who had persecuted him. At length the arbitrary "Six Acts'' were passed ; and as he 'firmly believed they were passed for the express purpose of silencing him, (particularly the Power of Imprisonment Act,) he instantly took his dr[>artare for America, and settled in Long Island ; from which spot his future "Kegisters" were dated, till his return to England, in 1819, after that act was repealed. Cobbett announced, on his arrival at Liverpool, that he had brought with him the bones of the cele- brated republican, Tom I'aine. In 18-32 he was chosen a member of parliament. His writings are numerous, spirited, and valuable. " D. 1S35. COBENTZEL, Charles, count de, an eminent statesman. He was a native of Lavbaeh, and at an early ago cominen- cod his public career. During the trou- bles iu the reign of Maria Theresa, his services gave so mucli satisfaction, that in 17o3 he was placed at the head of af- fairs in the Austrian Netherlands. In this important situation he showed great respect for literature and the arts, and several useful reformations were carried into etfect by him. Among his other services was that of founding the Acad- emy of Sciences at Brussels. D. 1770. — l.ouis, count de, sou of the above, and, like him, a diplomatist. At the early age of 27 he was intrusted with a mission to Catharine II. of Kussia, and his gallantry and compliance with her taste for theatricals made him a great favorite with her. From 179o he was concerned in many of the important ne- gotiations between Austria and other powers, until the treaty of Luneville, in 1801. That, treaty restoring peace be- tween Austria and France, he was sliort- Iv afterwards made minister of state for 26 foreign affairs at Vienna. In ISO") ha was dismissed from this oflice, and he d. in 180'J. — Joii.v riiiLip, count de, a cousin of the last named, and also a diplomatist. Being sent to Brabant to treat with the Netherlauders, who re- sisted some edicts of the emperor which they considered oppressive, they refused to receive him, and the edicts were in consequence revoked. This failure pre- vented him from l)cing emi)loyed again during the following 10 years; but at length, in ISOl, he was sent ambassador to i'aris. I). 1810. COBURG, Fbeuekic Josias, duke of Saxe-Coburg, an Austrian field-marshal, was b. 17u7. In 1780 he commanded the imperial army on the Danube, and, in connection with the Kussian general, SuwarrotT, defeated the Turks, and con- quered Bucharest. In 1793 he deteated the French at Neerwinden, expelled them from the Xetherlands, and invaded France, taking Valenciennes, Cambray, and other places; but when the English army, under the duke of York, separa- ted "from him, he sustained several de- feats, retreated across the Ehine, and resigned his command. D. 1815. COCCEIUS, John, a Dutch scholar of the 17th century, professor of theology at Leyden. He taught that the ()ld Testament was merely a type of the Kew ; and the book of Eevelations being a principal object of his attention, he warmly asserted the doctrine of the Millennium. His followers formed a rather numerous sect, called Cocecians. Besides 10 folio volumes of writings on divinity, which he published during his life, he left a work, not printed till many years after his death, entitled " Opera, Anecdotica Theologica et Philologica."' B. 1G03; d. 1G69.— IIenrv, an eminent Dutch civilian ; author of " Proilroinus Justitire Gentium," "Theses," &c. lie was raised to the dignity of a baron of the empire in 1713, and d. 1719. — Sam- uel, son of the last named, and succes- sor to his title. He became grand chan- cellor of Prussia, under Frederic the Great, and was a chief author of the Frederickiau code. He also published a valuable edition of Grotius, "De Jure Belli ft I'acis." I). 175.1. COCHIN, CiiAULEs Nicholas, an emi- nent French engraver and writer of the 18th century; author of "Travels in Italy," " Letters on the Pictures of Ilerculancum," " I)issertation en the Ellect of Light and Shade," &c«^ His plates nr(\ numerous and well-executed. COCHLJi^US, JoH.v, an able hut bit- J03 CVCLOr.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [cod ter opponent of Luther, Calvin, and otlier rotbnncrs, bnt more especially of the first named, whom he censured with great asperity in his work, " De Actis et bcriptis Lutheri." He published, be- sides this work, a very curious " Histo- ry of the Hussites," and he maintained a fierce controversy with Dr. Morrison, an Enslish eler^ir Walter Ealeigh, and l)ehaving to him as unfeelinglvas"he had formerly behaved to Essex, "in 1606 he was made chief justice of the common pleas; and in 1613 he was sworn of the privy coun- cil, and removed to the court of King's Bench. His activity in the case of Sir Thomas Overbury's murder made him many enemies ; and his opposition to the king and Chancellor Egerton caused liim to be removed from office in 1616. Having vainly endeavored to get into favor with the court, he in 1621 joined the popular party, and was committed, though only for a short time, to the Tower. In 1028 ho represented the county of Buckingham in parliament, and distinguished himself by his zeal against the duke of Buckingham. In mere legal knowledge he has never per- haps been equalled ; but for the nobler 304 CYCLOP.tDT.\ OF EIOGKAPHY. [col qualities of his niiucl wo may sock in vaiu. His " Oonimcntarv on Littleton" and Lis "llcports"' are mvaluable. D. 1634. COLBERT, John Baptist, marqnis of Seguclai, a colcbratcd French statesman, to whose talents, activity, and enlarged views France owes niueli of its financial and eommercial prosperity, was de- scended from a Scottisli lamily, but b. at Khcims, liilO, where his father was a wine merchant. In 1G4S he became clerk to the secretary of state, Lc Tellier, whose daufrhter he married ; and his conduct in this situation recommended him to the king as intendant of finances. Subsequently he became superintendent of buildings,' secretary of state, and min- ister of the marine ; and in every ca- pacity he acted so as to merit the love of Ills countrymen, and obtain the ap- probation of his king. To literature and the arts he constantly gave encourage- ment ; he instituted the Academy of Sciences, and that of sculpture and paint- ing ; and it was at his reconnnendation that the royal observatory was erected. To him, too, Paris owed the erection of many elegant buildings ; and, if a less brilliant minister than some of his pre- decessors, he certainly conferred more substantial benefits upon his country than most of them. D. 1683.— John Baptist, marquis of Torcy, son of the preceding. lie filled, successively, the offices of secretary of state for the foreign department and 'director-general of the posts; and wrote "Memoirs of the Ne- gotiations from the Treaty of Ryswick to the Peace of Utrecht." B. 1665; d. 1746. COLBURX, Zera, an arithmetical prodigy, b. at Cabot, Vt., 1804. His powers of mental calculation, displayed at an early age, made him famous both in this country and in Enirland. He could solve the most diflficult problems almost instantaneously. "While in En- gland he studied under Charles Kemble for the stage, but the experiment was a failure. lie subsequently became a teacher of a school at Fairfield, N. Y., and afterwards a Methodist preacher. D. 1840. COLCHESTER, CiiART.ES Abbot, Lord, •was b. at Abingdon, Berks, 17-57 ; and liaving received the nwUments of his education at Westminster school, was entered of Christ-church, Oxford, in 177.5. After spending some time abroad, be was called to the bar, and practised with every prosj'cct of becaming a popu- lar advocate- Ilia forensic pursuits, however, were but of short continuance, for on entering parliament for lielston he was speedily noticed for his talent and business-like habits, and on the formation of the Addington ministry he was appointed secretary for Ireland, and keeper of the privy seal. He now com- menced some useful reforms in Ireland, but before he could complete them he was elected speaker of the house of commons. In 1817 an attack of erysipe- las obliged him to resign the otfiee of .'•peakcr ; on which occasion he was called to the upper house by the title of Baron Colchester, with a pe'nsion of £4000 per annum. I). 1829. COLDEN, Cadwallader, was b. in Dunse, Scotland, 1688. After studying at the university of Edinburgh, he turned his attention to medicine and mathe- matical science until the year 1708, when he emigrated to Pennsylvania, and prac- tised physic with much reputation till 1715. In 1718 he went to the city of New York, and relinquishing the practice of physic, turned his attention to public atfairs, and became successively sur- veyor-general of the province, master in chancery, memlier of the council, and lieutenant-governor. His political char- acter was rendered very conspicuous by the firmness of his conduct during the violent commotions which preceded the revolution. His productions were nu- merous, consisting of botanical and medical essays. His descriptions of between three and four hundred Ameri- can plants were printed in the " Acta Upsalicnsia." He also published the " History of the Five Indian Nations." D. 1775. He had three sons, Cadwalla- der, David, and Alexander, all of whom acquired more or less local distinction in and about New York. — David, tiie youngest, excelled in mathematics and natural philosophy, and was a corre- spondent of Dr. Franklin. — Cadwalla- DEK D., son of David, was b. on Long Island, 1769. He practised law at Poughkeepsie, till he came to New York, 1796. He was there made dis- trict attorney, and acquired the highest rank in his' profession. He was mem- ber of the assembly in 1818, mayor of the city after De Witt Clinton, in 1823, member of congress, and in 1824, of the state senate. He was an active pro- moter of public schools and all other charitable projects. D. 1834. COLE, Wili-iam, an English herbalist. He was educated at Merton college, O.x- Ibrd, and became secretary to Dr. Duppa, bishop of Wincheetei . His works ar% col] CVCLOlMiDIA OK jftOGKAHHY. .305 "The Art of Simpling," and "Adam in Eclon, or Naturo'rt raVatlise.'' 1). l''ii)-j. — TiiM.MAS, one ol' thy iiio>t t-niiuciit AiiK-iieau hiudscape painters, was b. in Knj,dand, but was broiiglit to this coun- try, wliere his parents had previously resided, when a cliild. Tliev livoi,! for a liruo at Philadelphia, ami then re- moved to the West. His father, in 181S, esiablished a paper factory at Steuben- ville, Ohio, where young Cole took his tirst lessons ia drawing, lie was ex- ceedingly fond of the art, and passion- ately in love with natural scenery. About ISiiO, a Mr. Stein, a. travelling portrait painter, lent him an English work on painting, which opened and turned his mind to the art. He pursued it from that tiiue with indefatigable in- dustry aiul zeal. Like Goldsmith, with HI) eonifianion but liis flute, he then began to wander over the West as a portrait painter. He met at first with mditl'erent success, but tiiudly reached liie city of rhiladelphia. There he paint- ed some transparencies to celebrate the arrival of Lafayette, which enabled him to go to New York, whither his lather had removed. He erected his easel in the family garret, where lie was long without a patron, till Mr. Ct. W. Bruen gave him a small commission, and he gradually got into notice. Mr. Cole subsequently went to Europe, passed some time in Italy, and on his return painted those splendid serial works, the " Course of Empire," the '"Voyage of Life," " Past and Present," with numer- ous laridscapcs, which have made his name immortal. The latter part of his existence was passed at Cattskill, in the jiroseeution of his art. D. 1847. Mr. Uryant, tlie poet, his fritiud, has com- memorated his genius in a^fci^i^nl and appreciative discourse, deliveretFbcToro^^appeared in the public journals tlie Academy of Desisfn of New York. COLEBKOOKE, Henry Thomas, an eminent orientalist, and director of the Koyal Asiatic Society, was b. 1765, and in 1782 was ap})ointed to a writership in India. Heing sent as one of a deputa- tion to investigate the resources of a part of the country, it led to his publish- mg " Keniarks on the Husbandry and Commerce of Bengal;" in which treatise liC advocated a free trade between Great Britain and her eastern possessions. Soon after this he began tlie study of the Sanscrit language, in wiiich lie sub- sequently became so eminent. The translation of the groat "'Digest of Hindu Law," which had been compiled nader Ihe direction of Sir W. Jones, but left unfinished at his death, was conlidcd to Mr. Colebrooke ; and wiiilo engagei-1 ia this work, he was api)ointcd to a judicial situation at Mirzapore, where he completed it ia 17'JiJ. His other works consist of a "Dictionary of the Sanscrit Lan<'uage," the "Alge- bra of the Hindoos," and various trea- tises on their laws, philosophy, and arithmetic ; besitles numerous coannuai- catioas to the society of which he was director. D. 18:37. COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, eini- neat as a poet, essayist, iind moral phi- losopher, was b. at Bristol, in 1770, where he received the rudiments of his education. He was afterwards sent to Christ's hospital, London, at which establishment he made great progress ia the classics ; aad he coaipleted his studies at Jesus college, Caaibridge, wliere, ia 1792, he obtained the gold medal lor the best Greek ode. It ap- pe irs that he was first inspired with a taste for poetry by the perusal of Lisle Bowles' Sonnets: and his intimacy with such men as Southey aad Wordsworth (which coaanenced ia early life) was likely to produce a contreaiality of feel- iags aad lead to similar results. Tho chief of Mr. Coleridge's works are, "Sibylliae Leaves," a collection of poeais; " Biographia Literaria," or bio- graphical sketches of his life and opin- ions ; "Aids to lietiection, in the Form- ation of a Manly Character," &e. ; aad '"The Friead," a series of essays; be- sides a variety of aiiaor poeias, laaay of which are replete with beautiful ima- gery and sublime feeliag ; aad numerous treatises and essays connected with public events ia the moral aad ])olitlcal jy-orld, some of which were published ia a separate form, but the major part .ppeared in the public journals. D. at iii'digate, 1834. His " Specimens of Table Talk," and some of his otlicr productions, were published after his death by his nephew, Henry Nelsoa Coleridge, who distiaguished hiiaself by various valuable eoatributloas to " Knight's Quarterly Magazine" and other words, aad who d. a victim to rheumatism, 184:*. — Hartley, one of the most original aad pleasing writers of the day, son of the above, was b. 17'.i7. He was the author of many miaor poems of great merit, of '" Biographies of North- ern Worthies," and an extensive con- tributor to "'Blackwood's Mairaziae." D. 1849. COLIGNI, Gaspard ue, admiral of France. Ou the death, of Ueary II., he 300 CYCLOP.EDfA OF BIOGRAPHY. [col became cliief of the Calvinist party, and the most ellifiont of its leaders ag-ainst the Guises. When peace was tempo- rarily established in loTl, he appeared at court, and was received wutli eveiy appearance of cordiality. But at the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, he was amouij the victims of party raixe ; and the infamous Catharine de Medici ordered his bead to be sent to the pope. — Odet, brother of the above, archbishop of Toulouse, was deposed for having embraced the Protestant faith, and retired to England, where he was poisoned by a servant, in 1571. — Hesriett.v, countess de la Suse ; an ingenious French poetess, whose odes and songs are printed with the poems ofPelisson. D. 1673. CULLADO, Diego, a Spanish Domin- ican, superintendent of the convents of the Philippines; author of a Japanese dictionary, and a treatise on the Japan- ese arrammar. D. 1638. COLLANGE, Gabriel de, a French writer; author of " Polygraphy, or Uni- versal Cabalistieal Writing." This book, which he published under the name of J. M. Trithemius, subjected the author to the charge of magic. At the massa- cre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, he was mistaken for a Protestant, and murdered — as one of his biographers naively says — "by mistake." COLLEGE, Stephen, a mechanic of the time of Charles IL lie was a very zealous supporter of Protestantism, whence he obtained the sobriquet of the "Protestant joiner;" and probably it was on this account that some inform- ers charL'ed him with being concerned in a jilot against tlie king. He defended himself with spirit and ability, but was condemned and executed in 1681. COLLEONE, Bartholomew, an Ital- ian soldier of fortune, b. at Bergamo, in 1400. lie served at first under De Mon- tone, and then in the army of Queen Joan of Naples. Passing into the ser- vice of Venice, he totally destroyed the army of Xiciiolas Pieeinino ; but being ill rewarded, he left the Venetians, and took his troops to tlie aid of Philip Vis- C'lnti. lie next served with Francis Sforza, and gained the battle of Frascati over the French. The Venetians now made him their generalissimo, and when lie d., in 1475, the senate erected a statute to his memory. COLLI EK,'j£RF,MiAn, an English non- juring divine and learned writer, b. i650. At the revolution he refused to take the oaths, and was imprisoned in Newgate for w'riting in favor of James IT. He attended Sir John Friend and Sir William Perkins, when they were exe- cuted for the "assassination plot." Two noujuring clergymen who accompanied hiiu on this occasion, were taken up, but Collii r escaped, and lay hidden un- til the atfair had blown over, when he acain made liis appearance, and publish- ecl " Essays on Miscellaneous Subjects." This worli obtained him considerable reputation ; and his next publication was a spirited attaclc upon the licen- tiousness of the stage. lie was, as a matter of course, replied to by many of the dramatic writers of the time. He next translated and continued " Moreri's Dictionary;" and his reputation had riow so much increased, that Queen Anne's government ottered him valuable church preferment, which, with a rare consist- ency, he steadily declined. His remain- ing works were, an " Ecclesiastical His- tory," brought down to the death of Charles II. , some sermons, pamphlets, and a translation of "Marcus Antoni- nus." 1). 1726. COLLIN, D'Harville, Johx Franols, a French advocate, dramatist, and poet; author of "The Inconstant," " Le Vieux Celebataire," and various other dramas. B. 1750; d. 1606. — Hexry de, a German poet ; author of six tragedies, some frag- ments of an epic poem, entitled " The Kodolphiad," and a number of spirit- stirring war songs. B. 1772 ; d. 1811. COLLINGS, tloHx, a nonconformist divine ; author of " The Weaver's Pock- et Book, or Weaving Spiritualized," and other works of a similar class. At the restoration he was one of the Presbyte- rian divines at the famous Savoy con- ference. 1)._^390. C()LL1,N.«^'00D, Cotiibert, Lord, a tDeleLriiTcd English admiral, was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1748. He enter- ed the navy when only 13 years of age, and his services were long, arduous, and valuable. In the action of June 1, 175)4, he was flag-captain to Admiral Bowyer on board the Prince ; and at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, in 1797, he com- manded the Excellent. Having attained the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and being second in command at the battle of Trafalgar, where the hero of England's navy fell, the command of the fleet devolved upon Admiral Collingwood, whose gallant conduct at the onset had called forth an exclamation of delight from Nelson, and to whose skill and judgment, after the battle, the preserva- tion of the captured vessels was chiefly COL CYCLOPEDIA OK BIOGKAPKV. 307 attributable. For this and liis other im- jiortant surviees lie was promoted to the runk of vioc-udiiiiral ol'tlic red, and ele- vated to the pecraije. His letters, pub- lished since his death, which took place in IfilO, show hiui to have possessed considerable literary ability. — Fkancis Edwaku, a captain in the English navy, was a midshipman on board the Victory, at the l)attle of Trafali^ar; and to him is ascribed the honor of beintr the avenger of Nelson's death, having shot the Frenchman in the maintop of the Ke- doubtabie, who was seen to take delib- erate aim at the English hero the mo- ment licfore he fell. D. 1S05. COLLINS, Anthoxt, a deistical con- troversialist, was b. at Ileston, Middle- sex, in 1070. Among his works are " A Discourse on Free Thinking,'' " A Dis- course on the Grounds and Eeasons of tlie Christian Keligion," •' Priestcraft in Perfection," etc. lie was intimate with Locke a"d other great men, and spent his life ii literary pursuits, and his wri- tings exhibit him as a determined foe to (Christianity. B. lOTO; d. 17-29. — Ar- Tnni, a celebrated English genealogist; author of an EnufHsh "Peerage"' and "Baronetage;"' lives of "Cecil, Lord Burleigh," and "Edward the Black Prince," &e. lie was rescued from jjoveriy by a pension of £400 per an- num, granted to him by George II. B. 10S2; d. 1700.— David, grandson of the above, a distinguishcil military otheer, and govi'rnor of Van Dieman's Land ; author of "A History of Botany Bay," which is written in a very unpretend- ing style, and abounds with interest- ing information. D. 1810. — Fkancls, doctor of the Ambrosian college, at Milan; author of a treatise, " De Ani- niabus Paganornm," &c. I). 1640. — JoH.v, an able mathematician and ac- countant. He was for some time in the naval service of "Venice against the Turks ; but at the restoration he was appointed to the otlice of accountant to tlie excise otlice, the court of chancery, itc. lie, however, found time to eon- tribute largely to the transactions of the Koyal Society ; corresponded with Bar- row, Newton, and other eminent math- ematicians ; and wrote various mathe- matical works. B. 1G24; d. 168:5.— Wii.i.i.vM, a highly gifted but ill-fated Enulisli poet; author of odes, eclogues, (te., was b. 1720, at Chichester. In 1774, he settled himself in London, but suffered from poverty even beyond the common lot of poets. The death of his uncle, Colonel Martin, who bequeathed him a legacy of £200, raised him from this abject condition ; but his health and spirits were broken, and atU-r lin- gering for some time in a state of men- tal imbecility, ho d. 17 oG. His odes, whicli when published were utterly dis- regarded, an* unquestionably among the liist procluctions of British poesy : and the fate of their author is an indelible disgrace to the pretended patrons of genius, and the age in which he lived. —William, an artist of distinguished merit, was b. in London, 1787. He in- herited an enthusiastic admiration for the beauties of nature from both his pa- rents. His father, who was one of the first picture dealers of his time, was a man of considerable literary attain- ments ; and his friendship with Mor- land the painter, early led to his son's initiation into the mysteries of the |3en- cil. In 1807 he becaiiie a student ot the Koyal Academy, and having prosecuted his studies with great zeal and success, he was chosen an associate in 1814, and elected an academician in 1820. Down to the year 1846 he contributed regularly to every exhibition, displaying the ver- satility of his powers by most elaborate productions illustrative of history, and by fre([ucnt revivals of those more do- mestic subjects by which he had won his early fanie. True to his " first love," his last production, " Early ilorning," was an En^rlish sea-piece. D. 1847. COLLINSON, Peteu, an English bot> anist, was b. 10'j4. He was intimate with Franklin and Linnrcus, the latter of whom gave the name Collinsonia to a genus of plants. D. 1768. COLLOT D'HP:KB(:)IS, Jean M.vkie, a French actor of little repute, but a fierce rejiublican. On the breaking out of the revolution he became a conspicu- ous agitator, and was the iirst who voted for the abolition of royalty. When Ko- bespierre was falling he joined in im- peaching him, while las treatment of the royalist Lvoncse obtained him the sobriquet of tfie Tiffcr Ho wrote some dramatic pieces, and the almanac of Father Gerard. Being transported to Cayenne, he d. 1796. C0LLYP2R, Joseph, senior associate engraver of the Royal Academy, w.is b. of parents who were conspicuous in the literary world by their translations from Gesner and Boder. when the German language was but little known in En- gland. He showed stiperior talent in the stippled style of engraving; his portraits in that line stand unrivalled. D. 1827. 308 CYCLOPAEDIA OF «IOGRAPIIV. [col CULM AN, George, a dramatic -nTiter and accomplished seliolar, was b. at Florence, 1733, where liis lather at that time resided as the British envoy, llavinsj received his education at West- minster school and at Christ-church, Oxford, lie turned his attention to the law as a profession ; but his ■^Titinsrs in " The Connoisseur" bavins^ met with success, pave him a bias towards po- lite literature. His first dramatic at- tempt was "Polly Iloneycombe," which was performed at Drnry-lane with wreat, thouarli only temporary success. In the following year, 1761, lie produced his comedy of the "Jealous Wife," which at once became popular, and has ever since kept the stage. " The Clandes- tine ^larriage," "The English Mer- chant," etc., added to his fame : and he wrote a number of other pieces, which, though inferior to these, were by no means deficient in merit. He also translated the comedies of Terence, and Hc-nce's " Dc Arte Poetica." IX 17H4. — G>.uRRE, "the younger," an eminent dramatist and wit, son of the preceding, was b. 17G2. In 17S4 his first acknowl- edged play, called "Two to One," was lirouuht forward, and introduced to the public by a prologue from the pen of his father, who announced it as the pro- . 1528.— Pompeo, nephew of the above, a restless and intriguing Eoman cardi- nal, who at length became viceroy of Naples. A poem of Ins is extant, en- titled " De Laudibus Muliebrum." T>. 1582. — ViTTORiA, marchioness of Pes- cara, a celebrated Italian poetess, whose works are alike remarkable for the beauty of their thoughts and the ele- gance" of their diction. B. 1400; d. 1547. COLOTIIES, or COLOTES, a Grecian sculptor, cotemporary with Phidias, whom he is said to have assisted in the statue of Jupiter Olympus. Several of his works are spoken of in very high terms, especially an ivory figure of ^]s- culapius. COLQUIIOUN, Patrick, a celebrated writer on statistics and criminal juris- prudence. He was a native of Dum- barton, in Scotland, b. 1745, and early in life came to America. On his return from that country he settled at Glasgow as a merchant, and became lord provost of the city, and president of its chainVier of commerce. Subsequently he removed to London, and in 1702 he was made a police maeistrate. He published sev- eral valuable works, including a " Trea- tise on the Police of tlic Jiletropolis," a tract on the "Education of the Laboring ( 'lassos," " A Treatise on the Popula- tion, Wealth, Power, and Kcsourccs of the British Empire," &c. I). 1820. com] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 309 COLTON. Calkr C, a writer of con- Bidcnihlc talent, but of eeoentric unci discreditublc habits, lirst attracted no- tice l)y the publiealion of a })auiplilet, entitled "A plain and uutlienlic iNarra- tive of the Sumpford (ihost," in which he attempted to prove that certain oc- currences which took place in a house at Sanipford J'everell, near Tiverton, originated in supernatural agency, lie also wrote a satirical poem, entitled "Hypocrisy," and another on "Napo- leon;" but he obtained most of his fame from " Lacon, or Many Things in Few Words," which he }iuV)lished in 1820. Though a beneticetl clergyman, holding the vicarage of Kew with Tc- tersluun, in Surrey, he was a well-known frecpienter of the gaming-table ; and suddenly disappearing from his usual haunts in the metropolis about tlie time of Weare's murder, it was strongly sus- pected that he had fallen by the hand of an assassin. It was, however, after- wards ascertained that he had absconded to avoid his creditors ; and, in 182S, a successor was appointed to his living. He then came to reside in America ; but subsequently lived in Paris, a professed gamester; and it is said that he ijained by this vicious course of lile, in two years only, the sum of £:i5,000. He blew out ids brains while on a visit to a friend at Fontainbleau, in 1832. — Wal- ter, an American author, and chaplain in the United States navy. His prin- cipal work is "Ship and Shore," a series of sketches in the couutr'.es bor- dering the Mediterranean. D. 1850. COLUMBA, St., a native of Ireland, who went to Scotland, and founded the famous monastery of loolmkill. 1). rili". COLUMBUS, CnRisTOPUER, the most celebrated navi<;ator, and in mtmy re- spects one of the greatest men record- ed in history, was b. at Genoa, 14:j7. He soon evinced a strong passion for geographical knowledge, together with an irresistible inclination for the sea. After many years spent in the active duties of a maritime life, lie went to Lisbon, where an elder brother of his was settled ; married the orphan daugh- ter of Palestrello, an Itidian navigator; and studied all tlie maps and charts he could procure, making occasional voy- ages. His own rctioctions, corroborated by facts of which he was informed by various seamen, led him at lenirth to feel convinced that there were unknown lands separated from Europe by the Atlantic. After vainly seeking: aid from Genoa, Portugid, aud England, he at length induced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to equiiiand man three vessels for a voyaire of discovery ; it being stipulated that Coluudjus should have a tenth of all prolits, and be viceroy of all the land he expected to discover. He set sail from Falos, on his daring ad- venture, on the 2d August, 14'.i2 ; and, after sailing for two months, was in im- minent danger of losing the reward of all his study and toil, the variation of the needle having so much alarmetl his crews, that they were on the point of breaking into open mutiny, and he was obliged to promise that if three days produced no discovery he would com- mence his homeward voyage. On the third day they happily hove in sight of one of the Bahamas, and subsequently explored some other of the West India Islands. Having thus far succeeded, he built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of his men there, and then set out on his return to Europe, where he was re- ceived with every mark of admiration and regai-d. The gold and other valu- ables which be presented to the king and queen in toKen of his success, ex- cited the spirit of adventure in both the sovereigns and their subjects, and in his second voyage he had no difficulty in obtaining followers. It was not until his third voyage, made in 1498, that ho saw the nuiinland of America, which both Americus Vespucius and Sebas- tian Cabot reached betbre him. Having assumed the command of the settlement at Hispaniola, various complaints were nuide against him, and Columbus was not merely displaced, but Bobadilla, a new governor, who had been dispatched thither by the court of Spain, even sent him to tluit country manacled as a pris- oner. Columbus endured this outrage with noble equanimity ; and on his re- turn, having obtained an audience of his sovereigns, was partially restored to his dignities ; but he found that full justice was never intended to be award- ed him. Yet, notwithstanding this un- worthy treatment, he made another voyatre, in which he encountered every imajrinablc disaster from storms and shipwreck ; and, two years after his re- turn, his noble mind sunk under the load of injustice and oppi'ession. D. at Valladolid, 15o0. — B.vrthoi.omkw, Don, brother of the above, was famous for his skill in constructing sea-charts. D. 1501. COMBE, Dr. Andrew, one of the most eminent medical praetitionei^i and writers of our time, wa.s b. at Edin- 310 CVCLOr.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [con bm-irli, 1797. lu 1825 he took the de- gree of il.I)., and two years hiter was elected president of the rhreuolonieal Society. Daring tliesc and several fol- lowing years, he contributed many in- teresting papers to the " rhreuological Journal," and publislicd a work on mental derangement. In lb36 he had tlie gratitieation of being appointed pliysieian to tlie king of the Belgians. Between the years 1834-39, he publish- ed t lie three great works for which he had been long and carefully collecting and arranging the nuiterials, "•The Principles of L'liysiology applied to the I'reservation of Uealth and to Educa- tion," "The Pliysiology of Digestion," and "The Moral and riiysical Manage- ment of Infancy." In 1838 he was ap- pointed one of the physicians extraor- dinary to the queen in Scotland. D. 1847." COMENIUS, JoHx Amos, a Moravian minister. He for some time officiated as pastor to a congregation at Fulnec, but was driven thence by tlie invasion of the Spaniards, and settled in Poland, Avhere he published a work, entitled "Janua Linguarum," which obtained liim so gi-eat a celebrity that he was invited to England ; but the breaking out of the civil war rendered his stay both brief and unprolitable, and he set- tled for the remainder of liis life at Am- sterdam. B. 1592; d. 1671. COMES, Natalls, the Latinized name of iS'atal Coxti, an Italian writer, au- thor of poems in Greek and Latin, &c., and of a system of mythology. D. 1500. C0MMAXDI^"E, Frederic, an Ital- ian matlicmatician, the author of some original works, and translator of Ar- cliimedes, Apollonius, and other ancient matliematioians. 1). 1575. (,'(>MMELIN, Jerome, a very learned Erencli jirintcr. lie established his press lirst at Geneva, and subsequently at Heidelberg; and published several of the Greek and Latin fatliers, with notes from his own pen. D. 1598. COMMERSON, PniLrsERT, a French physician and botanist. He wrote " lethyology," two quarto volumes ; and the " Martyrology of Botany," an account of those who had lost their lives in botanical pursuits. B. 1721 ; d. 1773. COMMINES, or COMIXES, Philip i)E, lord of Argonton ; an eminent liis- torian, statesman, and courtier of the reign of Louis XL, b. in Flanders, 1445. His "Memoirs of liis own Times" abound with valuable facts and obser- vations, though he is too lenient when speaking of the atrocities of Louis XL On the death of that monarch, Com- niines was thrown into prison and treated with great severity, but was at lcui,'th liberated. D. 1509. COMMIliE, John, a French Jesuit, distinguished for his Latin poetry. Among his works are fables, which some have considered equal to Phie drus. D. 1702. COMMODI, Andrea, an Italian his- torical painter. His best work is a pic- ture painted for Paul V., of the angels falling from heaven. I). 1638, COMMODUS, Lucius Aurelius An TONiNus, a Koman emperor, sou and successor of Antoninus the philosopher. He was guilty of the worst crimes, and was poisoned by his concubine, Marcia, who had discovered that he intended to put her to death, 122. COMNENUS, Demetrius Stephano- poi.i CoNSTANTixE, the supposed de- scendant of the celebrated family of the Comneni, which for ages sat on the throne of the eastern empire, was b. 1749, in the island of Corsica. After studying at Eome, with the intention of becoming an ecclesiastic, Demetrius entered into the service of France, and obtained a captaincy in a regiment of dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of the revolution, he fought under "the banners of Conde, and went into exile with other royalists ; but he returned to France in 1802, and lived on a pen- sion of 4000 francs, assigned to him by Napoleon. Louis XVIII. confirmed this stipend, and made him marechal de camp, and knight of St. Louis. D. 1821. (MJilPTE, Louis le, a French Jesuit and mathematician. He was for some time a missionary in China, and on hi.* return to Europe published memoirs of that country. D. 1729. COMPT(')N, Spencer, carl of North ampton, one of the bravest and mos zealous adlierents of Cliarles I. Being overpowered at tlie battle of Ilopton Heath, he was olfcred <(uarter, but in- dignantly refused it, and was slain, 1643. CONCA, Sep.astian, an eminent Ital- ian painter. I). 1761. CONCINO CONCINI (more celebra- ted and better known by his title of Marshal d'Ancre) was by birth a Flor- entine, :ind accomr)anied Mary de Me- dici, the wife of Henry IV., to France. He obtained great preferment, and after tiie death of Henry IV. so much abused the influence he had over the queen- CON CVCLOP.tDIA OK BIOGRAPIIV. 311 regent, that when lier sou, Louis VIII., became old enoutrli to act for liiiiiself, lie ooiiseiUed to ihc assassination ot'tiio niurqiiis, which accordingly took place in liJlT ; and in the same jcar his wife Was burned to death as a sorceress. The judges wlio tried her on this absurd charge, demanded of her by what arts slie iuid gained her asccndcuey over tlie queen, when she made the memorable reply, " My only sorcew-y has been the jntluence of a strong mind over a weak one." C(JNDE, Louis, first prince of, was the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and greatly distinguished himself at the battle 'of St. Ciuintin, though he was then very young. At the death of Henry II. he became a leader of the Huguenots, and was killed at the battle of Jarnae, in 15(JV». His memoirs were published after his death. — -IIkn-ky, prince of, who, at the request of Henry l\'.. became a Catholic, was b. l.")88. In lOlG he was sent to the Bas- tile, where lie remained three vears. After the death of Louis XIII. tiie prince was liberated, and made minister of state to the regent. D. 1646. — Loi.is, prince of, duke of Entrhien, the illus- trious son of the prececUng, and usually called the Great, was b. at Paris, 1621. When he was a mere boy, his conversa- lion evinced so much talent, that Cardi- nal Kichelicu predicted that he would become " the first general in Europe and the first man of his time." When only 2'J years of aire he gained the victory of Kocroi, over the Spaniards; and follow- ed nj) that achievement by the capture of Thionville and other important places. Subsecjuently he distinguished himself in various actions iu Germany, T\-hence he was recalled and sent to Catalonia, but was repulsed before Lerida. In 1641 ho defeated the Imperialists in Flanders, on which occasion the slaughter was prodigious. For a time he sided with the queen-mother and her advisers, and even succeeded in reconciling them to their opiionents ; but bein>>: ill-treated by Cardinal Mazarin, he j. lined the mal- contents, and fought against the court in the civil war of 1652. Kefusing to accede to the peace made betw-een the contending parties, he entered into the service of Spain; but at the peace of 1659 he was restored to the favor of France, and greatly distinguished him- self, particularly in the conquest of Fraucne Compte, until infirniif. of body compelled lam to retire to privaio life. D. 1686. CONDILLAC, Stepiiex, a French metaphysician ; author of an " Essay oa the Origin of Human Knowledge," a "Treatise on Animals," a "Treatise on the Sensations," "A Course of Study drawn up for the Instruction, of the I'rinee of Parma," to whom he was tutor, &c. D. 17S0. CO^■DOKCET, Joiix Antiioxv Nich- olas Cakit.vt, marquis of, a French mathematician and philosopher, was b. at Kibeinont, in Picardy, in 1743, and ed- ucateil at the college of Navarre. When only 22 years of age he distinguished himself among nih.'ematicians Ijy the publication of' his work on "Integral Calculations." Two years afterwards he published a treatise on "The Prob- lem of the Three Bodies," and in the following year his "Analytical F^ssays." In 176'J he was chosen member of' the Academy, and in 1773 became its secre- tary, in which situation lie distinguish- ed himself by the graccfid eloquence of his elo(je^. In 17'Jl he became .1 mem- ber of the national assembly and of the Jacobin club, and he sooii became as noted for his political virulence as he h.ad already been eminent for his scieu- titic genius. Becoming ort'ciisive to Eobespierre, that tyrant threw him into prison, where, on'^ the third moriiin?, 2Stli Mareh, 1794, he was found dead iu his bed. Besides the works named above, he wrote "A Sketch on the Pro- gress of the Human Mind," an "Ele- mentary Treatise on Arithmetic," and a tract on "Calculation." CONFUCIUS, or CONG-FU-TSE, a Chiaese philosopher, was b. 551 b. c. He spent his life in endeavoring to en- lighten and improve his fellow-subjects, and his advice was attended to by tlie king of Ln, with a respect little 'short of reverence. His deseeiulants to this day are mandarins of the highest but- ton, and his books are regarded by the Chinese as treasures of the purest mo- rality. D. 407 !i. c. Ct)NGlvE\'E. William, an eminent English dramatist, was b. near Leeds, 1670, and educated at Trinity college, Dul)lin. He entered himself as a stu- dent at the Middle Temple, but, like many more belore and since, abandoned the law for literature. His first piece, written at the age of 17, was a romance, entitled "Inco-rnita, or Love and Duty Keconciled." In 1693, being then only 21 vears old, he wrote his first eonicdv, "The Old Bachelor." This j-rodneed him not only great reputation, but also the Bubstantiij benefit of a commission- 312 CYCI.OP.^;DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [con ersliip ill the hackncy-conch ofTice, which was irivcn to liitii bj' the carl of Halifax, who afterwards still further patronized and favored him. He wrote also "Love for Love," "The Dou- ble DciJer," " The Jlonrning Bride," "The Way of the "World," an opera; and some poems. D. 1729. "Witty and spirited as Congreve's plays are, they are too licentious to keep possession of the stage at the present day ; and in his own time they received severe eastiga- tion from the celebrated Jeremiah Col- lier. — Sir AViLLi.vM, the inventor of the Congrcve rockets, was b. in 1772, and entered the military service early, in which he obtained the rank of lieuten- ant-colonel. He possessed much inven- tive talent, whicli he applied to the mechanic arts ; and for several years the rocket which bears his name, and which was first used in the attack on Boulogne, in 1806, was considered a grand auxili- ary in warlike operations, although it has now fallen into comparative disre- pute. I). 1828. CONNOIi, Bkrnard. nu Irish physi- cian, for some time settled at Warsaw: author of a " History- of Poland," and also of a Latin work on the miracles of our Saviour. D. 1098. C02\RAD I., count of Franconia. In 912 he was elected king of Germany, but Arnaul, duke of Bavaria, disputed his title, and engaged the Huns to overrun Germany. Conrad, however, avoided the threatened ruin by engaging to pay a yearly tribute. D.' 918. — 11.^ son of Herman, duke of Franconia, was elected king of Germany in 1024. Attempts were made to displace him, but he beat his opponents, and in 1027 was crowned emperor at Rome. By the will of Ro- dolphus the kingdom of Burgundy be- came his in 1033. D. 1039.— III., em- peror of Germany, was son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and before liis election was duke of Franconia. His election produced civil war; b\it he terminated that and went to the Holy Land, where he lost a vast niimber of his troops through the Greeks poisoning the tbun- tains. He died in liis own dominion, 1152. — IV., duke of Sunbia, was elected emperor at the death of his father, Fred- eric II. The jiopc, Innocent I"V., pre- tended that the right of appointment lay in him, and jjreaclied a crusade against the new emperor. Conrad re- plied to this Ijy marcliing into Italy, and taking several important places. I). 1254. — Co.NKAD, or CuNKADiN', son of the last named, who left him the kingdom of Naples. Pope Urban IV. gave the kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who de- feated Conrad, then only 16 years old, and caused him to be beheaded in 1268. CONRINGIUS, Heemanx, professor of physic and politics at the university of Helmstadt; author of valuable treatises on law, German antiquities, and on the Aristotelian system. D. 16S1. CONSALV'I, Ercole, cardinal and prime minister of Pope Pius VII., was b. at Toscanella, 1757. As he had ever opposed the French party in Rome to the utmost of his power, he was ban- ished from that city when the French took possession of it. W^hen, however, the papal aflairs were in a better condi- tion he returned; and, as secretary of state, he concluded the famous concor- dat with Napoleon ; continuing, in fact, at the head of all the political and eccle- siastical atfairs of the Roman state till the death of the pope. D. 1824. CONSTABLE, Archibald, the most enterprising bookseller that Scotland has ever produced, was b. at Kellie, in Fife- shire, 1775. After serving his appren- ticeship to Mr. Peter Hill, of Edinburgh, the friend and correspondent of Burns, he commenced business for himself in 1705 ; and his obliging manners, general intelligence, and indefatigable activity gained him the esteem of all who came in contact with him. His reputation as a publisher dates from 1802, when ho published the first number of the Edin- burgh Review ; and in 1805 he published, in conjunction with Messrs. Lono-man * Co., "The Lay of the Last ^Min- strel," the first of that long series of original and romantic publications in poetry and prose which has immortal- ized the name of W:dter Scott. The well-known "Miscellany" that bears his name was his last project. I). 1827. — John', an eminent landscape painter, was b. at E:ist Bergholt, in Suffolk, 1776. Having early displayed a love of art. he visited Loudon in 1795, and in 1802 sent bis first picture to the exhibition of the Royal Academy. From this period lie was a regular contributor down to the year of his death. Few pencils, indeed, have been more prolific ; and the works he has left behind him, both in number and excellence, have earned for him a distinguished place among the land- scape painters, not only of Englimd, but of the world. In 1829 he was elected an academician. D. 1837. CONSTANS I., Fr.Avirs Jri.irs, one of the sons of Constantine the Great, and his successor in the sovereignty of con] CVCLOI'.EDIA OF BI0f5RArHY, 313 Africa, Italy, and Western Tllyrionin. His brothov C'diistantiiic endeavored to dispossess liini of it ; but ijeiriff defeat- ed and slain in tiio attempt, Oonstans hoeanic master of the whole empire, llis conduct was, however, so offensive to the ]ieople, that the standard of revolt was hoisted, and Constans was put to ileath, ;i50. CONSTANT DE EEBECQUE, Ben- jamin UK, a distinsuished orator and author, attached to the liberal or consti- tutional party in France. He was b. at Lausanne in 17G7, and at the commence- nu'ut of the Frencii revolution went to reside at Paris, where he soon distin- ^'uished himself, both by his political writings and Ins eloquent speeches in the senate. His conduct, however, ren- dered him obnoxious to the first consul, and he was dismissed from his office in 1802. After rctirinir to Germany he again appeared at I'aris in 1814, and publicly advocated the cause of the Bour- bons, "in 1819 he was elected a mem- ber of the chambi.T of deputies, where he long remained as a clistinijuished leader of the opposition, particularly in all the vliscussions relating to tlic cen- sorship of the press and the rights of the people. He wrote many works on political questions, was one of the editors of " La Minerve," and a contributor to the " Biographic Univcrselle." As an orator he "was eloquent and profound; and as a writer lively, imaginative, and acute. D. 1830. CONSTANTINE, Caius Flavius Va- lerius AuRKLU's Ci.AfDiL-s, surnamed the Great, emperor of the Romans, was the son of Constantius Chlorus, by Helena, and b. a. d. 27i. On the death of his tather, in 306, he was proclaimed emperor by the troops. After defeating the Franks, he crossed the Ehine into Belgium, which he overran. In 307 he married Fausta, the daughter of Maxi- man, but he was soon involved in a war with his father-in-law. who assumed the title of emperor. The usurpers reign •was brief; and on his being taken pris- oner, Constantine caused him to be strangled. Tiiis involved him in a war with Maxentius, son of Maximinian, in which the latter was defeated and drown- ed in the Tiber. It was at this time that the emperor, as he alleged to Eusebius, saw a luminous cross in the heavens, with the inscription, " In hoc signo vinces." (Under this sign thou shalt conquer.) He accordingly caused a standard to be made in imitation of this cross; marched to Komc in triumph; puljlished the memorable edict of toler- ation in favor of the Christians ; and was declared by the senate, chief, Augustus, and pontifcx niaximus. Constantine had married his daughter to Licinius; but the latter, jealous of his fame, took up arms against him, and they met iu Fannonia, a. n. 314. Constantine, sur- rounded by bishops and priests, in- voked the aid of " tlie true God ;" while Licinius, calling upon his soothsayers and magicians, relied v.pcr them and their gods for protection. The Chris- tian emperor was victorious, and a peace was granted to Licinius ; but he after- wards renewed hostilities, was again de- feated, and finally put to death. Thus Constantine became, in 325, sole head of the Eastern and Western empires ; and his first care was the establishment of peace and order. Though his actions on the whole entitled him to the proud suriuune of " The Great," yet various acts of cruelty, and, above all, the mur- der of his son Crispus, have left a stain upon his character alike as a man, a Christian, and an emperor. D. ;'37_. — IL, son of the above. In the division of the empire he had for his share, Gaul. Spain, and Britain ; but, discontentea with the arrangement, he marched against his brother Constans, and was killed at Aquileia, 340. — Fi-Avirs .luLirs, a private soldier, who was raised by the army in Britain to the imperial dignity in 4o7, on which he crossed over to Gaul, antl conquered that country and Spain. He fixed his court at Aries, wnere he was besieged by Constantius, the general of the Emperor Honor! us, to whom he surrendered on the promise that his life shotild be spared ; but it was basely violated, and both Constantino and his son were put to death, a. d. 411. — IV., who was called the Bearded, was son of Constants II., whom he succeeded in 658. The army having set up his two brothers as his coadjutors, he ordered their noses to be cut olf. He defeated the Saracens, and called a council at Constantinople, at which the doctrine of the Monothelites was condemned. 1). 635. — VI was son of Leo 11. , whom ho succeeded. Being only ten vears old when his father died, his motlier Irene was his guardian and regent of the em- pire. On arriving at a mature age he assumed the government himself; but Irene, made cruel by ambition, took ad- vantage of an invasion of the Bulgarians to cause her son to be seized and de- prived of his eyes. This occurred ia (92, and the unfortunate emperor laii- ai4 CTCLOP.EUIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [coo puislied sonic years in obscurity, and when lie d. ■\va.s succeeded by liis un- natural parent. — VII., surnauied Por- jiliyrosieuitur*, snceoeded Leo the Wise in 912. He drove the Turks from Italy, and defeated the Lombards. Hut mil- itary atfairs did not prevent him from attending to letters ; and besides other writings, he lett a treatise on state af- fairs, the treoirraphy of the empire, and the •• Life of the Emperor Basilius the Macedonian." D. 959. — IX., was son of the Emperor Eoinanus, and, in cou- junetion with his brother, Basil II., sueceeded John Kimisees in 976 ; the actui'.l power, however, was chiefly wielded by Constantino. D. 1023.— Dkaiosks or PAL.E0L0GUS, tlic List of the Greek emperors, succeeded to the throne in 1449. lie was killed in bravely de- feudiiiir Constantinople affainst Mahomet II., who, in 1453, besieged the city with 300,000 men. The heroic valor display- ed by Constantino in this unequal eon- test demands our admiration ; but valor Was of no avail, the city was taken by storm, and thus ended the Greek em- pire. — C-fiSAROviTcii Paulovitch, grand- iirince of Russia, second son of the Cmperor Paul, and brother of Alexan- der, was b. 1779. lie attended his brother in all his campaigns, and was distinguished for bravery in the field : but he possessed the characteristics of a lu-Jf-eivilized ruler, being cruel and tyrannical in all that related to the gov- ernment of the Poles, over whom he was placed. lie formally renounced his right of succession to his younger bro- ther, the Emperor Nicholas, and was ])resent at his coronation. D. 1831. CONSTANTIUS, Chlorcs, the son of Eutropius, and the father of Constan- tine the Great. He obtained the title of (_'a-sar from his victories in Germany and Britain ; anil on the abdication of I):i.<-letiaii was chosen the colleague of GiJerius. He d. at York, in 306. — Flavius .Ji-Lirs, the second son of Coii- stantine the Great, was b. 317, made Ca?sar in 323, and elected emperor in 337. The soldiers, to secure the throne to the three sons of Constantine, mas- sacred the uncles and cousins of those princes, with the exception of .lulian the Apostate, and his brotlier Gallus. After tins the sons of Constantino divided the empire, Constantius taking the East to his share. lie d. on his march against Julian in 301. < ONTAT, LouLSE, rnadame de Parny, a French actress, remarkable for her beauty, vivacity, grace, and dignity ; b. 1760 ; sustained her station on the st.ige 82 years ; and d. 1813. CONTE, Nicholas Jacques, a French painter, Init more distinguished for the ingenuity of liis mechanical contrivances. He accompanied the expedition to Egypt, where his services were of the greatest value ; for, the machines and instru- ments of the army having fallen into the hands of the Arabs, he constructed corn and gunpowder mills, manufactured swords, engineering instruments, tele- scopes, and, in short, every thing neces- sary for a military and scientific expedi- tion. B. 1755 ; d. 1805. CONWAY, Henry SETMOtrK, was a distinguished military officer and states- man, b. 1720. He served with applause in the seven years' war, was secretaiy of state from 1765 to 1768, appointed commander-in-chief in 1782, and d. in 1795, being at that time the senior Brit- ish field-marshal. CONYBEARE, John, bishop of Bris- tol ; autlior of an able " Defence of Revealed Religion," against TindfPs "Christianity ;is Old as the Creation," and of two volumes of sermons. D. 1757. — John Josias, a learned English divine, critic, and antiquary ; author of a volume of sermons, preached at the Bamptoii Lecture, and of various arti- cles on Saxon literature, contributed to the " Censura Literaria," and the " Brit- ish Bibliographer." D. 1824. COOK, Henry, an English painter. He studied in Italy under Salvator Rosa, but for many years after his re- turn to England he lived in obscurity and distress. He was at length em- ployed by King William to repair the cartoons, from which time he seems to have been comparatively prosperous, as Horace Walpolc mentions several pub- lic works which were either wholly or in part performed by him. IX 1700. — James, a celebrated English navigator, was b. at Marton, in Yorkshire, 1728, and his parents being poor, his early education included only reading, wri- ting, and the rudiments of common arithmetic. He commenced his naval career in the merchant service, then en- tered on board the Eagle man-of-war, and after four years' meritorious service, was made master of the Mercury. This vessel formed part of the squadron sent against Quebec, and Cook performed the difficult task of taking soundings in the St. LawTcnce, in the very face of the French encampment, and of making a chart of the St. Lawrence below Que- bec. After various and arduous servi- cooj CYCLOP-KDIA OK iilOGKAI'U V. 315 CCS he was at length raised to the rank of lieutenant, and tlieu commenced tliat series of voyages, the details of which form one of the most popular and de- lif,'htrul books in our lanLCuaL'!-'. Un- happily, wliile touching at Owhyhcc, Captain Cook, in spite of the utmost prudence and Imnianity, was involved m a dispute with tiie natives, and while endeavoring to reaeii his boat, was sav- agely murdered, on St. Valentine's Dav, 177 'J. COOKE, Benjamin, an able musician and composer; author of "How Sleep the Brave," "Hark, hark, the Lark," and many other beautiful and popular glees. D. 1S14. — Gkorge Fkeuerick, an eminent modern EnLclish actor, was b. 1756. In early life he was appren- ticed to a i)rinter, but his attention to theatricals so completely absorbed his mind, that his master soon had his in- dentures cancelled. He then tried the navy with no better success, his inclina- tion for the stage being unconquerable. In October, 1800, he made his appear- ance at Covent-garden, iu the character of Kichard III. His performance of this character gave him at once a place among the very first histrionic artists of the day. He afterwards accepted an engagement in America, where he per- formed with similar success, but liis indulgence in deban<^hed hal>its broke his originally vigorous constitution, and he d. "in 1812.^— TnoMAS, an English poet, translator of the works of Hesiod, and of some of those of Cicero. He also wrote some political tracts, dramas, and poems, the latter of which gave otfencc to Pope, and procured tlieir au- thor a place iu the "Dunciad." I). 175G. — Tho.m,vs, whose versatility of musical talent has had few equals, was h. at Dublin, 1781. He evinced even in his infancy a genius for music; and so assiduously did he cultivate his talents, that at the age of lo he became leader of the band at the Theatre Koyal of his native city. His tirst appearance as a singer was in the character of Seraskier, in the "Siege of Belgrade." In 1813 he appeared on the boards of the En- glish Opera liousc, now tlic I>yceum, in London, where he at once became a public favorite. Besides being tiie lead- er of the Philharmonic concerts for many years, and a conductor on many occasions, he was appointed, in 1846, leader of the Concerts of Ancient Mu- sic, and was reiu^atedly engaged in the same capac'.'y for the great nmsical fes- tivals throughout the country. D. 1848. — William, an euiinent English lawyer, author of a " Compendious System of the Bankrupt Laws, with an Appendix of Practical Precedents." 1). 1832.^ William, a pijct and biographer, b. at Cork, in Ireland; author of "Tlie Art of Living in London," "P^lements of Dramatic Criticism," "Biographies of Macklin and Foote," "Conversation," a didactic poem, etc. D. 1824. COOJIBE, William, an imlustrious and clever writer; author of " The Dia- boliad," a satire; "The Devil upon Two Sticks in England," "Tour of Dr. Syn- tax in Search of the Picturesque," "History of Johnny Quae Genus," "English Dance of Death," &c. D. 1823. COOPER, Anthoxt Ashley, first carl of Shaftesbury, an eminent states- man, b. 1621. He studied for a short time in Lincoln's Inn, but at the early age of 19 he was elected member of parliament for Shrewsbury. At the breaking out of the civil war, lie at first sided with the king, but afterwards went over to the parliament, raised troops, and stormed Warehain. in Dor- setshire. After serving in the long par- liament, and in the convention which succeeded it, and being also one of Cromwell's privy councillors, he be- came one of Monk's colleagues in bring- ing about the restoration of Charles II. The king, in 1672, created him earl of Shaftesbury, and raised him to the high and important post of lord high chan- cellor. This omce, however, he held only a year: and on the seals being taken from him he became one of the opposition. In this capacity he was so violent that he was at length sent to the Tower, where he remained more than a year, and onlv obtained his re- lease at last by making a full submis- sion. When he again got into power, he iiad the merit of bringing forward, and causinir to be passed, the invaluable law called the hahea-s (yn-ptis act. His unremitting etlbrts to exclude the duke of York from the succession, roused that prince to such strenuous exertions, that m four montlis the ministrv was turned out, and shortly afterwarcls the earl was sent to the Tower on a charire of high treason. On this perilous charirc he was acquitted, to the great joy of the people at large ; but his triumph was somewhat damped by the withering satire witli whicii his character was de- picted in Dryden's " Absalom and Achitophel." D. 1683. — Anthony Ash- ley, third earl of Shaftesbury, and 310 CVCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [cop {rrandson oftlic last naniod, was an emi- iient Englisli writer, b. Vul. In 1693 he was elected member of parliament lor Poole, in Dorsetshire. lie was the author of various works, the principal one of which is entitled '•Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times." As a man, both in public and private life, he was beloved and respected by all parties. I). 1713.— Sir Asti.ey Pas- Tox, a surgeon of distinguished celebri- ty, was b.'at Brooke, in Norfolk, 1763. In his 20th year he went to London, and took up his" abode with ^Ir. Cline, who found him bo able a coadjutor, in his situation of demonstrator to the stu- dents, as to assiijn him a share in his anatomical lectures also. In this promi- nent position he outshone all who had jiroccaed him as a popular teacher. Ilis class of students increased from 50 to 400, which was the largest ever known in London. In 1792 he visited Paris, and attended the lectures of Desault and Chopart; and on his return he took up his residence in London, first in Jetiery-square, and afterwards in Broad- street! llis practice had now become immense, and long before he removed to New-street, Spring Gardens, he was decidedly atHuent. While there he for many years realized from £18,000 to £20,000 per aniunn. The honor of a baronetcy was conferred on him at the coronation of George IV., to whom he had been appointed surgeon. T>. 1841. — • John Gilbekt, a clever English writer; author of "The Power of Harmony," a poem ; " The Life of Socrates," " Let- ters on Taste," "The Tomb of Shak- speare," &c. D. 1769. — Samuel, an eminent English painter whose excel- lence in miniature painting gained him the name of the Miniature Vandyke. One of his best works is his portrait of Oliver Cromwell. D. 1672. — Samuel, an American clergyman, distinguished both as a preacher and a patriot. He was among the foretnost in opposing Great Britain in her dispute with the colonies, and -WTote many political tracts ; and he was also an eminent critic and theologi- an. B. 1725; d. 1823. — Thomas, bishop of Winchester; author of "An Epit- ome of the Chronicles," ".\n Exposi- tion of the Sunday Lessons," "Thesau- rus Lingua; Komanro et Britannie;c, et I)ictionariuni Ilistoricum ct Poeticum," (tc. Jle was a very learned and zealous prclat(!, and much favored by (iucen Elizabeth. D. 1594.— Tmo.mas, a dis- 'linguished political ^vTilcr, b. at Lon- don, 1759, educated as a phynician, and ■^^•llo took an acti^'c part in defence of the French revolution. He was de- nounced by Burke for his democratic sentiments.' lie came to America, joined Priestley in Pennsylvania, where he es- tablished himself"^ as a lawyer. His early opposition to the administration of the elder Adams, caused him to be prosecuted under the sedition act. He, was afterwards appointed to the chair of chemistry in l)ickenson college, and then to that of Columbia college, S. C. He was also the author of a translation of ".lustinlan's Institutes," a treatise on "Bankrupt Laws," and a great many minor essays, metaphysical, political, re- ligious, ancl scientific. "COOTE, Sir Eyre, a distinguished military olliccr. He was b. in Ireland, 1726, and as early as the rebellion of 1745 bore arms in the king's service. His regiment being ordered to the East Indies in 1754, he greatly distinguished himself at the sieges of Haughley, Chan- dernagore, and Pondicherry, and at the battle of Plassey, &c. In 1780, Ilyder Ally having invaded the Carnatic, Sir Eyre Coote," with a vastly inferior force, arrested his progress, and in various encounters signally defeated him. i>. at ISIaclras, 1783. COPERNICUS, NicnoLAS, a cele- brated mathematician and astronomer, was a native of Thorn, in Prussia. He travelled into Italy, and became a pro- fessor of mathematics at Eome. On his return to his native country, his uncle, the bisliop of Warmia, gave him a can- onry; and being thus at ease as to fortune, he diligently labored to improve the science of astronomy ; and the fruits of his researches appeared in his Latin treatise "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs," in which he represent- ed the sun as occupying a centre round wliich the earth and the other planets revolve. Ilis great work remained in MS. some years after he had completed it, so ditlid'cut was he as to the reception it might meet with; and it was only a few hours before his death that a print- ed copy was presented to him, giving him assurance that his opinions would see tlio light, though he would be be- vond the reach of censure and persecu- tion. r>. 1473; d. 1.543. COI'LKSTON, EnwA-RD, bishop of Llandafl", and dean of St. Paul's, was b. fit Olfvvcll in Devonshire, of which 7)arish his father was at once the patron and incumbent, 1776. At an early age of his life he gained great distinction by his polemical pamphlets in favor of the cor] CVCLOP.^JDIA OF DIOGRAPHY. 517 university ; and besides contributing' Viiriou.s arlicliis to the '"Quarterly Ke- view," gave to tlic world nuiuerou.s serinoua and cliarfres, ail ol" tlieni dis- tinguished by vigor, clearness, and pre- cision of thouirht. J). 184'J. COl'LEY, Joirx Sin'gletox, an emi- nent painter, was b. at Boston, 1738 ; visited Italy iu 177-i ; and in 1776 went to Kui,^land, and was cliosen a member of the Koyal Academy. As an artist he was self-educated, and had executed many works of merit before lie left America : but his " Death of Lord Chatham established his fame in En- gland. Many other tine historical sub- jects were subsequently produced by him, among which were "The Siege of Gibraltar," "Death of Jlajor Pier- son," " Charles I. in the House of Com- mons," &c. Mr. Copley was the father of Lord Lvudhurst, late lord chancellor of England, and since chief baron of the exchequer. 1). 1815. COKBET, KioHAKD, an English di- vine, and a poet; author of a spirited " Narrative of a Journey to France," and of various other poems, published under the title of "I'oetica Stromata." He was remarkable for wit, and no less so for an eccentricity and mirthful jocu- larity, which did not very well accord with the character of his profession. It did not, however, prevent him from being raised, successively, to the bish- oprics of Oxford and Norwich. B. 1582 ; d. 1G35. COliDAEA, Julius C^saRj an Italian Jesuit, author of an able work, entitled, "Historia Societatis Jesu," &c. D. 1784. COED AY D'AEMANS, Marie Anne Chaklotte. a female of great beauty and courage, wlio, in revenge for the death of her lover, an officer iu the garrison of Caen, became the murderer of Marat. Inspired with a deep-rooted hatred against him, she left her home, and on arriving at Paris, (.July 12, 17'J3,) she went to his house, but was not ailmit- ted. On tlie same evening she wrote to him as follows: — "Citizen, I have just now come from Caen. Your love for your country no doubt makes you de- sirous of being informed of the unliappy transactions in that ]iart of the republic. Grant me an interview for a moment. I have important discoveries to make to you." The following day came, and, with a dacrger in her l)osom, she pro- ceeded to the house of Marat, who. just on the point of coming out of his bath. immediately gave orders that she should 27* be admitted. The asscmblica at Cal- vados were the lirst subjects of conver- sation, and Marat heard with eagerness the names of those who were present at them. " All these," he exclaimed, " shall be guillotined." At these words Charlotte plunged her dagtrer into his bosom, and he instantly expired, utter- ing the words, "To me, my friend I" Meanwhile the maid remained calm and tranquil as the priestess before the altar, in the midst of the tumult and confu- sion. She was afterwards conducted as a prisoner to the Abbaye. A young man, who begsjed to die in her place, was also condemned to death. Her first care was to implore the forgiveness of her father for oisposing of her life with- out his knowledge. Siie then wrote to Barbaroux as follows: " To-morrow, at five o'clock, my trial begins, and on the same day I hope to meet with Brutus and the other patriots in elysium." She appeared before the revolutionary tribunal with a dignified air, and her replies were firm and noble. She spoke of her deed as a duty which she <)wed her country. Her defender, (Chaveau Lagardc,) full of astonishment at such courage, cried out, " You hear the ac- cused herself! She confesses her crime : she admits that she has coolly reflectea upon it ; she conceals no circumstance ot it; and she wishes for no defence. This unshaken calmness, this total abandonment of herself, these appear- ances of the utmost intcrnid tranquillity, are not natural 1 Such appearances are not to be explained only by that polit- ical fanaticism, which armed her liand with the dagger. To you then, gentle- men of the jury, it belongs to judge of what weight this moral view may be in the scale of justice !" His words could make no impression on the minds of the judges. She was condemned, and led to the scalfold, retaining her calmness and presence of mind to the last, though pursued by the crowd with yells and shouts of execration. She was b. at St Saturnin, near Seez, in Normandy, KGS, and sutfored by the guillotine, July 17, 1793. Lamartine calls her the "angel of assassination." COEDIEE, MATHUitrN', an eminent professor at Paris in the li'ith century, better known by his Latin name, Cuk- DEiiiL's; author of the "Colloquies" so much used in the education of youth, and various otiier works. D. 154G. COKOIN EK, CuAKf.r.s, an antiquariau and topographical writer, was b. at Pe- terhead, 1746. He wrote "The Pic- 318 OYt'LUl'.tlUA Ul< IJiUUhAi'Ur, [cor tnresquc Scenery and Antiquities of the North of Scotland, " 17S0, London. The cuiiraviiiirs wliich iicconipany this work arc from designs by !>Ir. Cordiner, and are much admired for tlieir ac- curacy. 1). 1794. CtJKDOVA, Jose, g'eueral in chief .">f the auxiliary Colombian army in Bo- livia, who repeatedly distinsiui^hed him- self by his I)ravcry, and was for a long lime the faithful adherent of Bolivar; hut he .set up the standard of revolt in Antioquia, where he was attacked by General O'l-earv, and slain, 1820. eOKlATK, oV COEYATE, Thomas, an Euirlish traveller and writer. For a considerable time he held a situation in the household of Prince Henry, son of James ]., and was so remarkable for oddity and eccentricity, that, us An- thony Wood remarks, "he was the whetstone for all the wits of the age." In lijiis he commenced a pedestrian tour of f^iirope ; and liaving walked 'JOO miles with one pair of shoes, he liung them up. on his return, in the parish church of iiis native place, Odcomoe, in Somersetshire. This eccentric traveller, who is said to have introduced into En- gland the use of table forks, published "Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months' Travel in France, Savoy, Italy, Klietia, Helvetia, Germany, and the Netherlands;"' "Coriate's Crambe, or his Colewort twice Sodden," "Traveller for the En^'lisli Wits," and " A Letter from the Court of the Great Mogul." D. while travelling in the East Indies, 1617. COEILLA, Mari.v Madelixa Fer- nandez, a celebrated improvisatrice. Hi;r abilities, botli as a poetess and a musician, were very great and versa- tile. She became amcinl)er of the acad- emy of the Arcadi at Home, and was solemnly crowned at the accession of I'ius VI. She was married to a Signor Morelli, of Leghorn ; but lier conduct after marriage was very unworthy of her great genius. IJ. ISOO. (HjRlXNA, a celebratcil poetess, to whom the Greeks gave the appellation of tiie Lyric Muse. She composed a great number of poems, of which only a few fragments liave come do\ni to us ; and five times obtained the poetic wreath from her yreat competitor, I'indar. She flourished in the 5th century b. c, and a tomb was erected to her memoiy in her native citv. Tanacra, in Boiotia. COKIOLA.N'US, Caius Maucils. was a descendant of the ])atrician family of the Marcii, and was from an early age distinguished for the courage and pride so much prized by the Eomuns. In a war with the Volscians, the Romans be- sieging Corioli, the capital of the Vol- scians, were driven back to their lines. Marcius rallied his countrymen, pursued the enemy, and possessed himself of Corioli ; ibr which he was rewarded with a large share of the spoil, and with the surname of Coriolanus. Subse- quently, in disputes which took jjlace between the patricians and plebeians, Coriolanus made himself so obnoxious to the latter, that he was banished. Stung by the ingratitude of his coun- trymen, he joined the Volscians, and, jointly with Tullus Autidius, led a nu- merous army against liomc. He had encamped within live miles of the city, and its ruin seemed inevitable, when, at the urgent entreaties of his mother, he withdrew his army. It is generally supposed that, in a tumult of the en- raged Volscians, he was assassinated as a traitor to their cause ; but the histo- rian Fabius affirms that he lived many years after this event. 448 e. c. COKNARO, LuDovico, a Venetian noble, who, having greatly injui'ed his health by too free indulLrence in the pleasures of the table. Ijad the resolu- tion entirely to abandon that indul- gence, and to restrict himself to twelve ounces of food and fourteen ounces of wine in the 24 hours. Having by this regimen restored himself to healtli, he wrote various treatises recommendatory of the system from which he liad de- rived so much benefit. Besides these, v/hich are collected under the title of " Discorsi dclla Vita Sobria," he wrote " Trattato dclle Aeque." He com- menced his dietary rule when he was 40, and died at the great age of 104, in 15G6. — Helena Lucretia, a learned Venetian lady, who was educated at tho university of Padua, where she took her degrees, and was made a doctor, and received the title of Unalterable. At Rome she was admitted at the univer- sity, and was entitled the Humble. She made a vow of perpetual celibacy, that she might with more intense application devote herself to literary pursuits ; and so great was the reputation of her learn- intr, that the most illustrious characters who travelled through Venice were more anxious to see her than all the curiosities of the citv. D. 1685. C1. COKTONA, PiF.TT.oDA, properly Tie- Tjso Ekkrettini, an Italian painter, was u native of Cortona, in Tuscany, and at an early age was placed under the tuition of Baccio Ciarpi at Home. The Barbe- rini palace, the new works at the Vat- ican, and many of the churches of Kome, were decorated by him ; and at Florence he adorned the J'itti palace for the Grand-duke Ferdinand If. In ad- dition to being an eminent painter, he was almost eriually eminent as an archi- tect. I). ICO'.t. COKVlSAliT, Jojix Kk'holas, an eminent French physician, was b. 1755. He was chief physician to Xapoleon, who made liim a uaron, and an officer of the legion of lionor. Xor was his great merit overlooked by the Bourbons, the place of lionorary member of the royal academy of medjcine being con- ferred on him a short time previous to his death, in 1821. C'OSIN, JoHX, a learned, and chari- table prelate, was b. at Norwich, 1594. In 1640 he was made dean of Peter- borough ; but the Puritans deprived liim of his preferments, and even went the length of impeaching him on a cliarge of being inclined to popery. On this he retired to France, wliere he re- mained until the restoration of Charles II., who raised him to the see of Dur- ham. Among his writings are " A History of Transubstantiation," and "A Scholastical History of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures." I). 176-2. COSMO" I., grand-di ke of Tuscany, b. in 1519, was thes^ni of John de Medici ; and on the assassination of Alexander, chief of tlie house of Medici, was elected head of the republic of Flor- ence. Several attempts w^ere made to shake the power of Cosmo, but he suc- ceeded in defeating them ; and it w'as probably in order to secure himself able and zealous defenders in case of open revolt, that he instituted the military order of the Knights of St. Stephen. He restored the university of Pisa, and held out the most liberal encouragement to men of scientific and literary emi- nence to settle there as professors. He also founded the academy of Florence, established its gallery of paintings, and performed many other wise and honor- able actit.iiis ; thus procuring himself a celebrity and influence which probably he would in vain have sought by the more dazzling, but infinitely less useful achievements of the warrior. 1). 1574. COSTA FUETADO DE MENDOCA, Hii'POLYTo Joseph da, a Portuguese gen- tleman of scientific and literary attain- ments, who, being charged with free- masonry, was thrown into the prison of the Inquisition at Lisbon. Here he was repeatedly examined, and his answers not being satisfactory to his persecutors, he was remanded to his duntreon, with little prospect that his sufferings would tenuiiKite otherwise than in death. P>y one of those fortunate accidents which sometimes make " truth stranger than fiction," his cell was left open, and he was enabled to possess himself of a bxineh of keys which opened every lock that was between him and liberty. Having taken these keys, and a book which lay beside them, he made his escape ; and after lying hidden several weeks in the immediate neighborhood of his late dungeon, he found means to embark foi England. The book which he brought CYCLOP.KDIA OK CIOGRAniV, cot] fVom Ilia prison contained, infer alia, notes of Ins exumiiiatious before the in- quisitors ; uiul soon after his iirrivul iie publislied a narrative of tlie persecutions he had inidorLrone, tlie account of hif. examination beinir taken from tlie olli- cial document of wliich ho liad thu;i oddly becoaic possessed. His talents, and the interest excited by his adven- tures, ol)tained him considerable notice, and he became foreign secretary to the duke of Sussex, and charge d'att'aires in England for the Brazilian government. D. 1824. COSTANZ A, Anoelo ni, a Neapolitan poet, of noble birth ; author of sonnets and other poems, and of " Istoria del Regno di Napoli," containing the his- tory of Naples from 1250 to 1180. D. 1591. (JOSTARD, Geokoe, a learned En- glish divine ; author of " Letters on the Astronomy of the Ancients," a treatise on " The Use of Astronomy in Chronol- ogy and History," " A Commentary on the Book of Job," &c. B. 1710; d. 1782. COSTE, Pierre, a learned French Protestant, for some time resident in Euijlaud, and who acted as amanuensis to Locke, but subsequently returned to liis o'.vn country. lie translated into French, Locke's' " Reasonableness of Christianity," Newton's " Optics," &c. He also wrote the " Life of the Great Conde." D. 17-17. C'OSTER, Laurence Jansex, a native of naerlem, in Holland, to whom his countrymen ascribed the invention of the art of printing, in the year 1430. The Germans, however, with sufficient proof assert, that the merit is due to Guttemberg, Coster having merely used wooden blocks, and not, as Junius as- serts, metal types. B. 1370 ; d. 1439. COSVVAY, Richard, an eminent En- glish artist. He painted miniatures ad- iniralily, and was almost equally irrcat as an oil painter. He was one of the oldest members of th(' IJoyal Academy, and d. at the a'.'e of 90, in 1321. COTELIER, -John, a learned French divine and critic ; the author of " Ec- clesia Gra-cre Moinunenta," and the co- adjutor of I)u Cango in making a catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the royal library at Paris. D. 16S*3. COTES, Fn.vN'cis, an English artist of great eminence as a portrait painter, as well in oil as in crayons. T>. 1770. COTIX, Charles, a French poet of the 17th century, chiefly known now from the satires levelled at him by JJ21 Boileau and Molierc. He was counsellor and almoner to the kiiiir, and a moniber of the French Academv. B. 16u4 ; d. 1682. COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent bookseller of Germany, and the pro- l>rietor of the " Allgemeine Zeitung," a )iolitical daily paper, as well as of several others devoted to literature and the arts, was b. at Stuttgard, in 1764 ; for many years carried on an extensive and liour- ishiug concern ; and also acted a con- spicuous part as a political man. D. 1832. COTTERELL, Sir Charles, an excel- lent linguist and scholar of the 17th century. He was master of the requests to Charles II., an office which was filled by his descendants for several gener?- tions. He translated the romance ot " Cassandra" from the French, besides some works from the Spanish and Ital- ian. I). 1687. COTTIN, Sophia de, an accomplished French lady ; authoress of " Matilde," " Claire d'Albe," the weU-known and highly popular " Elizabeth, ou les P^xiles de Sib(Srie."" &c. B. 1773 ; d. 1807. COTTON, Charles, an Enirlish poet ; author of " Scarronides, or Virsil Tra- vestie ;" a supplement to " Walton's Treatise on Angling," and a volume of original poems, &c. He also translated Corneille's tragedy of the Iloratii and Montaigne's Essays. B. 1530 ; d. 1687. — Nathaniel, an English physician and poet; author of " Visions in Verse for the Instruction of Younger Minds." He for some years kept a lunatic asylum at St. Albaii's, and the poet Cowper was for a time one of its inmates. B. 1707 ; d. 17SS. — Sir Robert Bruce, a distin- guished English antiquarian, was b. at Denton, in Huutingdonshire, 1570. In 1629 he was brought before the pri\-y council, in consequence of a political treatise of his in MS. being lent by his librarian, the contents of which gave so much olt'enee at court, that he was sent to the Tower. He wrote *' The Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments ;" and assisted, both with his literary treas- ures and his purse. Speed, Camden, and other writers on British arehteoloiry. D. 1631. — .John, one of the most distin- guished of the carlv ministers in NfW EuLfland. When t"lio Ennrlish church fell into the hands of Bishop Lau.l. a complaint was preferred against Mr. Cotton, for noncontbrmity, in uotkncel- inir at the saerament. Being cited be- fore tlie high commission court ho embarked for America, and arrived at :}->3 CVCI.OP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHT. [COD Boston, September 4, 1633, and October 10 was estalilislied the teacher of the churcli ill Boston, as colleague with INIr. Wilson, who was pastor. On the voy- age from England ^Ir. Cotton's eldest son was born, and whom at his baptism in Boston he called Seaborn. He re- mained connected with this church more than nineteen years, and such was his inlluenco in establishing the order of the churches, and so extensive was liis iist't'iilucss, tiiat he has been called the patriarch of New England. D. Ifi.ia. COUDRETTE, Ciikistopuer, a French priest, and a very able opponent of the Jesuits ; author of " A General History of the Jesuits," " Memoirs relative to the Formulary," &c. His bold and liberal tone of thought caused him to be twice imprisoned : at Venice in 1735, and at Paris, in the Bastile, in 173S. D. 1774. COULOMB, Chakles Augustine de, a French philosopher and officer of engi- neers, to whose scientific labors many discoveries in electricity and magnetism are owing. B. at Angouleme, 1^36 ; d. 1806. COUPLET, Philip, a Flemish Jesuit and missionary to China; author of " Chronological Tables of Chinese His- tory," " A Treatise on the Philosophy ofConfucius," &c. T>. while on a second vovasrc to China, 1693. COURIER, Paul Louis, one of the wittiest writers and most profound Hel- lenists of France, was b. near Angou- leme, in 1774. He was for several years in the corps of artillerj', in which he rose to be a major ; but at length he re- signed in disffust. Every moment of leisure while in the annv was devoted by him to the study of (ireek authors. lie was assassinated in 1825. Courier published various translations from the Greek ; but liis chief fame is derived from his r)olitical pamphlets, which are remarkable for wit, irony, and pungency of stvle. COURT AX V.VUX, Fiiaxcis Cesar le Tellieu, marquis de, a French military officer, and also a distinguished natural pliilosopher. He served with great ability and courage in Bavaria and Bo- hemia under his uui-le, tlie marslial de Noailles ; but wa.s obliirod to rpiit the service in 1745 on account of ill health. He tiien devoted liis time to science, and became a ineml^er of the Academy. He was a trood astronomer and mechanician. D. 17S1. COURT DE GEBELIN, Axtiiont, a oative of France, raiuister of the re- formed church at Lausanne, in Switzer- land ; author of " Le Monde Primitif analyse et compare, avec le Monde Moderno," a pamphlet in praise of ani- mal maffuctism, Sjq. D. 1784. COURTILZ, Gamen de, a French military officer, remarkable for his utrong predilection tor literature. His works are "The Annals of Paris," ".Y History of the Dutch War," "The Lives of Co- ligni, Tureune, and Rochfort," &c. Some of his opinions giving ofience to the court, he was thrown into the Bastile, where he remained nine vears. D. 1712. COURTNEY, William, archbishop of Canterbury, b. 1341. In 1381 he be- came archbishop of Canterbury and lord high chancellor, in which office he show- ed a rancorous spirit of persecution against the Wieklitiites. His charactej was resolute and arrogant. D. 1396. COURTOIS, James, surnamed II BoRGONONE, a French painter, especially eminent in battle-pieces. His wife dying of poison, which he was suspected ot having administered, he took the habit of a lay brother of the Jesuits, with whom, tliough lie still practised his ;«•*■, he remained till his tleath, in 1676. — William, brother of the above, and also an eminent painter. He excelled in historical pieces, and assisted his bro- ther in some of his works. D. 1679. COURVOISIER, Jean Jos. Antoine, b. at Besanqon about 1770, was originally a soldier under the prince de Conde, and afterwards a lawyer in his native city. In 1815 he was made advocate-general, and was then elected a deputy of the chambers for eight years, where he dis- played extraordinary ability as a speaker. In 1829 he was appointed to the depart- ment of justice under the administration of Polignac. The revolution of July drove him into retirement. He is known as an author by his " Dissertation sur le Droit Naturel," and his "Traitesur Ob- ligations Divisible et Indivisible, selon I'Ancienne et la Nouvelle Loi." D. 1835. COUSIN, John, a native of France, and generally regarded as the earliest French historieai painter. He chiefly painted on glass, but his " Last Judg- ment," painted on canvas for the con- vent of the Minims at Vincennes, is esteemed an excellent work. He was the author of " Livre do Perspective," and some other treatises connected with the art. 1). 1 590. COUSTON, NicHor.As and William, brothers ; two French sculptors of con- siderable eminence in their profession : row] (;yci,op,edi.\ of r.iocMf aphy, the former b. at Lvons, in 1658 ; d. 1733 : the hitter b. li'.Ts; d. 1746. COUTIION, Geouoe, :i French advo- cate and president of the eourt of justice at Clermont. Beeomini,' a meniher of the le;,nsl:itive assembly and of the na- tional eouvention, he voted for the trial and ileatli of Louis XVI. ; and after lie.situting awhile as to the party witli ■\vhicli he should act, gave in his adhe- sion to that of liohcspierre. When troops were sent against Lyons, he was connnissloner from the convention, and gave with his own hand the siiinal for the destruction of the Ijuildings of that city. Sharintr tlie power and participa- ting in the acts of Itobcspierre, he was also involved in his ruin. Guillotined 1704. COUTTS, Thomas, a London banker, eminent for bis wealth and connections. lie went from Scotland at an early age ; and from being a junior partner in a mercantile house in London, rose to be one of the most considerable bankers in England. In 181.5 his first wife died; and, three months afterwards, he mar- ried Harriet Mellon, an actress of some celebrity, to whom lie bequeathed the whole of his immense property, consist- ing of .£6uO, 000 in personal, besides real estates in lands and houses, to a great amount. D. 1S21, aged 66. COUVREUK, Adrienne le, a cele- brated French actress. She was the mistress of the great Marshal Saxe, and when that celebrated commander was in great distress for money and troops, she pledged her plate and jewels for 40,000 fivres, and sent the monev to him. D. 1780. COVELL, Joiix, a learned English divine. He was for some time chaplain to the English embassy in Turkey, and, while resident in that country, obtained much valuable knowledge on the early constitution of the Greek church, on which subject, when he returned to Ensrland, he published a very valuable work. 1). 1722. COVENTRY, Henry, author of " Letters of Philemon to llydaspes," and one of the authors of the well-known " Athenian Letters." D. 1752. — Joun, a skilful, self-taught English mechan- ician, whose genius led him to make experiments in mechanics. He invented an hygrometer, which met with the ap- probation of the lloyal Society, and was presented to the king. Subsequently he employed himself in drawing mi- crometers on ivory and glass ; and to Buch ft perfection did he bring them, that Ills S(|uares were only the millionth l)art of an inch superficial. He also made two chamber organs, telescopes of extraordinary power, and some bal- ances for the assaying of gold, of such nicety that they would w-eigh to the thousandth part of a grain. 1). 1812. — Thomas, lord keeper of the great seal in the I'eign of Charles I., was the son of Thomas Coventry, a justice of the court of common pleas. He was b. 1578; studii'd the law in the Inner Temple ; and having by various gradations be- come solicitor-general, attorney-general, and lord keeper, in 1628, he was raised to the peerage ; and, according to the character given of him by Clarendon, he was well worthy of his great and uninterrupted success. — William, son of the above, was knighted in 1665, and made a commissioner of the treasury in 1667; but having otfcnded the duke of Buckingliam, he was tbrbidden to appear at court. On this he retired to his scat in Oxfordshire, and passed the remain- der of his life in privacy. He was author of several political works. D. 1686. COVERDALE, Miles, an English di- vine, and one of the earliest retormers, was educated at Cambridge, and became a canon of the order of St. Augustin. Having embraced the reformed doctrine-5 he went aliroad, and, in 1522, joined William Tyndale in translating the Scriptures. On his return to En<;land he was made almoner to Ciueen Catha- rine, and subsequently bishop of Exeter. On the accession of Queen JIary he re- tired to the Continent, but returned on the accession of Elizabeth. D. 1580, aged 81. COWARD, William, an English phy- sician, and author of "Thoughts on the Human Soul ; demonstrating the Notion of the Human Soul united to the Human Body to be an Invention of the Hea- thens, and not consonant to the rrinci- ples of Philosophy or Reason." This work excited considerable indignation among the more zetJous divines, who procured an order to have it burned by the common hangman. J), about 1722. CO WELL, .John, an English lawyer and antiquary; author of "The Inter- Ereter," a law dictionary, which was urned by the common hangman on account of some unconstitutional doc- trines on the king's prerogative, and "The Instit\ites of the Laws of En- gland." I). 1611. C!OWLEY, Aruaiiam, an eminent En- glish poet, b. in London, 1618. In hia 17th year he published a volume entitled 3i>4 CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. " roeticnl Blossoms," which procnred hull coiisiJerablo rcpatatiuii. In IGlJG he was elected ii scholar of Trini'v col- lege, Cambridge, where lie produced a pastoral comedy, entitled " Move's Rid- dle," and " NaiitVagiiim Jociilare," a Latin comedy, which was performed by the members of his college. He resided at the miiversitv until 164o, when he was ejected by the "Puritan visitors, and be- came an active partisan of the royal cause. He was much esteemed by Lord Falkland, and accompanied the kins in several .journeys. When the queenlcft the country he accompanied her majesty, and remained abroad for some years ; during which time he was a chief agent in managing the correspondence between the kintr and queen. In 1656 he return- ed to I-^ngland, and soon after published a volume containing most of the poems printed in the final collection of his works. Being suspected by the party in power, he was thrown into prison, but released on the bail of Dr. Scar- borough, lie again went abroad, and was again employed in aiding the royal cause. On the restoration taking place he was for some time neglected ; but at length, by the interest of the duke of Buckingham, he obtained the lease of a farm at (.'hertsey, which produced him about £300 a year. D. 1667.— IIaxnaii, an accomplished English dramatic wri- ter; authoress of "Tlie Runaway," "The Belle's Strataffem," " More Ways than One," ike, besides some poems and farces. The sprightliness of dialogue, and the variety of characters and inci- dents wliicli this lady introduced in her dramatic works, evince much versatility of genius. D. 1809. — IIknisy Wei.i.ks- LEY, Lord, a distinguished diplomatist, and a scion of that illustrious family of which tlie duke of Wellington is the last surviving representative, was b. 1773. In 1S07 he was returned to parliament, and became one of the secretaries of the treasury; but in 1809 he exchanged his parliamentary duties for the embassy at ^ladrid ; a mission which, amid irreat difliculties and obstructions of all kinds, lie fulfilled for thirteen years. In 1823 he went as ambassador to Vienna; here he remained till 1831 ; and for the ability lie displayed tiiere, coupled with his length of service, he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron T'owley — the oritfinal patronymic of the Welles- ley family. In 1841 he was appointed ambassador to tlus Tuileries. This oflice he held till tlie fall of Sir Robert reel's ministry in 1846. 1). 1847. h/lVV- t™" ^ COWPER, WiLLiAsr, Earlj an eminent English lawyer, who was raised to the peerage in the reign of Queen Anne, by the title of Viscount Fordwick, ancl made lord high chancellor. This office he resigned in 1710, but accepted it again in 1714. In 1717 he was created Earl Cowper, and in 1718 wholly retired from ofl&ce. During the latter years of his public life, he very ably exerted himself in favor of religious liberty ; and par- ticularly in causing a bill to be thrown out, by which Unitarians would have been subject to severe penalties. D. 172.3. — -William, a distinguished En- glish poet, was b. at Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, 1731. He was the sou of a clergyman of good family, and was at an early age removed from a country school to that of Westminster. Being naturally of a timid temper and slight frame, the rough usage he met with from stronger and less sensitive boys rendered his school a place of complete torture to him, as may be seen from the tone of his "Tirocinium." On quitting school, he was articled to an attorney, with whom he remained lor three years, and then entered himself of the I'licldle Temple. He seems, however, to have been by nature unfit for the rouglier paths of life ; for though the interest of his family had procured him the valu- able and honorable place of clerk to the house of lords, his nervousness and mmivaife Tinnte were such that he was, obliged to resign it. He then fell into so terrible a state of nervous and mental debility that he was for some time placed in the lunatic asylum of Dr. Cotton. The skill and humanity of that gentleman restored him, and he retired to Hunting- don. There he became acquainted with the family of the Reverend Mr. Unwin : and after that gentleman's death he re moved, with Mrs. Unwin, to Olnev. Bucks, where he contracted a closo friendship with the curate of Olney, the Revereiul .lohn Newton, and subse- quently with Lady Austen. His natural melancholy gave him so gloomy a view of religion, that his mind was frequently reduced to imbecility. While this was the case, the influence of Lady Austen tended to rouse and sustain him; though that of his other friends seems rather to have increased liis weakness, by coin- ciding with his delusions. But although his mind was so frequently assailed by gloom, and bent down by despondency, ho was not only a very voluminous wri- ter, but a poet of first-rate merit. In additioa to translating Homer, whicli cra] CYCL0IM:1)IA of BIOGRAPIiy. 325 lio did vnth more accuracy than Popo, it'\vithlc:. 1S23. COYER, Gabriel Fraxcb, a French writer, b. 1707. His principal works are "History of John Sobieski," "Travels into Italy and Holland," and ins trans- lation into French of '' Blackstone's Commentaries." D. 1782. COYI'EL, the name of several emi- nent French painters. — Xoel, was b. 1G2S, and d. 1707. He adorned the old Louvre and tb.e Tuilcrics, painted some fine pictures tor the council hall of Ver- sailles, and executed se\eral Scriptural pieces of great merit. — Anthony, his son, was distinguished by the richnes.s of his imagination and tlie dazzling na- ture of his coloring, and his fame laid the foundation for the mannerism of the French school. I). 1721. — Noel Nicholas, usually called Coypel the un- cle, despised the false glfttcr of this school, and aimed only at truth and na- ture. D. 1735. — Charles Anthony, the son of Anthony, was a decided coypist of liis father's manner, and acconuno- dated himself to the prevailing taste of the times for gaudv coloring. B. 169i; d. 1752. COYSEVOX, Antotne, a celebrated sculptor, was b. at Lyons, 1G40, and d. at Paris, 1720. Among liis best works are the statue of Cardinal Mazarin, in the museum at Paris, an equestrian statue of Louis XIV., Castor and Pol- hix, &o. On account of the beauty and animation of his portraits, he was called the Vandyke of sculpture. CRABBE, George, rector of Trou- bridge, Wilts, and author of "The Li- brary," "The Village," "Tales of the Hall," &c. ; a poet, whose "short and simple annals of the poor" exhibit an accurate knowledge of human nature, and show that however homely or pain- ful the scenes may be which he depicts, there is no want of skill or truth in his representations. He had the good for- tune to receive the early patronage of the celebrated Edmund Burke, which led to other valuable connections, of whom Dr. Johnson was one ; and event- ually to church preferment, at the hands of the duke of Rutland. Crabbe's po- etry is distinguished for minuteness of description and close analysis in depict- ing human character, liowevcr dark or disgustiun; ; yet, though searching, mi- nute, and often repulsive, it abounds with vigor, pathos, and originality. An elegant edition of his works, with a life and notes, bv his son, was published by Mr. Murray,' in 1834. B. 17.>1; d. 1S32. CRAFTS, William, a lawyer, and a popular miscellaneous writer, was b. in Charleston, S. C, 17S7. He received his education at Harvard college, and stud- ied law in liis native city, wlicre he ac- quired some reputation for talent and eloquence. He was a member of the South Carolina legislature, and for some time editor of the " Charleston Courier." D. 1820. CRAIG, JoHTf, a Scotch mathemati- cian of the 17th century, famous for a work entitled "Theologi® C'liristiansa Principia Mathematica." The object of this curious tract is to apply mathemati- 326 CYCLOP.IlDIA of BIOGRAPHY". [CRA cal cnlculfttion to tho credibility of the gospel history, upou which principle he jUii'Utaius thai I lie Chrisuau rclijfiou must eail, aceordini^ to tho doctrine of chances, iu tlie year 3150, wheu our Saviour will uiake his second upiiear- ancc. — Sir Tuoii.vs, au eminent Scotch lawyer, b. loin ; author of a treatise on feudal law, wliidi ha.s often been re- printed. l3. 1608. — William, a Scotch judge, and a literary character of no mean ability, was b. 1745 ; entered at the bar in 1708, and succeeded Lord llailes on the bench in 17'Jl'. lie was a principal contributor to tlie "Mirror," wrote many papers in the "Lounger," and numbered among his friends some of tlie most eminent literary ineu of the sige. D. 1.S13. CKA.MEK, Fkancls, an eminent mu- sician, was b. at .Mannheim, 1772. In 17y'J lie succeedcil his father as a leader of the Ancient concerts, in London. For m.iny \ ears Le was alternate leader of t le l-'uiihax.noiiie concerts, with Lo- der, T. Cooiie, Weielisels, &c. ; and for upwards of 40 years iicld the chief place at the great provincial festivals. i). IbiS. — Gabuiel, an einincut geome- trieian ; '.-ditor of the works of Wolf and the " Eernouillis," and author'of several inatiieuKitical and algebraic works. B. 17ul ; d. 17.")'J. — John Anduew, a Ger- man inineraloifist, was b. at (.iuedlin- biirg, h'lo. lie was the lirst who sys- tematized the art of assaying, upon winch subject he wrote a very able work. 1). 1787. — John ANWJiiw, a German poet and miscellaneous writer, was b. iu Sax- ony, 172.3, but principally resided in Oenmirk, where he d. 17>sS. Besides his poeins, he wrote "Tiie Northern Spoctaior,' and "Sermons," in 22 vols. lie also translated " Bossuet's Universal History,' and otiier works. — John An- Tnu.sy, dean of Carlisle, a well-known writer on subjects of classical aiiti(iuity, was b. in Switzerland, 17'Ji. Li iSiSl lie was apjiointed princliial of New-hall Inn. During this period he was actively engaged in literary pursuits, and his descriptions of Ancient Italy, Asia Mi- nor, and Ancient Greece, are enduring monuments of his accuracy and research. In 1842 lie succeeded Dr. Arnold as re- gius professor of modern history, and in 1844 he was nominated to the deanery of Carlisle. U. 1H48. CK.WFIELD, EuwARD, president of New 11 iinpsliire, succeeded VValdron iu 10S2, aiil was succeeded by Bareloote, iu 16 d8. He was afterwards collector of B^badoes, and d. about 1700. Tho ty- rannical acts of his admin.'stration are narrated by Belknap. In his displeasure towards the Eev. Mr. Moody, he ven- tured to enforce the uniformity act. He ventured to tax the people without their consent. He came to this country to make his fortune ; his injustice drove him away in dishonor. CRANMER, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, whose life is rendered so memorable by the part he took in tho Reformation, was b. at Aslacton, Not- tinghamshire, 1489, and educated at Jesus college, Cambridge. Tlje opinion which he gave on the question of Hen- ry VIII. 's divorce from his first wife, Catharine of Aragon, recommei' ■led him to that monarch, who empkycd liiin to vimlieate tiie measure, and sent him to the foreign universities to obtain their oi)inion upon the point. On Crau- mer's return the king raised him to tho archbishopric of Canterbury, in which oliice he zealously promoted the cause of the Reformation. Through his means the Bible was translated and read in churches, and he greatly aided in sup- pressing the monastic institutions. In looG, when Anne Boleyn was destined to lose her reputation ami her life, Cranmer meanly stooped to promote the sentence of divorce. By Henry's will he was ap- pointed one of the council of regency to Edward V^I.; and as the young king was brought up chiefly under the arch- bishop's care, it enabled him to further the objects of the Reformation in a regular and consistent manner, by fra- ming the liturgy, the homilies, articles of religion, &o. On the accession of Mary he was tried on charges of blas[iliemy, perjury, incontinence, and heresy, and sentenced to be deprived of office. Tempted, however, by the promise of partlon, he was induced to sign a recan- tation of his ])rinciples, and avowed his sorrow for having entertained them. But when he was brought into St. Mary's church to read his recantation in public, instead of doing what was re- quired of him, he besought the forgive- ness of God for the apostasy of which he had been guilty, and exliorted the people against the errors of the church of Rome. This greatly enraged his ad- versaries, who, after vilifying him as a hypocrite and heretic, dragijed him to the stake opposite Baliol college, which he approached with a cheerful counte- nance, iuid met his death with the ut- most Ibrtitude, exclaiming, as he held out his rijjht hand for the flames to consume it, "This unworthy han4! cre] CYCLOP^EllIA OF KIOGKAPHY. 327 this unworthy hand!" D. March 21, 15;"i6. CRANZ, or KRANZ, David, a Mora- vian preaclier, b. 1723, and resided sev- eral years as a missionary in Greenland, of which country he wrote a valuable history; also "A History of the Mora- vians.'' 1). 1777. CEASIIAW, Richard, a poet, b. in London, and educated at Cambridge. He was a friend of the poet Cowley, and having eniljraced the Roman Catho- lic faith, was appointed to a eanonry at Loretto. IJis poems have considerable merit, and contain ideas which were thought worthv of imitation both by Milton and Pone. D. 1(550. CRASSUS, Lucius Licinius, a Roman orator, of whom Cicero speaks in terms of tlie highest praise, lie was consul 90 B. c, and afterwards censor. — Marcus LiciMus, surnamed Dives, from his riches, was of the same family as the precetling. He defeated Spartacus, and put an end to the Servile war. He was first consul, then censor, and formed one of the triumvirate with Cajsar and Pom- pcy. He perished, with a great part of his army, in an expedition against the Parthians, 53 b. o. CRATINUS, an Athenian poet, to whom the invention of satirical comedy and comic poetry is attributed. His powers of sarcasm arc said to have been unrivalled. He was an exception to the general rule that intemperance leads to an early grave, having attained the age of 97, though a hon vivant in its fullest sense. 1). 431 b. c. CRAVEN, Charles, governor of South Carolina from 1712 to 1716, had been previously secretary to the proprietors. They ordered him in 1712 to sound Port Royal river, and probably he built Beau- fort soon afterwards. In 1715, on the occurrence of an Indian war, he dis- played great vigor and talents, and ex- pelled from the province the invading savaies. CRAWFORD, Adait, a physician and naturalist of considerable eminence in his profession ; physician to St. Thomas's hospital, and professor of chemistry at Woolwicli. lie was the author of sev- eral chemical works, and the first who prescribed muriate of barytcs for the scrofula. B. 17-49; d. 1795.— Anne, an actress of great abiUty, which combined with her personal beauty, caused her for nianv vears to be hiii'hlv attractive on the 'stage. D. 1801, "aged fi7.— David, historiographer for Scotland in the reign of Queen Anne, and the author of sev- eral works relative to that countrv'. D. 17-''). — William HAj;nLS, b. in Nelson county, Va., 1772, was early removed with his parents to Georgia, where lie taught a school, while lie was acquiring a knowledge of law, until he was admit- ted to ])ractice, in 1799. Before 1802 he was at the head of his profession, when he was elected a member of the legisla- ture and thence transferred to the sen- ate of the United States in 1807. He was re-elected in 1811, and in 1813 made minister to France, My Mr. Madison. After two years he returned to take charge of the department of war, and then' of the treasury. He was nomi- nated for the presidency in 181 G, in a democratic caucus of the members of congress, but did not receive as many votes as Mr. Monroe. In 1827 he waa appointed judge of the northern circuit of Georgia. D. 1834. He was distin- guished as a speaker, and a man of up- right character and affable adch'ess. "CREBILLON, Prosper Jolyot de, a French dramatic poet, denominated the French ^-Eschylns, was h. at Dijon, 1G74. He was intended for the legal profession, but evincing a decided predilection for the drama, the solicitor with whom he was placed encouraged him to pursue the bent of his inclination. He accord- ingly devoted himself to the tragic muse, and produced " Idomeneus," which met with success. This was followed by "Atreus," " Electra," and " Rhadamis- tus," which were still more successful, lie then led a secluded life for many vears, but again resumed his dramatic labors, and produced the tragedies of "Cat;\line" and "The Triumvirate." D. 1762. — Claude Prosper Jolyot de, son of the foregoing, was b. 1707. He acquired the name of the French Petro- nius, from his novels; one of which, entitled " Lcs Egaremens du Coeuret de I'Esprit," is ;illuded to by Sterne in his " Sentimcntul .Tourney." D. 1777. CREECH, TiiuMAs," an English poet, was b. at Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1659; and after receiving the rudiments of a classical education at Sherborne free- school, finished his studies at Wadham collcsre, Oxford. lie translated, into English verse, Lucretius, Horace, Tbeoe- ritns, lice. I), bv his own hand, 1700. CREIGHTON, Eobeut, an English divine and musical composer. He shared the exile of Charles II., and spent the leisure thus unhappily afford- ed him in the study of music. Among his compositions is the celebrated an- them, " I will arise and go to my father," 328 CrCLOP-.^PIA OF BIOGKAPHr. [CRO vrhieh is performed in nearly all the En- glish ciithodnils. D. 173*5. CKELLIUS, John, a German divine. He was a Unitarian, and one ot'the ablest advocates of that sect, which he defend- ed at once ably and courteously ajjainst Grotius. His cliief works are, " Answer to Grotius,'' "Two Books concerning the One God, the Father," "A Treatise eoucernincr the IIolv Spirit," and " A Defence of Ecligious'Liberty." D. 163;i. CKJISCENZI, Juan Baptiste, marquis de la Torre, was an eminent painter, b. lit Konie, towards the end of the IBth century. I'liilip IV. made him a gran- dee of Castile, and honored liim with his title,^ — I'lETRo, the restorer of the scientific study of agriculture in Europe, was b. at Bologna, 123o. lie spent a lonir life in acquiring and disseminating agricultural knowledge; and his "Eu- ralium Commodorum" is a masterly pro- duction, founded on simple principles, and free from many errors that contin- ued to pj'evail even for centuries after. CRESPl, Giovanni Makia, surnamed II Spagnuolo, on account of tlie cox- combry of his attire, an eminent Boloa:- nese painter of the 18th century. His chief talent lay in caricatures; but there are many of his more ambitious com- positions in the palaces and churches of Bolugna. In order to command a nice observation of tlie force of light and shadow, he used to paint in a room in whicli there was only a suflicient aper- ture to admit a sincrlc rav of light. CRESSEV, or CKESS Y, Ilucn Paulin, an eminent Catholic divine and writer; author of " Exomologesis," a narration of the cause of his conversion to the Catholic faith; "The Churcli History of Brittany," &c. He was an able writer, ana as much distinguished for his candor and good temper in disputa- tion as for his ability in argument. D. 1C74. CKP'UTZ, GusTAVUs Philip, count of, a Swedisli poet and statesman, b. 172G. His y)oem, entitled " Atis og Camilla," is considered a very tine production. He was appointed Swedish minister at Paris, where he remained twenty vears, and became particuhirly acquainted with ^larmontel and other celebrated French writers. D. 1785. CKEVIEK, Joiix Baptist Louis, a French historical writer; author of a continuation of "Eollin's History," " History of the Eonian Emperors to Constanlinc inclusive," "History of the University of Paris," "Observations ou the Spirit of Laws," n ; he was temperate, indefatigably indus- trious, and exact in his official duties; yet, under the guise of piety and virtue, he practised the most subtle Machiavel- ism, and maintained his power as he had acquired it, by cunuilig aud boldness. He had appointed his eldest son, Richard, to succeed him ; but the reins of govern- ment were not to be held by one so mild and virtuous ; and having been com- pelled by the mutinous officers to dis- solve the parliament, he voluntarily abdicated the protectorship, April 22, 1659, and ended his days in tranquil seclusion, at Cheshunt, Ilertfordshire, in 1712. His brother Henry, whose up- right administration, as vici;roy of Ire- land, had gained him many friends, also retired to private life, an^,. d. in 1674. — Oliver, great grandson of Henry, second son of the protector. He was for sev- eral years a solicitor in London, and held the appointment of clerk to St. Thomas's hospital. He is noticed here chiefly on account of his valuable pub- lication, entitled " Memoirs of the Pro- tector Cromwell, and his sons Eichard and Henry ; illustrated by Original Let- ters and other Family Papers." He succeeded to the family estates of The- obalds, which descended to him through the children of Eichard Cromwell above named, and d. at Cheshuut-park, Herts, in 1821, aged 79. CEOWNE, John-, a poet and dramatist of the 17th century, and the cotenipo- rary of Dryden. He was a native of Nova Scotia, but passed the greater part of his life in England. At the command of Charles II. he wrote the " Masque of Calisto ;" and subsequently he ridiculed the whig party, in his comedy of " The City Politics." Besides seventeen dni- mas, he wrote " Dseneids," a burlesque poem ; and " Pandion and Amphigeria," a romance. CEUDEN, Alexander, -who was bet- ter known during his life by his assumed title of " Alexander the Corrector," was a native of Aberdeen, b. 1701, and edu- cated with a view to his becoming a minister of the kirk of Scotland. Uii- happily he exhibited such an unsteadi- ness of intellect that he was not consid- ered fit for so important a profession; and, proceeding to London, he for some time maintained himself by giving pri- vate lessons in the classics ; but in 1732 he commenced business as a bookseller, near the Koyal Exchange. While thus employed, "he devoted his leisure in compiling a very elaborate and useful "Concordance of the Old and New Testament." Soon afterwards he be- oum] CVCLOiM':UlA OF BIOUHAPIIY. 831 came decideclly Inntitii-, and was placed by his iVunds in a nindliouse at Bethnal green, from whicli place, however, he contrived to make hU escape, and siil)- fseqiiently broujjht an action for false imprisoninent, but was nonsuited. He subsequently resumed his old employ- ment of correcting the press. As a literary man lie was extremely industri- ous, patient, and able; and nis " Con- cordances" liolds, and ever will hold, a verv iiii^h place iu the estimation of all bibiioarstudents. D. 1770. CHUIKSIIANK, WiLLrAM, an eminent Enirlish surireon, anatomist, and writer; author of " Tlie Anatomy of the Ab- sorbent Vessels of the Human IJody," " Experiments on the Insensible Per- spiration of the Human Bodv,'' etc. D. 1800. CKUZ, JuANA Inez de i.a, an insrcni- ous lady, b. at Mexico. She was natu- rally endowed with great powers of mind, which were carefully cultivated, and Rendered her wcU-sivilled in philosophy, history, mathematics, poetry, and every branch of literature. The poems which she published possessed great merit, according to tlie opinion of Father Fey- jod. The best part of her life was spent in the seclusion of the monastery of St. Geronimo, wiiore siie d. Ii5"ir>. CRUZ CANO Y OL.MEDILLA, Box Juan de la, an eminent Spanish geog- rapher of the ISth century ; author of the " Mapo Geographico 'de America Meridional." CTES1I5IUS, of Alexandria, an emi- nent ancient matliematician. He is said to liavc invented the pump ; and he constructed a clepsydra, or water-clock, in which the moving power was a falling column of water. A work of his, on- titled " Geodesia, or the Art of Dividing and Measuring IJodies," is to be found in the Vatican" Library. He flourished iu the Ifi'ith Olvmpiad", or about 120 B.C. CTESIPHON, or ClIEESIPHEON, a fiimous Epliesian architect. He gave the desiirn for the first temple of Diana of the Epliesians, which was fired bv Erostratus. He flourislied in the 6tli ccnturv b. c. OUinVOETir, Ralph, an English divine and philosoplicr ; author of a " Discourse concerning the True Nature of the Lord's Supper," "The True In- tolleetual System of the Universe," &c. He was an extremely learned and power- ful writer ; and, independently ot hold- ing sonic valuable church preferment, he was master of Christ's college, Cam- bridge. D. ItJSS, CUFF, Hen-ry, an eminent Englisli scholar, was lor some time Greek pro- fessop at Mertou college, Oxford; but growing weary of a secluded life, he be- came secretary to Robert, earl of Essex, on the expedition to Cadiz. Being im- plicated in the transactions wliieh led to liie apprehension and trial of the earl of Essex, the latter charged him with beir » his adviser and aljcttor in all his violent measures. Culf was aceordintrly tried, condemned, and executed in IGOl. CUJACIUS, or CU J AS, James, a celo • brated French jurist; was professor of law at Turin, and was held in the high- est esteem as an expounder of ditiicult questions. His writings were collected in five tblio volumes. D. 15'J0. CULLEN, William, a celebrated phy- sician and medical writer, was b. at Lan- ark, 1712. After scrvinj^ his apprentice- ship to a surgeon and apotliecary at Glasgow, he went some voyages as a surgeon. He subsequently settled at Glasgow, and was appointed lecturer on chemistry in tiie university of that city, in which capacity he obtained so high a reputation, that he at length became medical professor in tlie university of Edinburgh. As an author, he is well known by his " Lectures on the Materia Mcdica," " Synopsis Nosologiae Prac- ticEe," and his "lirst Lines on Medical Practice." D. 17!tO. CULPEPER, Sir Thomas, an English writer of the i7th century ; author of '•Considerations on Marriage," a '• Dis- course on Usury," "Brief Survey of the Growth of Usury in England."- — Nicho- las, an English herbalist of the 17tli cen- tury. He was educated at Cambridge; and, after serving his apprenticeship to an apothecary, settled in that profession at Spital fields, in London. He wrote a " Herbal" and a " Dispensary," but the science and industry which he indispu- tably possessed were in a great dctrreo marred by his absurd pretensions to as- trolou'v.— Thomas, lord, governor of Vir- ginia'from HiSO to 1683. D. 1719. CUMBERLAND, Richard, bishop of Peterborough ; author of a treatise '• De Legibus Natural," written in opposition to the philosophy of Hobbcs ; a transla- tion from Eusebius of " Sanconiathon's Phoenician History," an " Essay on the Jewish Weights and Measures," "Ori- gines Gentium Antiqnissimte." Ho was an extremely learuc I man, but not more remarkable for learning than for modest and unaspiring virtues. — Richaiu), an able dramatic and miscellaneous writer, was a sou of Dr. Cumberluud, bishop 332 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAI'IIY. [cur of Clonfcrt, and b. 1732. lie was iu- trodiK-ed to public life as the secretary of Lord Halifax, when viceroy of Ire- land. Jlis lirst literary etforts obtained fi.>r him but Uttle fame'; but on the ap- pearance of liis comedy of "The West Indian,"' in 1771, his reputation as a dramatist was at once established. Fz'om this period till the time of his decease, he continued to be one of the most pro- litic writers for the stage, though none of his subsequent pieces were so suc- cessful as the comedy before mentioned. In 17S0 he was employed by the govern- ment to conduct a secret negotiation with the courts of Madrid and Lisbon ; which, lu the disgrace of the ministry, involved him in great distress, as they refused to I'eimburse his expenses, to the amount of £5,000. which compelled him to purl with liis iiereditary propei'- ty. To add to his distress, the boai'd of trade was broken up, and he retired, witli a trilling pension, to Tunbridge Wells, where ho devoted himself to lit- erary pursuits with the most unabating ardor and industry. Besides Jiis numer- ous draniatio pro'ductions, he publish- ed a collection of essays, imder the title of '"The Observer;" also the novels of '•Arundel," "Henry," and "John de Lancaster;" "Calvary," a poem, and various other works, tlie last of which was his own "Memoirs." The comic drama was certainly liis forte ; but throughout the whole of his writings there is much merit, and many of them possess the elements of a lasting vitali- ty. D. 1811. — WiLLi.vM Augustus, duke (if, second son of George 11., was b. 1721, and at an early age entered on the duties of a military life. At the battle of Dettingen, in 1743, he was wounded, while fighting by the side of his father ; and in 1745 lie signalized himself, when . commander-in-chief of the British army in i'landers, at tlie battle of Fontcnoy. where, however, he was obliged to yiclcl the palm of victory to Marshal Saxe. (^u his return to i^iigland he took the field against the Scottish rebel troops, whom he defeated at the battle of Cullo- den ; but he stained his laurels by un- necessary cruelty. I). 17i)5. CUNITL\, Maria, a learned lady in the Nth century, b. in Silesia. She possessed a perfect knowledge of an- cient and modern languages, but par- tic'.darly excelled in mathematics and astronomy, on which she wrote some ingt.ui(^us treatises, especially her "Ura- nia rropitia," in 1650, in Latin and Ger- man. 1). 1664. CUNNINGHAM, Alexander, aScotch historical writer; author of a "History of Great Britain, from the Be volution to the Accession of George I." This was elegantly written by him in Latin, but a translation of it was published by Dr. Thompson, in 17S7. Cunningham also held some government employments, among which was that of resident at Venice. D. 17o7. — Allan, an eminent poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Blackwood, in Dumfriesshire, 17S5. His parents were in very humble circumstances, and he was taken from school when only 11 years of age, and apprenticed to a stone-mason. These disadvantageous circumstances did not pi-event him from acquiring, by great though desultory reading, much inform- ation ; and in ISIO he I'cpaired to Lon- don, where he at first earned a main- tenance by contributing to periodicals, and reporting for the press. At a later period he obtained employment in the studio of the eminent sculptor Chantrey, as principal assistant, which enabled him to prosecute his literary tastes with- out hazard ; and he so well improved his advantages, that he not merely dis- tinguished himself as a critic and histo- rian as to tlie arts, and as a poet and novelist, but also by combining the pru- dence and tact of the man of business with the fervor and feeling of the man of genius, acquired consiclerable pecu- niary resources. Among his numerous works are " Sir Marmactuke Maxwell," a drama; " Baul Jones," and "Sir Mi- chael Scott," novels ; the " Lives of Burns and Sir David Wilkie," besides many poems, ballads, and lyrics ; but his most important work, and that by which he is best known south of the Tweed, is "The Lives of British Paint- ers, Sculptors, and Architects." D. 1S42. — John, an ingenious Irish poet and dramatic performer ; author of "The Landscape," and other poems, and of "Love ni a Mist," a farce, upon which Garrick is said to liave founded that of the " Lying Valet." D. 1773. CURL, EoMUND^ a bookseller, whose name is handed down, like many others, by the satirical wit of Pope, kept a shop in the purlieus of Covent-gardcu, and had his ears cut off in the pillory as a reward for publishing obscene books. CURRAN, John- Philpot, a celebrated Irish barrister, of humble origin, was b. near Cork, 1750 ; received his education at Trinity college, Dublin, and coming to London, studied law in the Temple. In course of time he was called to the cus] CVCLOP-EDIA OF lUOGRAPHV. 333 bar, and though at first he had to strug- gle with great dillicultics, his brilliant talents, exerted in defence of various persons eharged with political otfenees, overcame all obstacles, and he quickly rose to forensic eminence. lie became a member of tlie Irish house of eom- inons in 1784, and was a powerful mem- ber of the opposition until tlic Wlii;,'s came into oliice, in 1800, when he was made master of the rolls in Ireland. This ofiice he held until 181-i, and re- ceived a pension of £;3,000 on retiring, after which period he generally resided in London. His oratorical powers were of the most sjilendid kind; his wit, pathos, and sarcasm being alike irresisti- ble ; and though mean in personal ap- pearance, and not always vising his intellectual rcapons with good taste, they enabled him to support the charac- ter of a popular advocate and an effec- tive debater. D. 1817. , CUKKIE, James, was a native ofScot- land, but settled as a medical man at Liverpool, where he enjoyed an exten- sive and very lucrative practice. He is very favorably known as a professional writer, by a paper " On Tetanus and Convulsive Disorders,"' and " Medical Eeports," &;c. 15ut his literary celebrity rests less fljpon his professional treatises than upon his biography of the poet Burns, an edition of whose w'orks was superintended by Dr. Currie, in a man- ner which obtained him great and well- merited applause. D. 1805. CUKTIS, 'William, an eminent En- glish botanist, was a native of Alton, in Hampshire, and was apprenticed to an apothecary in that place. But his love of botanical pursuits induced him to relinquish his profession to establish a botanical garden, and exhibit as a botani- cal lecturer. Besides his lectures, which were published with expensive and handsome illustrative plates, he wrote "Practical Observations on the British Grasses," "Flora Londinensis," an ac- curate and beautiful work ; a "Botanical Magazine," &c. D. 1799. CURTIUS, iSlARcrs, a celebrated Eo- man. Livy relates, that in the year 362 B. c, a vast chasm appeared in the midst of the Forum, which the oracle Sronounoed could only be closed by the k)mans throwing into it that by which they were most powerful. Curtis de- clared that the arms and courage of the Koraans were their most valuable pos- sessions, and havincT solemnly devoted himself, ho put on his armor, mounted his horse, and galloped lieadlorig into the gulf. — KuFus QuiNTcs, a I'oman his- torian, who wrote tlie history of Alex- ander the Great in ten books, tlie first two of which are lost. Tiie exact period in which he flourished is not known; for though his style would indicate tliat he lived in one of the best periods of the Latin language, no writer of any earlier date than the I'ith century has made any mention of him. CUSA^ Nicholas de, an eminent car- dinal, who took his name from that of the village of Cusa, in tiie diocese of Treves, where he was born. After somo minor preferments in the church, he was sent by Pope Eugenius IV. as legate to Constantinople, to endeavor to bring about a union between the Greek and Latin churches. He was made a cardi- nal by Pope Nicholas V., who also gave him the see of Brixen, in the Tyrol. Be- sides metaphysical, theological, mathe- matical, and other treatises, wdiich form three volumes folio, he wrote a very learned and powerful refutation of the Koran. D. 1464. GUSHING, Thomas, lieutenant-gov- ernor of Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard college, 1744. Being the son of an eminent merchant of Boston, he had no chosen profession. lie was early called into public life, first as a repre'- sentative of Boston, and afterwards speaker of the house. lie held the latter office when the controversy with England had reached the point, which made an appeal to arms indispensable, and he sided with his country. He was a member of the first and second con- gress. On his return to his own state he was elected into the council, which then constituted the supreme executive. After the adoption of the present con- stitution of Massaclmsetts he was elect- ed lieutenant-governor, and was kept in tliat oflTice till his death. D. 178s, acred 02. — William, judge of the supreme court of the United States, was gradu- ated at Harvard college, 1751. _ In 1772 he received a commission as justice of the superior court of Massachusetts, and in 1777 that of chief justice. At the beginning of the revolution among the high in office, he, alone, supported the rights of his country. At the organ- ization of the federal government, he was placed by "Washington, in 1780, on tlie bench of the supreme court of the United States, and held the office till his death. D. 1810. CUSTINE, Adam Philip, count de, was b. at Metz, 1740; and having en- tered the army early in life, attracted 334 CYCLOP.EDIA OF EIOGRAPIIY, [CZK the notice of Frederic of Prussia, under whom he served in the seven years' war. He af[erwaril3 accepted a com- mission in one of the Freneli regiments that assisted the Americans in resisting the English ; and on returning to France was made governor of Toulon. In 17P3 lie iiad the command of the army of the Khine ; but being suddenly summoned to France, the rulers of the hour sent him to the irnillotine, Aucrust, 17'J3. (,'UTllBERT, an English saint, who had the honor to baptize Egfred, king of Northumberland, and the good for- tune to be made bishop of that district. He founded a monastery at Lindisfarue, and d. in 68*5. CUVELLIER DE TRIE, John Wil- LLVM AcGCSTUs, a French dramatist of great fecundity and considerable talent, W1U5 b. 176owers, and as remarkable for virtue as her husband was for vice. D. 1514. — Chaules, constable of France in the reifrn of Charles VI., to whom he was related by blood. He connnanded the French army at the famous battle of Airincourt, in which he lost his life, 1514. — .Ieanne, daughter of MarL'aret, queen of Navarre, and mother of Henry 336 CYCLOPEDIA OK BIOGRAPHV. [dal of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France. D. 157:i. DALE, Richard, an American naval officer, was b. in Virginia, 17oG ; was sent to sea at 12 years of age, and at 19 had the command of a merchant-vessel. While serving as a midshipman on board of the American brig-of-war Lex- ington, lie was taken by a Britisli cutter ; but, after being confined a twelvemonth in Mill prison, he effected his escape into France, where lie joined tlie cele- brated Paul Jones, then commanding the American ship Bon Homme Eichard, and was the first man tliat boarded the English frigate Serapis, which was cap- tured. In ISC'l he had the command of an American squadron, and hoisted his pendant on board the President. He was a brave, honorable, and intelli- gent seaman. The adventures of his early days were of the most romantic and perilous kind ; but his latter years wei'e passed in the peaceful enjoyment of a competent estate at Philadelphia. D. 1826. — David, a skilful mechanic, and tlie originator of the well-known Lanark Mills, was b. ITo'J, at Stewarton, in Ayrshire. From being a journeyman weaver he became a cotton manufacturer on a most e.^teusivc scale, first in con- junction with Sir K. Arkwright, and afterwards on his own ac'^ount. By his means employment was given to tliou- sands, old and young ; nor did he leave the latter without the means of mental instruction, but provided teachers and established scliools at aU liis works. D. 1806. — Sir Thomas, was sent out to Vir- ginia as high marshal, in 1609, and a second time in May, 1611, with 300 col- onists, supplies, and new laws, with the execution of which he was intrusted. His administration was rigorous and excited great disatfection, but the in- terests of the colony were advanced under it. He built the town of Hen- rico, on James river, and conquered that of the Appomattox Indians, at the mouth of the river of that name. In August, 161Ij, Sir Thomas Gates suc- ceeded him m the government. He continued, however, to take an .ictive part in the affairs of the colony, and on the return of Gates to England, in 161-i, the chief command again devolved on Jiim. lie returned to England in 1616. He afterwards went to the East Indies, and there died. DALIN, Olaus Vox, called the father of modern Swedisli poetry, was the au- thor of many spirited satires, songs, epigrams, and fables. lie also wrote " The Argus," a work on the plan of the Spectator; ''A General History of Swe- den;" '"Brumhilda," a tragedy, &c. B. 170S ; d. 1763. DALLAS, Sir Geoege, lord chief jus- tice of the common pleas, was b. in London, 1758, and at the age of IS he went to India as a writer, where his talents soon raised him to high civil offices. He warmly espoused the cause of Hastings when impeached, and in 1789 he wrote a pamplilet, in which he attributed to him the British supremacy in India. In 1793 he published his "Thoughts upon our Present Situation, with Eemarks upon the Policy of a War witli France," which created consider- able sensation, and esjieeially e.xcited the admiration of Mr. Pitt. D. 1833. — Eob- ERT Charles, known as the friend and biographer of Lord Byron, was b. at Kingston, Jamaica, and studied the law in tiie Inner Temple. After residing for a time in France and America, he returned to England, and devoted him- self to literature. He translated several works from the French, and wrote the novels of '' Aubrey," " Perceval," " The Morlands," &c. ; but he is now more remembered for his " Eecollections of Lord Byron." D. 1824. — Alexandek James, was b. in the island of Jamaica, 1759. In 1783 he left Jamaica for the United States, and settled in Philadel- phia. In 1785 he was admitted to prac- tise in the supreme court of the state, and in four or five years in the courts of the Union. During this time he pre- pared his " Reports," and wa.s engaged in various literary pursuits, writing much in the periodical journals. Ho occupied successively the offices of sec- retary of Pennsylvania; district attorney of tlie United States ; secretary of the treasury, and secretary of war. On the restoration of peace in 1816, Mr. Dallas resigned his political situation, and re- sumed the successful practice of his pro- fession. His services as an advocate were called for in almost every part of the Union, but in the midst of very flattering expectations he d. at Trenton in 1817.— Alexander James, son of the preceding, became a distinguished naval officer of the United States. He entered the navy in 1805, when only 14 yeare of age, was with Connnodore Eogers on board of the President, in 1812, and, subsequently with Chauncey on lake Ontario. He also accompanied Porter in his exterminating cruise against the West India pirates. D. 1844. DALKYMPLE, Alexander, hydrog- dan] CYCLOPEDIA OB- filOGRAPHY. 337 rapher to the Admiralty and the India Company, was b. at New Ilailes, nccar Edinburtfh, in 1707, and spent the early part of his life in India, as a writer. He wrote "The Uriental Kepertory ," three " Colleetions of V'oyaices," &c. D. 1808. — Sir David, a Seotcli judge and anti- quary, was b. at Edinburgh in 1726, and eduea-ted at Eton and Utrecht. On his beeominga judge of the court of session in 176(3, he took the title of Lord Ilailes. His principal works are " Annals of Scot- land," which Dr. Johnson assisted iu revising, and " Memorials relating to the History of Great Britain." D. 1702. — Sir JoHx, for many years a baron of exchequer in Scotland, and the author of " Memoirs of Great Britain and Ire- land." D. ISIO. DALTON, John, a mathematician and natural philosopher, was b. at Eagles- field, near Coekermouth, in 17(36. From teaching a school as a boy in his native village, iu 17'J3, when in his 23d year, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the new college, Manchester. He made his first appearance as an author in a volume of " Meteoro- logical Observations and Essays," in 1793. In 1808 he published "A New System of Chemical Philosophy," and a second part in 1810. In 182(3 he was presented with a gold medal by the Koyal Society for his scientific discov- eries ; and iu 1833 the sum of £'2000 was raised by his friends and townsmen for the erection of a statue (by Chantrey) to perpetuate his remembrance. His *' Atomic Theory" must ever render his name memorable. Cotemporaueously with Gay-Lussac, with whom many of his researches run parallel, he discovered the important general law of the expan- sion of gases ; and his contributions to meteorology were also of the most im- portant kiiid. D. 1844. — Michael, an eminent lawyer of the 16th century; the author of a book on the " Office of a Justice of the Peace," aud another on the " Duties of Sheritfs." D. 1620. DALZIEL, Thomas, a Scotch general, who was with Charles II. at the battle of Worcester; after which he entered into the Russian service, but was re- called at the restoration. DAMEE, Anne Seymoitr, eminent as a sculptor as well as for her general ac- complishments, was the daughter of Field-marshal Conway, and b. 1748. She took lessons in the art from Ceracci and Bacon, and afterwards studied iu Italy. D. 1808. DAMIENS, EoitEKT, who, owing to his vicious inclinations, obtained the appellation of Robert le diable, was b. 171o, at Tieulloy, a village of Artois. While at Paris, in a menial employment, he was accused of having poisoned one of his masters and robbed another ; and having evaded the law by flight, he in course of time returned, to practise new enormities. In January, 17')7, he stabbed Louis XV. in the midst of his guards, as he was getting into his carriage. The wound was not mortal, and Damiens was instantly seized ; but the most cruel tortures which he was doomed to suflfer could not induce him to conless that he had any accomplices; and the horrid sentence, which condemned him to be torn in pieces by horses, was executed March 28, 1757. DAMOCLES, a sycophant at the court of Dionysius of Syracuse. He was one day extolling the happy condition of princes, on which the king invited him to a sumptuous entertainment, but caused a naked sword to be suspended over his head by a single hair ; thereby intimating the danger that awaited the great, though surrounded by vassals and revelling in luxuiy. This is said to have produced a salutary eti'eet on the courtier, who begged that the king would dismiss him to any meaner sta- tion, so that he might live iu safety. DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher, rendered memorable for his frienashiv with Pythias. Dionysius having cor- demned him to death, he obtainecl leave of absence to go home and settle his alfairs, Pythias pledging himself to en- dure the punishment iu his stead if he did not return at the appointed time. Damon was punctual ; and this instance of friendship so pleased the king, that he pardoned Damon, and requested to become one of his friends. DAMPIER, William, an English navigator, was b. at East Coker, Somer- setshire, iu 1652, and became a mariner at an early age. During many years of active service in privateers and trading vessels, he several times visited the South Seas ; and the result of his obser- vations were given to the public in a work, entitled " Voyages round the World," which possesses very con- siderable merit. lie d., as is supposed, iu 1712, but the exact time is not Known. DANA, Francis, chict-justice of Mas- sachusetts under the constitution of 1780 He was a delegate in congress from Mass. from 1776 to 1770, when he accompanied Mr. Adams to Paris as secretary of le- gation. He was appointed minister to 33S CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dan Russia ill 17S0, and though not publicly received as such, remained there till the end of the war ; he returned to America in 1TS3, and was a delegate in congress in 178 1. He was appointed chiet'jnstice in 17'.'2, and resigned in 1S06. D. 18 LI, aged 6S. — James Freeman, was gradu- ated at Harvard college, 1813, and in a lew years after was appointed assistant professor of chemistry in that seminary, in ISi-'O lie was appohited professor of clieinistry and mineralogy at Dartmouth college ; resigned this office in 1826, on being ajiuointcd professor of chemistry in the college of physicians and suro;eons at New York, lie published, with his brother, "Outlines of the Geology and Mineralogy of Boston ;" an "Epitome of ('hcmieal Philosophy" as a text book. ]). 1-J7. ^^ DA^'CKERTS, the name of a family of Dutch artists, of whom Coknei,u-s, b. 1501. appears to Iiave been the first of any no'.e, lie excelled as a portrait and liistorioal cnjrraver. DANCOURT, Florence Carton, a French actor and dramatic poet, was b. in IGijl, at Foutainbleau, and was origi- nally a barrister, but quitted that pro- fession for the stage. 1). 172G. DAXDINI, C.E3AR and Vincent, two Florentine painters of the 16th century, both eminent for their historical pieces ; as was also their nephew Pietro, who d. in 1712. D ANDOLO, Henry, a celebrated doge of Venice, to which high office he was chosen in 1192, when in his 84tli year. At the siege of Constantinople, during the fourth crusade, the venerable doge commanded his men to run up to the walls, and was himself the first who leaped on shore, D. 120.>, aged 97. — Vincent, a Venetian chemist, descended from the famous doge and captor of Con- stantinonle, was b. 17.")8. At all times zealous tor the independence of Italy, he became a member of the council of the Cisalpine republic, after tiie treaty of Campo Formio. Among his works are " Fondaincnti della Scienza Fisico-Che- micH," itc. D. 1819. D'ANDRAD.\, Anthony, a Portu- guese Jesuit, wlio discovered in 1624 the country of Cathay and Thibet, of which ho published an account. D. 1634. — Diego nE Payvu, a learned Portuguese divine, who distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his talents and elo- quifiiw, and wrote an elaborate defence of it airainst the attack of (Jhemnitius. D. ]r)7.'). — Fkanoh, his brother, was his- toriograplier to the king of Spain, and ■wrote the " History of John III., king of Portugal." — Thomas, another brother, an Augustine friar, called by his order Thomas of Jesus, attended Don Sebas- tian in his expedition against the emper- or of Morocco, was taken prisoner, and shut up in a cave by the Moors, in which place he wrote a book called "The Suf- ferings of Jesus." DANE, Nathan, an eminent jurist and statesman. He was b. at Ipswich, Mass. He was the fraraer of the cele- brated ordinance of congress of 1787, for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, by which the principles of free government, to the exclusion of slavery, were extended to an immense region, and its political and moral interest se- cured on a permanent basis. His great work, entitled " A General Abridgment and Digest of American Law," will re- main a proof of his learning and indus- try, and the Dane Professorship of Law, founded by his munificence at Harvard university, and the Law Hall, will bo enduring monuments of his desire to promote the interest of the profession of law, and the welfare of the com- munity. D. 1334, aged 82 years. DANGEAU, Philip de Courcillon, marquis of, was b. 1638, and distin- guished himself not less by his own talents than by the patronage he af- forded to the literati of his day. He wrote an extensive "Journal of the Court of Louis XIV.," extracts from which have been published, but not the work entire. D. 1720. D'ANGIHERA, Peter Martyr, an Italian scholar of a noble Milanese family, author of several historical works, which are usnallv quoted under the name of Peter Martyr. B. 14o5 ; d. ir)26. DANICIAN, Andre, better known by the name of Philidor, a celebrated playerand writer on chess, was b. atParis, and resided several years in England, where he published his "Analysis" of that celebrated game, and also some musical compositions. D. 1795. DANIEL, Samuel, a poet and histo- rian, was b. 1562, near Taunton, Devon, and educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. He became poet laureate on tlie death of .Spenser, and was subsequently appoint- ed to tlie othee of groom of the bed- chamber to James T. Besides various poems, some of which possess consid- erable merit, he wrote a "History of P^n'.dand" to the end of the reign of Edw.-xrd III. D. 1619. DANIELL, Samuel, an artist, who dan] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 339 travelled into the interior of Africa, made numerous drawings there, and on his return published u work entitled '■ Alrieau Scenery." He also spent six yc-irs in the island of Ct-ylon, where he ci. in isll. He left an extensive collec- tion of drawings, cliiefly illustrative of the natural history of the island ; and a volume was publislicd, entitled "The Scenery, An mals, and Native Inhabit- ants of Ceylon." — Wh-liam, an eminent draughtsman, b. ITG'J, was initiated in the pictorial art at a very early age, and accompanied his uncle to India, when lie was only 14, for the express purpose of assisting in depicting the scenery, costume, ifec, of that interesting coun- try. Innnediately on tlieir return, the large work, entitled '* Oriental Scenery," was printed. lie also published '• A Picturesque Voyage to India," a work entitled "Zoogfapliy," and a great va- riety of separate views and panoramas. He 'was particularly successful in de- picting the ocean in all its varied aspects ; and his glowing representations ot East- ern scenery are well known to the ])ub- lic bv his splendid " Oriental Annual." D. 1837. . DANNECKER, John Hen-et, whose statue of Ariadne on the Leopard, at Frankfort, would sutlice to place him in the tirst rank of modern sculptors, was b. at Stuttgard, 1758. His female fig- ures have rarely been surpassed ; and his busts of Schiller, Lavater, Gluck, and many of the mc'nbers of the royal family of Wurtemburg, are models of arlist'ic skill. D. 18.il.' DANTE ALIGIIIERI, the sublimest of the Italian poets, was b. at Florence, in 1265. The family name was Caceia- guida, and that of his inother was Ali- ghieri. The name by which he has de- scended to posterity is a contraction of Durante, ins Christian name. Brunette Latini was his teacher, and Dante rapid- ly profited by his instructions. Nor were his feelings less precocious tlum his talents, if it be true that at the age often years he fell in love with the lady whom lie has innnortalized imdcr the name of Beatrice. He was destined, however, in his twenty-sixth year, to marry Gemma, one of the Donati family, from whom, after having lived unhap- pily wi*,h her, he was separated. Be- fore his marriage, he served his country with distinction in the wars aeainst Arezzo and Pisa, and also as an envoy, in wliich capacity he v as tburtecn times employed. In loOO he was raised to be one of the eisht cldef magistrates of the republic. Here ended Lis good for- tune. He belonged to the party called the Bianchi, or Whites ; and their oppo- nents, the Neri, or Blacks, liaving gamed the ascendency, ho was first banished from Florence, and afterwards condemn- ed to be burnt alive, in case of his fall- ing into their hands. Nearly all the re- mainder of Dante's life was spent in wanderings, and in fruitless struggles. At length, ho found an asylum with Guido Novella, lord of Eavenna ; and at Kavenna he d. September 14, 13-21. Dante wrote various works, but his fame rests on the Divina Coiimiedia, which consists of three parts. Hell, Pur- gatory, and Heaven. In this astonish- mg production Dante does, indeed, " on Horror's head horrors accumulate." For boundless and wild imagination, for gloomy grandeur, for terrific energy, it has no superior ; while, on the other hand, it often charms by exquisite sweetness, simplicity, and grace. The best English translation (and it is not likely to be surpassed) is that by Cary. — Igxatics, a Dominican, of the same family as the jioet. He was a cele- brated mathematician, and wrote a trea- tise on the astrolabe. He became bishop of Alatri, and d. 1586. — John Baitist, professor of mathematics at Venice in the 15th century, was also a member of the above family, and is said to have made a pair of winers, with which he flew over the lake Thrasimenus. DANTON, George James, b. in 1759, was an advocate by profession, but be- came one of the most active among the leaders of the French revolution. He took the lead in the meeting of the Champ do Mars, which paved the way to the dethronement of the king. Well qualified for the position he assumed, by his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and fierce demeanor, he became one of the executive council, and prepared meas- ures for the defence of tne capital when it was threatened by the Prussian in- vaders under the duke of Brunswick. He was afterwards a metnlier of the convention and of the committee of pub- lic safety, anatin and Eii^trhsh, and Mrote many more which were never printed. DEFFAXD, Maeia de Vjcny Cham- ROLK, marchioness du, a French lady, who for many years was a conspicuous character among the literati of the age, and whose "Correspondence" has been published, was b. in 1607. Few females possessed more natural or cultivated talents, and her abode was regarded as the rendezvous of wit and genius. D. 1780. DEFOE, Daniel, an immortal English writer, whose family name was Foe, was the son of a butcher, and b. 1660. In 1688 he kept a hosier's shop in Cornhill, but failing, ho had I'ceourse to his pen for a subsistence. In 1695 he was made iicconintant to the commissioners of the glass ctuty, which office he held till that Impost was taken olf. In 1701 he pro- duced his "Tme-born Englishman," ft satire, coarse but characteristic. The vear Ibllowing appeared his " Sliortest Way with the Dissenters," for which ho was sentenced to the pillory, fined, and imprisoned. He was instrumental in promoting the union of England and Scotland. In 1713 he was atrain com- mitted to prison for some political pam- phlets, but Lord Oxford procured his pardon. In 1715 he published the "Family Instructor," a religious per- formance of merit ; and in 1719 appeared his ailinirable " Robinson Crusoe." Defoe wrote a number of other books, among which was a " Journal of the Plague in 1665," by a supposed witness of it. " Captain Rock," &c. D. :731. DELAITORDE, Jean Benjamf,-, a cel- ebrated French musical composer and performer on the violin. He was b. in 1784; was a great favorite with Louis XV. ; became afterwards fermier-gene- ral, and was guillotined during the reien of terror, as a favorer of monarchy. DELACAPEDE, Beknard GermaIx Stephen Laville, a celebrated French naturalist, b. 1756. He held the situa- tion of keeper of the cabinets in the Jardin du Rois at Paris, which he great- ly improved. He was successively sec- retary and president of the national assembly, and on the formation of the institute he was chosen one of tiie first members. Under the regime of Bona- parte he became president of the con- servative senate, and grand ehancellor of the legion of honor ; but when, in 1814, the reverses of the emperor tried the fidelity of his friends, Delacapede ajipcarcd to waver. At the restoration of the Bourbons ho returned to his studies in natural history. D. 1825. DELACOUR, James, an Irish poet; author of " The Prospect of Poetry," and a poem in imitation of Pope's, en- titled " Abelard to Eloisa." His intellect becoming deranged, he possessed the notion that he was gifted with the spirit of prophecy. B. 1709 ; d. 1781. DELAMBRE, Jonx Baptist Joseph, one of the most eminent French astrono- mers, and a pupil of Lelande, was b. at Amiens, 1794. Though he did not com- mence the study of astronomy till he was l>6 years of aire, he rapidly acquired great fame, and produced numerous works of great merit ; among which aro his "Theoretical and Practical Astrono- my," and a " History of Astronomy." D; 1S22. DEL AN DINE, Anthony Francis, a modern French writer, b. at Lyons, 346 CYCLOPAEDIA OF HIOGRAPHy. [del 1756, of which city he becamo the libra- rian, lie wrote "ilemoires Biblioirra- phiques ct Littcraires," and other works. D. ISiiO. DEL ANY, Patrick, a learned divine, was a native ot' Irch\nd, and b. about 1G$D. In 17o-2 he publislied " Kevela- tion examined with Candor," and in 1733 appeared liis "Eeflectious upon Polygamy." His next publication was the " Life of David," and in 1754 he published "Observations on Lord Orre- rv's Eemarks on the Lite and Writings of Swift." D. 1768. DE LA EUE, Geevaise, a French abbe and an eminent antiquarian ; knight of the legion of honor, and a member of many learned societies in Europe. His works are chiefly elucida- tory of Anslo-Norman poetry. D. 1835. DELAUNEY, Count D'Antraigues, a distinguished political agent during the revolutionary era of France. When Itobespierre was in his zenith he emi- grated to Germany, and iu 1797 he was employed in the service of Eussia. While thus engaged in Italy, he was arrested by the agents of France, and thrown into prison, from which he was liberated through the intercession of Madame St. Hubert!, a celebrated nctres.'j belonging to the French opera, whom he afterwards married. In 1806 he was sent on a mission to England by the emperor of Eussia, and he was often employed by the government. He resided at "Barnes, Surrey, and, from some cause wholly unaccoimted for, he was assassinated by his Italian servant, on the 8d of -July, 1812. DELAVAL, Euward Hussey, a chem- ist and natural philosopher. He particu- larly directed his attention to optics, and his principal work was "An Experimen- tal Inquiry into the Cause of the Changes of (Jolors in Opaque and Colored Bod- ies." He was brother to Lord Delaval. D. 1814. DELAVIGNE, Casimir, oner of the most eminent of the modern French poets, was b. at Ilavre-de-Grace. Ills works were very numerous, and to the lionor of French taste be it said, they were very poiiular also ; for never since the days of Corncille ha.s French verse embodied sentiments more noble or mairnificent. D. 1843, a^cd 49. DELILLE, Jaquks, a modern French poet of eminence, was b. at Aitrue Fersc, in 1738. Ills translation of " Viririrs Georgics," in 176'.i, estaljllshed his fame, and obtained him admission to the French Academy. He was profe.isor of Latin poetry at the college of France, and of the belles Icttres at the university of Paris ; but In 1794 he withdrew from France, though he returned again in 1801, and was chosen a member of th-j Institute. He again, however, emigra- ted ; and it was in London that he trans- lated tfie " Paradise Lost." After his final return to his own country, he wrot« his admired poem, " La Conversation," and became blind. Besides the poems already mentioned, the most prominent of his productions are the "Three Eelgns of Nature," "Imagination," and " Misfortune and Pity." Without pos- sessing so large a share of creative genius as some others, he was excelled by none in exquisite versification, purity of moral sentiment, or true pathos. D. 1813. DELISLE, Claude, a French 1 6to- rian, was b. at Vaucoleurs, in 1644, and d. in 1720. His works are, "Eolation Historlqae du Eoyaume de Slam," " Abridgment of the Universal Histo- ry," 7 vols., and a "Genealogical and Historical Atlas." — William: de, son of the preceding, was b. at Paris, 1675. He was appointed geographer to the king, to whom ho had the honor of giving lessons in that science. D. 1726.— Louis de, brother of the preceding, an able astronomer and geographer, made sev- eral journeys on the coast of the frozen ocean, to determine the situation of a variety of places In the countries lying nearest to the north pole; after which he traversed Siberia; and In 1741 went alone to Kamtschatka, with the same object, but d. the same year. — Joseph Nicholas de, the youngest and most celebrated of the three brothers, was b. at Paris in 1688; visited England, where he formed an acquaintance with Newton and Halley ; and in 1726 was appointed astronomer-royal at Petersburg, where he resided 21 years, during wliicli he published " Memoirs Illustrative of the History of Astronomy," and an atlas of Eussia. On his return to Paris, in 1747, he was appointed professor of mathe- matics in the royal college. D. 1768. — Jon>f Baptist Isoard, a French writer known under the name of Delisle de Sales, was b. at Lyons, 1743. He was tlie author of "La Philosophic de la Nature," which being denounced as immoral and irrellirlous, he was tried and imprlsoneil, thereby acquiring a temporary celebrity. He afterwards wrote romances, histories, and Platonic dreams; was imprisoned during tho reign of Kobespierre, but subsequently DEMJ CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGIIAPIIV, 347 became a member of the Institute. D. 1S16. DELIjA MARIA, Dominique, a musi- caU-oni poscr,of I taliim extraction, thoii>(h b. at Marseilles, 177S. He studied under tlie first masters in Italy, and acquireil a stvle at once pure, natural, and gracclul. D'. 1806. DELOLME, John Louis, a native of Geneva, was b. in 17-45, and bred to the practice of the law; but, takinir an ac- tive part in the ]iolitical events of his country, lie was obli,i(cd to repair to En- gland, where lie atlenifth became known by his celebrated work on tlie " Consti- tution of Enu'land." He also wrote a " History of the Flatrellants ;" and re- turning to Switzerland in 1775, d. there in 1706. DELOEME, Makion, was b. 1612 or IGl.), but where is not exactly known, though probably in Champagne, or Franche Compte.' Of marvellous beau- ty and exquisite wit, she became, after certain amatory adventures, the mis- tress, and subsequently, by secret mar- riage, the wife of Cinq ilars ; and, as such, was persecuted by the terrible Cardinal Kichelieu. Even before he was sent to tlie scatFold, she had formed other intrigues, and then had a long list of lovers, amongst wliom were De Grannnont and St. Evremont. Then she became the " glass of fashion and the mould of tbrm" of the city of Paris; she dabbled in politics, and eventually formed one oft he chiefs of the malcon- tent party ; was in danger of arrest, like the rriuecs De Conti and De Conde. To escape a jail she spread a rumor that she was dead, and actually got up a mock funeral of herself. Afterwards she escaped to England, married a lord, and in a short time became a widow, with a legacj' of £4,000. She returned to France, and on her way to Paris was attacked by brisrands, i-obbed of her money, ancl made to marry the chief of the band ; four years later she was again a widow, and then she wedded a il. Laborde ; after living with him seven- teen years, he died, and she went to Paris with tlie remains of her fortune ; robbed by her domestics, she was re- duced to bcgsrary, and continued to lead a wretched existence to the extraordina- ly age of 1 34. " DELPINI, CnAntEs Anthony, was b. in the parish of St. Martin, Koine. He was the best clown of his day, and t!ie author of several dramatic works. D. 1828. PELITO, John Andrew, a Genevese naturalist, latterly residing in England, where he obtained a pension from Queen CJiarlotlc, who appointed him her reader. Jle was the author of sev- eral geological works. B. 1726 ; d. 1S17. DE.METKU'S, surnamed Poliohce- TEs, king of Macedon, was the son of Antigonus. At the age of twenty-two his lather intrusted him with an army against Ptolemy, by whom he was de- feated near Gaza. But he soon repaired the loss, and with a fleet of 2.'50 ships sailed to Athens, which he delivered from Demetrius Phalereus. He after- wards defeated Cassander at Thermo- pylae ; but the successors of Alexander, alarmed at his progress, collected tlieir forces and marched against him. They met at Ipsus, 301 b. c, and after an ob- stinate battle the army of Demetrius was defeated, and his father si. "u, but he himself lied to Ephesus. He, how- ever, mustered a new army, and relieved Athens from the t_\Tanny under wliicii it groaned. He then slew Alexander, the son of Cassander, and seated him- self on the throne of Macedonia. D. 284 B. c.^I., king of Svria, surnamed SoTER, was the son of Scleueus Philopa- ter. He was sent hostage to Rome by his father, on whose death Antiochus Epiphanes, and after him his son Antio- chus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped the throne of Syria. He applied to the Roman senate for assistance to recover his right, but in vain. The Syrians, however, recognized him for their law- ful prince, and at last he obtained the throne. — II., called Nicator, (conquer- or,) was the son of the preceding. Ptol- emy Philomctor, king of Egynt, placed him on the throne of his father, after expelling the usurper, Alexander Balas, 146 B. c. He married Cleopatra, the wife of the same Alexander, and daugh- ter of Ptolemy. — Phalereus, a philoso- pher of the Peripatetic sect. The Athenians were so charmed with his eloquence, as to erect statues to his honor. He afterwards fell into dis- grace, and retired to the court of I'tol- emy Lagus, king of Egypt, whose son banished him from his dominions, and he d. by the bite of an asp, 234 b. c. — A czar of Russia, connnonlv called the false Demetrius, w.as, aecorcling to most historians, a n.ative of Jarowslaw, and a novice in a monastery, where ho was tutored by a monk to personate Deme- trius, son" of the czar John Basilowitz, who had been murdered by Boris Gude- now Having learnt his tale bo went 348 CYCLOPAEDIA OF niOGRAniY. [de:^ into Lithuania, embraced the Eoraan Catholic religion, and married the daughter of the Pdatine Seudomir, In IGOi Demetrius entered Eussia at the head of a small army, was joined by a number of llussians and Cossacks, and defeated an army sent against him. Ou the death of Boris, the people stran- gled his son, and placed Demetrius on the throne ; but iiis partiality to the roles, and contempt of the Greek re- ligion, occasioned an insurrection, and he was assassinated in lOUii, after reigu- iu>j about 11 mouths. DEiiOCKlTUS, one of the most cele- brated philosophers of antiquity, and of the Eleatic school, was b. at Abdera, 460 B. 0. He studied under Lcucippus ; and on the death of his father, who was a wealthy citizen, he travelled to Egypt, Chaldea, and other countries, by which he greatly enlarged his stores of knowl- edge ; and when he returned to his na- tive city, though at first slighted, his intellectual acquisitions gained the re- spect of his countrymen, and he was placed at the head of public atfairs ; but, mdignaut at the follies of tlie Abderites, lie resigned his office, and retired to solitude, devoting himself wholly to philosophical studies. DEMOSTHENES, the greatest orator of antiquity, was the son of an opulent sword-blade manufacturer at Athens, and was b. about 380 e. c. Having lost his father when a mere child, his educa- tion was neglected; but at the age of seventeen he determined to study elo- quence, though his lungs were weak, his {pronunciation inarticulate, and his gestures awkward. These imiicdiments he conquered by perseverance, till by degrees he surpassed all other orators in the power and grace of eloquence. When the encroachments of Philip of Macedon alarmed the Grecian states, he depicted his ambitious design with so much effect, that similar orations are to this day called Philippics. Vv'hcn that monarch was about to invade Attica, Demosthenes was sent as ambassador to prevail on the Boeotians to assist them, m wliich mission he succeeded. He was also at the battle of Cheronca, but his conduct there showed that he was as deficient in personal courage as he was inimitable in the senate. The in- fluence of Demosthenes being on the decline, ^Eschincs took advantage of it to bring an accusation .against him on the subject of his conduct .at (^herouea, and his having had a crown of gold awarded liini; but the orator so well defended himself in his celebrated ora- tion De Corona, that he was honorably acquitted, and his adversary sent in:o exile. Shortly after, however, Demos- thenes was convicted of receiving a golden cup and twenty talents from rlarpalus, one of Alexander's generals, who had retired to Athens with a quan- tity of plunder, which he had gathered in Asia. To avoid punishment, he fled to yEgina, where he remained till the deatli of Alexander, when he was re- called by his countrymen, and brought home in triumph. But this change of fortune was of short duration. The victory of Antipater was followed by an order to the Athenians to deliver up Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of Neptune, atCalauria, where he poisoned himself, o22 b. c. DEMPSTER, Thom.\3, a Scotch writer, was b. in ly7'J, and studied at Cam- bridge, from whence he removed to Paris. He was afterw.ards professor of philology at Pisa, and d. at Bologna in 1625. He wrote several works, the most curious of which are a " Martyrology of Scotland," a " List of Scottish Wri- ters," and a " History of the Etruscans." DENHAM, DisoN, an enterprising traveller and intrepid soldier, was b. in 1786, and entered the army as a volun- teer in 1811, serving with lionor in the peninsular war, where he obtained a lieutenancy. In 1821 he was chosen to proceed to central Africa, in company with Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oud- ney, for the purpose of exploring those regions, his courage, perseverance, ad- dress, and conciliatory manners pecu- liarly fitting liim for such an underta- king. On his return to England, in 1824, he published a "Narrative" of his travels. In 1826 he was sent to Sierra Leone as superintendant of the liber- ated Africans, and in 1823 was appointed lieutenant-governor of the colony ; soon after which lie was seized with a fever, which quickly proved fatal. — Sir Jonx, a poet of some celebrity, was b. 161S, at Dublin, where his fiither waa chief baron of the exchequer, but afterwards became a judge in England. In 1641 appeared his tragedy of "The Sophy," and soon after he was made governor of Fareham castle for the king. In 1643 he published his " Cooper's Hill." IIo attended Charles II. in his exile, and was sent by him ambassador to Poland. At the restoration he was knighted anA appointed survevor-general of the royal buildiuL's. I). 16G3. DENIN.\. GiAooMo C.uiLo, an Italian DES] CYCL0P.T:DIA of niOGRAPIIY. 349 historian, was b. 1781, at Revel, in Piod- mont. For many years lie was a pro- fessor of rhetoric at Turin, and ulti- mately became liljrariau to Napoleon. His principal works are "History of the Kevolutions of Italy," " The roliti- cal and Literary History of (ireecc," "The Revolutions of Germany," &c. D. at Paris, 1813. DP2NMAN, TiioJfAS, an eminent phy- sician and medical writer, was d. at Bake well, Derbyshire, in 1733. He first iierveposition. At the invitation of Cliristma, queen of Sweden, he went to Stockholin, where he d. IGX*. His prin- cipal works are "Frincijiia rhiloso- phite," " Dissertatio de Mithodo recte reiicndiK Katiouis," &c. ; " Dioptricse," " iMeditationes," and "Geomc^try." DE8EZE, Raymo.nd, or Komain, a native of Bordeaux, and an able coun- Hellor of the parliament of that citj', was b. in IT'iO. Ho afterwards practised at Paris, and his acknowledged talents caused him to be named one of the counsel for the nnlbrtunate Louis XVI., whose cause he most ably defended, after Target had declined the dangerous task. He was imprisoned for a time, but es- caped tlie scatfolil. lie held several distiniruished offices; was a peer of France, a kniirht of the orrler of Malta. a mcinVjcr of the French Acadi.'iny, and prtsidcnt of the court of repeal. 1). l82S. DESFOEGES, Petek John Baptist CnouDAUD, a dramatic writer and actor, b. at Paris, in 1746. He was the author of twenty-four comedies, besides some romances. DESGODETS, Anthony, a French architect, was b. in Paris, 1653. On his passage to Kome in 1674, he was taken by the Algerines, and kept in slavery sixteen months. On being exchanged he I'cpaired to Rome, where he com- posed a work, entitled "The Ancient Editices of Kome ;" and, on his return to Paris, he was made com])troller of the royal buildmgs, and architect to the king. D. 1728. DESHOULIERES, Antoinette du Li- GiER, a handsome, witty, and accom- plished woman, and a writer of much versatility, was b. at Paris, in 1634; married a gentleman of family, and was on terms of frientlship with the principal literati of the age. She produced nu- merous plays and operas, few of which were successful ; but her " Idyls," " Ec- logues," and " Moral Reflections" are still admired. D., after twelve years of sntfering, of a cancer in her breast, in 16'j4. — Antoinette Therese, a daughter of the preceding, and the inheritor both of her talents and hor sutl'erings ; hav- ing written various poems, &c., and been for twenty years the victim of can- cer. D. 1718. DESMOULINS, Benedict Camille, a native of Guise, in Picardy, who dis- played his republican zeal at the taking of the Bastille, and in the demolition of the monarchy. As the friend of Danton he was one of the original founders of the Jacobin club. The fall of Danton was his own; for seized in the night, 31st March, 1794, he opened his windows to call in vain for help, and with Young's Night Thoughts and Hcrvey's Medita- tions in his hand, he was dragged to prison, and immediately after to the scaffold. His writings were mainly — "The Revolntions of France and Bra- bant" — "The History of the Brissotins" —the " Vieux Cordelier." His wife, who wished to share his fate, wiis permitted to follow him ten days after to the scat- fold. When asked his sige by the bloody tribunal, he answered, "My age is that of Jesus Christ when he suffered death," 33. DESPARD, Edward Marcus, a native of Ireland. He early embraced a 'r.ili- tary life, and was cm])loycd in the West Indies, on the Spanish main, and in the bay of Honduras, where he was ap- pointed superintendent of the Englisti dew] CYCLOP.I^DIA OF lilOOKAl'HY. 351 colony. His conduct in this office gave oft'eneo to the soltkrs, luid in conse- quence of tlieir conipliiints lie was re- culled home, ITitO; but wlien he applied to government to invcstigiite his ad- ministration, his representations were rejected without explanation. This rendered him a disallected subject. lie Avas seized for seditious conduct, luider the suspension of the habeas corpus act, and eontined in several prisons, but when at last liberated, past misfortunes had made no impression upon liim, but rather stimulated liiin to rcvcnire. He now formed the ]>lan of scdueinf,' the soldiery from their alletriancc, and in the secret committees wiiich he held with his associates, under the sanction of a solemn oath it was agitated to as- sassinate the king, as he proceeded to the opening of parliament. This design was discovered by some of the accom- plices, and Despard and }iis associates were seized, and tried at a special eom- misflion in Soiithwark, 5th February, 1603. He sutfcred on the 21st March with nine others. — Jous, entered the army at an early age, and saw mtich service in different quarters of the globe. He liad been in 24 engagements, had two horses sliot under him, was three times shipwrecked, taken prisoner once, and had the standard of his regiment sliot out of his hand, wlien an ensign, at 15 years of age. After all these "hair- breadtli escapes" lie lived to attain his 85th year, and d. 1^29. DESSALlNlvS, John James, origin- ally a slave in St. Domingo, but having an opportunity of showinnr great courage and talents during the disturbances in that colony, became second in command to Toussaint Louverture; on whose im- prisonment he was chosen emperor of llayti, under the title of James I. This was in 18^4; but he retained his im- perial dignity only two years, having perished "the victim of a conspiracy, in 1806. DESTOUCHES, Fnii.ip NEKicArLT, an eminent French dramatic writer, was b. at Tours, 1680. His principal pieces are " Le rhilosophe Mane," and "Le Glo- rieux." 1). 1754. DEVEREUX, Robert, earl of Essex, b. in 1567, accompanied the earl of Lei- cester to Holland, where he behaved with much bravery at the battle of Zut- ]ihon, and on his return to England was made master of the horse. In l."'Jl he commanded the forces sent to the assist- ance of Henry IV. of France ; and in 1596 he was appointed joint-commauder with Lord Howard in an expedition against Spain, where he contributed to the capture of Cadiz. In 15'J7 he was made earl marshal of England, and, on tiie death of Lord Burleigh, eliancellor of Cambridge. Beheaded 1601. — Robert, earl of Essex, son of the preceding, was b. 15'j2, and restored to his tamily honors by James. In 1620 Essex served under Sir Horatio Vere in the Palatinate, and afterwards under Prince ^Maurice in Holland. On his return to England he appeared as a member of the opposition against the court ; and on the breaking out of the rebellion had the command of the parliamentary army. He gained the battle of Edgehill, ai'Ier which he took Reading, raised the siege of Glou- cester, and fought the first battle of Newbury. By the self-denying ordi- nance in 1645 he was deprived of hia command, and d. the vear followiuir. DEVONSHIRE, Georgiana Cavex- DisH, duchess of, a female alike remark- able lor personal graces and mental ac- complishments, was b. 1757, and married to the duke of Devonshire in her 17th year. Her "Passage of Mount St. Gothard," and such other of her poems, as have been publislicd, bear the im- press of a highly cultivated mind. D. 1806. D'EWES, Sir SruoxDS, an antiquary, was b. in 1602, and created a baronet in 1641 ; but on the breaking out of the civil war he espoused the cause of de- mocracy, and d. in 1650. He was the author of "The Journals of the Parlia- ments during the Reign of Elizabeth." DE WEES, AViLLiAM Potts, a distin- guished physician of Philadelphia, b. 1768, at Pottsgrove, Pa. He was lon£r a professor in the university of I'hiladel- phia, where he published his " System of Midwifery," his "Diseases of" Chil- dren," his "Practice of Medicine," and other works, which are standard with the profession. D. 1S41. DE WINT, Petek, a distinguished artist, was b. at Stone, in Staffordshire where liis father practised as a physician 1783. English landscape scenery formed the chief theme for his fertile pencil- D. 184y. DE WITT, John, an enlighteneu statesman, was b. in 1625, at Dort, in Holland. At the age of 23 he published an excellent mathematical work entitled " The Elements of Curved Lines." In 165() he was chosen pensionary of bis native city ; and, after distinguishing himself in public atfairs, was elected pensionary of Holland. While in that 353 CyCLOP.EDIA OF BTOCllAPIIY. capacity ho concluded a peace ■with Cromwelij oue article of which excluded the house of Oniugre from the st.idt- holdersliip : and in 16G7 he established the perpetual edict for abolishing the otlice of stadtholder, for which lie re- ceived public thanks. However, in 1G72, when Holland was invaded by the French, and civil dissension overspread the country, both John de Witt and his brother CorneUus were barbarously mur- dered by the populace. — Bknjamin, a physician of New York, was appointed ijrofessor of medicine in Columbia col- Icire in 1807, and professor of chemistry in ISOS. He was also health officer of the city, and died of the yellow fever, at Staten Island, 1819, aged 4.5. He pub- lished a " Dissertation on the etfect of Oxygen," 1798 ; an " Oration commem- orative of the Prisoners who died in the prison .ships at Wallabout," 1808 ; " Ac- count of Minerals in New York," &c., &e. — John, professor of biblical history iu the theological seminary of the Dutcli Kelbrmed Church at New Brunswick, N. J. He was a native of Catskill, N. Y. D. 1831, aged about 42. DEXTER, Samoel, a benefactor of Harvard college, was a merchant of Bos- ton. In the political struggles just be- fore the revolution he was repeatedly elected to the council and negatived for his patriotic zeal by the royal governor. In his last years he was deeply engaged in investigating the doctrines of the- ology. For the encouragement of bib- lical criticism he bequeathed a hand- some legacy to Harvard college. He also bequeathed §40 to a minister, wliom he wished to preach a funeral sermon without making any mention of him in the discourse, from the words "the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eter- nal." D. ISIO. — Samuel, secretary of war of the United States, son of the pre- ceding, was b. in 1761, and graduated at Harvard college, 1781. After being some time a member of the house of representatives in congress, he was elected to the senate. During the ad- ministration of John Adams lie was ap- pointed secretary of war in ISOO, and secretary of the treasury in January, 1801, and for a short time, also had the charge of the department of state. D. 1816. DIAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese navigator, who, in 1486, with two small vessels, discovered the Cape f, a martyr to the frantic zeal of his brother, was a native of Cu- enza, in Spain. He studied at Paris, where, by reading the works of Luther, he became a Protestant. He then quitted France, and visited Calvin at Geneva: afterwards he went to Strasburg, antl lastly to Neuberg, whither he was fol- lowed by his brotiier Alplionsus, a zeal- ous Catliolic. Alphons'is iinding his exhortations could not; -.claim him, pre- tended to close his vitit and take his departure, but secretly returned at break of day, with a companion, and murdered him with an axe, 1546. DIBDIN, Charles, a dramatist, poet, and actor, but mostly celebrated as a writer of songs and a musical composer, was b. at Southampton, in 1745. He was intended for the chxirch, and re- ceived his early education at Winches- ter ; but, seduced Ijy his love of music, and relinquishing all thoughts of the clerical profession, he made his first ap- pearance as a performer, in 1762 ; but he never shone as an actor, though both as a writer of light dramatic pieces and musical compositions he was very suc- cessful. His sea songs were eminently popular. Altogether he produced about 1400 songs and 30 dramatic pieces ; be- sides which he wrote " A History of the Stage," his "Professional Life," " A Musical Tour," three novels, &c. D. 1814. — Thomas, a dramatic author and song writer, was the eldest son of the preceding, had the honor of having Garrick for his godfather; and in 1775, when only four years of age, he appeared on the stage as Cupid, in Shakspeare's "Jubilee," to the Venus of Mrs. Sid- dons. From that time until 1795 he is said to have performed in every depart- ment of the drama, and written more tlian 1000 songs. Among his best theat- rical compositions are " The Cabinet," "The English Fleet," "Mother Goose," (which yic-lded more than £20,000 profit to the managers of Covent-garden thea- tre,) "The" High-mettled Eacer," (a clear gain to the proprietors of Astlcv's of £13,000,) "The ,hw and Doctor," "Past Ten o'Cloek," &c. D. 1841.— Thomas Froqnall, nephew of the cele- brated song writer, and himself the most zealous bibliographer, and one of the most voluminous and miscellaneous writers of his time, was b. at Calcutta, 1775, and al'tc-r rcccixiiitr his education under the care of an uncle at Keadingr, matriculated at Oxford, as a commoner did] CYCLOP/EDIA OK HIOGUAPHY. 353 of St. John's pollefrc, where his taste for literiitnrc and history comiiionced. Tiie Jaw hoiiicr his destiiiation, he became a pupil of Mr. Basil Montague; but he Buhsi'quently ehniiired his views, and after waiting some time for a degree, he was ordained a clergyman in 1804. D. 1847. DICK, Sir Ai.EXANni:!?, a Scotch phy- sician, was b. in 1703, and studied at Leyden under Bocrhaavc. In IVoG he was chosen president of the college of physicians at Edinburgh, to which he was a benefactor. lie was tlic first who paid attention to the culture of the true rhubarb in Britain ; for wh.ich he re- ceived, in 1774, tlicgold medal from the London Society for promoting arts and commerce. U. 1785. — Sir Eobkkt 1Ik.m:y, entered the army as an ensign in tlie 7.5th loot, in ISOO; and in 1804 obtained n company in tlic 78th. Ilo accom- panied the expedition to Sicily, and was wounded at the battle of Maida ; joined Abcreromby, and was present at the battle of Alexandria, and was severely wounded at Eosctta. In 1808 he com- manded a light battalion at Busaco and Ciudad Eodrigo, and at the storming of Fort St. Michael, and during the siego of Burgos, (fee. He served in the cam- paign of 181 5, and was severely wounded at Quatre Bras while conniianding the 42d. On the restoration of peace lie re- tired to his paternal estate at Tullimet. D. 1846. DICKONS, Mrs. (whose maiden name was Poole,) was a celebrated singer, who, though not equal to Mrs. Billing- ton, many years sustained the same cast of characters at the opera, and was regu- larly engaged as a principal vocalist at the oratorios. She commenced her pro- fessional career at Covcnt-garden in 179.3, and retired in 1818. D. 18:33. DICKINSON, JoxATUAX, first pres- ident of New Jersey college, was gradu- ated at Yale eollcire, 17oIGGES, TnoMAs, an astronomer and mathematician ; author of " Alie sive Scalte Mathematicie," "Pei-fect Descrip- tioiw of the Celestial Orbs," &c. D. 1590. — Sir Dudley, son of the preceding, was b. 1583, and educated at Oxford. He was knighted by James I., who sent him ambassador to Kussia; but in the parliament of 1G21 he resisted the court measures, and so continued to do till IG-iG, when lie was brought over by the grant of the mastersjiip of the rolls. lie wrote '"A Defence of Trade," " A Dis- course concerning' the Kights and Priv- ileges of the Subject." D. 1639. biLLEXIUS, Jony James, an emi- nent botanist, was b. in Darmstadt, in Germany, in 16^7, and educated at the university of Giessen. In ITiil he ac- companied Dr. Shcrrard to Ensrland, where he spent the remainder of his days. Soon after his arrival iie under- took a new edition of " Kay's Synop- sis ;" and was appointed the first botanical professor at Oxford on Sher- rard's foundation. He wrote " Ilortus Elthamensis" and a "'History of Moss- es." D. 1747. DILLON, Wentworth, earl of Ros- common, was b. in Ireland about 1633, and educateil at Caen, in Normandy, by the famous Bouchart. After dissipating his property by gaming, he was made master of the horse to the duchess of York. He tlien married a daughter of the earl of Burlington, and applied to poctrv. D. 16S4. DI.MSDALE, Thomas, a physician, who became celebrated by his success- ful mode of inoevdating for the small- pox. In 1763 he went to Kussia, and inoculated the empress and grand-duke. for which he was created a baron of the empire, physician to her majesty, and counsellor of state. He wrote Tracts on Inoculation, in which is an account of his first iournev to Kussia. D. 1800. DINEZ DA CKUZ, Anthony, an emi- nent Portuguese poet, was b. 1730, and d. in 17yS. As a writer of odes, son- nets, and lyrical pieces generally, he holds the first rank among his country- men. DINOCKATES, a Macedonian archi- tect, who was employed by Alexander in building the eity of Alexandria. He also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, and proposed to cut Mount Athos into a statue of the Macedonian hero. Ho died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptol- emy. DINWIDDIE, Robert, governor of Virginia from 1752 to 1758, had been previously clerk to a collector of customs HI the West Indies, whose enormous fraud he detected and exposed. For this disclosure he was rewarded by his appointment in Virtrinia. But while he was governor he ditl not forget what he had learned when a elork, for he was charged with applyinsj to his own use £20,000 sent to defray the expenses of Viririnia for the ])ul)lic service. It was during his administration that Braddock proceeded on his expedition auainst the Indians. I). 1770. DIOCLETIAN, Caius Valerius, a Roman emperor, in whose reisrn the Christians sutfcred a persecution, was born of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He rose from being a common soldier to the rank of general, and on the death of Numrrian, in 2S4-, was chosen em- peror. He renounced the crown in 304, and retired to Salona, where he d. 318. DIODATI, John, an eminent divine, b. at Lucca, in 1589, was descended from a no))le family, and brouglit up in the Catholic faith ; but he embraced Protestantism, became professor of He- brew at Geneva, and is much celebrated for a translation of the Bible into Italian. D. 1049. DIODORUS, SictrLTjs, a native of Ar- gyrinm, in Sicily, who wrote a Univer- sal History, of which only 15 books and a few fragments remain. " He flourished about 44 B. c. DIOGENES, sumnmed the Cynic, was b. at Sinopc, a eity of Pontus, 414 B. c. He accompanied his father to Athens, where he applied to the study of philosophy under Antisthcuos, the founder of the Cynics. He distiniruished himself bv the" excessive rudeness of OOO CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dod his manners, with which was blended a great knowledge of human nature, and a zeal lor the interests of virtue, on which account Plato called him the " ;Mad Socrates." — the Babylonlvn, was a Stoic philosopher, who flourished about 200 B. c. — Laebtius, a Greek his- torian, was born in Cilieia. He wrote the " Lives of the Philosophers," in 10 books, and d. 222. — a Cretan philoso- pher; succeeded his master Anaximenes HI liis school of Ionia, about 560 b. c. DION, a celebrated patriot of Syra- cuse, was the disciple and friend of Plato when that philosopher was at the court of Dionvsius, whose daughter Arete he mari'ied. Being accused of treason, he was banished by Dionysius, and went to Athens, where he acquired considerable popularity ; which so pro- voked the tyrant, that "he confiscated his estates, and compelled his wife to marry another man. Dion, irritated at this treatment, resolved to attempt the de- liverance of his country ; and with a small force he landed in Sicily during the absence of Dionysius, and entered Syracuse in triumph. After various suc- cesses he perished, the victim of a con- spiracy, headed by one Calippus, an Athenian, 854 b. c. DION CASSIUS, an historian of the third century, born at Bithynia; was twice consul ; and wrote, in Greek, the " History of Rome, from tlie Building of the City to the Eeiga of Alexander Sevcrus." DIONYSIUS I., of Syracuse, who, from being a citizen, became commander of the forces, overtlirew the govern- ment, and assumed tlie title of king, 4u4 B. c. — ^11., the Younger, the son and successor of the above, was driven from Syracuse, 3-iC b. c, but again returned about 10 years afterwards, and was ex- pelled 1)y Timolcon, on which he fled to Corinth,' where he supported himself as a schoolmaster. — An aneieat geographer, who was sent by Augustus to survey the Eastern part of the world, was called Peuiegetes, from his poem of " PericL'esis, or Survey of the World." J), about 150. — An historian and critic of Haliearnassus, in Caria, who was invited to Rome about 30 years b. c, and there wrote his " Roman Antiquities," only 11 books of which arc extant. — The Areopaoite, was a native of Athens, and a member of tlic Areopagus, where he sat when St. Paul was brought before it, and made his famous speech respect- ing tlie " unknown God." DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of Alexandria, to whom is attributed the invention of algebra, is supposed to have existed at the beginning of the Chris- tian era. DIPPED, John Contjad, a German physician and celebrated alchemist, was b. at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1672. He led a wandering kind of life, made himself obnoxious to various govern- ments, and was often imprisoned. He pretended to have discovered the phi- losopher's stone, and prophesied that he would not die till 1808. Ho, however, falsified his prediction, by suddenly de- parting this life in 1734 ; and instead of finding the philosopher's stone, he dis- covered Prussian blue, and the animal oil which bears liis nam° DISRAELI, Isaac, autuor of the "Curiosities of Literature," the "Quar- rels" and "Calamities of Authors," " Illustrations of the Literary Charac- ter," was b. at Enfield, 1767. He was the only child of Benjamin Disraeli, a Venetian merchant. Besides the works above mentioned, which have carried his name throughout the civilized world, he published "Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I.," the " Amenities of Literature," and was for many years a contributor to the "Quarterly Review" and the "Gentle- man's Magazine." Mr. Disraeli was smitten with blindness in 183'J, and the last years of his intellectual pursuits were impeded, though not interrupted, by this affliction. D. 1S48. 'DOBSON, Wille\m, an English paint- er, who succeeded Vandyke in the ap- pointments he held under Charles 1., was b. in 1610, and d. in 1646. DODD, Ralph, a civil engineer, to whom several important public works owe their origin, was a native of Nor- thumberland, b. 1761. He was the pro- icctor of Vauxhall bridge, the South Lambeth waterworks, the Gravesend tunnel, &c. ; and wrote several able works connected with his profession. D. 1822. — Geokge, his son, who fol- lowed the same profession, was the planner, and for a time the resident en- gineer, of Waterloo bridge. D. 1827. — William, was b. 1729, at Bourne, Lin- colnshire; and after being educated at Cambridge, entered into orders, became a popular preacher in London, and was made one of the king's chaplains. But lie kept high society, and was extrava- gant; and finding himself unable to support an extensive establishment, he endeavored to procure the living of St. George's, Hanover-square, by olTering a CYCLOP-'b:DlA OF BIOGUAPIIV, dolJ biibo of £3000 to the lady of the lord chancellor. She was, however, iudi in that faitli ; but after completing 1 his studies at Oxford, he embraced Prot- DOCr] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 359 estantism, and became secretary to the Lord Chancellor Ellcr^niere. After hav- ing lo.sl this otlico, and even been ini- pritioned lor cLindestinely ninrryintj the olumcellor's nieoe, he took orders, wlien King James made him one of his chap- lains, and he afterwards became preach- fT of J/incoln's Inn, and dean of St. Taul's. Donne has been termed by Dr. Johnson the founder of the meta- physical school of poetry. Thoug-li rug- gcd in his versitiealion, he often displays great force and originality ; and his prose works, thongh quaint, and sometimes pedantic, show deep thinking and strong powers of reasoning. His works com- prise Letters, Sermons, Theological Es- says, A;c. D. 1031. "DOKAT, John, a French poet, b. in 1607, was professor of Greek at the Koyal college, and poet laureate to Charles IX. lie has the reputation of greatly contributing to the revival of classical literature in France, and of having written a host of Greek and Latin verses, besides some French po- ems. 1). 1588. — Claude Joseph, a French poet, b. 1734. His works arc voluminous, and embrace poetry of every class, with dramas and romances. D. 17S0. IJOKIA, Andrew, a Genoese naval commander of great renown, wfis b. of a noble family at Oncglia, 1463. Hav- ing distinguished himself in the service of ditJ'erent Italian states, and success- fully contended against tlie African pi- rates and other enemies of his native country, he entered the French service, in tlie hope of counteracting the revolu- tion that had broken out in Genoa, by Suiting that city in possession of the 'rcHcii ; but tailing in his design, he joined with the Imperialists in eiideav- oring to expel them. This object being etlected, the Genoese senate gave him the title of " the Father and Defender of his Country," erected a statue to his honor, and built a palace for him. His wliole life was a scene of great exploits and brilliant successes ; and he d. at the great a^e of 02, in I.jCO. DORIGN V, Michael, a French paint- er and engraver in aqua-fortis, was b. in 1617, and d. in 16()'>. — Nicholas, a soa of the tbregoing, b. lfl.')7, was the en- graver of the celebrated cartoons of liaphael at Hampton-court, for which lie received the honor of knicrhthood from George I. D. at Paris, 17Ji5, aged 90. D'OKLEANS, Peteb Joseph, a French liifltorian, and one of the society of Jes- uits, was the author of " A History of the Kevolutions of England," and"" A History of the Kevolutions of Spain." a. It;i4; d. ir.iis. DOKSCH, EvKRAKD, a celebrated en- graver on gems, was b. at Nureinburg, 1049, and d. 171'J. DORSET, Thomas Sackville, earl of, the sou of Sir Richard Sackville, was b. in 1."p27, and educated at Oxford and Cambridge. He was distinguished both as a statesman and an author, iiaving been ambassador to Holland, chancellor of O.xforil, and lord treasurer. He wrote the " Induction to the Mirror for Magis- trates," and the "Comi)laint of Henry, duke of Buckingham," &e. D. 1008.— Charles Sackville, carl of, was b. in 1037. He was one of the distiuffuished wits and revellers at the court of Charles II. 5 but he was of an heroic turn ; and while acting as a volunteer, under the duke pf York, in tlie Dutch war, he wrote on the eve of a battle the cele- brated song, "To all you ladies now on land." His poems possess consider- able point and liveliness. D. 17i'0. DOSSI, Dosso, a painter of Ferrara, some of whose works have much of the style both of Titian and Raphael. Ari- os'to mentions him in terms of high com- mendation. B. 1479 ; d. l.')00. DOUCE, FuAXcis, an antiquarian, well known to the literary world by his "Il- lustrations of Shakspeare and of Ancient Manners." He also contributed various papers to the '• Archffiologia," the " Gen- tleman's Magazine," &c. ; and shortly before his death published a beautiful volume, illustrating the " Dance of Death," by dissertations on tlie claims of Holbein and Macaber. D. 1834. DOUGLAS, Gawin, a Scotch divine, and poet of some eminence, was b. at Brechin, 1474. After receiving a liberal education he entered the churcli, was made provost of St. Giles's, and event- ually obtained the abbacy of Aber- brothiek and the bishopric of Dunkeld. Political dissensions induced him to seek refnce in Ensrinnd, where he was liberally treated by Henry VIII., but he fell a victim to the plague of London, in l;i2-_>. He wrote "The Palace of Honor," and other works; but his chief performance is a translation of Virgil's .Eneid. — Tami.s. an eminent anatomist, was b. in Scotland, 167">; settled in Lon- don, and was ptitronized by the cele- brated Dr. .lohn Hunter. He is the au- thor of a "Comparative Dcst-riptiou of all the Muscles" and other works on modical science. D. 1742.— Sir Jaheo, 300 CYCL01\ED1A OF BIOGKAl'HY. [dou ft rcnowued warrior, who on the death of Kobert Bruce, king of Scothmd, was commissioned to carry the kmg's heart to the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem ; npon which errand he sailed in June, 1330. On arriving off Sluys, in Flanders, where he expected to tind companions in his pilgrimage, he learned that Al- phonso XI., the young king of Leon and Castile, was engaged in a war with Osman the Moor; and such was the crusading zeal of Douglas that he en- tered the lists against the foes of Chris- tianity. The Moors were defeated ; but Douglas was slain. — Archibald, brother of the preceding, was appointed regent for Scotland for king David Bruce, and fell at the battle of Ilalidon Hill, July 22, 1333.— "WiLLLVii, lord of Liddisdale, was a warrior of considerable renown in the 14th century ; but whose fame was tarnished by an act of baseness and in- humanity towards the brave Ale;^ander Kamsay. The king pardoned him, but he was killed by the e.arl of Douirlas, in 13.")o, while hunting in Ettriek forest. — "WiLLL^ii, lirst earl of, was taken pris- oner witii David Bruce at the battle of Durham, but soon ransomed. He re- covered Douglasdale and other districts from the Eui^lish ; afterwards went to France, and Ibught at the battle of Poic- tiers. D. 1384. — James, second earl of, after performing many valorous exploits, was killed at the battle of Otterburn, in 1388. — William, lord of Nithsdale, call- ed "The Black Douglas," whose very name was said to be a terror to the English, married Egedia, daughter of Kobert II. ; and after a life of bold and successful warfare, was murdered by the earl of Clitford, in 13'j0. — Akcuibald, the fourth earl, succeeded his father Archibald in the title and estates, and married Margaret, daughter of Eobert II. When Henry IV. of England laid siege to the castle of Edinburgh, in 1400, Douglas successfully defended it ; but he lost an eye and was taken pris- oner at the battle of Ilomildon. He afterwards joined Percy in his rebellion against his king, was taken prisoner at the battle of Shrewsbury, but recovered his liberty and went to France, where lie wa.s slain at the Vjattle of Vernoil, in 1424. — Archiuali), the tiftii earl, was the ambassador to England for the release of James I. D. 1438. — William, the sixth earl, is remembered on account of the tragical fate which awaited him, almost a.s soon as lie came to his fimiily titles and estates. Under the specious pretext that tbe young earl's presence was necessary at the meeting of parlia- ment, to be held at Edinburgh, he and his brother accepted an invitation to a royal feast at the castle. The entertain- ment was prolonged with unusual pomp, and every delicacy spread on the table ; till at length a bull's head was suddenly placed before the two noble guests, which they knew to be the herald of death. They then hastily sprung from their seats, and made some vain efforts to escape ; but a body of armed men, at a given signal, rushed in, bound their hands, and led them to instant e.xeeu- tion. This happened in 1437. — Wil- liam, the eighth earl, was a haughty and ambitious noble, wielding at times an uncontrolled iutluence over the king, and at others openly bearding his au- thority. He raised the power and grandeur of the house of Douglas to its loftiest height; and, not content with the sway he exercised at home, caused himself to be received at Koine and France with those honors which are due to sovereign princes. Killed by King James, 1452. — James, brother of the foregoing, and ninth and last carl, took up arms to revenge his brother's death, and, assembling all the members of the league, brought a large army into the field. The king, however, being active, and well provided with forces, laid siege to the castle of Abercorn, when Douglas fled to Annandale, with his brothers, the earls of Ormond and Moray. Thither they were pursued by the king's forces ; Moray was slain, Ormond made pris- oner, and Douglas himself driven to provide for his safety in England. Sev- eral years after, Douglas returned Avith Percy, earl of Northumberland, upon an expedition against his country, in which Douglas was taken prisoner ; and -James contented himself with sending his rebel captive to the abbey of Lindorcs, where he d. 1488. — George, fifth earl of Angus, was commander of the forces that de- feated the earls of Douglas and Kor- tliumberland, when Douglas was taken prisoner, and his estates forfeited. D. 14G2. — AnnirrBALD. sixth carl of Angus, commanded the right wing of the royal army at the battle of Torwood, where James III. lost his life : and at the fatal battle of Flodden Field he endeavored, though unsuccessfully, to dissuade James IV. from that engagement. His eldest son, George, was there slain ; and the earl died in the year Ibllowing. — James, carl of Morton, was for some time regent of Scotland, and was a chief actor in the transactions which took dra] CYCLOi'/iiinA i)V hiugkm'hy. 361 place m that country diirinc: tlio reij^n of Mary, and in the minority of lier sou James VI. lie was bclicaded in loSl. — Jamus, earl of Morton and Aberdeen, was b. at Edinburirh, 1707. He cstub- li.slied the Edinburf^h I'hilosopliieal So- ciety, and in 1733 was elected president of the Koyal Society of London. ]). 17(58. — John, a learned divine and critic, b. at Pittenweem, Fifeshire, in 1721 ; was raised to tlie see of Carlisle iu 1787; transferred to that of Salisbury iu 1792; and d. in 1807. Dr. Douglas was a dis- tingiiished writer, and the friend of Dr. .Johnson and most of the eminent lit- erary characters of his day. — David B., an ottieer of the United States army, who beliavcd gallantly at Lundy's Lane and the siege of Fort Erie. He afterwards took an active part in the oriranization of the military academy at West Point, where he was a professor for some years, when he retired to prepare the i)lans, etc., for the Croton aqueduct, and to discharge the duties of presulent of Kcnyon college. B. 17'J3; d. 1840. DOUSA, John, whose real name was Vandeii Does, was b. at Noordwick, Holland, in loio. He became eminent botii as a soldier and a scholar. D. liJ04. DOUW, Gekakd, an eminent Dutch painter, and the pupil of Kembrandt, was b. at Leyden, 1613, and d. there in 1674, or, as some say, in 1680. For the excellence of his coloring, delicacy of finish, and attention to every minutiiB of his art, this master's compositions are unrivalled ; and the prices which some of his paintings have obtained are al- most without parallel. DOVER, George James Welbore Agar Ellls, Lord, was b. 1797. In 1818 he was returned as member for Ileytes- bury ; in succeeding parliaments he sat for Seaford, Ludgershall, and Oak- hampton; and in 1830 he was appointed ehiet commissioner of woods and forests. But it is as a patron of the fine arts, and as a promoter of literature, that Lord Dover will be chieflv remembered. In 1828 lie published "llistorical Inquiries respecting the Chara.-ter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon ;" after which appeared the " Ellis Correspondence," which was followed by his " Lite of Frederic the Great ;" and his last liter- ary task was that of editiuir the " Letters of Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann." D. 1833. DOYEN, Gabriel Francis, an emi- nent French painter, pupil of Vauloo. The " Death of Virginia," " Death of St. Louis," and other works of great ;n merit, were produced by him. D. 1806. DKACO, an Atheniai legislator, the extraordinary and indiscriminate sever- ity of whose laws has rendered Lis name odious to humanity. DRAKE, Sir Francis, an eminent navigator and eoinmauder, was b. at Tavistock, Devon, 1545. He iirst served in the royal navy under his relative, Sir John Hawkins ; and distinguished him- self by his valor at the uufoi'tunate ex- pedition against tiio Spaniards, in the harbor of Vera Cruz. In 1570 he went to the West Indies, on a cruise against the Spaniards, which ho soon repeated with success ; and in 1572, having re- ceived the command of two vessels, for the purpose of attacking the commercial ports of Spanish America, he took pos- session of two of their cities, and re- turned laden with booty. On his return he equipped three frigates at his own expense, with which he served as a vol- unteer, under the earl of Essex, in Ire- land, where he distinguished himself so much by his bravery, that Sir Christo- pher Hatton introduced him to Ciueen Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to her his plan, and being furnished with five ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack the Spaniards iu the South seas. In this expedition he ravaged the Spanish set- tlements, coasted the North American shore as far as 48" N. lat., and gave the name of New Albion to the country ho had discovered. He then went to the East Indies, and having doubled the Cape of Good Hope, returned to Ply- mouth in 1580. In 1585 he again sailed to the West Indies, and succeeded in taking several places and ships. In 1587 lie commanded a fleet of 30 sail, with which he entered the harbor ot Cadiz, and destroyed the shipping ; and, in the following year, he commanded as vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and had his share iu the destruction of the Spanish armada. D. olf Nombre de Dios, 1596. — Francis, an eminent anti- quary and surgeon at York; author of " Eboraeum," or the history and anti- quities of that city. D. 1770. — James, an English physician and political wri- ter, was b. at Cambridge, in 1667. Iu 1704 he published a volume, entitled "The Memorial of the Church of En- gland," which gave such otfence that ii proclamation was issued for discovering the author, who kept concealed. He was afterwards prosecuted for the i>ub- lication of a newspaper, called " Mer- curiut5 Politicus ;" Dut though he was 362 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAI'HT. Ibho acqiiitted, it produced iu Lira such violcut excitement ns to cause his deiitli. He was also tlie author of a " System of Anatomy." a translation of Herodotus, &c. 1). 1707. — Joseph Eodman, a poet and physician of tlio city of New York, whod. while he was yet younsr, but who, in his " Culprit Fay," and several mis- cellaneous pieces, gave promise of the most exalted fame. His friend, Fitz- Greenc Halleck, has celebrated his memory, in those often-quoted lines : '* None knew Oiee but to love thee, None nKnied thee but to praise," He was b. 1795; d. 1820. DRAPER, Sir William, a military ofticer, well known also as a controver- sial writer, was b. at Bristol, 1721. Havinjr entered the army, he distin- guished himself in the East Indies, was raised to the rank of a colonel in 1760, and in 1763 he commanded the troops at the capture of Manilla, for which he re- ceived the honor of knicrlithood. In 1779 he was appointed lieutenant-gov- ernor of Minorca. He owes his literary celebrity to the circumstance of his having undertaken the defence of his friend, the marquis of Granby, against the attacks of Junius. D. 17S7. DRAYTON, Michael, a poet, was b. at Athcrstone, Warwickshire, iu 1563, and educated at Oxford. He wrote "The Shepherd's Garland," "Baron's Wars," " England's Ileroicul Epistles," "Polyolbion," "Nymphidia," &c., and is reckoned a standard author among the earlv poets. D. 1631. DREBBEL, Counelius Van, a Dutch chemist and natural philosopher, was b. at Alkmaar, in 1572. With a consider- able share of charlatanism, he combined real talent, and made several useful dis- coveries ; such as the invention of the thermometer, the method of dyeing scarlet, and the imj)rovement of tele- scopes and microscopes. D. 1634. DRELINCOURT, Charlks, a French Protestant divine, was b. at Sedan in 1595, and d. at Paris in 1669. He was the author of several religious books, but the only one by which he is now re- membered is that entitled " Consola- tions against the Fears of Death." DREW, Samcel, the son of poor parents at St. Austell, Cornwall, was b. m 1765, and became a shoemaker. In 1799 he published his " Remarks on Paine's kt that was performed was "The Wild GiJlant," whicii ap- peared in the year following. In 16G7 he published his "Annus Mirabilis ;" and his reputation, both as a poet and a royalist, being now established, he was appointed poet laureate and historiogra- plicr royal, with a salary of £200 per annum. He now became professionally a writer for the stage, and produced many pieces, some of wiiicli have been strongly ceuajred lor their licentiousness and want of good taste. In 1681 he commenced his career of political satire, and at the express desire of Ciiarles II. composed his famous poem of " Absa- lom and Acbitophel," which he followed v.p by " The Medal," and " A Satire on Sedition." His next satire was " Mao I'lccknoe;" after which appeared "Re- ligio Laici," a compendious view of the arguments in favor of revelation. At the accession of James II., Dryden be- came a Rom:vn Catholic, and, like most converts, endeavored to defend his new faith at the expense of the old one, in a poem called "The Hind and Panther," which was admirably answered by Prior and Montague, in "The Country Mouse and City Mouse." The abdication of James deprived Dryden of all his offi- cial emoluments; and during the 10 concluding years of his life, when he actually wrote for bread, he produced some of the finest pieces of which our language can boast. His translation of Virgil, which alone would be sufficient to immortalize his memory, appeared in 1G97 ; and, soon after, that masterpiece of lyric poetry, "Alexander's JTeast," his " Fables," &c. D. 1700. DUBOCAGE, Marie Amne le Page, a French lady of considerable literary abilities, and amember of the academies of Rome, Bologna, &c., was b. at Rouen, 1710. She translated Pope's "Temple of Fame," Milton's " Paradise Lost," "The Death of Abel," &e. into French, and wrote "The Columbiad," an epic poem on the discovery of America ; "The Amazons," a tragedy ; and " Trav- els through England, Holland, and Ita- ly." D. 1802. DU BOIS, Edward, who sraincd a hiirh reputation in the lighter literature of the day, was b. 1775. He commenced his literary career as the editor of the "Monthly Mirror," while Thomas Hill was its proprietor, and Theodore Hook was a contributor. He at the same time filled the lighter deiDartinents of the " Mornin? Clironicle/' under Mr. Per- ry ; and he maintained his connection with the press to his latest years. In 1S03 appeared " My Pocket Book, or Hints for a ryghte merrye and conceit- ede Tour in Quarto," written in ridicule of the books of travel manufactured by Sir John Carr. The only works pub- lished with liis name were "Tiio W' reath," " Old Nick," a satirical story, the " Decameron of Boceaeio, with Remarks on his Life and Writinffs," and an edition of " Francis's Hor.aec. D. 1850. — De Craxce, Edmund Loci3 Alexis, a modern French statesman, was b. at Charlcville in 1749. He was one of the deputies to the states-jreneral in 178P, and in the convention he vnted for the death of the kiiiir. To him the republican army owed its first organiza- 3G4 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dud fion, by his havinir procured the decree lor tlie levy ot" 600,000 men, promotion aeoordiiisr to seniority, etc. D. 1814. — William, a Frencli cardinal and states- man, notorious I'or liis ambition and his vices, was the son of an apothecary, and b. at Brive la Gaillard, in the Limousin, in 16r)6. Ilavinfr obtained the situation of preceptor to the duke of C)rlean3, ho pandered to tlie passions of his pupil, and secured his attachment ; till at leiiirth he became his privy councillor, and overseer to the household ; and, ■\vlu-n the duke became resent, he was appointed minister of foreiarn affairs. The archbishopric of Cambray havintr become vacant, Dubois, thouirli not even a priest, had the boldness to re- quest it, and succeeded; and by his consummate address he afterwards ob- tained a cardinal's hat. and was made prime minister. D. 1723. ])rBOS, Jean Baptiste, an author of merit, and secretary to the French Acad- emy, was b. at Beauvois in 1670, and dis- tinguished himself both as an historian and a writer on the polite arts. D. 1742. DUBY, Peter ArciiER Tobiesex, a celebrated Swiss medalist and antiqua- rian, was b. 1721, and d. 1782. DUCAEEL, Andrew Coltee, an emi- nent antiquary and civilian, was b. at Caen, Normandy, 1715. His principal works are "Ancdo-Norman Antiquities'' and "Histories of Lambeth Palace and of S;t. Catharine's Church." D. 1785. iJl'CASSE, Jean Bai>tiste, a French naval officer, who, as governor of St. Domingo, rendered himself formidable to the English, and who also obtained a victory over B?nbow. D. 1715. DUCHANGE, GAsrAKu, a French en- graver, and counsellor of the academy ofpaintincr. B. 1(562; d. 1756. i)UCHESNE, Andrew, geoGfrapher and historiographer to the king of France, was b. 1584, and d. 1640. — Joseph, better known by the Latin name of Quercetanus, a celebrated French physician and writer; author of a " Pharmaeopceia," and .several med- ical works, now very rarely referred to. D. 1600. DUCIIESNOTS, JoHEpniNE Rufin, a celebrated French actress of whom it is Haid tiiat she was so much attracted by the representation of " Medea," whicli she witnessed when only 8 years of age, that she secretly began to prepare for her future career, and appeared in the part of Palmyra, in " Mahomet," when only 13. She performed at the Th«5atre Fran^aia from 1802 until 1830. B. 1777 d. 1835. DUCIS, Jean Francois, a distin- guished French dramatist, was b. at Versailles in 1733. D. 1817. DUCK, Stephen, an English poet, was originally an agricultural laborer, near Marlborough, Wilts, who, in a fit of mental derangement, drowned him- self, in 1756. DUCKWORTH, Sir John Thotjas, an English admiral, b. in Surrey, 1748, and entered the navy in 1759. He had fre- quent opportunities of distinguishing himself during the war, from the mem- orable action of the 1st of June, 1794, in which he took a conspicuous part, to his destruction of the Ireneh squadron off St. Domingo, in 1806. D. 1817. DUCLOS, Charles Pineau, a French novelist and biographer, was b. at Di- nant, in Brittany, in 1705 ; became sec- retary of the French Academy, and on the death of Voltaire was appointed to the office of historiographer of France. All his writings are lively and satirical, descriptive of love, women, and in- trigue; the principal are "Mcmoires sur le Moeurs du XVUIme Siecle," " Confessions du Compte du B." D. 1772. DUCREST, Ch.\rles Louis, marquis was a brother of madame do Gcnlis. He published, in 1817, " Faite de la Mo- narchie Absolute," a work containing, among other singular propositions, one to teach the military discipline on the Lancasterian system. DUDLEY, Edmund, a celebrated statesman, b. 1462, who on the death of Henry VIL was sent, with Empson, to the Tower, and beheaded in 1510. While in confinement, Dudley wrote a piece entitled " The Tree of the Com- monwealth." — John, duke of Northum- berland, was a son of the preceding, and b. in 1502. He was first created Vis- count Lisle, then earl of Warwick, and afier being appointed lord high admiral, reachc'il his dukedom in 1551. He ef- fected a marriage between his son, Lord Guildford Dudley, and Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the duke of Suffolk. He afterwards jirevailed on the young king, Edwiird, to set aside his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the succession in fiivor of Lady .Jane, whom he caused to be jiroclaimed at the king's death. But an insurrection being raised in favor of Mary, she was proclaimed in London, and the duke executed as a traitor, in 1553. — Rop.ERT, earl of Leicester, a son of the preceding, was b. 1532. Queen DUIl] CYCLOP^JDIA OF UIOGKAPIIY. 365 Elizabeth proposed him as a husband for Mary queuu ot" Scots, but slic re- jected liiui witli disdain; and in ir)72 he married privately Lady L)ouf,das, but never aekuowledi,'ed her as his wife, lie afterwards married the countess dowas^er of Essex, and finding Lady Doiif,da3 intractable to his proposals for a separation, is charfjed with having poisoned her. D. 158S. — Sir Kobkut, tlie son of the earl of Leicester by the Lady Douglas, was b. 1573. He drained the morass between I'isa and the sea, by which Leghorn became one of the linest ports in the world. He was the author of "Del Arcauo del !Mare," and other works. D. ItjoO. — Sir IIknky Datk, was b. in 1745 educated for the church, and took orders. Much of his early life was, however, spent in politi- cid, literary, and convivial society; and, in spite of his Siix;erdotal calling," he was engaged in several duels. "I'arson Bate," as he was familiarly called, es- tablished the "Morning Post," and "lilorning Herald," daily papers; and wrote "The Woodman," "Eival Can- didates," and several other dramatic pieces. His political connections event- ually procured him a baronetcy and valuable church preferment. D. 1824. — JonN William VVaiu), earl of, was a num of powerful talents, but remarkable for his absence of mind and the habit of " thinking aloud," of which many ludicrous anecdotes are told. In 1823 he succeeded to the peerage; was ap- pointed secretary of state for foreign alfairs, and sworn a member of the privy council in 1827 ; raised to the I'auk of an earl in the same year, and d. 1833. DUFAU, FoKTUNE, a native of St. Do- mingo, who studied under David, and became an excellent painter. His " Count Ugolino in J'rison" is an ad- mirable production. D. 1821. DUFKESNOY, Charles Alpiionso, a French painter and poet, was b. IGll. In 1(534 he went to Italy, where he com- pleted his well-known poem, " Do Arte Graphica;" though it did not appear till after his death, when his friend De Files published it, with annotations. It has been three times translated into English, by Dryden, Graham, and ila- Bon. In paintins, Titian and the Ca- raeci appear to luive been his models; and though he benefited but little liy his artistical labors, they are now highly valuetl. D. 1(3(35. DUFKESNY, Cii.\eles Kivieke, a ver- Batilo and witty French dramatist and 81* comic writer, was b. in 1648, and d. ia 1724. DUGDALF, Sir William, an emi- nent anticpiary and herald, was b. near Coleshill, Warwickshire, lOuo. His chief work is the " Monastieon Angli- canum;" but lie also wrote "The Bar- onage of England," " The History of St. Paul's Cathedral," " (^rigincs Juri- dicales," and several other works of merit. D. 1G8G. DUGUAY TROUIN, Eene, one of the most celebrated naval officers of France, was b. at St. Malo in 1(373. His love for a maritime life soon showed itself, and at the age of 18 he was the couunander of a privateer. At 20 ho maintained an action with .■■ forty -^un ship, against six English v.ssels, nut was captured. D. 1736. DUGUESCLIN, Bertrand, a re- nowned French \varrior and statcsm.an, who was constable of France in the 14th century, may be regarded as a moilel of valor, prudence, and high-minded hero- ism. Though deformed in person, and of an unamiable disposition in his youth, he persevered in his endeavors to eclipse these defects by the brilliancy of Ins actions; and mainly to him must be attributed the expulsion of the English from Normandy, Guienne, and I'oitou. DUIIALDE, John Baitlst, a French Jesuit, was the author of " A Geograph- ical and Historical Description of China," which he compiled from the records of successive missionaries, and is allowed to furnish the best account ever pub- lished of that immense empire. B. I(i74; d. 1743. DDHxVMEL, John Baptist, a French ecclesiastic and a philosopher, was b. at Vire, in Lower Normandy, 1(324. In 1678 appeared his "I'hilosophia Vetus et Nova." His other works are, " Re- giaj Scieutiaruni Aeademiic Ilistoria," and an edition of the "Vulgate Bible, w'ith Notes and Tables, Chronological and Geographical." D. 1706 — Dv Mox- CEAu, Henry Louis, an eminent French philosopher and writer on agriculture, b. at Paris, 1700. His whole life was dedicated to the cultivation of useful science ; and besides largely contribu- ting to the transactions of tlilierent learn- ed societies, of which ho was a member, the following are among his separate works: " Traite de la Culture dcs Torres," " Elements of Agriculture," Traite des Arbrcs et Arbustcs qui so eultivent en France en j)leine Tenv," "Physique des Arbres," " De TEx- ploitation des Bois," " Traite des j\j-breR 366 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIUGK'APIIY, [dom Fniiticra," " Ek'mens de rArchitecture Navali'." D. 17S2. DUIGENAN, Patrick, du Irisli civil- inu, was b. of luiuible parents, in 1735. He practised as a barrister, was after- wanls ki) g's advocate, then judge in the prerogative court ; till by persevc- ririo; industry lie raised hiniselt' to the post of vicar-general of the diocese of Ariiingh, with a seat in the Irish house of coninioos, and the rank of a privy councillor, lie was a strong promoter of the Union, and as firm an opponent of Catholic emancipation. He wrote " Lachryma; Academicae," and various political pamphlets. D. 1816. DUJAKDIN, Charles, an eminent Dutcli painter, a pupil of Berghcm, was b. at Amsrerdam, in 1640; and d. at Venice, 1G78. DU JAKKY, LATjRExrE Juillaed, eminent both for his pulpit oratory and his poetry, was b. 1658; d. 1730. ])riA)N, Louis, a distinguished flute- player and musical composer, was b. at Orauienburg, near Berlin, 176'.). He lost his sight at a very early age, but evin- cing a decided taste for music, he was put under the first performers, and soon arrived at singular eminence iu his pro- fession. He prepared an autobiographi- cal work, entitled " The Life ancf Opin- ions of the Blind Flutist," which was edited by the celebrated Wiehmd. 1). 1826. DULONG, a celebrated French chem- ist, to whom we owe the discovery of the "Chlorure d' Azote," by an explo- sion of which dangerous substance he" lost an eye and a finger. B. 1785 ; d. 1838. DUMANL\NT, John Andrew, an actor and dramatic writer, was b. in 1754, at Claremont, and d. in 1828. DUMAKKSQ, Henry, who at the time of his deatli was chief commission- er of the Australian company in New South Wales, entered the army as a lieu- tenant in the 9th foot, at the age of 16 ; and served in 8 campaigns, of which G were in the Peninsula, one in Canada, and the last tliat of Waterloo, where he was shot. The ball, which was never extracted, is supposed to have event- uallv induced paralysis, and caused his death, March, 1838. 1)U M ESN 1 L, Marie Francoise, a cele- brated French actress, who rose to tlie liigliest eminence as a tragical performer, was b. 1713, first appeared on the stage in 1737, retired from it in 1775, and d. 1803. Like Mrs. Siddons, she surpassed all her eotemporaries in parts requiring queenly dignity, deep pathos, or the ve- hement display of the fiercer passions. DUMONT, George, a statistical wri- ter, and at one time secretary to the French embassy at St. Petcrsburgh, was b. at Paris in' 1725, and d. in 1788. Among his works are a "History of the Commerce of the English Colonies," a " Treatise on the Circulation of Cred- it," «fcc. — Joiix, an eminent publicist, was a native of France, but settling in Austria, became historiographer to the emperor, by wliom he was created baron of Carlscroon. He published a volumi- nous work, entitled '• A Universal Diplo- matic Code of the Law of Nations," besides " Voyages," &c. 1). 1726.— Etienne, a distinguished writer on le- gislation, and a member of the order of Jesuits, was b. at Geneva, in 1750. He resided for several years in England, and was on friendly terms with the cele- brated Jeremy Bentham, who intrusted him with the manuscript of his "Traite de liCgislation Civile," which Dumont published in 1802. He subsequently translated and edited Bentham's "Thco- rie des Pcines et des Eccompenses," and also published his " Tactics of Le- gislative Assemblies." Since his death, which happened in 182'J, at Milan, an interesting work by him, under the title of "Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," has been published. DUMONT D'UEVILLE, Jcles Se- bastian CAESAR, one of the most skilful and intrepid navigators of France. D. 1842. DUMOUEIER, Charles Francois, an eminent French general, was b. at Cam- bray, 173y. He entered the army early ill iife, and at 24 years of age had re- ceived 22 wounds, and was made a knight of St. Louis. In 1772, Louis XV. sent him with communications to Sweden, but he was arrested, and for a longtime confined in the Bastille. How- ever, in 178'.i, we find him a principal director of the Jacobin club, which was composed of all who aspired to be ac- counted the friends of liberty. The directory entertained suspicions regard- ing his designs, because it was known that he was desirous to spare the life of the king, and Dumourier retired into Switzerland. Finding that a reward of 300,000 francs was offered for his head, he went to Hamburgh, where he lived on a small pension from the landgrave of Ilesse-Cassel until 1804, when he ac- cepted an asylum in England, wrote his own memoirs, and employed his mind in other literary yiursuits. D. 1828. DUP] CVCLOP.KDIA OF UIUUHAfllV. 367 DUNBAR, William, a Scotch poet of considerable merit, was b. about 1-1<5"), and d. iix li'yd'). i'or tlie ajxe in wliieli he lived, liis poenis display nmeh skill, and are not deticicut citlier in iniagina- tiou or eneri^y. "The Thistle and Kose'' and '' The Friars of Berwick" are favorable spei-iniens of his poetical vein. DUNCAX, Adam, \'iscount Duncan, of Caniperdown, etc., was a native of Dr.ndee, and b. 17:J1. lie went to sea when younir, rose to the rank of post- captain iu 176 1, and steadily advanced till lie became admiral of the blue. While iu command of the North Sea licet, he hail for two years tlie tedious duty of v/atchint,f the motions of the l)utch squadron, and was at leng'th forced to quit tlio station, iu conse- quence of a mutiny breaking out amoug ills men, during which the enemy put to sea. The admiral, however, came up with the Dutch Hcct olf Campcrdown, totally defeated them, and captured S sail of the line, June 11, IT.*'. D. 1804. — William, a learned writer, ^^■as b. 1717, at Aberdeen, where he was edu- cated, and afterwards became professor of philosophy in the Marischal college. He was the author of a "Treatise on Logic," and the translator of Cicero's Orations and Cicsar's Commentaries. DUNCUJMBE, William, b. in Lon- don, lU'JO, Was the author of "Lucius Junius Brutus," a tragedy. He also translated Horace, and wrote various minor poems and prose pieces. D. 176y.— .luuN, his son, b. 1780, and d. 17SG, was the author of "The Fcme- ucid" and other poems. DUNDAS, Sir David, a general in the English army, and a member of the privy council, was b. at Edinburgh iu 1736, and entered the military service in 17os. His "Principles of Military Move- ments" and "Kegnlations for the Caval- ry" are both acknowledged standard works in the armv. D. 18-20. DUNLAP, A\ illiam, an emhient painter, b. at Perth Amboy, N. J., 1760, who was amorijif the earliest and most successful of American artists. He was originally a pupil of Benjamin West, some of whose works he copied. He was also a dramatist and an author, having written "ilemoirs of Geortjc Frederic Cooke," a " History of the American Theatre," the " Art of De- sign," SL-veral plays, and a " Bi(Mrraphy of Charles l.rockden Brown." D. ls;3'j. DUNN, Samuel, a mathematician, who having acquired considerable prop- erty in the exercise of his profession, beiiueathed it at his death towards the foundation of a mathematical school at his native town of Crcdit(jn, in iJevon- shire. He publinhed au atlas, ti'eutises on book-keeping, navigation, tkc. D. 17'J2. DUNNING, John, Lord Asubuuton, a celebrated lawyer, was b. at Aslibur- ton, Devon, in 17iil. He became attor- ney-general in 1767, chancellor of thii duchy of Lancaster in 17S2, and was raised to the peerage, but d. in the fol- lowing year. DUNUlS, John, count of Orleans and Longueville, an illegitimate son of the duke of Orleans, was b. in 140i. So successful was lie in his military ca- reer, particularly in the share he bore in tlic expulsion of the English i cm France, that Charles VIL honored him with the title of " liestorer of liis Coun- try." D. 1468. DUNS, JoHX, usually styled Duns Scotus, a theological disputant, wlio acquired the title of " the most subtle dcTctor" by his metapliysical abstrac- tions, was b. at Duustauce, in Northum- berland ; studied at Merton eohege, Oxford; and liaving entered the uni- versity of Paris, was soon appointed professor and regent in the theological schools. Great as was liis fame, the works which obtained it are now disre- garded as a mass of misapplied talent; and intellectual lumber. D. at Cologne, in 1309. DUNSTAN, St., archbishop of Canter- bury, an accomplislied prelate and emi- iicut statesman, was b. at Glastonburv, ill y25, in the reign of Atlielstan. lie took a conspicuous part in the political struggles of the day ; and assumed, as was the custom of the clergy in that age, as great a sliare in the temporal authority of the kingdom as iu its spiritual atfairs. D. OSS. DUNTON, John, a noted London bookseller, was b. at Gratfham, Hun- tingdonshire, in 160y. Ho projected and carried on "The Athenian Mer- cury," a selection from which, under the' title of " The Athenian Oracle," was reprinted. He was also the author of" Athenianism," consisting of numer- ous treatises in prose and verse ; and a curious -work, entitled " Dunton's Life and P>rors." D. 1733. DUPATV, JicAN Baptistk Mercikk, president in the parliament ol' Bordeaux, was b. at Kochelle, 1746 ; and d. at Paris, 1788. He was the author of " HistoricsU Ketiectious on Penal Laws," "Academi- cal Discourses," and " Letters on Italy." 368 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [dur — Charles, his son, was a celebrated sculptor, Mhose productions are remark- able tor tlieir classic piiritv. D. 1sl'-j. 1>UP]-:KR()N, James 13avy, a Swiss Protestant, wlio, liaving abjured his religion, was successively promoted by Henry III. and IV., till lie at length ob- tained the archbisliopric of Sens, and was elected a cardinal. B. 1556 ; d. 161S. UUPIN, Locis Ellis, an eminent Frcncli historian and ecclesiastic, was b. in Normandy, 1637. He became pro- lessor of divinity in the royal college, but lost the professorship in conse- quence of his religious moderation. He "was the author of an extensive and valu- able work, entitled "Bibliotheqne Uui- versclle des Auteurs Ecclesiastiques," &e. D. 1719. DUPLEIX, Joseph, was a celebrated French merchant, who, as the liead of the factory at Chandernagore, had raised it to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in 1742, lie was appointed governor of Pondicherry, and director-general of tlie French Victories in India. In 1748 he successfully defended it against the En- glish, for which he was raised to the rank of marquis ; and during his whole administration he displayed first-rate talents, both civil and military. D. 1763. — Scino, historiographer of France, was b. in 1566. He wrote " Memoirs of the GauLs," a " History of France," a "His- tory of Eome," "A Course of Philoso- phy," &c. U. 1661. i>UPONT ^ DE NEMOURS, Peter Samuel, a French political economist, •was b. at Paris, 1730. Though he twice Bat as president of the constitutional assembly, and held other high official Bituations under the revolutionary gov- ernment, he invariably opposeil the anarchists, and narrowly escaped be- coming tlieir victim, in 17'j7, by his timely retreat to America. From that country he returned in 1805, and became president of tlie chamber of commerce ; and in 1814 he was appointed secretary to the provisional government. In the following year he finally retired to America, where lie d. in 1817. Dupont was the author of various treatises on different branches of political economy; he also wrote " Philosophic de I'Uui- vers," and other works of merit. DUPRE J)E ST. MAUR, Nicholas Francis, a French writer, 1). 1695, and d. at Paris, 1775. He translated Mil- ton's "Paradise Lost," and wrote some works on numismatics. DUPUYTREN, Baron William, one of the most renowned surgeons of mod- ern times, was b. in the department of Haute Vienne, 1777. At the iige of 3 years he was stolen from his home by a lady of rank, who wished to adopt him ; but he was subsequently returned to his parents, and he owed his future elevation to the accidental circumstance of an oflicer who seeing him in his na- tive village, and being struck with his address, made proposals that he should go with him to Paris, where his educa- tion should be attended to. Placed by this othcer in the college de la Marche. he soon evinced a great aptitude for medical science; in 1803 he took his degree of M.D., and after passing with distinction tlirough various grades of the profession, he obtained in 1S15 the chair of clinical surgery in the Hotel Dieu, the laborious duties of which he discharged with equal ability and suc- cess for twenty years. Dupuytren was equally distinguished as a physiologist and as a surgeon ; and there are few among the most enlig'htened practition- ers of France who do not acknowledge him as their master. D. 1835. DUQUESNE, Abraham, a brave and skilful naval officer in the French service, was b. at Dieppe, in 1610. He distin- guished himself by numerous acts of intrepidity during a long career, and added much to tlie maritime character of his country. U. 1688. DURANTE, Francesco, a celebrated musical composer, was b. at Naples, in 1693, where he d. in 1755. He is prin- cipally known as the composer of vocal churcli music. DURER, Albert, an eminent painter and enjrraver, was b. at Nuremberg in 1471. His father was a goldsmith, in which profession the son had made con- siderable progress before lie turned his attention exclusively to the arts. He was the first who in Germany taught the rules of perspective, and of the pro- portions of the human body, according to mathematical jirinciplcs. Though particularly eminent as a painter, he also excelled as a sculptor and architect, wrote several works illustrative of those arts, and made great improvements in copperplate and wood engraving. He was patronized by the emperors Maxi- milian I. and Charles V., and d, at his native town, in 1528. D'URFEY, Thomas, a facetious poet, once highly popular, but now nearly forgotten, was the son of a French ref- ujee, and b. at Exeter in 1628. lie abandoned the study of the law for the life of a dramatist, and was the author DWI CYCLOP.'EDIA OF RIOGRAPIIY. 369 of about lliirty comedies, all of which have justly become obsolete from their licentioHsness. lie was also a writer of Bonjr.s and party lyrics, wliich wore printed in G vol?., under the titlo of " Pills to purge Melancholy;" and being the boon companion of Cliarles Jl. his society was courted by the witty and protiigate frequenters of his court. D. 172.3. DURHAM, John Geokoe Lambtox, earl of, was in 1828 raised to the peer- age by the title of Baron Durham. On tiie fornuitiou of Earl Grey's government in 18:50, he became a member of the cabinet, as lord privy seal; and to him is nuvinly attributed the great extent and liberality of the reform bill, and its eventual triumph. In 1835 he went to liussia as ambassador, and remained there till the summer of 1837, when he returned to England; and in the follow- ing year he went out as governor-general to Canada, intrusted with extraordinary powers ; but finding himself not sup- ported as he expected by the ministry, he returned home the same year. B. 17'J2 ; d. 1840. — Sir Philip Charles Calderwood, was b. at Largo, in Fife- shire, in 1763, and entered the navy in 1777, as a midshipman on boanl the Edgar, of 74 guns. He was afterwards acting lieutenant in the Viceroy, 104, llag-ship of Admiral Kempenfclt, whom he followed on his removing to the Koyal George. He was appointed act- ing lieutenant of the Union, 98, at the relief of Gibraltar, by Lord Howe; and after various promotions, to whicli his serviees well entitled him, he com- manded the Defence, of 74 guns, at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21,^1805; but, in fact, he M'as almost continuously employed from 1780 to 181.5, when the last Bonanarteau Hag that waved in the West Indies struck to him. He was made vice-admiral in ISl'J, and full ad- miral in 1820. His last service was that of comn\ander-in-ehief at Portsmouth, which post he resigned in 183y. Sir Philip was M. P. for liucensborough in 1880, and for Devizes in 1835. D. 1845. DUUOC, Michael, duke of Friuliaud a marshal of France, was b. 1772, and entered the army in 1792. Being sub- sequently appointed aid-de-eamp to Bonaparte, he accompanied him to Egypt, where he eminently distinguish- ed himself On the formation of the imperial court in 1S05, he was created grand-nuu-shal of the palace ; and was afterwards employed in diplomatic mis- sions, though he still took his full share of peril and glory in the wars of France, till the time of his death, which happen- ed at the battle of VVurtzcn, in 1813. Najiolcon, who was firmly attached to Duroc, wept over him on his death- bed. DUSART, CoRN'ELius, a Dutch paint- er, who excelled in tavern scenes, "revel- ry, &c., was the disciple of Adrian Ostade. B. 1605; d. 17o4. DUSSAUIjT, John Joseph, a French journ:dist and critic, was b. at Paris, 176'.'. He contributed largely to the " Journal des Debats," and the articles he furnislied were afterwards published, eulitlctl " Annales Litteraires " D. 1824. DU.SSEK, Jonx Louls, ar. .^minent musical composer, was b. at Czaslau, in Bohemia, 1762, and studied at Ham- burgh, under the famous Emanuel Bach. From the north of Europe he went to France, but being compelled to leave that country during the revolution, he repaired to Loudon in 1796, and, in con- junction with Corri, opened a musical establishment. D. 1812. DUTENS, Louis, a miscellaneous wri- ter, was b. at Tours, 1730. His prin- cipal works are, "An Inquiry into the Origin of Discoveries," and " Memoii-s of a Traveller in Retirement." D. 1812. DUVAL, Alexander Vixcext Pix- DEii, a popular and voluminous French author, lie was a member of the In- stitute, and keeper ofthe arsenal library B. 1767 ; d. 1842. — Valextixe Jaiterai, the son of a peasant, was b. at Artonay, in Champagne, in 1695. Being left ai orphan at the age of 10, he was employ- ed as a shepherd's boy, and underwent great privations ; but at 18 he became keeper of the cattle belonging to the her- mits of St. Anne, near Luneville, and by one of that fraternity he was taught to read. Thenceforth he displayed an earnest desire for acquiring knowledge ; and being discovered by two noblemen while he was studying geography under a tree, with his maps stretched out be- fore him, they were so pleased with his conversation that they introduced him to the duke of Lorraine, who sent him' to college, afterwards made him his librarian, and eventually procured him the situation of keeper of the books and medals of the imperial cabinet of Vienna. D. 177,5. DUVERNEY, Joseph Gi-icharo, a celebrated French anatomist, was b. at Feurs, in 164S ; appointed professor of anatomy at the royal garden in 1679, and d. in 1730. D^VICIIIT, Timothy, an American 870 CVOLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [eat divine, of isrrcat reputation both as a pul- pit orator iuid a writer, was b. in Massa- chusetts, in 1752 ; became president of Yale eoUege in 1795; and d. in 1817. His "System of Theologry" is regarded as a work of great merit, and has been frequently reprinted. DYER,' Sir Edward, a poet of the Elizabethan age, was b. about lo-iO. He received many proofs of the royal favor, being employed in various embassies by the queen, who conferred on him the ch.inoellorship of the garter in 1596. His poetical pieces consist cliieliy of pastoral odes and madrigals. — George, a classical scholar and miscellaneous writer, whose long life of literary toil may in some sort be exempHtied by quotinsj from the " Gentleman's Magazine" the following mournful record : — '' The greatest labor of his life was the share he had in the production of Valpy's edition of the classics in 141 volumes, being a combi- nation of the Delphin, Bipont, and Vari- orum editions. With the exception of the preface. Dyer contributed all tliat was original in tliis vast work, upon wliich he was engasred from the year 1S19 to 1830 ! He ^lad scarcely com- pleted this work when his eyesight gave way, and shortly afterwards left him in total blindness." His writings are va- ried and numerous ; amongst them his " History of the University and Colleges of Cambridge." 2 vols., aud "The Priv- ileges of the University of Cambridge," &c., are the most important. B. 1755 ; d. 18-11. — Sir James, chief justice of the common pleas, and speaker of the house of commons, was b. 1512, and d. 1581. Dyer's " Eeports" are still highly valued by the profession. — John, a poet of con- siderable reputation, was b. at Aber- glasney, Caermarthenshire, in 1700, and educated at Westminster school. He was intended for the law, which he abandoned for painting, but not arriving at excellence as an artist, he took orders, and obtained some respectable cliurch y>referment. In 1727 he published his poem of " Grongar Hill," which met with deserved success. He then made the tour of Italy, where, besides the usual study, he often spent whole days in the country about Home and Florence, sketching those picturesque scenes that there abound ; and it is very naturally imagined that the beautiful landscapes depicted in his two subsequent poems owe their existence in no sliL'^ht de£rree to that cause. These are entitled "The Euins of Home," f;nd "The Fleece." His poetry displays a lively imagination, and combines great originality with the warmest sentiments of benevolence and virtue. D. 1758. E. EACHAKD, JoHX, an English divine, was b. 1636. After studying at Catha- rine hall, Cambridge, he was cliosen master in 1675, and d. 1607. He wrote a work, entitled. "The Grounds and Ecasons of the Contempt of the Clergy and Eeligion inquired into," and was also known as the author of two dia- logues, in which the system of Hobbes is attacked with satiric humor. EAD.MER, an English Benedictine monk of the 12th century, who became abbot of St. Alban's. He wrote a "His- tory of the Liberty of the Church," and various other ecclesiastical w'orks. D. 1124. EARLE, John, an English prelate, was b. at York, and entered Mcrton col- lege, Oxford, in 162i.i. H(; became chap- lain and tutor to Charles, prince of Wales, and suffered nnich in the relicl- lion. At the restoration he was made dean of Westminster and bishop of Worcester, from which Bee he was translated to Salisbury in 1638. Dr. Earle was the author of an ingenious work, entitled, " Microcosmography ; or, a Piece of the World Characterized, in Essays and Characters." He also translated the "Icon Basilike" into Latin. D. 1665. EARLOM, Richard, a mezzotinto en- graver, was b. in London, 174le Life," of a more Eowerful and varied cast than any of er fyrcvious productions. Three other vols, of " Fashionable Tales" appeared in 1812, and fully sustained the high reputation which she had now attained. In 1814 her novel of "Patronage" was published. For many years, indeed, literary composition formed the chief business of her life. Originality and fertility of invention, and a power of depicting Irish manners, unequalled among modern authors, are her chief characteristics as a novelist. 1). 1849. EDMONDES, Sir Thomas, a states- man in the reigns of Elizabeth, Janiea L, and Charles I. He was also distin- guished as a politic.-xl writer. D. 1639. EDMONDSON, Joseph, a genealoirist and heraldic painter. His principal works are, " A Body of Heraldry," and 372 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOCRAPIIV, [edw " Baronaffium Genealosricum, or the Pedigrees of Entrlish Fcers." D. 17S6. EDMUND, St., kin;,' of the East An- gles, was so illustrious for his piety as to obtain a place in tlie Koman calendar. In S70 he was defeated, and taken pris- oner by the Danes under Ivar, who Caused him to be fastened to a tree, and to be shot to death with arrows. His remains were interred at Bury St. Ed- mund's. — I., king of Euglaud, son of Edward the Elder, succeeded his bro- ther Atbclstan in 941. He subdued Mercia, Northuml>erland, and Cumber- laud, lie was killed in 94S, while at a banquet, by an outlaw, named Leolf. — II., surnamed Iuonside, on account of his prodigious strength, was the son of Ethelred, whom he succeeded in 1016 ; but being opposed by Canute, he agreed to share the crown with him. After a reign of nine months only, ho was treacherously murdered, in 1017. EDRIDGE, Henry, an eminent land- scape and miniature painter, b. at Pad- diuL'ton, 17C8. D. 1821. E DEI SSI, Abu Abdallah Mohammed BEN MouAMMED, a descendant of the African princes of the race of Edris, was b. in Spain, in 1099, and settled at tlie court of Roger, king of Sicily, for whom he framed an immense terrestrial globe of silver, and wrote, in Arabic, a geoirraphical work to explain it. E1)\V AKD THE Elueh, son of Alfred the Great, succeeded his father in 901. He encouraged learning, and improved the university of Cambridge. North- umbria and East Anglia were subdued by him ; and he extended his domin- ions, by conquests, in Scotland and Wales. D. 92.5. — The !Maktyr, sou of Edffar, king of England, was b. in 962, and crowned in 975. He was murdered by order of his stepmother Elfrida, at Corfc castle, after a reign of three years. — The Confessor, was the son of Ethel- red, and succeeded Hardicanute in 1041. He restored Malcolm to the throne of Scotland, which had been usurped by Macbeth. He caused the Saxon laws to be revised, amended, formed into one body, and translated into Latin; hence they were called his laws. He consulted William of Normandy about the choice of a successor, which furnished that prince with a plea for invading the kingdom after the death of Edward, which happened in ]0G.'). — T., (of the Norman line,) called Longshanks, suc- ceeded his father. Henry HI., in 1272. After firmly establisliing his authority at home, he led an army into Palestine, against the Saracens, where he signali- zed his valor on many occasions ; and having, on his return, conquered Wales, he created his son prince of that coun- try, which title has from that time been, given to the heir-apparent. He also brought Scotland into subjection, and took the king, John Baliol, prisoner. D. at Carlisle, 1807.— II., son of the pre- ceding, b. at Caernarvon. He was gov ernecl by his favorites, Gaveston and the Spencers, which occasioned the barons to rise against him. After re- signing his crown, he was confined in Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire, where he was traitorously murdered py the contrivance of his queen, IsabeJa, and her lavorite. Roger Mortimer, earl of March, in 1328. — III., the son and suc- cessor of the above, was one of the most celebrated heroes of his country. Being but 15 when the crown devolved to him, the queen dowager and her in- famous paramour governed during the first three years of his reign ; but in 1330 the king took the rcins'of govern- ment into his own hands ; disgraced and confined his mother, and caused Mortimer to be tried and executed for the murder of his father, and his i;ncle, the earl of Kent. He then put himself at the head of his army, reduced the Scots, and took their king, David, pris- oner. He next invaded France, laid claim to the crown, as heir to his moth- er, the sister of Charles, the last king, who died without issue. Victorious by sea and land, against France and Spain, he was elected emperor of Germany, but refused the imperial throne, ancl re- turned in triumph to England, leaving his sort Edward, the Black Prince, to command the army in his absence. D. 137L_ — The Prince of Wales, surnamed the'l^laek Prince, son of Edward III., was b. in 1830, and, accompanying his father to France, in 1345, took a leading part in gaining the victory of Crecy, in the year following. During his stay in France, in 1356J he won the creat battle of Poictiers. D. 1376.— IV., son of Richard, duke of York, succeeded Hen- ry VI., in 1461. He married Lady Elizabeth Grey, which so disgusted the earl of Warwick, commonly called the king-maker, that he joined the Lancas- trian party, and defeated Edward's forces near Banbury, in 1469. Soon afterwards he took' Edward prisoner, who effected his escape, and obtained a victory over AVarwiek, at Stamford Wells. That nobleman fled to France, from whence he returned with a supply ege] CYCLOPAEDIA OF KIOGRAPIIV, 373 of troops, (ind proclaimed Ilcury. Ed- ward on this esc'iiped beyond sea, and Warwick released Ilenry ifroni the Tow- er and placed him on the throne; but Etlward returned with succors, and marched to London, where he took Henry prisoner. He sliortly alter de- leated Warwick, who was slain. An- other victory at Tewkesbury secured to him the quiet possession of the throne. JX 1483. — v., sou of the preeedinjr, whom he succeeded at the age of 12 years. Kiehard, duke of Gloucester, his uncle, took tlie fruardianship of liim and liis brother into his own luuuls, and placed them in the Tower, where they were smothered in their beds, in 1483. — VI., the only son of ]Ienry VIII., by Jane Seymour, his third queen, ascend- ed the throne wlien only nine years old, and, considering his extreme youth, displayed many qualities of the fairest promise. He promoted the reforma- tion, and established the service of the church of England, in 1552, by act of parliament. He founded the hospitals of Christ-church, Bridewell, ana St. Tliomas. 1). 1553. — Plantaoenet, earl of Warwick, the only surviving male descendant of the house of York, was kept a prisoner in the Tower several vears, through jealousy, and at last be- headed, in 1499, on a pretext that he entered into a conspiracy with I'erkin Warbeck against Ilenry VII. EDWARDS, Bj£Yam, an ingenious writer, b. 1743, at Westb.ury, in Wilt- shire. Mr. Edwards wrote "The His- tory, Civil and Commercial, of tlie Brit- ish Colonies in the West Indies," "The Proceedings of the Governor and As- sembly of Jamaica, in regard .to the Maroon Negroes," and "An Historical Survey of the French Colony in the Island of St. Domingo." IJ. 1800.— Geouge, an eminent naturalist, was b. 1693, at Stratford, in Essex. D. 1773. — Jonathan-, celebrated for his meta- jihysical knowledge, was b. at Windsor, Coim., 1700. In 1722 ho became a lireacher, at New York, to a Presbyte- rian cougrcgation, and in 1724 was cho- sen tutor of Yale college. In 1726 he resigned that station, and became assist- ant to his Lrrandtather, who was a min- ister at Northampton. Here he con- tinued till 1750, when he was dismissed for refusing to administer the sacrament to those who could not give proofs of their being converted. The year follow- ing he went as missionary among the Indians, and in 1757 was chosen presi- 'lent of the collese of New Jersey, 82 where ho d. in 1758. IIo wrote a •• Trea- tise concerning Keligious AlVections," "The Life of David Brainerd, a Mis- sionary," "An Inquiry into t!ie Modern Prevailing Notion of that Freedom of Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, i3, chose him their leader. He dis- played great courage and firmness, won many victories, and was often defeated by superior numbers ; at length he was wounded and Jaken prisoner, brought before a court-martial, and shot, Jan- uary 2, 1794. ELDON, John Scott, carl of, a dis- tinguished lawyer and statesman, who for twenty-five years filled the office of lord high chancellor of England, was the third son of William Scott, coal- fitter, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. He was b. on the 4tli of June, 1751. In 1773 he was admitted a member of the Middle Temple ; but he resided chiefly in or near Oxford, till he was called to the bar in 1776. In 1783 he came into parliament and attached liimself to the party of Mr. Pitt, who was his personal tVieiid. lie was made solieitor-sjeneral in 1788, received the honor of knight- hood, and became attorney-general in 1793 ; succeeded Sir James Eyre as lord chief justice of the common pleas ; and in July, 1799, was raised to the peerage as Baron Eldon, of Eldon, in the county of Durham. In 1801 he became lord hiirh chancellor of England. In Feb- ruary, ISOO, he resigned the great seal; Init was reappointed in April, 1807, from which period he held it until April 30, 1827. At the coronation of George IV^. the lord chancellor was promoted to tiie dicrnities of Viscount Encombe and earl of Ehlon. D. 1838. ELGIN, TnoM.vs Bruce, earl of, was b. 1771, and succeeded to the peerage in his childhood. On many occasions the earl of El^rin was honored with diplo- matic missions, the last of which was to the Sublime Porte, in 1789, where he continued till the French were finally ell] CYCLOP.KDI.V OF KIOGKAPIIY. 375 driven out of Egj'pt. Being desirous of rescuiutr tlic ruiiuiins of Greece nlso from destruction and oblivion, he uviiiled liimself of the opportunities of liis sla- lioii, iuul sucoeetled in formiui,' ii vast (.•iilic'Ction of stiilues, specimens of arclii- tecture, medals, and other valuable an- tiquities, wliich were eventually pur- chased by government for £35,000, and deposited in the British Museum. D. 1841. ELIAS, Maithetv, an eminent painter, was b. at Casscl in 1(>">S, and settled at Dunlvirk, where lie painted a tcrund altar- piece, llis portraits are in liigh estima- tion. D. 1741. ELIO, Fkancis Xavieb, a Spanish general, who nobly defended his coun- try ajjainst the French, and at the res- toration of Ferdinand VII. was appointed governor of Valencia; but wlien the revolution toolv place, in IS-'O, part of tlie population rose against the governor, and declaring him guilty of tyrannical acts, lie was imprisoned, tried by a TMlitary commission, and sentenced to ti. *■ punishment of death, which was inflicted, Sept. 3, 1822. ELIOT, Joii.v, styled the apostle to the Indians, was b. 1604; came to New England in 1631 ; and there learned the Indian language, that he might devote himself to tlie conversion of the natives. In this he met with jrreat success, and obtained a consideralile influence over the various tribes. He translated the Bible into their language, and wrote Beveral pieces of practical divinity. D. 168'J. — TnoiiAS, an English writer in the reign of Henry VIII. He was a native of Sutfolk, but resided chiefly at Cam- bridge. He compiled a Latin and En- glish dictionary. 1). 154<). ELIOTT, Geokoe Augustus, Lord Heathfield, was b. about 1718. After receiving liis education at Leyden he in 173.") attaclied liiraself to the engineer corps. In 1759 he served on the Con- tinent with great reputation ; and on his recall from Germany he was sent to the Ilavanna, in the reduction of whicli he had an eminent share. In 177.5 Gen- eral Eliott was appointeel commander-in- chief in Ireland ; from whence he re- turned soon after, and was maile gov- ernor of Gibraltar, which fortress he defended with consummate talent and persevering fortitude. He was very abstemious, his constant food being ve'j:etables, and his drink water. He never allowed himself but four hours sleep at a time ; and was so accustomed to liardiness that it was become habitual. On his return to England he was rai.sed to the peerage by the title of Lord Ileath- tield. Baron Gibraltar. D. 1790. ELLSSE, Peuk, a name once of great diplomatic iurtuence. B. 176'J; d. 1817. ELIZABETH, cpicen of England, was the daughter of llcnry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, and b. in 1533. She was edu- cated in the Protestant religion; and in the reign of Mary, in consequence of her known attachment to it, she was sent to the Tower, from whence she was afterwards removed to Woodstock. On the death of her sister in 155>!, sho was proclaimed queen, riiilip of Spain made lier an oft'er of marriage, which she declined. The French and Span- iards having formed a league for the extirpation of heresy, Elizabeth was in- duced to protect tlie Protestants ; and tliis she did so cllectually as to separate the United Provinces from the Spanish throne. In 1588 Philip sent against En- gland llis famous Armada, to which the pope gave the name of " Invincible." On this occasion the queen distinguished herself by her trreat presence of mind and courage. She rode on horseback in the camp of Tilbury, and inspired her people by her deportment and her speeches. The English fleet, however, assisted by the winds, prevented the Spaniards from landing, and tlieir boa.st- ed armada was destroyed. Elizabeth combined prudence with fortitude, and judgment with vigor; but slie was vio- lent, haughty, and insatiably fond of admiration. She liad strong natural talents, was well versed in Greek and Latin, and gave repeated proof's of her skill in the art of governing. D. 1602. — Petrowna, daughter of Peter the Great, was b. 17ii',). In 1741 she usurped the imperial throne, by dethroning the in- fant Ivan, which revolution was effected without the sheddinir of blood. At her accession she mas- kine having refused to undertake the defence, he served as leading counsel, re CYCLOPAEDIA OF lUOGRAPIIY. [ell and obtained the victory. lu 1801 he \v;is muclo tUtoruey-gcueral, and next year, on the death "ot^Lord Keiiyon, be- came lord chief justice of tlie King's Bench, and was created a peer. It is Baid that the result of the trials of Hone, who was prosecuted for impious paio- dies and libels, (the jury having tound verdicts contrary to his lordship's charges,) had a great effect on his de- clining state of health ; and though he continued to appear in court, and per- formed his functions with his usual energy of mind, his frame was fast sinking. D. 181S. ELL'EY, Sir Johx, a distinguished English officer, who by his own merit rose to the highest mililary rank, and to a host of other honors, from the very humble situation of a private in the roval horse guards. D. 1839. 'ELT.loTT, Ebexezee, "The Corn- Law IJhyiucr," was b. at Masborough, near Kotiierham, in 1781, where his fa- ther was a commercial clerk in the iron works. His first publication, " The Vernal Walk," written in his 17th year, showed to what extent the scenery of his native country had impressed itself on his mind. From this period his poetic eii'usions were unceasing, lie contributed to the "New Monthly Mag- azine," "Tait's Magazine," and many otiier periodicals. The great object of his political life was the abolition of the corn laws ; and it is not too much to say that the " Corn-Law Rhymes" were as instrumental, especially in the manufac- turing districts, in timning the excite- ment which ultimately led to the aboli- tion of the corn laws, as the eloquence of any member of the Anti-Corn-Law- League. The last edition of his poems appeared in one volume in 1840. I). 1849. — Jesse Dunoax, a distinguished commodore of the United States navy, b. in Maryland, 1785, who served with honor in the war on the lakes in 1812, performing many gallant exploits, and afterwards' on the Mediterranean and West India stations. I). 1845. ELLIS, George, a miscellaneous wri- ter of considerable talent, was b. in Lon- don, 1745, and d. 1815. lie commenced his literary career as the author of various political satires and essays ; and he sub- sequently produced "Specimens of early English 'poetB," "Specimens of early English Metrical Romances." — Ioiin, an Encrlinh poet, was b. in London in 1698, and Ijronght up a scrivener. U. 1791.— John, a naturalist, was b. in London in are " An Essay towards a Natural His tory of British'Corallines," and " A Nat- ural History of uncommon Zoophytes. "_ — Willi.vm", a practical agriculturist of the 18th century, who lived at Great Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoyed con- siderable reputation both as an inventor of forming implements, and as the au- thor of "The Modern Husbuudnian." ELLISTON, RoBEKT William, an eminent comedian, was b. in London in 1774. He was intended for the church ; but at the age of 16 he quitted school, without the knowledge of his friends, went to Bath, and there first gratified his ambition for scenic celebrity. His first bow to a London audience was made at the Haymarket theatre, 1796 ; but it was not till 1804 that he became fixed at either of the winter houses. This occurred on Kemble's retirement from Drury-lane ; and till the destruc- tion, by fire, of that edifice in 1809, he continued to be one of its most active and efficient supporters. D. 1831. ELLSWORTH, Oliver, chief justice of the United States, graduated at the college in New Jersey, 1766. In 1777 he was chosen a delegate in congress from Connecticut. In 1780 he was elected into the council of Connecticut, and was a member of that body till 1784, when he was appointed a judge of the superior court. In 1787 he was elected a member of the convention, which framed the federal constitution. In an assembly illustrious for talents, erudition, and patriotism he held a dis- tinguished place. When the federal government was organized in 1789 he w.HS a member of the senate from Con- necticut. In 1796 he was appointed by Washington chief justice of the supremo court of the United States, but on ac- count of ill health resigned the office in 1800. In 1799 he was appointed by President Adams envoy extraordinary to France for the purpose of settling a treaty with that nation. D. 1807, aged 65. ELLWOOD, Thomas, was b. at Crow- ell in Oxfordshire, in 1639. He was bred in the tenets of the church of England, but was induced to join the Quakers, through which he lost the tiivor of his father"! He became reader to Milton, which tended greatly to his improve- ment in learning. EUwood sulfered imprisonment for his profession, and wrote a number of books in its defence. He also edited " George Fox's Journal," and published a " History of the Old and New Testaments ;" a sacred poem on 1710 'and d. 1776. His prhicipal works | the life of David, &e. D. 1713. ELZ] CVCLOI'.KDI.V OF BIOGKAPHV. 377 ELMSI-EY. Peter, nn cmment phi- lolotrist and cliissieal scliolar, was b. in ITTli. In iiiir.siiit of hi-J philoloifical studies lie visited the jirinciinil libraries on the Continent; :md in 1610, in con- junction with Sir Humphrey l):tvy, he accepted a conumssiou from govcni- mcnt for till?, develoinnent of the llercu- liiuean papyri, but their labors proved abortive. On his return he settled at Oxford, where he obtained tlie Camden p>-niv>wisf,vs]iin of ancient history, and was elected' nriucjiial of 8t. Albau's I'.all. He produced" editions of various classics, and contributed to the early numbers of the "Edinburgh Eevicw," and at a subsequent period to the " Quarterlv." 1). 1825. ELWIIXSTON, Akthur, Lord Bal- MKRixo, was b. IGSS. He had the com- mand of a company of foot in Lord Shannon's regiment in the reign of Queen Anne ; but at the accession of George L resigned that commission, and joined the earl of Mar, under whom he served at the battle of Sherilfmuir. At the decisive batile of CuUoden he was taken prisoner by the duke of Cumber- land's army. Being conducted to Lon- don, lie was comniitted to the Tower, and brought to trial in Westminster hall, 2'Jth July, 174(), along witli the carls of Kilmarnock and Cromarty, both of whom pleaded guilty. The earl of Cromarty obtained a pardon, but the other two sulfcred decapitation on Tower-hill, IStli August, 174G.— Jamks, a native of Edinbur!.di, whoso attempts to cttect an imaginary reformation in the orthography ~of the English lan- guage, by spelling all words as they are nronounced. occupied a great part of tiis life, and ended in complete disap- pointment. In this pursuit he pub- lished various works, among whicn we may mention "English Orthography epitomized," and " I'ropriety's rocket Picture." B. 1721 : d. 1809. ELPIIINSTONE, Geokoe Keith, Viscount, b. 1747, was a distinguished naval oHiccr. lie entered the service eai.v in life, and arrived at the rank of post-captain in 1775. During the Amer- ican war he served with great credit at the attack on Mud Island, at Charles- ton, &c. ; he also captured L'Aigle of 40 guns and 600 men ; and when the war broke out with Franco he was dmoni; the first wlio sustained the credit of the British navy. I). 182:?.— Geouoe WiLi.i.vM Kkitii, b. 1782. Early in lite this distinguished, but eventually un- fortunate, otlieer entered the service as 32"- ensign in the S4th infantry. After serving with much distinction in various pans of the globe, he was ina— 'Q CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [enq 1505, and was tho first who made the distinction between the e; consonant and tlie n vowel, lie took Ibr liis device an cajrle holdiuj; t-evcn arrows, witli the motto, " Concordia res parvic crcscamt." This he afterwards exchanged I'or that of a man standiiis, with tlie inotto " Tson sohis ;'' and tliis was adopted by his successors. Their names were John, Daniel, ^Iatthew, Isaac, BoNAVENTunA, and AiJKAiiAM. The latter two prepared the smaller editions of the classics, in 12ino. and 16nio., which are still valued for their beauty and correctness. Al- thouirh the Elzevirs were surpassed in learninir. and in Greek and Hebrew edi- tions, by the Stephenses of Paris, they were unequalled in their choice of works, and in the elegance of their ty- pojraphv. EMANUEL, king of Portugal, suc- ceeded John II. in' 1495. He restored the nobility to their priviletres, and greatly encouraged maritime adven- tures," by which means a new passage to India" was discovered by Gama, and Brazil in 1501, by Cabral. Emanuel also sent an expedition to Africa, and est.ib- lislied a commercial iutercour.=e with the kingdom of Congo. D. 1521. EMERY, John, an actor of very con- siderable merit, (particularly in rustic characters, where his perfect knowledge of the Yorkshire dialect rendered him so effective,') was b. at Sunderland, in 1777. D. 182'2. EMLYN, TnoxiAS, a Protestant dis- senting minister, memorable for the persecution he sustained in consequence of his religious sentiments with regard to the Trinity, was b. at Stamford, Lin- colnshire, in ir,r,3, and studied at the university of Cambridge. In 1691 he settled at Dublin, as assistant to the Kev. Joseph Boyce, but was soon inter- dieted from his pastoral duties, on sus- picion of Arianism. Finding himself the object of much odium and miscon- ception, he published "A Humble En- quiry into the Scripture Account of Je- sus Christ;" upon which ho was arrest- ed on tlie charge of blasphemy, tried, and sentenced to a year's imprisonment and a fine of .£liJ00l His character w-as amiable, and he was on terms of inti- macy with Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and other eminent men. I). 1743. EMMETT, RoiiKKT, the son of a phy- Rician at Cork, wa.** educated for the le- gal profession ; but. on the breaking out of the Irish rebellion, he was drawn into its vortex, became secretary to the secret directory of United Irishmen, and in 1S03 suffered the death of a trai- tor. His youthful ardor, eloquence, and intrepidity have been greatly extolled. — ThomjVS Addis, elder brother of the pre- ceding, was also bred to the profession of the law, but becoming involved in the Irish rebellion, he fled his country, and settled in the United States, where he practised as an advocate. D. at New York, 1827. EMPEDOCLES, a Greek philosopher, whose doctrines were nearly allied to those of Pythagoras, was b. about 460 B. c, at Agrigentum, in Sicily. The sovereignty was offered him by his fel- low-citizens ; but being a friend to pure democracy he refused it, and established a popular government. ENFIELD, Wiluam, a dissenting minister, and a writer of much judg- ment, was b. at Sudbury, 1741 ; and af- ter fiJline the situation of resident tutor and lecturer on the belles lettres at Warrington academy till the dissolu- tion of that establishment, lie d. 1797. He was one of the principal contributors to " Dr. Aikin's Biographical Diction- ary;" and is known as the author or compiler of several useful works, viz., "The Speaker," "Exercises on Elocu- tion," " Natural Philosophy," &c. ENGEL, John James, a German wri- ter, whose philosophical works are held in liigh esteem, was b. in Meeklenburgh, 1741 ; and, after studying at several German universities, he accepted the office of professor of morals and litera- ture at Berlin, where he was made a member of the Eoyal Academy of Sci- ences, and wrote tlie greatest part of his works. D. 1802. ENGELBRECIIT, John, a religious fanatic, was b. at Brunswick, 1599. He travelled for several years throutrh Ger- many, fasting at tin'ies for a fortniirht together, and not unfrequently falling into trances, during which he pretended to receive divine revelations and mis- sions for proselytizing mankind. D. 1642. ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Heniu de BouitnoN, duke of, son of the duke ol Bourbon, and a descendent of the great Cond6, was b. at Chantilly, in 1772. Having served with credit in the armies opposed to the French republic, he went to Baden, in 1804, married, and lived there as a private citizen. He was, how- ever, rcixarded with a jealous eye, as one who niisrht become a dangerous foe to the ambitious designs of the first consul ; and an order to arrest him was accord- ingly issued. He was accused of having CYCl.Ul'.KUlA Ol'- mOURAl'UV. KPl] taken part in conspiracies nj?iiiiist the liib of the first consul; iind though nnth- incc was proved aiiuinst him, he received sentence of deatlij and was led into the fosse of the castle, wliere he heroically and firnilv submitted to it. KNGLiiFlELI), Sir IIenrv Chaklks, li fellow of the Koyal and Antiquarian societies, to whose "Transactions" he contributed largely, was b. 175-2. He was the author of a work " On the De- termination of the Orbits of Comets," " A Description of the Picturesque r>e:\utics and Geological Phenomena of tlu^ Isle of Wi:,'ht," Ac. D. IS-Jl'. EN N I US, QuiNTi-s, a celebrated Latin poet of the earlier times of the republic, was b. at Calabria 239 b. c. Cato the Censor became acquainted with him in Sardinia, was his puj)!), and brought him to Rome, where he soon gained the friendship of the most distinguished in- dividuals, and instructed young men of rank in Greek. ]). 26'.' b.'o. ENTICK, John-, an English divine, d. in 1780. lie published a " History of the War which ended in 1763," a " His- tory of London," a well-known and ap- proved " Latin and English Dictionary," &c. ENTINOPUS, an eminent architect of CaiKMa in the 4th century, who may properly be styled the founder of Venice. Having' fled from the ravages of the Goths to the morasses on tlie Adriatic coast, he built the tirst house there for himself, and afterwards assisted the in- iiabitants of Padua, who also took refuge there, in building the 80 houses which formecl the iirst eitv. D. about 420. EPAMLXONDAS, a Theban general, illustrious for his talents and his virtues, was the son of Polymnis. He was the friend of Pelopidas, and by him aiipnint- ed to the connnand of the Theban armies. He defeated Cleombrotus, and gained the battle of Leuctra ; overcame Alex- ander tyrant of Phera;a; and fell in the moment of victory at the battle of >Lui- tinea, 3()3 b. c. El'EE, Charles J^Iiciiael dk l', a French abbe, founder of the institution in Paris for the deaf and dumb, was b. at Versailles in 1712, and deserves grate- ful remembrance for the philanthropic occupation in which the greater part of liis life was spent. He entered into lioly orders, and Dccame a Catholic priest ; but his great objeet bein;,' to impart in- struction to the deaf and dumb, he spent his whole income, besides what was contributed by benevolent patrons, in the education' and maintenance of his 370 apparel. D. 17Sy. EPICHAK.MUS, of Cos, anhilosoph of the Pythagorean school, lived in tl pupils, for whose wants he provided with such disinterested devotion, that he often deprived himself of the necessaries of life, restricting himself to the plainest food, and clothing himself in the coarsest ■ D. 17Sy. 'ler the atter part of the .'Jth century u. c, at Syracuse, and there wrote his celebrated comedies, all of which are now lost. He also wrote upon medical and philosoph- ical subjects, and attained the age of 97 years. EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who lived ill the first century, was a native of Hierapolis, in Phrygia, and was origi- nally a slave to Epaphroditus, one of Nero's frcedmen. Having been eman- cipated, he gave himself up wholly to the study of j)hilosophy, and his life atl'orded an e.\ample of unblemished virtue. EPICURUS, the founder of the Epi- curean sect of philosophers, was b. at Gargettns, 842 b. c, and studied at Athens. For a time he resided succes- sively at Colophon, Mitylcnc, and Lamp- sacus. but tmally settled at Athens, where he purchased a garden, and there expounded his system of philosophy. D. 271 B.C. EPIMENIDES. a celebrated philos- opher and poet of Crete, who flourished during the Gth century b. c. He is rep- resented as favored with divine connnu- nicatioiis, and as an infallible prophet. EPIX.VY, LorisK, madamc d , a female of considerable talents, and notorious for her connection with Rousseau, was the wife of M. Delalive de Bcllegarde, who filled the ollice of farmer-general. Du- ring the earlier part of her lite, she form- ed an acquaintance with tiie philosopher of Geneva, to whom she gave a cottage in hcrjiark of Clievrette, (attcrwards the well-known hermitage,) where he passed many of his days, wliich were rendered happy by this romantic attachment, un- til lie became jealous of Baron Grimm, whom he had himself introduced to his mistress. She was the author of "Lea Conversations d'Emilie," " Lettres i\ inon Fils," and "Mes Moments Heu- reux." D. 17S3. EPISCOPR^S, Snrox, alearned divine, b. at Amsterdam, lo83. In lt)l2 he was chosen divinity ])rofessor at Leydcn; was the priucipal of the remonstrants, or Arminians, at the synod of Dort, whicli arbitrary assembly deposed him and the other deputies from their ministerial functions, and banished them the re- }80 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. [eri publio. He then went to Antwerp, but in 1G26 lie returned to Holland, and bc- eanie minister to the remonstrants at Eotterdam. D. liUo. EPONIXA, a Koman female, whose strength of eonjutral afl'eetion is worthy of record, was the wife of Julius Sabinus, who, after being defeated in his revolt against Vespasian, took shelter in a sub- terninoan eave, where, during nine years, lie and Eponina lived concealed. Their retreat being at length discovered, and Sabinus being condemned to sutfcr dcatli, the faithful wife having vainly implored the emperor's clemency for her husband, heroically refused to survive his loss, and d. a willing martyr to her constanev, 78. EEASiSTRATrS, an ancient physi- cian, wlio acquired great reputation at the court of beleucus Xicanor, kintr of Syria, was one of the first who disserted human bodies, and accurately described the brain. ERASMUS, Desiderius, one of the most eminent scholars of his age, wash. at Kotterdam, 1467. He was the iliegit- iiiKite son of one Gerard, by the daugh- ter of a physician ; but his father and mother dying when he was only nine years old," he was left to the care of three guardians, who determined on bringing him up to a religious life, that they might enjoy his patrimony ; for wliich purpose they removed him from one convent to another, till at last, in 1436, he took the habit among the canons-regular at Stein, near Tergon. The monastic life being disagreeable to liini, he accepted an invitation from the archbishop of Cambray to reside with him. During his abode with this prelate he was ordained priest; but in 14'.t6 he went to Paris, and supported himself by giving private lectures. In 1497 he vis- ited England, and met with a liberal re- ception from the most eminent scholars. On his return ho spent twelve years in France, Italy, and the Netherlands ; and during that time he published several works of great merit. In I.jOO he took his doctor's degree at Turin, and went to Bologna, where he continued some time; thence he removed to Venice, and resided with the famous Aldus Manu- tius. From Venice he went to Padua and Rome, where many offers were made him to settle; but havinir received an invitation from Henry VIIT. he went to England a'.rain in'l-">10; wrote his " Praise and Folly" while residing with Sir Tliomas More ; and was appointed Margaret professor of divinity, and Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. In 1514 he once more returned to the Continent, and lived chiefly at Basle, where he vig- orously continued his literary labors, and prepared his edition of the New Testament, with a Latin translation ; liis " Ciceronianus," and his celebrated "Colloquies," which latter gave such offence to the monks, that they us^.d to say, "Erasmus laid the egg which Lu- ther hatched." With Luther, however, whom he had provoked by his treatise on Free Will, lie was in open hostility. In 1528 appeared his learned work, "De recta l^atinis Grajcique Sermonis Pro- nunciatione," and his last publication, which was printed the year before his death, was entitled " Ecclesiastes, or tha Manner of Preaehinsr." D. 1506. ERATOSTHENES, a native of Cyrene, in Africa, 275 b. c, was librarian at Alex- andria, and improved the science of mathematical geography, which he cor- rected, enlarged, and reduced to system. He was also a philosopher, poet, and grammarian ; while he rendered much service to the sciences of astronomy and geography, by first observing the ob- liquity of the ecliptic, and by discover- ing the method of measuring the cir- cumference of the globe. ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, a Spanish poet and soldier, was b. in Biscay, about 1530. He was brought up at the court of Charles V., and joined an expedition which was sent out to Chili against a tribe of natives called the Araccanians. Hence came his admirable epic of " La Araucana," which describes the perils and exploits of that fierce and dangerous contest ; this he wrote on scraps of paper, and on bits of leather when paper could not be had, during those brief intervals which could be snatched from active dutv. EREMITA, Daniel, a writer of the 17tli century, was a native of Antwerp, and became secretary to the duke of Florence. He wrote several works, the principal one being entitled "De Aulica Vita ac Civili." D. 1613. ERIC IX., king of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, succeeded Margaret in 141 2. He marriecl the daughter of Henry IV. of England. In 1439 he was formally deposed. He afterwards settled in Po- merania, where he d. in 1459. He com- piled a "History of Deimiark to tho year 1238." — XIV., son and successor of Gustavus I., king of Sweden. He courted the Princess Elizabeth, after- wards queen of England, but being refused, he married the daughter of a ERS] CVCLOP^DIA OK BIOGRAPHY. 381 Eeasant. This alienated from liiin the carts of Ills subjects, and, togetlier with his cruelties, oeensioiicd a revolt. Eric was comiielled to renounce liis throne in irifJS. D. in prison, in 1573. EKICEIKA, Fkudi.nand de Menezks, Count, a rortuguese historian, was b. at I.ishon, in 1G14. lie devoted himself to military service, and distinL'uislu-d himself as an aljlc ireneral at Tangier. He wrote "The History of Tangier," "History of rortup^al," &c. — Francis Xavieu ^IE^•KZEs, Count, frreat-grandson of the above, was b. at Lisbon, in 1763; and d. in 171:?. He wrote on " Academ- ical Studios," "Parallels of Illustrious Men and Women," &c. ERIttKNA, John Scotts, a learned man of the 9th century, was b. in Scot- land, though some make him a native of England, and others of Ireland. lie is said to have travelled to Athens, wdiere he acquired the Greek and Ori- ental languages. He resided many years at the court of Charles the Bald, king of France, with whom he lived on terms of the greatest familiarity. At the re- quest of his patron he translated the works of Dionysius into Latin, which drew upon him the resentment of the pope, to avoid whose fury he went to England, where he was courteously re- ceived by Alfred the Great, who placed him at the head of his newly-founded college at Oxford ; but after a residence there of about three years, he retired to the abbey of Malmesbury. His greatest work was the " Division of Nature, or the Nature of Things," printed at Ox- ford in 1681. ERNESTI, John AroTrarus, an emi- nent German critic, and professor of theology at Leipsic, was b. 17^7. He published several valuable editions of Xenophon, Cicero, Suetonius, Tacitus, Homer, and Callimachus, accompanied with learned notes ; and a " Theological Library." D. 17S1. — Augustus Wil- liam, a nephew of the preceding, was also a distinguished classical scholar, and publishecl several learned works. B. 1753; d. ISOl. EKSCH, Joiix Samuel, a German bibliographer, b. 1766, was principal librarian, and professor of geography and statistics, at the university of Halle. He wrote a " Manual of German Litera- ture ;" a " Dictionary of French Writers, from 1771 to 1805;" was j.)int editor with Professor Griiber of the " Universal Encyclopredia," published at Leipsic; and'editor of the "Jena Literary Ga- zette." D. 1828. ERSKINE, EiiENEzEE, the founder of the secession eiuirch in Scotland, b. iit Drvburgh, in Berwickshire, 16^0. In 17;jl he accepted of a call to Stirling; and circumstances soon afterwards luiv- ing occurred to augment the hostility he had always shown to the law of patron- age, he declared the cliurch judicatories to be illegal and unchristian, and, after some delay and discussions, was "de- posed from the oflice of the holy minis- try" in 1740. But he was soon joined by his brother Raliih, minister of Dun • feVinline, and other ministers; and hav- ing constituted themselves into a presby- tery, they founded the secession church of Scotlaiid. D. 1754. — John, son of an eminent Scotch lawyer of the same name, was b. at Cardross, in 1721, and destined for the bar; but his inclination leading him to the study of theologv, he was, in 1742, licensed to preach. His "TLx^o- logical Dissertations" appeared in 17G5; but his "Sketches and Hints of Church History and Theolo.^ical Controversy" were not published till many years after. These, with a volume of sermons, are his principal works. D. 1803. — TiioM.vs, Lord, third son of David Henry Erskine, earl of Buchan, was b. in 1750. He was called to the bar in 1778, and obtained immediate success. In May, 1783, he received a silk gown, and, the same year, was elected member of parlia- ment, and unanimously rechosen tor the same borough on every succeeding elec- tion, until raised to the peerage. In 17'J2, being employed to defend Tliomas Paine, when prosecuted for the second part of his " Rights of ilan," he declared that, waiving all personal convictions, he deemed it right, as an English advo- cate, to obey the call ; by the mainte- nance of which principle he lost his ollice of attorney-general to the prince of Wales. Tlie most arduous etl'ort, however, in his professional life, arc)se out of the part cast upon him, in con- junction with Mr. ( afterwards Sir Vicary) Gibbs, in the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and otliers, lor high treason, in 1794. These trials lasted for several weeks, and the ability displayed by Mr. Erskine on this eventful occasion was admired and ac- knowledged by all parties. He was a strenuous opposer of the war with France ; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled "A View of the Causes and Consequen- ces of the War with France;" when such was the attraction of his name, tliat it ran through the unprecedented number of fortv-cight editions. In 1802, the prince of NVales not only restored 382 CVCLOP.liDlA OV BlUGHAriiY, [kih liiin to liis office ofattorncy-jreneral, but made him keeper of his seals for the duc'liy of Cornwall, lie was the author of a'politiciil romaiiee, entitled "Ar- niata," and some j^amphlets on the Greek cause. But it was at the bar that he shone with peculiar lustre. D. 18-2:3. KKXLEBEN, John Chkistlvx Poly- CAKP, a German naturalist, b. at Qued- linburi,', 1744. lie studied physic at Gottiii'iren, and gave lectures there on tlic veterinary art and natural hi.story. His "Principles of Natural History" is particularly valuable. D. 1777. ESCOBAK Y 2iIEXD0ZA, ANTnoxY, a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, b. at Valla- dolid, 15S',i, and d. 166'J. He was a popular preacher and a voluminous au- tlior. Ills most noted works are his " Moral Theology," and his " Cases of Conscience." ESCOIQUIZ, Don Juan, a Spanish diplomatist and author, b. 1762. He was the confidential friend of Ferdinand Vll., whom he defended zealously asrainst the machinations of the Prince of Peace, and of Napoleon at Bayonne ; yet for having advised the king to accent, at least in part, the constitution of tbe Cortes, he was banished on his restora,- tion, and d. in exile, in 1S20. Among his works are the " Conquest of Mexico," and also translations from Milton and YounLC. P^SMENARD, Joseph Alphonse, a French poet and political writer, was b, 1770, at Pelissane, in Provence. Durin<' tlie revolution lie was connected witn many literaiy and political journals ; accompanied General Leclerc to St. Do- mingo; and on his return became ac- quainted with Miirmontcl. His poem, " La Navigation," is highly descriptive ; he also wrote the operas of "Trajan" anx of En.u'lund, son of Etliclwolf, succeeded liis brother P'chelbert, in 86(5. — II., king of EngUuid, tlie son of Edgar, succeeded liis brother Edward the Martyr in 1)78, and, from his want of vigor and capacity, was sur- iiamcd the Unl-eady. He paid a tribute to the Danes by a tax levictl on his sub- jects, called D'ane(jeU. To free himself irom this oppression, he caused all the Danes in England to be treacherously niasoucrcd in one day. On this, Swcyn, king of Denmark, entered his kingdom, and compelled him to fly to Normandy; but Sweyn dying soon after, Ethelred returned" and resumed the government. D. 1016. ETHELWOLF, kin^ of England, suc- ceeded his father Egbert, in 838, and gave to his son, Athelstau, the sover- eiI Sir Tliomas Lawrence ; and the death of an uncle, who bequeathed him a consider- able fortune, having enabled him to prosecute his studies as he pleased, he proceeded on a tour to Italy, where he nnbibed that taste f(n' Venetian art which he subsequently carried out in the numerous works that proceeded from his pencil. His " .Judith" and " Joan of Arc" may rank witli tiie best compositions of modern times. J). 1850. EUCLID, an eminent philosopher of Megara, and the disciple of Socrates, from whom he difterea in the manner of teaching; for, instead of instructing his pupils in morals, he confined their attention wholly to the subtleties of logic. He flourished about four centu- ries before the Christian era, and was the founder of the J»Iegaric sect. — A celebrated mathematician of Alexan- dria, who flourished 300 b. c. He im- mortalized his name by his books on geometry, in which he digested all the propositions of the eminent geometri- cians who preceded Iiiin, as Thales, Pythagoras, and others. His " Ele- m'euts" have gone through innumerable editions ; and hough he wrote on mu- sic, optics, and other subjects, it is as a geometrician that he will ever be re- membered. EUDOCIA, a learned female of Athens, whose original name was Athe- nais, was the daughter of Leontius the philosopher. In 4i!l she was married to the emperor Theodosius, who after- M'ards divorced her in a fit of jealousy. She then went to Jerusalem, where she built churches, and led a life of great devotion. This empress wrote several Greek poems, and paraphrases on some of the prophets. D. 460. EUGENE, FiiAXCis, of Savoy, known as Prince Eugene, a distinguished mili- tary commander, and u grandson of the duivc of Savoy, was b. at Paris, 1663. lie was intended for the church, but his predilection for military life was so strong, that on being refused a regi- ment in the French army, he entered the service of the emperor, as a volun- teer against the Turks, where his bra- very attracting notice, lie was soon ap- pointed to the command of a regiment of dragoons. He was afterwards placed at the head of the army of Hunsary, and was the companion in arnis of the great duke of Marlborough, participating in the victories of Blenheun, Oudenarde, &c. He likewise saved Turin, expelled the French from Italy, reduced Lisle, and, in sliort, raised ijis name to the very pinnacle of military renown, by repeated denmnstratious' of skill and bravery. D. 1736. EUGKNIU>, an obscure man, who, from beinir a grammarian, Wiis pro- claimed empcvor in Dauphine, by Count Arljosratns. after the death of X'alentin- ian the Younirer, in 3'Ji!. He crossed the Alps, and m;ide himself master of Milan; but in 3'J4 he was defeated and slain liv the emperor Theodosius. EULER, Lkox.vud, a c<;lobrated ma- 384 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPtir. EVA thematician, 1). at Basle, in 1707, and was a pupil of John Bcruouilli. lie was one of the literati invited to St. Peters- burg by Catharine I., and for a time sushiined the whole weight of the ma- thematical department in the new uni- versity, with great t:ilcnt and industry. In 1741 he aeocpted an invitation from Frederic the Great, and remained at Brienne till 176G, when he returned to the Eussian capital, where he d. in 1783. Though he had been blind for many years before his death, he still con- tinued his literary labors ; and in that Btate be produced bis ''Elements of Algebra" and his "Theory of the Moon." His writings, which are nu- merous, are able ancl original, both in metaphysics and philosophy ; and, in fact, he may justly be regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians of the age. — Jonx Albert, Ciiarlks, and Christophku, three sons of the pre- ceding, were each eminent in their re- spective walks of life. — John Albert, a mathematician, was b. at St. Petersburg, in 1734. and d. there in 1800. lie was a counsellor of state, and secretary of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and wrote many treatises on astronomy, op- tics, &c. — Ch.vrles, the second son, who was b. at St. Petersburg, in 1740, was physician to the court, and a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. D. 1766 ; and to him is" attributed an able treatise on the motion of the plan- ets. — Christopher, the voun^est son, was b. at Berlin, 1743. "Besides being eminent as a mathematician, he was an excellent astronomer, and was one of the persons selected to observe the tran- sit of Venus, in 1769. EURIPIDES, a Grecian tragic poet, was b. in the island of Salamis, 480 b. c. He studied at Athens under Anaxagoras the philosopher, and Prodicus the rhet- orician; but left that city in disgust, on account of the rivalship of Sophocles and the raillery of Aristophanes, and went to the court of Archelaus, king of Macedon. He wrote an immense num- ber of tragedies, nineteen of which are extant. As he was walking one evening in a wood, he was attacked by the king's bounds and torn in pieces. He was then in his 7.0th year. EUSDEN, Laurence, an English poet, was b. in Yorkshire. In 1718 he ob- tained the laureateship, which raised him several enemies, particularly Pope, who placed him in the " Dunciad." He became rector of Coningsby, in Lincoln- Bhire. D. 1730. EUSEBIUS, PAMPUtLrs, an ecclesias- tical historian, was b. in Palestine about 270. In the persecution by Diocletian, be assisted the sutfering Christians by bis exhortations, particularly his friend Pamphilus, whose name, out of venera- tion, he assumed. Eusebius was chosen bishop of Caisarea about 313. He was at tirst the friend of Ai-ius, because he considered liim as persecuted, but on perceiving the dangerous extent of his opinions, he abandoned him, and as- sisted at the council of Nice, which he opened with an address. He was also at that of Antioch. The emperor Con- stantinehada particular esteem for him, and showed him several tokens of favor. He died about 338. lie wrote an " Ec- clesiastical History," the " Life of Cou- stantinc," and other works, the principal of which is "Evangelical Preparation." EUSTACIIIUS, Bartholomew, an eminent Italian physician of the 16th century. He settled at Rome, where he formed his anatomical tables, and made several important discoveries, among which is the passage from the throat to the internal ear, called the Eustachian tube. Boerhaave published this author's " Opusoula Anatomica" in 1707. D. Io70. EUSTATHIUS, an eminent critic and archbishop of Thessalonica, was b. at Constantinople, and lived in the 12th century. He wrote commentaries on Homer and Dionysius the geographer; displaying, in the former more especial- ly, profound philological learning. EUTROPIUS Flavius, a Latin his- torian of the 4th century. He was sec- retary to Constantine the Great, and served under Julian in his Persian ex- pedition. He wrote an epitome of the liistory of Rome, of which numerous editions have been printed. EUTYCIIES, an ecclesiastic of the 5th century, from whom the sect of Euty- chians'sprung, was a man of strict piety, but who, in opposing the doctrines of Nestorius, fell into the opposite extreme, and denied the human nature of Christ. EVAGORAS, a Greek writer in the time of Augustus. He wrote a History of Egypt, the Life of Timaf^enes,, " De Artificio Thueydidis Oratorio," &c. EVANS, Abel, coininonly called Dr. Evans, the epigrammatist, was one of the Oxford wits, and intimate with tho most eminent poets of the age. He was a meml)er of St. John's college, and vicar of St, Giles, Oxford. He took his degree of D. D. in 1711. — Arbk, an astrologer of the 17th century, was a native of Wales, and educated at Oxford. eve] OVCLUP/EDI.V Of BIOGKAJMIV, 385 He removed to London, where he tau;GEN, Aldeu Van, a Dutch painter, celebrated both for landscapes and 8eu-pieces, was b. in 1621. EVERETT, Alexander II., a distin- guished literary man, was b. at Dorches- ter, Mass., 1790. After leaving college, he was an usher at Phillips' academy, Exeter; and in 1S09 accompanied Mr. Adams to St. Petersburg, as secretary of legation. In 1S18 he was appointed by ilr. Monroe charge d'afiaircs at Brussels, and in 1825, by Mr. Adams, minister to Spain. He remained at Madrid until the year 18'20, when he was recalled by General Jackson. Mr. Everett returned to America by the way of Paris, in which city he held an interesting interview with Charles X., a short time previous to the breaking out of the revolution of the three days. A few months after his return to the United States, Mr. Everett became the editor and principal proprietor of- the " North American Keview." He had long been a leading contributor to this jour- nal, which, under his charge, was mate- rially improved. About the year 1832 he engaged actively in politics ; and soon after connected himself with the demo- cratic party. On the accession of Mr. Polk to the presidency, he gave to Mr. Everett the ajjpointment of commis- sioner to China. Mr. Everett sailed for Canton about 1845, but proceeded no farther than Kio .Janeiro, in consequence of ill-health. From Rio Janeiro he re- turned to the United States, and after an interval of several months again called for Canton, but had hardly be- come settled in his new residence, when he d. 1847. EVRE.MOND, St., Charles Marqde- TEL UE St. Dexls, lord of, was b. 1613, and became one of the most lively and amusing writers of his time. lie stud- ied the law, but subsequently entered the military service, and obtained the rank of general under the prince of Condc; but he lost his commission for having iiiduljrcd his propensity for satire at the expense of the prince. He then got embroiled with Cardinal Maza- rin, was imprisoned in the Bastille, and afterwards escaped a second arrest only by flying to England. He was well re- ceived at the gay court of Charles II. ; and, after indulging in a life of ease and enjoyment, d. 1703. EWALD, John, an eminent Danish Eoet, was the son of a clergyman, and . at (!openhagen, 1743. Havino^ lost his father while young, and disliking the clerical life, he left his home when but 15 years of age, and enlisted in the Prussian army. Deserting to the Aus- trian service, he was made a sergeant, but not being able to obtain his dis- charge when he wished, he deserted again and returned to Denmark. His youthful follies being now at an end, he pursued a literary life with great ardor, and produced several very excellent works ; but that one to which he owed his earliest distinction as a poet was an " Elegy on the Death of Frederic V." His "Songs of the Scalds," and other pieces after the manner of Ossian, gavo liim great reputation ; and he may be said to have surpassed all preceding Danish poets in spirit and originality. . D. 1781. EWING, John, an eminent divine, natural philosopher, and mathematician, was b. in Maryland, in 1732. He was pastor to the first Presbyterian church in Philadelphia; and on visiting Great Britain in 1773, he received from the university of Edinburgh the diploma of D.D. In 1775 he returned home ; and in a few years afterwards was made pro- vost of the university of Philadelphia. He also became one of the vice-presi- dents of the American Philosophical Society; and was justly esteemed as a mathematician of distinguished reputa- tion. D. 1802. EXMOUTH, Edward Pellew, Vis- count, was descended from a Cornish family of respectability, and born at Dover in 1757. At the age of 13 he entered the navy aa a midshipman on board the Juno frigate ; and during the American war we find him in the Blonde frigate, contending for naval supremacy on Lake Champlain, where he attracted the notice of his superiors by his daring. He also served in the war with France. Few men in the naval service bore so prominent a part, or evinced more deter- mined courage and coolness in discharge of their arduous duties, than did this gallant, humane, and active officer. He seemed to be the verv beau ideal of a British sailor. D. 1833. EYCK, Hubert and John Van, bro- thers, both eminent as painters, were b. at Maaseyk, in Holland; the former in 1366, the latter in 370. Hubert is re- {{arded as the founder of the Flemish school ; and John, who from his place of residence is known as John of Bru- FAUJ cvc'LOiMcuiA oy 1!1ik;kai']1v, 387 f^es, M'aa certainly the first who brought I have excelled all others in painting,' on the art of painting in oil to perfection, glass, dehcatelj; blending his colors, and lie also made great improvements in the yet so firmly fixing them that oblitera- art of perspective ; and is allowed to | tion Avas impossible, lie d. in 1441. F. FABIiR, Basil, a learned German Protestant, wlio published, in 1571, a work, entitled " Thesaurus Eruditionis Scholiasticie," since .improved by Cel- larius antl others. 1). 1576. — John, a German divine, was b. at Hcilbroii in 1500.— 1 here was another of this name, termed "Malleus llcreticorum," or the Crusher of the Heretics, who wrote sev- eral publications against the Protestants, for which he was raised to the archbish- opric of Vienna. 1). 1542. FABEKT, Abraham de, a French military commander of great reputation, was b. at Metz in 15ii'J. When only 13 years ol I, his father procured him a conuniss on in the army ; and such was his skill and ardor for the service, that lie rose to the first rank in his profes- sion, and distinguished himself by a series of exploits which have had but few parallels in modern warfare. 1). 1662. FABIAX, Kop.ERT, an English chron- icler of the 15th century. He was a tradesman of London, and served the offices of alderman and sheritf. Ilis " Chronicle of England and France" was first printed at London in 1516. FABIUS, Maxi-mus Kullianus, an il- lustrious Koman. In 30o b. c. he served the oliice of censor, and obtained the name of Maximus for lessening the power of the populace in elections. He triumphed over seven nations, and served the office of dictator a second time, 287 n. c. — Maximus, Quintis. sur- named \'crrueosus, was a lineal de- scendant of tlic above. He was employed against Hannibal, in opposition to whom he adojited a Imrassing and protracted mode of warfare, instead of risking the fortunes of Koine upon the event of a single battle ; and thus the Fabian manner of conducting a campaign has become an adage. 1). 203 B.C. — 1'ictok, the first writer of tiie Koman history, who rtourished 225 b. c. There is a work extant under his name, but it is a man- ifest forirery. FABKE,' John Claudius, a French writer of some note, was b. at Paris in 1668, and d. about the middle of the last century. He wrote a "Continua- tion of Fleury's Ecclesiastical History," a " French and Latin Dictionary," and translatdl Virgil, Pha^drus, etc.— John, a native of Nisnies, whose name deserves to be handed down to posterity as a noble instance of filial piety. At a pe- riod when the spirit of persecution was rife in France, his father was condemn- ed to the galleys for having made one of a Protestant congregation. The son was no sooner informed of the cruel sentence than he solicited to be ex- changed for him, and was accepted. Though compelled to herd with the vilest of mankind, he remained in tiiis degrading state of slavery upwards of six years, having refused to purchase his liberty on the condition of prevailing upon the" Protestant pastor to quit the kingdom. B. 1729 ; d. 1797. FABKICIUS, Caius, surnamed Lus- cinus, a Koman general, who was twice consul, and gained several victories over the Saninites and Lueanians. He was a pattern of virtue, in his integrity and contempt of riches. D. 250 b.c. — John Albert, a learned critic and divine, was b. at Leipsie, 166S. He became pro- fessor of eloquence at Hamburgh, where he d. in 1736; leaving behind him a justly-acquired fame for profound and comprehensive erudition. He is the author of "Bibliothcca Latiiia," "Bib- liotheca Grceca," " Codex Ajiocryphus Novi Testamenti," and many other learned works. — John Christian, a dis- tinguished entomologist, and the friend and pupil of Liinianis, was b. at Tun- dcrn, in Sleswick, in 1742, and d. at Copenhagen in 18o7. F.'VBKONI, Angiolo, a learned Ital- ian, was b. at Marradi, in Tuscany in 1732. He is generally known by his biographies of Italian literati of the 17th ami ISth centuries, of which work he jiublished 18 volumes, and left anotlier ready for the press. He also wrote the " Lives of Lorenzo and Cosmo de Me- dici," and of " Leo X. ;" besides edit- ing a literary journal, wVtieh extended to' 110 volumes'. Towartls the close of his life he retired to Pisa, became eu- 888 CYCI.OP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [fai rator of that university, and there d. in 1S02. — GiovANxi, an 'Italian writer of great celebrity, whose works on polit- ical economy, arrriciiltvire. and physical science are nlikp rcniarkablo for the Bound maxims they contain, and the extensive views in which they abound, lie was director of bridges and high- ways, (under the imperial government,) for tlie department beyond the Alps, and lield many honorable situations connected with literature and science. B. ir.V2; d. at Florence, 1S23. FABROT, Charles Annibal, a learn- ed jurist, was professor of jurisprudence at Aix, in Provence, where he was b. in 1;JS1. His principal work, entitled " Basilieon," is a translation of the basilies or laws of the Eastern empire ; but he wrote several professional works, and edited many of the Byzantine his- torians. D. 10511. FABRY, John Baptist Germaix, sec- retary of Fouehe, duke of Otranto, Bo- naparte's minister of police. He was the author of '• Le Speetatenr Franoais au 19i!ie Siecle," and many other works. B. 1780; d. 1821. FACCIOLATI, James, an Italian phi- lologist, was b. at Torrcglia, near Padua, in 1GS2. lie devoted great attention to reviving the study of ancient literature ; and having conceived the idea of a Latin lexicon, in which every word, with all its significations, should be contained and illustrated by examples from the classical writers, this immense under- taking occupied for nearly forty years both him and his pupil Forcellini. ]). 1769. FACINI, Peter, a native of Bologna, who was first a pupil, and afterwards the rival, of Annibal Caracci. lie was extensively employed in ornamenting churches and mansions ; but his works being painted in fresco, few of them are preserved. B. 15G1 ; d. 1602. FAGE, RAiATONn de la, a French artist, celebrated for the extraordinary facility and beauty of his pen-and-ink drawings, some of which have been en- graved and published. I). 1690. FAGEL, Gasi'ar, an eminent Dutch Ptatesman, b. at llaerleni, in 1G29, was grand t.ensionary of Holland, and dis- tinrruislied himself not more by the firmnc's with wli! h he opposed Louis XIV., when he invaded his country, than In' the activity with which he sup- ported the prince of Orange in his plans for the expulsion of James II. from En- gland. D. 16S8. FAGIULOLI, John Baptist, an Ital- ian poet, celebrated for the faeetionsnesa and drollery of his writings, was b. at Florence, in 1660, and d. in 1742. FAHRENHEIT, Gabriel Daniel, an experimental philosopher, whose ar- rangement of the thermometer and ba- rometer which bear his name, was a work of great utility. He was a native ofDantzi'e. B. 1686 ; d. 1786. FAIRFAX, Edward, was the son of Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in York- shire, and is regarded as one of the great improvers of English versification. Settling at Newhall, in Knaresborough forest, ^le led the life of a retired coun- try gentleman, devoted to literary pur- suits. His chief reputation as a poet rests on his translation of Tasso's " God- frey of Bouillon," which is written in the same stanza with the original, and combines fidelity to the sense of the au- thor, with striking harmony of style. He also wrote " Eclogues," and a prose work on "Demonology," in which he was, it seems, a believer. D. about 16.02. • — Thomas, Lord, a distinguished com- mander in the civil wars, and one of the leading characters of that turbulent pe- riod, was the eldest son of Lord Fairfax, to whose title and estates he succeeded in 1647. When the disputes between Charles I. and the parliament terminated in open rupture, Fairfax warmly es- poused the cause of the latter, and joined his father in making active prep- arations for the approaching contest. In the earlier part of liis career, he suf- fered various checks I'roni the royalist forces, but he retrieved his character at Marston-moor, and was appointed gen- eral-in-chief when Essex resigned. He was afterwards victorious at IS'aseby, reduced the west to obedience, and compelled Colchester to surrender. But he was hostile to the execution of the dethroned monarch ; and considerable jealousy appears to have been enter- tained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At length he resigned the command of the army, and retired for awhile from pub- lic life. At the restoration he crossed over to Holland for the pur])ose of con- gratulating Charles II. on his accession, and was formally reconciled to that monarch. He devoted his leisure hours to the encouragement and cultivation oi' letters, and left behind him a volume of poems and miscellanies, including an interesting sketch of his own life. D. 1071. FAIRFIELD, John, a senator of the United States, from Maine, b. at Saco, 1707, and elected to congress in 1835, fax] CYCLOI'iEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIV. 389 ■vvhero he became distinguislied. In 1842 he was choseu governor of Maine, and the same year senator. lie was re- elected in 1845. D. 1848. FALCONEK, William, an English poet and writer on naval altairs, was b. at Kdinburgli, about 17S0. When very young, lie went to sea in the nierehant service, and had risen to the situation (if second mate, when the vessel to which he belonged was cast away. Thus furnished with the incidents of his "Shipwreck," it was published in 170-2. In ITG'J he was appointed purser of the Aurora, wliieli ship was never heard of after she quitted the Cape of (tood Hope, in December, 17(3'.), and was therelbre supposed to have foundered at r*ea, and all her crew to have perished. ]}esides "The Shipwreck," lie wrote some minor poems, and a "Marine Dictionarv." 1'"ALC(3NET, Stepiien Maurice, a celebrated French sculptor, was b. at Paris, in 1716. Although, owing to his humble origin, he had been apprenticed to a cutter of barber's blocks, he became an excellent modeller, and, assisted by Lemoine, tlie sculptor, rose to eminence as an artist; while, owing to his per- severing application, he also shone as an author. In 1700 he was invited to Kussia, to execute the colossal statnc of Peter the Great, and there he resided twelve vears. D. 171)1. FALC'ONETTO, Joh;* M.vel\, an Ital- ian architect, was b. at Verona^ in 1458. He built palaces, anil much improved the style of architecture in the Venetian states ; and a building of his at Padua is said to have suggested to Palladio the idea of the tamous Villa Capra, which served as the model of Lord Turling- ton's villa at Chiswick, D. 1534. FALIERI, Maiiino, a Venetian noble, succeeded Andrew Dandolo as doge of Venice, in 1354. lie had previously commanded the troops of the republic at the siege of Zara, in Dahnatia, where he gained a brilliant victory over the kiuLf of Hungary; and was afterwards ambassador to Genoa and Rome. When he succeeded to the office of doge, he was 1 6 years of age, and had a young and beautiful wife. Jealous of ilichael Steno, he quarrelled with and was insulted by him at a masquerade; but Steno being Sentenced to no more than a niontirs imprisonment for his ollence, Falieri, liuniiug with revenge, entered into a conspiracy with the plebeians to overturn the government and massacre the patri- cians. On the uight before it was to be 33* carried into effect, tlie plot was discov- ered, and Falieri sulfered decapitation, April 17, 1355. FALK, John Daniel, was the son of a poor wig-maker at Dantzic, who would scarcely allow him to be taught even to read and write before he em- jiloyed him in his trade ; but his love of knowledge was sufficient to overcome the difficulties that lay in his way of at- taining it, and all his little savings were laid ovit at the circulating librarv. Hav- ing thus obtained a tolerable education, he published some admirable satires, but afterwards wrote principally upon religious sulijects. B. 1770; d. 1820. FALKE^'STEIN, .John Henky, a vo- luminous writer, was b. in Franeonia, in 1GS2. He wrote the "Antiquities of Nordgau," and other works of a similai kind. D. 170O. FALKLAND, IIenuy Cakt, Viscount, son of Sir Edward Gary, master of the jewel office to Queen Elizabeth and to James L, was made comptroller of the king's household, and elevated to the (Scotch) peerage of Falkland in 1017. Subseciuently he was made lord deputy of Ireland, but did not long hold the office, the Catholic party being much opposed to him. He w;ts a man of con- siderable literary talent, and published "Letters to the Duke ot Eucknifdiam," " A History of that unfortunate Prince, Edward Il.',"&e. D. 1033.— Lucius Gary, Viscount, son of the preceding, fought boldly and for his king; and d. at the battle of Newbury, in Ihe 34th year of his age, 1043. — IIexky Lucius Gary, Viscount, son of the above, died young. He is said to have been a man of talent, but the only proof we have of it is a plav, cdled "The Wedding Night." D.1663. FALLOPIUS, Gabriel, an eminent anatomist and physician, was b. at Mo- deiia ; studied at Ferrara, and Padua; was professor of anatomy for three years at Pisa ; and, lastly, filled the chair of anatomy and surgery at Padua, where he remained till liis death, in 1563. Ho was the tirst who accurately described the vessels and bones of the fcctus ; and his account of the Fallopian tubes has served to perpetuate his name. His chief work is entitled " Observations Anatomica^." FANEUIL, Peter, founder of Fanenil hall in Boston, d. March 3, 1743. He possessed a large estate, and he employ- ed it in doing good. While his charities were extensive, his liberal spirit induced him to present to the town of Boston a 390 CVCl-Ol'-KUlA OF lUOGHAI'HY. [far stately edifice for the accommodation of tin- iiilialiitants at tlu'ir ]inl)lic mcctinji-s. Jb'ANSIIAWE, Sir Kiou.un), a statcs- iTian nucl poet, was b. at Ware park, Herts, in 1608. In 1635 he was sent ambassador to Spain, whence, in 1641, he returned, and acted steadily for the roval cause. He was talcen prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and closely con- fined for a considerable time ; but at last recovered his liberty, and went to Breda, wliere he was knip:'hted by Charles II., in 16.56. At tlie restoration he was made master of requests, and sent to rortuijal to ncfrotiate the marriai^e with the kin? and the Inianta Catharine. In 1664 he was sent ambassador to Spain, and d. there in 1666. He translated into Enirlish the " Pastor Fido, or Faithful Shepherd of Guiarini ;" also the " Lu- siad," by Cainoens. His letters during Lis embassies in Spain and Portugal were printed in 1702. FANTIN-DESODOAEDS, A>toixe Etiiinnk NicnoL.\s, a French historian and political writer, was b. in 1738, at Pont de Beanvoisin, in Danphin6. He was oriirinally an ecclesiastic ; but be- eoniin.ir acquainted with Danton and liobcspierre, he employed his pen in dc- fehdin.ir the revolutionary career of his eotemporaries. He was the author of Beveral extensive works, amons; them his " Histoire Philosophique de la Eevolu- tion Fran(;aise." FAKE, Charles Augustus, marquis de la, a French poet, and captain of the puards to the duke of Orleans, was b. in 1644, and d. in 1712. According to Voltaire, Fare did not bejrin to write poetry till he was nearly 60. His com- positions are remarkable for sweetness and cleiranee. He was also the anihor of " Memoires snr Ic Keixne de Louis XIV.," a work containing satirical re- flections on cotemporarv characters. FAllTA Y SOUS A, Manukl de, a Portugnese liistorian and poet, wash, at Souto^ in Portugal, about 1500, and for some time secretary to the marquis of Castcl Kodrigo, anibassadot of Kome. He wrote various historical works rel- ative to I'ortugal and its distant posscs- Rions, seven volumes of poems, &c. T>. 1649. r.\RIN ATO, Paul, an eminent paint- or of Verona, wlK)se numerous works wercdistincruislied by freedom of design, boldness of coloring, and great facility ofexer-ntion. B. 1522; d. 1606. F.\IIINKLLI, a Neapolitan singer of great eminence, whose real name is said to be Carlo Broschi, was b. at Naples, 1705. He studied under Porpora, and went from Eome to Vienna, where the emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with rich presents. In 1734 he eame to Lou- don, and, by the magic of his singing, so delighteci the public that Handel was obliged to dismiss a rival company over which he presided, in spite of all his powers antl popularity. Many extraor- dinary stories are related of his vocal skill, "and his command over the feelings and sympathies of his audience appears to have been unrivalled. FARINGTON, Georok, an historij:al painter, and a pupil of West. In 1780 liis painting of the incantation scene in Macbeth was rewarded with a gold medal by the Eoyal Academy. B. 1754 ; d. 17S8.— .Joseph, brother of the pre- ceding, and eminent as a landscape painter. He made many drawings for the " Britannia Depicta," and left be- hind him several good pictures of lake and landscape scenery. D. 1818. FAEMEE, EicHARD, a divine and an- tiquary, was b. at Leicester in 1735. In 1767 he became one of the preachers at Whitehall. He subsequently became vice-chancellor ,and librarian of the uni- versity ; and also obtained prebends at Lichlicld and Canterbin-y, the latter of which he exchanged ibr a canonry at St. Paul's. In his " Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare," which' is a w^ork of great critical merit, he proved that all the knowledge of ancient history and myth- ology possessed by the immortal bard, was 'drawn from translations. I). 1797. — John, well known throughout New England, as a genealogist and antiquary, was b. at Chelmsford', Mass., 1789, and was a lineal descendant of Edward Farmer, who emigrated from Aneely, in Warwickshire, England, and settled about 1670 at Billeriea. Ho was self- taught, possessed great industry, and his labors in the peculiar departments of learning to which he almost exclu- sively devoted his power, will long be appreciated. His publications have been numerous, among which the most im- portant are his edition of " Belknap's Ilistory of New Hampshire," to which he adcled a body of notes and illustra- tions scarcely less valuable than the text itself; and his "Genealogical Eegister of the First Settlers of New England," published in 1829, a work of vast labor and research, and embracing nearly every family of the first European set- tlers" of tliis" country. I). 1838. FAENESE, the name of an illustrious family in Italy, many of the mcmber.so/ <-Au] CVCLOlMiDlA OK iilOUli.VlMlV, ;wi which filled the hifrhcst situationa in church mid state. — ALEXANDiiu, the son ot' Peter Louis the first grand-duke of I'arnia and Placentia, was b. in lo'io, and created a cardinal by his fi'randt'atlier, I'ope Paul III. He' was dean of the sacred eollcfre, and distinguished himself higlily by his learning and his virtues ; wiule as a statesman liis talents were pueii as to obtain tor him the office of nuncio to the courts of \'ienna and Paris. 1). l.")89. — Alkxandki!, neiihew of the preceding, was the third duue of Pai'ma, and highly distinguished as a military commander under Philip II., who sent him to Flanders, where the situation of the Spaniards was beconnng desperate, lie recovered several cities, and suc- ceeded in reconciling the Catholic part of the population to the Spanish govern- ment. He afterwards invaded France, and compelled Ileinw 1\'. to raise the sieire of Kouen. On his return from that expedition he received a wound in his arm before Caudebcc, in conse- quence of the neglect of which he died, at Arras, in lo92, aged 46. FAKNEWORTir, Ellis, an English divine, Avas b. in Derbyshire, and edu- cated at Jesiis college, Cambridge. In 17(52 he obtained the rectory of Carsing- ton. in ])crl)yshire, where lie d. the year followiiiu-. He translated the "Life of Pojic Sixtus v." from the Italian, ir)7-i; Davila's ''History of the Civil Wars of France," in 1757; the works of Ma- ehiavel, 1761; and Fleury's "History of the Israelites."' FAKQl'IIAK, Geokoe, a comic wri- ter, was b. at Londonderry, in Ireland, in 1678, and educated at Ti'inity college, Dublin, from which he cither eloped or was expelled for irregular conduct, and repaired to London with his friend "W'ilks, the actor, where he connnenccd his career of dramatic authorship. His first ])roduction was " Love in a I?ottle," pcrtbrmed at Drury-lane theatre with success in 16',i8, about which time he at- tracted the favor of Lord Orrery, who procured him a lieutenancy in his own regiment. In 1700 he added to liis rep- utation by " The Constant Couple," a comedy in which, under the eharactcrof Sir Harry Wildair, he exliibitcd a lively picture of the foppish.fine gentleman of the end of the 17tli century. He d. in 1707, at the premature age' of 'J'.', and during the run of his last and be?to!ay, '' The Beaux Stratagem." Fariiuliar's wil is genuine and spontaneous, his ^■haracters are obviously drawn from na- ture, and hi.s incident's well arranged. His libertinism of language and senti- ment are, however, highly reprehensible. FAKKAKT, Ku.iiAiiL), an English mu- sician. He held situations in tiie Cliapel Itoyal and St. George's chapel, Windsor, froin 1.0G4: to 1580, and is remarkable for the devout and solemn style of his com- positions. FAliUEN, Eliza, countess of Derby, was the daughter of a surgeon at Cork, who failing in his profession became a provincial actor, and died young, leaving his family in destitute circumstances. Eliza was b. in 1759: made her first appearance at Liverpool, when 1-1 years of age ; and, in 1777, appeared at the Haymarket theatre, Loudon, as Miss Ha'rdeastle, in " She Stoops to Conquer." She afterwards played at Drury Lane and Covent Garden ; and eventually succeeded Mrs. Abington in her princi- pal characters, which she played with great eclat, and established her theatri- cal fame. She married Lord Derbv. D. IS'29. FASTOLF, Sir JonN,_the supposed prototype of Shakspeare's Falstatt, was a native of Norfolk. Adopting the pro- fession of a soldier, he served with some distinction in Ireland, untlcr Sir Stephen Serope, deputy to the lord lieu- tenant, and married his widow, who was an heiress; through the acquisition of whose property he obtaincil the honor of knighthood, and the order of the Garter. He was wounded at the battle of Agineourt, and rewarded for his bravery; but at the battle of Patay he shamefully tarnished his laurels by flce- intr, panic-stricken, from Joan of Arc. D':U6[). FATIO DE DUILLIEE, an ingenious matiiematician, was b. at Basle, in 1664; settled in London in 1687, and distin- guished himself as a geometrician and astronomer; but becoming a zealous partisan of a lanatical sect, called the French prophets, he was tried and put in the pillory. Many inventions in the mechanical arts owe th.eir existence to him ; among others, was the jewelling of watches. FAUCIIET, CLAi-nE, a French histo- rian and archaeologist in the 16th century, and historiographer to Henry IV. He wrote various antiquarian works, of which his "Antiquites et Ilistoires Gauloises et Frantj'oises" is the chief. I). 1601.— Clavde, a native of Dome, France, was grand-vicar to the arch- bishop of Bourges, and preacher to the king. Just previous to the French revolution he joined the sect of the 392 CVCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [faw llluminnti, and became one of tlieir fliiots ; and iluriug the popular commo- tions in Paris, ho took an active part, appearing sword in liand at the head of tlie mob "^hicli attaclccd the Bastille. In 17111 he was elected constitutional bishop of the department of Calvados, and chosen a member of the legislative as- sembly, lie continued to distinguish liimself by his revolutionary furor till the trial of Louis XVI., for whose im- prisonment he voted instead of his death ; and having joined the Girondists, he was persecutecl by the opposite party. At last lie was condemned to death on the unfounded charge of being an ac- complice of Charlotte Corday in the assassination of Marat, and sutfered by the sruilloti'-'c in October, 1798. FAU JAS. DE ST. FOND, B^vetholo- MKw, an en inent French geologist, was b. at Montelimart, in 1750 ; became pro- fessor at the museum of natural his- tory ; and wrote various works connected with his favorite punsuit ; among which are "The Mineralogy of Volcanoes," " A Natural History of Dauphine," " A Journey in Englantl, Scotland, and the Hebrides," ttc. FAULIIABER, John, an ingenious mathematician, and the friend of Des- cartes, was b. at Ulm, in Suabia, where be d. in 1635. FAUQUE, a French authoress, known by the name of Madame do Vaucluse, was b. at Avignon, at the beginning of the 18th century. She had been forced by her parents to become a nun against her will ; and having obtained a dispen- sation from her vows, slie retired to England, where she supported herself by writing for the press. Among her productions are " Dialogues Moraux et Amusans," and " Histoire do Madame de Pompadour." D. 1777. FAUST, or FUST, John, one of the three artists to whom the invention of printing has been ascribed, was the son of a goldsmith at Mcntz. The other two were Guttcniburg and Schaslfer ; to the former of whom the invention of print- ing with wooden blocks is attributed ; and to the latter, who married the daughter of Faust, is allowed the honor of liaving invented punches and mat- rices, by means of which this grand art was carried to perfection. It has been pretended that, when Faust went to Paris to sell a second edition of his Bible of 1462, he was arrested on the BU[>position that lie effected the jirintini,' of them by magic; but this story aji- peara to be a mere fiction. There is reason to believe that he d. of the plague in 1466. — Dr. John, who lived m the beginning of the 16th contnry, was b. at Knitllingcn, in Suabia. After receiv- ing an education at Wittcmburg, he went to Ingoldstadt, where he studied medicine, astrology, and magic ; and occupied himself in alchemical experi- ments. That he was a man of great scientific acquirements there is little doubt; and, according to legendary tra- dition, he made use of his power in a manner calculated to inspire his coun- trymen with a firm belief that he Iiad familiar dealings with the devil. The supernatural feats performed by him and his servant, Mephistop)heles, have been immortalized by the genins of Goethe. FAVART, CiiAKLEs SrMox, a dramatic poet, to whom the comic opera in Fiance IS greatly indebted, was b. in 1710. D. 1792. FAVRAT, Fraxcis Andrew, a Prus- sian general, so remarkable for his strength, that he is said to have once lifted up a horse and its rider, and to have otten carried a cannon on his shoulder with as much apparent ease as a soldier carries his firelock. He was governor of Glatz, and wrote " Memoirs of the History of the War of the Polish Revolution from 1794 to 1796." FAWCETT, John, an eminent the- atrical performer, was the son of an actor of humble pretensions at Drury-lanc, and was b. m London, in 1769. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to a linen- draper, but clandestinely left the shop for the Margate theatre, where, under the name of Foote, he made his first appearance. He afterwards joined Tate Wilkinson on the York circuit; and in 1791 made his bow to a London audience, at Covcnt-gardcn, as Caleb, in "He would be a Soldier." His dramatic reputation was at length fixed by his representation of Dr. Panrjloss, Ollapod, Caleb Quotem, and Job Thornbcrry. In 1798 he joined the Haymarkct com- pany, and became acting manager, in 1800, of that theatre. In 1818 he ap- peared at the English Opera, and ni 1816 rejoined the Haymarkct. He after- wards became manager of Covent-gar- den theatre, which situation he lieldtill liis retreat from the stage in 1836. D. 1837. FAAVKES, Francis, an English ]ioet and divine, was 1). in Yorkshire, about 1721. He published a volume of poems, and translations of Anacrcon, Sappho, Bion, Mosehus, and Theocritus. Hia fel] CVCLOI'.KDIA OF niOOKAlMlY. 393 poetry, though not of first-rate talent, in elei;:int and correct. D. 1777. r AY, CnAiii.Ka Fkancis dk Cistf.unai ni:, the son of an oiKcer of tlie Frencli .miard.s, was b. in 161JS; and though he first embraced the ininiarv profession, soon quitted it for the study of chemis- try and natural philosophy. He was a tncmbor of the Academy of Sciences, and distinguislied liimself by his re- searches concerning the phosplioric Ught in the mercurial vacuum of the liarometer, the magnet, and the nature of electricity, which he divided into two kinds, tlie vitreous and the resinous, answeriuij to the ])ositivc and negative electricities of Franklin. P. 173y. FAYDIT, Anselm, a troubadour of the 13tli century, patronized by Richard Cceur de Lion, wiiose praises he cele- brated in a funeral elegy. FAYETTE, Marie IVIadeleine de la Veuge, countess of, a female of great literary attainments, wife to the Count (\v hi Fayette, in the reign of Louis XI v. She was in habits of friendly intimacy with many of the most dis- tinguished men of letters ; and her romances of "Zaide" and " The Prin- cess of Cleves," alford ample testimony tluit the fame she acquired for delicacy of sentiment and graceful description was not exaggerated. Siie wrote also " Memoirs of the Coui't of France." D. l(3',t>'. FAZIO, Bartholomew, an historian and biographer of the lath century, was by birtli a Genoese, and patronized by Alphonso, king of Naples, at whose instance he translated Arrian's " History of Alexander" into Latin; but his most important work is entitled " De Viris llhistribus," containing brief accounts of tiic most famous of his cotemporarics. FEARNE, CnAia.Es, a writer on meta- physics and jurisprudence, was b. in London, in 174U, and educated at AVest- minster school. He became a student at the Inner Temple, and attained a tirst- rate reputation as a ciunnber counsel and conveyancer. He was the author of " An Essav on Contingent Remainders," &c. 1). 1704. FEATLP]Y, Daxiel, an eminent En- glish divine of tiie 17th century, was 1). at Cluirlton Kings, Oxfordshire, in l-iS'i. He was tlie author of "Chivis Mystiea, a Key opening divers difficult Texts of Scripture," &.c. ; and among Ids controversial tracts is one bearing tiie quaint title ol' '' Tlie Dipper dipt, or the Anabaptist plunged over Ileaa and Ears, and shrunk in the AVashing." FEITII, Rhynvis, a modern Dutch poet, was h. at Zwolle 175:5. He stud- ied law at Leyden, and, returning to his native city, was made l)urgomaster, and afterwards receiver at tlie admiralty col- lege; but he did not rclinquisli tlie art of poetry. He wrote " Inez de Castro," anol several other good tragedies ; many poems, hymns, and odes, remarkable for feeling and elevated sentiment ; and his " Grave" stands foremost among the best didactic poems in the lanfruage. D. Ls-2. ^ FELIX I. succeeded Pope Dionysius in 26U. He sulfered death iu 274, and was canonized. An epistle by him against Sabellius and Paulus Samosanc- tus is extant. — II., antipope. He wa.s placed in the papal chair in 3")5 by the emperor Constans, during the exile of Liberius, on the return of whom he was expelled. Constans would have had the two popes reign together, but the people exclaimed, "One God, one Christ, and one bishop I" Felix was then ex- iled, and d. in 3G5. — III., succeeded Sim- plicius iu 4S3. He had a violent dis- pute with the emperor Zeno in behalf of the Western church, and d. in 4'J2. — IV., a native of Beneventum, ascended the chair after Jolin I. in 1526. He governed the church with zeal and piety, and d. in 1500. FELL, .JoHX, a dissenting minister, was b. at Cockermouth, in Cumberland, in 1735, and bred a tailor. He wrote "An Essay on tlie Love of One's Coun- try," "Genuine Protestantism," "A Letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal Laws," "An Essay towards an English Grammar," &e. D. 1797. — Dr. John, bisliop of Oxford, was b. at Longworth, in Berkshire, in 1G25. At the restora- tion he was made canon and dean of Clirist church, and 10 years after he had obtained the deanery lie was raised to the see of Oxford. He was a learned prelate, and a liberal benefactor to his college, the magniticent tower of which, called the "Tom Gate," he built. Sev- eral valuable works fromliis pen are ex- tant ; among others, a Latin translation of Wood's "History and Antiquities of Oxford," "In Laudem Musices Carmen Sapnhicum," a "Paraphrase ou St. Paul's iMiistles," ttc. D. IGSG. FELLEXBERG, Emantkl de, whose labors in the cause of education have earned for him immortal fame, was b. at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1771. His father was of patrician rank, and a member of the government of Berne ; his mother, a great graud-daughter of 394 CYCLOP.KDTA OF BIOGUMMIY. b the celebrated Dutch ndmiral Vij Tromp. After n, somewhat desultory- education at homo and under different masters, yonns; De Fellenberg repaired ♦^^o the university of Tubinrren in 1790, to complete liis studies in civil law ; but these lie soon abandoned for the more conirenial pursuits of politics and phi- losopiiy. lu order to acquaint himself ■with the moral state of hi« countrymen, he spent much of his time in travelling through Switzerland, usually on foot, •with ids knapsack on his back, residing in the villages and farm-houses, min- gling in tlie labors and occupations and partaking of the rude lodging and fare of the peasants and mechanics, and often extending his journey to the adja- cent countries. Immediately after the fall of Kobespierre in 1795 he visited Paris. He purchased, in 1799, the es- tate called llofwyl, two leagues from Berne ; and his life forms, hencefor- ward, an important page in the records of benevolent enterprise. But it would be impossible within our limits to give even an outline of the various schemes for the improvement and ditfusion of education that emanated from M. de Fellenberg during the long period of fortv-five years that followed ; of the skill and tact with which he defeated the combinations of interested and jeal- lous opponents ; and the success which ultimately crowned his labors. D. Nov. 21st, 1844. FELLER, Francis Xavier, b. at Brus- Bcls in 173.T ; author of an "Historical Dictionary," "Kemarkson the Newto- nian Philosophy," &c. D. at Katisbon, 180:i. — Joachim, a German poet, was b. at Zwickaw in 1G38; chosen profes- sor of poetry at Leipsic in 1G61; and became librarian to that university in 1676. His compositions were chiefly in Latin. His death, which hii|ipene;i>T A OK KTOGKAIMIV, 390 bratcd Madame Guyot , whoso opinions renelon favored, teiininated in his oon- demuutiou by Pope Innocent XIL, and liis bauishmeut to liis diocese by Louis XIV. He wrote many cxcclleut works ; among tlie chief of wliicii may be reck- oned "liis " Dialogues of the Dead," "Dialogues on Eloquence," "Letters on ditferent Keligious and Metaphysical Subjects," &.C. J5ut his most celebrated liroduction, and the one which for ages will survive, is his " Adventures of Tflemachus," in which ho endeavored to exhibit a model fur the education of a jprinee; and more pure and elevated maxims were never woven into a tale either of truth or fiction. His death was accelerated by the overturning of his ttirriage, which brought on a fever, and the amiable and virtuous prelate expired in Jan. 1715. FKNTON, Elijah, a poet of consid- erable talent, was b. in ItJSS, at Shcltou, near Newcastle, in Stattbrdsliire. Hav- ing received a classical education, the carl of Orrery, in 1710, made him his private secretary, and placed his eldest hon under his care. He afterwards lived with Lady Trumbull, as tutor to her son. He became acquainted with most of the wits of the aire, and assisted Pope in his translation of the "Odyssey." Besides this, he published "Marianne," a tragedy, and tiie lives of Milton and Waller. " D. 1730.— Sir Geoi'fjsey, an Eni,dish writer, was b. in Nottingham- shire, and d. at Dublin, 1(508. He trans- lated Guicciardiui's "History of the AVars of Italy." FEUAUl), Joiix Fraxcis, a French grammarian, and a professor of rhetoric and philosophy at BesaiKj-on, was b. Kl'."). He wrote a "Grammatical Dic- tionary of the French Language," and a "t'r'itical Dictionary." D. 1S'07. FEKBEK, Joii.v James, a Swedish inineraloi^i.st of note, was b. at Carlscro- na, in 17-1-), and d. in Switzerland, while on a scientific tour, in 1790. He wrote " Letters from Italy," which arc much esteemed. FERDINAND V., king of Aragon, surnamed the (Catholic, on account of the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, was the son of John H. of Aragon, and b. in 1453. By his marriage with Isa- bella, queen ijf Castile, he founded the union of the ditferent Spanish king- doms ; overcame Alphonso, king of Portugal, at the battle of Toro, in 1476 ; totally subjugated the Moorish power in Spain, which had for so many centuries baffled all the ctforts of his "ancestors ; and brought under his rule a large pro- portion of the Neapolitan dominions. But the most extraordinary feature ia his reign is the discovery of America by Columbus, which opened to him and his sitceessors the sovereignly of a new hemisphere. D. 1516. — I., emperor of Germany, succeeded his brother, Charles v., in 1558, at which time Ferdinand was king of the Romans, and of Hungary and Bohemia.— H., was the son of the arch- duke of Styria; elected king of Bohemia in 1017, and c»f Humrary in 1611. Soon afterwards ho succeeded Mathias as em- peror. D. 1637. — 111., surnamed Ernest, was the son of the preceding, and b. in 1008; made king of Hungary in lOviJ, of Bohemia in 1027, and succeeded his father in 1037. D. 1057. — Ok CoitnovA, a learned scholar and accomplishecl cavalier of the 15th century, whose at- tainments in every art and science that can adorn the mind, or add a dignity to manhood, have been handed down for the admiration of posterity. — I., kin^ of the Two Sicilies, was b. in 1751, and suceeeded his father, Charles HI., on the throne of Naples, in 1750, on the accession of the latter to that of Snain. D. 1825. — Vn., king of Spain ana the Indies, son of Charles 1\ . and Maria Louisa of Parma, was b. at St. Ildefon- so, iu 1784. In 1816 Ferdinand married Theresa, a princess of Portugal, tor his second wife ; in 1819, Maria-Josepha Amelia, a princess of Saxony, for his third. She died in 1828, and "in 1829 he married ^laria Christina, the daughter of Francis I., king of Naples, mother of the present queen of Spain. D. 1833. FERDUSI, or FERDOUST, a celebra- ted Persian poet, whose talents having attracted the notice of Mahmnud, the reigning sultan, he gave him a distin- guished reception at his court, and em- ployed him to write a metrical history of the Persian sovereigns. This work, which is called the " Schahnameh," con- tains 00,000 stanzas, and occupied him 30 years, during which long period the enemies of Ferdusi succeeded in i>rcju- dicing Mahmoud against him. Instead of being rewarded, according to promise, with 00,000 pieces of gold, the samo number of the smallest silver coin was sent to him, which the poet indignantly distributed among the menials, wrote a severe satire on tlie sultan, and lied to Bagdad. B. 916; d. 1020. Ferguson, .Vdam, an eminent his- torian and moral philosopher, was b. 1724, at Logierait, Perthshire. lie -was educated at Perth, St. Andrew's, and 396 CYCLOP.-EDIA OF niOGRAPIIT. [fer Edinburgh ; •\\-a5 chaplain to the 42d regiment, in Fhmdcrs, till the peace of Ai'x-lu-Chapelle ; and, on his return to Edinburtrh, was chosen professor of natural pliilosophy, which eliairhe sub- sequently resigned for that of moral philosophy. In 1767 appeared his "Es- say on Civil Society," which procured hiin the degree of LL. D. In 1773 he accompanied the earl of Chcstertield on his travels ; and in 177G, having replied lo Dr. rrice on civil liberty, he was ap- pointed to the secretaryshij) of a recon- eiliatory mission sent out to America in 1778. On his return he resumed his professorial duties, and composed his •' History of the Koman KepiibUe." Several years after this appeared his " Treatise on Moral and Political Sci- ence," and "Institutes of Moral Phi- losophy. D. 1S16. — J.\iiEs, an experi- mentaf philosopher, astronomer, and meeluuiist, was the son of a laborer, and b. in 1710, at Keith, in Bantfshire, Scot- land. His extraordinary genius quickly displayed itself, as he learned to read in infancy by hearing his father teach one of his brothers ; and when only eight years of age, he constructed a wooden clock. When old enough to work, he was placed out as a servant to a farmer, who employed him in keeping sheep, in whicli situation he acquired a sur- prising knowledge of the stars, and his abilities being discovered by some neighboring gentlemen, one of them took him to his house, where he learned decimal arithmetic and the rudiments of algebra and geometry. _ From a de- scription of the globes in Gordon's grammar, he made one in three weeks sufficiently accurate to enable him to work problems ; and, having a taste for drawing, began to draw portraits with Intlia ink, by which he supported him- self creditaVJly some years. In 174-5 he went to London, where he published some astronomical tables and calcula- tions, and gave lectures in experimental pliilosophy, wliicli he repealed with success throutrhout the kingdom. In 17.54 he published a brief description of the solar system, with an astronomi- cal account of the year of our Saviour's crucifixion ; also an idea of the material universe, deduced from a survey of the solar system. Kut his greatest work is his " Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's" Principles, and made ea.sv to those who have not studied Mathematics." On the accession of Geortre III. he Wius elected a fellow of the Koval Society. He published nu- merous •^\orks on astronomy, mechan- ics, drawing, electricity, &e. D. 1776. FERGUSSON, Eobkrt, a poet, was b. at Edinburgh, 1750. Ho was educated for the ministry, but a love of poetry and dissipation disqualified him for that profession, and he obtained a place in the shcritf-clerk's office at Edinburgh. His conversational powers rendered his company highly attractive, and the ex- cesses into which he was led are said to have impaired his naturally feeble con- stitution, and rendered him an inuuite of the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, where he d. in 1774." His poems, written in the Scottish dialect, have considerable merit ; but those in English are often below mediocrity. FEKISHTA, iloHAMMED Casem, an Indian historian, who flourished in the IGtli and 17th centuries, was b. at Ahmedairur, in the Deccan. He was liberally patronized by the sovereign of Visapour, under whose auspices he pub- lished his "History of India under tiie Mussulmans," a work of acknowledged merit for impartiality and truth. FEEMAT, PeteSr de, an eminent mathematician, civilian, and poet, was b. at Toulouse, in 1590. He was a good scholar, and wrote poetry in the Latin, French, and Spanish languages. His prose works were collected and pub- lished under the title of " Opera \ aria Mathematiea." D. 1664. FERNANDEZ, Juan, a Spanish pilot and navigator, who, in 1572, discovered the island which bears his name. FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NA- VARETTE, John-, a celebrated Spanish painter, and a pupil of Titian, was b. at Logrono, in 1576, and surnamed El Mudo, in consequence of being deaf and dumb. He was appointed painter to Philip II., and d. in 1579. FERRACINO, Baktholomew, a self- taught genius of Padua. He was b. in 1695, and bred a sawyer. His first in- vention was a saw worked by the wind. He made curious clocks and hydraulic eiiirines, but his greatest work is the bridtre over tlie Brenta, which is re- markable for the boldness of the design and its firmness. D. 1764. FERRARI, the name of a ^lilaneso family, many of whose members, du- ring the 16th and 17th centuries, were disUnguished by their scholastic attain- ments. — OcTAViAX, b. 1518, professor of politics and ethics successively at Milan and Padua, translated the works of Athena'us into Latin, and wrote two I treatises on the works of Aristotle, &c. FEs] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 897 D, 1586. — FiiANcisco Beenaudixo, b. in 1577, w;is a doctor of the Ambrosian col- lege of J^lihui, iiuil celebrated throutrhout Europe lor his intimate uequiuiitance witli books uiid literature in general. His collection of rare books formed the foumlation of the celebrated Ambrosian library ; and his own writings, several ot which arc yet extant, display great erudition. D. li>i'i\>. — Octavio, h. 1(307, was professor of rhetoric and historiog- rapher at Milan. He afterwards settled at Padua, where the fume of his learning brought liim numerous scholars, and tlie patronage of crowned heads. j\.mou<' these were Christina of Sweden and J.ouis XIV., from the latter of whom he enjoyed a jiension of 5U0 crowns. Dis- tinguished as he w'as by his great tal- ents, lie was not less remarkable for suavity of manners and disposition, universally acquiring tliereby the appel- lation of Paeiticator. lie followed Scaliger in an alilc work entitled "Origiues Lin- guie Itaru'ie," and wrote various treatises on ancient manners, customs, &c. D. 1CS2. — (taudenzio, an eminent painter, was b. at Valdugia, in 14s4, and assisted liatfaelle in ornamenting the Vatican. L). 15,')0. — Giovanni Andrea, celebrated as well for liis paintings of fruit and llowers as for his landscapes and his- torical j)ieces, was b. at Genoa, 15!i9, and d. in l(i6y. — Louis, an Italian mathema- tician, was b. 15.5:3, at Bologna, where lie became professor. He was a pupil of Cardan, and the discoverer of the method of resolving biquadratic equa- tions. FEKKARIS, Joseph, count de, an Austrian general, distinguished as a geographer and skilful engineer. He was b. at Luneville, in 17'2i! ; entered the army in 1741, and in 177(3 was ap- pointed director-general of artillery for the Netherlands, at which time he un- dertook and completed the 25 sheet map of that country, which bears his name. He served against the French in the campaign of 17',':5 ; afterwards became vice-president of the aulic coun- cil of war at Vienna ; was made a tield- marihal in 1S03; d. 1814. • FKRlvAKS, George, a lawyer and poet, was b. in 1512, near St. Alban's. He was in great esteem with Henry VIII., who gave him a large grant of lands in Hertfordshire. He wrote some pieces inserted in the " Mirror for Ma- gistrates," published in 155U ; and the " Historv ot Queen Marv," in Grafton's "Chronicle." 1). 1579.' FEKIiKIKA, Antomo, a poet ranked by the Portuguese as one of their classio authors, was b. at Lisbon, 1528. He carried to perfection the elegiac and epistolary style, and his " Ines de Cas- tro" is the second regular tragedy that appeared after the revival of letters in Eurone. D. 1560. FEKREKAS, John de, a learned Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, w-as b. at Labaneza, 1()52, of a poo'r but noble fixmily, and completed his studies at Salanianoa. He wrote several works in philosophy, theology, and history, the most considerable of which is his " His- tory of Spain," in 10 vols. 4to. He also assisted m the compilation of tlie great "Siianish Dictionarv." D. 1735. FEKKETI, or FERRETO, an historian and poet of Vieeuza, was b. about 1290, and contributed greatly to the restora- tion of polite literature in Italy. FERKIAR, John, a physician and miseoUaneous writer, was b. at Chester, 1764 ; took his medical degree at Edin- burgh, and settled in Mancliester, where he was chosen physician to the infirmary and lunatic asylum, and became an effi- cient and active member of the Literary and Philosophical Society. He wrote many professional tracts, pul)lished un- der the title of " Medical Histories and Reflections ;" also " Illustrations of Sterne," which display mueli research in tracing that eccentric author's literary obligations to Burton, Hall, and other satirical moralists, besides other works, in verse and prose. D. 1815. FERRI, CiBO, an eminent Italian painter and architect, was b. at Rome, 1634. He was a pupil of Pietro de Cortona, to-nvhose style his pictures bear a strong resemblance. D. 168?. FESCH, Joseph, senior priest-cardinal of the sacred college, and archbishop of Lyons, and brother of LwtitiaRamolini, motlier of Napoleon Bonaparte, was b. at Ajaecio, in Corsica, 1764, educated in France, and was in that country when the revolution broke out. In 1796 wf. find him commissary-general to the army of Italy, which was then commanded Iw his Bonaparte. Having in this capacity realized a princely for- tune, he retired from the army, resumed his clerical studies and profession, and in 1S(I2 was consecrated archbishop of Lyons. Early in the following year he received a cardinal's hat, and went to Rome as ambassador from France. In 1804 the cardinal accompanied IMus VII. to Paris, and assisted in the consecra- tion of Napoleon ; by whom, in the fol- lowing year, he was made grand almoner 398 CVCHIP-KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [fic of France, a principal officer of thelc^iou of lionor, anil a member of tlie senate. As prcsiilent of llie coLiiicil of Paris, lie opposed liis self-willed nepiiew in many of his schemes, who deprived him of Ills succession to the arch-ehancclior- hliip. \\'hen iiis disi^raee with the em- peror was thus published, he retired at first to Lyons, and subsequently to Kome, where, with Madame Bona- parte, he lived a quiet but inost luxuri- ous life. His library and picture gallery were the linest that even liome, that citv of the arts, could boast. D. 1839. FESSENDEN, Thomas Gkeen, an American author, b. at Walpole, N. II., 1771. When in college, one of his poetical etfusions, " Jonathan's Court- ship," was so popular as to lead him to indulge freely in the writing of rhyme. In isoi Mr. Fessenden visited London with a view to some patent-right specu- lation that had been imposed upon him. Not, however, succeeding in tliis, and being destitute of cash, he betook him- is per The source, 'i'lie result was — " Terrible Tractoration" — a poem in Iludibrastic verse. It went through successive edi- tions, and gained fur Iiiui much reputa- tion. On his return to America in 1804, he published a political satire in verse, entitled " Democracy Unveiled." He also published other fugitive works of a similar character, from all which he derived but small pecuniary advantage. After various expedients and vicissi- tudes, in 1822 he became the editor of the •' iN'ew England Farmer," a weekly journal devoted principally to the dif- fusion of agricultural Knowledge. Be- sides lii-< editorial hdjors, Mr. Fessenden published, from time to time, various compilations on agricultural subjects, or adaptations of P^nglish treatises to the use of the American hu>l)andman. He also edited the " Horticultural Kegister," and the " Silk Manual." I), at Boston, 1837. FEUERBACII, Paul .Tonx Axselm Vo.N, one of the most eminent of late European jurists and scholars, was b. at Fraiikfort-on-the-Maine, 177.5. He studied ])l]ilohOfihy and law at Jena, where he also t.auirht in 17'J9. In 1804 he wa.s invited to Landshut, in Bavaria, to superintend the university and draw an a new penal code for the kingdom. Triis code was adopted in several other German states. In 18o4 he was made Pecond president of the court of ap- peal. His writings in law were nu- meroua, profound, and able, placing him by the side of Beccaria and other illustrious jurists. D. 1833. FEUILLEE, Louis, an eminent natu- ralist, geographer, and mathenuitician, was b. at Provence, about the middle of the 17th centuiy. Louis XIY. sent him to South America to make re- searches in natural history and philoso- phy, of which he wrote a " Journal." He was afterwards employed in an ex- pedition to the Canary Islands, to ascer- tain the relative pt. «ition of the meridian of Ferro, which, having satisfactorily perlbrmed, he was rewarded with a pen- sion and the situation of botanist to the king. D. 178-2. FEVKE, Guy le, a French poet, was b. 1.544, at La Boderie, in Lower Nor- mandy. He was the author of several works relating to oriental literature, be- sides several poems, which obtained for him considerable reputation. D. 1.598. — Anthony le, a brother of the pre- ceding, an eminent statesman, was am- bassador at Brussels in 16J7, when he discovered the conspiracy of ^Marshal Biron against his master, Henry IV. He was twice ambassador to England, and d. in 1615. FEVEE, or FABEE, Tanaquil, a classical scholar, of great eminence, was b. at Caen, in Normandy, 1C15. Cardi- nal Eichclicu procured him a pension of 21*00 livres, with the office of inspector of works printed at the Louvre. He was subsequently professor of classical literature at Saumur, and died there in 1672. His works, which arc very nu- merous, chiefly consist of commentaries on, and translations from, the Greek and Latin authors. The celebrated Madame Dacicr was his dauirhter. I). 1672. FEYJOO Y MONTENEGEO, Bene- nicT Jeuome, a Spanish Benedictine monk of the last century, who pub- lisla-d his thoughts on a vast variety of tot)ics, in the form of essays designed lor )ioi)ular use, whence he has been sometimes styled the SpanuTi Addition. His '• Teatro Critico Universal," and his "Cartas cruditas y curiosas," both works of merit, are devoted to a com- mon oljjcct — the refutation of error, and tlie removal of prejudice. A selection from his essays and discourses was translated into English, and published in 4 vols, in 1780. FICHTE, Joii.v TuKOPHiLus, a cele- Virated German philosojiher, and meta- physician, was b. in 1762, in Upper Lusaiia ; studied at "Wittenberg and Leipsie ; and was successively professor of philosophy at Jena, Erlungen, and =J (n'CLOI'/KllIA OF niOGRArilV, 399 Berlin. In most of hia writings he un- fbkls the doctrines of transcondeutul idciilisin, roprescntinff the. Hie of the mind as the only rc;il life, and all the reality in the universe beinfj expressed in what he called the " absolute I."' His works have been translated into English. I). 1814. FIDDES, Richard, a clergyman of the church of Enj^land, and author of several works, was b. at Iluninanby, Yorksliire, liJTl. Among his various works are, '• A Body of Divinity," " Fiftv-two Practical Discourses," and a " Life of Cardinal Wolsev." D. 1725. FIELDING, llKNRY, an'English nov- elist and a political writer, pre-eminently distinguisiied lor genuine humor and a knowledge of the world, was the son of Lieutenant-general Fielding, of Sharp- ham park, Somerset, where Henry was b. April 22, 1707. lie was first sent to Eton, whence he removed to Leyden; but the straitened circumstances of his father rtliortened his academical studies, which, added to a love of gayety and dissipation, led him to turn his attention to the stage. His first piece, whicli came out in 1727, was entitled " Love in several Masks," and its success in- duced him to persevere. Some of his dramatic etforts were, however, failures; thougli neither wit, humor, nor spright- liness is generally wanting in them. In his 27th year he married Miss Craddock, a Jady of some fortune : and, at the same time, by the death ot his mother, be- came possessed of a small estate in Dor- setshire. Unfortunately, instead of hus- banding these resources, he immediately set up for a country gentleman, on a scale which, in three years, reduced him to greater indigence than ever, with a yoimg family to support. He then, for the first time, dedicated himself to the bar as a profession, and, for immediate subsistence, employed his pen on vari- ous miscellaneous subjects, ''The His- tory of .Jonathan Wihl" being among the early fruits of his literary industry. In 1742 appeared his first novel, "Jo- seph Andre \vs," in wliich the Cervantic style of humor is admirably imitated. It immediately received tlie attention to which it was entitled; but success as a novel writer was not very likely to ad- vance his practice at the bar; nor was the emolument attached to it sufficient for a, manner of life never sutliciently rcMilutetl by the rules of prudence. He was further impeded in iiis i)rotcs>i()n by repeated attacks of the gout ; added to which, his domestic aftiiction was greatly increased by the death of his wife. Neither disease nor grief, how- ever, paralyzed the etforts of his pen. In rapid succession he brought forth four periodical papers, called "The Champion," "The True Patriot," "The Jacobite Journal," and "Tlic Covent- Gardeu Journal," "Essays on Conver- sation, and on the Knowledge and Characters of Men," "A Journey from tills World to the Next." and the novels of "Tom Jones" and Amelia." Du- ring the rebellion of 1745, he lent the assistance of his literary talents io the government, and was rewardcil with the then not altogether reputable office of a Middlesex justice, lo the credit of Fielding, however, he did much to ren- der it more respectable by the preven- tion of crimes, and the improvement of the police. Ill health at lengtli obliged him to try the milder air of Lisbon, and a Narr.itive of his Voyage to that place was the last of his works. He, unhap- Eily, received no benefit from the change, ut d. in the Portuguese capital, in 1754. — Sir John, half-brother of Henry, and his successor as a justice for Middlesex. Though blind from his childhood, he discharged his office wjth great credit, and in 17iil received the honor of knight- hood. He published some tracts on the penal code, and a miscellaneous collec- tion, entitled "The Universal Mentor." D. 1780. — Sar.vh, the third sister of Henry, was b. in 1714, lived unmarried, and d. at Bath, 1708. She was a woman of talent, and w^rote several novels, &c., of which " David Simple" is the princi- pal. She also translated from the Greek, "Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates." FIESCO, John Louis, count of La- vagna, a Genoese oT an illustrious fam- ily, was at the head of the conspiracy which was formed against the celebrated Andrew Doria and his nephew. On tlie evening of the 1st of January, 1547, Fiesco, who had prepared a iralley under pretence of a cruise against the corsairs, waited upon Doria to request permis- sion to tlcpart from the harbor early in the morning. Having succeeded in lull- ing his intended victims into a false security, he sallied forth in the night at the head of 500 men ; and dispatching parties to take possession of different posts, himself proceeded to the dock where the galleys lay ; but in passing on a plank from one galley to another, he fell into the water, and, owim: to the wei:.'ht of his armor, was unihlc to ri-^e again. His confederates failed in their attempt on Andrew Doria, though Gi- 400 CVCLOP.CDIA OF niOCillAPHY, [kin annotino, his nephew, fell beneath their swords ; aud the tiiniily of Fiesco were made to pav tlie penalty of his ambition by rnin auel proseription. "FIESOLE (^so called from the monas- tery to wliieh he belonged) was one of the most celebrated restorers of painting in Italv. His familv name was Santi Tosini.' B. 1.537; d. 'loS-i. FlGUEliOA, Bartholomew Car.\sco- SA DE, a Spanish poet, was a native of Lotrrono, and studied at the university of Salamanca. B. 1.M0; d. 1.570. FILAXGIERI, Gaetaxo, a celebrated writer on political economy and leirisla- tion, was b. at Naples, 1752. lie was at first intended for the army, but being of studious habits, he was allowed to gratify his inclination for a literary life. Ills great work, entitled ''The Science of Legislation," notwithstanding it was never completed according to his origi- nal design, attracted great attention, from its bold and original views, and the liberality of its sentiments, and places liim in the rank of a first-rate writer upon one of the most difficult and important subjects that can engage the mind of man. In 1787 he was made a member of the supreme council of fi- nance. D. 178S. FILICAIJA, VI^^CE^•zo da, an eminent Italian poet, was b. at Florence, in 164'2, and studied at Pisa. His "Canzoni," commemoratins the deliverance of Vi- enna by John Sobieski, fully established his poetical fame, and obtained for him from tlie duke of Tuscany tlie title of senator, while mote solid rewards await- ed him in being appointed governor, first of Volterra, and afterwards of Pisa. D. 1707. FILMER, Sir Robert, an English writer, was b. in Kent, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. He wrote "The Anarchy of a limited and mixed Monarchy," "Patriarcha," in which he contends that government was monarch- ical in the patriarchal ages; and "Tlie Freeholder's Graml Inquest." He was u man of talent, but a more bigoted champion of absolute monarchy has sel- dom appeared ; and it was to refute the doctrines of Filmer that Locke wrote iiis "Treatises on Government." D. 17 5-7. FINCH, Hexeaoe, first earl of Not- tingham, was tlie son of Sir Ileneage Finch, recorder of Lonrlon. He was b. 1621. Charles II. made liim solicitor- general, anil created him a baronet. He was returned to parliament i'm- the uni- versity of Oxford, in 1661. In 1070 he wan appointed uttorney-general, and soon after lord-keeper, with the rank of a peer. In 1075 he was made lord chancellor, aud in 1081 created earl of Nottingham. His powers as an orator were highly rated ; and Dryden has handed down his portrait to posterity in his poem of " Absalom and Achito- phel," under the character of Amri. D. 1682. — Daniel, eldest son of tiie pre- ceding, was b. 1647. In 1680 lie was appointed first lord of the admiralty, and in 1092 succeeded his father as the earl of Nottingham. On the (."yrath of Queen Anne, he was one of the lords justices for the administration of aifinrs, and soon after was made president of the council ; but in 1716 he was dismiss- ed, on account of a speech which he made in bclialf of the Scottish lords con ■ demned tor high treason. He devoted his remaining years to the enjoyment of retirement and literary leisure, the fruits of which appeared in an eloquent reply to Whiston, on the subject of the Trinity. D. 1730. — Robert, an ingeni- ous antiquary, was b. in London, 1783. He travelled through the south of Eu- rope and Palestine, and died at Koine, 1830; bequeathing to the Ashmolean museum, at Oxford, his valuable library, medals, coins, pictures, aud antique cu- riosities. FINGAL, celebrated in the poems of Ossian his son ; was prince of Morven, a province of ancient Caledonia, and was b. about tlie year 282. He constantly struggled witli the Eomans, who at that time ruled in England; and frequently made expeditions to Sweden, the (Jrkney Islands, and Ireland. Fingal's charac- ter, as sketched by Ossian, is that of a noble hero, tlie fatlier of his people. FINI6UERRA, Tommaso, a celebrated sculptor and goldsmith, to wliom is ascribed the invention of copperplate printing. He lived at Florence, about the middle of the fifteenth century, and practised the art called niell/j, which consisted in enchasing dark metallic substances into cavities worked on gold or silver, and fixing them by fusion. D. 1475. FINLAY, John, a modern Scotch poet, was b. at Glasgow, in 1782. IIo was the author of " Wallace of Ellerslie," a "Life of Cervantes," and the edition of " A Collection of Scottish Ballads, historical and romantic." I). 1810. FINLP3Y. Samuel, president of the eollcire of New .Jersey, was a native of Ireland, and came to America 1734. Having been licensed to preach, he was ordained by the presbytery of New FIT CYCI.OP.r.DIA OF lilOGHAI'IIV, 401 Brunswick, 1740. The iirst part of his iniiii^stry was spent in fatig'uing itine- rant labor.-i. In 1744 he was sfittled as tlic minister of Nottin«j!iain, ilaryhind, where lie remained seven years. W'liile here lie established an neademy wliicii acquired ijreat reputation. On reeuivincf the appointment of president of New .lerspy colleire lie removed to Princeton. I). ITiJ'i, aired 50. — Kobkut, president of tlie university of Georgia, graduated at Prmeeton eoilege, 1787. From 1793 to 17'J'> he was a tutor, and a trustee from ls()7 till 1S17, wiien lie resigned. He was the minister of Basking ]5ridgc, N. J., from June, 17"J7 till 1817. Deeply interested in the welfare of the free i)laeks, he formed a plan of sending them to Africa, and Tnay be eousidered as the father of the Colonization societj". 1). 1^17. FIllEXZUOLA, Asr.Ei.o, an Italian dramatic poet, b. at Florence in 1493. lie was originally bred to the bar, but left it for the eluirch, and devoted him- self to literary pursuits. 1). 15-15. FISCHER," John BBusAno, an emi- nent German architect, b. at Vienna, in 1500. He erected the palace of Selioen- brunn, the church of St. Boromeo, and a number of other fine edifices at Vien- na ; and was appointed cliief architect to Joseph I., who created him baron d'Erlach. 1). 1724. FISH, SiMox, a native of Kent, and a member of the legal profession, who, having acted a part in a play written for the purpose of ridiculing Cardinal Wol- sey, was obliged to flee to the Continent. He there wrote a satire upon the Catholic clergy, entitled "The Supplication of tlie Begiiars," which was answered by Sir Thomas More in his "Supplication for Souls," Fish was ultimately re- (salled home hy Henry VIII., but d. of the plac'ue soon after his return, in 15.31. FISHER, John, bishop of Rochester, a learned divine, was b. at Beverly, in Yorkshire, in 1459. He became vice- chancellor of Cambridirc ; and beinir ap- pointed confessor to Margaret, countess of Riciimond, it was through his influ- ence that she founded St." John's and Christ's eolleges. Deeply prepossessed in favor of the ancient faith, he opposed with zeal and perseverance the princi- ples of Luther and his followers ; and having denied the supremacy of Henry VIII. as head of the church, he was con- victed of liigh treason, and beheaded on Tower- hill, in 1535. — Paynk, a poet of the 17th century, chiefly memorable tor liaving hold theofflce of laureate under 34- Oliver Cromwell. He was a native of Dorsetshire, studied at Oxford and Cambridge, and served on the royalist side in the civil wars ; but on the de- cline of the king's affairs he joined the republicans, and celebrated their sue- eesses in several Latin poems. He also wrote a " Synopsis of Heraldry," and various poems. 1). 1693. FISK, Pliny, a missionary, graduated at Middlebury college, 1814. Having studied theology at Andover, he was em- ployed as an agent for the board of for- eign missions one year, and sailed for Palestine with Mr. Parsons, 1819. On arriving at Smyrna they engaged in the study of the Eastern languages; but in a few months removed to Scio, in order to study modern Greek under Professor Bam'bas. The college at Scio then had about 800 students. But in 1821 the island was desolated by the barbarous Turks. In 1822 he accompanied to Egypt his fellow-laborer, Mr. Parsons, and witnessed his death, and buried him in the Greek convent. From Egypt he proceeded through the desert to Ju- dea. Having visited .Jerusalem he went to Beyroot, Balbec, Damascus, Aleppo, and Antioeh. When he withdrew from Jerusalem in the spring of 1825, he re- tired to Beyroot, where he d. He was a preacher in Italian, French, modern Greek, and Arabic. He had been em- ployed in preparing a dictionary in En- glish and Arabic.^- WiuJUR, president of the Wesleyan university at Middle- town, Ct., a distinguished Methodist preacher, and author of " Travels in Eu- rope." B. 1793 ; d. 1839. FITCH, John, an ingenious but un- fortunate inventor, who, after a life of poverty and distress, saw the merits of his discoveries appropriated by others, while his own genius remained unac- knowledged, lie was b. at Windsor, Ct., 1743, received a common school education, and served an apprenticeship to clock-making. In 1767 he was un- happily married, and soon separated from his wife. Two years afterwards ha settled as a silversmith in Trenton, N. J., where his house and property were de- stroyed by the British army.' He then joined the army as a lieutenant of vol- unteers. He afterwards went to Ken- tucky, where he purchased large grants of lands, but fell into the hands of In- dians, by whom ho was kejit in painful captivity for years. In 17s2 he returned to the Eiast, and lived by the construction of maps of the western country, theu almost uidvnown. On the 29th August, 402 CrCLOP.EDIA OF RIOGRAPHV. [fla 1785, he presented to congress n plan for " applying stoatn-jiower to water-craft." His tirst experiment was made on the 1st May, 1787, when a packet was run between Philadelphia and Burlington. But Fitch was so embarra.ssed by want of funds, by the ignorance of mechanics, by controversies with rivals, and by the inditferencc of the public bodies to which lie applied, that he almost gave up in despair. Some of the state legis- h\tures gave him patents, and he visited France and England, but was not able to carry out his designs. He returned to the West in disgust, and d. in June, 1798. The spot where he was buried is now unknown. FITZGERALD, Edward, Lord, b. 1763. At a time when the revolutionary spirit was at its height in Ireland, he joined the malcontents, became the ob- ieet of proscription, and was shot in i79S. FITZGIBBON, John, first earl of Clare, and lord chancellor of Ireland, was b. in 1749 ; and was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and at Oxford. He rapidly rose in the legal profession, till he became a chancellor, in 1789, with the title of Baron Fitzgibbon ; and in 179-5 was raised to the peerage as the earl of Clare. He was an eminent law- yer and a decided promoter of the Union. D. 1802. FITZTIERBERT, Sir Anthont, an able and learned judge in the reign of Henry VIII., was b. at Norbury, in Der- byshire, and educated at Oxford, from whence he removed to one of the inns of court. In 1523 he was made a judge in the court of common pleas, and d. in 1538. He wrote " The Grand Abridg- ment," !V "Collection of Law Cases," " The Office and Authority of Justices of the Peace," "The Office of Sheriffs," " Natura Brevium," &c. He is also supposed to have written a book on the Surveying of Lands, and another on Husbandry, though some have ascribed these to his brother, John. — Nicnoi.As, grandson of the preceding, was b. about tiie middle of tfie 16th century; was educated at Oxford ; went to Italy, and •leld the situation of secretary to Cardi- nal Alan, whose life he wrote; and is said to be the autlior of a treatise on the "Antiquity and Duration of the Roman Catholic Religion in England." He was accidentally drowned in 1612. FITZJAMKS, Edward, duke of, was tlie great-irrandson f>f the duke of Ber- wick, who was natural son of James IL of England, by a sister of the duke of Marlborough. At the time of the French revolution, the name of the duke of Fitzjames was placed on the list of pro- scription, in consequence of his having emigrated ; but, at the restoration ot the Bourbon family, he returned to France, and became aid-de-camp and first nobleman of the chamber to the count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X D. 1839. FITZSTEPIIEN, William, a learned English monk of the 12th century, and the friend of Thomas a Beeket, arch- bishop of Canterbury, whose life he wrote. Prefixed to this life is a " De- scription of the City of London, and of the Manners and Customs of its Inhab- itants," which is curious on account of its being the earliest account of London extant, and has been preserved by being S-inted at the end of Stowe's Survey. . 1191. FITZWILLIAM, William AVent- woRTn FiTzwiLLiAM, Carl, wasb. in 1748 ; commenced his education at Eton, fin- ished it at Oxford, and took his seat in the house of peers in 1769. In 1798 he was appointed lord lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire ; and on Mr. Pitt's death, in 1806, he became pres- ident of the council, which he retained until the fall of the Grenville adminis- tration in the following year. After this he sradually retired from public life. D. 1833. FLACCUS, Caius Vaxerii-s, was a Roman poet of the 1st century, who lived at Padua, and d. young. He wrote an epic poem, entitled " Argonautica," of which seven books, and part of the eighth, were completed by himself, and the others supplied by Apollonius. FLAMSTELD, John, an eminent as- tronomer, was b. at Denby, in Derby- shire, in 1646, and received his education at the free-school of Derby. He was led to the study of astronomy by perusing Sacrobosco^s work, " De Sphaera;" and he prosecuted his studies with so much assiduity, as to be inferior only to Sir Isaac Newton, his cotemporary, who, in fact, availed himself of some of Flam- steed's calculations in his " Principia." He was appointed astronomer-royal, and the observatory at Greenwich was erect- ed for hiin, where, during the remainder of his life, he assiduously cultivated the sublime science. His principal work is entitled " Historia Coelcstis Britannica." D. 1719. FLAXMAN, John, an eminent sculp- tor, was b. at York, in 1755 ; and was admitted a student of the Roval Acad fi.e] CYCLOPAEDIA OK BIOGRAPHY. 403 emy in 17T0. Having made considerable iirojrrcss in his own country, he visited Italy, and, during a seven years' resi- dence there, executed several important works ill sculpture, besides making drawings for the illustration of Homer, yEschylus, Hesiod, and Dante. This e-itablished his fame as an artist of clas- sical taste, and he was elected a member of the academies of Florence and Car- rara. In 17114 he returned to England ; and from that period till his death he was almost unmtcrruptedly employed in works of first-rate character. Among them may be named. Lord Mansfield's monument in Westminster abbey ; and those of Collins, the poet; Lord Nelson, Earl Howe, Sir Josiiua Reynolds, and the Baring family. He also finished a set of drawings and a model for the shield of Achilles, as described in Ho- mer's Iliad. In 1810 he was appointed professor of sculpture to the Eoj'al Acad- emy, and d. in lS2iJ. injEOIIIER, EspniT, a famous French bishop, wash, in 1G22, at Pernes, in the county of Avignon. He was greatly ad- mired' as a preacher at Paris, and his funeral orations set hiin on a level with Bossuet. In 1679 lie published his '■ Ilistorv of Theodosius the Great." In 1GS5 he was made bishop of Lavaur ; on which the king said, "I should have rewarded you mucli sooner, but that I was afraid of losing the pleasure of hear- ing your discourses." Shortly after he Was promoted to the see of Nismes ; and d. 1710. FLECKXOE, KiciiARD, an English poet and dramatic writer, whose name is now more remembered on account of its having been held up to ridicule by Dryden, in his invective against Shad- well, than for the value of liis own com- positions. D. 11)78. FLEETWOOD, Ohari.es, a parlia- mentary general in the civil wars, was tl\e son" of Sir William Fleetwood, who iieloncred to the household of Charles I. He entered the army, and, on the break- ing out of tho civil wars, declared atrainst the king ; commanded a regiment of cavalry in 16-tt; and at the battle of Worcester bore tlic rank of lieutenant- general. Becomin',' allied to the family of the protector, by marrying his daugh- ter on the decease of her first husband, Ireton, he was sent as lord deputy to Ireland ; but, on the dentli of Cromwe'l, he joined in inducing his son Richard to abdicate : thus hastening the restoration of Charles II., an event which he did not loner survive. — Wri.LiASi, an Eiiirlish lawyer, and recorder of London in the reign of Elizabetli, was b. in Lancashire. He wrote the history of Edward V., Richard III., Henry Vll. and VIII., the '' Office of a Justice of Peace," ifce. D. 13'J3. — WiLLiAii, an eminent prelate, was b. in London, 1656. Soon after the revolution he became chaplain to Wil- liam and Mary, and fellow of Eton. *Ia 1702 he obtained a canonry of Windsor, and in 1706 lie succeeded Bishop Bcv- eridge in the see of St. Asaph, from whence, in 171i, he was translated to Ely. He wrote " Inseriptionuin Anti- qu'arum Sylloge," " Chronicum Preci- osum, or "an Account of the English Money, the Price of Corn,"' &c., 8vo., " A plain Method of Cliristian Devo- tion," 8vo., "An Essay on Miracles," &c. D. 1723. FLEMING, a poetical writer and translator of the Elizabetlian age. He was the author of numerous poems, chiefly devotional, translated some of the classic authors, and was the editor of " Holliushed's Chronicle." — Robert, a Scotch Presbyterian minister, who re- tired from his pastoral charge at Cam- buslang on the establishment ofprelacyj and went to Rotterdam, and is known as the author of a work, entitled, "The Fulfilling of the Scriptures.'' B. 1630 ; d. 16y-4.— Robert, son of the preceding, accompanied his fatiier totiie Continent, and was a member of the universities of Leyden and Utrecht. He was lor some years minister to the Scotch church at Amsterdam ; but on comimr to Ensjland he was chosen pastor to the Scotch church at Lothbury, and lectured at Salter's hall. He is priiiei}>ally known by his work entitled " Christiology," a "History of Hereditary Riifht," and a discourse on the rise and fall of Popery, in which are many passadigies of valor, he was killed at the battle of Kavenna, in 1512. — Locis DE, a French architect in the employ of Pliilip II. of Spain, who was engaged in the erection of the Es- eurial, near Madrid. On his return to France he constructed tlie canal of the Adour, and built the tower of Cordouaii. — Paul de, archbishop of Toulouse, was b. in 1528, and distinguished himself as much for his diplomatic abilities as for his virtuous and tolerant conduct as a chnrcliman. He was em]iloycd on em- bassies in England, Scotland, Venice, and Koine. D. 1584. FOLCZ, JoiiN', a barber of Nurem- berg, b. at Ulni, in the 15th century, was a celebrated German poet, belong- ing to the class called Mastersingers, a class which sprung \\p in Germany in the 14th century, after tb" extinction of the Minnesingers, or Sualian bards. FOLENGO, TiiEoPHiLus, an Italian burlesque poet, who wrote under the name of Merlin Coccaie, was b. near Mantua, in 1491 ; became a monk of the Benedictine order, which he quitted for several years, and wrote Macaronic verses. D. 1554. FOLKES, Martix, an English philos- opher and antiquary, was b. at West- minster in 1G90. At the age of 23 he was chosen a fellow of the Royal So- ciety, and in 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans Sloane as president of that learned body, and was elected a member of tiie Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. Mr. Folkes wrote, besides a number of pa- pers in the " Philosophical Transac- tions," a " Table of English Silver Coins, from tiie Norman Conquest to the Present Time." D. 1754. FOLLEN, Charles, late professor of the German language and literature in Harvard college, was b. at Romrod, iu Plesse-Darmstadt, in 1700. After the assassination of Kotzebue, by Sand, he was wrongly suspected of being con- cerned in the deed, and driven from Germany. He took refuge at Biisle, in Switzerland, where he was inude pro- fessor of civil law, but the despotism of Prussia reached him there, .'md he fled to the United States. In 1880 he was made professor at Cambridge, and not long after qualified himself for the cleri- cal profession, and was employed in several places in Massachusetts and New York. He was lost in the burning of the steamboat Lexington, in Long Island Sound, in 1840. He was a man of the noblest character and fine attain- ments. His ]>rincipal writings, consist- ing of " Lectures on Schiller," have been collected and published by hia widow. 406 CyCLOP.EDIA OF lUOGRAPHY. [fow FOLLETT, Sir "U^illiam Webb, an eminent lawyer, was b. at Topsham, Devon, in \7'^^. In lSl^^ lie became a member of the Inr.cr Temple, and com- mcnceil praeliee an a special pleader in ]S2:3. On Sir Robert Peel's accession to place as prime minister, in ISS-i, he was appointcil solieitor-arencral ; but upon Sir Robert's resignation in 1835, he also quitted otlice, and was knighted. At the general election of 1837, and again in 1841, he was re-elected member for Exeter. On Sir Robert Peel's resump- tion of office, he was once more ap- pointed solicitor-general. On Sir F. Pollock's elevation to the judicial bench in 1S44 he succeeded him as attorney- general. D. 184.'). FONBLANQUE, John de Grenier, an eminent barrister, wasb. in 1759, and in 1789 was called to the bar. In 1790 he acted as leading counsel for the London merchants, in opposition to the Quebec bill, at the bar of the house of commons. It 1793 ajipeared his celebrated "Trea- tise on Equity," which went through several editions, and is regarded by the courts as an authority ou the subject. D. 1837. FONESCA, Eleanora, marchioness de, a lady of great beauty and talents, was b. at Naples, in 1768. She cultiva- ted the study of botany, &c., with success, and assisted Spallanzani in his nhilosophieal investigations. She warm- ly espoused the cause of the French revolution, and when the French in- vaded Italy, she engaged in intrigues atrainst that court, though less perhaps from principle than from her having formerly been dismissed from her situa- tion of attendant on the queen. During the triumph of the republican party she was in the zenith of her fame, and edited a paper called "The Neapolitan Monitor;" but the royal cause again succeeding, she was ultimately arrested and hanccd, in 1799. FONTAINE, John de la, the inimi- tal)le fabulist, wasb. in 1621, at Chateau Thierry, where his father was overseer of tho forests. Ilis taste for poetry was first aroused by hearing one of Mal- herbe's odes recited ; but to the patron- age of the duchess of Bouillon, who invited him to Paris, and encouraged him to write his Tales, lie owed much of the distinction in literature he afterwards acr^uired. For 35 years he lived in Paris, residing successively with the duchesses of Bouillon and Orleans, madame de Sahliere, and madame d'llervart; and wan in hab ts of intimacy with Moliere, Boileau, Eacinc, and all the first wits of the French capital, by whom he was much beloved for the candor and sim- plicity of his character. Yet, with this simplicity, which amounted almost to stupidity, he united the talent of ma- king severe, shrewd, and sensible obser- vations on human life, and decorating his verse with touches of exquisite grace and delicacy. Besides his '' Tales'' aiid " Fables," La Fontaine was the author of " Les Amours de Psyche.'' " Ana- creontiques," two comedies, &e. D.1695. FONTANA, Dominic, an eminent Italian architect, was b, in 1543, at Mill, on the lake of Como. lie was employed by popes Sextus V. and Clement VIII., and atterwards appointed to the situa- tion of first architect to the two king- doms of Naples and Sicily. Among the many edifices he built, no one is more remarkable than the Egyptian obelisk in front of St. Peter's at Eome. D. 1607. — John, his brother, was distin- guished as an hydraulic architect, and performed some extremely important works in that department of the art. B. 1540, d. 1640. — Felix, an eminent philos- opher and naturalist, was b. at Pomarlo, in the Tyrol, in 1730. He was appointed professor of philosophy at Pisa by the grand-duke of Tuscany ; and afterwards invited to Florence by Leopold II., who made him his physician, and employed him to form a cabinet of natural history. To this he added a variety of anatomical fiirures in colored wax, most exquisitely finished, which, with other objects of interest and curiosity, together form at present one of the attractions of tho Florentine capital. D. 1805. — Gregory, a mathematician, and brother of the preceding, was b. in 1735. He filled the office of mathematical professor at Pisa, for more than thirty years, was elected a member of tlie Cisalpine republic in 1796, and d. in 1805. — Francis, a Nea- politan astronomer of the 17th century, to whom the invention of the telesoopo has been erroneously attributed, first studied jnrispruiloMfi-, and received the degree of doctor of laws, but afterwards devoted himself to astronomical and mathematical researches, and made im- provements in several instruments. D. 1656. FONTANELLE, John Gaspak Du- bois, a popular French writer ; author of " Aventures Philosoithiques," " Nau- frage et Aventures de Pierre Viaud," "Cours de Belles Lettres," several plays, &c. B. 1737; d. 1812. FONTANES, Louis de. an eminent for] CVCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 407 French writer, was b. in 1761. At the eoinmenceinent of the revohition he edited a journiil, e;\llod " Tiie Modoni- tbr," aud after tlie fall of Kohespierre joined La llarpe and otliers in tlie pub- lieation of another, called "The Memo- rial," which with many others was suppressed by the national convention in ITtiT, and" the proprietors, editors, Ir. Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, but returned to office the following year as paymaster of the forces ; and in this situation his public conduct has been much animadverted upon. In 1763 he was created Baron Holland of Foxley, and d. 1774. — Charles James, the second son of the preceding, was b. Jan. loth, 1748; and received his education at Westminster, Eton,' and Oxford, where his yjroficiency in classical literature attracted consid- erable notice. It was the intention of his father, who had a high opinion of his capacity, that he should occupy a prominent station in the political world, and he accordingly procui-ed for him a seat in parliament for the borough of Midhurst when ho was only 19. He, however, prudently remained silent till he had attained the legal age of a mem- ber, and then we find him, in 1770, aiding the ministry, who rewarded him with the office of one of the lords of the admiralty ; but he resigned that situa- tion in 1772 ; and, in 1773, was nomi- nated a commissioner of tlie treasury, from whence he was suddenly dis- missed, in consequence of some disa- greement with Lord North. Mr. Fox now entered the lists of opposition, and tliroughout the whole of the American war proved a most powerful antagonist to the ministers of that period. On the downfall of Lord North he was appoint- ed, in 1782, one of the secretaries of state, which situation he resio-ncd on the death of the marquis of Eoeking- ham, when the earl of Shelburne, after- wards nuirquis of Landsdowue, was appointed to succeed him. On the dis- solution of that short-lived administra- tion ho formed the coalition with Lord North, (a coalition which was odious to the gre.at mass of the people,") and re- sumed his former office. He now brought in his India bill, whieh, after having passed the house of commons, was unexpectedly thrown out lay the house of lords, and occasioned the res- ignation of the ministry, of which he formed a part. Mr. Pitt tlien came into power; while Mr. Fox placed himself at the head of the opposition, and along contest took place between these illus- trious riv.als. Worn out, and perhaps distrusted, with public business, he, m 1788, repaired to the Continent, in com- pany with Mrs. Fox, and after spending a few days with Gibbon, the historian, at Lausanne, entered Italy. His literary abilities were of the first order; and had he lived in less stirring times, there fra] CYCLOP.^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 413 is every probability his country would have benefited by his writini,'s. As it was, he left little behind him for o\ir admiration but his elo a i>i"ey to anarchy ; and the people's gratitude to their deliverer was charaeteristieally exhil)ited by coufcr- rinjr upon hiui, in 1^^17, unlimited des- potie authority, wliich he exercised du- I'iuij the remainder of his life, D. 1S40. FllANCIS, Gilbert Y., a native of Virginia, noted for his romantic and eventful life. He was in early life at- tached to the navy, then to tiie stage, travelled over tlie world, was for two years a prisoner in the great desert of Arabia, afterwards a slave to the bashaw of Tunis, then a lieutenant of guerillas in Spain, and master of a Dutch lugger trading to the JNIalaccas. lie was next overseer of a sugar estate in Jamaica, a prisoner of the ilexican banditti, a cap- tive among the C'amanciie Indians, ran- eomed by some fur-traders from Oregon, a trader to Chili in the employ of tlie Kussians, and finally one of the early settlers of Texas. lie was a man of de- fective education, but of the most ener- getic cliaraeter. D. at New Orleans, of yellow tever, 1839. — I., king of France, ascended tiie throne in 1515, at the age of 21. He was the son of Charles of Or- leans, and of Louisa of Savoy, grand- daugiiter of Valentine, duke of Milan, in right of whom he laid claim to that duchy. He founded the Ivoyal C'ollege of Faris, and furnished a magnificent library at Fontainbleau, besides build- ing several palaces, which he orna- mented with pictures and statues, to the great encouragement of the fine arts. He is frequently termed " the Great," and "the Restorer of Learning." 1). 1547. — Of Lorraine, emi)eror of Ger- many, was b. in 1708, and married in 1736 Maria Theresa, daughter of Cliarles VI. On the death of her father in 17-iOj Maria Theresa appointed her husbana to the administration of the government, and on the death of Charles Vll. in 1745, lie wa-s elected emperor. 1). 1765. — St., or Francis of Assisi, the founder of the order of Franciscan., friars, was b. at Assisi, in Umbria, in 1182. He was the Bon of a merchant, and said to be of dissolute habits ; but on recovering from a dangerous illness he became enthusi- jistieally devout, and devoted himself to solitude, joyfully undergoing every species of penance and mortification. Thinking Iiis extravagance proceeded from insanity, his father had hnn closely confined; ami at lemrth, being taken before the bishop of Assisi, in order formally to resign all claim to his pater- nal estate, he not only assented to it, but literally stripped himself. He was now looked upon as a saint ; and gren- numbers joining him in his vow of pov crty, he drew up rules for their use, which being sanctioned by Pope Inno- cent 111., the order of Franciscans was established. So rapidly did they in- crease, that in 1219 he held a chapter, which was attended by 5000 friars. Af ler having made a fruitless clfort to con vert the Sultan Meleddin, he returned to Assisi, where he d. in 1226; and was canonized by Pope Gregory in 1230. — Of Paulo, a saint, b. at'Paulo, in Cala- bria, in 1416. He was brought up in a Franciscan convent; and in order to exceed the preceding saint in austerity of life, he retired to a cell on the desert part of the coast, where he soon obtain- ed tbllowcrs, built a monastery, and thus commenced a new order, called Minims. He enjoined on his disciples a total abstinence from wine, flesh, and fish ; besides which they were always to go barefoot, and never to sleep on a bed. He d. in I>ance, aged 91, in 1508, and was canonized by Leo X.— De Sales, another saint, was b. of a noble family at the castle of Sales, near Geneva, 1567. He obtained great praise for the success which attended his missions for the con- version of his ProtCb;tant countrymen. He was ultimately made bishop of Ge- neva ; and he performed the cutties of his station with exemplary diligence and charity. He cl. in 1622, and was canon- ized in 1665. — Philip, son of the dean of Lismorc, was a poet and dramatic writer, though much more celebrated for his translation of Horace and other classic authors, than for his original compositions. He was educated at Dub- lin ; and having taken orders, first settled at Esher, Surrey, where he kept an academy, and liad Gibbon the his- torian among his pupils. He afterwards held the living of liarrow, Suftblk, and was chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He wrote '"Eugenia" and '• Constantia," two tragedies, some controversial tracts, &c., L). 1773. — Sir Piiii.n', a political character of some distinction, and a son of the preceding, was b. at Dublin in 1740. lie entered into public life as a clerk in the secretary of state's otlice ; after which he went out as secretary to the embassy to Portugal; and, in 1773, he became a member of the council of Bensral. He remained in India till 1780, during which time he was the constant and strenuous opponent of the measures of Governor Hastings ; and his opposi- fka] CYCLOPAEDIA OK UIOGRAI'IIY. 415 tion savoritisr too mnch of personal hos- tility, a duel was the result. On his return to England lie was chosen mem- ber for the borouirh of Yarmoutii, in the Isle of Wisfht ; and, joininif the opposi- tion, he took a prominent part in most of their measures, particularly in tiie iinpcaehment of Mr. Ilastings. He pub- lislu'tl many political pamplilcts and speeches, all ot wliicli are imbued with considerable spirit and party feelinff. Tlie celebrated "Letters of' Junius" have been attributed to liim. I). 1813. — I., Joseph Charles, emperor of Aus- tria, kins' of Lombardy, etc., was b. in ITiJS, and succeeded his father, Leopold 11., in 1792. At that time lie was styled emperor of Germany, by the name of Francis H. ; but, inlSO-i, when France had been declared an empire, he as- sumed the title of hereditary emperor of Austria; and, on the establishment of the confederation of the llhinc in 1806, he renounced the title of Koman emperor and German kin?, and resigned the government of the German empire. D. 188.5. FKAXCKLTN, TnoMAS, was the son of the printer of the celebrated anti- ministerial paper called '• The Crafts- man," and b. in 1721. lie was educated at Westminister school and Trinity col- le7 he was sent to tn.>,dand as agent for Pennsyl- vania. At tins time he was chosen fL-Uow of the Koyal Society, and honored with the degree of doctor of laws by the universities of St. Andrew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. In 1762 he returned to America ; bat two years afterwards he again visited England, in his former capacity, as agent; and it was at this period' that he was examined at the liouse of commons concerning the stamp act. In 1775 he returned home, and was el. i-tcd a delegate to the con- gress. He was very active in the con- test between England and the colonies ; and was sent to France, where, in 1778, he signed a treaty of alliance, otfensive and clefensive, which produced a war between that country and England. In 1783 he signed the definite treaty_ of peace, and in 1785 returned to America, where he was chosen president of the supreme council. D. 1790. Besides his political, miscellaneous, and philosophi- cal pieces, he wrote several papers in the " American Transactions," and two volumes of essays, with his life prefixed, written by himself. — Eleanor Anne, the ■wife of Captain Franklin, the celebrated navigator, but known as an authoress as Miss Porden, was the youngest daughter of Mr. Porden, an architect; and b. 17'J5. In early youth she exhibited great talent and a stronir memory, and acquired a considerable knowledge of Greek and other languages. Her first poem, " The Veils," was written wlien she was 17. Her next was " The Arctic Expedition," which led to her acquaintance with Captain Franklin ; but her principal work is the epic of "Coeur de Lion." T). 1825. FKAUENIIOFER, Joseph von, pro- fessor of piiilosophy in the Koyal Bava- rian Acaacmy, was the son of a glazier at StraubinL', and a[>prenticed to aglass- eutter. After struggrling with many difficulties, he acquired a knowledge of the theory of optics and mathematics, constructed aglass-cuttiuL' machine, and ground optical glasses. His subsequent discoveries and inventions in optics, the excellence of the telescopes wiiich he manufactured, and his " Researches concerning tho Laws of Light," printed in Gilbert's " Annals of Physics," all contributed to establish his fame ; and he d. in 1S26, after having been raised' to deserved celebrity as a man of science. FREDERIC I., surnamed Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, b. in 1121, was the son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and succeeded his uncle Conrad on the im- perial throne in 1152. His principal efforts were directed to extend and con- firm his power in Italy, but the events of the war, wliicli lasted almost twenty years, were not particularly favorable tor him. — II., the grandson of the prece- ding, and son of Henry VII., was b. in 1104; elected king of'tlie Romans in llyCi, and emperor in 1210, in opposition to Otho. He afterwards went to tho Holy Land, and concluded a truce with the sultan of Babylon, which so pro- voked Pope Gregory IX. that he anatli- ematizcd him. On this Frederic returned to Europe, and laid siege to Rome, which occasioned the famous j)arties of the Guelphs and the Ghibclines. J). 1250. FREDERIC WILLIAM, generally called the Great Elector, was b. in 1620, and at the age of 20 years succeeded his father as elector of Brandenburg. He is considered as thefounder of thePru.s- sian greatness ; and from him is derived much of that military spirit which is now the national characteristic. By afford- ing protection to the French Protestant refugees, he gained, as citizens of the state, 20,000 industrious manufacturers, an acquisition of no slight importance to the north of Germany ; and he also gave great encouragement to aifricultural im- provements. He foundecl the library at Berlin, and a university at Duisburg ; and at his death he left to his son a country much enlarged, and a well-sup- plied treasury. D.' 1688. — I., king of I'russia, son of Frederic I., and father of Frederic the Great, was b. in 1688, and ascended tho throne in 1713, having previously married a daugliter of the elector of Hanover, afterwards George I. of P>nglaud. His habits were entirely military; and his constant care was to establish the strictest discipline among his troops. D. 174(L — II., king of Prus- sia, commonly called the Great, and sometimes erroneously styled Frederic III., was b. in 1712. He obtained but a scanty education, owing to his father's predilection for military discipline, and his dclcrniination to chock the strong inclination which he perceived in the heir-apparent to cherish literature. This led him, in 1730, to attempt an escape I from Prussia; but the scheme being dis- fre] CVCLOP.KUIA UF HIOCRAPIIV. 417 covered, tho prince was confined in the cufttle of Cufitrin, and liis youiis; com- p:ini(iii, Kattc, executed hulbro his face. Al'lcr all iui]iri.sonmcnt of some niontlis, a rei.'(iin'iliatiuu was etfeeted ; and in ITo-'i ho married tlie princess of Brunswiclv \Vohenbuttel, in obedience to his fa- tlier's conunand ; but it is said the mar- riaire was never consummated. In 17J.0 ]ii', succeeded to the tlu'ono, and it was not \ou'^ before he added Lower Silesia to liis dominions. In 1741 ho took Prague, witli its garrison of 10,000 men. In 1745 he defeated the prince of Lor- raine at Freidburgli, and then marched into Boliemia, where he defeated an Austrian army. Shortly after he toolc Dresden, laid it under heavy exactions, nid tliere concluded a highly favorable ,H"ace. During the ten years of com- parative tranquillity that followed, i'red- irie employed himself in bringing liis troops mto a state of divscipline never iK'tbre equalled in any age or country. He also encouraged agriculture, the arts, manufactures, and commerce, reformed the laws, and increased the revenues ; thus improving the condition of the state, and rendering it more than a match for foreign enemies. Secret in- formation of an alliance between Aus- tria, Kussia, and Saxonvgave him reason to fear an attack, whicti he hastened to anticipate by the invasion of Saxony, in 1750. This commenced the seven years' war, in which lie contended single- handed against the united forces of Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, Aus- tria, and the great majority of the other Cicrman states ; till at length, at'tcr vari- ous changes of fortune, he was left, in 176;;, in the peaceful possession of all his paternal and acquired dominions. lie now entered into a league with his former enemies, which in 177'2 was ce- mented by the partition of Toland, an act which was then, as it is now, de- nounced by every lover of freedom and national security. The remainder of his life, with the exception of a short de- monstration of hostility towards Austria, which was terminated by the mediation of Kussia, was passed in tiie tranquillity of literary leisure, and in an unreserved intercourse with learned men; among v.'hoiii Voltaire and Maupertuis were for a long time his especial favorites. Ilis own literary attainments were far above mediocrity, as may be seen liy his " His- tory of his own Times,"' "The History of the Seven Years' War," "Consider- ations on the State of Europe," " Me- moirs of the House of Brundenburgh," poems, &c. D. ITS^i.— III., king of rrussia, was b. in 1770, and ascended. tho throne, on the death of his father, in 17'J7. FEEIND, Jon.N-, a learned physician and writer on medical science, was b. in 1675, at Croton, in Northamptonsliire. In 1703 he distinguished himself by an able work on diseases peculiar to females, which raised him to eminence as a phys- iologist. The next year he was appoint- ed chemical professor at Oxford ; and in 1705 lie accompanied tlie earl of Peter- borough in Ins expedition to Spain, as physician to the army. On his return in 1707 he pulilishcd a vindication of the earl's contluct in Spain, which gain- ed him considerable reputation. He then obtained his diploma of M.D., and in 1709 published his "Lectures on Chemistry." In 1716 he was elected a fellow of the college of ph} sicians, and in 1722 he was brought into parliament for Launceston. The year following he was sent to the Tower on suspicion of being concerned in Atterbury's plot, but was soon released on bail. While in confinement, he wrote an epistle to liia friend Dr. Mead, " De quibusdam Vari- olarum Generibus." He also formed the plan of his greatest literary undertaking, which he afterwards published, under the title of "The History of Physic," &c. At the accession of George II. he was appointed physician to the queen. D. 1728. FREIXSHEM. or FEEINSHEMIUS, Joiix, a learned German, was b. at Ulm, in 1008, and became professor of rhetoric in the university at tlpsal, and librarian to Queen Christina of Sweden ; but returned to Germany in consequence of ill health, and died at Heidelberg, 1660. He showed himself a profound scholar, particularly by his celebrated supple- ments to the lost books and passages of Curtius and of Livv. FRENICLE DE BESSY, Bernakd, a French mathematician, celebrated for his skill in solving mathematical ques- tions without the aid of algebra. lie kept his method a secret during his life, but a description of it was tbund among his papers, and is called the method of exclusion. D. 1675. FKEKE, Joiix HooKiiAM, a gentleman distinguished for his diplomatic talents, was b. in 176'.i, and was educated at Eton, where, in eonjnnetion witli Can- ninro- cured him some powerful enemies, among whom was Voltaire. He then begair his " Annce Litteraire," which lie^continued till his death, 1776. Be- sides the above works, he wrote Miscellanies, " Les Vrais Plaisirs," "Opuscules," &c.— Louis Stanislaus, son of the ]>rcceding, was one of most violent of the French revolutionists. In 1789 he commenced an incendiary journal, called "L'Orateur du Peuple," associated himself with Marat, and was guilty of manv enormities at Toulon and elsewhere. B. 17r)7 ; d. 1802. FKESNEL, Augustine John, an ex- perimental French philosopher, distin- guislied by his admirable experiments^ on the inflection and polarization of liglit ; was b. at Broglie, in 1788, and d. in 1827. FRESCOBALBI, Giholamo, an emi- nent musician and composer, b. at Ferrara, in 1601, and appointed organist at St. I'eter's, Koine, in 1624, He is the first Italian who eom|)Osed in fugue for the organ, wliich is a German invention ; and is considered as the father of that species of organ playinir kno\vn at this day bv the name of " voluntaries." FKiS(JH, John Luonakd, a German naturalist and divine, was b. in Sulzbucli, in 1666. He was the founder of the silk manufactory in Brandenburg, and was the first who cultivated mulberry-trees in that country. lie was the author of a "German and Latin Dictionary," a "Description of German Insects," &c. D. 1743. FEISCHLIN, NicoDEMUs, a German writer, who distinguished himself by his classical attainments, and still more by his poetical satires. He was b. at Balingen. in the duchy of Wirtemburg, in 1447 ; studied at the imiversity of Tubingen, where he obtained a profes- sorship at 20 years of age; and wrote a critical work, entitled "Strigil Gram- matica," which involved him in much angry controversy. Having written an abusive letter to' the duke of Wirtem- burg, for refusing to grant him some pecuniary favor, he was arrested, and sent to the prison of Aurach ; from which he attempted to escape, but fell down a frightful precipice, and was dashed to pieces. This happened in 1590. FlilSI, Paul, a mathematician and philosopher, was b. at Milan, in 1727 ; obtained professorships in several col- leges ; and ultimately was placed by the government at the head of the archi- tectural department in the university of his native city. He was the author of many useful" treatises on electricitj-, astronomy, hydraulics, &e. D. 1784. FROBENIUS, or FROBEN, John, a learned printer, was b. at Ilammelburg, in Franconia, in 1460. He established a press at Basle, at which Erasmus, who was his intimate friend, and lodged in his house, had all his works printed. D. 1527. FR<)P>1SIIER, Sir Martin, a cele- brated English navigator, was b. near Doncastcr, A'orkshire, and brought up to a maritime life. The discovery of a northwest passage to the Indies excited his ambition; and, after many fruitless attempts to induce merchants to favor his project, he was enabled, by the ministers and courtiers of Queen Eliza- beth, to fit out a private adventure, consisting only of two small barks and a ])innaee. In this enterprise, he ex- plored various parts of the arctic coast, and entering the strait which has ever since been called by his name, returned to England with some black ore, wliich being supposed to contain gold, induced Queen Elizabeth to patronize a second, and even a third voyage, but all of them proved fruitless, "in 1585, Frobisher accomiianied Drake to the West Indies; and, at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was honored with knightliood for his bravery. In 1590 and 1592, fugJ CYC'l.OlMCDIA OF lilOCIlAl'II V. 419 ho commanded squadrons successfully u;j;ainst the Spaniards; and in 1.594, be- ing sent with four sliips of war to the assistance of Henry Iv. of !•' ranee, he was wciunded in attacking fort Croyzan, near Brest, and died on his return home. FKUISSAKT, John, an early French chronicler and poet, was b. at Valen- ciennes, in l-^Sr. lie was originally destined for the church ; but his incli- nation for poetry was soon apparent, and was accompanied by a great passion for the fair sex, and a fondness for feasts and gallantry. In order to divert his mind from the chagrin attendant on an uiisuecessful love-suit, or, what is more likely, a desire to learn from their own mouths the achievements of his cotem- porury warriors, induced him to travel ; and he visited England, where he was kindly pdtronized by Philipna of Ilai- nault, queen of Edward the ill., whose court was always open to the gay poet and narrator of ehivalric deeds. In 1:366 l>e accompanied ]"^dwarpointment was that of a minister of St. Bennet's parish, Cambridge, where he acquired great popularity as a preacher. He was after- wards collated to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and ol)tained the rectory of Broad Winsor, Dorsetshire. His first literary production was entitled "Da- vid's heinous Sin, hearty Kepentance, and heavy Punishment." In 1640 he published his " History of the Holy War," soon after which he removed to London, and was chosen lecturer at the Savov church, in the Strand. About 1642 he published his " Holy State." In 1643 he went to Oxford, and joined the king, became chaplain to Sir Kalph Ilopton, and employed his leisure in i-cn] cvclop.t:dia of uioguapiiv, 421 milking collections relative to English nistory and antiquities. In IGoO .'ip- peared liis " I'isoruh Siiifht of Palestine," and his "Abel Kedivivus ;" but it was not till after his death that his principal litorarv work was published, entitled "Thc'Worthics of f-nirhind," a produc- tion valuable alike for llic solid informa- tion it affords relative to the provincial liistory of the country, and for the pro- fusion of biographical anecdote and acute observation on men and manners. In 1G48 he obtained the livini,' of Walt- nam, in Essex, which, in 1C5S, he quit- ted for that of Crauford in Middlesex- and at the restoration he was reinstated in his prebend of Salisbury, of which he had been deprived by the Farlia- mcnturians. lie was also made D. D. and chaplain to the kinir.— Andrew, an eminent Baptist minister, and secretary to the Baptist Missionary Society, was b. at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, 1754. His father was a small farmer, who gave his sou the rudiments of education at the free school of Soham ; and though iirincipully engaged in the labors of husl)andry till he was of age, yet he studied so diligently, that in 1775 he became, on invitation, the pastor of a congregation, first at Soham and after- wards at Kettering. In the establish- ment of the Baptist Missionary Society, by Dr. Carey and others, Mr. Euller ex- erted himself with great energy, and the whole of his future life was identi- fied with its labors, lie was also an able controversialist. Ilis principal works are a tieatise "On the Calvinistic and So- cinian Systems compared as to their Mo- ral Tendency," "Sociniaiiisni Indefen- sible," " The Gospel its own AVitness," " Discourses on tlie Book of Genesis," &c. D. 16fil. — Sarah Maro.veet, (mar- chioness d'Ossoli,) a distinguished fe- male writer of the United States, whose untimely and tragic death imparted a melancholy interest to her writings. She was a native of Massachusetts, and by her literary acquirements, early gain- ed a reputation. She was the writer of many miscellaneous articles in " The IVuilj" translator of " Kckermann's Con- versations with (rocthc," and authoress of " A Summer on the j^akes," " Wom- an in the Nineteenth Century," and " Papers on Literature and Art." In 1R47 she went to Europe as the corre- epoudent of the " NcwYork Tribune," and was there married to the marquis d"Osso!i, with whom, and one beautiful and promisiiiLT child, she was returning to her native land, when the vessel was 3G wrecked just as they came in sight of the shore. At the time of her death she had partly finished a work on the " Kecent Kevolutionary Changes in Eu- rope." B. 1810; d. 1850. EULTON, KoEEKT, an American en- gineer and ))rojector, of cclebrity_, was b. ui Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Having acquired some knowledge of por- trait and landscape painting, he went to England, and studied under his distin- guished countryman, West, with whom he continued an inmate several years; and, after quitting him, he made paint- ing his chief employment for some time. He afterwards formed an acquaintance with another fellow-countryman, named Eumscy, who was well-skilled in me- chanics, and hence he ultimately adopt- ed the profession of a civil engineer. He also became acquainted with the duke of Bridgewater, so famous for his canals, and with Eurl Stanhope, a noble- man celebrated for his attachment fo the mechanic arts. In 1796 he published a treatise on "Inland Navigation;" and after making public some clever inven- tions and useful contrivances, in spin- ning, sawing, &e., Mr. Fulton went, in 1797, to Paris, where he lived seven years, and studied the higher mathemat- ics, physics, chemistry, and perspective. It was there, in 1800, that he projected the first panorama ever exhibited ; and there also that he perfected the plan for his submarine boat, or torpeclo. Ee- turuing to America in 1806, he imme- diately engaged in building a steam- boat, of what was then deemed very considerable dimensions, and which be- gan to navigate the Hudson river in 1807, its progress through the water being at the rate of five miles an hour. He had meditated on this experiment since 1793, and was the first who ap- plied water-wheels to the purpose of steam-navigation ; and though he claim- ed tlie invention, he certainly was not the real inventor — tliat credit being due to John Pitch. It is said that vexation at being denied the merit of thh discov- ery, and prevented from deriving the wiiolc benefit of it, preyed on his mind, and hastened his death. D. 1815. FUNES, Greookio, a patriot of La Plata, in South America. lie was dean of the cathedral church of Cordova, in which station he employed all his infiu- ence in support of the revolution. la 1810 he was sent as a deputy from Cor- dova to the congress of Ihunios Ayres, and on various subsequent occasions he took a prominent part in the pohtical 422 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPin', [fu: transSKCtions of his country. He was also distinguished as an liistorieal wii- ter, esiJCoTally by his " Essays de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Avres, v Tucuman." D. lS:i9. FL'EkTIEKE, Anthony, abbot of Chalivoy, was a French philologist, b. 1620. He distinguished hunself by va- rious literary productions, and was a member of the French Academy, but was expelled from it on a charge of hav- ing pillaged the unpublished lexico- graphical labors of his colleagues to enrich a dictionary of his own ; and his expulsion gave rise to a virulent paper War between him and his former as- •ociates. Besides this " Dictionary," which served as the basis of the " Dic- tionuaire de Trevonx," he published " Gospel Parables," " Five Satires," "Le Roman Bourcreoia," &c. D. 16S3. FUKIETTI, Joseph Alexander, a cardjiial, b. at Bergamo, in 16S5 ; author of a treatise on the mosaic art of paint- ing. U. 17t5f. FURNEAUX, Philip, a nonconform- ist divine, b. at Totness, Devon, in 1726. He was the author of " An Essay on Toleration." D. 1783. * FURST, Walter, was a native of Altorf, Switzerland, by whose means, aided by the heroic William Tell and Arnoli] of Melcthal, the liberty of his country was established, in 1307. FUliSTEMBERG, Ferdinand de, an eminent prelate, b. at Bilstern, in West- lialia, in 1626. He was raised to the ■sliopric of Paderborn in 1661, by Pope Alexander VII., wlio afterwards made him apostolical vicar of all the north of Europe. He collected anuniber of MSS. and other monuments of antiquity, and published them under the title of " Monutnenta Paderbornensia:" he also publi.shed a valuable collection of Latin poems. 1). ]6s.'5. FUTKADO, Auraham, a French Jew, who was one of the leading members of the Sanhedrim, convoked by Bonaparte in 1S08, at Paris. He wrote several works, and is said to have posses.sed great elocpience. B. 17-59; d. 1817. FUSKLI, Henry, was the second son of (jaspard Fuessli, and b. at Zurich, about 173',>. He was originally intended for the eliurch; but he had' employed himself, while under his father's roof, in makinir copies from the works of Michael Anire'io and Raphael, and this had inspired him with an insurmount- able desire to rlnvoli^ irnn-irlfto tlie pro- fession. While at the Humanity college, io Zurich, ho formed an intimate friend- I ship with the celebrated Lavater, and became enamored with literature. Ha studied English, read the best authors in that language, and translated the tragedy of Macbeth into German. In 1763 he went to England, and on his showing his specimens of painting to Sir Josliua Reynolds, the latter express- ed himself in terms of high commenda- tion, and advised him to go to Rome This ho did ; and after eight years spenV in studying the Italian masters, he re- turned to England. Having suggested to Alderman Boydell the idea of forming his " Shakspeare Gallery," for which he painted eight of his best pictures, that splendid design was accordingly exe- cuted. In 1790, Fuseli became a royaj academician ; and during the next nina years he painted a series of 47 pictures, afterwards exhibited as the " Milton Gallery." In 1799 he was appointed professor of painting, and, in 1804, Keeper of the Eoyal Academy. D. 1825. FUSS, NicHoL.vs vox, a distinguished mathematician and natural philosopher, b. at Basle, 1755. lie first studied under Bernouilli, then professor of mathemat- ics at the university of that place, whc procured him a situation, when he was 17, with his friend, tiie celebrated Euler, at St. Petersburg, who wished to ob- tain a young man of talent in the pros- ecution of his philosophical inquiries. Here he soon obtained distinction and preferment. In 1776 he was appointed adjunct of the Academy of Sciences for the hifrlier mathematics. In 1784, (.'ath- arine II. gave him a professorship in the corps of noble land cadets ; and in 1792 he was appointed secretary to the free economical society. In 1300 he was raised to the dignity of a counsellor of state; in 1805 he was constituted one of the council for the organization of mil- itary sciiools ; and, continuing to ad- vance the interests of science in the various honorable stations to which he was promoted, he was rewarded with the order of Vladimir and a pension. He was a regular contributor to the " Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Petersburtf" for a period of 50 years, and published various works, chiefly on mathematics and astronomy. D. 1826. FUX, John Joseph, a celebrated mu- sical composer during the reigns of the emperors Leopold I., Joseph I., and (Jharles VI., was born in Styria, about the year 106O, and held tlie office of imperial eh:i]iel-iniistcr for about 40 years. lie composed several operas, and had great inttuence ou the musical OAlJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF niOGftAPHV. 423 taste of his time. His " Musical Gradus" und boiiie ot" his sucred pieces are still lii^lily esteemed. D. 1750. FYT, JuH.N, a L)uteh painter, b. at Antwerp, in 1625. Jlis pencil was so prolific, that almost every important collection of paintinn:s has some of his productions. His subjects are chiefly game, beasts, i/irds, fruit, and flowers ; and they are remarkable for tlieir fidelity to nature in the drawing, and for theil rich and glowing colors. G. (4ABBIANT, Antony Dominio, an Italian painter; b. at Florence, 1652, and accidentally killed by falling from a scaffold, while employed in painting the large cupola of Castello, in 1726. GADBUKY, John, an astrologer, who, in the latter part of the 17th cen- tury, attracted considerable notice, lie was originally a tailor ; afterwards be- came au assistant to Lilly the fortune- teller, (the Sidrojiiicl of Butler;) and, like his master, he published astrological dmanacs and other works of a similar description. (iADD, Peter Aprian, a Swedish chemist anil naturnl philosopher; pro- fessor of cliemistry in the university of Abo, in Finland. He wrote several trea- tises on geology, etc. ; and d. about tlie end of the ISth century. GADSDEN, CnuisToPHF.n, was b. in Charleston, 1724. He was appointed one of the delegates to the congress which met at New York in October, 1765, to petition against the stamp act. He was also chosen a member of the congress whicli met in 177-1. He was aiuuiiLc the first who openly advocated republican jirinciples, and wished to make his country independent of the monarchical government of Great Brit- ain. DuHng the sicixe of Charleston, in 1780, he remained within the lines with five of the council, while Govcriidr Kut- Icdge with trie other three left the city at the earnest request of General Lincoln. In 1782, when it became necessary, by the rotation established, to choose a new governor, he was elected, but declined on account of his age. D. 1805. GAFFARELLI, Jajim, a French wri- ter, wlio applied liimself to the study of the Hebrew language and rabbinical learning, was b. at Mamies, in Provence, about 1601. He adopted the doctrines of the Cabala, in defence of which lie wrote a quarto volume in Latin. He be 'ame librarian to Cardinal Richelieu, who gave iiim several preferments. He d. at Sigonce, of which place he was then abbot, in 1671. Besides the above, he wrote a boob, entitled " Unheard-of Curiosities concerning the Talismanic Sculpture of tiie Persians, th Horo- scope of the Patriarchs, and the Leading of the Stars." GAFURIO, Franchino, an eminent Italian composer and professor of music, was b. at Lodi in 1451. GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Massachusetts appointed by the king, first came to America as a lieutenant with Braddock, and was present at the battle in which that officer received his mortal wound. He was appointed gov- ernor of Montreal in 176(i, anil in 1763 succeeded General Amherst as com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in North .America. In 1774 he succeeded Hutchinson as governor of Massachu- setts, when he soon began the course of illegal and oppressive acts that brought on the war of the revolution. In 1775 the provincial congress of Massachusetts declared him an enemy to the colony, and not long after he returned to En- gland, where he d. in 1787. GAGNIER, John, a celebrated orien- talist, was a native of Paris. He was bred a Roman Catholic, entered into holy orders, and became a canon in the church of St. Genevieve ; but turned I'rotestant and settled in England. He was patronized by Archbishop Sharp and many other eminent persons, and received the desrree of M.A. at Cam- bridge and Oxford. In 1706 he pub- lished an edition of Ben Gorion's "His- tory of the .lews," in Hebrew, with a Latin translation and notes. D, 1740. G.\IL, .John Baptist, a celebrated Hellenist, was b. at Paris, 1755, and d. in the same city, in 1828, professor of Greek literature at the college of France. He was a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles Icttres, and a knio-ht of the legion of honor. He con- tributed greatly to render the study of Greek popular in France. Among his productions are a "Greek Grammar," and translations of Xenophon, Thucyd- ides, Theocritus, Bion, Moschus, auj 424 CYCLOPJ'DIA OF BIOCKAPHV. [gal Luciim's *' Dialogues of the Dead." — Sophia, Uic wile of the foregoing, was b. about 177i', and d. at Paris in ISi'J. For tlie arts, and partifularly for music, she manifested an early taste, and she began to compose when she was not more than twelve years of age. Among her principal compositions are the operas of '• The Jealous Pair,'' ''Mademoiselle de Launay in the Bastille," and "The Serenade." GAILLARD de Loxjumeau, bishop of Apt, in Provence, was the tirst who projected a universal historical diction- ary, and employed Moreri, who was his almoner, to execute the work. D. 16'J.i. — Gabrikl Hkxuy, a French historian, b. at Ustel, near Soissous, in 1728, and d. in ISOO. He was the author of •' Ilis- toire de Charlemagne," '• Rlietorique Franqoisc," " Ilistoire de Francis 1.," and many other works of a similar char- acter. — Jon.v EuNEST, a musical com- poser of considerable merit, was b. at Zell, in 16~57, and became a pupil of Farinelli. D. 1749. GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, a cele- brated landscape painter, was b. at Sud- bury, in SutfuUv, in 1737. He was self- tauglit, and used to entertain himself by drawing landscapes from nature, in the woods of Ivis native county. From Sud- bury he went to London, and com- menced portrait painter, iu which line he acquired great eminence. His chief excellence, however, was in landscape, in wiiich he united the brilliancy of Claude with the precision and simplicity of Ruysdael. He was highly esteemetl by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who bestowed on him a higii but well-merited compli- ment in one of his academical discourses. D. 1788. GALAS, Mattiikw, one of the greatest generals of his time, was b. at Trent in 158'.t. He served iu Italy and Germany, and rendered eminent services to tUe Emperor Frederic II. and Pliilip lY. king of Spain. He was deprived of tiie commanil, after being defeated by the Swedes near Magilcburg, but was re- stored, and d. at V'ieuna in lt;47. GALATIN, Vetkr, a Franciscan monk, who flourished about 1530. lie wrote " De Arcanis Catliolicaj Verita- tis," a work of considerable reputation. GALBA, SiiKviL's SuLi'icius, emperor of Koine, wius descended from the an- cient family ofSiilpicii. He was sncces- sively praetor, proconsul of Africa, and general of the Roman armies in Ger- many and Spain. He retired to avoid the jealousy of Nero ; but the tyrant having issued an order for his death, Galba revolted against 'he emj^eror; and Gaul declaring for him,.iS^-o put a period to his own existence. Galba gave himself up to the governmtTit of tliree obscure men, whom the Romans called his schoolmasters; and he was slain by the prtetorian band, who pro- claimed Otlio in his stead, 69. ; GALE, Theophilus, an eminent non- conformist divine, was b. in 162S, at King's Tei^hton, in Devonshire, and d. in 1078. He wrote many works, tlie principal of which is his "Court of the Gentiles," 8 vols. 4to., in which he proves that the theology and philosophy of the pagans were borrowed from the Scriptures. — Thomas, a learned English divine, was b. in 1636 at Scruton, iu Yorkshire. He published a collection of the Greek mythologists, "Historise Poeticffl antiqui Scriptores Graicaa et Latinai," " Herodoti Halicarnassensis Historiarum," " IlistoriiB Britanuicije, SaxoniciB, Anglo-Danicaj," &c. D. 1702. — Roger, the eldest son of the preced- ing. He published some valuable books, the principal of which was an edition of his father's "Commentary on Anto- ninus." D. 1744. — Samuel, his brother, was also eminent for his knowledge of antiquities. D. 1754. GALEN, Christopher Bernh^vrd van, the warlike bishop of Mnnster, first en- tered the military service, which ho afterwards left for the church. In 1660 he was chosen prince-bishop of Munster, but was obliged to besiege the city on account of the opposition of the citizens ; he, however, conquered it, and built a citadel to secure his power. In 1664 he was appointed one of the leaders of the imperial army against the Turks in Hungary. He afterwards fought against the Dutch, tirst in alliance witli En- gland, and then with France, taking from them several cities and fortresses. After this he joined the Danes against the Swedes, and made new conquests; and in 1764 he Ibrmed an alliance with Spain, and again gave battle to his old enemies the Dutch. He was a man of extraordinary enterprise, one of the greatest generals of his time, and an adroit diplomatist. D. 1678, aged 73. —Claudius, one of the most celebra- ted physicians of ancient times, was b. at lergainus, in Asia, in 131. Af- ter studying philosophy and general literature, he travelled through Egypt and other countries in the East lor tlio purpose of acquiring medical and aua- tomical knowledge. On his return t« 6AL CYCLOP.KDIA OF IJIOGKAPIIY. 425 practised four years in his native city, ami then wont to Koine, but was driven I'nuii tlii-iU'e liv tlie iiitriLTiies of his jeal- ous rjvals, who attributed his success to mairic. i'rom Koine lie returned to I'er- (faiiius; 'but \Vas recalled by an especial maiuhite ol' the Emperor Marcus Aure- hus, who, on quitting Konie to make war on the Germans, confided to (Jalcn the care of the health of his son Coin- niodus. The place and time of his death are uncertain; but he is supposed to have d. at Koine, in about the 70th year of his age. A part only of his very nu- merous writings has been preserved ; but even that part forms live folio vol- umes, and all'ords undoubted proofs of liis jiractical and theoretical skill. GALEKIUS, Uaius Valkkius MAxnui- ANUs, a Koman emperor. Entering the army as a common soldier, he rose to the highest ranks by his bravery, and was adopted by Dioclesian, who gave him his daughter in marriage. lie as- cended the imperial throne in 305, and d. in 311. lie was naturally of a cruel disposition, and during his reiijn the Christians sufl'ercd great persecution. GALILEI, Galileo, an illustrious ttslronomer, mathematician, and philoso- pher, was tlie son of a Elorentine noble- man, and b. at I'isu, in 15(34. He was intended by his father for the medical profession ; but his love for mathemati- Cid studies was so decidedly evinced, and his aversion for the other so strong, that he was allowed to pursue the tbr- nier, which lie did with such unwearied ililigence, that at the age of 24 he was appointed mathematical professor at I'isa. Tiiere he was constantly engiiged in asserting tlie laws of nature against the Aristotelian jiliilosophy, which raised up such a host of enemies against him, that, in l.i'ji, he w^as obliged to resign liis professorship. lie then went to Padua, where he lectured with un- paralleled success, and students flocked to hear him from all parts of Europe. After remaining there eighteen years, Gosino III. invited him back to I'isa, and soon at"tcr called him to Florence, witli the title of principal mathematician and philosopher to the j^rund duke. Galileo had iieard of the invention of the telescope by Jansen ; and making one for hiuiself, a series of most import- ant astronomical discoveries followed, lie found that the moon, like the earth, has an uneven surface; and he tauirht his scholars to measure the height of its mountains by their shadow. A particu- lar nebula he resolved into individual Srt* stars ; but his most remarkable dis- coveries were Jupiter's satellites, Sat- urn's ring, tlie sun's sjjots, and the starry nature of the milky way. The result of his discoveries was his decided conviction of the truth of the Gopernican system ; though the blind and furious bigotry of the monks charged him with heresy for it, and he was twice perse- cuted by the Inquisition, first in. 1615, and again in 1033. On both oceasioua he was compelled to abjure the system of Copernicus ; but it is said, that in the last instance, when he had repeated the abjuration, he stamped his foot on the earth, indignantly muttering, "vet it moves !" The latter years of his life were spent at his own country-house near Florence, where he devoted him- self to the perfecting of his telescope ; and he d. at the age of 78, in 1C42, the year in which Newton was born. GALIT/IN, Demetrius Augustine, a son of I'rince Galitzin, one of the high- est of the Kussian nobility, who became a Catholic jiriest, and settled at Loretto, near Baltimore, Md., where he collected a congregation ami preached. He wrote a " Defence of Catholic Principles." D. 1819. GALL, Joiix Joseph, the celebrated phrenologist, was b. in 175S, at Teifen- brunn, W'irteinburg, He studied med- icine under Professor Sherinann, and settled in Vienna, where he attracted much attention by his " Anatomical and Physiological Inquiries respecting the Brain and Nerves," on account of the principles it contained, that certain talents and tendencies depend on the formation of certain parts of the head, — that, in fact, each faculty of tl:e mind has a separate organ iu the brL-in, and that those organs are marked externally by elevations or protuberances on tha cranium. lie afterwards travcHo.1 through tlie north of Germany, Swe- den, and Denmark, delivering lecturer and, in lSo7, established himself i Paris, thinking France the most likcl_ part in wiiich to circulate his doc trines. Prince Mctternich consnltec him as his physician, and, in ISIO, guar- anteed the expense of publishing tin work of Gall and Spurzlieim on phre- nology. Dr. Gall d. at Paris, 1S2^. Ho directed that no clergyman should at- tend his funeral, ami that his head should be dissected and placed in the museum he luul collected. GALLAXl), Antuonv, an able ori- entidist, was b. 1046, at Kollot, in I'i- cardy . He was employed to travel o • 4iiG CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [gal account of the French government ; and his zciil and industry are evinced by several treatises, whicli he published on his return, illustrative of the manners and customs of .the Mohammedan em- pire and religion, lie is now princi- pally known by his " Mille-et-uu Nuits," a curious collection of eastern romances, translated into all the languages of Eu- rope, and known to us as the " Arabian ISigiits' Entertainments." Galland was Arabic professor to the college of France, and antiquary to the king. D. 1715. GALLATIN, Albeist, a distinguished statesman, seholar, and financier, was b. at Geneva. January 29th, 17G1. He was lett an orphan in his infanej', but was sent to the university of his native place, where he graduated in 1779. In the uineteenth year of his age he came to this country, with a letter from La Kocliefoueauld to Dr. Franklin. In 178'J lie was chosen a French teacher in Har- vard university, and four years after- wards settled in Pennsylvania, when he was elected a member of the convention to revise the constitution. In 1790 he was chosen to the house of representa- tives of that state, and, in 1792, to con- Ejress. The next year he became senator of the U. S. In 1801 Jetfersou made hiin secretary of the treasury, and in this capacity his financial abilities ena- bled liim to do much towards extin- guishing the national debt. In 1813 he was one of the commissioners to Ghent, to settle the peace with Great Britain. His subsequent life was mostly passed in diplomatic services, being suceessi veh' minister to France, to the Netherlands, and to England. In 1840 he published an " Essay on tlie North-Eastern Bound- ary," ancl he wrote in his later years many historical and etlmologieal papers, and also a Tract on the Currency Ciues- tion. ]). 1849. GALLIANI, Ferdinand, an Italian abbe, celebrated for his writings, was b. at (Jhieti, in the province of Abruzzo, Naples, 1728. lie made a rapid progress in iiis studies, and was no less remarka- ble lor ])layful wit than for more solid acquirements. Having made a collection of specimens of the various volcanic pro- ductions of Vesuvius, he sent them to the pope ill a box, tiius labelled, "Bea- tissiine I'ater fac ut lapides isti panes fiant" — "Holy Father, command that these stones be made broad," which the pope virtually attended to by giving him the canonry of Amiiiti, worth 400 ducats per annum. One of his earliest produc- tions was a volume written on the death of the public executioner, in order to ridicule the academical custom of pour- ing forth lamentations in prose and verse, on the death of great personages. In 1759 he was appointed secretary to the French embassy, and soon took a lead among the wits and literati in Paris. He wrote a number of able works ; among which are a "Treatise on Mo- ney," "Annotations upon Horace," " Dialogues on tlie Corn Trade," " On the Keciprocal Duties of Neutral and Belligerent Princes," &c. He held sev- eral important offices under the Neapoli- tan government, and d. greatly esteemed, 1787. G ALLIEN US, PuBi-irs Licinius, a Eoman emperor, "vho reigned in con- junction with Valerian, his father, for seven vears, and became sole ruler in 260. GALLOIS, John, a French critic of the 17th century, celebrated for the uni- versality of his knowledge. He was one of the projectors of the " Journal des Savans," and its conductor for many years. D. 1707. GALLUS, Caius Fibics Trebonianus, emperor of Eome, was an African by birth ; but holding a command in Mcesia, under Decius, at the time that monarch was slain in a battle with the Goths, he was proclaimed emperor by the army, in 251. He proved unworthy of his station, and he fell by assassination in 253. — Cornelius, a Eoman poet, was b. 70 B. c, at Forum Julii, and was inti- mate with Virgil, whose tenth eclogue is inscribed to him. GALT, John, a voluminous author on a great variety of subjects, but chiefly known as a novelist, was b. in Ayrshire, 1779. The scene of liis novels is'in gen- eral laid in Scotland, and his intimate acquaintance with every light and shad ow of Scottish life, makes them rcall, important to all who would know Scot land — especially the Scotland of middk and lower life— aa it really is. The list of his works is formidably long: per- hnjis the best of them are, " The Entail," "The Annals of the Parish," "The Ayrshire Legatees," and "Kingan Gil- hiiize." Independent of his numerous novels, lie published tragedies, minor Eoems, voyages, and travels, and several iographies. He was, for some time, editor of the Courier newspaper, and it is asserted that ho gave u\i that ap- pointment rather than allow the inser- tion, thouirh at the request of a minister, of an article which he considered ob- jectionable. For several years previona CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIY. 427 to Ilia death ':e suffered very severely from p:ir;ilysis nf the limbs. D. 1839. GALUPl'I, Baldessajw, :i distinguish- ed composer, was b. near Venice, 1703. His operas, about 50 in number, are al- most all of tliQiBOniic kind, and had, at one time, the chief run throughout Italy. D. 1785. GALVANI, LouM, an Italian phy.si- ologist, celebrated as the discoverer of galvanism, was b. at Bologna. 1737. He titudied medicine under Galeazzi, whose daughter ho married. In 1762 he be- came lecturer on anatomy at Bologna, and obtained a considerable reputation. By experiments on frogs, ho discovered, that all animals are endued with a i)ecu- liar kind of electricity ; and he Ibllowod up tins discovery with so nnieh perse- verance and success, as to give his name to a system of physiology, which has excited universal attention. His first publication on this subject was in 1791, and entitled " Aloysii Galvnnii de Viri- bus Elcctricitatis in Motu Muscuhiri Commentarius." Upon this system the famous Volta made vast improvements. Galvani, on the death of his wife, in 1790, fell into a state of melancholy ; and d. 1708. Besides the above work, he wrote several memoirs upon profes- sional subjects. GAM A, Vasco or Vasquez de, an illustrious navigator, was b. at Sines, in Portugal, of a noble family; and to him belongs the merit of having discovered the route to the East Indies by sea. Having under his connnand four vessels, manned with 160 marines and sailors, Gama set sail, July 9th, 1497 ; in the beginning of the next year reached the eastern coast of Africa, and, hoKliug his course sti'aight towards tlie coast of Malabar, arrived in May, at Calicut, a city inhabited by Hindoos, where the ruler over the country, called the zamn- rin, or king, had his residence. He returned to Lisbon in two years and two months from the time of his setting out ; and the result of this expedition promised such great advantages, that, HI 1502, he went out with 20 ships, but he was attacked by an opposing tiect on the part of the zamorin, which he de- feated, and returned tlic followim.' year with 13 rich vessels which he had cap- tured in the Indian seas. Jolin III. of I'ortuiral appointed him viccrov of India; on wliieh he went there a tliird time, and established his government at Co- chin, where he d. "n 1525. Tlie Lusiad of Camoens is fouaded on the adven- tures of his l;ust voyage. GAMBARA, Veromca, an Italian poetess, born of a nol)le family in 1485. On tiio death of her husband, Giberto, lord of Correggio, whom slie nurvived many years, she devoted much of her time to the cultivation of literature ; and lier poems possess originality and spirit. D. 1550. GAMBART, Jean Felix Adolpa, a distinguished astronomer, b. at Cette in 1800. He was director of the observa- tory at Marseilles, and was the discov- erer of no less than thirteen comets, between the years 1822 and 1834. D. at Paris, 1S3G. GAMBIER, James, Lord, a British admiral, was b. in 1756, at the Bahama Islands, his father being at that time tiie lieutenant-governor. Ho entered the naval service at an early age, was actively engaged on various O'casions, and was rewarded by ditlereni grada- tions of rank. D. 183-3. GANDOLPIiy, Peter, a Catholic priest, greatly distimruished as a preach- er, was b. about 176i\ He was a con- troversialist, and published " A Defence of the Ancient Faith,"' in 1811 ; and "A full Exposition of the Christian Reli- gion," ni 1813; but a sermon " On the Relations between Spiritual and Tem- poral Authority" exposed him to the censure of his diocesan, in 1816. 1). 1821. G AN DON, James, an eminent En- glish areiiitect, and the first wiio re- ceived tlie architectural goKl medal of the Royal Academy. His reputation was much enhanced by his editorial labors in producing the " Vitruvius Britanni- cus ;" after which he went to Ireland, and remained there till he died, in 1824, aged 84. He designed the eustom-hou.--e, tiie four courts, and many other eleg.int structures in Dublin. GANS, Ei)WAnn, b. at Berlin, 1793, was one of the leading jurists of '.is age. For many years he was at the nead of the philosophical school of jurispru- dence in Germany. His writings were numerous and able ; amo!ig them, the " System of Roman Ijiiw" ami the " Scholia,' to Gains," and he also edited the lectures of Hegel on the "Pliiloso- phv of History," which is almost wholly his' own. D."l839. CARAMON D, Clavde, a celebrated French engraver and letter-founder, was b. at Paris towar<.ls the el«se of the l.'>th century. He brought the art of letter- founding to such perfection, that all parts of Europe were supplied witli his types. Among his works are some beautil'ul specimens of Greek, aad it 428 CYCLOP.ilDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [aAR was he who brouglit the Eoinan charac- ter to pcrtcL'tioii. D. lotil. GAKAV, John de, a brave Spanish officer, b. at Badajoz, in 1541. He came to Anierioa, as secretary to the governor of Paraguay ; where he displayed so much enterprise and talent, that lie was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general and governor of Assumption. lie found- ed Santa Fe, rebuilt and fortified Buenos Ayres, and endeavored by kindness to civilize the Indians. He was killed on the banks of the Parana, about 1502.^ Don Maktix de, a Spanish statesman, who acted a conspicuous part in the management of public atfairs from 180S till the restoration of Ferdinand VII. He was made minister of finance in 1816, dismissed in 1818, and d. in 1822. GARCIA, Manuel, a distinguished musical performer and composer, was b. at Seville, in Spain, in 1782. He showed great proficiency at an early age, and appeared as a public singer at tlie opera-houses of Madrid, Paris, Rome, Jvaples, Turin, and London. He was engaged as principal male singer at the King s theatre, London, in 1824 ; and his "aijilities attracted much attention, both as a vocalist and as an actor. His dramatic compositions are too numerous for insertion here, and many of them possess great merit. Madame Malibran de Beriot was his daughter. Garcia d. in 1832. GARCIA DE MASCAREXHAS, Blaise, a Portuguese, who figured both as a soldier and poet, was b. in 1596, at Avo. In 1614 he entered into the mili- tary service, and went to Brazil, where he "remained 26 years, and on his return to Lisbon was appointed governor of Alfayates. Having been falsely charged with treason and imprisoned, and being denied the use of pens and ink, he com- posed a letter in verse to the king, in the following ingenious manner : — he procured a printed book, cut out the words he wantcil, and pasted thetn on a blank leaf; tiiis he threw from his window to a friend, who delivered it, and it procured his liberation. D. 1656. GAKCILASO DE LA \'EQ\, called the prince of Spanish poets, was b. at Toledo, in 1503. He was early distin- guished for his wit and fancy, wrote several pathetic pastorals and sonnets, and did much towards reforming that taste for bombast, wliich, at the period in which he fioiirished, disfigured the produ'-tions of his countrymen. Gar- eiiaso followed the profession of arms, and attended Charles V. in many of his expeditions, and fell in battle, in 1536. — Another, surnamed the Inca, because, by his mother's side, he was descendeu. from the royal family of Peru, was b. at Cusco, in that country, in 1630. Philip II. dreading the infiucAe of Garcilaso among the nat. ves, summoned him to Spain, where he died. He wrote an interesting and faithful history of Peru, and also a history of Florida. GARDEN, Alexander, an eminent botanist and zoologist, was b. in Scot- land, in 1780, and educated at the uni- versity of EiitiDurgh. He came to America, and settled as a physician at Charleston, South Carolina, where he engaged in botanical researches, and was very successful in the discovery and verification of new species among the animal and vegetable tribes of North America. He opened a correspondence with Linnaeus, which was attended with many reciprocal advantages. After a residence of 20 years in America, he re- turned to Ensrland, where he d. in 1791. GARDINER, Stephen, a celebrated prelate and statesman, was b. at Bury St. Edmund'Sj in Suffolk, in 1483. He was the illegitimate son of Dr. Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and brother of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. Gardiner drew up articles accusing Henry VIII. 's last queen, Catharine Parr, of heresy; but the queen avoided the storm, and he fell into disgrace. At the accession of Edward VI. he opposed the reformation, and was committed first to the Fleet, and afterwards to the Tower, where he was a prisoner during the re- mainder of the reign. He was also deprived of liis bishopric ; but on the accession of Mary he was restored to his see, and appointed chancellor of England. His conduct towards the Protestants was cruel and sanguinary. lie d. in 1555. He was a learned man, but artful, dissembling, ambitious, and proud. — WiLLLiM, an Irish engraver, of talents rarely excelled, b. in 1700; who, after a life ot" great vicissitude and dis- tress, during which ho had been alter- nately jockey, bookseller, painter, priest, and actor, wrote a paper on the miseries of life, and destroyed himself in 1814. — John, was b. in Boston, Mass., about 1731 ; was sent to England to complete his education ; studied law at the Inner Temple ; and was admitted to practise in the courts at Westminster hall. He was an intimate associate at this time witli Churchill, the poet, and John Wilkes, the reformer, in whose cause, at the time politics ran high, he appeared uakJ CYCl.Ul'.KUlA JK BlDiiRAPHy, 429 Rs junior counsel, and iittr:ifted tlie no- tif'C of Lord M:in:pened in 1793. G.VKNERIN, James Andrew, a cel- ebrated French aeronaut, to whom be- longs the merit of first making the daring experiment of descending in a parachute. His first attempt was made at St. Petersburg, in 1800 ; and he suc- cessfully repeated it in Euij-land on the 21st of Sejit., 1S02. 1). at Paris, 1823. GARNLT, Thomas, an English phy- sician, was b. in 176<;, at Casterton, in Westmoreland. "On the foundation of the royal institution in 1800, he was chosen professor of chemistry. Dr. Garnet was the author of " An Analysis of the Mineral Waters at Harrowgate," a "Tour through Scotland," "Outlines of Chemistry," several papers and essays on medical and physical subjects ; and " Zoonomia," wl-.ich was published after his death. J). 1803. (lARNIER, Germain, Count, a French statesman, was b. in 1721, at Au.xerre. He became prefect of the department of Seine and Oise, and president of the senate ; and was known as the trans- lator of Adam Smith's "Wealth of ><'a- tions,"' and other P^nglish works on polit- ical economy. D. 1821. — Jean Jaccjces, historiographer of France, was b. in 1729, at Goron-sur-Mainc, and at the breakins out of the revolution was jiro- fessor of Hebrew in the university of Paris. He w.i.s the author of "The Man of Letters," a treatise on " The Origin of the Govcrimient of France," a "Continuation of Velley's History of France," a treatise on " Civil E(.luca tion," &c. Duiing the reign of terror he fled from the French capital to Bou- jival, where he d. in 1790. GAROFALO, Benvenuto, an artist _ of Ferrara, b. in 1481. During his stay ' in Rome lie formed an intimacy with Ra])hael, and frci[uently assisted him. His works unite the grace and clearness of Raphael wilii the rich coloring of the Lombard scliool, and his Madonnas and angels are full of beauty and expression. D.'ir).59. GARRICK, David, the most cele- brated actor that ever appeared on the English stage, was descended from a French family, who, being Protestants, fled to England on the revocation of tlie edict of Xantes. His father, Peter Gar- rick, was a captain in the army, and generally resided at Lichfield ; but being on a recruiting party at Hereford, David was b. there in 1716. He received his education partly at the grammar schoo at Lichfickl, and partly under Dr. John- son, with whom he first came to London, in i73G, and prepared himself for the study of tiie law. The death of his father, however, disturbed this arrange- ment ; and having been left £1000 by his uncle, he went into partnership with his brother in the wine trade. A love for the stage had long been deeply rootc. in his mind, and, abandoning the wir.e trade, he resolved on being an actor. His first attempt was at Ipswich, in 1741, under the assumed name of Lyddal ; and the applause he met with induced him to make his appearance at the thea- tre, Goodman's Fields, in the character of Richard HL The effect of this was immediate and decisive. The other theatres were quickly deserted, and Goodman's Fields became the resort of people of fashion, till that theatre wf.s shut up. Garriek then formed an en- gagement with Fleetwood, the patentee of Drury-lanc, where liis reception was equally flattering. In the summer of 1743 he visited Dublin; and in 1747 he became joint-patentee of Drury-lano theatre. In 1749 he married Mademoi- selle Violette, a sketch of whose life forms the subject of our next article. The remainder of his career was a Ions and uninterrupted series of success ana prosperity until its close, which took place in 1776, when he determined upon a retreat, and sold his moiety of the con- cern for £37,000. D. 1779.— Eva Makia 430 CYl LOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY [gas wife of the preceding, was b. at Vienna, 17'J."). Iler maiden name was Viegcl, which she changed to that of Violette, by connnand of the empress-queen, ^laria Tiiercsa, whoso notice she had attracted as an opera dancer. In 1744 the arrived in Enghmd. A mutual at- tachment luuing been formed between her and Garrick, their nuptials were cel- ebrated June 2-.^, 17-4y, and the earl of Burlington gave the bride a marriage portion of iitJOOO. From this circum- Btance a notion prevailed that she was the earl's natural daughter ; such, how- ever, was not the fact. D. 182'2. GAltTH, Sir Samuel, an eminent physician, and a poet of no mean rank, was a native of Yorkshire, and educated at Peter-house, Cambridge, where, in 1691, he took his degree. He was ad- mitted a fellow of the college of physi- cians in the following year, and soon attained the first rank in his profession. His taste for general literature, his com- panionable talents, and his attachment to the principles of the house of Hanover, acquired him patrons of rank and influ- ence ; and on the accession of George I. he received the honor of knighthood, and was appointed physician-in-ordi- nary to the king, and physician-general to the army. His principal poem is ♦♦The Di.spcnsary," which contains much lively and polished satire. D. 1718. — Thomas, an English general, and colonel of the 1st regiment of dragoons. From the year 1762 to that of 1S14, when he attained the rank of general, this officer was employed in active service. It had long been whispered that he was the husband of one of the royal princesses of England, tliough the circumstance was never made public during his life. D. 1829, aged 85. GAKZI, Louis, a painter, was b. at Kome, 1640. lie was a disciple of An- drea Sacchij and considered by many as equal, if not superior, to Carlo Maratti. D. 1721. GASCOIGNE, George, a poet of the Elizabethan age, was the son of Sir John Gascoigne, of Walthamstow, Essex, and is said to liave been disinherited by his father. He studied at Cambridge, from whence he removed to Gray's Inn, which he soon left for a military life in Holland, where the prince of Orange gave hira a captain's commission; i:»at having a quarrel with his colonel, he resigned it soon afterwards. On his return to En- gland he became an attendant at court, and accompanied the queen in some of hor progresses, during which he wrote masques for her entertainment. Besides his original and translated dramas, he wrote ''The Steel Glass," a satire, and other poems. Till of late, when it be- came the fashion to search after the relics of old English literature, the works of Gascoigne were quite neglected, but his poems will repay perusal. _ D. 1317. — Sir William, an eminent judge in the reigns of Henry IV. and V. He was b. at "Gawthorp, in Yorkshire, 1350; be- came scrgeant-at-law in 1398; andou tlie accession of Henry IV. was appoint- ed one of the justices of the common pleas, and afterwards made chief justice of the King's Bench. In this high office he distinguished himself on many occa- sions, particulariy for refusing to pass sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a traitor, by the king's commandment, as being contrary to law_; and still more remarkable by committing the prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V., to prison, for striking him M'hen on the bencli. Like manv other prominent events in English history, this has furnished Shakspeare with materials for a most ertcctive scene. J). 1413.— William, an ingenious natural philosopher of the 17th century, was b. 1621, and is con- sidered as the inventor of the microm- eter, though the merit of that invention was claimed long after his time by M. Azout. Gascoigne was killed while tighting in the royalist army at Marston- moor, July 2, 1644. GASPARINI, Francesco, one of the ablest musical composers of the 17th century, was a native of Lucca, and b. in 1650. His works a»e not numerous, but possess much merit. D. 1724. GASSENDI, Peter, a celebrated French philosopher and mathematician, was b. 1592, at Chantersier, in Provence. Before he was 2<> years of age he became professor of philosophy at Aix ; but he soon resigned the chair, and gave him- self up wholly to his scientific pursuits. In 1645 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the college-royaj of I'aris, and his lectures were exceedingly popular. In fact, he was distinguisjied as an astronomer, naturalist, thcoloirian, and matlieinatician. Gassendi combated the metaphysics of Descartes, and di- vided witli that great man the philoso- phers of his timb, almost all of whom were Cartesians or Gassendians. Gib- bon calls him tlie most philosophic among the learned, and the most learned among the philosophic of his age. He d. 1655, leaving nine vohunea of hia philosophical works. CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 431 GASSICOUKT, Chakles Louis Cadet DK, a modern French philosopher and advocate, was tiie son of an apothecary at Paris, and tirst attracted notiee by a patnphlet, published in ITi'T, on the Tiieoiy ot" Llectioiis ; wliich he followed up by a variety of essays ou political sulijects. In I8113 ajipeared his new '' JJictionary of Ciicmistry," afterwards introduced in the I'olytechnic school. Ho followed the French army into Aus- tria in ISO'J, and wrote n history of the campaijjn. The modern plan for the ortranization of the French board of health owes its origin to him, and he had not only the satisfaction of seeing it eagerly adopted, but that of obtaining the appointment of reporting secretary, whieu situation he held till his death, in ie-23. GASTON, WiLUAM, h. at Newbern, N. C, 1778, was descended from a Hu- guenot family, and liis father distin- guished liimself in the revolutionary war. He was graduated at Princeton college in 17y(), and began the practice of law in 179S. Before he was 22 he was chosen a senator of his native state, and in 1813 a representative in congress, ■wliere he remained till 1817. He greatly distinguished liimself by his advocating the war with Great Britain. His useful- ness subsequently was confined to the legislature and convention of North Carolina. I). 1S44. GATAKEK, Thomas, an English di- vine, was b. l.')74, in London. In 1619 he published a curious treatise on the " Nature and Use of Lots," which occa- sioned considerable controversy. He was also the author of " Opera Critica," and other eminent works, chiefly of bib- lical criticism. I). 16.">4. GATES, Horatio, an American officer, who greatly distinguished himself in the war of independence, was b. in Enirland, 1723. After serving in tlic army, and obtaining considerable promotion, lie purchased an estate in Virginia, and re- sided on it until the commencement of the revolutionary war in 1775, when congress appointed him adjutant-gen- eral; and (luring the struggle which followed, he rendered many brilliant services to his adopted country. t>n the 8th of October, 1777, he totally de- feated General Burgoyne, who, on the 10th, was compelled to surrender his whole army, wliich was considered the most important achievement of the whole war, and had the greatest effect in obtaining the result that followed. Ke was, however, unfortunate after he he had obtained the chief command of the southern districts, being sitrnally de- feated at Camden, by Lord Cornwallis. D. 1806, aged 77. GATTP>REK, John Chri.stopher, a learned German historian ; author of a " History of the World to the time of Cyrus," " An Essay towards a General Universal History," &c. His treatises display a spirit of deep research and sound criticism. I). 1799. G AUBIL, Antiionv, a learned French missionary in China, was b. at Caillac, ia 1708, and d. at Pekin in 1759, where he was interpreter to the court. He wrote the history of Genghis Khan, and aa '• Historical and Critical Treatise on Chinese Astronomy." GAUBIUS, Jesome David, a cele- brated physician, was b. at Heidelberg, in 1705. His treatise on the "Method of Prescribing, or of Writing Eeceipts," contains the best rules on that important sul)ject. But his greatest work is liis '' Principles of Nosologv." D. 17S0. GAUDENTIO, an historical painter of Milan, was b. about 1460. He painted in fresco and oil a number of pictures for the churches in his native citv. GAULTIEK, Louis, a French abb^, whose life was spent in rendering edu- cation a scientific amusement rather than a task, was b. about the vear 1745. D. 1818. GAUTHEY, Emiliax Marie, an emi- nent civil engineer, was b. at Chalons- snr-Saone, in France, in 1702. He filled several important posts ; and under his direction many public works of magni- tude were undertaken and completed. He conceived the idea of forming a canal from Chalons to Dijon, which is termed the "canal du centre," and is 23 leagues in extent. This was completed in 1791. He also executed the junction canals of the Saone, Yonne, and Doubs ; and built several bridges and quays. lie wrote several professional treatises, the principal one of which is entitled "Traite complet sur la Construction des Fonts et des Caiiaux navigables." D. 1806. GAVARD, HYAcrs-THE, one of the most able aniitomists of the ISth centu- ry, was b. at Montmelian, in 1750, and was a pupil of Desault. He published treatises on osteology, myology, and splanchnology, the latter of which es- pecially has been highly praised. D. 1802. GAY, .John, an eminent English poet, was b. at Barnstaple, Devon, in 1688, was apprenticed to a sillc-niercer ill Lon- 43-2 CTCI.OP.tDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ged don ; but. showinsf a marked aversion to trade, liis indentures were cancelled by mutual a^^reenient, and ho devoted himself to literature. In 1711 he pub- lished his " Rural Sports," which he dedicated to Pope, then a younof poet like himselt'; a compliment that intro- duced them to each other, and proved the foundation of a friendship which lasted for life. The year following he was appointed secretary to the duchess of Monmouth. About this time came out his burlesque poem, entitled "Trivia, or the Art of Walkint; tlie Streets of London ;" which was succeeded, in 171-4, by the " Shepherd's Week, a series of Pastorals,"' in ridicule of Phillips. The same year he went to Hanover with the earl of Clarendon, as secretary to the embassy; but though he had great ex- pectations from the court, they were never realized. In 1720 he published his poems, in 2 vols. 4to., by subscrip- tion ; which produced him a consider- able sum, but he lost it all in the South Sea scheme. After producing many in- genious and agreeable works, some instances of court favor encouraged him to employ himself in his well-known " Fables," written professedly for the instruction of the duke of Cumberland, and published with a dedication to that prince in 172(5 ; but though they were popular, they failed to serve him at court. He thereupon wrote "The Beggar's Opera," which was first acted in 1727, and ran for C5 successive nights ; but it so oifended the persons in power, that the lord chamberlain refused to license for performance a second part of it, en- titled " Polly." This resentment in- duced his friends to come forward on its publication with so handsome a sub- scription, that his profits amounted to £1200. The cause of Gay was taken up by the duke and duchess of Queensber- ry, who gave him a residence in their house, wliere he d. Dec. 11, 1782. He was buried in Westminster abbey, and a monument was erected to his memor}'. GAY-LUSSAC, Nicolas Fkancois, whose important discoveries in numer- ous brancnes of physics and chemistry have placed him in the foremost ranks of science, was b. at St. Leonard, in France, 17H.S. At an early age he dis- tinguished himself by his aerial voyages for the observation of atmospheric phe- nomena at great heights ; and the nu- merous experiments lie made in con- junction with Humboldt, Kenard, and Berthollet, on an infiuite variety of sub- jects connected with the general laws that regulate the composition c f bodies, have proved of eminent practical utility. He closed a long life of almost unparal- leled scientific industry. May 9, 1850. GAYOT DE PITAVAL, Francis, a French writer, was b. at Lyons, in 1673. He was at first an ecclesiastic ; next he entered into the army ; and, at the age of 50, he became an advocate. He com- piled the "Causes Celebres." D. 1743. GAZA, Theodore, one of the chief revivers of Greek literature in the 15th centurv, was b. at Thessalonica, in 1398. D. 1478. GEBER, an Arabian philosopher of the Stii century, whose skill in astrono- my and alchemical researches obtained for him in that dark age the character of a magician. He is said to have been a Greek by birtli, and to have aposta- tized from Christianity to Mahometan- ism. His works, under the title of " Lapis Philosophoriim," prove that his knowledge of chemistry was by no means so limited as that of many who wrote subsequently to his time. GEBHARDI, Louis Albert, a volu- minous historical writer ; author of the histories of Denmark and Norway, the Wendes and Sclavonians, Courland, Hungary, the sovereign houses of Ger- many, and various portions of the " Uni- versal History," published at Halle. He was librarian at Hanover, where he d. in 1802. GED, William, the inventor of the art of stereotyping, which he practised in 1725, was a goldsmith of Edinburgh. In 1729 he entered into partnership with Fenner, a stationer of London, but no advantage to him resulted from the con- nection, and he returned to Scotland. D. 1749. GEDDES, Alexander, a Roman Cath- olic priest, b. in Ruthven, Banffshire, 1737. In 1779 the university of Aber- deen granted him the degree of LL.D., being the first Catholic since the refor- mation to whom it had been given. About this time he removed to London, and began to devote himself to a trans- lation of the Bible into English. In 1786 he published his prospectus of that work. The first volume of it appeared in 1792, comprising the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua; and in 1797 ap- peared the second volume ; after which lie published " Critical Remarks," in vindication of his work, and an " Apol- o9. He published, in 1;J76, a dis- course to prove the practicability of a northwest passage to China; and in 1578 lie himself sailed on a voyage of discoverv to the coast of America. In a second voyage, in 158^, he took pos- session of Newfoundland ; but his ship foundered on her return to England, and all on board perished. — William, a phy- sician, and experimental philosoj)her, who discovered several of the properties of the loadstone, was b. at Colchester, in 1540 ; elected a fellow of the college of physicians, and became physician to Queen Elizabeth. He was a strenuous advocate for the inductive mode of phil- osophical matters, and was the first who asserted the theory of a great central magnet in the earth, afterwards apjilied by Dr. Halley to the explanation of the variation and dipping of the needle in the mariner's compass. D. 1603. GILDAS, surnained the Wise, a Brit- ish ecclesiastic and historian of the 6th century, was the son of Caw, a British prince, who emigrated to North Wales, in order to avoid submission 'o the An- glo-Saxons. He appears to have been a monk ; and, after residing in one of the small isles called the Holmes, in the Bristol Channel, retired to the abbey of Glastonbury, where he died. A book, ascribed to Gildas, has been repeatedly published, entitled " Epistola de Excidio Britannica;, ct Castigatio Ordinis Eccle- siastici;" but it exhibits so frightful a picture of the depravity of manners, which pervaded all classes of Britons, that its authenticity has been questioned by some critics, who presume it must have been the work of a foe rather than of a friend to their race. D. 570. GILES, William Branxii, b. in Ame- lia county, Va., 17G2, was governor of Virginia, and for many years a member of congress from that state, both in the senate, and house of representatives. He was governor of Virginia from 182G to 1829. He published a speech on the embargo laws, 1808 ; political letters to the people of Virginia, 1813; a series of letters, signed a Constituent, in the " Kichmond Enquirer" of Jan., 1818, against the plan tor a general education ; in April, 1824, and a singular letter of invective against President Monroe and i[r. Clay for their '-hobbies," the South America cause, the Greek cause, intoraal improvements, and the tariff. In Nov., 1825, he addressed a letter to Judge Marshall, disclaiming the expressions, not the general sentiments, iu regard to 442 CYCLOP.EDI.V OF HIOGlCAPlir. [gio "Washington, ascribed to liim in the life of Washiiigiou. lie lias also appeared before the public as the correspoudeut of John Qniney Adams. D. 18 JO. GILL, Alexander, a famous behool- master, was b. in Lincolnshire, in 1564. In 160S he became master of St. Paul's school, where he brought up many emi- nent persons, and among the rest John Milton. Dr. Gill wrote a "Treatise concerning the Trinity in Unity," " Logonomia Anglica," "Sacred Thi- losophy of the Holy Scripture," &c. — Alexander, his son, who succeeded liim in the head-mastership of St. Paul's school, had also the honor of having ^lilton for his scholar while he was at Trinity college, Oxford, and it appears that the pupil had a great esteem for Ills preceptor in after life. D. 1642. — John, a divine of the Baptist persuasion, was b. at Kettering, in Northampton- shire, 1G'j7. His education was limited, owing to the contracted circumstances of his parents, but, by application, he became a good classical and oriental scholar. lie commenced as a preacher at Iligham Ferrers, from whence he removed to a congregation at llorsley- down, Southwark. lie wrote an " Ex- position of the Song of Solomon," and '■The Cause of God and Truth." But his great work was an " Exposition of the Bible-." GILLIES, John, was b. at Brechin, Forfarshire, 1747. He was appointed liistoriograi)her lor Scotland ou tlie death of l)r. Eobinson, and he con- tinued his literary labors to a late period of his life. His chief works arc, '• A History of Ancient Greece," " The Keign of Frederic 11.," " History of the World, from Alexander to Augustus," translations from Aristotle, Isocrates, &c. D. 1836, aged 90. GILl'IN, Bernard, one of the En- glish Protestant reformers, was b. at Kcntmire, in Westmoreland, in 1517. By reading the works of Erasmus, he Becrutly embraced the principles of the reformation. In 1556 he was presented by Ilia uncle to the arehdeauery of Dur- ham, and the rectory of Easington, where he labored with zeal ; and, in his capacity of archdeai'on, made strict vis- itations, being a great enemy to non- residence and pluralities. He was next presented to tlie rectory of Houghton- le-Spring, where his labors in i>romoting the Protestant faitii were so remarkable, that Bishop Bonner threatened to bring liim to the stake in a fortniglit, and sent a messenger into the north for that pur- pose. In tlie reign of Elizabeth he was oll'cred the bisinjprio of C.irlisle, and tlie. provostship of Queen's college; but re fused botli, eouteuting himself with Houghton, where he d., deeply lamented by his parishioners, in 15sS. — Willl^.m, a divine of the church of Eiigland, and an elegant writer, was b. in 17:i4, at Carlisle. He published the " Lite of Bernard Gilpin," his ancestor, above- mentioned; the "Lives of Latimer, Wicklilf, Huss, and Archbishop Cran- mer," an "Exposition of the New Tes- tament," " Observations relative to Pic- turesque Beauty," a " Tour to the Lakes," "Eemarks ou Forest Scenery," " Sermons to a Country Congregation," "Moral Contrasts," &c. i). IbuJ. — Sawrev, brother of the preceding, was b. at Carlisle in 1733. He was placed with a ship-painter, and his first works which attracted notice were some mar- ket groups, which he sketched from his window. But it was principally as an animal painter that he acquired his rep- utation, though his historical subjects were above mediocrity. D. 1807. GIL POLO, Caspar, a Spanish poet and advocate, was b. at Valencia in 1516, and d. there in 1572. He is the author of "Diana Enamorada," so highly ex- tolled by Cervantes, as combining ele- gance, sweetness, and purity. GILRAY, J.vMEs, a celebrated carica- turist, unrivalled in his art for the rich broad humor and keen satire of his ready pencil. D. 1815. GIL V'ICENTE, a Portuguese dram- atist of the 16th century, who wrote nearly fifty plays, and e.^Lcellcd all the dramatic writers of that period in ele- gance of style and fertility of invention. He was b. at Barcellos, in 1485, and d. at Evora, in 1557. GINGUENE, Peter Louis, a French writer, b. in 1748, at liennes, in Britany, was descended from au ancient but im- poverished family, and obtained a small government ollice. At the revolution, in which he took an active part, he as- sociated himself with the more moderate writers upon the allairs of the times, and narrowly escaped the scottbld during the reign of the Jacobins. The directory ajjpointed him ambassador at TtU'in, and Bonaparte gave him a seat in the senate. Upon being removed from this he ap- plied himself wholly to literature. Tue work to which he is cliielly inrury-lane, but, though supported by Garrick, Mossop, Mrs. Cibber, &c., it was performed only 9 nights; Ins "Me- dea," some years after, met with greater attention. At the accession of George in. he was chosen M.l'. for Weymouth, :ind was esteemed by the mercantile in- terest as an active and able supporter. D. 17S,). — J AXE, a distinguished actress, was b. at Newry, in Ireland, in 17si. I'ndcr the auspices of her lather, ilr. Betterton, slic commenced her theatri- cal career at the a^e of six ; and after a highly successful appearance in the juovinees, she was engaged by Mr. Har- ris, of Covent-ffarden, where she made her debut, as Elvina, in Hannah More's "Percy," in 17'j7. D. 1S50. GLL'CK, CiiRisToriiER. one of the most eminent musical composers of modern times, was b. in Bavaria, in 1714, de- voted himself to the study of music, and became a skilful performer on several instruments. He went to London 'm. 1745, and composed for the Italian opera. He then went to the Continent ; and Vienna, Naples, Eome, Milan, and Ven- ice were in turn the theatres of his glory. His " Alceste," and " Orpheus," produced at Vienna, between the years 1762 and 1769, liad an overwhelming ef- fect by their boldness and originality, and served, toffether with some later ones, to establish the fame of tlieir author. In 1774, Gluek went to Paris ; and the celebrated Piccini arriving there shortly after, the French capital was di- vided upon the merits of the two com- posers. Such a scene, indeed, of musi- cal rivalry had never before been known. He now brought out his long-promised opera of " Iphigenia in Anlis." It was received with enthusiastic applause, and represented 170 times in the course of two seasons. In 1787 he returned to Germany, with a large fortune, and d. at Vienna in the same year. GMELIN, John George, a botanist and physician, was b. at Tubingen, in 1709. He went to Petersburg, where he became member of the academy, and professor of chemistry and natural his- toiy. In 1773 he was sent with a com- pany employed to explore the bounda- ries of Siberia. He published " Flora Siberica" and " Travels through Sibe- ria." D. 1755. — Samuel Theophilus, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Tu- bingen, in 1743; went to Petersburg, and obtained a professorship. He spent some years in travelling through Tartary, where he d. in prison, into which lie had been thro\{'n by one of the chiefs, in 1774. He wrote his " Travels through Eussia," and a "Journey from Astracan to Czaricvn." — .John Frederic, a phy- sician ancl chemist, was b. at Tubingen, in 1748. He became prolessor of chem- istry and natural history at Gottin^en ; and published several works on chem- istry, mineralogy, and natural history. One of the most celebrated is his edition of the "Systema Naturae" of Linnaeus. He was also the author of " A History of Chemistry ;" and the world is in- debted to him for tlie discovery of sev- eral excellent dyes, extracted from min- eral and vegetable substances. D. 1805, GOAD, Jonx, an eminent schoolmas- ter, was b. in London, 1615. His works arc, " Genealogicon Latinum," " Astro- Mcteoroloirical Apliorisms and Dis- courses of the Bodies Celestial, their Natures, Intluenccs," ito. The subject of this is a kind of astrology founded on reason and exper;.:rient, and gained him great reputation. GOBliO, I'kter Paul Cortoxtse, a celebrated painter of fruit and land- scapes, b. at Cortona, in 15S0. He 44G • vci-ci'-Ein A Of luo.'.JRAPiir. L^ copied uaturc with the greatest accuracy, aud by his skill iti the chiiiro-oscuro he gave an exact aud expressive rouudiie»» to his fruits, »fcc., but he chietiy excelled in coloring'. D. 1640. GOBKlIN, Giles, n French dyer of the 17th eenturv, who resided at Paris, and is said to luive invented or greatly improved the process of dyeing scarlet. In IG60, a royal establishment for the manufactory of fine tapestry was founded on the spot where his premises stood, whence the work produced there was termed the Gobelin tapestry. GODDARD, Jonathan, an able chem- ist and physician, b. at Greenwich, about the year 1617. He was educated at Oxford, graduated at Cambridge, and on the brealiing out of the civil war was attached to the parliament. lie attended Cromwell in his expeditions to Scotland and Ireland, as physician to the forces ; was appointed warden of Merton college, and in the parliament of 1653, sat as sole representative for Oxford. 1). 1674. GODFREY of Bouillon, chief of the first crusade, and king of Jerusalem, •was the son of Eustace II., count of Boulogne and Lens. He served witli great gallantry in the armies of the Em- peror Henry IV^., who conferred upon him the title of duke of Lorraine ; and when the first crusade was set on foot, the fame of his exploits caused his elec- tion as one of the principal commanders. In 1096, accompanied by his brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, he commenced his march, and on arriving at Philop- polis, in Thrace, he compelled the Em- peror Alexis Comnenus to allow him a free passage to the East. Several dif- ficulties occurred : but at length the Turks were vanquished, and the object of his ambition was effected. Jerusalem wa-s carried by storm, after a siege of five weeks, (July 15, 1099;) and, in eii,'ht days after, Godfrey was proclaimed king, Vjy the unanimous voice of the crusading army; but the piety and hu- mility of the conqueror would not suffer him to wear a crown in the holy city, and he declined the regal title, content- ing himself with that of Delender and Guardian of the Holy Sepulchre. The sultan of E>ry[>t, at tlie head of 400,000 men, now attempted to dispossess liim of iiis newly-acquired territory, but Godfrey gave him battle in tlie plain of Asc:'lon, and lu0,O00men were left dead on the field. 1). in llOu. — Ok Vitkhdo, an historian who lived in tlie 12th cen- tury, was chaplain and secretary to Conrad III., aud the emperorij Frederic and Henry VI. He labored 40 years in compiling a chronicle from the creation of the world to the year 1186. It is written in a mixture of prose and verse ; and was first printed at Basle in 1559. GODMAN, John D., an eminent anatomist and naturalist. After obtain- ing his medical degree, he entered with energy upon the active duties of his profession. He went to Baltimore, and afterwards removed to Philadelphia. Being invited to the professorship of anatomy in the college of Ohio, he spent a year at the West, and then returned to Philadelphia, where he willingly retired from the field of practice, and devoted himself to scientific pursuits. Deter- mined to be a thorough teacher of anatomy, he opened a room for private demonstrations, and in the first winter had a class of seventy students. After prosecuting his anatomical labors four or five years, he was chosen professor of anatomy in Rutorer's medical college in New York. With a broken constitu- tion he was compelled, before the com- pletion of his second course of lectures to retire from the school, and to seek a milder climate. After passing the winter in Santa Cruz, he settled in Germantown, near Philadelphia. He wrote the articles on natural history for the " American Encyclopaedia" to the end of the letter C, besides numerous papers in the periodical journals of the day. He published the " Western Quar- terly Reporter of Medical Science," Cin- cinnati, 1822; " Account of Irregularities of Structure and Morbid Anatomy ;" " Contributions to Physiological and Patholo<=rical Anatomy ;" " Bell's Anato- my" with notes ; " Anatomical Investi- gations, comprising descriptions of various FasciiB of the Body," 1824 ; " American Natural History," with en- gravings ; addresses on various publio occasions, 1829; and "Rambles of a Naturalist." D. 1830. GODOLPHIN, Sidney, a poet, was b. in Cornwall, in 1610; educated at Exeter colleire, Oxford ; and having joined the king's army, he fell in an enG:agement at Chagford, Devon, in 1643. Besides several poems, he trans- lated that part of Virgil which recites the loves of^ Dido and yEneas. GODWIN, earl of Kent, a powerful Anglo-Saxon lord. In 1017 he accom- panied Canute in an expedition against Sweden, where ho behaved with such valor as to receive the daughter of that monarch in tnarriatrc, and large grants of land. On the death of Canute, the god] CYCLOl'.'nDlA OF BIOGRAPHV. 447 enrl sided with Ilardicannle against Harold, bat afterwards lie espoused Ibe cause of tlie hitter. lie was charged with murdering Alfred, one of the sons of Ethelred II., from which he vindi- cated himself by oath. On the deatli of Ilardieanute he joined Edward, who married his danuhter, hut afterwards he rebelled against Edward, and beinG: unsuccessful, fled to Flanders. Having gathered fresh forces, he sailed up the Thames, and appeared before London, which threw the country into such con- fusion, that the king was obliged to negotiate peace with (Jodwin, who was restored to his estates. D. lO'v'?. — Francis, was b. at Ilavington, in Nor- thamptonshire, in 1501. InlGol he was promoted to the see of Llandatf, and was translated to that of Hereford in 1617. He d. in 16;'>3. He was the author of "Kcrum Auirlicaruni Hon. VIII." &c. ; and a curious book entitled " The JLin in the Moon, or a Discourse of a Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonzales." — Thomas, a distinsuished scholar, who in the 17th century was the master of the foundation school at At)ingdon, Berks. He was the author of a useful work, entitled " Romanje Historic An- thologia," a " Synopsis of Hebrew Antiquities," and a treatise on Jewish rites and ceremonies. D. 1643. — Wil- liam, the well-known author of " Polit- ical Justice," "Caleb Williams," &c., was the son of a dissenting minister, and b. at Wisbeach, in 1756. He was designed for the same calling as his father; but, while studying at the Dissenters' college, Hoxton, his reli- gious opinions had undergone repeated cliangcs, and thouijrh he commenced as a preacher, he ultimately abandoned the pulpit in 1783, and went to London as a literary adventurer. His first iniblica- tion was a series of six sermons, called "Sketches of History;" and he soon after had the good fortune to obtain employment as a principal conductor of the " Annual Eciristcr," from wiiich he derived a small but certain income. Associating with the democrats of the day, and expressing opinions in unison with theirs, he soon enlisted under their banners. But it was the stormy ele- ments of the French revolution which Called forth his extraordinary powers of mind, and gave birth to that bold and astounding masterpiece of republican- ism, his "Political Justice." In 179-I- he ■published his celebrated novel of " Caleb Williams," a work which pro- duced nearly as great a sensation as the former, its object being to decry the existing constitution of sociciv, while it portrayed, witli appalling lorce, the effects of crime. After the trial of his friends. Hardy, Thelwall, and Home Tooke, he published a pamphlet, con- taining strictures on Judge Eyre's charge to tlie jury, the circuhition of which government tried in vain to pre- vent. Mr. Godwin did not appearagain as an autiiortill 1797, when he puljlished a series of essays, under the title of "The Enouirer." In the following vear he produced the " Memoirs of Mary Wolstoncroft," authoress of a " Vindi- cation of the Rights of Woman," whose congenial mind in politics and morals, p*id whose noble spirit he ardently admired. He had lived with her some time before their marriage ; and in her "Memoirs" he says, "tlie principal motive for complying with the ceremony, was the circumstance of Mary's being in a state of pregnancy." She, however, died a few months after, in giving birth to a daughter. In 1799 he produced another work, entitled " St. Leon," a romance. In 1801 he again married, and shortly after opened a bookseller's shop in skinner-street, where ushered forth a variety of juvenile publications, many of which were his own composi- tion. Though engaged in trade, ho continued to wield the pen of an expe- rienced author. He wrote the novels of " Fleetwood," and " Mandeville ;" a " History of the Life and Age of Geof- frey Chaucer," a "History of the Commonwealth of England," two un- successful tragedies, an " Exposition of Mr. Malthus's Theory of Population," " Cloudesley," a novel; "Thoughts on Man; his Nature, Productions, and Discoveries;" "Tlie Lives of the Nec- romancers," &o. As a novelist, God- win is decidedly original, combining great depth of thought with singular independence and energy of style. During the administration of Earl Grey, he was appointed to the sinecure office of yeoinan-usher of the exchequer, by wliich his latter days were rendered comfortable. D. Aiiril, 1836. — Tiiewit'e of the preceding, tnough better known as Mary Wolstoncuoft, was b. 1759. The povertv of her parents could only afford her tlie commonest mode of edu- cation. Reading and reflection, with extraordinary talents, her bioirrapher tells us, su]iplicd all deficiencies ; so that, at the death of her mother, she opened a school with her sisters at Islington, from whence they removed to us CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gof Newington Green. Shortly after, Mary quitted lier sisters to attend upou a sick lady wlio iiad been lier benefactress, and wlio died at Lisbon. Upou her return she, ciii,Mi;-ed liersclf as governess to Lord KintTsborougli's cliildren. In 17^'J slic tixed her residence in London, and began lier literary pursuits with " Thoughts on the Education of Daugh- ters." In 17y7 she was married to AVilliani Godwin, and died a few months afterwtirds. — William, son of the author of '"Caleb Williams," and the brother of Mrs. Shelley, was a contributor to some of the best periodicals of the day, and a parliamentary reporter. Ills essays showed that he was an attentive observer of n>en and manners, and were written with considerable tact and vivacity. D. 18:j'2. i;oiiTHE, John Wolfgang von, the greatest modern poet of Germany, and the patriarch of German literature, was b. at Frankfort-on-tlie-Maine, August 2S, 1749. His father was doctor of law and imperial counsellor; and being in good circumstances, possessing a taste for the tine arts, and having made a tolerable collection of pictures and other objects of virtii, young Goethe had an early opportunity of indulging his fancy and inijiroving his mind. Drawing, music, natural science, the elements of jurisprudence, and the languages occu- pied liis early years; and when he was 15, he was sent to the university at Leipsic, but did not follow any regular course of studies. In 1708 he quitted Leipsic, and subsequently went to the university of Strasbiirg, to qualify him- self for the law; but he paid more at- tention to chemistry and anatomy than to his nominal pursuit. In 1771 he took the degree of doctor of jurisprudence, and then went to Wetzlar, where he found, in his own love lor a betrothed lady, and in the suicide of a young man jianied Jerusalem, the subjects for his " Werther," winch appeared in 1774, and at once excited the attention of his countrymen, while it produced an in- stantaneous ettect on his country's liter- ature. Having, in 178l', entered tlie service of the duke of Saxe-Weinwr, whom he had met in travelling, he was made president of tlic council chamber, ennobled, and loaded with honors. A splendid galaxy of talent assembled at AVeimar, and united itself to Goethe. The direction of tiie theatre was eon- fi led to him, and he there brought out Bome of the noble dramatic che/s-d^xavre of Schiller, with an effect worthy of them. There, too, his own dramatic works first appeared, viz., " Goetz von Berlichingen," "Faust," " Iphigenia in Taiiris," "Tasso," "Clavigo," "Stella," and " Count Egmont." In 1786 he made a journey to Italy, where he remained two years, visited Sicily, and remained a long time in Rome. In 1792 he fol- lowed his prince during the campaign in Champagne. He was afterwards created minister ; received, in 1807, the order of Alexander-Newsky from Alex- ander of Russia, and the grand cross of the legion of honor from Napoleon. D. at Weimar, March 22, 1832, aged 80. Goethe was an intellectual giant ; and his profound knowledge ofTifcandof individual character places his vi'orks among the first ever produced. His greatest production, "Faust," has been repeatedly translated into English, His beautiful songs and shorter poems, elo gies, distichs, &c., possess a perennial beauty, Goethe's writings are by far too voluminous to be here enumerated; but we must mention " William Meis- ter's Apprenticeship," an ethie fiction ; " Herman and Dorothea," and the " Elective Atiinities," &e. GOETZE, Jon.v Augustus Ephraiji, a German naturalist, was b. at Ascher- leben in 1731 ; and d. in 17113. He made many microscopic discoveries, and wrote several books on natural history ; among which are "Entomological Memoirs," " A History of Intestine Vermes," and a " European Fauiui." He was pastor of the church at Quedlinburgh. GOFFE, William, one of the judges of King Charles I., and a major-general under "Cromwell, left London before Charles II. was proclaimed, and .arrived at Boston in July, 16G0. Governor En- dicott gave him a friendly reception. But when the act of indemnity arrived in November, and his name was not found among those to whom pardon was ottered, the government of Massa- chusetts was alarmed. Perceiving his danger, he with Whalley left Cam- bridge, where they had resided, and went to New Haven. They were here concealed by Deputy-governor Leet and Mr. Davenport. From New Haven they went to West Rock, a mountain 300 feet in height, at the distance of two or three miles from the town, where they were hid in a cave. They after- wards lived in concealment at Milford, Derby, and Branfonl, ami in October, l(j'>4, removed to Hadley, in Massachu- setts, and were concealed for 15 or 16 years in the house of Mr. Kussell, the ool] CVCLOP.EDI.V OF lilOUU AI'UV. 449 minister. On the first of September, 1675, the town of ITadley was alarmed by the Indians in tlie time of public worship, and the people were thrown into the utmost eonfusioii. But sud- deidy an aijed venerable man in an un- common dress appeared in the midst of them, revived then* eouraire, and j)Utlin<; himself at their head, led them to the attack, and repulsed tlie enemy. The deliverer of lludley immediately disap- peared, and the inhabitants, overwhelm- ed with astonishment, supposed that an anscl had been sent for their protection. D.^about 1079. GOGUET, Anthonv Yves, a Parisian advocate, and a writer on jurisprudence. His principal work, exhibitinij much industry and learning, appeared in 1758, (the year in which he died,) and is en- titled " Orisrine des Loix, de3 Sciences, et dcs Arts, et de leurs Progres chez les Anciens Pcnplcs." GOICOECIIEA, Joseph Anthony de LiEUDOY, professor of philosophy and thcolosry at Guatimala, in South Amer- ica, and founder of the Economical So- ciety there, was a Franciscan friar, but at the same time a public spirited mem- ber of the stale. lie published a niunbcr of memoirs on botany, aitriculture, &c., and imported into his own country many invaluable inventions and discov- eries. 1). ISl-i. GOLDING, Arthvk, an English wri- ter, of the Elizabethan era, patronized by Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and other cotemporary literati, was the translator of Ovid's '" Metamorphoses" into En- glish verse, and of Caisar's "Commen- taries" into prose. He was likewise the author of an account of the earthquake of 15S<\ and of several devotional and other treatises. GOLDONI, Charles, a celebrated Italian dramatist, was b. at Venice, in 1707 : and so early did his taste for the drama appear, that l>efore he was 8 years old he had sketched the plan of a comedy. His father, wlio was a physi- cian, havinii settled at Pcrusria, intended that his son should follow the medical profession ; but Goldoni, dissatisfied with this pursuit, obtained permission to study law in \'enice. After commit- tintr many youthful follies, lie brousjht a few pieces upon the stage, which pro- cured but little profit, and not much praise ; and lie continued to live in a continual scene of dissipation and in- triune until he married the dauirhtcr of a notary in Genoa, and removed to Venice. Here he first began to cultivate as* that department of dramatic poetry in which he was to excel, namely, descrip- tion of character and manners, in whicli he took Molicre, whom he began to study about this time, lor his model. Ilaviuii- taken the direction of the thea- tre at Kimini, he set about the reforma- tion of the Italian staire, and in 1761 to undertake a similar office at I'aris. On the conclusion of his engagement, he was appointed Italian master to the princesses, with apartments in Ver- sailles, and a pension. For 80 years ho resided in the French capit;d ; but tlio revolution luiving deprived him of his chief resources, he sank into a profound melancholy, and d. 1792, aged 85. /GOLDSMITH, Oliver, (a celebrated (^poet, historian, and essayist, was b. in 1731, at Pallas, in the county of Long- ford, Ireland. He was the sou of a clergyman, and was educated at the universities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and Leyden, with a view to the medical pro- fession. But his eccentricities and care- less conduct were the prolific source of difficulty to himself and friends ; and when he abruptly quitted Leyden he liad but one sliirt and no money, though he intended to make the tour of Europe on foot, and actually travelled through Flanders, part of France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, often subsisting on the bounty of the peasants, and re- turning the oliligation of a night's lodir- iiig, or a meal, by liis skill on the Ger- man flute, wliieli he fortunately carried with him as his stock in trade. In 1753 lie arrived in England ; and, by the as- sistance and recommendation of Dr. Sleigh, his countryman and fellovv-col- Icgian, obtained a situation as usher in a school at Pcelvham ; where, however, he did not remain long, but settled in London, and subsisted by writing for periodical publications. One of his first performances was an " Inquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe ;'' but he emerged from obscurity, in I7i)5. by the publication of his poem, entitled '•The Traveller, or a Prospect of So- ciety," of which Dr. Johnson said, " that there had not been so fine a poem since Pope's time." The year following appeared his well-known novel of the '' Vicar of Wakefield." His circum- stances were now respectable, and he took chambers in the Temple ; but the liberality of his temper involved him in frequent dilKculties. In 17li8 lie broujjht out his comedy of the '' Good- Natured Man" at Co'vent-garden, but its reception was not equal to its merita. A'A) CVCLOP.KDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [gor In 1770 he published "The Deserted ^"illacrc," a poein, which, in point of description and pathos, is ybove fill praise ; yet such was his modest opin- ion of it's merits, that lie could hardly be induced to take the protlered recom- pense of £100 from his bookseller. In 1772 he produced his comedy of "She Stoops to Conquer.'' which was hitchly successful and profitable. Besides tfiese performances, he produced a number of others ; as a " History of Enorland, in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to his Son," "A History of Enorland," "A Koman and a Grecian History," " A History of the Earth and Animated Na- ture," " Chinese Letters," Wash- ington appointed him first United States attorney for the district of Massachu- setts ; and in 1796 ho was selected by the president as the colleague of the celebrated William Pinkney, to settle the American claims upon England for spoliations. In this situation he evinced his wonted energy and talent, and re- covered property to a very great amount for his fellow-citizens. In 1S03 he was let\ in London as charr/i- d'ajfinivft, when Kufus King, the American minister, re- turned to America. In l^Oit he was chosen governor of JIassachusetts. hut retained his dignity only for one year. In 1814 he was called to the senate of the I'nion, and served in this capacity for three years, when he retired from public aiFairs, and d. in 1827. aired 68. He was a good scholar, and had an ex- cellent knowledge of the world, whicb 452 CVCLOl'.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHV. [goct qualities -were set off to the best advau- i tage by liis fine person and graceful manners. GORGIAS, Leontincs, a celebrated orator of the school of Empedocles, was ft native of Lcontium in Sicily, and flourished in tlie 5th century b. o. A statue of gold was erected to Ins honor at Delphi ; and Plato has criven his name to one of his dialogues, lie lived to the age of lO.i. GORHAM, Nathaniel, president of congress, was b. in Charlestown, Mas- sachusetts, in 1733, and d. June 11th, 17y6, aged SS. He was often a member of the legislature, and in 17S4 was elect- ed to congress. As a member of the convention he assisted in forming the constitution of the United States. — J ohn, a physician of Boston, graduated at Har- vard college, ISOl, and finished his pro- fessional education at Edinburgh. In 1809 he was appointed adjunct protessor of chemistry and materia medica at Cambridge;' and in 1816 professor of chemistry and mineralogy. He d. 1829, aged 40. He publishect an "Inaugural Address," 1817; "Elements of Chem- ical Science," 1819. GOSXOLD, Bartholomew, an in- trepid mariner of tlie west of England, sailed from Falmouth for the coast of America, March L'6, 1602. Instead of ap- proaching this country by the way ofthe West Indies, he was the first English- man who directly crossed the ocean. He discovered laud May 4th, and a cape on the loth, near which he caught a great number of cod, from which cir- cumstance he named the land Cape Cod. The Indians which he met at different places wore ornaments of copper, and used the pipe and tobacco, lie passed Sandy Point, and in a few days came to an island, which he named Martha's Vineyard, as there were many vines upon it. This is supposed to have been, not the island which now bears that name, but tlie small island which is called No Man's Land. He resided three weeks on the most western of the Eliz- abeth islands, on which he built a fort and storeliouse. But finding that he had not a supply of provisions, he gave up tlie design of making a settlement. The cellar of liis Rtorehouse was discov- ered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his return to England he embarked in an expedition to Virginia, where he was a member of the council. But he d. soon after his arrival, 1007. G0SS?2LIN, Pascal Fkaxcls Joseph, an eminent French geographer, b. at Lille, in the Netherlands, in 1751. He was engaged in a tour through Europe for several years, and made many valu- able researches concerning ancient geog- raphy. In 1789 he was admitted a mem- ber of the national assembly, and, in 1791, nominated a member of the cen- tral administration of commerce. Ho was subsequently employed in the war department, became a member of the legion of honor ; and was ultiuii rely made keeper of the king's library and cabinet of medals, &c., at Paris. His works relate to ancient geography, and possess inucli merit. D. 1830. GOTIIOFRED, Denis, an eminent French lawyer, b. of an illustrious family at Paris, in 1549. France being involved in confusion by the leaguers, lie accept- ed of a professor's chair at Geneva, until he was employed by Henry IV. ; but being afterwards deprived of Ids office, as a Huguenot, he retired to Heidelberg, and d. u\ 1622. He wrote many books, the chief of which is the " Corpus Juris Civilis." — Theodore, son of the prece- ding, was b. at Geneva, in 1580. As soon as he had finished his studies he went to Paris, where he conformed to the Catholic religion, and applied with indefatigable industry to the study of history. In 1632 Loiiis XIII. made him one of his historiographers, with a sti- pend of 3000 livres ; and, in 1636, he was sent to Cologne, and subsequently to Munster, to assist at the treaty of peace negotiating there. He d. in 1649. His principal work is an "Account of the Ceremonial of the Kings of France." — Denis, son of Theodore, was b. at Paris, in 1615. "Ho studied history, after his fiither's example ; became as eminent in that department of knowledge, and ob- tained the reversion of his father's place of historiographer royal, from Louis XIII., when he was but 25 years of age. He finished the "Memoirs of Philip de Commines," began by liis father ; and was preparing a history of Charles VIII., when he d., in lOSl. GOTTSCIIED, John CrinisTOPHEB, a German writer, wash, at Konigsberg, in 1700; and is considered to have con- tributed much towards the reformation of German literature. He was succes- sively ]-)rofessor of the belles lettrea, philosophy, metaphysics, and noetry, in the university of Leipsic ; and a. in 1766. He was assisted in his dramatic writings by his wife, who was a woman of splen- did talents. GOUJON, Jean, a French sculptor and architect in the 16th century, -who, qea] CYCLOP.-ElJlA OF lilOGRAl'IIV. 453 being a Prolcstanv, fell in the massacre of St. Bartiioloinew, 1572. He designed the fine faijade of llio old Louvre, and other works, which procured him the title of the French riiidiiis. GOULU, Jame.s, an eminent American jurist. lie was a native of Branford, Conn. ; andfrraduatcd at Yale college in 1791. In early life lie became distin- guished as a lawyer ; and was raised to the otlice of judge of the supreme court of hi.s native state. From this otKce, however, ho was disfilaced in 1S18, Vjy the adoption of a new constitution. For many years lie was associated with Judge Tappan Kcevc, as professor of the law school at Litchfield, and after the death of .Judge Keeve he continued to conduct the school till within a few years of his death, when the state of his health required him to relinquish it. In his manners he was an accomplished gen- tleman ; in his family one of the most amiable and affectionate of men ; and in the social circle one of the most refined and agreeable companions. His mind was richly stored with the treasures, not of his profession only, but of iincient and modern classics, and also of the ele- gant literature of the day. D. 1858. GOUVION ST. CYR, General Lxv- EEXT, marquis de, an eminent French commander, commenced his military career during the revolution. In the campaign on the Rhine, in 1705, he re- peatedly distinguished himself; and in the following year he attracted the par- ticular attention of Moreau, who hesi- tated not to attribute to his skill and bravery much of the success which at- tended the French arms. He was after- wards intrusted with some diplomatic missions ; and when these were per- formed, he returned to the camp, and in 1800 commanded the centre of the army of the Rhine. In 1804 he was made colonel-general of the cuirassiers, and grand otlicer of the legion of honor. He continued to pursue a successful career durins: the following campaigns in Italy and Germany ; and when the FrencK first invaded Spain he was cmploved in Catalonia, where he also displayed con- siderable ability. In the disastrous campai. 1G.58. GK^FE, or GK.EVIUS, John G., a learned classical scholar, b. at Naum- burg, Saxony, in li532. His avidity for study in liis early years was astonishing. He succeeded Gronovius in the profess- orship of history at Deventer. and re- moved from thence to Utreclit, where be d. in 1703. He published editions of several of the classics ; but his greatest worlcs are his " Thesaurus Antiquitatum Komanorum," and " Thesaurus Anti- quitatum et Historiarum Italiie." GK/EME, John, a Scotch poet, wash, at Carnwarth, in Lanarkshire, in 17-i9. lie was the son of a poor lavmer, but discovered a superior genius, obtained a liberal education, first at Edinburgh, and next at St. Andrews. He was pre- paring for the ministry, when he d. in 1772, leaving behind him a volume of elegiac and miscellaneous poetry, which was afterwards puVilished. GUAFFIGNY, Frances d'Tssemboitrg d'Hai'poxcourt de, was b. at Nancy in 1094. She was the wife of Grafflgny, chamberlain to the duke of Lorraine, from whom she was legally separated on account of his brutal conduct. Her best literary productions are a sentimen- tal work, entitled " Lettres d'unc I'eru- vienne," and the drama of "Ccnie." 1). at I'aris, 1758. GKAFTON^ AuousTns Henry Frrz- RuY, duke of. was b. in 1730; succeeded his granclfalner in the fatnily honors in 17")7 ; and in 1700 was appointed secretary of state ; but the year following lie relin- quished that station, and soon after be- came first lord of the treasury, which he held till 1770. During his administra- tion, he was virulently attacked by Ju- nius, who seems to have been actuated quite as much by personal enmity as by political hostility. In 1771 the duke was nominated lord privy seal, which office he resigned in 177.'), and acted in opposition to the court till 1782, when he was again in plac« for a short time. After this, he I was uniformly an opponent of ministers, till his death. He was the author of a volume of theological essays, &c. D. 1811. — EiciiARD, an English historian, who carried on an extensive business in London, as a printer, in the 16th cen- tury, lie greatly assisted in the compi- lation of "Hall's Chronicle," and aiso produced another, entitled "A Chroni- cle at large of the Aflfayres of England from the Creation of the Worlde untc Queene Elizabeth." Grafton's Chroni- cle was republished in 1809. GEAGGINI, Anthony Francis, an Italian poet of the 10th century. He was the originator of the Delia Crusca academy ; and the author of poems and tales, the latter rivalling, in purity of style, those of Boccaccio. B. at Flor- ence, 1503 ; d. 1583. GEAIIAM, George, an ingenions watchmaker, and a most accurate mech- anician, was b. at Kirklington, Cumber- land, 1675. He invented various as- tronomical instruments, by which the progress of science was considerably furthered. The great mural arch in the observatory of Greenwich was made for Dr. Halley, under his inspection, and divided by his own hand, lie invented the sector with which Dr. Bradley dis- covered two new motions in the fixed stars. He furnished the members of the French Academy, who were sent to the north to measure a degree of the meridian, with the instruments for thab purpose ; and he composed the whole planetary system, within the compass of a small cabinet, from which model all succeeding orreries have been formed. D. 1751. — Sir John, the faithful com- panion and fellow-patriot of Sir William Wallace. He fell at the battle of Fal- kirk, July 22, 1298.— John, of Clavcr- house. Viscount Dundee, "a soldier of distinguished courage and professional skill, but rapacious and protane, of vio- lent temper, and of obdurate heart," whose name, " wherever the Scottish race is settled on the face of the globe, is mentioned with a peculiar energy of liatred," was b. in 1650. His career in arms commenced as a soldier of fortune in France; he subsequently entered tlie Dutch service; and on his return to Scotland in 1G77, he was nominated to the command of a regiment of horse that had been raised against the Cove- nanters. His subsequent career we will not dwell upon. Among many cruel instruments of a tyrannous sovereign, he made himself conspicuous by hia barbarity, and has obtained an unenvia- gra] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 455 blc notoriety in liistory, romance, and local tradition. The services wiiidi he rendered to his soverci[ounlains," (which have been often reprinted.) " Memoirs of an American Lady," " Essays on the Su- perstitions of the Highlanders of Scot- land," ''Popular Models of Impressive "Warnincrs from the Sons and Daughters of Industry," &c. Nearly the last -30 vears of her life were spent in Edin- burgh, where she formed the centre of a highly accomplished circle, numbering amonsr' her friends Sir Walter Scott, Lord Jeffrey, Henry Mackenzie, and all the Scotch "notables" of the day; and where the Christian resignation which she displayed amid many calamitous events, and her amia!)le character, no less than her literary celebrity, procured lier general esteem and rei^ard. I). 183S. Her " Memoirs and Oirrespondenee" have since been publislied. — Francis, Lord Cullen, an eminent Scotch judge, was b. about 1660. He studied at Ley- den under Voet, and on his return homo was admitted an advocate. He distin- guished himself by his publications in favor of the revolution, for which he was rewarded, first by a baronetcy, and soon after by being appointed one of the judges, or senators in the college of justice, when he took the title of Lord Cullen. He continued to discharge the duties of his office for 20 years, with the highest reputation ; and d. in 1726. — James, a Scotch barrister, and at the time of his death the father of the Scot- tish bar. He was early distinguished for his liberal political principles, and could number among his friends Henry Erskinc, Sir James Mackintosh, and many others, eminent for their attain- ments and the lead they took in the polities of the day. He was the author of " Essays on the Origin of Society," "Thouixhts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael," &e. D. 1835.— Sir Wil- liam, master of the rolls ; an excellent equity judge, the promptitude and wis- dom of whose decisions were appreciated no less by the public than by the pro- fession, of which he was a distinguished member. B. at Elchies, in Scotland, 1754:; d. 1832. GRANVILLE, Sir Eichard, was a native of Cornwall, b. in 1540, and en- tered early into the military service, as a volunteer against the Turks. He after- wards joined Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to America; and, in 1591, became vice-admiral under Sir Thomas Howard, who was sent out to the Azores to intercept the Plate fleet. The Span- iards, however, being apprised of the design, dispatched a powerful squadron, which succeeded in cutting off Gran- ville's ship from the rest ; and in a des- perate contest with them he was mor- tally wounded. — Sir Bevil, grandson of the preceding, was b. in 1596. At the commencement of the civil war, he raised a troop of horse at his own expense, and was killed at the battle of Lansdowne, in 1643. — Geokoe, Lord Lansdowne, a nobleman of very considerable talents, grandson to Sir Bevil. B. in 1667. _ Ho had a strong inclination for a military life ; but this was chocked by his friends, and he employed himself, during the various political changes that occurred, in cultivating liis taste for literature. In 1696, his comedy, called "The Gallants," was performed' at the theatre royal in Lincoln's Inn Fields, as was liis tragedy of" Heroic Love," in 1698. On the ac- cession of Queen Anne, he made his first appearance at court ; took his seat in the nouse of commons as member for gra] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 457 Fowey ; became successively secretary of \v;ir, comptroller of the household, treasurer, and one of the privy council. On the queen's death lie not only lost his post, but beinf,' suspected of disaf- '.^ction to the Hanoverian succession, was arrested and sent to the Tower, whore ho roinaincd upwunls of a twelve- month, lie then retired to the Conti- nent for ten years ; and on liis return passed his life as a country fjentleman, ainusinij himself with the republication of his poems, and in writini; a vindica- tion of his uncle. Sir Richard, airainst the charges of Clarendon and Burnet. D. 17;i--|. ' GRATIAN, a Eoman emperor, was the sou of Valentinian I. by liis wife Severa, and b. in 359. Ilis father took hin» as his associate in the empire when he was only 8 years old. In his 17th year he succeeded to the throne, on the death of liis father. Gratian defeated the Goths, and exerted himself with enersry and success in defending the empire, but was put to death in a revolt, in Gaul, a. i>. 353.— -V Benedietine in the 1-ith century, was a native of Chiusi. in Tuscany. He cmjjloyed twenty-four years in compiling an abridgment of the "canon law, commonly called " Gratian's Decretal." GKATIUS, F.\Liscu3, a Latin poet, supposed to be cotemporary with Ovid. He wrote a poem, entitled "Cynogeti- con," or the "Art of Hunting with Doss." GEATTAN, Henry, an eminent Irish orator and statesman, was b. about the year 1750, at Difblin, of which city his 'father was recorder. He finished his education at Trinity college, whence he removed to England, and became a stu- dent in the Middle Temple. lie was called to the Irish bar in 1772, and brouirht into the parliament of Ireland in 1775, where ho immediately became distinguished tor his patriotic speeches, and tliat vigorous opposition to the stat- ute 6th Geo. I., which roused the whole island, and produced its repeal, in 1782. For his share in this transaction, Mr. Grattan received addresses from all parts of the country, and was rewarded with the sum of .£."io,000, voted to him by the parliament of Ireland. In I7i10 he was returned for the city of Dublin, princi- pally for the purpose of opposing the unio^ ; but when that measure was carried, he did not refuse a seat in the united house of commons. The latter years of his parliamentary attendance were chiefly devoted to a warm and 39 energetic support of Catholic emancipa- tion ; and it may be truly said, that he d. in the service of this cause. D. 1820. GKAUNT, Edward, a scholar of the 16th century. He was appointed master of Westminster school in 1572 ; resigned the mastership in 15U1 ; and d. rector of Toppcrsfield, in Essex, 16oI. He was the author of " Graecte Lingua; Spicile- giiim," &c. GRAVES, Richard, a clergyman of the ciiurch of England, but better known as a novelist and poet than as a divine, was b. at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1715. In 1750 he was jiresented to the rectory of Claverton, near Hath ; and in that pleasant sequestered village he resided till the time of his death, in 1804. Among his various works are, " The Testoon, or a Collection of Epi- crrams," " I^ucubrations in Prose and Rhyme," " The Spiritual Quixote," a novel ridiculing the extravagances of Methodism, as they appeared among the immediate followers of Whitefickl and Wesley, and combining much shrewd- ness, wit, and humor. GRAVESANDE, William James, an eminent Dutch geometrician and philos- opher, was b. at Boi.s-le-Duc, in 1688. lie was bred a civilian, and practised some time at the bar with rei>utation ; but, about 1715, he became professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Leyden, where he taught the Newtoaiaa system. D. 1742. GRAVINA, John Vincent, a cele- brated jurist and literary character, was b. in Calabria, in 1664, became professor of civil and canon law at Rome, was one of the founders of the Arcadian academy, and the early protector of Metastasio, and d. in 1718. His works are numer- ous, and the principal one, "Origines Juris Civilis," is said to be replete with, learning. GRAY, Stephen, a gentleman belong- ing to the Charter House, who, early in the ISth century, distinguished himself as an experimental philosopher. He discovered the method of communica- ting electricity to bodies not naturally possessing it, by contact or contigiiity with electrics ; and he projected a kind of luminous orrery, or electrical planet- arium, thus leading the way to future discoveries and improvements. — Tiio.M- .vi, a celebrated Eneerage, and in the following year made secretary of state for foreign affairs. On the dissolution of the ministry, his lord- ship principally confined his senatorial exertions to the cause of Catholic eman- cipation, for which he was always a steady and consistent advocate. He was distinguished for his general literary at- taiinnents, as well as for his political knowledge ; and he held the office of chancellor of the imiversity of Oxford ; to which, on his death, in 1834, the duke of Wellington was elected. GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, a patriotic merchant and citizen of London, the son of Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant and lord mayor of London, was b. 1519. llis father liad been the king's agent at Antwerp, and the person wlio suceeed- eil him having mismanaged the roy.d att'uirs there. Sir Thomas was sent over, in 1552, to retrieve them. This lie did ctiectU'illy. Elizabeth, on her accession, removed him from his otMce, but soon restored it, and knighted him. lie planned and erected a burse or ex- change for the merchants of London, in imitation of that at Antwerp; and, in 1570 it was opened by the queen in per- son, who dined with the foimder, and named it the Royal Exchange. Having built a mansion in Bishopsgate-street, tor his town residence, he directed by his will that it should be converted into habitations and lecture-rooms for seven professors or lecturers on the seven liberal sciences, wlio were to receive a sahiry out cf the revenues of the Royal Exchange ; but Gresham college has since been converted into the general excise office, and the lectures are now given in a room over the exchange. D. 157y. GRESSET, Jean* Baptlste Loris, a French poet and dramatist, b. in 1709 ; entered the society of Jesuits, but with- drew from them at the age of 26. For a long time he excited the admiration of Parisian circles, wrote some elegant po- ems, became a member of the Aeadem.y, and was the companion of the wits and 39* literati of the French capital; but at length he renounced his favorite pur- suits, and retired from the gay world to enjoy the tranquillity of retirement. D. 1777. His literary fame rests principally on his " Ver Vert," his "Chartreuse," and " Le Mechant." GRETREY, Andre Erneste Mod- ESTE, an eminent musical composer, was b. in 1744, at Liege. He first studied under Morcau, then went to Rome, and finally settled at Paris, in 17fi'^. He produced upwards of 40 or)eras, of which about 20 retain possession of the stage, and two of them, "Zemire et Azor" and "Richard Cceur de I^ion," have been translated, and played in. London with success. D. 1S13. GREVILLE, FuLKE, Lord Brooke, a patron of letters, and an ingenious wri- ter, was b. 1554, and descended from the noble families of Neville, Beau- champ, and Willoughby de Brooke. He was in great favor with Elizabeth, and was created Lord Brooke by James I., who gave him Warwick castle. In 1G14 he was made iinder-treasurer, chancellor of the exchequer, and one of the pri\'y council. He founded a history lecture at Cambridge. He was stabbed by a servant named Haywood, whom he had reprimanded for an insolent expression, after which the assassin committed siri- eide with the same weapon. This was in 1628. After his death appeared sev- eral of his poetical works, and the life of his friend Sir Philip Sidney, written bv him. 'GREY, Charles, Earl, a British states- man, distinguished for his senatorial abilities generally, but more especially for his long and inflexible advocacy of parliamentary reform, was b. at Fallo- den, near Alnwick, 1764. He was al- most constantly occupied in the discus- sion of the most important questions that engaged the attention of parlia- ment. At the onset of his career, his oratorical powers were displayed as one of the managers of the impeachment of Warren Hastings ; and from that time he always held a conspicuous station among the Whigs. When, in January, 1S06, ilr. Pitt was removed from the helm of state by death, Mr. Grey took otfice, under Jlr. Fox, as first lord of the admiralty ; and in the followin2r October was secretary of foreign atfaii-s. The Whig ministry was soon after dismiss- ed, parliament was dissolved, and, on the death of Lord Grey's father, in 1807, he removed to the upper house. B. 1845. — Lady Jane, an illustrious female, 462 CYCLOP.EUIA OF BlUUKAPHY. [gbi •whose accomplishinents and misfortunes have rendered her an especisil object of interest, was the dauirbter of 'Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset, by the Lady Frances, daii'_'htcr of Charles Brandon, Juke of Sutfolk, and Mary, younger sister of Henry Vlll. She was b. in 1537, at Bradgate, her father's seat in Leicestershire ; and early in life gave proofs of talents of a superior order, biie wrote an incomparable hand, played well on different instruments, and ac- quired a knowledge of the Greek, He- brew, and Latin, as well as of the French and Iraliau languages. Ko^e" Ascham has given a bcautifuJ and atlectiiig .narrative of his interview with her at Bradirate, where he found her reading Plato's " Phffido," in Greek, while the family were amusing themselves in the park. In lool her father was created duke of Sutfolk ; and at this time Lady Jane Grey was much at court, where the ambitious duke of Northumberland pro- jected a marriage between her and his son. Lord Guildford Dudley, which took place at the end of May, 1553. Soon after this Edward VL died, having been prevailed upon, in his last illness, to settle the crown upon the Lady Jane, who reluctantly accepted the crown, and was proclaimed with great pomp. This gleam of royalty, however, was of short duration, tor the pageant reign lasted but nine days. The kingdom was dis- satisfied, and the nobility indignant at the presumption of Northumberland ; so tiuit Mary soon overcame lier ene- mies, and was not backward in taking ample revenge. The duke of Northum- berland was beheaded; and La- 'jV Jane and her husband were arraigned, con- victed of treason, and sent to the Tow- er. After being confined some time, the council resolved to put these innocent victims of a parent's unprincipled am- bition to death. Lord Guildford suffered first ; and as he passed her window, his lady gave him her last adieu. Immedi- ately afterwarils she was executed on the same scaffold ; suffering with calm resignation, and a firm attachment to the Protestant reli'^ion, Feb. 12, 1554. GRIDLKY, JERf;xii.\n, an eminent lawyer of .NL-issachusetts, was b. about the year 17o5, and was graduated at H:irvard college in 1725. He was a war.Ti advocate for the colonial rights, but, tiotwitlistimding, was appointed at- torney-general of the province, and in that capacity defended the obnoxious writs of iussistance. He was a man of an ardent and generous character, and possessed extensive legal information. D. 1767. GKIESBACH, John- James, an emi- nent German theologian, b. 1745, at Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse Darm- stadt. He studied successively at Frank- fort, Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic' be- came rector of the university of Jena, and ecclesiastical privy councillor to the duke of Saxc- Weimar ; and d. in 1812. His works, which are too numer- ous to particularize here, possess great erudition ; but the most valuable is an edition of tlie Greek Testament, with various readings. GKIFFIER, John, known by the ap- pellation of Old Grither, an eminent painter, was b. at Amsterdam in 1658, and d. at London, in 1718. He suc- ceeded chiefly in landscapes, and paint- .ed several views on the Thames. He also etched prints of birds and beasts. — • His son KoBERT, called the Younger Gritfier, w:v3 b. in England, and was a good landscape painter, though not equal to his father. GRIFFIN, Edward Dour, an eminent divine, b. at East Haddam, Ct., 1770. He was a pastor tirst at New Hartford, Ct., and then at Newark, N. J., and in 1809 was appointed professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover theological school. He was next a preacher at Boston, and in 1821 was chosen president of Wil- liams college. He was one of the most eloquent preachers of his dav. D. 1837. GRIFFITH, Elizabeth, a native of Wales, who jointly with her husband wrote two novels, entitled " Delicate Distress," " The Gordian Knot," and "The Letters of Henry and Frances." She also produced several works of her sole composition, among which are " Lady Juliana Harley," " The Morality of Shakspeare's Drama illustrated," and some plavs. D. 1703. GRLMALDl. Tlie Grimaldi family have ever been of great importance in Genoa, and many of its members are conspicuous in the history of that re- public. — Rameri, was the tirst Genoese who conducted the naval forces of the republic beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. In the service of Philip the Fair of France, Grimaldi Bailed to Zealand, in 1304, with 16 Genoese galleys and 20 French ships under his command ; and defeated and made prisoner the Count Guy of Flanders, who commanded the enemy's, fleet of 80 sail. — Antonio, waa also a distinguished naval commander. His victories over the Catalonians and Aragonese, who had committed ag- GRiJ CYCLOP.KDIA OF UUXiKAl'U V. 463 gressions on the Genoese, for a lonj^ time gave the latter a decided maritime ascendency; but at lenirtli, in 13.');5, tlic Cataloniaiis, assisted by tlie Venetians, under the command of Nicholas I'isani, f^avc him battle, and nearly de«troyed his whole fleet. — Giovanni, Is celebrated for the victory he gained over the Vene- tian admiral Trevesani, on the Po, in 1131 ; when, in sight of (_'annatrnoIa''s army, he succeeded in taking -iS galleys, and a great number of transports, with immense spoils. — Domenico, cardinal, archbishop, and vice-legate of Avignon, was eminent both as a naval command- er and as a zealous extirpator of heresy from the Catholic ehureh. At the bat- tle of Lepunto, in 1571, though a bishop at the time, he is said to have ilistin- guisheil himself by his skill and cour- age. — Gekonimo, b. 1597, was sent by Urban VIII. as nuncio to Germany and France ; and the services he rendered the Eoman court were rewarded, in 1643, by a cardinal's hat. lie was bish- op of Aix, and endeavored to reform the manners of the clergy in his diocese, by establishing an ecclesiastical semina- ry ; he also founded an hospital for the poor, and annually distributed 100,000 livres of his vast property in alms. D. liJSo. — Fkancesco Maiua, a learned Jes- uit and an cminerit mathematician, was b. at Bologna, in 1613. He assisted Kiccioli in his scientific labors ; and was the author of " riiysico-mathesis de Lu- mine Coloribus et Iride, aliisquc annex- is," &c. I). 1663. — Giovanni, an emi- nent painter, also called Bolognesc, was b. at Bolo>rna, in 1606. He studied un- der Annibale Caracci, to whom he was related ; and became distinguished chief- ly as a landscape painter, though he was also employed on historical subjects, particularly in the Vatican. Nor was lie merely a painter; as an architect he was greatly distinguished, and as an en- graver also his merit was conspicuous. Cardinal Mazarin invited him to I'r.ris, where he enjoyed a pension, and was much noticed by Louis XIII. 1). 16S0. — Joseph, an unrivalled pantomimic clown, b. 1779, was the son of Signior Grimaldi, an artiste, noted for his ini- nior an at Warsaw and Ucrlin ; bat havintf become acquainted witii Lessing at tlie latter j)laee, an acci- dental hint from that celebrated writer induced him to try his fortune as a dramatist ; and he wrote several suc- cessful plays. He afterwards became an actor and inanaijer, manifesting con- siderable talents, and eliecting many reformations in the German stage ; but his bud success as a manager led to habits of intemperance, and involved him in great distress. 1>. 1790. GROTIUS, or DE GEOOT, Hugo, an eminent scliolar and statesman, b. at Delft, in Holland, 1583. He was de- scended from a noble family, received an excellent education, and gave early manifestations of surprising talents. In l.Vj'j he commenced his career as a legal advocate, and also as an author ; and he was successively appointed histori- ographer, advocate-general of Holland and Zealand, a member of the states- general, and envoy to England. In 1613 ho became syndic, or pensioner^ of Kot- terdam ; and, declaring himselt on the side of Barneveldt, he supported him, and the cause of the Arininians, by his j)cn and influence. But he narrowly escaped the fate of Barneveldt, who sutiered on the seatfold, and received sentence of imprisonment for life in the fortress of Louvestein. From this, how- ever, at the expiration of 18 months, which he had employed in writing his celebratetl " Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion," he succeeded in escaping. This was efieeted by the manaiiement of his wife, who contrived to have him carried out of the castle in a chest that had been used for the con- veyance of books and linen. Grotius at lirst sought an asylum in France; and it was diirinir his residence there that he (--ompiised his great work, " De Jure Belli et Tacis."' After an absence of 12 years, he returned to his native country, relying on the fa "or of Frederic Henry, prince of Orange, who had written him a sympathizing letter. But, by the in- fluence of his enemies, he was con- demned to perpetual banishment. He passed the remnant of his life in the diplomatic service of Sweden, and d. at Rostock, in 1645. GROTO, Lewis, an Italian poet, si r- named II Ciero, was b. at Adria, in 1541. He was blind from hisinfanc}'; notwithsti\nding which he displayed au uncommon facility for learning, and at the age of 14 delivered publie'orationa at Venice. He d. 1585, having a short time before performed the part of QCdi- pus in a play at Vicenza, with great rep- utation. (iK(JUC'nY, Eman'uel, marquis of, a distinguished marshal of France, and a scion of a noble Norman family, was b. at Paris, 1766. In 1789 he was a sub- lieutenant of the royal gardes du corps; but embracing the new ideas, he took part in the wars of the revolution, and gained great distinction, especially in the Alps and La Vendee, where he was named general of division in 1793. The decree which dcpriveil all the nobles of France of military rank fell heavily upon him ; but nothing daunted he joined the army as a private, and his distin- guished gallantry soon led to his resto- ration. Dispatched in 1798 to the army of Italy, under the command of Joubert, he planned the abdication of the king of Sardinia, and thus united Piedmont to France. He took part in the battle of Novi, where he received 14 wounds, and fell into the enemy's hands. His bravery was no less conspicuous on the Adds of Hohenlinden, Eyiau, Friedland, Wagram, Moscow, &c. ; and he obtained the marshal's baton from the liands of the emperor shortly before his abdica- tion. During the hundred days he was opposed to the duke d'Angouleme in the south, and made him prisoner. He was then summoned into Belgium, where he played an important part. He had already carried tlie villages of Fleurus, (June 16,) and Ligny, (June 17,) and was marching according to his instruc- tions in pursuit of Blucher witli a body of 30,000 men, when tiie battle of Wa- terloo was fought. Not getting instruc- tions in time, he could not take part in the battle, and his absence may in some measure be said to have decided the fortune of the dav. At the restoration, his title of marslial was not acknowl- edged, and remained so till 1830, a year which righted a good many wrongs- In 1S3-J he was created a peer. I). 1847. GRUBENMANN, Jons IIlp.io and John-, two Swiss mechanics, who having l)ecn brought up as carpenters, devoted their entire attention to the construction of wooden bridges without the su]>port of piers. The most extraordinary of these were at Reichenau, Wettingen, and Schaflt'hausen ; the latter, over the Rhine, beintr nearly 400 ieet long. Du- ring the campaign of 1799 they were all destroyed by the French. The ingenious 466 CYCLOP-EUIA OF lUOfiKAPIIV. [gue builders died about the end of the ISth century. GKLNDY, Felix, n senator of the United States, b. in V'irtrinia, 1777, who early removed to Kentucky, wliere he distinguished himself as a lawyer. lie was a uieinlier of the Kentucky legisla- ture from 17y'J to ISOO, when he was appointed one of the judges of the su- preme court, and then chief justice. Shortly afterwards he removed to Ten- nessee, where he was elected to con- gress, in ISll, and served with activity for several sessions. In 1829 he was appointed senator, and took a leading part in the politics of the period. Presi- dent \'an Buren made him attorney- general. D. 1840. GRYl'IIIUS, Andrew, a celebrated German dramatist, was b. at Glogau, in IGIG. He was called tlie Corneillo of Germany, and his tragedies acquired great popularity. He also wrote a keen satire on the old comedies of his coun- trymen, and produced some smart epi- grams. I). 1664. — Sebastian, a printer in the IGth century, who settled at Lyons, and was distinguished for the beauty of his Greek and Hebrew types. D. 1506. GUA, John Paul de, a French eccle- siastic, was b. in Languedoc, in 1712. He laid the plan of the "Encyclopedic," and wrote a number of mathematical papers in the " Memoirs of the Acad- emy ;" besides which he translated some English works into French. D. 1785. GUALDO PKIOPvATO, Galeasso, an Italian liistorian, b. at Viceuza, in 1606; author of a " History of the Trouliles in France," an "Account of the Adminis- tration of Cardinal Mazarin," and his " Life," a " History of the Wars of the Emperors Ferdinand II. and III.," «fec. D. 1678. GU ARINI, Battista, acelebrated Ital- ian poet, b. at Ferrara, in 1537. He was Bccretary to Alphonso, duke of Ferrara; next, to Ferdinand de Medici, grand- duke of Tuscany; and, subsequently, to the duke of Urbino. He was well acquainted with polite literature ; wrote Beveral admired jioems ; but liis chief composition is his pastoral drama, en- titled "11 I'astor Fid..." I). 1612. GUAY-TROUIN, Rene du, a French naval otticcr, was b. at St. Maloes, in laiZ. He commanded a ship at the age of 18, and had great success on liie coast of Ireland, but at last fell in the hands of some English cruisers, and was carried into Plymouth ; from whence he made hia escape, and in a short time renewed his depredations in the British Channel, and also on tue coast of Spain. In 1709 he was ennooled, and two years after- wards he made himself master of Kio Janeiro. D. 1736. GUELF, or GUELPH, (from the Ital- ian Guelfi and the German Welfen,') the name of a celebrated family, which, in the 11th century, was transplanted from Italy to Germany, where it became the ruling race of several countries. The family still continues in the two lines of Brunswick — the royal in England, and the ducal in Germany. The memory of this ancient name was revived by the foundation of the Hanoverian Guelphic order. GUERCINO, (properly Gianfran- cesco Barbieri, but surnamed Guercino da Cento from his squinting,) was a celebrated painter, b. at Cento, near Bologna, in 1590. He studied under Creinonini and Gennari ; but adopted two or three styles in succession, and afterwards perfected himself in the scliool of Ludovico Caraeci. He executed 106 altar-pieces for churches, and 144 historical pieces, besides numerous per- formances in fresco; in short, such was the uncommon rapidity of his pencil, that, having been requested by some monks, on the eve of a festival, to paint Jehovah for the grand altar, he tinished the picture in one night by torch light. The duke of Mantua conferred on him the honor of knighthood; and several sovereigns endeavored, in vain, to draw him into their service. He d. in 1666, very rich, notwithstanding he had ex- pended large sums in building chapels, founding hospitals, and other acts of charity and devotion. GUJERICKE, Otto von, a distin- guished experimental philosopher, was b. 1602; studied at Leipsic, Jena, and Leyden ; travelled in trance and En- gland ; and settled at Magdeburgh, where he eventually became burgomaster. He invented the air-pump, .and in 1654 made the first public experiments with his machine at the diet at Ratishon, before the Emperor Ferdinand HI., several electors, and other estates of the empire. His electrical and astronomical knowl- edge also was considerable. D. 1686. GUERRERO, Vicentu, elected presi- dent of the United Mexican States, in 1829, was by birth a Creole. At the very commencement of the revolution in Mexico he took arms against tlie royalists, and never ceased to occupy a fjrominent position in the affairs of titat country. On repeated occasions, from GUI I CVCLOP.-KDIA OF BIOGU.M'IIY. 467 1810 to 1828, General Guerrero became the rallyiii]? point of the lilieral or popu- lar party, the Yorkiiiori, and was repeat- edly called into active service in his military capacity. Having been success- ful iu various contests with the aristo- cratical party, he at length, in 1S20, was elected lo the presidency. The expedi- tion of Barradas soon gave employment to tlie new government; and the better to enable the president to meet the exigency, he was invested with extra- ordinary powers ; but after the victory over the Spanish troops, and when the invading expedition was destroyed, (Juerrero evinced an unwillingness to relinquish the dictatorship, which be- came the pretext of another revolution ; and Bustamente, the vice-president, as- sumed the reins of government. Guer- rero, however, was not long idle: in September, 1S30, lie collected a large force at Valhidolid, and established a form of government in opposition to that of Bustamente, and the whole country was agitated by troops in arms. But liis career was almost run. In February, 1S31, lie was taken, and shot. GUEVARA, LoLis Velez de las DuENAs Y, a Spanish dramatist and romance writer, was b. in 1574, at Ecija, in Andalusia. He was an advocate, and by his flashes of wit often drevv forth peals of laughter from the court. Sev- eral of his comedies are excellent ; but the work which especially established the tame of Guevara was his " Diablo Co.i'uelo," an admirable romance, whiel» aflTorded the idea of Le Sage's famous "Diable Buiteux." Many of his witty sayings have become familiar to the people, and to this day are often heard as proverbs in Spain. D. 1G4G. GUIBERT, Jacques Antoixe Hypo- lite, count de, a celebrated French tac- tician, was b. at Montauban, in 1743. lie studied the military art under his father, with whom he served in the German war; and, in the expedition to Corsica, he was made a colonel, with the cross of St. Louis. On his return to France, he published his " Essai Gene- ral de Tactique," which work being diametrically opposed to Folard's, ex- cited a vehement controversy. He was also the author of some tragedies ; his- torical eulogies on Marshal Catinat, the chancellor de THopital, and Frederic the Great; "Travels in Germany," and " Travels in Switzerland." D. iViu). GUICCIAKDINI, Francis, an Italian historian, was b. at Florence, in 14S2. He was bred to the law, and appointed professor of jurisprudence in his native city. Politics, however, occupied the rest of his life. In 1.512 he was sent am- bassador, on the part of the republic, to the Spanish court at Bruges ; for his services in which mission he was re- ceived with great honor In- his country- men, and Leo X. constituted him advo- cate of the consistory. In 1.518 he was made governor of Modena and Keggio, and next of I'arma, where he drove out the French, and confirmed the inhabit- ants in their obedience. He was after- wards reappointed to the government of Modena, and the presidency of the Komagna ; and, in 1531, he was made governor of Bologna, where he assisted at the coronation of Charles V. After a life of great activity, he returned to his native city, and there began his great work on the " History of Italy during his own Time," which he had nearly completed at the time of his death, iu 1540. GUIDO EENI, one of the most emi- nent among the Italian painters, was b. at Bologna, in 1575. Combining the beauties of Albert Durer and Caravaggio with the school of Caracei, he soon gave his teachers occasion to admire his talents, and is even said to have ex- cited the jealousy of Annibale Caraeci. He was honored, caressed, and employed by the great, and might have accumu- lated great wealth ; but, to satisfy an unfortunate passion for gambling, he often sold his paintings at any price, and became involved in pecuniary em- barrassments, so that, in 1»J42, he d. in a state of j)Overty and dejection. Guide imitated the beautiful in nature, and was pre-eminently the painter of youth and female loveliness. — Caqnaooi, an historical painter, b. at Bologna in 1600, and adiscii)le of Guido Keni. D. 1680. GUILLOTIN, Joseph Igxatils, a French physician, who, during the rev- olution, proposed the use of the guil- lotine, an instrument made after the fashion of "the maiden," which was used on the Scottish borders in tlie lutzen, in 1632. — 111., Was the son of Adolphns Frederic and Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic 11., kinoj of Prussia. He was b. 174G, and succeeded his father in 1771. lie abol- ished the practice of torture, and intro- duced other good regulations in tlie administration of justice. He also form- ed a college of connnerec, and reformed his army and navy. In 1788 he was in- volved in a war with Kussia, wliich power was assisted by Denmark. Gus- tavus licadcd Ills army himself, and stormed the defences of Frcderickshall, where he took and destroyed a great number of vessels. On the breaking out of the French revolution, a coalition was formed between the northern pow- ers and Spain, by whieli it was agreed that Gustavus should march against France at the head of a considerable army ; but while preparations were making, he was shot at a masquerade by Ankarstroem, a disbanded officer of the army, 1792. — IV., was b. 1778, and ascended the throne when his father fell. D. 1837. GUTCH, Joirv, an antiquarian ^^Viter, wlio was registrar of the university of O.xford, rector of St. Clement's, and chaplain of All Soul's college. He pub- lislicd " Collectanea Curiosa," from the 40 MSS. of Archbishop Bancroft; "The History and Antiquities of the Colleges, &c., from MSS. in the Bodleian library, ^vritten by Anthony Wood ;" " The Antiquities and Annals of the Univer- sity," &c. D. 1831. GUTHRIE, William, an indefatigable writer, was b. at Brechin, Scotland, in 1708 ; and after receiving his education at King's college, Aberdeen, settled in London as an author. Among the va- rious works which bear this author's name are, a "History of England," a "History of Scotland," an "Universal History," the " Geographical Gram- mar;" "The Friends," a novel; "Re- marks on English Tragedy," also a translation of Quintilian, and Cicero's "Offices." D. 1770. GUTTEMBERG, John, usually called the inventor of printing, was b. at Mcntz, in 1400. In 1427 he resided at Strasburg, as a merchant ; but returned to Mentz in 1430. About 1438, Guttem- berg made use of movable types of wood ; and in 1450 formed a co-partner- ship with John Faust, or Fust, a rich goldsmith, who furnished money to establish a press, on which the Latin Biljle was first printed. Guttemberg, whose jmnting-office remained in Mcntz till 1465, d. 1468. GUY, Thoii.\s, the founder of Guy's hospital, was the son of a lighterman of lIorsleydo%vn, and b. in 1644. He was brought up to the business of a book- seller, and had a lucrative trade by dealing largely in the importation of bibles from Holland, and afterwards contracting with Oxford for tlioso printed at that imiversitj'; but his principal gains arose from the disrepu- table purchase of seamen's prize tickets, and jobbing in South Sea stock. By these means, joined to most penurious habits, he amassed a fortune of nearly half a million sterlincr, of which he spent about £200,000 in building and endowing the hospital in Southwark, which bears his name. He also erected alms houses at Tamworth, and made bequests to Christ's hospital and va- rious other charities ; besides leaving £80,000 to be divided among those who could prove anv decrrec of relationship to him. D. 1724. GUYOX, Jeax Marie Boitviere de LA MoTHE, a French lady, celebrated as a religious enthusiast, was b. at Mon- targis, in 1648, and became a widow with three children, at the age of twenty-eight. Having a strong predi- lection for a kind of mvstical devotion, 470 CVCL0P.E1>IA OF HIOGRAPMV. [gwi bIio relinquit^25. HAGEDORN, Frederic, a celebrated German poet, was b. at Hamburgh, 1708. He was educated in the eollcL'e of his native city; went to London in the suite of the Danish ambassador: and. in 1733, was appointed secretary to the Ensrlish factory at Hamburgh. 'lie was the au- thor of Fables, Soiigs, Tales, and Moral 472 CYCLOPAEDIA OF lUOGRAPHY. [hal Poems ; in all of which there is consid- erable oriijrinality, and many ot'tlu-ni are extremely graceful. D. 1754. — Ciir.is- TiAX Lewis, brother of the preceding, held the rank of counsellor of legation, and was eminent as a connoisseur of the fine art-*. He wrote " Kemarks on Paint- in^'." B, 1717; d. 17S0. llAGEE, Joseph vox, professor of the oriental lansruaires in tlie university of Pavia, was b. at Milan, 1750 ; studied at Vienna, and devoted himself to the ac- quisition of a critical knowledge of the Chinese tongue. He resided some time in London, where he published several Morks explanatory of the Chinese lan- guage ; but meeting with little success, he went to Paris, and there published many more. Among his works are, "The Chinese Pantheon," "An Expla- nation of the Elementary Characters of the Chinese Language," " A Dissertation on the newly discovered Babylonian Inscriptions," &e. D. at Milan, ISiiO. HAtlN, Philip Matthew, a celebrated mechanical genius, b. 1739, at Scharn- luuisen. While at the university of Tii- biufrcn, he spent his leisure hours in making sun-dials and speaking-trum- pets, l as counsel for Strattbrd, Laud, HamUton, and even for Charles himself; yet, by dint of importunity, Cromwell prevailed upon him to become one of the justices of the bench ; but, refusing to warp the laws, he otteuded the protector, and re- fused to try any more criminal causes. In the parliament which recalled the king, he sat for his native county; and, soon atter the restoration, was made chief baron of the exchequer; from which he was advanced to the chief- justiceship of the Killer's Be-uch. He resigned his olEce in 1075, and died the following year. He was a learned man, an upright judge, and an exemplary hal] CYCLOP.iiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 473 Cliriptian. His •writitiars are numerous oil tlicoloLriciil, pliilosophiwil, and leiral sul)ju(jts. The principal are, "The Primitive Oriirination of Mankind con- videre'l and explained accordins^ to the Li;iht of Nature," "The History of the Pleas of the Crown," and " Coiitenii)la- tions, Moral and Divine." lie also wrote various mathematical and philo- sophical works, and left a very valuable eolle.etion of manuscripts relatinir to his- tory and jurisprudence, which arc pre- served in the library of Lincoln's Inn. — • Mathan, Captain, an otticer in the Amer- ican revolutionary war, graduated at Yale college, 1773. In the war he com- manded a company in Col. Knowlton's regiment, and was with the army in the rctrciit from Long Island, 1770. Wash- ington having ajiplied to Knowlton for a discreet and enterprising officer to pen- etrate the enemy's camp and procure intelligence, Hale passed in disguise to the Britisii camp, but on his return was apprehended and carried before Lord \\'m. Howe, by whom he was ordered lor execution the next morning. He was denied a bible and the aid of a clergyman. The letters, full of fortitude and resignation which he had written to his mother and sister, were destroyed. He was hung, regretting that he had but one life to lose for his country ; though executed in a brutal manner as a spy, he was firm and composed. ILVLES, John, commonly called " the ever-memorable," was b. at Bath, L5S4. He sulfered great hardships in the re- bellion, and tl. 1650. He was a man of learning and skill in argument, a.s ap- j>ears from his works, which were col- lected after his deatli, and published under the title of "Golden Kemains of the ever-memorable Mr. John Hales, of Eton colletre." HALFOKU, Sir Hf.nky, bart., one of tlie most eminent and successful of mod- ern English physicians, was tiic son of Dr. John Vaughan, of Leicester, and was educated at Kugbv and Oxford. D. lS4i. HALHED, Nathaniel Brassey, an eminent orientalist, was educated at Harrow school, and afterwards became a civil officer in the East India Comjia- ny's service. He published " A Code of Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of the Pundits, from a Persian Translation ;" " A (jiammar of the Bengal Languajrc ;'' and "A Narrative of the Events which have happened in Bombay and Bentral, relative to the Mahratta Empire since Julv, 1777." B. 17.51 ; d. 1S30. 40* HALIFAX, Geokge Saville, marquis of, an eminent statesman, was b. in li;;5u; contributed to the restoration of Charles 11., who made him a [irivy councillor, and rewarded him with u coronet. On the accession of James, lie was appointed president of the council, from which he wa.s dismissed for refu- sing his consent to a repeal of the tests. In the convention parliament he was chosen speaker of the house of lords, and at tlie accession of William and Mary was made lord privy seal. D. l(5yo. He wrote an excellent piece, enti- tled " Advice to a Daughter," and vari- ous political tracts. HALKET, Lady Anxe, the wife of Sii James Ilalket. She was the c.augh- ter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the Tulli- bardin family, and b. in lfJ22. Her father was preceptor to Charles I., and afterwards provost of Eton college ; and her mother was sub-governess to the duke of Gloucester and the Princess Elizabeth. Anne received u liberal edu- cation ; but theology and physic were her favorite studies. Her skill in the latter was so great, that persons came I'roin Holland, and other countries, to benelit by her advice and treatment. D. 169'J. HALL, Edwarh, an old English chronicler, whose works rank with tliose of Holingshed and Stowe. He was a native of London, and being a lawyer by profession, attained the rank of a jutlge in the sheritf's court. His death took place in 1547. As atibrding delin- eations of the manners, dress, and cus- toms of the age, his " Chronicle," which Grafton completed, is very cu- rious. — Sir James, b. 1760, was the au- thor of "An Essay on the Origin, Prin- ciples, and History of Gothic Architec- ture," and of many papers in the " Transactions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh." D. 1832.— Basil, Captain, a distinguished writer of voyages and travels, itc. ; was b. at Edinburgh iu 17!>S. Entering the navy in ISiii, he gradually rose through the minor ranka till he became post-captain in 1817. Be- sides contributing numerous papers on scientific subjects to various journals and encyclopjedias, Capt. Hall wrote "A Voyage of Discovery to the West- ern Coast of Corea and the great Loo- Choo Island in the Japan Sea," a most interesting woik, which went through many editions ; " Extracts from a Jour- nal written on the Coasts of Ciiili, Peru, and Mexico, in the Years 1S20, 1821, lS2i," "Travels in North America,'' ill CYCLOIMCDIA OF BIOGUAPHY. [hal " Fragments of Voyages and Travels," '•SoliToss Ik'iiifiekl, or a Winter in Lower Styria,' &c'. I), lb-14. — Kobeut, a eelebrated Baptist preacher, and a distinguished theological writer, was 1). at Arusby, in Leicestershire, in 1764. His father, "who was also a Baptist min- ister, early remarked his precocity of talent, and in 1773 placed him under the instruction of the learned and pious Jolm Kyland, of Northampton. At 15 he became a student in the Baptist col- le;^e at Bristol ; and at 18 he entered King's college, Aberdeen, -where he took the dcirree of M. A. He then was chosen as colleague with Dr. Caleb Evans, in the ministry at Bristol, and adjunct pro- fessor in the institution. Here he at- tained great popularity ; but he was obliged to retire from this situation, in consequence of approaching symptoms of mental tlerangcment. By judicious treatment, during a long seclusion from the world, his powerful mind regained its former vigor; and, in 1791, lie re- moved to Cambridge, being chosen suc- cessor to the eelebrated Kobert Kobin- son. lie now appeared as the author of a pamphlet, entitled "Christianity not inconsistent with the Love of Free- dom." This was shortly after followed by his "Vindication of the Freedom of the Press," which passed through sev- eral editions, and is still regarded as a standard work. But it was his " Ser- mon on Modern Infidelity" that estab- lished his fame as a divine. In 1802, Mr. Hall's mind again received a shock, wliicii obliged him to suspend his pulpit labors ; and on his recovery he removed to Leicester, where he remained as pas- tor of the Baptist congregation upwards of 20 years. On the death of Dr. Ky- land, in 1826, he succeeded to the presi- dency of the Bristol academy, and the pastorship of Broadmoad chapel; and there lie continued till his death, which ^ook place in 1S31. — Lyman, governor of Geortria, was a native of Connecticut, and graduated at Yale college in 1747. Having studied medicine, he established himself at Sunbury, Georgia. He early and zealously espoused the cause of his country. His efforts were particularly useful in inducing the Georgians to join the American confederacy. In May, 177'i, he was a member of congress, and signed the declaration of independence, and continuc'I in that body to the close of 17W. Wliile the British had pos- Hession of Georgia they confiscated his property. In 1788 he was elected gov- ernor. "D. 1791.— GoEDo.v, first Ameri- can missionary at Bombay, graduated at Williams college in 1808. Having studied theology, lie refused an invita- tion to settle in Connecticut, saying, " Woe is me if I pn-each not the gospel to the heathen." Ofiering himself as a missionary to the American Board of Commissioners for foreign missions, he was ordained 1S12, and sailed for Cal- cutta. He arrived at Bombay in Feb. 1813, and there spent thirteen years. D. 1836. HALLEE, Albert von, an eminent Swiss physician, was b. at Berne, in 1708. The early display of his abilities was most extraordinary ; and when in his loth year, he was not only distin- guished for his knowledge in Greek and Latin, but also for his poetical genius. In his 16th year he began to study medi- cine at Tubingen, but the fame of Boer- haave induced him to remove to Ley- den, where, animated by the example of the great geniuses around him, he spent his days and nights with the least possible intermission, in the most in- tense study. In 1727 he visited En- gland, and formed an acquaintance with Sir Hans Sloane, Cheselden, and other eminent men. He received the title of physician and counsellor to King George II., at whose request Francis I. gave him a patent of nobility, as a baron. After 17 years absence at Gottingen, the fame of whose medical school lie had greatly extended, he returned, in 1753, to Berne, where his countrymen received him with the respect due to his great fame and talents. Having been elected a member of the sovereign council of the state, he soon obtained one of its ma- gistracies ; and his various duties as a statcisman, a physician, and a medical teacher, occupied his attention till his death. His " Elcmenta PhysiologiiE" and " Bibliotheca Medicinte" afford am- [jle proofs of his penetrating genius and solid judgment; and hispliilosophi- cal and descriptive poems display great depth of thought and richness of ima- gination. He was, in short, a profound philosopher, an admirable poet, and a first-rate physician and botanist; yet not more eminent for his various scien- tific knowledge, than for his piety and active benevolence. D. 1777. HALLPJV, Edmund, an eminent En- glish astronomer and mathematician, was b. in 1656, at Haggerston, near Lon- don. He received his education at St. Paul's school, and Queen's college, Ox- tbrd, where he made so great a pro- ficiency in his mathematical studies, ham] CVCLOP.tUIA OF HIOGKAPllY. 475 that iu 167G he published observations oil a spot iu the sun, by wliicli the nio- tiuii ol' that body on its axis was dcter- tnined. The same year he went to St. Helena, wiiere he determined the posi- tion of 850 stars, which procured him the name of the Southern Tycho. On his return to Eii;ibrc he was lit he entered the Amer- ican army, with the rank of captain of artillery; and by the time he was 2o, the commander-in-chief liad made him his aid-di'-camp, with the rank of lieu- t<'nant-colonel. From this time he con- liiiued the inseparable companion of Washington during the war, and was always consulted by him on the most important occasions. After the war. Colonel Hamilton, then about 21, com- menced the study .1" tiie law, and was soon admitted at the bar. In 1782 lie was chosen a member ot' congress from the state of New York, where he quickly BCquired the greatest iiiHuence and dis- tinction. He contributed greatly to the favorable reception of the constitution, by the essays he wrote, in conjunction with Madison and Jay, in the " Feder- alist." On tlie organization of the fed- eral government in 1789, he was ap- pointed secretary of the treasury ; and during his continuance in that oiiice, about five years, he raised the public credit from the lowest state of depres- sion to a height altogether unprece- dented in the history of the country. In 17'.iS, when an invasion was appre- hended from the French, and a provis- ional army had been calleil into the field, his public services were again required ; and on the death of Washington, in 1790, he succeeded to the chief com- mand. "When the army was disbanded, Hamilton again returned to the bar, and continued to practise, with increased reputation and success, until 1804. A quarrel having taken place between him and Colonel Burr, the latter challenged him, and they met at Hoboken on the 11th of July. At the first fire Hamilton fell, mortally wounded, on the same spot where, a short time previously, his eldest son had been killed in a duel. — Anthoxv, Count, a poet, courtier, and man of letters in the 17tli century. He was descended from an ancient Scotch tiiniily, but b. in ItMG, in Ireland; from W'hence he was taken to France, when a child, by his parents, who were at- tached to Charles II. When James II. was obliged to contend for his crown in Ireland, he gave Count Hamilton a regi- ment of infantry, and made hiin gov- ernor of Limerick ; but on the ruin of the royal cause, lie accompanied James to France, where he passed the rest of his life. His wit and talents secured him admission into the first circles, and he d. at St. (iermain, in 1720. Count Hamilton is chiefiy known as an author by his "Memoirs of Count Grammont," a lively and spirited production, exliibit- ing a free and faithful delineation of the voluptuous court of Charles II. His other works are, "Poems and Fairy Tales," which, as well as the memoirs, are in French, and display elegance of style with fertility of invention. — Eliz- abeth, a lady of great literary attain- ments, was b. at Belfast, in Ireland, in 1758. She wrote the "Letters of a Hindoo liajah," "The Life of Agrip- ]>ina," "Memoirs of Modern Pliiloso- phers," "Popular Essays," "On the Elementary Principles of Education," " Letters on the Formation of the Ke- ligious and Moral Princiiile," and other works, replete with sound sense and in- 476 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ham formation. D. 1816. — Gavin, an histor- ical painter, and counoissLUir of ancient art, was b. ut Lanarlv, in Scotland. Having discovered an early genius for painting, he was sent to Italy, and placed under Augustine Massuchi, by whose instructions lie profited consider- ably ; after which he applied with great diligence to tiie study of the anticjue, which has given his paintings of ancient subjects that propriety with regard to costume, which distinguished them at the time from the generality of modern compositions. One of his greatest works was his Homer, consisting of a series of pictures, representing scenes taken from the Hiad. The latter part of his life was employed in making excavations, at Tiv- oli, among the ruins of Adrian's villa, and in various other places in Italy, by which he was enabled to bring to light many of the long-buried treasui-es of antiquity ; so that the success which crowned his researches made ample amends for the loss which painting may have suffered by the intermission of his practice. D. at Kome, 179i5. — James, in- ventor of the Hamiltonian system of teaching languages, d. at Dublin, where he liad gone for the purpose of giving lectures, Sept. 10, 1829. — Patrick, the first Scotch reformer, was nephew to James, earl of Arrun, and b. in 1503. He was educated at St. Andrew's, after which he went abroad, where ho im- bibed the opinions of Luther. On his return home he was made abbot of I'erne, in the shire of lioss, where he promulgated the new doctrines with so much zeal as to excite the wrath of the clergy, who caused him to be appre- hended and sent to Beaton, archbisiiop of St. Andrew's. After a long exann- nation lie was declared contumacious, and burnt at a stake, opposite St. Sal- vador's college. March 1, 1527. — Thom- as, is chiefly known as the author of "Cyril Thornton," a stirring novel of military adventure, combining the ele- gant style of an excellent classical scho- lar witii tlie grapliic description and vivid feeling of one who liad partici- pated in the scenes and circumstances that he described. After serving through the Peninsular and American campaigns, Cant. Hamilton devoted his time chiefly to literature, and he was a voluminous contributor to "lilackwood's Magazine," in wiiicli "Cyril Tliornton" originally appeared. His oliicf se]>aratc works after (Jyril Tliornton are, "Annals of the Peninsular Campaign," and "Men aud ilauners iu America." 1). 1842. — "WiLLiAir, an historical painter, was b. in 1750. He went to Italy wiien very young, and was there placed under the instruction of Zucclii, the painter of arabesque ornaments, at Home. On his return to England he acquired consid- erable employment ; and, in 1789, was admitted a royal academician. D. 1801. — William, a Scotch poet, was b. at Bangour, in x\yrshire, in 1704. Ho joined the Pretender in 1745, and nar- rowly escaped being taken after the battle of Culloden. D. 1754. Among his songs and ballads is the well-known " Braes of Yarrow." — William Gerard, a statesman who obtained the appella- tion of " Single Speech Hamilton," from the extraordinary impression produced by the first and almost only speech he ever made in the British parliament, was the son of a barrister of Lincoln's Inn, where he was b. in 1729. He was educated at Winchester school and Oriel college, Oxford. In 1754 he was elected into parliament for Petersfield, and the year following delivered the speech al- luded to. In 1761 he went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the parliament of that kingdom he confirmed the reputation which he had gained in England by his oratory. He was about twenty years chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland, but retired from public life in 1784. His works, consisting of " Par- liamentary Logic," "Speeches," &c., &c., were printed in 1808, with the life of the author prefixed. Among the many to whom the Letters of Junius were once ascribed, Mr. Hamilton was one ; but there was scarcely the shadow of an argument to support the conjecture. I). 1796. — Sir William, was a native of Scotland; b. in 1780. His mother hav- ing been the nurse of George 111., young Hamilton very naturally obtained that prince's patronage. Sir William was generally distinguished for his taste in the polite arts, employed a large portion of his life in the study of natural history, and supplied the Pliilosophieal Trans- actions and the Archa^ologia with many learned articles. During his residence as ambassador from England to the court of Naples, he published his "Campi Phlegrffii," from liis observa- tions of Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna, and other volcanoes. He presented many books, manuscripts, and geologi- cal curiosities to the British Museum ; and, after his deatii, his superb collec- tion of antique vases was purchased by parliament lor that institution. D. 1803. — Emma, Lady, wife of the above, was ham] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOORAPHY. 477 the (Ifinpliter of a female servant. At tlic ago of l;; bIic olitiiiiicd a situation under the uanic oF Knuiia liarte, in the house of Mr. Tiioiiuis, of liowar- den, Flintsliirc, to wail on his cliildrL'n. Emma, it seems, thought the situation dull, and left it. At 16, she went to London, got a place in the house of a shopkeeper in St. James's market, and soon after was hired to wait upon a Itidy of rank, where, having onh' the duty of dressing her mistress, she passed her leisure time in reading novels and plays. She soon acquired a taste for the drama ; antl employed herself in imitating the attitudes aiid manners of persons on the stage, from a desire to become an actress. She' tinis laid the foundation of her ex- traordinary skill in p;mtomimic repre- sentations. But she neglected her business, was dismissed, and went to serve in a low tavern, frequented by actors, painters, musicians, Arc. In this service she formed an acquaintance with a Welsh youth, who was pressed upon the river,*when she went to the captain and obtained the boy Ins liberty. The ea[)tain loaded her with presents, and with him slie remained for some time. At length she quitted him for a gentle- man of large fortune, who kept her in great aflluence for a short period ; but disgusted by her extravagance, and in- duced by domestic considerations, he dismissed her. Reduced to the greatest poverty, she became one of the most common of degraded females. From this state she was relieved by the infa- mous Dr. Graham, who, perceiving the beautiful symmetry of her person, took her to his' house, and there exhibited her, covered only with a transparent veil, under the name of the goddess llygeia. rainters, sculptors, and others, paid their trilnite of admiration at the shrine of this new goddess. The artful quack had her bust modelled ; numbers purchased it, and a greater number came to admire the original. She was an adept in deceit; with a violent and impassioned temper, she assumed the appearance of candor, innocence, and simplicity. Charles Greville (of the Warwick family) became enamored with, and would have married her, but for tlie interference of his uncle, Sir \V. Hamilton, who, according to sotne ac- counts, made an agreement with Grev- ille to pay his debts, on condition th.it lie shouU\ give up liis mistress ; or, as others state the circumstance, in his endeavors to save his nephew, fell into the snaro himself, and became the victim of her arts. lie made her his wife in \7't\ ; introduced her at the court of Naples, wlicre tiio queen became so in- fatuated with tlie new ambassadress, as frecpiently to keep her a visitor at the palace. It was there that she imbibed !i violent passion for PJngland'.s nav;d hero, then commanding the "Agamem- non ;" and, from that period, she became tlie conij)anion of Nelson, to whom she was sometimes useful as a political agent. After the victory of Aboukir, when the conqueror was received in Naples with extravagant rejoicinirs. Lady llamilton was the heroine of the crowd, and ac- companied the slave of her charms wherever he went. To her advice is attributed the ignominious death of Prince Caracciolo, tiie oldest and the best officer in the Neapolitan navy. She d. in ISIG, in the neighborhood of Calais. HAMMOND, Anthonv, an ingenious writer, was b. at the family seat of Somersham place, nuntingdonshire, in 1668. lie was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and became a mem- ber of parliament, where his eloquence procured him the name of " Silver Tongue." lie was also a commissioner of the navy ; but d. a prisoner in the fleet, in 1738. He was the author of a '' Miscellany of Original Poems." — James, an elegiac poet, was b. in 1710; received his education at Westminster school ; was appointed equerry to Fred- eric, prince ot Wales ; and sat in par- liament for Truro. D. 1741. HAMPDEN, John, a political char- acter of great celebrity in the reign of Charles 1., was descended of an ancient family in Buckinghamshire, and b. in London, in 15!i4. In 1636 he distin- guished himself by his spirited oppo- sition to the payment of ship-nioney, by which he acquired great popularity. lie became a leading man in the house of commons: and at the commencement of the civil war he took up arms against the king, and accepted the command of a regiment in the parliamentary army, under the carl of Essex. Prince Kupert having beaten up the quarters of the parliamentary troops near Thame, in Oxtbrdshire, Hampden eagerly joined a few cavalry that were rallied in haste, and, in the skirmish which ensued, re- ceived a wound, which in a few days proved fatal. His character and conduct throughout his contest with the crown showed great firmness and moderation ; and his name has become a sort of watchword to many Avho, lovijig his stern republican virtues, exult in dis- 478 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [han playing their patriotism by resisting not LniTcly taxation by prerogative, but all iujustiee. D. l(>4o. HANCOCK, John, an American pa- triot and statesman, was b. in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737, and under the patronage of a wealthy uncle received a liberal education, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1754. On leaving college he entered the counting -house ot" liis uncle, by whose sudden death in 17ri4 he succeeded to great riches, and the management of an extensive busi- ness. In 176t) he was chosen a member of the assembly, and soon distiugaished himself by his zeal in the cause of the colonies. In 1774 he was elected pres- ident of the provincial coiierress of Mas- sachusetts, and iu the following year president of the continental congress, in which capacity he was the first to affix his signature to the declaration of inde- pendence. In this station he continued till October, 1777, wlien ill health in- duced him to resign. In 1780 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and held that office for four successive years, and again from 17S7 till his death in 17;iS. Governor Hancock was hospita- ble and munificent, a man of excellent talents for business, and a true lover of his country. HANDEL, Geokge Frederic, an illus- trious musician, was b. at Halle, in Sax- ony, in 1684. His father, who intended him for the law, perceivinu: his propen- sity to music, discouraged it as much as possible, and especially forbade him to touch an instrutnent. The boy, how- ever, contrived to have a small clavi- chord concealed in the garret, where he used to amuse himself when the family were asleep. At the age of 9, Handel composed the church service, for voices and instruments; and when he was 14 he far excelled his master, and was sent to Berlin, where the sovereign made him liberal presents. In 1704 lie brought out liis first opera, " Almira." Soon after tiiis he visited Italy, and at Florence produced the opera of " liodrigo." He suVisequently went to Venice, Naples, and Eome ; and having altogether re- mained in Italy about six years, he ac- cepted the pressing invitations he had received from many of the British no- bility to visit London, and set out for England, where he arrived in the latter end of 1710. The flattering reception he experienced induced him to prolong his stay, and he rose, during the 50 years which foUoved, to the height of professional honor. In 1741 lie brought out his cTicf-d'mtvre, the oratorio of the "Messiah!" D.1759. HANMER, Sir Tiioir.43, an English statesman and writer, was b. in 1076, and succeeded his uncle in his title and the family estate of Haniner. He was, in 1713, chosen speaker of the house of commons. Towards the close of his life he withdrew altogether from publio business, and occupied himself in ele- gant literature ; the fruits of which ap- peared in a corrected edition of Shak- speare's dramatic works. D. 1746. HANNIBAL, general of the Cartha- ginians, was the sou of Amilcar, who caused him, at the age of eight years, to swear before the altar eternal enmity to the Romans. In the year of Eome 534, and 220 b. c, he took the command of the army, on the death of his brother Asdrubal. After achieving several con- quests in Spain, he turned his arms against the Romans, and crossed the Alps by a new road. Having defeated Scipio and other commanders, in sepa- rate actions, he marched towards Rome, and gained the victory of Cannae, 216 B. c. Instead of following up this ad- vantage, Hannibal rested at Capua, which enabled the Romans to recover from their fright, so that when the Car- thaginians encamped before the city, their appearance created no alarm. Han- nibal, finding it hopeless to make any attempt upon the capital, retreated. Two years afterwards he defeated Mfir- cellus; but notwithstanding this, find- ing his affiiirs growing desperate in Italy, where he had now been 16 years, ho made overtures of peace, which termin- ated without eti'eet. The battle of Zama, in which he lost 20,000 men, completely ruined Hannibal, and he retired to Asia, where he took refuge with Prusias, king of Bithynia ; but being apprehensive that he should be delivered up to the Romans, he took poison, at the age of 64, 183 B.C. HANNO. There were several Car- thaginian generals of this name.— One of them made a voyage on the western coast of Africa, of which he has left a description, called the " Periplus of Hanno." The purpose of this voyage was to make discoveries for the benefit of commerce, and to settle colonies, of which lie estal^lished several. Two Car- thaginian generals, of the name of Han- no, commanded in Sicily, successively, during the first Punic war. — Another Hanno was one of the commanders un- der Hannibal in Italy, and was success- ful on several occasions. CVCLOP.iiUIA OF HIOGRAPIIY. 479 HANS SACHS, a German poet of the 16tli century. Prolilic as German wri- ters in general are, lionest Hans must ever be ro-jardcd as an extraordinary instance ot" poetical iertility, if what his countrymen assert be true, namely, tliat he wrote no less than 10,840 corn- posit ior.s in verse, among which are 218 comedies and tragedies. To tliis we are bound to add, as an additional proof of his industry, that he was a shocnuv- kcr, and worked all his lite at the trade. IIAMSAKO, Li:ke, an industrious and suocesstul printer, was b. at Nor- wich, in 175:^. He served his appren- ticeship in his native citv; and, at its expiration, he started for "London, with a good character, and one solitary guinea in his pocket. His tirst situation in London was that of a compositor in the printinir-otTiee of Mr. Hughs, printer to the house of commons ; in which he acquired the full confidence of his em- ployer, and, by his indefatigable atten- tion, extendecl the business. In 1774 he became a partner in the concern, and ■when the whole of tlie business devolved upon him, by the death of Mr. Hughs, he spared no cost nor personal lalior in performing the important duties in- trusted to him. He amassed a very considerable property, and finished his iiseful and hiborious life in 1828, aged 76. HAKDENBP^KG, Charles Augustus, baron, afterwards prince of, a famous Prussian statesman, b. in 17r)0 ; became cabinet minister in 1703; and his sijjna- ture will be found to most of the treaties of coalition airainst Napoleon, with Kus- sia and Austria, till the battle of Aus- terlitz, in 1805. In IfilO he was made eliancellor of state. He was one of the Russian pleniijotentiarics signing the treaty of Paris in 1814; was created prince; accompanied the allied sover=^ eigns to London ; was one of the most proiiiinent actors at the congress of Vienna; and afterwards made president of the council of state. He was present, in 1818, at the congress of Aix-Ia-Cha- pelle; in 1819, at Carlsbad; in 1820, at x'ienna, at Tro]ipau, and Verona. D. I^i^'^. — Fredkkio von, (better known by his literary cognomen, Novalis,) was h. at Mansfield, near Eisleben, 1772 ; stud- ied at Jena, Leipsic, and "Wittenberg, and finally became superintendent of the mines in Saxony, having ac(|uired a competent knowledjife of the science of mineralogy under the celebrated Wer- ner. His lyric poems have gained him great celebrity ; and his romance, " Hein- rich von Ofterdingen," though tinfln- ished, has called for the admiration even of such fastidious critics as Tieck and Frederic Scliletrel. D. 1801. HARDICANUTE, king of Enfrland and Denmark, was the son of Canute, and succeeded his I'ather on the Danish throne in 1038; and at the same time laid claim to that of Entrland, which had devolved to his half-brother, Harold. A comyiromisc was efiected, by which he governed the southern part of the kinirdom during Harold's lite, and suc- ceeded to the whole on his death. His conduct was violent and tyrannical — he revived the odious tax called damgelt, and his subjects rejoiced at his early death, which happened in 1041. HARDOUIN, John, a learned French Jesuit, the author of several works, but remarkable as the author of one in par- ticular, (which excited equal interest and animadversion at the time.) the object of which was to show that ahnost all the writinscs under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and historians are the spurious productions of the 13th centu- ry. B. 1647; d. 172'J. — John Stephen, a French 'UTitcr ; the translator of Young's " Night Thoughts," and Fene- lon's " Telemachus," into rhvme. B. 1735; d. 1817. HARDWICKE, Philip Yorke, earl of, an eminent Euirlish lawyer, was b. at Dover, in Kent, in 1690. Al'ter serving the offices of solicitor and attorney general, he was, in 1733, apponited chief justice of the Kind's Bench, and created a peer. In 1736 he was made lord chancellor, which situation he held 20 years. In 1754 he was created earl of Hardwicke. D. 1764. — Philip Yoree, earl of, eldest son of the preceding, was b. in 1720. In 1738 he was appointed one of the tellers of the exchequer, and in 17G4 succeeded his lather in the earl- dom. He d. in 179i'». Lord Hardwicke wrote a poem on the death of Queen Caroline ; and with his brother, the Honorable Charles Yorke, projected the "Athenian Letters, or the Epistolary Correspondence of an Agent of the King of Pei-sia, residing at Athens du- ring the Peloponnesian War." A few copies only of this work were at first pnnted for }irivate circulation; but in 1798 an elegant edition was published. Lord Hardwicke also y)rinted " The Cor- respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, in the reicrn of James I.," and " Miscella- neous State Papers from 1501 to 1726." IIj\RDY, Sir Charles, an English adiniri\.; and the grandson of an emi- 4&0 Ci'CLOPvEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [har nent naval cominaiuler of the same name, in the rciirn of Queen Anne. He had the eoitunaiul of the Channel fleet in 1770, but died the same year at Spit- head. — Sir Thomas, a gallant otticer, the friend and brother in arms of the gal- lant Nelson, whose last breath he re- eeived on board the Victor}'. At the early age of 12 he entered the royal navy as a midshipman, on board the Helena, of 14 guns, and in November, 1793, was made lieutenant in the Melea- ger, of the squadron of Nelson, under whose notice he was thus brought. He was thenceforth constantly employed under the hero, who, in 17'J7, promoted him to the command of tlie brig La Mutine, of the capture of which he was the main cause. His constant gallantry, and especially his conduct at the battle of the Nile, in which his vessel. La Mutine, was the only single-decker that was present, caused Nelson to promote him to the command of the Vanguard. In July, 1S03, he became flag-captain to Nelson, on board the Victor}'. For his services at Trafalgar he was created a oaronet. B. 1709'; d. 1839. HARLEY, Kor.ERT, earl of Oxford and Mortimer, a distinguished English statesman, was b. 1661. At the revolu- tion he was returned to the house of commons, and in 1702 he was chosen Bpe.iker. In 1710 ho again came into office, as a commissioner of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer. Shortly after he was stabbed by the marquis of Guiscard, a Frenchman, when under examination at the eouneil-board ; but he recovered from his wound, and the assassin died in prison. He was then advanced to the peerage, and made lord high treasurer; which office he resigned a few days before the death of Queen Anne, in 1714. On the accession of George I. he was impeached by the house of commons, and committed to the Tower, where he was kept two years, and then, after a public trial, he was acquitted. After this, he retired wholly from public business, and d. 1724. HARLOW, Geokge IIknrt, an En- glish painter, was b. in 1787 ; studied under Driimmond and Sir Thomas Law- rence ; and il. 1SJ9. He produced sev- eral good pictures ; among which is the well-known scene from Shakspeare's Henry the Eightli, containing portraits of the Kemble family and other distin- guished actors. HAROLD I., surnamed Harefoot, king of England, succeeded his father, Canute, in 1035. He reigned four years. and d. in 1039. — II., king of England, was the second son of Godwin, earl of Kent. Upon the death of Edward the Confessor, in 1066, he took possession of the throne, without attending to the more legal clairi of Edgar Atheling, or the asserted bequest of Edward in favor of William, duke of Normandy. Tlio latter accordingly invaded England with a large army, and Harold fell at the memorable battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066 ; by which the conquest of the kingdom was effected, and the Norman rule began. H AROUN, or AARON AL RASCHID, a celebrated caliph of the Saracens, as- cended the throne in 786, and was the most potent prince of his race, ruling over territories extending from Egypt to Khorassan. He gained many splendid victories over the Greek emperors, and obtained immense renown tor his bra- very, magnificence, and love of letters ; but he was cruel and tyrannical. D. 808. HARPER, Robert Goodloe, was a native of Virginia, but when very young removed with his parents to North Carolina. His parents were poor, and in early life he passed through a number of vicissitudes. At the age of twenty he found himself in Charleston, S. C, with but a dollar or two in his pocket, and with the intention of studying the profession of the law. Having obtained introduction to a lawyer, he prepared himself under his instruction for the bar, and, in about a twelvemonth, un- dertook the management of causes on his own account. He then removed from Charleston to an interior district, where he first distinguished himself, politically, by the publication of a series of newspaper essays on a proposed change in the constitution of the state. He was immediately elected to the state legislature, and soon afterwards to con- gress, where he was an efficient meniber of the federal party, a powerful advocate of the policy of Wasnington, and the personal friend of the most distinguished federal statesmen of the day. Many years afterwards he collected in an oc- tavo volume, a number of his circulars and addresses to his constituents, and several of his speeches in congress. la 1797 he published a pamphlet, entitled " Observations on the Dispute between the United States and France," which passed through numerous editions, and acquired great celebrity both at home and in E«roj)e. The speeches which he delivered in managing the impeachment of Blount, and the defence of Judge har] CYCLOP.'KDIA OF niOGRAPHV. 481 Chase, arc admirable specimens of arfru- ment and eloquence. On tiie downfall of the federal party Mr. Har[ier resumed the practice of the law in Baltimore, where he married the dautrhter of the distinsruished Charles Carroll, lie at- tended almost every session of the supreme court, from the time of its re- moval to Washintrton to that of his deatli, and was always heard with re- spect and attention by the court and juries. The federal party havinsj re- trained the ascendant in Maryland, Mr. Harper was iimnediatelv elected a sen- ator in con;?ress, but tlie demands of his jirolession soon obliged him to resign his seat. II.VKKINGTON, James, a celebrated political writer, was b. in 1611, in Nortli- atuptonshire. His chief work is entitled " Oceana," a political romance, in which ho defended republicanism. In 10(51 he was, on a charge of treason, sent to the Tower, from whence he was removed to St. Nicholas's Island, near Plymouth, but was afterwards released on bail. D. 1G77. H AKRIS, James, a philological writer, was b. at Salisbury, in IToO. In 1774 he was made secretary and comptroller to the queen. He wrote " Three Trea- tises : the first concerning Art ; the second concerning Music, Tainting, and Poetry ; and the third concerning Ilap- piness;" "Hermes, or a Pliilosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Gram- mar ;" "• Philological Inquiries," &c. D. 1780. HARRISON, John, celebrated as the inventor of the time-keeper for ascer- taining the longitude at sea, was b. at Foulby, Yorkshire, in 1693. His tatlicr, a carpenter or builder, brought him up to the same occupation ; but by dint of ingenuity and perseverance he learned to make clocks and watches ; and having turned his attention to the improvement of pocket-watches, he was induced to make a time-keeper, in that form, which he finished in 1759. This chronometer, in two voyages, having been found to correct the longitude within the limits required by the act of parliament, Har- rison applied for the jiroposed reward of £20,000, wliich he received. 1). 1776. — John, one of the regicide judges who sat upon the trial of Ciiarles 1., was the son of a butcher, and became a general in the parliamentary army. He was one of the ten who were e.xccutod for that act, after the restoration. ^Robekt Han- son, sustained the offices of chief justice of the general court of Maryland, and 41 governor of the state. In 1789 he was appointed one of the judges of ihe su- preme court of the United States, but declined accepting the office, which was afterwartls conferred on Mr. Iredcl. He exerted himself in the prosecution of the revolutionary war with great ardor, and in his station as judge and governor displayed very superior talents. He d. 1790. — Benjamin, governor of Virginia, was educated at the college of William and Mary. He Avent early into public life, commencing as a member of the legislature of his native province, Vir- ginia. Ho was ollered by the British government a seat in the executive council, which he declined, and re- mained true to his country. In 1774 he was a delegate in congi'ess from \'irginia, and continued to be a member till 1777. From 17S2 to 1784 he was governor of Virginia. He was a member of the Virginia convention for adopting the constitution of the United States. D. 1791. — William IIenet, president of the United States of America, was b. in Virginia, in 1773, his father being one of tiie most conspicuous among the pa- triots of the revolution. After receivmg the customary education at Hampden Sydney college, lie studied for the med- ical profession ; but participating iu the general excitement whicii prevailed throughout the country against the barbarous mode of warfare at that time practised by the Indians on the north- western frontiers, he suddenly aban- doned the precepts of Galen, and joined his brethren in arms, as an ensign in the U. S. artillery, in 1791. During the vears 1811, 1S12, and 1818, General ^Harrison assembled a body of militia and volunteers, and raarclied against the Indians, wiio, under Tecumseh, had created serious disturbances on the tron- tier. The most signal success crowned his ctforts, and he was appointed by Mr. Madison to negotiate with those enemies against whom his military skill had been so ably directed. In 1828 he was sent as United States minister to Co- lumbia; and, in 1840, he was elected chief magistrate. But one month after his accession he w'as seized with an ill- ness, and d. April 4, 1841. HART, .John, a patriot of the Amer- ican revolution, and one of the signers of the declaration of independence. Ho was a member of congress in 1774, from New Jersey. In the latter part of the year 1770 his farm was pillaged by the enemy, and his family dispersed. The alarm" and distress of these occurrences 482 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPUV. [hat caused 'lie death of liis -n-ife. After the evacuaion of New Jitspv he again col- lected liis family; but his health was now failini: him, "and ho d. 1780. IIAKTE, AValtku, au English poet and historian, waa b. and educated at ilarlborough, in "Wiltshire. He pub- lished a poetical collection, called the '' Amarantli," a "History of Gustavus Adolpiius,"' and "Essays ou Husband- ry."' 1). 177S. ■ HAKTLEY, David, an English phy- sician, was I), at Armlt-y, in Yorkshire, in 170'>, and d. at Bath in 1757. He wrote an excellent work, entitled " Ob- servations on Man."' — David, son of the preceding, was b. in 1780; educated at Merton college, Oxford; became M. P. for Hull ; was distinguished by his strenuous opposition to the American war ; and was appointed one of the ne- gotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. He Iiad the merit of several ingenious in- ventions, one of which is a mode of securinsr buildings from fire. D. 1813. HARVARD, John, a nonconformist divine, who d. in 1688, at Charlestown, Mass. He is deserving of commemora- tion by being the founder of the college bearing liis name, at Cambridge. HARVEY, William, a "celebrated pliysician, was b. at Folkstone, 1578. lie discovered the circulation of the blood, of which he published an ac- count in 1G28, entitled " Exercitatio Anatom ea de Motu Cordis et San- guinis." In 1632 he was made physi- cian to Charles I., and adhered faithfully to the king; for which, in 1645, ho was chosen warden of Merton college, Oxford; but when the parliamentary visitons came there, he left it lor London. In 1651 appeared his " Excr- citationes de Generatione Aniuuilium." D. 165S. HASSELQUIST, FuEDr.nic, a Swe- dish naturalist, and one of the most celebrated of all the pupils of Linnteus, was b. in 1722. lie embarked for Smyrna in August, 1749, went to Egypt, remained some time at Jerusalem, "and afterwards visited other parts of the country. Returning to Smyrna, lie brought with him an admirable colleo tion of jihmts, minerals, fishes, reptiles, insects, and other natural curiosities. His " Iter J'alffistinum, or a .Journey to the Holy Land," was derived froiri his journal, and was drawn up by Lin- n£DUS. HASTINGS, WAifHEv, was b. in 1783, at Cliurc.'iill, C xfordsjiire, wliere his father was tha clergyman. Ho was educated at Westminister, and at the ago of 17, went out to India, as a writer in the company's service. On his ar- rival he applied with diligence to the duties of his station, and at his leisure studied the oriental languages. After 14 years' residence in Bengal, he returned to England; but in 1769 he went out as second in council at Madras, where he remained about two years, and then removed to the presidency of Calcutta. In 1786 he returned to England, when he was accused of having governed arbitrarily and tyrannically"; of having extorted immense sums of money ; and of having exercised every species of oppression. An impeachment followed, which lasted 9 years. He was at length acquitted, and sentenced to pay only the costs of prosecution, (£71,080 ster- ling,) for which the East India Company indemnified him by a pension of £4,000 for life. He lived, however, to see his plans for tlie security of India publicly applauded, and d. 1818. Mr. Hastings was a man of mild and unassuming manners, and an elegant scholar. He wrote " A Narrative of the Insurrection at Benares."" Memoirs relative to the State of India," some fugitive poetry, etc. — Francis Rawdon', marqnis of, son of the carl of Moira, was b. in 1754, and entered the army in 1771. He greatly distinguished himself in the American war; was appointed in 1778, adjutant- general of tiie British forces there, and rose to the rank of a major-general. In 1812 he obtained the appointment of governor-general of British India, which he helci till 1822 ; and during the 10 years of his sway he overcame the Nepaulese, the Piiidarees, and other native powers, and rendered the British authority supremo in India. Wliile absent he was created marquis of Hast- ings. I). 1725. IIATTO, or HATTO VERCELLEN- SIS, was bishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in the loth century. His work on the " Grievances of the Church," (which i-» curiously illustrative of the spirit and complexion of the times,) together with his canons and epistles, were published in 1768. HATTON, Sir Christopher, an emi- nent statesman, and lord chancellor of England, wiis b. at Iloldenby, in North- iimptonsliire. In 1587 was' made botli cliancellor and knight of the garter. liis inexj^erience created much' prej- udice against him at first, but Ins natural capacity and souml i.ulginent were seldom found defective 'Howroto haw) CYCLOP-EDIA OK lUOfiUAPIIY. 483 the fonrtli act in the tragedy of " Tan- cred and Si','is!niinda ;" and to him is ascril)cd '' A Treatise concerning Stat- utes or Acts of rarlianient." L). 15'Jl. IIAUBULD, Christian Gottlieb, a celebrated German jurist, was b. at Urcaden, in 17GG. lie was made doctor Df law in 1788 ; and eventually became ordinary iirol'rnsor of law in the univer- sity of Leii)>ic. ilAUFF, AViMiKLir, one of the most fri'accful prose writers of Germany, was b. at Stuttgart. 1802. He went "to the university of Tubingen from 1820 to ls:jl, where lie studied philosophy and theology, with a view to the church. While discharging the duties of tutor in a noble family at Stuttgart, he com- menced his literary career with the " Miirchen Almanaeh aiif das Jahr," 1820. The chief of his works are, " Memoiren des Satans,"' "Mann im Monde,''' "Lichtenstein," "Die Bett- leriii von Pont des Arts,"' '' rhantasien im Bremen EathskcUer," «fce. He had just undertaken the editorship of the t'clebrated journal, called the '• Morgeu- blatt," when he d. November, 1827^ HAUGWITZ, CnijisTiAx Henuy CiiAs., count of, an eminent Prussian statesman, wiis b. in Silesia, in 1758. 1). 1832. IIAUKSBEE, Fkancis, an English philosopher of the 18th century, who made nuuiy experimental discoveries in electrieitv, and published them. H AUTKFEUILLE, John, a rneehanic, was b. at Orleans, in 1647. He made several discoveries and improvements in doek-niaking, and invented the spiral spring which moderates the vi- bration of balance-wheels in watches, which Huygcns afterwards perfected. He also wrote several shoi't treatises on mechanical subjects ; also, " Tlie Art of Breathing mider Water," " The Per- petual Pendulum," "A new Sy.stem of the Flux and Keflux of the Sea," &c. D. 1724. HAU Y, Rene Just, Abbe, a celebrated mineralogist, V). at St. Just, in Picardy, in 1742, He first studied theology, and was twenty-one years professor of lan- giuages. But mineralogy was his favorite ])nrsuit; and to him science is indebted tor an admirable theory of crystalliza- tion, founded on geometrical laws. He was appointed by Bonaparte professor of mineralogy at the botanic garden, and to the faculty of sciences at Paris. In 180:^, at the command of Napoleon, he wrote his "Traite de Physique." His treatises ou mineralogy, crystallog- raphy, and natural history, are all hiirhly esteemed ; and his beautiful collection of minerals, for which he liad refused an oli'er of 000,000 francs, wiis bought by the duke of Buckingham. D. 1822. HAWES, Stephen, a poet of the 15th century, was a native of Suffolk, and educated at Oxford. HAWKKSWOKTH, John, ^the son of a watchmaker at Bromley, Kent, was b. in 1715, and apprenticed to his father's trade ; but he soon left it for literary pursuits, and eventually became an author of eminence. He is chiefiy remembered by his "Adventurer," a series of periodical essays ; a sentence, taken from the last number of which work, is inscribed on a marble monu- ment erected to his memory in Bromley church. D. 1773. HAWKINS, Sir John, a brave En- glish admiral under Queen Elizabeth, was a native of Devonshire. He was rear-admiral of the fleet, which she sent against the Spanish Armada, and had a great share m that victory. He wa9 afterwards made treasurer of the luivy. But his niemorv is disgraced by his being the first European who carried off slaves from the coast of Africa, and introduced that inhuman traffic into the W^cst Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself, while she honored liis bravery by knighthood, threatened him with the divine vengeance for this practice. D. 1395. — Sir John, a lawyer and miscel- laneous writer, was b. in London, in 17111. He ]iractised as a solicitor, with reputation tor some years; and having made general literature the study of his leisure hours, he also wrote for the periodical press. A taste for music led him to become a member of the acad- emy of ancient music; and in 1742 he was chosen a member of the litcmry club, established by Dr. Johnson, witli whom he formed an acquaintance which lasted during their joint lives. Having in 1753 married a lady of great fortune, and becoming possessed of a much greater one in 1750, on the death of lior brother, he gave up his profession, and Ijccame a magistrate for Middlesex. His principal work is, " A General His- tory of the Science and Practice of Music," and liis edition, with notes, of "Isaac Walton's Complete Angler," ac(|nirod deserved popularity. D. 17'^9. HAAVLEY, Joseph, a distiniiuished American jiatriot, was b. in 1724, at Northampton, Mass., and beinir breda lawyer, soon acquired great eminence in 484 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHr. hiB profession. But he was mostly dis- tiniruislied for his knowledge of politiciil history and the principles of free gov- ernment — a circumstance which render- ed him one of the ablest, advocates of American liberty in the legislature, pre- vious to and "during the contest be- tween the colonies and the parent state. D. 17S8. HAY, George, judge of the United States court for the eastern district of Virginia, and for many years attorney of the L'nited States, in which capacity he was the prosecutor of Aaron Burr. He d. 1830. His political writings, signed Hortensius, gave him some celebrity. He wrote also a "Treatise against the Usury Laws," "The Life of John Thonipson," and a " Treatise on Emi- gration." HAYDX, JosKPH, an eminent Ger- man musician, was b. 1732, in the village of Kohrou, on the borders of Hungary and Austria. He was the son of a poor wheelwright, who, having a taste for music, played the harp on Sundays, his mother accompanying with her voice ; a circumstance which accounts for tlie strong predilection which their son sliowed for the science even in his in- fancy. When but eight years old he became a chorister in St. Stephen's, and at ten years of a Nunno Tristan doubled Cape Verde ; and, two years later, Gonzmo Vallo discovered three of the Azoi'ea islands, about 1000 miles from the con- tinent. Henry contiimed these efforts till his death, in 146-3, and thus secured for himself an undying name as the patron and friend of navigation. — IV., called THK Great, king of France and Xavarre, was b. in 1.5."):3, at Tau, in Bcf-arn. His father, Anthony of Bour- bon, was descended from a son of Louis IX. ;.his mother was Jeanne d'Albret, daughter of Henry, king of Navarre. He was brought up in the simple and hardy manner of the peasantry ot Beam, and this laid the foundation of a vigor- ous constitution and temperate habits. He was placed under the tuition of Flo- rent Chretein, a learned man and ze.ilous Protestant. In 1.509 he accompanied his motlier to Kocholle, and learned the art of war under Admiral Coligni. Hav- ing assumed the title of "King of Na- varre," his marriage took place, Aug. 18, l.')72. Then followed the horrible scenes of St. Bartholoinciw, Aug. J4th. The Catholics, in l')8."), formed tlie cel- ebrated league, which the king was obliged to confirm: and when called, by right of birth, fo tne French throne, ho found innumerable diificiTlties in estab- lishing his claims. His Protestant reli- gion was brought forward to prejudice the Calbolics against him. Atter a pro- tracted and obstinate struggle, convinced that he should never enjoy quiet pos- session of the French throne without professinij the Catholic faith, Henry at> length yielded to the wishes of his friends, was instructed in the doctrines of the Catholic church, and professed the Catholic faith, July 25, 1.593, in the church of St. Denys. He happily es- caped an attempt to assassinate him ; was solemnly anointed king at Chartres, in 1594; and entered the capital amid the acclamations of the people. He made use of the tranquillity which fol- lowed, to restore the internal prosperity of his kingdom, and particularly the wasted finances ; and in this design he was highly successful, with the aid of his prime minister Sully. To his former brothers in faith and in arms, the Prot- estants, he granted entire religious free- dom and political security, by the edict of Nantes, in 1598. In 1610, while riding through the streets of Paris, his coach was obstructed in the street dela'Fe- ronnerie, by two wagons. A fanatic, named Kavaillac, took advantage of this moment to perpetrate a long-meditated deed ; and he received a fatal stab from the hand of this assassin, in the 52d year of his age, and 22d of his reign.— I., kin^ of England, called, on account of his learning, " Beauclerc," was the youngest son of William the Conqueror, "b. in 1068, and succeeded his brother Kufus in 1100. He restored the uni- versit_y of Cambridge, forgave all debts owing to the crown prior to his acces- sion, reformed the court, and conquered ' Wales. He abolished the curfew-bell, established a standard for weights and measures, and signed the charter, which ])roved the origin of the Eni,dish liber- ties. 1). 1135.— II., king of England, the son of Geotfrey Plantagenet and Maud, empress of Germany, was b. in Normandy, in 11.'52, and succeeded Ste- phen in 1154. He added the provinces of Anjou, Towraine, Maine, Poitou, Saintonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to the English crown. His reign was troubled by disputes between him and Bccket, archbishop of Canterbury, who being murdered in 1170, the pope obliged the king to undertro penance for it at Becket's tomb at (Jauterbury. In 1170 he caused his eldest son, Henry, to bo crowned king of England. Iu'll72 ho conquered Ireland, and, the year fol- hen] CVCLOP.EDIA OF HIOGR AI'IIY, 491 .owinj?, his sons rebelled nnrainst him. llcnry cheeked the prevailincr licenti- ousness by severe laws, partitioned En- gland into four judiciary districts, and appointed itinerant justices to make rciTuhir excursions through them. lie revived trial by jury, discouraged that by combat, and demolished all tlie newly erected castles, as shelters of violence and anarchy. I). 1180. — III., king of England, surnamed of Winchester, on account of his having been b. iu that city, succeeded his father, John, in 1215. lie was obliged to relinquish Normamly, Anjou, I'oitou, Touraiue, and Maine to the king of France ; after which a civil ■war broke out in England, and the king was taken prisoner by the barons, at the head of whom was Simon de Montf(,)rt, carl of Leicester. The tide of alfairs turning in his favor, he deprived sev- eral of these lords of their estates, and gave them to his friends. B. 1207 ; d. 1272. — IV., king of England, surnamed Bolingbroke, was b. in 13*57. lie was the son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- caster, the third son of Edward III. In the reign of Kichard II. he was made carl of Derby and duke of Hereford. Having accused the duke of Norfolk of treason, the latter challenged him to single combat; but on the appearance of the two champions, at the ai)pointed time and place, Kiehard would not suffer them to proceed. Both were banished the kingdom, Norfolk for life, and Here- ford for a term of years. On the death of his father he succeeded to the duke- dom of Lancaster ; and, returning before the stated time, for the avowetl object of claiming his duchy, and having been joined by the earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland, soon found himself at the head of 60,000 men. Eiehard II. was defeated, taken prisoner, and de- posed ; and the duke was unanimously de(;lared king, under the title of Henrv IV. This usurpation gave rise to the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster. D. 1413. — V., king of England, called, after his birthplace, of Mcnmouth, was b. iu 1388. Ilis dissi- pated habits while a prince gave his fatlier Lcreat uneasiness; but he fre- quently dis]>layed noble traits of char- Acter, and on ascending the throne he cast olf his former companions, and justified the best e.vpectations. France being at the time torn asunder by the opposing factions of the dukes of Or- leans and Burgundy, Henry took the favorable opportunity of reviving the claims of his predecessors upon that country, and he landed an army at Ilar- flcur, Aug. 14, 1415. With lojOOO men he gained the battle of Agincourt, though the French amounted to 52,o00. Ho then returned to England ; but three veai-s afterwards he went again to Vrance, espoused the Princess Catha- rine, on condition that the French crown should go to Henry and liis heirs on the death of the king of France, and be inseparably united to the crown of England. D."l422. — VL, king of En- gland, son of the preceding, was b. at Windsor, in 1421, and was but ten months old at the death of his father. His grandfather, Charles, king of France, died soon after, and the duke of Orleans, encouraged by the minority of Heniy, assumed the title of king by the name of Charles VI I. When only nine years old, Henry was crowned at Paris, and the great duke of Bedford, his tincle and guardian, obtained several import- ant victories. But the raising of the siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc gave a new turn to affairs, and the English in- terest declined. The death of the duke of Bedford was a fatal blow to the cause of Henry, and at length the English were deprived of their possessions in France, e.veept the town of Calais. The insurrec- tion of Cade followed. To add to his niis- fiirtunes, the York party in England pre- vailed, and Henry was sent to the Tower, where, according to the prevailing opin- ion, he was slain by Eichard, duke of Gloucester, iu 1471. — VII., king of En- gland, first sovereign of the race of Tudor, was b. 1457. He was the son of Edmund, earl of Eichmond, and of Margaret of the house of Lancaster. By the assistance of the duke of Brit- any he landed in Wales, and laid claim to the crown in 1485. The people, dis- gusted at the cruelties of Eichard III., joined him in such numbers that he was enabled to srive the usurper battle at 3osworth field, where Eichard was .slain, and Henry crowned on the spot. Ho reigned 24 years, and d. 1509.— VIII., king of England, was b. in 1491, and succeeded his father at the age of IS. The Emperor Maximilian and the Pope Julius II., having leagued against France, persuaded Henry to join them, and he in consequence invaded that kingdom, where he made some con- qiiests. About the same time James iV., king of Scotland, invaded England, but was defeated and slain at Floddcn Field. When Luther commenced the reformation in (^crmaiiy, Henry wrote ft book against him, for which ho was 49^ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHl'. [her complimented by tlio pope with the title of Uet'eiidei- of the Failli. Iluving con- ceived :iu aliectiou for Auue Boleyn, ho deteniiiucd to divorce his wife Outha- riiie of Aragon, to whorli' lie had been married IS years. But on the divorce Ijeing refused by the pope, Henry as- sumed the title o'f supreme head of the English cliurch, put down tlie monas- teries, and alienated their possessions to secular purposes. Ills marriage with Anne Boleyn followed ; but afterwards he brought her to the scafl'old, and mar- ried Lady Jane Seymour, who died in cliildbed. He next married Anne of (."Icves ; but she not proving agreeable to his expectations, he put her away, and caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the projector of the match, to be beheaded, llis next wife was Catharine Howard, who was beheaded for adultery; after which he espoused Catharine Parr, who survived him. D. lolG. — Charles, a gentleman distinguished for his chemi- cal knowledge and scientific pursuits, was the son of an eminent manufixetu- ring chemist at Manchester, and b. in 1775. Though intended for the medi- cal profession, he relinquished it for the sake of co-operating in his father's lu- crative pursuits, which he afterwards carried on. D. 1836. — Matthew, a non- conformist divine, was b. in 1602. He was educated by his father, Philip Hen- ry, an eminent Presbyterian divine ; studied the law in Gray's Inn, but re- nounced it for the ministry, and settled at Hackn \v. His chief work is an " Ex- position of the Bible ;" besides which he wrote a " Method of Prayer," a " Discourse on ths Lord's Supper," and other books of j^.-Lctical divinity. D. 1714. — K(jBEKT, minister of one of the churches in Edinburgh, and author of "The History of Great Britain," was b. at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, in 1718, and d. in 1700. — Patuick, an American orator and statesman, was b. in Vir- ginia in 1736, and after receiving a com- mon school education, and spending some time in trade and agriculture, commenced the practice of the law, after only six weeks of preparatory study. After several years of poverty, with the incumbrance of a family, lie first rose to distinction in managing the popular cause in the controversy between the legislature and the clergy, touching the stipend which was claimed by tiie latter. In 1765 he was elected a member of the lioiise of burgesses, with express refer- ence to an opposition to the liritish stamp act. In this assemV)ly he obtain- ed the honor of being the first to com- mence the opposition to the measures of the British government, which termi- nated in the revolution. He was one of the delegates sent by Virginia to the first general congress of the colonies, in 1774, and in that body distinguished himself by his boldness and eloquence. In 1776 he was appointed the first gov- ernor of the commonwealth, and to this office was repeatedly re-elected. In 17S6 he was appointed by the legislature one of the dci)uties to tlie convention held at Philadelphia, for the purpose of re- vising the federal constitution. In 1783 ho was a member of the convention, which met in Virginia to consider the constitution of the United States, and exerted himself strenuously against its adoption. In 1794 he retired from the bar, and d. in 1799. Without extensive information upon legal or political topics, he was a natural orator of the highest order, possessing great powers of ima- gination, sarcasm, and humor, united with great force and energy of manner, and a deep knowledge of human nature. IIENK\S(JN, Eobert, a Scotch poet in tlie 16th century, was schoolmaster at Dumfermline, and a monk of the Benedictine order. His " Fabils" were printed at Edinburgh in 1621 ; and his "Testament of Faire Creseide" in 1593. He wrote a number of other pieces, which are to be found in the collections of Hailes, Pinkcrton, &c. HEPBUKN, KoBEiiT, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1090. At the age of 21 he published, in 30 num- bers, a series of essays, entitled "The Tattler, by Hector Maestaff, of the North." ile studied the civil lavv' in Holland, and became a member of the faculty of advocates at Edinburgh, where he d. 1712. HEKACLITUS, the founder of a phil- osophical sect, was b. at ?]phesus, aad flourished in the 09th Olympiad, about 500 B. c. He incorporated the mysteries of the Pythagorean system into his own, which was exceedingly severe and obscure. Being of a misanthropic turn, whence he is said to have wept at the follies of mankind, he retired to a mountainous region, where he lived upon roots and herbs; but being at- tacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to return to the city, and soon afterwards d., in the 00th year of his acre. HEKAULT DE SECHELLES, Marie Jean, '^idvocate-generul in the parlia- ment of I'aris under the old regime, and afterwards a member of the nation 11 kr] CYCLOPAEDIA OF DIOGKAI'IIV. 40J al convention, was b. at Paris, in 17G0. lie chiotly distinguished liiniseU' in the contest between tlio Mouutiiin and Gi- ronde parties, and he powert'ully co-op- erated in tlic destruction of the latter; but all his services to the terrorists did not save him from the scaffold ; he was executed with Danton, in 1795. IlERBELOT, BARxnoLOMEW d', a learned orientalist, was b. at Paris, in 1G25. After travellinfj twice into Italy, in search of Eastern numuscripts, and to converse with oriental travellers, with a view to the elucidation of the Hebrew Scrintures, he was appointed regius jirotessor of Syriac in the French capi- tal, and g-ranted a pension. lie was the author of '"The Oriental Library," and other able works. D. 1695. HERBERT, Edward, lord of Cher- bury, was b. in 15S1, at Montgomery castle ; was sent, when only 12 years old, to University college, Oxford; was made a knight of the Bath, soon after tlie accessiiin of James I.; and shortly after travelled on the Continent, where his elegant manners and cliivaJric ac- complishments attracted the greatest notice. He served in the Netherlands in 11)10 and 1G14, distinguishing himself by his romantic bravery ; was twice ambassador to France, and on liis re- turn, in 1025, was created an Irish peer, imd afterwards an English baron. He espoused the parliamentary cause du- ring the civil wars, but quitted it, and d. IGiS. His principal work is entitled " Do Veritate," the object of which was to assert the suiliciency and perfection of natural religion, with a view to prove the uselessness of revelation. He also wrote " De Eeligione Laici," his own " Memoirs," a "Life of Henry VIII.," &e. — George, a brother of the prece- ding, was distinguished as a poet and a divine. He was b. in 1593; educated at Westminster school, and at Trinity college, Cambridge ; and became rector of Bemerton, Wilts; where he d. in liioa. Ho was a man of exemplary ])iLty and benevolence, and a poet of no mean rank. — Wii.i.i.\ir, earl of Pem- broke, a poet and tlie patron of learned men, was b. in 1580, at Wilton liouse, the family seat. Ho was educated at New college, Oxford; and in 162t) was elected chancellor of th.at university, to which ho was a liberal benefactor through life, and bequeathed to it at his death a valuable collection of manu- scripts. D. 1630. — Sir Thomas, a de- scendant of one of the branches of the Pembroke family, was the son of an al- .■■42 derman at York. After receiving his education at O.xford, he travelled for 4 years in Asia and Africa, of which ho published an account. On the breaking out of the civil wars he sided with the parliament ; but having been appointed to attend upon Charles in his captivity, he became warmly attached to Inm, ana Eroved himself a zealous and incorrupti- le servant to him up to the hour of his execution. He assisted iJugdale in his " Monasticon Anglicanum," and published an account of the last two years of the life of King Charles, under the title of "Threnodia Carolina." D. 1682. HERDER, JoHK Godfrey von, a clas- sical German writer, and philosopher, was b. in 1744, of poor parents, at Sloh- rungcn, in Prussia; was educated for the church, and became court preacher, ecclesiastical counsellor, and vice-presi- dent of the consistory, to the duke of Saxe Weimar; and 'd. 1803. At the moment when he expired he was wri- ting a hymn to the Deity, and the pen was found on the unfinished line. He was greatly esteemed by all who knew him, and looked upon as the Fenelon of Germany. His unrelaxing zeal and diligence penetrated the most various branches of science, theory, philosophy, philology, natural and civil history, and polities. IIERMAS, an ancient father of the Christian clnirch, surnamed Pastor, or the Shepherd, who is said to bo the same mentioned by St. Paul, in his Epistle to the Romans. He is supposed to have d. at Kome about the year 81. A piece of his, entitled " The Shepherd," is still extant, and was translated into English by Archbishop Wake. HERMELIN, Saml. Gustavus, Baron, a Swedish mineralogist, was b. in 1744, at Stockholm. After having travelled extensively, and paid jDarticular attention to the statistics and geology of the coun- tries which he visited, ho settled in his native land, and for more than 50 years held the most eminent situations in the management of the Swedish mines. Ilermelin wrote various works relative to the mineralogy, metallurgy, and re- sources of Sweden ; and spent 15 years in perleeting the Swedish Atlas, a geo- graphical undertaking of vast magni- tude. D. 1S20. HERMES, Trismegistus, an Egyptian priest and philosopher, who, according to Diodorus, was the friend anrofession, and, at the a're of 14, he was placed in the band of the Hanoverian foot-guards. Towards the close of the seven years' war, when the Froncli armies entered Hanover, youn.r IIe:-a ■'.! ,-1 re-ioKcd to visit En- gland, but not being able to obtain em- ployment in London, ho accepted a situation in the band of the Durham militia. When the regiment came to Doncaster, he formed an acquaintance with Dr. Miller, an eminent composer and organist of that town. It happened aliout this time that an organist was also wanted at Halifax, ami, by the advice of the doctor, his young friend ottered himself as a candidate for Jie place, and was successful. In 1766 he removed from Yorkshire to Bath, where he was chosen organist at the Octagon chapel, and leader of the orchestra at the public rooms. Although enthusiastically fond of music, he had tor some time devoted his leisure hours to the study of math- ematics and astronomy ; and, in 1779, having constructed a telescope, and begun a regular survey of the heavens, star by star, he discovered, March 13th, 1781, a new primary planet, which he named the Georgium Sidus. in honor of George the Third. The same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and had the gold medal awariled him for his discovery. After a long series of arduous and valuable labors, in 1802 he laid betbrc the Royal Society a catalogue of 5000 new nebula3, nebulous stars, planetary nebulaj, and clusters of stars, which he had discovered. He continued his astronomical observations till within a few years of his death, which took place in 1822. — C-uioune Lucretia, sis- ter of the above, and, like him, distin- guished for her zeal in astrononiical pur- suits, was b. at Hanover, 1750. Having joined her brotiier at Bath, in 1771, she voluntarily undertook the arduous duties of his astronomical assistant, not only acting as his amanuensis, but executing the laborious numerical calculations ne- cessary to render his discoveries avail- able to science, and laboring in the cause of astronomy with an ardor and activity which neither the fatigue of the body, nor the inclemencies of the season, coulcl exhaust. Her own observations were so numerous and important, that the Royal Society published them in one volume ; and her " Zone Catalogue" was honored, in 1823, with the gold medal of the Lon- don Astronomical Society, of which she was also elected an honorary member. D. 1848. HERVEY, James, an English divine, was b. in 1714, at HarJinfrstone, near Northampton ; and eventually sncceeded his father, as rector of Weston Favell and Colliiiictree. His chief writings are, '■ M(;ditatioiis and Contemplations," " Remarks on Loril Bolingbroke's Let- ters on the Study and Uso of History," hid] CYCLOPAEDIA OF niOGllAPHY. 495 and "Thcron and Aspasia ; or, a Se- ries of Diiilo^ues and Letters on the nio.-t important Subjects." D. 1758. — John-, Lord, second son of John, first earl of Ki'istol, was b. 1694. In 1720 he married Miss Lcpell, so well known in Pope's letters and verses ; in 1723 he succeeded to the title of Lord Hcr- Ycy by the death of his elder brother ; and in 1725 became member for Bury, when lie attached himself to Sir Robert Walpole's party in opposition to Pulte- ney's, and was made viec-ehamberlain in 1730, which he retained by court in- ftuonce till 1740, when he became lord privy seal. From an early age. Lord Hervey took an active part in the liter- ary and political contests of the day. His pamplilcts in answer to the "Crafts- man involved him in a duel with Pul- teney ; his quarrel with Pope, which extencled over many years, gave rise to some of the bitterest satirical sketches ever penned ; and he carried on an ac- tive correspondence with Dr. Middleton regarding the mode of electing the Ro- man senate. His " Memoirs of the Reign of Georse IL from his Accession to tlie Death of Queen Caroline," after slumbering for a century in the chests of Ickworth, were published in 1848, with an interesting account of the author by John Wilson Croker. D. 1743. ilESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whether a cotemporary with, or older or younger than, Homer is not agreed among the learned. The "The- ogony" and " Works and Days" are the only "undoubted pieces of this poet now HEWSON, William, a celebrated anatomist and physiologist, was the son of a surgeon at Hexham, in Northum- berland, where he was b. in 1739. In 1771 he obtained the Coplevan medal from the Royal Society, for Ids discov- eries of the lymphatic syster.n in birds and fishes, and was elected a fellow of that learned body. He also published " Experimental Inquiries into the Prop- erties of the Blood." D. 1774. HEYLIN, Petkis, an English divine, was b. at Burford, in Oxfordshire, in 1600. In 1631 he published his " His- tory of St. George," for which the king gave him the rectory of Hemmingford, in Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of Westminster, to which was added the livinsr of Houtrliton, in the l)isho])ric of Durham. Other eiuirch preferment fol- lowed. He published a weekly pa[>er, called " Mercurius Aulieus." His otiier productions are, " Cosmography," " A Help to English History," the " Life of Charles I.," a " History of the Reforma- tion," . 1742.— Caspar, another German physi- cian, was a native of Gotlia ; wrote several medical works, became professor of the theory of medicine at Altorf, and d. there in 1648. — Chuistopiiek Lewis, also a physician, was b. in 1721, at Klieda. in Westpiialia. He distinguisiied himself as a professional writer, and formed a new system of medicine, by eonibining the humoral and nervous pathology ; assuming as the basis of his system, the sensibility and irritability of the solids, and the corruption of the humors as the principle of irritation. He was successively physician to the bishop of Munster and the electors of Cologne and Ment;;. T>. 1807. — Erxest TiiEonoRE William, a (lernian of varied talents, was b. at Konigsbcrg, in 1776. He studied the law, and held various iudiciul appointments in Prussia; till his legal career was interrupted by the in- vasion of Warsaw by the French in 1806, in the government of which city he had l^een a]ipoiiited counsellor. Having devoted his leisure hours to the study of music, and being at the same time a romance -writer and an artist, he apnlied himself to these pursnits in oraer to obtain a liveiihoou. He pos- sessed much imagination and talent; but he was an intemperate liver, and sutl'ered much from hypochondriacisin. Among his works are, " The Devil's Elixir," "The Entail," "The Adver- Siiry," &c. ; all displaying a singularly wild and romantic imagination. In 1816 he was reinstated as counsellor in the court of judicature in Berlin, and d. in 1822. HOFLAND, Barbara, (widow of Mr. T. C. Hoeland, landscape painter, who d. in 184^,) well known liy her numerous works, written principally for the atnusc- ment and instruction of youth, was the dauglitcr of a manufacturer at Sheffield, named Wreaks, where she was b. in the year 1770. She commenced her literary career in 1805, by the publication of a volume of poeins, by subscription ; from the proceeds of wliich she established herself in a school at Ilarrovvgate, at the same time appearing occasionally as a writer of moral and amusing tales. Among the more important of her works are " Emilv," a novel : " Bea- trice," "The Unloved One," "The Son of a Genius," " Tales of the Priory," "Self-denial," "The Merchant's Wid- ow," "Decision," &c. D. 1814. HOGAETIl, William, a truly great and original painter of life and manners, was b. in London, in 169S, and bound apprentice to an engraver of arms on silver plate. About 1720 he set up for himself, and his lirst employment was to engrave coats of arms and shop bills. He next undertook to execute plates for booksellers, the chief of which are the prints to Iludibras. His first perform- ance as a painter was a representation of Wanstead Assembly, the portraits being taken from life. In 17-0 he mar- ried a daughter of Sir James Thornhill; shortly after which he cmhellished the gardens of Vauxliall with some excellent [taintings, for which the propietor com- plimented him with a perpetual ticket of admission. In 1733 appeared his " Harlot's Progress," prints which stamped his reputation, and were fol- lowed by other moral histories and sa- tirical representations of vice and lolly, such as "The Rake's Progress," " Mar- riage-a-la-Mode," " Industry an. IriSO. IIOLLEY, Horace, a celebrated pul- pit orator, was b. in Connecticut, 1781, and graduated at Yale college in 17'jy. On leaving this institution he began the study of the law, which he soon relin- quished for divinity, and in 1805 was ordained to the pastoral charge of Greenfield hill, Conn. Hi 1809 he was installed over the society in HoUis-street, Boston, where he remained for ten years, when he accepted an invitation to be- come president of Transylvania univer- sity, in Kentucky. Hi this situation he continued till 1827, when he died on his passage from New Orleans to New York. Jiis sermons were generally extempora- neous, and were distinguished for power and eloquence. HOLMAN, Joseph George, a drama- tist and actor, was a native of London, and intended for the church; but in 1784 he made his debut at Ooveut-gar- den theatre. He afterwards came to America, and became manager of Charleston theatre. Among his dra- matic productions, are the "Votary of Wealth," a comedy; "Eed Cross Knights," *' Abroad and at Home," &c. Hia death was remarkable and melancholy, taking place together with that of his second wife, two days after their marriage, by yellow fever, in 1817. HOLMES, Abiel, a divine and author, was b. in Woodstock, Conn., 1768; graduated at Y'ale college, 1783; froth November, 178-5, to June, 1701, was pastor of a Congregational church at Midway, Geo. ; and in 1792 he became pastor "of the First church in Cambridge, Mass., where he remained the rest of his life. His most eonsiderable literary production, entitled "The Annals of America," is one of the most valuable historical publications that has been written in this country. D. 1837. HOLT, Fr.vncis 'Ludlow, queen's counsel, and for 22 years vice-chancel- lor of the county y)alatine of Lancaster, was called to the bar in 1809, and in 1831 rose to the rank of a king's counsel. He was the author of several legal works on the law of libel, shipping and navi- gation laws, the bankrupt laws, reports of cases at nisi prius, (fee. He also wrote one or two dramatic pieces ; and was for manv vears the principal editor of " Ik-ll's'Weekly Messenger." D.lSti.— Sir JoHNj an "eminent English judge, celebrated tor tirmness, integrity, and great legal knowledge, was b. at Thame, Oxfordshire, lG-42. "He filled the office of recorder of London for about ayear and a half, when his uncompromising opposition to the abolition ot the Test Act caused him to lose his situation. Becoming a member of the lower house, he distinguished himself so much by his exertions and talents in what is called the "convention parliament," that on King AVilliam's accession he was made lord^ chief justice of the King's Bench; On the removal of Lord Somers, in 1700, he was offered the chancellorship; but he refused it. D. 1709. HOLTY, Louis Hexey Christophep., a German poet, excelling particularly in lyrical and elegiac compositions, was b. at Mariensee, 1748. He was of a mild and pensive disposition, pursued his studies beyond his natural strength, and prematurely d. at Gottingen, 1775. HOLYOAKE, Francis, a learned lex- icographer, was b. in Warwickshire, about 15157, and d. 1G53. His " Etymo- loarical Dictionary of Latin Words" was first printed in 1606. — TnoM.\s, his son, was doctor in divinity, and d. in 1675. During the civil wars he commanded a troop of horse in the king's service, al- though in holy orders, and on the failure of the royal cause he practised medicine for a subsistence ; but at the restoration he resumed his ecclesiastical functions, and obtained church preferment. He enlarged his father's dictionary, which was published in 1677. HOLYOKE, Edward Augustus, an American physician, b. in Essex county, Mass., in 1728. He graduated at Har- vard college, and in 1749 began to prac- tise at Salem ; was upwards of 100 years old when he died, yet it is said he was never in his life so far as 50 miles from the spot where he was born. Even after lie had attained uis 100th year he took interest in the investigation of medical subjects, and wrote letters which show that liis understanding was still clear and strong. Dr. Holyoke was a good anatomist; was versed in natural phi- losophy and astronomy ; and regularly recorded his meteorological observations daily for 80 years. D. 1829. HOLY WOOD, John, or, according to his Latinized appellation, De SACitonos- oo, was an Entrhsh mathematician and divine, b. at Halifax, in Yorkshire. Af- ter receiving his education at Oxford, he went to Tans, where he taught math- ematics, and d. in 1256. He wrote " De Si>hfEra Mundi," " De Anni Kat'oiie," and " De Algorismo." .X] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 503 HOME, David, t\ Scotch divine, wlio wiis oiiii)loycd by James I. to bring tlic rrotoslant-s of Europe into one confes- sion. Ho wrote " Apologia Basilica, sen Macliiavclli Ingeaiiun Examina- tuin," " L'Assassinat dii Roi," &c. — Sir Evi-.UARi), an eminent surgeon, was the h-on of Robert Home, esq., of Greenlaw ciustlo, in the county of JBerwick ; and was brought up to the profession under his brother-in-law, the celebrated John Hunter. For a period of more than 40 years he practised with great success in London; and during that time he pro- duced numerous medical works, which are held in high repute. He was ser- geant-surgeon to the king, surgeon to Chelsea hospital, vice-president of the Royal Society, president of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, and was created a barouet in 1813. Among his works are, " Lectures on Comparative Anatomy," and '• Practical Observations" on a vari- ety of diseases, consisting of several volumes ; besides numerous valuable contributions to the "Philosophical Transactions," &c. B. 1756; d. 1832. — Hexuv, Lord Kames, a Scottish judge and eminent writer, b. in the year Itj'JG. Mr. Home's success at the bar was not great, till his abilities were known by the publication of his ''Remarkable De- cisions of the Court of Session, from ITlt) to 1718," which happened in 172S. From tliat period he practised, with mucli respectability and success, till the year 1752, when he was called to the bench. Eleven years afterwards he was appointed one ot the lords of justiciary, ludependent of various judicial works, lie wrote '• Essays concerning British Antiquities," "Essays on the Principles uf Morality and Natural Religion," "An Introduction to the Art of Thinking." and " Elements of Criticism." Notli- iiig further came from his pen till 1772, \vlien"The Gentleman Farmer" made its appearance ; and, the following year, •• Sketches of the History of Man." The last work he published was " Loose Hints upon Education, chielly concern- •ng tlic Culture of the Heart." D. 1782. — Jon.v, the autlior of the popular tra- gedy of "Douglas," was b. near An- erum, Koxburghshire, in 1724, and Cilucated for the church ; but in the re- bellion of 1745 he entered into the royal armv, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Falkirk. He contrived, how- ever to make his escape, and in 1750 was ordained as minister of Atlidstanc- ford, in East Lothian. His trauedy of " Douglas" was performed at Edinburgh in 175G, and gave such offence to th« presbytery that the author, to avoid ec- L'lesiastical censure, resigned his living, and ever after appeared and acted as a layman. He obtained some trifling gov- ernment appointments, and wrote four other plays, whicli, however, failed to attract, ills " History of the Rebellion of 1745-G," also disai>pointed the public e.vueetation. D. 18u8. HOMER, the father of poetry. Of the birth of this immortal bard, and of the circumstances of his death — of his pa- rentage and descent, nay, even of liis actual existence — all is involved in doubt and fable. Seven cities disputed fortiie honor of being his birthplace : Smyr- na, Colophon, Chios, Argos, Alliens, Rhodes, and Salamis : the probability is that he was an Asiatic Greek, and flour- ished in the 9th centurv b. c. HONDEKOETER, Giles ; GrsuREcnT, his son ; and Melchior, his grandson; three Flemish artists of the ItJth and 17th centuries. The first excelled in landscape painting ; the second in de- lineating birds ; and the last, who was by far the most celebrated of the three, combined the powers of the former two, and painted with great elegance and ac- curaev. HONDIUS, Abraham, a Dutch artist, of considerable ability, particularly in his hunting pieces ; he also painted " The Destruction of Troy," in a man- ner which has obtained lor him the highest praise. He went to England, and d. lt>91. HONE, Nath.^niel, a celebrated painter in enamel, was a native of Dub- lin, but came to London early in life, and was one of the first members of the Eoyal Academy. D. 1784. — William, the son of a dissenter at Bath, became conspicuous as the publisher of a scries of parodies, in which such irreverent use was made of the liturgy, that the gov- ernment felt bound to prosecute him. He was tried on three charges, and de- fended himself for three days with con- siderable ability, and witheq\ial courswre and temper ; and, as the government of that day was in ill odor with that largo party in whom the reforming spirit nt that'tiiiic was rife, a verdict was return- ed in his favor, lie subsequently had a large sum suliscribed lor liim, by per- sons who, we presume, must have en- tertained sentiments similar to those of the " persecuted but triumphant cliam- pion of the press." His publications were the "Every-Day Book" and tiie •' Year Book." This business, however. 504 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. did not sueceed, and Mr. Hone became much involved. Being led to attend the ministry of Mr. Binney at the Weigh- house, iiid character became changed ; and the new religious connection result- ed in bis becoming subeditor of the '•Patriot;" this he continued till his death, which took place in November, 1842. HOOD, RoBix, a celebrated English outlaw of the 12th century— whose per- sonal courage, skill in archery, boldness of enterprise, and generous disposition, have rendered his name famous in the legendary history of that country — lived in Sherwood forest, in Nottingham- shire. The heads of his story, as col- lected by Stowe, are briefly these : — "In this" time (about the year 1190, in the reign of Kiehard I.) were mnny rob- bers and outlaws, among whom Kobin Hood and Little John, renowned thieves, continued in the woods, despoiling and robbing the goods of the rich. They killed none but such as would invade them, or by resistance for their own de- fence. The said Eobin entertained 100 tall men and good archers, with such spoils and thefts as he got, upon whom 400 (were they ever so stronsr,) durst not give the "onset. He sulfered no woman to be oppressed, violated, or otherwise molested ; poor men's goods he spared, abundantly relieving them with that which by theft he got from abbeys and the houses of rich old carles." D. 1247.— Sajicel, Lord Vis- count, the son of a clergyman at Thorn- combe, in Devonshire, was b. there in 1724, and entered the royal navy at the age of 16. By his bravery in the cap- ture of a fifty-gun ship, in 1759, he ac- quired the rank of post-captain ; and he was present, as rear-admiral, at the famous defeat of De Grasse, by Eodney, April 12tb, 1782, when his services on that occasion were rewarded with an Irish peerage. In 17S4 he was elected into parliament for Westminster ; but in 1768 he vacated his seat on being named one of the lords of the admiralty. In 1793 he signalized himself by the taking of Toulon, and afterwards Cor- Bica ; in reward of which achievements be wa.s made a viscount, and governor of Greenwich hospital. D. 1816.— Thomas, a poet, humorist, and miscel- laneous writer, the son of Mr. Hood, bookseller, was at first a clerk, and then an engraver, and at length we find him contributing to, and in part editing, the " London Magazine." But his connec- tion with the press became more pub- [hoo licly known by the occasional appearance of his name to various clever and whim- sical tritles, which enlivened the pages of some of the most popular among the weekly and monthly periodicals. After this came his " Whims and Oddities," "National Tales," "Comic Annuals," "Whimsicalities," "The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies," "Tylney Hall," " Up the Rhine," &c. Much, however, as we have admired his abilities as a punster and a satirist, and heartily a.s we have laughed at his original sketches, droll allusions, and grotesque similes ; much as we esteem the man of wit who can "shoot folly as it flies," _ without indulging in personalities, or inflicting pain on any but the worthless, we can still both admire and esteem him more, when, with true pathos, he fixes the at- tention of the reader, and commands the best sympathies of man's nature, by compositions so simple, eloquent, and forceful as " The Song of the Shirt." B. 1708 ; d. 1845. HOOGSTPvATEN, David van, a Dutch poet and critic, b. at Rotterdam, in 1668; became professor of the belles lettrea at Amsterdam, wrote several good poems, in the Latin language, and otherwise displayed considerable claii- sical attainments. D. 1724. IIOOGVLIET, Arnold, a Dutch poet, b. in 1687. His chief fame rests on a poem entitled " Abraham the Patri- arch," wliich is admired for the beauty of its style and imagery. D. 1763. HOOK, James, a musical composer, of great industry and tiilent, was b. at Norwich, in 1746. Ilis operatic and melodramatic productions amount to more than 140 complete works, many of which were higlily successful; he also set to music upwards of 2000 songs. D. 1827. — Dr. James, dean of Worcester, son of the preceding, was an accom- plished scholar, and an able dignitary of the church. Besides some dramas, which he wrote early in life, he pub- lished, in 1820, "An^uis in Ilerba; a Sketch of the true Character of the Church of England and her Clergy," which he inscribed " To the sober sense of his country." Few writers, indeed, surpassed Dr!^ Hook as a polemical or a political pamphleteer. D. 1828.--Theo- DoRE EnwARD, a celebrated novelist and dramatic writer, but more celebrated for his surpassing wit and extemporaneous powers, was the youngest son of James llook. He was "b. in London, in 1783. At 17 he produced his first drama, " The Soldier's Return." which was CYCLOP.EDIA OK BIOGRAPIIY, UOP] speedily followed by "Catch him who can,'' '•Tekeli," "Killing no Murder," and nine other dramatic pieces, nearly all of which were decidedly successful. These, with a host of piquant articles in the " Satirist Magazine," and other pe- riodicals, were hit oft' before he reached Ills 2.")tli year. In Oct., 1S13, he was ap- pointed to the offices of accountant-gen- eral and treasurerof the Mauritius, which he held till Feb., 1818, when it was dis- covered that there was a deficiency in the military chest of £12,000, abstracted, us it afterwards appeared, by his deputy, who, on the accounts being about to be investigated, destroyed himself; but Mr. Hook, as a matter of course, was made answerable for the acts of his subordinate, lie was accordingly sent home, his effects were seized and sold, and he became for a considerable time an inmate of the King's Bench. The first series of "Sayings and Doings" appeared in 182-i. Other novels, as "Jack Brag," "Births, Deaths, and Marriages," "Gilbert Gurney," &c., followed at short iutervds. He also wrote " Memoirs of Sir David Baird" and of "Michael Kelly," the composer. But not a little of his notoriety arose from his connection with the "John Bull," of which he was editor as well as a joint proprietor ; and from his pen proceeded most of those bold political articles, racy sketches of men and man- ners, smart poems, and epigrannnatic jeux d'esprit, which for so long a time distinguished that ultra-tory paper. For the last few years he was the editor of the " New Monthly Magazine." D. 1841. HOOKEE, John, a learned antiquary, was b. at Exeter, 1524. He wrote a "Description of Exeter," and some part of " Ilolingshcd's Chronicle," be- sides other pieces. D. 1601. — Eichard, an eminent English divine, author of an excellent work, entitled " The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," was b. at Ileavi- tree, near Exeter, in 1553, and d. at Bishop's Bourne, Kent, of which place he was rector, in 1600. HOOLE, John, a dramatic poet and translator, was b. in 1727. lie was a clerk in the India House, but devoted his leisure hours to literary pursuits, particularly the study of the Italian lan- fuage, of which he acquired a great nowledge, as appears by his excellent translations of Anosto's '" Orlando Fu- rioso," and Tasso's " Jerusalem," into English. He also published two vol- umes of the dramas of Metastasio, and 43 505 was the author of three tragedies, viz., "Cvrus," "Timanthes," and "Cleo- niee." D. 1803. HOOPER, William, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Boston in 1742, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1760. He engaged in the study of the law, and removing to North Carolina commenced the prac- tice of his profession in that province. In 1774 he v.-as elected a delegate to the general congress which met at Philadel- phia. In 1776 he was a third time dele- gate to congress, but in the following year was obliged to resign his seat in consequence of the embarrassment of his private affairs. I). 1790. HOPE, John, a physician and natu- ralist, b. at Edinburgh, 1725, was pro- fessor of botany and the materia medica in his native city, and in 1761 was ap- pointed botanist to the king, and super- intendent of the botanic garden. D. 1786. — Thomas, an English gentleman of large fortune, distinguished by his talents and patronage of the fine arts, was the nephew of a rich merchant of Amsterdam. In 1805 he first appeared as an author, by publishing a work, en- titled " Household Furniture and In- ternal Decorations;" this was tbUowcd by two elegant publications, "The Cos- tumes of the Ancients," and "Designs of Modern Costume;" but his great per- formance was " Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern Greek," which appeared anonymously in 1819, and was for some time very generally ascribed to Lord Byron. Another work of a metaphysi- cal nature, has been published since his death, entitled "The Origin and Pros- pects of Man." D. 1831. HOPITxVL, Michael de l', was an eminent chancellor of France, to which high station he rose throuirh the zeal, ability, and integrity he displayed in the various offices he before filled. He was b. in 1505; studied jurisprudence in the most celebrated universities of France and Italy ; rose rapidly in his profession, and was sent by Henry II. as ambassador to the council of Trent. In 1554 he was made superintendent of the royal finances, when, by his good management, and his inflexible disre- gard of those rapacious favorites of the court who battened on the public purse, he restored the exhausted treasury. He was a sincere friend to religious tolera- tion, and the principal author of thft edict of 1562, which allowed freedom of worship to Protestants. "When the atrocious massacre of the Protestants, 506 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [hok on Bartholomew's Day, 1572, was at its height, and his frieuds thoujht he would be made one of its victims, he not only rct'iised to take measures for his own safety, but, when a party of liorsemen advanced towards his house, lie refuse to close his trates. They were, iu fiict, dispatched by the queen with express orders to save him. He sur- vived this event a lew months only, dying in 1.573. — William Francis An- THoNr HE l\ marquis de St. Mesme, a celebrated French mathematician, was the son of a general in the army, and b. 1>361. Such was his reputation for mnthemalical science, that the profound Iluygens did not disdain to apply to him for information. He wrote several works on conic sections, equations, &c. D. 1704.^ HOPKINS, Lemuel, an American physician and author, b. at Waterbury, Conn., 1750. He introduced the anti- phlogistic regimen and practice in feb- rile diseases, and was not less assiduous than he was skilful as a practitioner; while, as a literary man he successfully distinguished himself by various politi- cal tracts and satires, written with a view to give a tone to the public feeling in favor of the administration of Wash- ington. D. 1801. — Samuel, founder of the sect called Hopkinsians, was b. at AVaterbury. Conn., in 1721. He was a pious and zealous man, with considcra- t)le talents, and almost incredible powers of application; but his theological opin- ions have given rise to much contro- versy. He published numerous ser- mons, a ''Treatise on the Millennium," &e. ; and earnestly advocated the aboli- tion of slavery. From the year 1769 he presided over a congregation at New- port, K. I., where he d. in 1803. — Ste- phen, one of the signers of the declara- lion of independence, wius b. in 1707, in that part of Providence which now forms the town of Scituate. In 1732 he was elected a representative to the gen- eral assembly from Scituate, and was chosen speaker to that body in 17-11. In 1751 he was appointed chief justice of the superior court of Ehode Island; and, in 175'), was elected its governor; w;i.s several times chosen a member of congress, and d. in 1785. He was a clear and convincing speaker, and a good roathematician ; and though he had re- ceived but a very limited education, his knowledire of literature, science, and political economy was varied and cxten- Bive. — William, an Knglish divine, b. At Evesiiam, Worcestershire, in 1647, was a celebrated antiquary. He assisted Bishop Gibson iu his edition of the " Saxon Chronicle," and was the trans- lator of the article '•Worcestershire," in Camden's "Britannia." In 1675 lie was promoted to a prebend iu Worces- ter cathedral ; lield the mastersliip of St. Oswald's hospital; and d. 1700.— William, was the author of ''An ^Vp- peal to Common Sense ;" and, though openly professing Aiian principles, lield tlie rectory of Bolney, iu Susses, till his death, in 1786. IIOPKINSON, Francis, an eminent author, and one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was b. at Philadelphia, in 1738. His father was the intimate friend and scientific coad- jutor of Franklin. After graduating at the college of Philadelphia, and m.akiug the law his study, Francis visited En- gland, the country of his parents' birth, and, in a few years after his return, en- tered consrress as a delegate from New Jersc}'. He produced many satires and ironical pieces, such as the "Prophecy," the " Political Catechism," &e., tending to ridicule the ol 1 country ; while, at the same time, he directed his efforts against the ribaldry of the newspapers, and the exaggerations and prejudices with which tlie federal constitution w.as at first as- sailed. After his retirement from con- gress, he was appointed judge of the admiralty for Pennsylvania, and d. in 1791. Among his works, tlie greater part of which are of a political charac- ter, there are many sound essays and scientific papers, acute and learned judi- cial decisions, and a variety of songs, possessing much sweetness and deli- cacy, which were rendered still more popular Ijy the airs he composed for them. HOPPNf^R, Jon>f, an ingenious por- trait and landscape painter, chiefly ex- celling in females and children, was b. 175?, and d. ISIO. As the author of a metrical translation of " Oriental Tales," and in other literary performances, he also distiniruished himself. HOE ATI US FLACCUS, QuiNTus, or HORACE, one of the most eminent, and certainly the most popular and ele- gant of the Roman poets, was b. at Ve- nusium, a city lying on the borders of Lucania and Apulia, 65 b. 'i. His father, although following the ca.lincf of a tax- gatherer, was a man of elevated and liberal sentiments, and took the greatest pains in ijrovidinsr for his education. At the age of 20 years he went to Athens to complete his studies ; and while there, hor] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOORAPHV. 507 Marcus Brutus passint,' tlironjli the city oil lii.s wiiy to Alaccdonia, Horace, ac- companied by otlicr Komaii youths, joined the jirniy ; became a lejrionary tribune ; roug:lit in tlic last battle for the freedom of Rome at I'hilippi, and saved liimself by flight. Thou in 17');^, and his graceful elocution and excellent style rendered him a pojuil ir preacher. He was successively chaplain to the king, vice-chancellor of the university, and dean of Canterbury ; ind, in 1790, he n'as raised to the see of Norwich. He was distinguished for his biblical knowl- edge, and in early lifo was a strenuous Hutchinsonian. In 1751 he opposed the Newtonian philosophy as inconsist- ent with the 15iiilc ; in \7'i4: he wroto against iJr. Shucklord's account of the creation and fall of man ; and in 17oij he became involved in a controversy with Dr. Kennicott, the supposed author of "A Word to the Hutchinsonians." But, among his nmnerous works, which are too numerous for specifying here, the i)rinoipal is "A Commentary on the Jook of Psalms," an elaborate perform- ance, on the composition of which he bestowed nearly 20 years. D. 1792. HORNECK, Ottocar of, one of the oldest historians in the German language, was a native of Styria, and lived in the 13th and 14th centuries. About the year 12S0 he composed a work on the great empires of the earth, which con- cluded with the death of the Emperor Frederic II., and is still extant in man- uscript at Vienna. He also wrote a chronicle of the events of his own tune, consisting of more than 83,000 verses, and which is said to be rich in portray- ing the characters of eminent men, and in the description of festivals, tourna- ments, and battles, at part of which he was himself present. HORNEMANN, Frederic Co.nrad, a celebrated German traveller, b. at Hil- desheim, in 1772. At the instance of Blumenbach, the famous naturalist, ho was, in 1797, cuiployed by the African Association, in London, to explore the interior of Africa. After having visit- ed Cyprus, Alexandria, and Cairo, he crosseci the Libyan desert, rciched Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzau, and soon afterwards proceeded on an excur- sion to Tripoli. From this place he set out with the intention of penetrating into Central Africa, and is oelieved to have d. on his return to Fezzan, of a fever caused by drinking cold water, after being exposed to great fatigue. His Journal, which was sent by him from Tripoli, was published in 1802 by the African Society. HORNER, Fra'ncis, barrister-at-law, was b. at Edinburgh, 1778. He entered parliament in ISOC, and distinguished himself as chairman of the bullion com- mittee; but his severe application to that intricate subject injured his health, which was naturally dciieate; and he d. in 1817, at Pisa, whither he had gone for its restoration. HORNTHORST, Ger.msd, a celebrated painter, called also Gerardo pai.le Not- Ti, from his subjects, was b. at Utrecht in 1592, and was a pupil of Abraham Bloemart, but finished his studies ut 508 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [how Kome. Ho painted night-scenes, and pieces illuminated by torch or candle light. On his return from Italy he vis- ited Kn^Liud, and obtained the favor of Cliarlcs 1. ; and on liis return to Holland, he was much employed by the prince of Orange. Among his numerous pic- tures, that of Jesiis Christ before the tribunal of Pilate is the most celebrated. D. lOGO. ]IOKliOX, Jeremiah, an English as- tronomer, was b. at Toxtcth, in Lanca- shire, about 1619. He was the first who observed the transit of Venus over tlie sun's disk, his account of which was published by Hevelius, at Dantzic, in 1661, under the title of "Venus in Sole visu, anno 1639, Nov. 24;" and he formed a theory of lunar motion, which Kewton did not disdain to adopt. D. 1640. HORSLEY, John", a learned antiquary, who d. 1731. His work, entitled ''Bri- tannia Komana," folio, gives a copious and exact account of the remains of the Komans in Britain. — Samuel, a celebra- ted English prelate and mathematician, was b. in London in 1733 ; and held several livings in succession, till he ar- rived at the episcopal dignity. But while he was rapidly rising in the church, and opposing br. Priestley, the great champion of Unitarianism, by his theological arguments, he was not ne- glectful of science. In 1775 he pub- lished an edition of Newton's works; and from 1773 till the election of Sir Jo.seph Banks, he was secretary of the Eoj'al Society. His writings were nu- merous and important, in theology, in science, and in classical literature. 1). 1806. HOSACK, David, an eminent phy- sician of New York. He received his education at Edinburgh; was long at the head of the profession in New York ; and was an eloquent and aV)le teacher as a professor of the theory and practice of physic in the New York Medical College. He was held in high estimation as a man of talents, learning, and worth ; was a liberal promoter of the arts and sciences ; and was the author of the "History of the Erie Canal," and of the Life of his friend, Dc Witt Clinton, formerly gov- ernor of New York. D. suddenly of apoplexv, 18:;.'), aged 66. HOTtlNGER, John Henry, alearned oriental scholar, b. at Zurich, in 1620. He displayed such a j)ropciisity for, and made such progress m, the ancient lan- guages, that lie was sent to foreign universities at the public expense. He went to Geneva, Gottingen, and Ley- den; visited England; and returned to his native country, enriched with vast stores of knowledge. In 1642 he waa appointed professor of ecclesiastical his- tory in his native city; and b.y his teach- ing and writings contributed greatly to promote the study of oriental literature. In 1667, while preparing for a visit to the university of Leyden, in compliance with repeated invitations, he was acci- dentally drowned, with three of his children, by the upsetting of a boat, in the neighborhood of Zurich. — John James, son of the preceding, was b. at Zurich, in 1652; at which place he be- came professor of theology ; and d. 1735. His principal work is an "Ecclesiastical History of Switzerland." — Another pro- fessor at Zurich, of the same name, known by his eclitions of the classics, was b. 1750, and d. l^slu. He was an acute critic and elegant scholar ; among his best works is an " Essay towards a Comparison of the German with the Greek and Roman Poets." HO VEDEN, Roger de, an English his- torian, who flourished in the reign of Henry II. He wrote " Annals" in Latin, commencing at 731, the period at which Bede finished, and bringing down af- fairs to the third year of John, 1201. His style is defective, but he is highly esteemed for diligence and fidelity. HOWARD, Charles, earl of Notting- ham, an intrepid English admiral, com- mander-in-chief at the defeat of the Sjjanish armada. B. 1586; d. 1624.— Edward, the descendant of an ancient and opulent family, was one of the earliest and best of the naval school of novelists. " Ratlin the Reefer," "Out- ward Bound," "The Old Commodore," and " Jack Ashore," attest his powers, while his " Life of Sir Henry Morgan, the Buccaneer," gave promise of even higher excellence. D. 1842. — John, the celebrated philanthropist, was b. at Hackney, in 1726. He was apprenticed to a grocer, but his constitution being delicate, and having an aversion to trade, he purchased his indentures and went abroad. Ou his return he lodged with a widow lady, whom he afterwards mar- ried. Aftertlie decease of Mrs. Howard, who lived only about three years, he, in 1756, embarked for Lisbon,' in order to view the effects of the recent earth- quake, but on the passage the ship waa taken and carried to Fraiice. The nard- sliips he suffered and witnessed during his imprisonment, first roused his at- tention to the subject of his future la- iioS lie married a second wit'e, who d. in childbed in 1765, leavintr him one son. lie .it this time resided at (.'ardintrton, near Bedford, where he in- dulged tiie benevolence of his disposi- tion by continually assisting and anic- lioratin;.'' the condition of the poor. In 1773 lie served the office of shcritt', which, as he declared, "brought the distress of the prisoners more imme- diately under his notice," and led him to form the design of visiting the jails tlirough England, in order to devise means for alleviating the miseries of the prisoners. Having done so, he laid the result of his inquiries before the house of commons, for which he received a vote of thanks. He next made a tour through the principal parts of Europe, and published his "State of the I'ris- ous," with a view to render them both more humane and more ctHcacious. A new subject now engaged his attention, namely, the management of lazarettos, and the means of preventing the com- munication of the plague and other con- tagiouii diseases. In this he encountered every danger that can be conceived, and having become personally acquainted with tlie subject, in 17S9 iie published " An account of the principal Lazarettos in Europe, with Papers relative to the Plague," &e. Actively pursuing this salutary and benevolent object, Mr. Howard took np his residence at the town of Cherson, a Eussian settlement on the Black Sea. A malignant fever prevailed there, and he having been prompted by humanity to visit one of the sufferers, lie caught the infection, and d. Jan. 20, 1790. — Sir Robert, an English poet and historian, was the sou of Thomas, carl of Berkshire. He was was a zealous friend of the revolution of 1083. He wrote several plays, the "History of the Reigns of Edward and Richard II," the " History of Reliarion," &e. D. 1698. — Thomas, earl of Surrey and duke of Norfolk, an eminent states- man and warrior in the reign of Henry VIII. He served with his brother, Sir Edward, against Sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch pirate, who infested the English coast in 1511, but who was killed and I his ships taken. He next accompanied the marquis of Dorset in his expedition to Guienne, which ended in the eon- quest of Navarre bv Ferdinand. The victory of Flodden Vicld, in which the king of Scotland was slain, was chicllj' owing to his braverv. On the breaking 43* out of the disturbances in Ireland, he was appointed lieutenant of that king- dom, where he suppressed the rebellion. Notwithstanding his great services, Henry, at the close of life, caused the duke' to be sent to the Tower, on a charge of treason, and his son to be be- headed in his presence. The death of the tyrant only saved the duke's life. D. 1554. — Edward, younger brother of the above, entered early on the maritime service, and about 1494 was knighted. In 1512 he was sent as lord higli ad- miral of England with a large fleet against France, the coasts of which ho ravaged. He also defeated the enemy's fleet off Brest ; but the year following he was slain in boarding the French admiral's ship, and his body thrown into the sea. — Henry, earl of Surrey, an accomplished nobleman, a brave soldier, and the best English poet of his age, was b. in 1520. He served under his father, the duke of Norfolk, as lieuten- ant-general of the army sent against Scotland, and performed various other military exploits of eminence and value. He had quartered on his escutcheon the royal arms of Edward the Confessor, to which he had an hereditary right, and ho is said to have aspired to the hand of the Princess Mary. On these and other less substantial charges he suffered de- capitation on Tower-hill, 1546, by the jealous and arbitrary mandate of Henry VIII. His works consist of "Songs and Sonnets," &c., which deserve a high degree of commendation, for the period at which they were composed. — Thomas, earl of Arundel, a nobleman distinguished by his patronage of the fine arts, was earl marshal in the early part of the reign of Charles I., and was employed in several foreign embassies by that prince and his fiither. He sent agents into Greece and Italy, to collect lor him, at a vast expense, whatever was curious and valuable of the works of ancient artists, which had escaped de- struction. His unrivalled museum of antiquities was divided at his death, and Henry, the sixth duke of Norfolk, about the year 166S, presented to the univer- sity of Oxford a considerable part of his moiety, including the celebrated Parian Chronicle, which with the other ancient inscribed stones accompanyins it are now termed the " Arundelian marbles." D. 1646. — .John Eager, an officer of the army of the American revolution, wa.s b. in B.nltiinore in 1752. After serving in the rank of captain, in 1779, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and dis- 510 CYCLOP.EUIA OF BIOURAPHY. [hua tinsuished himself by Lis valor and activity during the wiir. At the battle ot" Cowpcus, Col. Howard, at one time, had in liis hands the swords of seven otliecrs who liad surrendered to him personuUy. lie was also present at tlic battles of Gcrmantown, White Plains, Monmouth, Camden, and llobbieks hill. On the disbanding of tlie army he re.tired to his patrimonial estates, near Baltimore, and was subsequently governor of JSIuryland, and member of the senate of the United States. D. 1827. HOWE, Jonx, an eminent noncon- formist clerfirvman of the 17th century, b. in 11)30, at Loughborough, was ejected from his living at Torrington, Devon, and for many years officiated as the minister of a Presbyterian congregation in London ; afterwards retired to the Nctlierlands, but returned to England upon James's proclamation of liberty of conscience. 1). 1705. — John, a states- man in the reigns of William IIL and Anne. lie was a member of the con- vention parliament, and exerted himself greatly in favor of the revolution, but afterwards joined the opposition, and favc great offence to the king by the oldness of his conduct. In the suc- ceeding reign he was made a privy councillor and paymaster of the forces ; but retired on the accession of George L, and was succeeded in his office by Waipole. D. 1720. — Kichard, carl, a celebrated English admiral, was the third son of Emanuel, Viscount Howe, and was b. in 1725. He was placed, at the age of 14, as amidsliipman on board the Severn, in which sliip he sailed with Anson for tlie J'acific, and continued going through the usual gradations of the service under that adiniral till 1745, when, though only 20 years of age, he obtained the command of the Baltimore sloop of war, and was made post-captain for gallantly defeating two Prench ships bearing succors to the Pretender. Hav- ing greatly distinguished himself on many occasions, ho sailed, as com- mander-in-chief, to the Mediterranean in 1770, with the rank of rear-admiral, and in a few years rose to ha vice-ad- miral of the blue. On the breaking out of the war with France, Lord Howe Hailed for the coast of America, with a squadron destined to act against D'Es- taing, and, on his return in 1782, he Was created an English viscount. In the course of the same year he sailed to the relief of Gibraltar, which he effected in spite of the combined lleet.s of the enemy. In 1783 he accepted the post of tjrst lord of the admiralty, and in 1788 he was created an earl of Great Britain. In 1793, on the breaking out of the war with France, he took the command of the British fleet, and bring- ing the enemy to an action on the 1st of June, 17y4, obtained over them a decisive and most important victory. In 17'.t7 Lord Howe exerted himself with great success to quell the mutiny among the seamen at Portsmouth, and d. in 1799. — Sir William, brother of the preceding, succeeded General Gage in the chief command of the British forces in America, having landed at Boston with generals Clinton and Burgoyne, in May, 1775. General Howe commanded at the attack on Bunker Hill, was be- sieged in Boston during the next winter, evacuated that town in the ensuing spring, and retired to Halifax. In June, 1776, he arrived at Staten Island, where he was joined by his brother Lord Howe. Here the brothers informed congress that they had received full power to grant pardon to all the rebels who should return to tlieir obedience; but the commissioners appointed by that body considered both the form and substiince of the propositions too objec- tionable to deserve attention. In Au- gust he defeated the Americans on Long Island, and took possession of New York in September. After the cam- paign of the Jerseys, he set sail from New York and entered Chesapeake Bay. Having previously secured the command of the Schuylkill, he crossed it with his army, and repelled the attack of the Americans at Germantown. In May, 1778, he was succeeded in the command by General Clinton. D. 1814. HOWELL, James, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1595, at Abernant in Cacrmarthenshirc, and after receiving his education at Oxford, travelled on the Continent as agent to procure workmen, tkc, for a glass manufactory tlien for tlie first time established in England. He was subsequently a member of par- liament, secretary to the British ambas- sador in Denmark, and clerk of the council. For some offence to the par- liamentarians he was imprisoned in the Fleet, but obtained his liberty by apply- ing to Cromwell, becan .e historiographer to Charles II., and d. in 16(3<). He wrote many books, but the one by which he will bo longest remembered is, " Epis- tolic Howclliana^, or Familiar Letters, domestic and foreign." HUARTE, John, a Spanish philos- H0O] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 511 oplier and author in the 17th century, who giiiiied celebrity by n. worlc, cmi- tled ''Exainen de Ingeiiios pura las Scicuzias," &e., or, an Examination ol' such Geniuses as arc lit for acquirinir the Sciences. This book, whicli is full of practical wisdom, lias been translated into English, under the title of " The Trial of Wits," and into (tcrman by J-cssintr, as " Prut"ung dcr KOpfc." Though he wrote in Spanish, and is sup- iwsed to have been born of Spanish parents, Iluarte was a native of Navarre. IIUBEII, John James, a celebrated anatomist, was b. at Basle, in 1707. lie studied under Ilallcr at Berne, and next at Strasburg ; after which he took his doctor's degree at his native place. He assisted Ilaller on his great work on the Plants of Switzerland. He obtained the rank of court physician and counsellor of state ; published a work on the spinal marrow and other parts of the nervous system, entitled " Commentatio de ^le- dulla Spinali." D. 177s. — Ulric, a na- tive of Friesland, author of " De Jure Civitatis." D. 1694. — Mary, a deistical writer; author of " Lettres sur la Ke- ligion de rHomme," and many other works. B. at Gi-ncva, ltj'.4 ; d.'l7'>y. — John James, a painter, called bv Fuseli the Swiss Tintoretto. B. lG68;"d. 1748. — JoiinJ a Gcnevesc artist, b. in 17'J-'. lie was a good painter, but devoted much of his attention to the art of cut- ling profiles, in which he acquired an extraordinary degree of dexterity. lie is described as being an eccentric char- acter; and, among other fanciful schemes, formed a project for cuidiiiir the course of air balloons by the flight of "large birds; on which "lie published a tract, illustrated with plates. U. 1790. — Mi- en ael, a native ot Bavaria, professor of French in Leipsic, and the translator of several German works into French. B. 1727 ; d. 1804. — Loris Ferdinand, son of the preeedint;; editor of several iour- nals. B. at Paris, 1764 ; d. 1804.— Theresa, daughter of the celebrated philologist Ilcyne, and wife of the pre- ceding ; a popular German novelist, nianv of whose works appeared under her liusband's name. — Fijancis, a natu- ralist, b. in 1750, at Geneva; author of " Is'ouvellcs Observations sur ics Abeil- les," in ■which he explains the manner of the queen-bee's impregnation, &c. Having lost his way in a winter night, the etl'cct of the cold producctl total Mindness ; but the lady to whom he had been betrothed afterwards married him, and became his constant amanuensis. HUDSON, Hen-ry, a distinguished naviirator, whose early liistory is un- known. After making three voyages to Jind a northeast or northwest pas- sage to China, in the second of whicii he discovered tlic river Hudson, he set sail a fourth time, April 17th, 1610, in a i)ark named the Discovery, and proceeding westward, reachc'l, in latitude 60", the strait bearing his name. Through this he advanced along the coast of Labrador, until it issued into the vast bay which is also called after him. Here, with his son, and seven infirm sailors, he was turned adrift by a mutinous crew, and is supposed to have perished. HUEKTA, Vincent Garcia de la, a S|)anish poet and critic, b. 1729, at Zafra, in Estremadura. He acquired considerable tame among his country- men, and zealously defended Spanish literature from the censures of Voltaire and other French writers. He publish- ed various poems and dramas, and edit- ed "Teatro Espaiiol.'' HDET, Peter Daniel, a celebrated French critic and classical scliolar, b. at Caen, in Normandy, 1630. He was edu- cated in the Jesuits' college, accompa- nied Bochart to Sweden, and was in vain persuaded to settle there by Queen Christina. In 1670 he was appointed preceptor to the dauphin ; and while he tilled that situation he wrote an erudite work in defence of Christianity, entitled, " Demonstratio Evangelica;" he also published the Latin classics, in 63 vols., with those ample illustrations which have made what are called the Delphin editions so generally known and esteem- ed. In 1689 he was made bishop of Avrantes, but resigned that see in 1699, and spent the remainder of his days in literary retirement, producing many works of great merit. He d. at Paris, 1721. HUFELAND, ChristlCx "William, a Prussian counsellor of state, who was also an eminent physician, was b. at Langensalza, 1762, and fii-st practised physic at Weimar. In 1793 he was made professor at Jena, and in ISOl physician to the king of Prussia. He greatly imjiroved his art, and wrote a "System of Medicine," which is among the best practical books extant. D. 1836. HUFNAGEL, George, a Flemish painter, was b. at Antwerp in 1")45, and d. 1600. He was also a tolerable poet in Latin and German. HUGH CAPET, the first of the third race of French mouarchs, was count of Paris and Orleans. He was proclaimed 512 CYC1.0P,«DIA OF BIOURAPIIY. [hum king of France at Noyon, in 9S7, and d. in y'J6, aired r)7. llUGllKkJ, John, an Englisli pod, ciraniiitio aiitlior, and essayist ; b. 1677 ; d. 1727. His last work was, the "Siege of Damascus," a tragedy, wliich still coutiuues on the stage. Several papers in the "Tattler," " Speetator,'' and " Guardian" were written by him. IIL'GO, IIekman, a learned Jesuit and Latin poet, was b. at Brussels in 1588, and d. of the plague at Ehinberg, in 16-29. JIUGTEXBURGH, John van, aDutch painter, who painted the victories of the duke of Marlborough andPrince Eugene. D. 1733. HULL, TnoM/Vs, a dramatic writer and actor, b. in 17iiS. He was cotempo- rury with Garrick, and lived to be father of the British stage, but never rose to any great eminence in his profession. He was the authorof a deservedly popu- lar poem, entitled " Eiehard Plantage- uet," besides some novels, tales, and dramas. HUMBOLDT, Willlvm von, a dis- tinguished statesman and philologist, the elder brother of the great philos- opher and traveller, was b. at Potsdam, 171)."'. He received his early education at Berlin, and studied at Gottingen and Jena, where he formed a friendship with Schiller, which lasted through life, hi 1800 he was appointed Prussian minister at the papal court, where his love of an- tiquarian and classical pursuits neces- sarily received a fresh impulse; and on his return in 1808 he was created a counsellor of state, and nominated min- ister of education. In 181') he went as plenijiotentiary to Vienna ; and he shared in all the great diplomatic transactions of the next few years ; — at Prague, at tlic conferences of Chatillon, where he sign- ed the capitulation of Paris along with Ilardenberg,— and at the congress of Viemia, &c. He next went as ambas- sador extraordinary to London ; assisted at tiie congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1818 ; and tiie following year he became a member of the Prussian cabinet, but lie soon retired in consequence of the retrograde policy pursued by liis col- leagues, and thenceforward lived chiefly at his seat, Tegel, near Berlin, in the cultivation of literature and science. His works are of a most miscellaneous character, and show the extraordinary versatility oF his powers; Init his cliief fame rests on his erudite researches into philology, and more especially the Basoue, Sanscrit, North A.merican, and !Malay languages : nor should we forget to mention, as most illustrative of his amiability and excellence of heart, his " Letters to a Pemale Friend." 1). 1335. HUME, David, a celebrated historian, philosopher, and miscellaneous writer.. was b. at Edinburgh in 1711. He was designed for the law, but having no in- clination to that profession, he applied to mercantile pursuits, and became, in 1734, clerk in an eminent house at Bris- tol. He did not, however, continue long in that line ; for, having a strong propensity to literature, he went to Prance, where he wrote his "Treatise of Human Nature," which he published at London in 1738. This nietapliysical work, however, met with an inditt'erent reception; nor were his "Moral Es- says," which appeared in 17-12, more successful. Hi 17-16 he became secretary to General St. Clair, whom he accompa- nied in his military embassy to the courts of Vienna and Turin. While at the latter city, he republished his first work, under a new title of " An Inquiry concerning Human Understanding;" and, in 1752, appeared at Edinburgh, his "Political Discourses," which were followed the same year by his " Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals," which of all his writings he considered incomparably the best. In iVS-l he published the first volume of his " His- tory of England," which he did not complete till 1761. While this work was in progress he printed apiece, with the title of " The Natural History of Religion," which was attacked by War- burton in an anonymous tract, ascribed at the time to Dr. Ilurd. His great work, the " History of England," had now acquired considerable celebrity, and the writer gained largely by its popular- ity, I'or besides the profits it brought him, he obtained a pension tinough Lord Bute. In 1763 he accompanied the earl of Hertford on his embassy to Paris, from whose fashionable and lit- erary circles he received an enthusiastic welcome ; and where, in 1765, he re- mained as ehargd d'atfaires. The year following ho returned home, accompa- nied by Jean Jacques liousseau, to whoin he behaved with great delicacy and gen- erosity. He then became und.er-secre- tary of state to General Conway. In 1769 he retired to his native country on an independent income of £1000 per annum. I). 1776. HUMMEL, John Nkpomuk, an emi- nent musician, was b. at Presburg, in 1778. His friends discovering in liini an CrCLOP.tDIA OF niOGKAPIlY. 513 extraordinary capacity for mnsic, he was plucetl with Mozart when only seven years of aj^e ; and after remainincj un- der his roof about two years, he and liis father travelled throu- posed to have been burnt as a heretic at Inspruck. — Uleic von, a German soldier, poet, and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Steckelberg, in Franconia, in 1488. He was the most active of all the early reformers ; and his writings against the church of Kome were so severe, that the pope sent orders to the inquisitor to seize him ; but he fled into Switzerland, and d. near Zurich in 1523. His letters and poems are very classical. Hutten was one of the boldest and most free-spirited man of his time ; injus- tice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny filled him with indi.^nation, and he unmasked them with a spirit that knew no fear. Herder has collected his poems. HUTTEE, Elias and Leonard, two cotemporary Protestant divines, b. at Ulm, about the middle of the 16th cen- tury. The former is remarkable for having published a Hebrew Bible, con- taining no less than SO versions of the 117th psalm in various lan<;uagcs. He also published a Polyglot Bible in four langmiges, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German ; and he afterwards added to it the Italian, French, Sclavonic, and Saxon. D. 1603. — Leonard, who dislin guished himself as a stanch supporter of the reformed church, published a variety of polemical treatises, obtained the divinity professor's chair at tho university of Wittemberff, and d. in 1616. HUTTON, Ch^vrles, an eminent mathematician, was b. at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, in 1737. Having made great progress in his mathematical studies, and distinguished himself by the production of a small work on the principles of bridges, he was appointed professor at the royal military college, Woolwich. He produced in 1796 his " Mathematical and Pliilosophical Dic- tionary," and in 1793 he gave to the world the first edition of his " Course of Mathematics." He was afterwarda engaged with Dr. Pearson and Dr. Shaw in an abridcrment of the Philo- sophical Transactions, for his labor in which work, it is said, he received HYP J CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. il' £6000. lie roth 3d from his appoint- ment at Woolviuh in 1807, with a pension of £500. D. 1823. — James, a celebrated geologist and natural phi- losopher, was b. in Edinburfch, in 1726. After finishing his education at the university, he was apprenticed to a wri- ter to the signet, but quitted the legal profession for tiiat of medicine, as being the nearest allied to chemistry, which was his favorite study. He in conse- quence went to the universities of Paris and Leyden, at the latter of which he took his degree in 17-10 ; but on his return, being desirous of making him- self conversant with agricuUnre, he settled upon a farm of his own in Ber- wickshire. In 1768 he went to Edin- burgh, and from that time he devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, publishing numerous works, and inves- tigating various subjects of natural philosophy. Dr. Ilutton is chietly distinguished as the author of a system or theory of geology, termed the Pluto- nian, by which the structure of the solid parts of the earth are accounted for by the action of subterraneous fire. This theory excited a warm controversy among men of science, and met with many fierce opponents ; but the late I'rolessor Playfiir advocated it in his "Illustrations of the Iluttonian Theory of the Earth," and it has since been gradually rising into repute. Among the chief works of Ilutton are, "The Progress of Reason from Sense to Sci- ence and Philosophy," and a " Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustra- tions." D. 1797, HUYGENS, CnRLSTiA.v, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, was b. at the Hague, in 1629. He was the son of Constantino Huygeus, lord of Zuyliehen, a nobleman of great scientific abilities, who initiated his son in the principles of general science and classical learning, and sent him to the university of Ley- den. He soon distinguished himself by the publication of several learned works, Ijoth astronomical and mathematical ; he also invented the pendulum, im- proved the air-pump, ascertained the laws of collision of elastic bodies, and discovered the ring and one of the satellites of Saturn, of which he gave an account in his " Systema Saturni- num." He visited both Franco and England for scientific purposes; was made a fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1661, and shortly after, at the invitation of Colbert, he settled in Erauee, where he recci .'ed a handsome pension, and •n remained till 1681, when he returned to his native country, and d. 16',i.5. HUYSUM, John' van, a celebrated painter, was b. in 1682, at Amsterdam, where his father, Justus van Huysum, was a respectable artist. John was the most distinguished flower and fruit painter of modern times, and his pic- tures fetched enormous prices; his landscapes were also highly esteemed. He d. ni 1749. — He had two brothers, Justus and J.\cob, the former painted battles, and d. in his 22d year; the latter copied the works of .John with great exactness, and d. in London, in 1740. HYDE, Thomas, a learned divine and orientalist, was b. in 1636, atBillinsrsley, in Shropshire, and studied at King's college, Cambridge. While there, be- fore ne was 18, he assisted "Walton in his great Polyglot bible. In 1658 he went to Oxford, and became successively Hebrew reader and keeper of the Bod- leian Library. Ho was next promoted to a prebend in Salisbury cathedral, and afterwards appointed regius professor of Hebrew, and canon of Christ-chureh, Oxford. D. 1703. His " Veterum Per- sarum ct Medorum Ilistoria" is regarded as a hiirhlv valuable work. HYDEit ALT, or HYDER ALLY KHAN, a celebrated Indian prince, who, during the latter part of the 18th. century, was a formidable enemy to the English in Hindostan, was the son of a petty chief in the Mysore. He intro- duced the European discipline among his troops, became general-in-chief of the forces of Cinoas, who then reigned at Seringapatam as a vassal of the great Mogul ; and having quarrelled witli the grand vizier, got him into his power, and eventually assumed the sovereignty himself He made important conquests iVom the Mahrattas, twice invaded the East India Company's territories, and at one time caused the greatest apprehen- sion for the safety of the British newer in the East. A treaty was eoncluaed in 1769, which was broken in 1780, and the war renewed with vigor; but the skill of Sir Eyre Cootc proved superior to Hyder, who Ictt the military opera- tions to his son Tippoo Saib. I). 1782. HYPATIA, a female philosopher, of the ecleetie sect, was the daughter of Theon, a celebrated mathematician, who governed the Platonic school in Alex- andria, in the 4th century. She early exhibited proofs of extraordinary genius and judgment; and being educated by her father in all he knew, she became a 518 CyCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ig: Fi reccptrcss ia the school iu which lieroolcs and other celebrated philoso- phers liiid presided. Her ready elocu- tion, her beauty, and graceful address. uuited witli deep erudition and sound judjjrinent, procured her the admiration of all licr hearers; and her house he- cauie tlie resort of all the learned and eminent persons in Alexandria, among w.iom Wis Orestes, the governor. This roused the jciJousy of Cyril, a haughty and intolerant prelate, at thai Lime the patriarch of Alexandria ; and such was the blind bigotry and resentment of his monkish partisans, that they conspired against llypatia's life, and a furious band of assassins seizing her as she was returning home from the schools, they dragged her through the streets, mur- dered her in the most barbarous man- ner, and threw her mangled limbs into the flames, a. d. 415. 1. IBRAHIM MANSOUE EFFENDI, an adventurer, whose real name was Cerfbere, was b. at Strasbnrg, of a Jewisii family. After having served in the repiiblican hussars, he Ijeeame so violent a royalist tliat lie was impris- oned. In 1802 lie went to Constantino- ple, turned Mahometan, and was em- ployed to discipline the Turkish troops. llo' subsequently wandered through Kussia, Sweden, and Denmark; held, under the name of Medelsheim, a gov- ernment office in We»tplialia; fought against the Servians ; was, for three J ears, engineer to All Pacha; recom- aenced his wanderings, and extended .hem to various parts of Asia, Africa, ind America; and at last, being in a starving state, shot himself at Paris, in 1326. He wrote a " Memoir of Greece and .\lbaiiia. during the Government of Ali Pacha." IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, a native of liheu'ium, was b. iu the 6th century B. 0. He wrote seven books of odes, of wliicli only a few fratrments are extant. He was killed in a solitary spot by rob- bers, whose crime is said to have been discovered in a singular manner. While dying, he saw a flight of cranes passing, and callerl upon them to avenge him. As the murderers were walking in Khe- gium, one of them saw some cranes overlicad, and said to his companions, " Here are the avengers of Ibycus." This speech excited suspicion, and the trutli was wrung from the criminals by torture. IF1'"LAND, AuorsTus William, a popul ir actor and dramatist, was b. at Hanover, in 1759, mid from his child- hood had iv propcMisity to the stage, wiiieii his father vainly endeavored to repji.'as. In 1770 he absconded from his homo, and made his appearance at the Gotha theatre. He soon rose to the first rank among German actors. As a wri- ter he was almost ecjually successful. In 1708 he published an edition of his works, which contained 47 comedies and tragedies ; and he subsequently wrote many others. D. 1814. IGNAKKA, Nicholas, a learned Nea- politan antiquary, b. in 1728. He was educated at the college of Urbano, at Naples, and at the age of 20 he taught Greek in that seminary. When Charles III. founded the Ilerculanean academy, in 1755, Ignarra was appointed one of the first members. In 1763 ho succeed- ed Mazzochias, professor of sacred lit- erature in the royal university, and in 1771 he became principal professor. In 1782 he was nominated director of the royal printing-otlice ; and two years after, tutor to the hereditary Prince Francis of Bourbon. He was made a canon of the cathedral of Naples, 17ii4, and d. in 1808. His principal work is entitled, "De Paluestra Neapclitana Commentarium," 1770, a very learned production. He also published " The Lil'e of Mazzochi," ancf other pieces. IGNATIUS, St., a father of the church, made bishop of Antioch by St. John the evamrelist. After exhibiting many virtues in his province, he was seized by Adrian, ana exposed to tlio fury of wild beasts in the Koman am- phitheatre. Seven of his epistles are preserved. — A patriarch of Constantino- ple, was son of the Emperor Michael Curopalata, by Procopia, and presided at the eighth general council of that see. D. srs. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, the foun- der of the order of the Jesuits, was b. in 14'Jl, of a noble family, in the Span- ish firovince of (niipuscoa. In l.")2l he was severely wounded at the siege of Pampeluna. The result of his medi- tations on a bed of pain was, sorrow for innJ CVCLOP.EDIA OK ISIOORAPHY. 519 Lis past debaujhed life, and n detevnii- nation to devnte liiin!~elf to works of piety, lie botraii l\v a pilgrimage to Jerusalem ; after wliich lie studied at Alcala, Salamauca, and Paris; and be- gan to preaeh and to make disciples. At lirst he was opposed, and even im- prisoned ; but at Icnirtli the pope, in lo4(), irave his sunetion to tlie new order wliioh Loyola had established, and apjiointed him ita first general, lie d. in 1556, and was canonized in 1G22. HIKE, JonN, an erudite Swede, was b. at Ui>sal, in 1707 ; was educated at the university there ; became professor of poetry, rhetoric, and politics ; was ennobled and made a knight of the I'o- lar Star ; and d. 1780. lie is the author of" Lexicon Dialectornm," "Glosfsarium Sueco-Gothicuni," "A Dissertation on Runic Antiquities," and other M'orks. INriiliALD, Elizabicth, a dramatist and novelisl, whose maiden name was Simpson, was b. in 1756, at Stanning- field, near Bury, in Suffolk. At tlie age of 16 she secretly quitted her family, be- ing prompted by an irrepressible desire of visiting the metropolis. After es- caping many danfrers in licr rash adven- ture, she married .Mr. Inchbald, of Dru- ry-lane tlieatre, and was tor sever.al years upon the stage. In 1789, however, she quitted it, and thenceforth depended npon lier literary labors. She d. in ls21. She wrote 19 dranjps, some of which were dcser\"edly successful ; and two novels, "The Simple Story," and "Nature and Art," which rank among tlie standard works in that class of lit- erature; and she oditcd "The British Theatre," "The Modern Theatre," and a " ('(illcction of Farces." IXCIIOFKR, MKLcniou, a German Jesuit, was b. iu Vienna, in 1584. lie wrote a book, entitled, "Tiie Virgin Mary's Letter to the people of Messina proved to be genuine," which gave great offence to his brethren, whom he found great ditHculty in appeasing. lie also wrote a satire against them, whicli was printed after his death under the title of "Mouarchia Solipsornm." lie also wrote the "Ecclesiastical History of ITuiiirarv," &e. 1). at Milan, 104S. ' INCLKl'X^N, Benjami.n Chakles, a cclclirated English singer, was b. at St. Kevcran, in Cornwall, in 1764, where bis father practised as a surgeon. When only eight years old, the lustonishing fine tones of his voice induced his parents to article him to Jackson, of Exeter, un- der wluiiic tuition he remained, as a choristei in Exeter cathedral, until he was 15. Not liking the restraints to whioli he was necessarily sulijcct, he abruptly quitted his place in 1779. In 1790 he' miido his debut at Coveiit-aar- den theatre, with great success, as Der- mot, in " The Poor Soldier," and rose at once into a degree of popularity, which attended him till the infirmities consequent upon advancing years, and an irregular mode of life, compelled him to quit tlie stage. His voice combined uncommon power, sweetness, and flexi- bility, both in the natural tones and the falsetto, and his intonation was singu- larly correct. Indeed, those who have heard him in "The Storm," "Black- eyed Susan," or any of tlie better sort of the old English ballads and hunting- songs, will not easily forget a style of singing which, we believe, has seldom, if ever, bad its equal. D. 1826. INGENIIorSZ, JonN, a physician and experimental ])hilosopher, was b. in 1730, at Breda, in Holland; settled in London, where he was chosen a mem- ber of the lioyal Society; was recom- mended by Sir John Pringle to inocii- late the tainily of the Empress Maria Theresa ; resided for many years at Vienna, in the enjoyment of honors and fortune ; and at length returned to England, where he d. in 1799. He is the author of " Experiments on Vegeta- bles," "Experiments in and Observa- tions on Natural Philosophy," and other works of ffrcat merit. INGERSOLL, Jaued, a judge of the admiralty cotn-t of Connecticut, grad- uated at Yale college, iu 1742. Ho settled at New Haven as a lawyer, and was agent of the colony in England, in 1757; but being apjiointcd distributor of the stamps in Connecticut, under the stamp act, he lost his popularity. The people of New Haven compelled hira to resign. Not deeming this resigna- tion explicit, a large comp.any from the eastc^rn part of Connecticut set out on a journey to New Haven. They met Mr. ingersoll at Wethersfield, when they compelled him to resign, and cry out three times, " Liberty and Property." The next day 500 men escorted him to Hartford. He was afterwards judge of the admiralty. D. 17S1. INMAN, Hknky, an eminent portrait painter of New York, was b. at Utiea, 1801. In 1812 he removed to New York, and became a pupil of the famous Jarvis. He subsequently achieved a brilliant reputation as an artist. INNOCENT I., a native of Albano, elected pope after Anastasius the first, 520 CVCLOP.EIJIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [IXN 402. He defended Chrysostom, and condemued the Novatians and Pela- gians. D. 417. — II., was elected pope after Ilonorius II., though part of the Cardinals protested against his elevation to tlie papal chair, by appointing tiie son of a Jew, of the name of Peter de Leo, who assumed the appellation of Anacletus II. Innocent, though sup- ported by the princes of Europe, except the kings of Scotland and Sicily, who acknowledged the authority of his rival, Was at last driven from liome by the tunuilts of Arnauld de Bresse, and I'e- tired to France, where he held several councils at Clermont, Rheims, Puy, and otiier places. After the death of Ana- cletus, and the abdication of his succes- sor, X'ictor IV., he returned to Pome, where he held the second Lateran coun- cil in liaii, attended by 1000 bishops, and crowned Lothaire as emperor, lie afterwards made war against Roger, king of Sicily, and d. at Rome, 1143. — III., Lothaire Conti, a native of Anagni, raised to tlie popedom, 1198, af.er Celes- ♦■inus III. though only 37 years old. To nnitetiie Christian princes in the re- sovery of the Holy Land, he preached a crusade against the Albigenses of Lan- guedoc, and afterwards put Philip Au- gustus of France under an interdict, and excomnTUnicated .John, king of England, and Raymond, count of Toulouse. He raised the piapal authority to such a heigiit that the Roman republic in its brightest days, was never more power- fid, so that the pone was no longer the vassal of the neighboring princes, but the temporal master of all sovereigns, wiiom he could depose or restore agree- ably to his absolute will. Under In- nocent, the Dominieans, Franciscans, Trinitarians, and other orders arose, which were still to spread farther, and to confir!n the power of Rome. This pope, thus distinM). IRELAND, Samcel, was originally a silk manufacturer in Spitallields ; but havinjj a taste for the arts, he became a spceuhitor in scarce books, prints, &c., and ]iidjlished many embellished tours. In IT'JO his character sustained a deep injury in consequence of the part he tijolv in the publication of an impudent 'brgery, fabriciited by his son, which made a preat noise at the time, and was entitled " Miscellaneous Papers and Le- fjal Instruments, under the hand and seal of William Sliakspeare," &c. His son, however, acquitted him of wilt'ul participation in tliis gross literary fraud, ni what he termed an " Authentic Ac- count of the Shakspeare Manuscripts." Besides a variety of"' Picturesque Tours" above alluded to, Samuel Ireland pub- lished a work in one volume, entitled " (iraphie Illustrations of Hogarth." D. ISIH). IKEX.iEU'S, St., a Christian martyr in the 2d century, was bishop of Lyons, lie was a man of considerable learnintr, and animated with an ardent zeal for Ciiristianity ; in which cause he suffered during the fifth persecution under Sep- timus Scverus, in 202, and is liouored as a saint. IREXE, an empress ofConstantinople, alike famous for her talents, her beauty, and lier crimes, was by birth an Athe- nian, and married Leo IV., after whoso death, in TGy, she raised herself and her son Constantino VI., who was then but 9 years old, to the imperial throne. Charlemagne at that time menaced the Eastern empire. Irene at first delayed him by promises ; and at length went so far as to oppose him, arms in hand ; but he totally defeated her army in the year 7S8. When Constantino had ar- rived at manhood, he refused to permit her to participate lonjer in the govern- ment, and actually reiirned alone seven years; but the inhuman and unnatural empress caused him to be deprived of his sight, and assumed the sovereignty. Her entrance into Constantinople on a triumphal car of gold and precious stones, her liberality to the people, the freedom which she bestowed on all pris- oners, and other artifices employed by her, were not sufficient to secure her from the consequences of her criminal accession. Nicenhorus, who was placed on the. imperial throne, exiled her to the isle ol Lesbos, where she d. in SOS. 44"- IRETON, Henry, a soldier, states- man, and regicide, was b. at Attentou^ in Nottinghamshire, iu 1010; studied at Trinity eoile)'e, Oxford, and the iliddla Tem|)lc ; and on the breaking out of tho rebeUion, joined the parliamentarians, the left wing of whose army he com- manded at the battle of Naseby. Hav- ing married a daughter of Oliver Crom- well, he soon rose to preferments ; sat in judgment upon the king, whom he had ))reviously betrayed ; and was ap- pointed connnander-in-chief in Ireland, where he d. in IGol. His body was brought to England, and buried in AVestiuinster abbey till the restoration, when it was taken up, suspended at the gallows, and tiien thrown into a pit with those of Cromwell and Bradshaw. IRVING, William, a merchant of the city of New York. He was also distin- guished as a gentleman of literary taste, and iu 1812 became a member of con- gress. Mr. I. was a brother of Washing- ton Irving; and it is said furnished several papers for the noted work under the name of " Salmagundi." D. 1821. — Edwakd, a native of Annan, Scotland, was b. ill 17y2. He received the fir.st rudiments of classical education of the village schoolmaster, which he com- pleted at the university of Eilinburgii. When a mere child he is said to have been singular in his way of thinking, habits, and amusements; and, betbre he had reached the 17th year of his age, he was recommended as a teacher of the mathematics, by Professor Leslie, to an academy at Haddington. That situation he left, in order to fill a similar one at Kirkkaldy, where he remained seven years, and during which time he became enamored of JHss Isabella Martin, whom he afterwards married. In ISly he went to Edinburgh, with a determi- nation of becoming a preacher of the gospel ; and on Dr. Chalmers hearing him in the pulpit, he appointed him his assistant at St. John's church, Glasgow. In 182o he was appointed to preach at tho Caledonian asylum, in Cross-street, llatton-garden. The force, cloqucncCj and, it may be added, the novelty ot style and manner of Mr. Irving, drew siieh large congregations to the Cale- donian asylum, tliat those only were admitted who could procure ticket.s— even for "standing room ;" while these were chiefly distributed among the noble, wealthy, and liberal of both sexes. He published many of his ser- mons and opinions; and on becoming acquainted with Mr. Drummond, joined 5-2-3 CVCLOr.EUIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ISI *' the prophets," as they were called, of Albury park, tlie seat of the latter. These " prophets'' were twenty or thirty persons iisseinbled together at t!ic above- named scat, lor the express object of atudyiug, or elucidating, *'tiic sublime scMciife of sacred prophecy," accounts of which were published in 1827. In the course of this and tiie following year tiie change in Mr. Irving's doctrines became evident to his former admirers ; and in 1830 he was charged with heresy by the Scotch church in London. Pro- ceeding's of the presbytery were carried on against him; and the judgment of that body being approved bv tlie trus- tees of "the National Seotcli church, which had been erected for him in Kc- gent square, he was dismissed there- from, and afterwards deposed by the presbytery af Annan. He then removed to Newman-street to preacli, and grew wilder than ever, till he d. 1S34. IKWIN, Etlks, was b. at Calcutta, of Irisli parents, in 17-iS, and received his education in England. In 17(57 he re- turned to the Eiist in a civil capacity, but was suspended in 1777, for his attach- ment to Lord Pigot; on whicli he came to Europe over land to seelv redress, obtained it, and was restored to his former station at Madras, whither he again repaired. In 1785 he returned again to England; but in 1792 he went to China to superintend the Company's atfairs ; after which he revisited England, wiiere he d. in 1S17. Ills works arc " Adventures during a Voyage up the llel Sea, and a Journey across the Des- ert," '-Eastern Eclogues," an "Epistle to Mr. Ilayley," " Ode on the Death of Ilyder Ali," "" An Inquiry into the Fea- sibility of Bonaparte s Expedition into tlie East,'' " Napoleon, or the Vanity of Human Wishes," etc. IS. VAC, Kauo, a rabbi, who was forced to i(uit Spain in consequence of the edict of Ferdinand and Isabella in 149i), whicli comjielled the Jews to leave that coun- try within 4 months, or become Chris- tians, lie tirst W'cnt to Portugal, and from thence to Jerusalem, but was so unfortunate as to lose all his children on their journey, as well as Ids library. lie then passed the remainder of his life in solitude, occupying himself in writing a "Commentary on tlie i'entateuch." ISAACSON, IIk.nuv, the author of a valuable system of chron(ih)gy, was the son of Uicliard Isaacson, sheriff of Lon- don. B. l.'>81 ; d. 10S4. ISABELLA OF Castile, the celebrated queen of Spain, daughter of John II., was b. 1451, and man-led, in 1460, Fer- dinand v., king of Aragon. After the death of her brother, Henry IV., in 1474, she ascended the lliroiic of Ca-stilc, to the exclusion of her eldest sister, Jo- anna, who had the rightfid claim to tho crown. After the kingdoms of Aragoa and Castile were united, Ferdinand and Isabella together assumed the royal title of Spain. She was haughty and ambi- tious ; but with the graces and charms of her sex, Isabella united the courage of a hero, and the sagacity of a states- man and legislator; she was always present at the transaction of state affairs, and her name was placed beside that of her husband in public ordinances. Pri- vate warfare, which had formerly pre- vailed to the destruction of public tran- quillity, she checked, and introduced a visjorous administration of justice. D. 1504. IS^US, an Athenian orator, tlic pupil of Lysias and Isocrates. lie lived in the tirst half of the 4th century b. c, was wholly unconnected with public affairs, and devoted himself to the task of in- structing others. Eleven of his orations are still extant. ISC AN US, JosEPHCs, or Joseph of ExETKi:, was a distinginshed writer of Latin poetry, who accompanied Kiehard Cu3ur de I^ion to Palestine. He was the author of an epic poem, entitled " Anti- oeheis," or the deeds of Kiehard, which the poet had himself witnessed. This is unfortunately lost; but anotlier, on the Trojan war is still extant. Warton styles Iscanus " the miracle of his age in classical composition." D. 1224. ISELIN, Isaac, a German philosopher, and an ingenious writer, b. at Basle, in 1728, of the grand council of which city he became secretary in 1756. His prin- cipal work is entitled "The History of Mankind," but many others came from his pen. D. 1782. ISEMBERT OF Xaintes, a French architect of the 12th century, whose skill in building the bridges of Xaintes and Kochelle, induced John, king of England, to recommend him to the citi- zens of London, in 1201, as an engineer, or architect, who might be useful to them in completing the bridge over tho Thames then building. ISIDOKE OF Miletus, a Greek archi- tect of the 6tli century, who, together with Anthcmius, was employed by the Emperor Justinian, to erect the church of St. So[)hia, at Constantinople. It is now used as a mosque. — Of Pelusidm, a saint in the Koman calo.dar, and so ivk] CVCLOl'.KDIA UF HIOGRAPHY. 523 called from his rething to a solitude ne:ir tho town wliicli hears that name, was ii celebrated disc pie of St. Clirysos- lotn, and flourislied ii the 5th century, lie wrote oOOO cpis/les on theolo^iical questions and ecclesiastical discipline. — Ok SicviLLE, another Koman saint, was I), at ('arthajrena, of which his father was CfoviTuor. Isidore succeeded liis brotlu^r in the bishopric of Seville in Ooi, and d. in 630. His works are numerous, and anion^ them is a chronicle, ending at Wic year Ol'I}. ISOCKATES, one of the greatest ora- tors of Greece, was h. at Atlicns, 43G B. c, and was the son of a musical in- strutnent-inaker. His princinal teachers were Gorj^ias, Prodicns, and Thcrame- nes. On account of his weak voice and natural timidity, lie took but little share himself in public spcakin.ar, but lie ap- plied hiinseU'wilh tlie . IVES, John, an English antiquary-, was b. at Yarmouth, in 1751. lie be- came Suffolk herald extraordinary, and publisheil three numbers of select papers on subjects of Eiurlish antiquities; also " Kemnrks on the Garianonnin of the Romans," "Remarks on PInglish Coins," &c. I). 1771?. IVETAUX, Nicholas Vauqeun, Sei- gneur d', a French poet and man of let- 524 CVCLOP--EDIA OF BIOGllAPHY. [jAC ters, b. 1559. Ho wrote a clever poem, I Antiquities, or Memorials of he City of entitled "Institutioa d'uu Prince," and Exeter." was b. tliere, filled the oincea a variety of other pieces. D. 1(5-49. of town-clerk and chamberlain, and d. IZAACKE, liiciiARD. author of "The | in 1700. JABLONOWSKY, Joseph Alexan- der VON, a Polish prince, b. in 1712. Preferrinjj a life of literary ease, he re- sisrned his dignity when the troubles broke out in his country, and went to live at Leipsic, where he distinf^uished himself as the patron of science, founded a society, called by his name, which still exists, lie wrote" Tiie Lives of Twelve Generals," a "Treatise on Sclavonic Poetry," and other works. D. 1777. JACKSON, Andrew, president of the United States from 1829 to 1837, was b. in South Carolina, 17G7. His father was an Irish emigrant. At the age of 16 he took part in the vi-ar of independence; at the close of which he became a law student, and was thus enabled to dis- charge efficiently some high legal offices in Tennessee, to which he was subse- quently appointed. On the breaking out of the war with England in 1812, he took vigorous measures for the defence of the menaced territory ; in 1814 he was appointed major-general; and, among other exploits, which raised him to the highest point of popularity, he gained the decisive victory over the English, Jan. 8, 1815, at New Orleans, which put an end to the war. The same success attended liis arms against the Creek tribes, whom he repeatedly subdued. In 1821 he was appointed governor of Florida; and his gallant deeds being Btill fresh in his countrymen's recollec- tion, lie was brought forward by the democratic party as a candidate for the presidency, elected in 1829, and re- elected in 1833. His period of office is cliiefly remarkable for the extension of democratic tendencies which took place during it. lie obtained from Franco the payment of an indemnity of twenty- five millions of francs for injuries done to the commerce of the United States during the empire. His i-efusal to re- new the bank charter, in 1833, led to one of the most violent financial strug- gles on record. General Jackson was or lowed with inflexible will, an ardent patriotism, and was always the idol of the people. D. 1815. — John, a learned Uebrai.-it and controversial writer, was b. at Lensy, in Yorkshire, in 1686 The corporation of Doncaster gave him the living of IJossiugton, but the perti- nacity with which he supported his Arian principles prevented his further rise in the church. He was the author of" Chronological Antiquities ;" and left behind him the character of a learned and sincere writer, though strongly tinc- tured with the faults of a violent polemic. D. 1703. — John, an eminent English portrait painter, was b. at Lastingham, m Yorkshire, in 1778, and apprenticed to hi.s father, Avho was a tailor ; but dis- covering a decided talent for the art in which he afterwards excelled, his abili- ties procured him the protection of Sir George Beaumont, through Avhose means he removed to London, and studied at the Eoyal Academy. At the time ho entered the great theatre of art, Law- rence, Opie, Beechey, and other eminent masters pre-occupied the particular branch he had chosen, and for a time he contented himself with painting por- traits in water-colors, in which he was very successful. He was, however, de- termined to take a high stand, if possi- ble, as a portrait painter in oil ; and the tact with which he copied the works of the old masters surprised his cotempo- raries. He was elected royal academi- cian in 1817; and when, in 1819, he travelled through Italy, and visited Eome with Mr. Chantrey, he was chosen a member of the academy of St. Luke. D. 1831. — William, a musical composer and author, was b. in 1730, at Exeter, and received the rudiments of a classical education, with a view to his following one of the liberal professions. His taste for music displayed itself, however, so decidedly white he was yet a youth, that his friends were induced to place him under Travers, the organist of the ca- thedral belonging to his native city. Having passed two years in the metrop- olis, he returned to Exeter in 1750, and, succeeding eventually to the situation of organist, there passed the remainder of his life. He published several books of songs, canzonets, hymns, and sonatas of his compo.sition, which are still held jam] C'VCL01'.t:i)IA OF BIOGRAPHY. 525 in esteem for their eliasteness of concep- tion and Inith of expression ; lie was also tlie author of a treatise "Ou tlie Present State of Music," "The Four Ages," Jkc. D. ISO-i. JACOBI, John George, a German poet, was b. in 1740, at Diisseldorf; stiulicd at (iottingen; was professor of piiilosopliy and C'ioquciK'e at Halle ; and, Buhsequcntly, of the belles lettrcs at Friburg, wliieh he retained durin^r his life. Thi' M'.vle of Jacobi was formed on that of die lii^liter French poets, and possesses ninch case and gayety. D.1S14. JACOBS, FuEUKKic, a celebrated phil- ological writer, was b. at Golliar, in Saxony, in 1704-. In 17S5 he became a teacher in the gymnasium of his native city, wher<» he published a number of excellent works, of which, independent of those of a critical or philological char- acter, may be noticed his "School for Women," and " Tales." 1). 1847.— Jl'riex, was a native of Switzerland, b. in 1610. lie studied under Snyders, and is celebrated for the fidelity and spirit with which he painted the animals in his hunting pieces. — Luc.vs, commonly called Ll'cas van Leyden, was b. at Leyden, in 1494. lie studied under his father, Hugh Jacobs, and next under Cornelius Engelbrecht. Many of his pictures in oil and distemper are to be found on the Continent; but he is now best known bv his engrravings. D. 1.533. JACOPONE, Da Tom, so called on account of his birthplace, was an Italian poet, whose real name was .Jacopo de Benedetti. On being left a widower he distributed his property among the poor, and entered into the order of Minorites as a servitor. He composed Sacred Canticles, Latin poems, and the famous " Stabat Mater," since so cele- brated by the compositions of Haydn, Pergolesi, etc. D. 1306. JACOTOT, Jean Joseph, originally a captain of artillery in Napoleon's army, and subsequently sub-director of the Polytechnic school, was deprived of his office at the restoration for having been a member of the chamber during the " hmidred days." Retiring to Belgium, he there conceived and put into partial practice a new system ot education, on the principle that all intelligences are equal, the only ditference between man and man being the result of circum- stances more than of nature. He has left several works upon the subject, in- teresting for insrenuity, if not for cor- rectness. B. 1770; d. 1840. JACQUAKD, Joseph Mauie, the in- ventor of the beautilil H]>paratus for figured weaving, which bears his mime, was b. at Lyons, 1752. At an early ago he displayed a taste for mechanics, which distinguished him through life; and whether in book-binding, type- founding, or cutlery — all of which ho tried in his youth — he showed a strong aptitude for improvement. On his fa- ther's death, he attem])ted to carry on the weaving business, which he inherited from him, but with little success ; and soon afterwards, during the troubles of the French revolution, he lost his little all, having been compelled to flee from Lyons after its reduction by the army of the convention. He then joined the army of the Rhine ; but having seen his son fiiU in battle by his side, he once more returned to Lyons, where he was obliged to earn a precarious sustenance in the humble occupation of plaiting straw. But a new era was now m store for him. In 1801 he submitted to the " National Exposition" his celebrated machine, which forms a memorable epoch in the textile art ; and its merits being at once acknowledged and re- warded, he was soon afterwards em- ]i!oyed by Napoleon in the "Conserva- toire des Arts et des Metiers," at Paris, where he introdnced some ingenious improvements in the models and ma- chinery there in use. On his return to Lyons, he had to struggle against much opposition and prejudice on the part of the weavers ; but he outlived it all, and long before his death he had the satis- faction of seeing his m.ichinery intro- duced into every European and Amer- ican manufactory ; and so far from diminishing employment, as some feared on its first introduction, it has increased the number of workmen in the opera- tions to which it is applied tenfold. D. 18.34. ■ JAIIN, John, a learned orientalist, who after having been professor ot biblical archaeology and theology in the university of Vienna, obtained the chair of oriental literature, which, in ISOG, ho was obliged to relinquish on account of his heterodoxy. He published a " He- brew Bible," " Biblical Archtcology," " Enchiridion Ilermeneutiete gcneralis Tabularum veteris et novi F'ojderis," &e. ; and his works on the philology of the sacred writings are said to be tho most valuable extant. 1). 1817. JAMBLICHUS, a philosopher who flourished at the beginning of the tburtb century, and was a native of Chalcis in Coelosyria. He was the disciple of Ana- 526 CYCLOI'.SDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [.. toll US and Porphyry, from whom he learnt the mysteries of the Plotinian system of pliilosopiiy, which he taught with jrreat rei)Utatioi'i. Amonj^ the pliil- osophiciil works of Jambliehus now ex- tant are, '" The J^ife of Pythagoras," '' An Exiiortalion to the Study of Phi- losophy," and a " Treatise on the Mys- teries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians." JAMES I., king of Scotland, of the house of Stuart, b. in 1394, was the son of Kobert III. In 1405 he was taken by the English on his passage to France, and kept in confinement IS years. In 14-24 he obtained his liberty, and se- verelv punished those who had gov- erned his country in his absence; for which, and some strong measures which he took to curb a lawless nobility, ho fell a victim to assassins, who gained admission to his apartment, and mur- dered him in his bed, in 1437. — V., of Scotland, succeeded, in 15l;5, at the death of his father, James IV., though only 18 months old. At the age of 17 he assumed the government, and as- sisted Francis I." of France against Charles V., for which that prince gave liim his daughter Margaret in marriage. On her decease he married Mary of Lor- raine, daughter of Claude, duke of Guise. D. 1.J45.— 1. of England, and VI. of Scot- land, was the son of Mary, queen of Scotland, by Henry Stuart, Lord Darn- ley, and was b. in 15G6. In the follow- ing year, Queen Mary being forced to resign the crown, he was solemnly crowned at Stirling, .ind all public acts ran in his name. In 1603, on the death of Elizabeth, James succeeded to the crown of England, and proceeded to London. He received during his life- time a deal of adulation for Ids literary abilities ; but tliough he was the author of some few books, they display more pedantry than learning. D. 1625. — II., king of England, second son of Charles 1. and of Henrietta of France, was b. in 1633, and innncdiately declared duke of York. After the capture of Oxford by the parliamentary army, he escaped, and was conducted to his sister, the princess of Orange. At that time he was 15 years of age. He soon after joined hm mother at Paris, and, when he had reached his iiOth year, served in the French army under Turenue, and subsequently cntentd the Spanish army in Flanders, under Don John of Austria and the Prince of Condc. At the res- toration be returned to England, and married secretly Anue Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, by whom ho had two daughters, who afterwards be- came queens of England, viz., Mary and Anne. In the Dutch warr, he sitrnalized himself as commander of the English fleet, and showed great skill and bra- very. On the death of Charles II., in 16S">, the duke succeeded, under the title of James II., and, from the time of his ascending the throne, seems to have acted with a steady determination to render himself absolute. After disgust- ing the great majority of his subjects, he proceeded to levy the customs and ex- cise without the authority of parliament, lie proceeded by every direct and indi- rect attack to overthrow the established church ; but these innovations, in regard both to the religion and government, gradually united opposing interests, and a large body of the nobility and gentry concurred in an application to the prince of Orange, who had been secretly pre- paring a fleet and an army for the nivasion of the country. James, who was long kept in ignorance of these transactions, when informed of them by his minister at the Hague, was struck with terror equal to his former infatua- tion ; and immediately repealing all his obnoxious acts, he practisecl every method to gain popularity. All confi- dence was, however, destroyed between the king and the people. William ar- rived with his fleet in Torbay, Nov. 4th, 168S ; and being speedily joined by several men of rank, his ranks swelled, while the army of James began to desert by entire regiments. He fled to France. The throne of Great Britian was declared to be abdicated, and Wil- liam and Lis consort M.ary (the daughter of James) were inianimously called to till it conjointly. Assisted by Louis XIV., .lames was enabled, in March, 1689, to make an attempt for the re- covery of Ireland. The battle of Boyne, fought June, 1690, compelled him to return to France. D. 1701. — Thcmas, an English navigator, in the 17th cen- tury, who, in 1631 and 1632, attempted to discover a northwest passage. Ho wintered on Charleton Island, in Hud- son's Bay ; and next summer proceeded on his voyage, but was unable to pene- trate farther than 65 degrees and a half north. He made some discoveries on the coast of Hudson's Bay; to the coun- try on the western side of which ho gave tlie name of New South Wales. On his return to England he published an account of his expedition, entitled '• The strange and dangerous Voyage jay] CYCLOPAEDIA OK BIOGRAPHY. 527 of Cnptain Thomas James, for the Dis- covery of a Northwest Pasan^e to tlie South Sen." — WiLi.TAM, the autlior of a vahiable national worls, entitled "The Naval History of Great Britain, from the declaration of War hy Franco, in 17'.t:3, to the Accession of George IV." tfee. Every accessible source of authen- tic information was made use of by Mr. Jumes in writinij this history; and his industry and research deserve the high- est praise. J). IS'27. — William, a land agent and surveyor, was a native of lIenloy-in-.\rden, AVarwiekshire. He was the original projeetor of the Man- chester and Liverpool railway; and may in some respects be regarded as the father of the railway system, having surveyed numerous lines at his own expense, and been an active promoter of these undertakings, at^ a time when tliey were considered to be mere specu- lative innovations. D. aged OG, at Bod- min, Cornwall, ^lareh 11, ISoT. JAMESON, Geouqe, an eminent painter, justly termed the Vandyke of Scotland, was b. at Aberdeen in 1586, and .1. in 1644. JANSEX, Cornelius, bishop of Ypres, and professor of divinity in the universities of Louvain and Douay, was one the most learned divines of the 17th century, and founder of tiic sect of Jansenists. " lie was b. in 1585, at Akay, near Leerdam, in Holland ; and studied at Louvain. Being sent into Spaiii to transact some business of con- sequence relating to the university, the Catholic kinsr, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged with him to write a book against the French, for having formed an alliance with Protestant states ; and rewarded him for it with the see of Ypres in 1605. He had among other writings before this, maintained a con- troversy against the Protestants upon the subject of grace and predestination ; but his " Augustinus," respectiuET which a furious and almost interminable eon- test arose, was the principal labor of his life. 1). 1058. JANSENIUS, CoRN-KLics, bishop of Ghent, was b. at Hulst, in Flanders, in I'llO. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his learning and modesty. He wrote a " Harmony of tlie Gospels," and other works, and d. at Ghent in 157(5. JANSSENS, Aun.vtiAM, an b.istorical painter, was b. at Antwerp, iu 1569. He was cotemnorary with Rubens, and in many of tlie finest parts of the art was accounted not inferior to him. — CoRjiELics, called also Joiixso.v, an emi- nent portrait painter, was b. at Amster- dam. He resided in England several years, and was engaged in the service of King James L His paintings are easily distinguished by tlieir smooth, clear, and delicate tints, and by a strong character of truth and nature. 1). 1685. — VicTor. HoxoRirs, a celebrated histor- ical painter, was b. at Brussels, in 1664. He a>sociated with Teinpesta, the cele- brated landscape painter for several years, and painted the figures in the works of that great master as long as they resided together. For small his- torical pictures, he was preferable to all the painters of his time. JAENOWICK, GiovANNA Maxe, a celebrated violinist, was b. at Palermo in 1745, and was the most accomplished pupil of Lulli. For several years he resided at Paris, and was considered at the head of his profession; he after- wards went to England, where he was very popular; but on being invited to settle at Petersburg, he went thither, where he d. in 1804. He was as eccen- tric and irritable as he was clever, and numerous singular anecdotes are re- corded of him. JARVIS, JoHX, an artist, distin- guished by his paintings on glass, was b. in Dublin, in 1749 ; and after practi- sing his art in that city, removed to Lon- don, where he obtained great reputa- tion. His most celebrated performance is the west window of New college, O.xford, from the design of Sir Joshua Revnolds. D. 1804. — John Wesley a clistinguished and eccentric portrait painter, one of the foremost of his day, was b. at South Shields, 1780, but came to America early in life. He was ajipren- ticed to Edwin, the engraver, but his tastes were for painting, and he took to the brush. Settling in New York, he soon won a high reputation as wtH for his wit and convivial talents as for hia skill as an artist. His portraits are among the most spirited that luive beeu produced. D. 1S34. J.\Y, John, au eminent jurist and statesman, was b. at New Y'ork in 1745. Afterstndying at Columbia (then King's) colleiTc, he' was admitted to the bar, and in 1774 was chosen a delcirate to the first .\merican congress, at Philadelphia. Iu 1776 he was chosen president of the con-xress, in 1777 he was a member of thecon vent ion which framed the con- stitution of New York, and in the fol- lowing year he was appointed chia 528 CVULOP.EDIA UF BIOGRAPHY. [jEF justice of that stale. He was next sent as iniaister plenipotentiary to Spain, and in 17S"i lie was appointed one ot" the coinini.s.sioners to neirotiato a peace with Great Britain. Tlic detinitive treaty having been signed in September, 1783, lie returned to^tlie United States, and in 17S4 he was sent as envoy ex- traordinary- to Great Britain, and con- cluded the treaty wliich has been called after his name. In 17'J5 he was elected governor of his native state : this post nc continued to occupy till ISOl, when he declined a re-election, as well as a reappointment to the office of chief jus- tice of the United States, and passed the remainder of his days in retirement. D. 1829. JEBB, .John, a divine and physician, was the son of Dr. .John Jebb, dean of Cashel, and b. in London in 17-5G. He studied at Trinity college, Dublin, and Peter house, Cambridge, and obtained church preferment, which, however, he rcsignca, and then ciimmeneed practice as a physician, in which he was very successful. lie was a violent partisan in whatever he engaged, and, though conscientious in his religious opinions, their peculiar complexion, and tne free- dom with which he indulged in the political squabbles of the day, obstructed las professional progress. D. 1786. — Samuel, an eminent physician and clas- sical scholar, was a native of Notting- ham. While at the university he pub- lished the "Dialogue of Justin Martyr with Trypbo the Jew,''^ in Greek and Latin. lie afterwards married the daughter of an apothecary, procured the degree of M.D., practised as a phy- sician at Stratford, in Essex, and retired to Derbyshire, where he d. 1772. Dr. S. Jebb was the conductor of a classical journal, entitled " Bibliotheea Litera- ria," and the editor of Koger Bacon's " Opus Mains." JEFFERSON, Thomas, third presi- dent of the United States, was b. in 1743, at Shadwell, in Virginia, and was brought up to the bar. In 17C'J he M'as elected a member of the provincial legis- lature, and in 177o he entered congress. and took a conspicuous and very decidea part in opposition to the measures which England liad adopted towards lier Amer- ican colonies, and it was lie who drew up tlie famous declaration of independ- ence. In 1776 lie retired from his seat in congress, and was next chosen gov- ernor of Virginia, which post he held two yean*. On the return of Dr. Frank- lin to America, in 1785, Mr. Jefferson was named his successor at Paris, from which he proceeded, as envoy, to Lon- don, in 17So. At the usual presentation, however, to the king and queen, both Mr. Adams and himself were received in the most ungracious manner, and, aft-er a few vague and ineffectual con- ferences, ho returned to Paris. Hero he remained, with the exception of a visit to Holland, to Piedmont, and the south of France, until the autumn of 1789, zealously pursuing whatever was benelicial to his country. He subse- quently filled the office of secretary of state under Washington, until 1793, when he resigned, ami lived in retire- ment for four years. He was then elected vice-president, and in 180l chosen president. At the expiration of eight years he again retired to private life, and on the -ith of July, 1S26, (the fiftieth anniversary of American inde- pendence,) he d. He was the acknowl- edged head of the republican party, and an acute politician, eloquent and per- suasive in conversation, and possessing the faculty of acquiring an ascendency in his politicnl connections. JEFFEEY, Francis, Lord, equally eminent on the bench, at the bar, and in the world of letters, was b. at Edin- burgh, in 1773. In 1794 he was called to the bar in Scotland, and when he had obtained a fair share of practice, ho joined a few of his more intimate friends in establishing the "Edinburgh Re- view," of which he was sole editor for the long period of 27 years. Tlie first number appeared Oct. 25, 1802. On the formation of the Whig ministry late in 1830, lie was made lord advocate, and after sittin'EI)I.\ OK lilUGHAl'lIV. 529 throuijli tlio pradations of recorder of ]x)ndon, a Welsh judifo, and chief jus- tice of Chester, till at len<^thj in KjSG, lie attained the diLcnity of chief justice of the Kinif's Bench. On the accession of James II., he was one of the advisers and ]ironiotcrs of all the oppressive and arbitrary nic-.isurcs of his reign; and, for his saiii,niinury and inhuman pro- ceedings against the adherents of Mon- mouth, was rewarded with the post of lord higli chancellor in 1(5S5. liis con- duct on the bench was, in the highest degree, discreditable at all times, and he indulged in scurrility and abuse of the most degrading description. On the arrival of the prince of Orange, he disguised himself as a seaman, in order to get on board a ship unknown, but was detected in a low public house at AVapping, by an attorney whom he had insulted in open court. The latter ma- king him known, he was seized by the populace, carried before the council, and committed to the Tower, where he d. liJS'J. — Georoe, an English poet, was b. at Weldon, Northamptonslnrc, in 1673. He was a nephew of the eighth Lord (Jhandos, and orcd to the bar. He wrote '• ^lisccllanies, in Prose and Verse," and two tra^'cdics, " Edwin" and " Merope." D. 175.-.. JEFFKIES, .John, was b. at Boston in 1774r. Having studied medicine at the university of Cambridge, he went to London, and on his return to Boston practised with groat success, until the evacuation of that city by the British garrison. lie then aecomnunicd Gen- eral Howe to Halifax, ana was made surgeon-general to the forces in ."76. He subsequently resigned his army ap- l>oin{ments, declining even the otfer of the lucrative post of surgeon-general to the forces in India, and in 1780 settled in London. He there occupied himself much in scientific research, and in order to ascertain the correctness of certain preconceived hypotheses relative to at- mospheric temperature, he undertook two aerial voyages, the second of which was made Jan. 7, 1785, from the cliffs of Dover, across the British Channel, into the forest of Guinncs in France, and was the only successful attempt that had then been made to cross the sea in a balloon. In 1789 lie again returned to Boston, and continued to practise there with success, till his death in 181'.). JEKYLL, Sir Joseph, a lawyer and statesman in the reigns of Anno and George I., was the bon of a clergyman ia Nottinghamshire. He was a member of parliament, and one of the manager.s of tlie trial of Sacheverel ; was knighted by (Jeorge I., who raised him to the of- fice of master of the rolls. I>. 17.33. JENNEK, EowAKo, an English phy- sician, celebrated for having nearly erad- icated a pestilent disorder from the liuman race by introducing vaccine inoc- ulation, was b. at Berkeley, Gloucester- shire, in 1749, and subsequently settled there as a medical practitioner. About the year 1776, his attention was turned to the cow-pox, by tlie circumstance of his ascertaining that those persons who had been att'ected with this disease, were thereby rendered free from variolous infection. From tliat time till 179(3 he steadily pursued his investigation of this discovery; and having at length established its general efficacy, amidst all tlie opposition naturally to he expect- ed in such a case, the practice of vacci- nation was introduced into the London hospitals, tlie army and navy, &c., and, finally, extended to every part of the globe. Honors and rewards were now conferred on Dr. Jenner as a public benefactor; a parliamentary grant of £20,000 was voted him ; learned socle- ties at home and abroad enrolled him as a member; and when the allied po- tentates visited England in 1814, the emperor of Eussia sought an interview witn liim, and offered to bestow on him a Eussian order of nobility. Dr. Jen- ner's writings consist merely of " Ob- scrv.ations ou the VarioUe Vaccinic," and a paper in the Philosophical Trans- actions "On the Natural History of tho Cuckoo." D. 1823. JENNINGS, IlENRr Coxstantin-e, an antiquary and virtuoso of most eccen- tric habits and checkered fortune, was b. in 1731, and was the only son of a gentleman of considerable property at Shiplake, in Oxfordshire, lie was edu- cated at Westminster school, and at seventeen became an ensign in the foot- guards; but resigned his commission, and travelled on the Continent, where he collected, while in Itah', a number of statues and other antiques, with which he decorated his seat at Shiplake. IIo now led the life of a man of fashion and fortune, indulging in the most expen- sive follies; the consequence of which was that he soon became an inmate of the King's Bench. He was at length freed from his pecuniary embarrass- ments, and settled on an estate he had in Essex, where he gave himself up with enthusiasm to the collection of scarce books, pictures, and ouriositioa. 530 CYCLOPEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY. [jew But the current of good fortune did not long run smooth, ilaving borrowed a sum of money from a person who was indebted to the crown, liis museum was hastily sold for a small sum, to satisfy the claim of government under an ex- tent in aid. I'or many years he was a pri.ioncr in Chelmsford" jail ; but on re- jraining his freedom, he resumed his former habits, and settled at Chelsea. D. l'a Hire, she marched from Blois. and, on April 29th, 1429, entered Orleans with supplies. By bold sallies to whicli she animated the besieged, the P'nglish were tbrccd from their intrenchments, and Sutlblk abandoned the siege. Joan entered Orleans in triumph, and the coronation at Eheims followed ; after which Charles caused a medal to be struck in honor of the lieroine, and en- nobled her family. The town of Dom- rcmi also, where she was born, was exempted from all imposts for ever. After the coronation, Joan declared that her mission was at an end, and that she should now retire to private life ; but the French commandant, Dunois, who thought she might still prove service- able, induced lier to throw herself into Compeiiinc, then besieged by the duke of Burgundy, and the earls of Arundel and Suffolk. Here, after performing prodigies of valor, she was taken pris- oner in a sally ; and after four months' imprisonment, was cruelly condemned by the English to be burnt alive, on the charge of sorcery. She resolutely de- fended herself from the absurd accusa- tion, and was carried to the stake, where with dauntless courage she met her dis- astrous fate, in the 29th year of her age, May 20, 14:>1. JODELTjE, Etiexne, an early French poet and dramatist, b. at Paris, 15:'52. lie was the author of the first regular tragedy acted on the Frencli stage: and he is described as Iiaving possessed an extraordinary facility and fluency of composition. Though enjoying the favor of Charles IX. and of Ilenry II., yet he died in great poverty and tlis- tress, in 1573. JOFFEID, abbot of Croyland, in the 12th century. In the continuation of "Ingulph's Account of Crovland,"' bv Peter de Blois, he says, "that Abbo"t Joffrid sent a deputation of three learned French or Norman monks, named Odo, Terrick, and William, to Ids manor of Cottenham, near Cambridge, to teach the people in that neigliborhood. gram- mar, logic, and rhetoric; and that these three monks went every day from Cot- tenham to Cambridge, where they hired a barn, in which they taught those sci- ences to a great numl^er of scholars, who resorted to them from all the country round." If De Blois can be relied on, Jotfrid may therefore be considered as the original founder of the university of Cambriilcro. JOHN, king of England, was the younsrest son of Henry II. by Eleanor of Guienne, b. 1160, and succeeded his 5o2 CrCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [jOH brother Richard. He rendered himself the object of such universal contempt nnd hatred, that liis nobles determined, if possible, to control his power, and es- tablish their privilcires ; and thouufh the pope declared his disapprobation of their conduct, the barons assembled in arms at Oxford, where the court then was, and immediately proceeded to warlike oj)erations. They were received with- out opposition in London, which so intimidated the kinsr, that he consented to whatever terms they chose to dictate. Thus was obtained that basis of Eni^lisli constitutional freedom, known as Mag- na Charta, which not only protected the nobles ajrainst the crown, but secured important privileges to every class of freemen. — Of Gaunt, duke of Lancas- ter, a renowned general, w-as b. 1340. lie served with great distinction in France with his brother the Black I'rincc, and on his death had the man- agement of attairs during the life of liis father. John of Gaunt was a man of great valor, prudence, and generosity. J lis son afterwards became king, by tlie title of Henry IV". D. 13'Jli.— Of Salis- liUKY, bislio[) of Chartres, in France, was b. at Salisbury, in Wiltshire, in tiie be- ginning of the 12th century. He studied under tlie most eminent professors on the Continent, and acquired considerable fame for his proficiency in rhetoric and general literature. After his return to England, he became tlie intimate friend and companion of Thomas a Beeket, whom lie had attended in his exile, and he is said to have been present when he was murdered in Canterbury cathedral. He was one of the first restorers of the Greek and Latin languages in Europe, and an elegant Latin poet. JOHNSON, Samuel, a divine, emi- nent for his zeal, and for his numerous writings, in the cause of civil liberty, was b. in 1649, in the county of Stafforil ; received liis education at St. Faul's school and at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and became minister of Cor- ringham, in Essex. In the reign of Ciiarles II., while Lord Kussell and his coadjutors were promoting the bill for excluding the duke of York, he puh- lished a tract, entitled "Julian the Apostate," for which he was fined and imprisoned. In 1. 1850. JOHNSTON, or JOHNSON, Charles, a native of Ireland, who was bred to the bar, and came over to England to prac- tise; but being afflicted with deafness, he was compelled to quit that profes- sion. His first literary attempt was the celebrated "Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea," a political romance, which produced a great sensation. This work naving so well succeeded, he produced others of a similar class, viz.: "The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of Fools," " The History of Arbaces, Prince of Betlis," " The Piltrritn, or a Picture of Life," and the " History of John Juniper, esq., alias .Juniper Jack." In 1782 he went to India, where he en- gaged in literary and other speculations, and obtained considerable wealth. D. 1800. JOHNSTONE, John- Henry, a cele- brated comic actor and vocalist, was b. in 1750 at Tipperary, where his father was a small farmer. xVt the age of IS he enlisted in a regiment of Irish dragoons, and soon attracted the notice of his com- radis, by his fine voice and ffood-hu- morcd liveliness. The colonel of the regiment having had proofs of John- stone's vocal powers, and hearing that he liad an inclination for the stage, he generously granted his discharge, and gave him a reeonnnendatory letter to Mr. Eyder, then manager of the Dublin theatre, who engaged him for three years, at two guineas per week, which was soon raised to four. His fame as n vocalist increased rapidly ; and having married a Miss Poitier, who had acquir- ed a profound knowledge of the science of music, he profited by her iustruc- 534 CYCLOPAEDIA OF UIOGRAPHY. [jON tions, and soon became a finished sing- er. His first appearance at Covent- pardtn theatre was made iu October, ITS;}. D. 1S-2S. JOlWILLE, John-, Sieur de, senes- chal of Champagne, an eminent French statesman and "historian of the 13th century. He accompanied Louis IX. in hi.s firs't crusade or expedition to Egypt, in 121',>, sharing his master's captivity, and rendering liim many important ser- vices. In the king's second crusade, however, he declined taking a part, and subsequently employed hunself in wri- ting the " Life of St". Louis," one of the most interesting documents existing relative to the "history of the middle ages. D. 131S. JOLY, Claude, a French ecclesiastic, who wrote " A Collection of Maxims for the Education of a Prince," which gave grcit otfencc, and was Isurnt by the hanirman. The author, however, re- publislicd it with an addition, called f- Codicil d'Or," or the Golden Codicil. B. at I'aris, 1007, and d. there in 1700. — (iiTY, the confidential secretary of Cardinal do Retz, who wrote "Memoirs of his Times," containing an interesting account of transactions from 1643 to l*)";.'), in which is included the private history of his patron.— Makt Eliza- beth, a celebrated French actress, was b. at Versailles in 1761. She commen- ced her theatrical career in 1781, and BO">n rose to eminence in her profession, excelling principally as a representative of the soubrettes of the French drama. In 17U3 she was imprisoned among oth- er political victims, but recovered her liberty on condition of performing at the tlieatre of the republic. 1). 17it8. JOMELLI, NicoLo, a musical com- poser, was b. in 1714, at Aversa, in the kingdom of Naples. He composed a number of operas in his own country, and became a popular favorite. He afterwards visited Bologna, Rome, Ven- ice, and other principal cities of Italy, everywhere carrying away the palm from rival musicians. He was the au- thor of many devotional pieces, among which are his celebrated "Eequiem" and " Miserere." I). 1774. JONES, Iniuo, a celebrated architect, and tlie reviver of classical architecture in England, was b. in London, about 1.572. lie was at first an apprentice to a ioincr; V)ut his talents for drawing having attracted the notice of the earls of Arundel and Pembroke, the latter supplied him with the means of visiting It.aly, for the purpose of studying land- scape painting. He -n'ent to Venice, where the works of Palladio inspired him with a taste for architecture ; and he afterwards devoted all his energies in pursuit of that noble branch of art. He soon acquired fame, and obtained the situation of first architect to Chris- tian IV., king of Denmark, who visiting his brother-in-law, .James I., in 1606, brought Jones with him to England. Being induced to remain, the queen chose him as her .architect : and the place of surveyor-general of the bo.ard of works was granted to him in rever- sion. In 1620 he was appointed one of the commissioners for repairing St. Paul's cathedral ; but this was not com- menced till 1623. In the following reign he was much employed in preparing masques for the entertainment of th& court, and in building the Banqueting House at Whitehall : but while thus engaged he fell under the displeasure of Ben Jonson, who ridiculed him on the stage, and made him the subject of his epigrammatic muse. Jones realized a handsome fortune; but being a Eoman Catholic, and a partisan of royalty, he suf- fered severely in the civil war. D. 1652. — OwEx, a Welsh antiquary, and a mem- ber of the Gwyneddigion, or Cambrian society, for encouraging the bards, lan- guage, and music of Wales, was b. in 1740, and d. in 1814. He collected and published "The Archfeology of Wales," the " Poems of Dafydd ap Gwillym," and other productions. — Joiix Paul, a naval adventurer, was a native of Sel- kirk, Scotland, and b. in 1736. His first voyage was to this country, where he settled early in life; and at the com- mencement of the strugirle between the colonies and the mother country, he offered his services to the former, and was appointed first of the first lieuten- ants. In 1775 he obtained the command of a ship under Commodore Hopkins, and distiniruished himself in several engagements, for which he received his commission as captain of the marine. He then sailed to France, and being well acquainted with the Irish coast, and the northern ]>art of England, ho conceived the design of effecting a descent. For a long time he kept the northern coast in a constant state of alarm ; at length he effected a lauding at Whitehaven, and having dismantled a fort, set fire to some shippincr in the harbor. From thence he sailed for Scotland, where he landed on the estate of the earl of Selkirk, and plundered his lordship's house of all the plato. jon] CYCLOPAEDIA OF UKCKArilV. 535 ITc next took the Drake sloop of vnr, wit!i wliicli lip. returned to l^irest. lie afterwards sailed round Ireland to the North Sea, with three sliips, the Kich- ard, I'allas, and \'enireanee. Having' eomtnitted frreat misehief on that eoast, ho fell in with the Baltic fleet, convoyed by the Serapis frisrate, and the Conntess of Scarborough armed ship, both which, afTer a severe action, he captured off Flamboroutrii Head. For these services the kin? of Franco confcrre 536 CYCLOP.-EDJA OF BIOGRAPHY. [joa kind of superintendent of the court revels. lu liJlV he was appointed poet hiureutc, with a salary of £100, and a butt of wine yearly from the king's cel- lars. \Vant of economy, however, kejjt him constantly poor; lUthough, in addi- tion to the royal bounty, he had a pen- sion from the city. D. 1637. .lOKDAEXS, Jacob, an eminent his- torical and portrait painter, was a native of Antwerp. He was the son-in-law of Van Oort, under whom he studied ; he also received some instruction from Rubens ; and his pictures are executed with correctness and brilliancy. JB. 15',tl; d. I'ilS. JOKDAN, Charles Stephen, a Prus- Bi;ui writer, originally of a French fam- ily, wa.i b. at Berlin in 1700, and d. in 174*). He wrote '-Travels in France, England, and Holland, with Satirical Anecdotes," " A Miscellany of Litera- ture, Piiilosophy, and History," and the •• Life of de la Croze." — Dohothea, or DoRaTHY Bland, (Jordan being only an assumed name,) was b. at Waterford, about the year 1702. She made her tiieatrical debut on the Dublin stage, in 1777, in the part of i'hoebe, in " As You Like It." In the following season she appeared at Cork, where she was much at-tmircd for her archness and sportive simplicity. In 1782 she came to En- gland, was engaged by Tate Wilkinson, and first appeared at the Leeds theatre as Calista, in " The Fair Penitent." From Leeds she proceeded to York, where she first played under the name of Mrs. Jordan, by which, though never married, she was subsequently known. In 1785 she made her tirst appearance before a Jjondon audience at Drury- lane, as Pejfgy, in "The Country Girl ;" and immediately became such a decitlcd favorite, that lier salary was doubled, and she was allowed two bcnelits. At the close of the season, she made a pro- vincial tour, and visited nearly all the large towns in England, everywhere re- ceiving tlic most enthusiastic welcome from admiring audiences. Wlieii the duke of Clarence first made overtures to her, .■ihe was the mistress of a Mr. Ford, who refused to make her his wife, through fear of offending his father. Mrs. Jordan then entered into that con- nection with the duke, which continued in an almost iminterntptcd state of do- mestic Jiarmony, until it was suddenly broken olf in" 1811. D. 1810.— Sir Joseph, a gallant English admiral, who by hib presence of mind and valor, gained the battle of Solebay, in 1072. — Thomas, a dramatic writer in the reign of Charles L He wrote two comedies and a masque ; and is mentioned by Langbaine with respect. JUKDANO, LucA, a famous painter, was b. at Naples, in 1032 ; and d. there in 1705. JOETIN, John, an eminent scholar and divine, was b. in London, in lOUS. Here he acquired so high a character for learning and acuteness, that he was employed by Pope to extract the notes from Eustathius, to print with his translation of the Iliad. His chief works are, "Discourses concerning the Truth of the Christian Eeligion," " Miscella- neous Observations upon Authors, an-# cient and modern," "Kemarks upon Ecclesiastical History," "Life of Eras- mus," and seven volumes of "Sermons and Charges," which were printed after his death'. D. 1770. JOSE, Antonio, a Portuguese drama- tist, by birth a Jew, who was burnt alive at the last auto-da-fe in 1745, for having introduced in one of his farces a scone, in which a criminal is conversing at the gallows with his confessor, in a style, as may be supposed, not the most edifying. JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany, the son of Leopold 1., was b. at Vienna, in 1078 ; received the crown of Hungary in 1039 ; and was soon after elected king of the Romans. D. 1711.— II., emperor of Germany, was the son of the Emperor Leopold and Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary. He was crowned king of the Romans in 1704; the year following he succeeded his father; and in 1780, by the death of the empress- queen, lie succeeded to the crown of Hungary and Bohemia. D. 1789. JOSEPHINE, empress of France and queen of Italy, was b. at Martinique in 1703, and bore the name from her pa- rents of Rose Tascheb de la PAOEKrE. While very young, she was taken by hei father to France, to be the bride of tho \'iseount de Eeauharuois— a marriage having been arranged by the two fam- ilies when the Marquis Bcauharnois was governor-general of the Antilles. They . were accordingly married ; and, in the enjoyment of each other's society, tliey lived beloved and respected, while Jo- sephine became the mother of two chil- dren, Eugene and llortcnse. Prompted by filial attachment, she went, in 1786, to Martinique, to attend upon her mo- ther in sickness ; and having taken her daughter with her, she remained in tho island three years. The sudden rising jou] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGHAPIIY. of tlic colony, however, obliged her to quit it lor France, witli such haste, a3 not to allow of her takinjj leave of her parent. After etlecting her escape, and isurrnounting numerous obstacles, Ma- dame Beauliarnois began to expcricnco the horrors of the French revolution ; and soon saw her husband, who hatl used every exertion at the head of the French army on the Khine, dragged to ft prison, and thence to the scalibld. Siic was also included in the list of proscription ; but the death of her luis- })ancl reduced her to such a state that she could not be removed, and to this circumstance she owed her deliverance. Roi)espierre at length perished, and the viscountess was delivurcd from prison by Tallien, who was never forgotten by her, nor by Eugene, from whom he re- ceived a considerable pension till his death. Josephine was indebted to Barras for the restoration of a part of the pro]5erty of her husband; and at his liouse, after the 13th Veudemiaire, she met General Bonaparte, who was desirous of seeing her, in consequence of her son Eugene, then 15 years old, presenting himself before the general, to solicit that the sword which had be- longed to his father mi^ht be given to him. Bonaparte from the first was fa- vorably impressed towards the widow; and his attachment strengthening at every succeeding interview, he married her in 17ii6. From that day it became her practice to encourage him through dangers, and moderate his feelings in the hour of victory. After Napoleon became emperor, a divorce was a sub- ject lo which his friends advised him, but which he at tirst declined. Jose- phine had been crown d empror;s at I'aris, and queen of Italy at Milan. When Napoleon became desirous of marrying a princess, and she was made acquainted with the wishes of the na- tion regarding a successor, she resolved to sacrifice lier private 1'oelings, and givin-^ the archduchess, Maria Louisa, credit for all the estimable qualities whlcli slie knew were requisite to the happiness of Napoleon, she consented to the marriage. She, liowever, woidd not follow the wishes of her children, who were an.\ious tliat she should quit France ; but retired to her beautiful seat of Malmaison, with the title of emprcss-oucen-dowager. D. 1814. JOSEPilUS, Flavr-s, the celebrated historian of tlie Jews, was b. ai Jeru- salem, A. D. 37. His father, Mattathias, was descended from the ancient hisrh- priests of the Jews, and hi."? mother was of the Maceabean race. He was early instructed in Hebrew learning, and be- came an ornament of the sect of the Pharisees, to which he i)elonged. When 2(5 years old he visited Kome, for the purpose of obtaining the release of some prisoners whom F^elix had sent to the capital, on which occasion he was in- troduced to Poppaa, afterwards the wife of Nero, and, on his return, wa3 made governor of Galilee. He after- wards obtained the command of the Jewish army, and supported with cour- age, wisdom, and resolution a siege of seven weeks, in the fortified tovkn of Jotapata, where he was attacked by Vespasian and Titus. The town was betrayed to the enemy. He accom- panied Titus back to ^feome, where he was rewarded with the freedom of the city, and received a pension and other favors from Vespasian and his son, ^nd. as a mark of gratitude, he then assumeo. their family name of Flavins. His " History of the Jewish "War, and the Destruction of Jerusalem," was com- posed at the command of Vespasian, and is singularly interesting and atfect- ing, as the historian was an eye-witness of all he relates. St. Jerome calls him the Livy of the Greeks. His "Jewish Antiquities," written in Greek, is a very noble work, and his discourse " Upon the Martyrdom of the Maccabees" is a masterpiece of eloquence. He is suj)- posed to have d. about the year 95. JOUFFKOY, marquis de, who dis- putes with Fulton and F'itch the honor of having been the first to apply steam to the purposes of navigation, was b. in Franche Comte, 1751. He made his first attempt on the Doubs in 1776, and renewed it with more success on the Saoiie in 1783, but he tailed to carry it out through want of means and support. He was no les.^ unsuccessful at Paris 'n 1816, but the Academy of Sciences ac knowledgcd his claim to the discovery in 1840, a distinction with which, whether merited or otherwise, he could not fail to be gratified. D. lSo'2. — Theo- dore, a distinguished writer on philo- sophical sr.bjccts, and professor ot philosophy at Paris, was b. at Pontets, 17y*5. Besides numerous original works, which are in great repute for clearness and depth, he translated into French the writings of Kcid and Dugald Stew- art, and his "Cours du Droit Naturel" will be found worthy the most attentive perusal. D. 1842. JDURDAIN, Am.vble Louis Michel 538 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [jUA Brechillet, b. in 17S8, was the son of a celebrated suri;eoii-dentist at Paris. He was designed for tlie law, but being struck at hearing the splendid eulogies bestowed on Anquetil du Perron, the Orientalist, he determined on cultivating the same brandies of learning for which tliat great scholar had been distin- guished. This he pursued with such success, that the otiiee of adjunct-sec- retary of the school of oriental languajjes was created in his favor, and heliela it till his death. He was a contributor to the '• Biographie Universelle," and other extensive publications, and author of '• La Perse, ou Tableau de I'Histoire, du Gouvernenient, de la Eeligion, de la Littcrature, &c., de cet Empire," be- sides some otiiers. D. 1818. JOUVENET, John, an historical painter, b. at Kouen, in Normandy, in lOi'i, and who studied under Poussin. He was employed to adorn the apart- ments of Versailles and the Trianon ; he also painted colossal figures of the twelve apostles in the hospital of the Invalids at Paris. D. 1717. JOUY, Joseph Etienne de, a facile and graceful writer, was b. in 1764, served in America and India, and took part in the tirst campaign of the revolu- tion. But lie soon abandoned the sword for the pen, and rose to great popularity with his vaudevilles and tlie librettos which he wrote forSpontini, Cherubini, and Rossini. He was also distinguished as a political writer, but lie is best known in England for his amusing and Batirical work called the " Hermit of the Ohaussee d'Antin," which was trans- lated into English many years ago. In 1830, Louis Philippe apnoiiited Iiiiu li- brarian at the Louvre. D. 1846. J(jVJ':LLANOS, Don Gaspak Mel- CHioR DE, one of the most distinguished Spaniards of modern times, was b. at Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744, of an an- cient and noble family. He became a member of the criminal branch of the audiencia in Seville, and advan- cing ra])idly in his professional career, lie was linally appointed to the dignified station of member of the council of the military orders at ^ladrid. About the hame tune he was intrusted with some important ati'airs, and nominated coun- Bellor of state, by (Jharles III. When, in 1794, Spain found herself loaded with debt, .Jovellanos proposed, for tiic relief of the national clillieulties, a tax on tlie property of the higher order of the clertry, for which he was exiled to the mountains of Asturias, though his pro- ject was afterwards carried into execu- tion. In 17'JU he was recalled, and made minister of justice for the interior, but before twelve months were past, he was dismissed, and banished to the island of Majorca, wiiere he was con- fined in the convent of the Carthusians. After the fall of Godoy, the prince of peace, in 1808, he recovered his liberty, and subsequently became a member of the supreme junta. He was, however, suspected of favoring the French ; and, at length, being denounced as a traitor for endeavoring to promote their plans for the subjugation of Spain, he was put to death, in 1812, during a popular in- surrection. He v/rote " Lyric Poems," "Pelayo," a tragedy, "The Honorable Delinquent," a comedy, several works on subjects connected with political economy, and translated Milton's " Par- adise Lost." JOYCE, Jeremiah, an ingenious and industrious writer, whose profession was that of a dissenting minister, was b. in 1764, and first attracted public notice as one of the persons included in the state prosecution with Hardy, Home Tooke, Thelwall, and others for treason. He was the coadjutor of Dr. Gregory in the compilation of his " Cy- clopiEdia," and subsequently produced another on a similar plan, which goes by the name of Nicholson. He was also the author of "Scientific Dialogues," "Dialogues on Chemistry," "Letters on Natural Philosophy," &c. D. 1816. JUAN, or Don John' of Austria, a natural son of the Emperor Charles V., and the great military hero of his age, was b. at Eatisljon, in 1546. His mo- ther is said to have been a lady named Barbara Bloniberg, but this is doubtful, and a singular veil of mystery hangs over his maternal parentage. He was first einploycil, in 1570, against the Moors or Granada, and acquired great fame by their subjugation. He also signalized himself by a memorable vio- tory over the Turks, in 1571, in the gulf of Lepanto, as well as by the con- quest of Tunis and other places on the African coast. In 1576 he went to Flanders, took Namur by stratagem, and succeeded in reducing the insur- gents to obedience. 1). 1577. — Y San- TiciLiA, Don Georoe, a learned Spanish matlieraatician and naval otficer, was b. at C>riliuela, in 1712. His progress in mathematics was so great that, wjiile a student in Carthagena, he obtained the appellation of Euclid: and, entering the naval service early, his reputation as a pnJ CYCl.Ol'.KUlK ul' KiOOHArHV. 539 Bcientific man occasioned his appoint- i mciit, with Antonio de Ulloa, to accom- ' p;iny Boii'2. — IT., Pope, nephew of Sixtus IV., was b. in 1-143. He is said to have, at one period of his life, followed the occupation of a waterman. He was remarkable for his wars, ami his patronage of the arts. Durimr his iiontiticate, the rebuilding of St. Peter's was commenced. D. 1513. — III., Pope, previously known as Car- dinal Monte, was chamberlain to Julius II., whose name ho subsequently as- sumed. He took little part in public business, but led a life of indolence at the villa still known bv his name. D. 1.5.5.-.. JUXGE, or JUNGIUS, JoAcini, an eminent philosopher of the 17th cen- tury, was b. at Lubeck, in 15?7, and distinguished himself as an able antag- onist of the Aristotelian philosophy. 540 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [jus Like his great cotemporary, Lord Bacon, he substituted experiineut in the phice of idle and antiquated theories, and is ranked by Leibnitz as equal to Coper- nicus and Galileo, and but little interior tc Descartes. Among his works are "Geometria Empiriea," " Doxoscopiaj Physieae ilinores," and " Isagoge Pny- toseopc," iVoni which latter work Eay mill ]>inna3us appear to have taken some valuable hints. D. lt>57. JUXOT, Andociie, duke of Abrantes, a distinguished French general, was b. in 1771, and entered the army, as a volunteer, in 1791. lie first attracted the notice of Bonaparte bj' his coolness and courage when serving as a lieuten- ant at the siege of Toulon; and in 1806 he made him colonel-general of hussars, and appointed him to the command of Paris. In the following year he was placed at the head of the army in Portu- gal, where he remained two years, and was honored with his ducal title; but being defeated at the battle of Vimiera by Sir Artliur Wellesley, (the duke of Wellington,) he was compelled to capit- ulate. Jle subsequently served in Spain, and was made governor of the lUyrian provinces. D. 1813. — Madame, duchess of Abrantes, wife of the preceding, was from her infancy intimate with Napo- leon. Her estates being confiscated in 1814, the Emperor Alexander offered their restoration, on condition of her becomiug a naturalized Kussian. She refused, and remained in Paris, living quite literally by the labors of her pen. Tlie best known of her writings are the celebrated " Memoirs," whieli had a prodigious run. But she experienced the only too common fate of authors; harassed by creditors, she retired to a maison de sante; where she died, in 1838. J URIEU, Petek, a French Protestant divine and tlieologian, was b. in 1637. He studied in England, under his ma- ternal uncle, Peter du Moulin ; and, while there, was episcopally ordained ; but the French Protestants disapprov- ing of episcopal ordination, he was re- ordained according to the Ibrm of Ge- neva. He filled tlic chair of divinity at Sedan with reputation ; but, when that university was taken from the Protest- ants, lie retired to Holland, and settled at Kotterdam, where he became a vio- ent polemic, and engaged in some fierce contentions with Bayle and others. Ills principal works are a "Preservative against Popery," "La Politique du Clergd-," " L'Accomplissement des Pro- phetes," "Histoire de Calvinismo et au Papisme," and " Histoire des Dog- mes et des Cultes." D. 1718. JUSSIED, De; Anthony, Bernard, and JosEPn ; three eminent French bot- anists and physicians. The first was b. at Lyons in 16S6, and d. in 1758. He enriched the memoirs of the Academy of Sciences at Paris Tvith several vaJu.i- ble papers, the result of observations made in his travels, on botany and min- eralogy. He also wrote the appendix to Tournefort, and abridged Barellier's work upon the plants of France, Spain, and Italy ; he was likewise the author of a "Discourse on the Progress of Botany." — Bernard, brother of the pre- ceding, was b. at Lyons in 1609, and d. in 177G. He published an edition of "Tournefort's History of Plants about Paris," and was the author of a book, entitled "The Friend of Humanity, or the advice of a good Citizen to the Na- tion." He was botanical demonstrator at the king's garden, and was much es- teemed by Louis XV. Cuvier calls him " the most modest, and, perhaps, the most profound, botanist of the 18th century, who, although he scarcely pub- lished any thing, is nevertheless the in- spiring genius of modern botanists." — Joseph, was also a member of the Acad- emy of Sciences at Paris, and accompa- nied Condamine to Peru, in 1735. He was not only a good naturalist and phy- sician, but an excellent engineer. He published a journal of his voyages, and d. in 1770. JUSTEL, CnRisTornER, a French statesman and juridical writer of the 17th century, was b, in 1580, and d. in 1649. He was well acquainted with ecclesiastical antiquities and the canon law, respecting which he published sev- eral learned works, and left valuable MS. collections. — His son Henry sent his father's MSS. to the university of Oxford, for which he was compliment- ed with the degree of LL.D. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, ho came to London, and was appointed keeper to the king's library. lie pub- lished, chiefly from his father's collec- tion, " Bibliotlieca Canonici veteris," and also some able works of his own. B. 1620; d. 1093. JUSTI, John Henry Gottlob de, an eminent German mineralogist, who, af- ter gaining some literary reputation at the university of Jena in 1720, enlisted as a common soldier in the Prussian service. He rose to the rank of lieuten- ant ; was easliiered and imprisoned for juv] CYCLOl'.EDI.V OF J310(iUAr]l V. 541 inaubovdination, but made his escape to Leipsio, and maintained himself by wri- ting for the press. In 1755 ho became professor of political economy and natural history at Gottingen ; but hav- incT written too freely on the Prussian government, waa arrested, and ended his days a prisoner in the fortress of Custrin, in 1771. lie was the author of a "Treatise on Money," a "Treatise on Jilineralogy," " Miscellanies on Chem- istry and Mineralogy," and "A Com- plete Treatise on Manufactures." JUSTIN, a Latin historian, who pro- bably lived at Rome in the 2d or 8d century. lie made an epitome of the l\istory of Trogus Pompeius, a luvtive of Gaul, who lived in the time of Au- gustus, and whose works, in 44 books, contain a history of the world, from the earliest ages to liis. own time. Justin has been illustrated by the most able commentators, and particularly by Gra- vius. — St., a Christian philosopher and martyr in the 2d century, was a native of Sichcm, in Samaria. A persecution breaking out against the Christians, un- der Antoninus, Justin presented to that emperor an admirable apology in their behalf, which had the desired cft'ect. He afterwards addressed another apology to Marcus Aurelius, in which lie de- fended those of his religion against the calumnies of Creseens, a Cynic philoso- pher. For this, and his neglect of pa- gan worship, he was condemned to be scourged and then beheaded, which sentence was put in execution, a. d. 164., in the 75th year of his ao^e. JUSTINIAN I., surnamed the Great, nephew of Justin I., emperor of the East, and celebrated as a lawgiver, was b. in 483, of an obscure family. lie shared the fortunes of his uncle, who, from a common Thracian peasant, was raised to the imper'al throne ; and at whose death, in 527, le obtained the ex- clusive sovereignty He was then in his 45th year, and distinguished for his devotional austerity ; but immediately npon his elevation he solemnly espoused Theodora, an actress and courtesan, whose iutiucnce over him was unbound- ed. During the reign of Justinian many conquests were made by his brave general Belisarius. In 523 and 520 he obtained three glorious victories over the Persians; in 534 he destroyed the empire of the Vandals in Africa; Spain and Sicily were reconquered ; and the OstroLfoths, who possessed Italy, were vanquished. The principal event, how- ever, which has rendered the reign of 46 Justinian interestmg to posterity, was the celebrated reformation of the Eo- man jurisprudence. He commissioned Tribonian, aided by other learned civil- ians, to form a new code from his own laws and those of his predecessors. To this code Justinian added the "Pan- dects," the "Institute," and the " No- vell»," since called, colle:;tively, the body of civil law, (corpus juris eivilis.) He likewise embellished the capital with numerous magnificent churches, among which is the celebrated Sancta Sophia, now subsisting as the principal mosque in Constantinople. Bridges, aqueducts, hospitals, fortresses, and other public works, were also undertaken through- out the various provinces of the empire. But towards the end of his life he be- came avaricious, oppressed the people with taxes, and lent a willing ear to every accusation ; and at length, full of cares and disquietudes, he d. in 565, after a reign of 38 years, and in the S3d of his age. — II. was the elder sou of Constantino Pogonatus, whom he suc- ceeded in 685. He recovered several provinces from the Saracens, and made an advantageous peace with them ; but his exactions, cruelties, and debauch- eries tarnished the glory of his arms. He was slain, with his son Tiberius, in 711, by Philippieus Bardancs, his suc- cessor. JUSTINIANI, AcGusTiN, bishop of Nebo, in Corsica, was a prelate of dis- tinguished literary abilities. lie was the author of " Annales de Republica Genoensi;" a "Psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Chaklee, with Latin notes," &c., being the first of the kind that ever appeared in print. He per- ished in a voyage from Corsica to Ge- noa, in 1536. — St. Lawrence, the first patriarch of Venice, was b. there in 13S1 ; d. in 1485 ; and was canonized by Pope Alexander Vlll. in 1690. He was the author of several devotional works. — Bernard, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Venice, in 1408 ; was etn- ployed in several important missions by Calixtus III. ; wrote a history of Venice, which has been considered the first regular attempt of the kind, and the life of his uncle, Lawrence the pntriarcii ; and d. in 1489. JUVENAL, Dec'ius Junius, a Latin poet, remarkable for the caustic severity of his satires, was b. at Aaulnum, ia Campania, about the beginning of the reign of Claudius. He studied rhetoric under the most celebrated masters, and became an eminent ple.ader at the bar ; 542 CVCLOP-«DIA OF mOGKAPHY. [kal but satire was liis forto. His first essay as a poetical satirist was directed ajraiiist the player, Paris, who was tiie iiiiiiioii of Doinitian ; tor wliicli he was sent into an honorable kind of exile, by hcmg made conunander of a cohort at I'cn- tapolis, on tlie borders of E^ypt. On Doniitian's death he returned to Koine, where he d. in his SOtli year, a. d. 128. He may be said to have boeu the last of the Eomau poets, and as the bold and unflinching castigator of vice he stands without a rival. Good as are his inten- tions, however, and forcible as are his denunciations, the moral indelicacy of the age in which he lived renders the satires of Juvenal too gross in their de- tails for readers of the present daj'. Able translations have been made by Bryden, Gitford, &c. K. KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet, cotemporary with Mahomet, wiiom he at tirst strenuously opposed, but after- wards eulogized. As a reward for wri- ting a poem in his favor, the prophet gave liini his green mantle, which one of the desccnilants of Kaab sold for 10,000 pieces of silver. D. 662. KAAS, Nicholas, an eminent Danish statesman, was b. I.)?!.'), and studied in the universities of Germany. In 1573 he was mtide chancellor of Denmark ; and, on the death of King Frederic II., in l')88, he was nominated to fill the situation of first regent during the mi- nority of Christian t. D. 15'J4. KABKI8, Joseph, a French sailor, who, being taken prisoner by the En- glish, obtained permission to enter on board a South sea wluiler, and being wrecked on the coast of the island of Noukahiwa, in the Pacific ocean, fell into the hands of the cannibal inhabit- ants. Wliile preparations were making for his intended fate, and his doom ap- peared inevitable, he was saved by the intercession of the king's daughter, who shortly after became his wife. Being now ailied to royr ;y, he was made chief judge of the island, which olfice he ex- ercised with reputation and comparative ea.se, owing to the simplicity of their legal institutions. Nine years thus passed away, and Kabris lived in the enjoyment of domestic happiness, when he was carried oft", as lie stated, while a.sleep, liy the Russian navigator. Cap- tain Krusenstern. On returning to France, in 1817, he exhibited himself to the public at Paris and elsewhere, his face being tattooed in the New Zealand style. His object was to raise money, to enable hiin to return to his wife and family at Noukahiwa; but, wliile trav- eiruj'.' fir this purpose, ho d. suddenly at Versailles, 182:^. ICiEMPFEIi, E.vaKLBBEcnT, a cele- brated physiciam naturalist, and travel- ler, was b. at Leingo, in Westphalia, 1651 ; studied at Dantzic, Thorn, and Cracow; performed a journey, in 1683, as secretary to a Swedish embassy, by hind through Russia and Persia; after which he visited Arabia, Hindostan, Java, Sumatra, Siain, and Japan, in which last country he resided two years. In 1692 he returned to his native coun- try, took his degree of M.D. at Leyden, and entered upon medical practice. He was the author of a " History of Japan," "Amoenitates Exoticte." &c. D. 1716. KAESTNEK, Abkaham Gottiielf, a mathematician, astronomer, and poet, was b. 1719, at Leipsic; and filled the situation of professor of mathematics at Gottingen, with the highest reputation for more than 40 years. His scientific works are extremely numerous, of which the principal is a "History of Mathe- matics." D. 1799. KALB, baron de, a major-general in the American army, was b. in Germany, about the year 1717. He entered into the French service when young, and continued in it 42 years. In 1757, du- ring the war between Great Britain and France, he was sent by the French gov- ernment to the American colonies, ia order to see with what elfect the seeds of discontent against the mother country might be sown among them. While in the performance of this commission he was seized as a suspected person, but escaped detection. He then went to Canada, where he remained until its conquest by the British, after which he returned to France. During the war of the revolution he offered his services to the congress, which were accepted. On the 15th of August, 1778, when Lord Rawdon defeated General Gates, near Camden, the baron commanded the right wing of the American army, and fell covered with wounds. KAU] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOdUAPIIY. 543 KALE, or KALF, William, an emi- nent paiutor, was b. at Amsterdam, in lOoO. He liad the power of liembramlt ill distributiii!' his liirht awd shade, wliile in correutiic.-;! and dcl'cacy he equalled Teniers. D. 16.-s. KELLERMANN, Fr.\ncis Christo- piiKu, duke of Valiny, peer an«^ marshal of If ranee, &c., was b. at Strasburg, in 173">; entered the Conflans legion as a hussar when 17 years of age, and rose to the rank of quartcrmastcr-o'cneral in 1788. At the breaking out of the revo- 46* lution he distinguished himself by his patriotism and judgment. At tlic com- mencement of the war he received tiic command of the army of the Moselle ; formed a junction with the main army under Duinouriez; and sustained, Sept. 2oth, 17li2, the celebrated attack of the duke of Brunswick at Valmy, which contributed much to the success of the eampaii,'n. He was repeatedly denoun- ced to the national convention by Custine and others ; but his trial not taking place till after the reign of terror, he was ac- quitted. In 179.5 he took the command of the army of the Alps and Italy, but he was soon superseded by Bonaparte. In 1799 he was nominated a member of the military board ; in ISOl ho was pres- ident of the conservative senate, and the following year a marshal of the empire. He served under Napoleon in Germany and Prussia; and having, in 1S14, voted for the restoration of royalty, was em- ployed under the Bourbons till his death in iS20. KELLEY, or TALBOT, EDW.A.nD, a celebrated necromancer and alchemist, was b. at Worcester in 15.-)5, and edu- cated at Gloucester hall, Oxford ; but was obliffed to leave the university for some crime, and after rambling about the kingdom, was sentenced to lose his ears at Lancaster. He next became an associate with the credulous Dr. Dee, and accompanied him to Prague, where Kel- ley contrived to live handsomely by his impostures, and was knighted by the Emperor Rodolphus ; but his tricks being discovered, he was thrown into prison, and in attempting to escape, ho iell, and bruised himself to such a de- gree, that he d. soon after, in l.")9.5. He wrote a poem on chemistry, and another on the philosopher's stone ; besides sev- eral Latin and Enirlish discourses printed in Dr. Meric Casaubon's "True and faithful Relation of what passed for many years between Dr. John Dee and some Spirits." KELLY, Hugh, a dramatic and mis- cellaneous writer, was b. in 1739, near the lake of Killarney. He was appren- ticed to a staymaker, which trade he quitted when in London, and became clerk to an attorney. Afterwards he tm'ned his attention to authorship with considerable success, writing political pamphlets, plays, &c. His works are, " False Delicacy," " A Word to the Wise," "The School for Wives." the "Romance of an Hour," comedies; "Cle- mentina," a tragedy ; " Thespis," a poem iu the manner of ChurchiU's " Kosciad ;" 540 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kem " Louisa Mildn.ay," a novel ; and " The Bubbler," ft collection of essays. D. 1777. —John, a learned Enirlisli dorgy- niiin, was a native of Douirlas, in the Isle of Man, and b. in 1750. Having paid a particular attention to the vernaeular tlialeet of tlie Celtic tongue, which was siioken in that island, he was introduced to Bishop Hildesle.N', who employed him in translatiiiir the Bible into the Manks language, and ordained him a minister of the Episcopal congregation of Ayr, in Scotland. Through the patronage of the duke of Gordon, to whose son, the marquis of Iluntly, he was tutor, he obtained the rectory of Copford, in Essex ; and having entered at St. Jolin's college, Cambridge, he was there hoia- ored with the degree of LL.D. In 1808 he published " A Practical Grammar of the Ancient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man ;" and in 180-") issued pro- posals for publishinir "A Triiflot Diction- ary of the Celtic Tongue," which was nearly completed when the sheets were destroyed by a fire on the premises of Mr. NichoLs, the printer. D. 1809. — Michael, a composer and singer, was the son of a wine merchant in Dublin, who, for many years, acted as master of the ceremonies at tlie viceregal castle. He was b. in 1762, and at an early age gave proofs of genius for music, which induced his fatlier to place him under Kauzzini, at that time in Dublin, who prevailed on his friends to send him to Is'aples, where he arrived when in his lOtii year. He there found a patron in Sir William Hamilton, the British min- ister; studied under Fineroli and Ap- ril! ; and subsequently performed at most of the Italian theatres, and in Germany. He contracted a close inti- macy with Mozart during his stay at Vienna ; w.is for some time in the ser- vice of the Emperor Joseph ; and at length returned to London, where he made his first appearance, in 1787, at Drury-Iane theatre, in "Lionel and Cla- rissa," and retained his situation as first singer at that theatre, the musical per- formances of which he directed till his retirement from the stage. He set to music upwarils of fiO pieces, most of which were successful, and amongst these are the once highly popular com- positions in Colman's musical romance of "liluebeard." A few montlis previ- ous to his death appeared his " Keminis- ccnces," a very amusing work, replete with ancdotes of his cotcmporaries and familiar associates. D. 1826. KEMBLE, John Philip, the most dig- nified and accomplished actor on the British stage since the days of Garrick, was the eldest son of Koger Kcmblo, mauiiger of a company of comedians at Prescot, in Lancasliirc, where he was b. in 1757. Being of Catholic parents, he was sent to tlie English college at Douay, where he early distinguished himself by his proficiency in elocution, and had Talma for a fellow-student. Finding that his father designed him for the priesthood, he quitted the college clan- destinely, returned to England, and, engaging in an itinerant company, per- formed with great eclat at Liverpool, Edinburgh, York, &c. In 1798 he made his first appearance on the boards of Drury-lane, in tiie character of Hamlet. His success was complete ; and from that time he maintained the character of being the first tragedian of the age. On the secession of Mr. King, he became manager of Drury-lane theatre. In 1802 he took advantage of the peace to visit the Continent, in order to study the French and Spanish histrionic estab- lishments, with a view to the improve- ment of the English. On his return, he became manager of the Covent-garden theatre, wliere he continued till 1809, when that building was destroyed by fire. On the restoration of the edifice, Mr. Kemble was, during the O. P. riots, as they were Ciilled, the object of popu- lar resentment, in consequence ot hav- ing raised the prices, and made certain obnoxious arrangements in regard to the private boxes. In 1817 he retired from the stage, after a long and honor- able career ; and, in consequence of ill health, went first to Montpelier, and thence to Lausanne, where he d. Feb. 26, 1823. — Geokge Stephen, brother of the foregoing, and also an able actor, was b. at Kinirstown, in Herefordshire ; his mother having performed the part of Anne Bullen, in the play of Henry VIIL, on the eveningof his tirth. This gentleman was intended for the medical profession, and was a])prcnticed to a surgeon in Coventry; but soon quitted it for the stage. Ho first appeared at Covent-garden theatre in 1783. He was afterwards manager of the theatres of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle; and he was remarkable for playing the part of Falstalf without stulfing. I). 1822. — PmsciLLA, widow of John Philip Kemble, the eminent tragedian, d. at Leamington, atrcd 90, on the 13th of May, 1845. This lady, like the widow of Mr. G.arrick, long 8ur\'ived her celebrated husband, and, it is said, ken] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 547 was (like her) the oldest member of the theatrical profession at the time of her decease. She entered on that public career in very earlv youlli, and was first married to Mr. llrcrcton, an actor of considerable celebrity. Not many years after his death slie was united to Mr. Kcnible, and on his death in IS'iJj, she took up her residence at Leamintcton, where she lived highly respected ; her lively conversation and knowledge of the world rendering her society no less tlcsirable, than her liljeral and charitable disposition had made it useful. KEMP, Joseph, an eminent musical composer, was b.at Exeter, in 1778, and was a chorister in the cathedral of his native citv, where he studied under the celebrated William Jackson. In 1802, haviiitr been appointed organist of Bris- tol cathedral, ne removed thither, and in the same year composed one of his best anthems, " I am Alpha and Omega," In 1807 he left Bristol for London, "and the year following took the degree of LI.B. at Cambridge. In ISO'J he pro- ceeded to that of doctor, when his e.xer- eise entitled " The Crucifixion'' was performed. lie now became a lecturer on music at several institutions, ami in- vented a new mode of teaching the science. His principal works are, " A new System ot Musical Education, be- ing a Self-Instructor," "Twenty Psalm- odical Melodies," "The Siege of Ischa," an opera, with a variety of songs, glees, duets, itc. KEMPELEX, Wolfgang, Baron, a celebrated mathematician, was b, in 1734, at Presburg, in Ilurigary. Among his inventions was the famous automa- ton chess-player, which he first exhibit- ed at Pans in 1783, and afterwards in London ; but the secret of it was never discovered. He also invented a speak- ing figure, which he himself described in a work called "The Mechanism of Speech." He was also an author, and wrote " Perseus and Andromeda," a drama, " The Unknown Benefactor," a comedy, and some poems. D. 1S04. KEMPIS, TnoM.\.s a, a famous writer of the 14th century, was b. at a village . 1711. KENNEY, James, a distinguished dramatist, many of wlione pieces still keep possession of the stag 2, was b. in Ireland, about 167<'». His lively farce of "Raising the Wind," with its in- imitable character of Jeremy Diddler, was his first dramatic production. This was soon followed by " Love, Law, and Physic," "Matrimony," "The World," " Tlie Illustrious Strancrer," &c. Hi.s health had been for a long time infirm, and he d. on the morning fixed for his benefit at Drurv-lane theatre, Aug. 1, i84y. KENNICOTT, Bknjamiv, an able di- vine and biblical critic, was a native of Totness, Devonshire, of which place his father was parish clerk. He was edu- cated at Wadham college, O.xford, be- came vicar of Culham, preacher of W'hitehall, librarian of the Kadelifte, a prebend of Westminster, and canon of Christ-church. Dr. Kennicott's lit- erary tiune mainly rests on his Hebrew Bible, in collating the numerous manu- scripts for the text of which he was incessantly occupied during more than ten years. Though some object to this great work, that the author was insuf- ficiently acquainted with the Eastern languages, yet every scholar admits that lie rendered great service to tlie cause of science and religion by opening the way in this department of biblical cTiti- cisin. D. 17S3. KENIvlCK, W'li.LiAM, a miscellaneous writer, was b. at Watford, in Hertford- shire. He was brought np as a rule- maker, but quitted bis trade, obtained a doctor's degree at Leyden, anc] became an industrious author and critic. lie established the " London Review," in which many critiques of merit appeared, too often, however, contaminated by vituperative langu.age and unwarrant- able personalities. He compiled a " Dic- tionary of the English Language," and wrote various works, among which are the comedies of " Falstaff's Wedding," " The Widowed Wife," and " The Duel- list," "Epistles, Philosophical and Moral,'' and various poems. D. 1770. KENT, James, b. July 31, 17G3, in Eredcricksburg, then part of Duchess county, N. Y., receiveci his preparatory education at Norwalk, Ct., and enterecl Yale college in 1777. In July, 1779, du- riiis the invasion of New Haven, the college exercises were suspended, and it was during this period that the future chancellor acquired a fondness I'or tiic profession of the law. He then first read Blackstone, and read it witu care and enthusiasm. He was gradzfited with 548 CYCLOP.«DIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [ker distinaruished honor in 17S1. Upon leaving college ho studied the law with Egbert Benson, attorney-general of the state of New Yurk, anti in 1787 was ad- mitted, at Albany, a eounsellor of the supreme court of the state. In 1790, and again in 1792, while residing at Pousfirkeepsie, he was elected to the legislature from his native county, but in 17'J3, having lost his election by a few votes, he removed to the city of New York, and became professor of law in Columbia college, in 1790 ho was appointed a master in chancery, and in the next year was made recorder of the city. In i79S he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court. In July, 1;>04, he was appointed chief justice, and in I'ebruary, Ihl-i, he abandoned the latter office' for that of chancellor, and on July ol, 1323, after hearing and de- ciding every case that had been brought betbro him, he retired from office, agree- ably to the provisions of the constitution of 1S21, which disqualified for judicial office all above sixty years of age. This event was universally regarded witli re- gret. The bar of New Y ork, the bar of Albany, and such gentlemen as were then attending the supreme court at Utica, vied with each other in expres- sions of respect. The letters which are preserved in the seventh volume of '•Johnson's Chancery Keports," are signed by the most distinguislied law- yers in the state, and prove that, great as had been his merits as a judge, the warmth and generosity of his feelings had left an impression not less decided. The next year he was reappointed law professor in Columbia college, and the lectures which he there delivered formed the basis of his celebrated " Comment- aries." D. 1847. KENYON, Lloyd, Lord, a celebrated judtfc, was b. at Gredington, Flintshire, 1783. He became a member of the so- ciety of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1761, but he does not appear to have made a conspicuous figure till 17?50, when he led the defence, with Mr. Erskinc, for Lord George Gordon. In 1782 he was made attorney -general and chief justice of Chester, lie was also returned to parliament for Iliadon, in Wiltshire. In 1784 he was appointed master of the rolls, and, on the resigna- tion of the carl of Mansfield, in 1788, he Wivs raised to tlie office of chief justice of the King's Bench, and created Baron Kenyon. 1). 1802. KEl^LEK, JouN, a distinguished as- tronomer and mathematician, was b. in 1571, at Wiel, in the duchy of Wirtem- burg. He was educated at Tubingen, under Mrestlins, and, in 1591, was ap- pointed professor of astronomy at Gratz, soon afti;r which he published his " Mystcrium Cosmographicum." In 159S he was banished the university for professing the reformed religion,' but was afterwards recalled, and restored to his office. In 1600 he was invited by Tyclio Braho to join him in Bohemia ; and when Tycho died, he became math- ematician to the Emperor Kodolph, who employed him in compleling the Kodol- phine tables. To Kepler we are indebt- ed for the discovery of the laws which regulate the movements of the planetary bodies, their elliptieity, &c. ; and he accordingly ranks among the first class of astronomers. Among his scientific productions are "The Kodolphine Ta- bles," "Optical Astronomy," "Har- mony of the World," " Copernican Astronomy," &c. D. 1630. KEPPEL, Augustus, Viscount, ac- companied Commodore Anson in his voyage round the Avorld, and afterwards passed through all the gradations of tho service, till he attained the rank of ad- miral. In 1778 he commanded th^ Channel fieet, which, on the 12th of July, in that year, fell in with the French, under count d'Orvilliers, off Ushant. A partial action ensued, which the English admiral thoufjht to have renewed in the morning, but the enemy had retired. This atfair gave great dis- satisfaction to the nation, which was aggravated by Sir Hugh Palliser, second in command,' preferring a charge against Admiral Keppel ; but he was honorably acquitted by a court-martial at Ports- mouth. Sir HuLrh was then tried and censured. In 1782 he was raised to the peerage ; he was also at two separate pe- riods first lord of the admiralty. D. 1786. KEEGUELEN TKEMAEEC, Yve.< Joseph de, a French navigator, was b. at Brest, in 174.5. After having been employed on the coast of Iceland, to protect the whale fishery, he was sent, in 1771, on an cxplo"atory voyage to the South Sea ; and hav .ng returned with a flattering account of a supposed conti- nent towards the south pole, was again sent on a similar expedition in 1773. On his return he was charged with hav- ing abandoned a Ijoat's crew on a desert shore, for which he was cashiered and imprisoned, but he was at length lib- erated. He published accounts of his voyages to the North and South Seas, and d. in 1797. kin] CYCLOl'-KDIA OF HIOGRAl'IIY. 549 KERR, Robert, a surfjcon at Edin- burfrli, wlio devoted himself principally to tlie physical seioiccs, and distiii- puislied himself as an industrious au- tlior ami translator. Ainonir liis works lire, "A History of Scotland durinjr the reign of Robert Bruce," " Cuvier's The- ory of the Earth," a "General Collec- tion of Voyages aud Travels," &c., &c. D. ISU. ^ , KERRICK, Thomas, principal libra- rian of the university of Canibridire, author of "Observations on the Gothic Buildings abroad, particularly those in Italy, and on Gothic Architecture in general." D. 1828. KESSEL, John van, an artist, was b. at Antwerp, in 1626, and d. about 1600. He painted portraits in the manner of Vandyke, but excelled in the represent- ation of flowers, fruits, and insects. KETEL, Coiinklius, a Dutch artist. He went to England in the reign of Eliz- abeth, whose portrait he painted, as ■well as the portraits of many of the no- bility. On liis return to Holland he laid aside the use of pencils, and painted with the tops of his fingers, and even with his toes. D. 1602. KETT, Henkv, a divine and au ac- complishetl scholar, was b. in 1761, at Norwich, was educated at Trinity col- lege, O.xibrd, was appointed Bamptou lecturer in 1790, and rector of Charlton, &e. He was the author of "History, the Interpreter of Prophecy," "Ele- ments of General Knowledge," "A Tour to the Lakes," " Emily," a moral tale, &e. Drowned while bathing, in 1825. — AViLLiAM, a tanner of Norfolk, who in the reign of Edward VI. excited a revolt against the government. After deteating the marquis of Northampton, he was routed by the earl of Warwick, and Kctt withscvcnd others was hanged, in IM'O. KEULEX, LuDOLPH van, a Dutch geometrician, who acquired great celeb- rity by his calculation of the approx- imate correspondence between the di- ameter of a circle and its circumference. He taught mathematics at Breda and Amsterdam. D. 1610. — Jansskn van, a portrait painter, was b. in London, of Dutch parents, and before Vandyke came to England, was in great favor with Charles I. D. 1665. KIDDER, Ricuakd, a learned En- glish prelate, was a native of Sussex, or, as some say, of Sutlblk, and was edu- cated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, where he was elected to a fellowship. In 1681 he was made prebend of Nor- wich, and, in 1689, cU in of Peter- borough, on which occasion he took his doctor's degree. On the depriva- tion of Dr. Ken, he was consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells, and pre:iched the Boyle's lecture in 1690. He and his wife were killed in their bed at Wells, during the night of the great storm, Nov. 2G, 1703. Besides several sermons and religious tracts, he published a work, entitled "The Demonstration of the Messiah," a "Commentary on the Pentateuch," &c. KILBYE, Richard, an English di- vine, who studied at Lincoln college, Oxford, of which lie became rector in 1590. He was one of the translatora of the present version of the Bible, and d. in 1620. KILLIGREW, William, Thomas, and IIknry, three brothers, distinguished for their talents, wit, and loyalty, in the reigns of Charles I. and iL, were the sons of Sir Robert Killigrew, of Han- worth, in Middlesex. Thomas, by his liveliness and wit, became a great fa- vorite with Charles II. , and obtained the name of kiiiir's jester. — Anne, b. in 1660, had a decided genius for painting and poetry, and was distinguished for her exemplary piety and unblemished virtue, amidst the seductions of a licen- tious court. She was one of the maid.^ of honor to the duchess of York, of whom, as well as her husband, she ex- ecuted portraits. D. 1685. KIMBER, Isaac, a dissenting minis- ter, b. at Wantage, Berks, in 1692, au- thor of a "History of England," a " Life of Oliver Cromwell," .^ome essays, discourses, &e. D. 1758. — Edward, his son, followed the same pursuits. Hii publications were the " Peerages of .Scotland and Ireland," the '• B;ironetage of England," a " History of England," and "The Adventures of Joe Thomp- son," a novel. KING, Peter, lord chancellor, an able and upright judge, nephew of John Locke, was b. 1669. AVhile serving his aiiprenticeship to his father, a grocer at Lxeter, he secretly acc^uired the learned languages by self-tuition, and so great was the proficiency he attaiited, that it induced his undo to send hiin to Ley- den university. After leaving Leyden he entered the Middle Temple, and at- tained hiirh forensic eminence. In 17o5 he bccann- a member of parliament, was made lord chief justice of the common tileas in 1715, and raised to the chancel- lorship in 1725, Lord King offers a remarkable instance of the attainment 550 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [kir of the hisrhest judicial rank, simply by his own leual knowledjje and hiffh moral cnaracter, without any adventitious aid. But he was no less remarkable for his legal attainments than for his ecclesias- tical learning ; for, besides a variety of controverrtiaf works of tjreat ability, he Mrrotea " History of the Apostles' Creed," and "An Inquiry into tlie Constitution, &c., of tlie rriinitive Church," which excited frrcat interest at the time of their publication. J). 1734. — Rufus, a statesman and diplomatist, b. 1755, at Scarboroujli, Maine, entered Harvard collejfe in 1773, studied the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1778, and was elected a member of congress in 1784. In 1796 he was appointed" by President "Washington, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James's, the func- tions of which office he continued to discharge till 1803, when he returned home. In 1813 he was a third time sent to tlie senate by the legislature of New York, and his speech on tlic burning of Washington by the English was a most eloquent display of orato^\^ In 1816 he lost his election, but in 1820 he was once more re-elected, and continued until the expiration of the term in 1825. He then accepted the appointment of minister plenipotentiary at the court of London, but was taken ill, returned home, and soon after d. 1827. — Thomas, a celebrated actor and dramatic writer, was b. in London, in 1730. Having ob- tained great celebrity as a comic actor in provincial companies, he was engaged at Drury-lane theatre in 175',t, where lie Boon became a favorite with the public, and in 1766 arrived at the height of his professional reputation by the perform- ance of Lord Ogleby. His dramatic pieces are, " Lo\'^ at First Sight," " Neck or Nothing, ■ a farce, " A Peep behind the Curtain, or the New Ke- hearsal," a comedy, " Wit's Last Stake," a comedy, and "Lovers' Quarrels." D. 1805. — \ViLLiAM, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was b. in London, in 1663, was educated at Christ- church, Oxford, admitted an advocate in doctors' com- mons, and obtained various preferments in Ireland. His poetical and political works arc numerous, and some of them are replete witli pleasantry and wit: but his moat useful book is, "An His- torical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes." D. 1712. — William, prin- cipal of St. Mary's hall, Oxtbrd, and an ingenious theological and political wri- ter. He was the author of various Latin tracts, but the work by which he will be remembered is "Political and Lit- erary Anecdotes of his own Times." B. at Stepney, 1685; d. 1763. — William, archbishop of Dublin, was b. in 1650, and educated at Trinity college. He was the author of a celebrated treatise, " I)e Origine Mali," or the Origin of Evil, wherein he undertook to show how all the several kinds of evil with which the world abound are consistent with the goodness of God, and may be accounted for without the supposition of an evil principle. D. 1729. KINGSBOROUGH, Edwaed, Vis- count, eldest son of the third earl of Kingston, was greatly distinguished for his literary acquirements and his at- tachment to literary pursuits. He was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and author of a splendid work on " The An- tiquities of Mexico." B. 1795 ; d. 1837. KlNXAlRDj Douglas, was b. in 17Si), and received his early education at Eton. Ho afterwards passed some time at Gottingen, where he made him- self master of the French and German languages. In 1813 he accompanied Mr. Hobhouse through Sweden, and to Vienna, and ■(wis present at the battle of Culm. He became an active partner in the banking-house of Ransom and Morland ; and after the old partnership was dissolved, took the principal man- agement of the business. He possessed great energy of mind, was a lover of literature, a liberal patron of the arts, and an intimate friend of Lord Byron. D. 1830. KIPPIS, Andrew, a dissenting di- vine, biographer, and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Nottingham, in 1725. He was pastor of congregations succes- sively at Boston, Dorking, and West- minster, and latterly one of the tutors at the dissenters' college, Hackney. Dr. Kippis laid the foundation of "The New Annual Register," and devoted his principal attention, during the lat- ter years of his life, to an improved edition of the "Biograpliia Britannicn," of which five volumes were printed; but it was conducted on a plan so elab- orate as to afford no prospect of its ter- mination. He also published the lives of Captain Cook, Pringle, Doddridge, and Lardner, " A Vindication of the Dissenters," a volume of sermons, and " Observations on the late Contests in the Royal Society." D. 1795. KIRBY, Jon.\ Joshi-a, an artist, was b. at Parliam, in Suffolk, in 1716. Though originally a house-painter, he had a good knowledge of the art ; and KI.AJ CyCLOP^:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 551 on ssttlinfj in London, he wna intro- duced by Lord Bute to George IlL, by whicli he became clerk of tlie works at Kew. He published the "Ferspective of Architecture," and d. in 1774.— Wil- liam, lioiiorary member of the Entomo- loirical society of Loudon, and fellow of the Koval, Liniuean, Zoological, and (ie- olojrical societies, ok'3 Oracle," in which the laws of the culinary art. professedly founded on his own practice, were pro- mulfftited : and, by appointing a "com- mittee of taste" among his friends, who had regular invitations to his dinner- table, the fame of this epicure spread far and wide, while his evening conver- saziones were the resort of privileged wits, and literary ban viranfs. Optica and music were also particular objects of his study. Besides "The Cook's Oracle," wdiich was liis most popular work, he published " The Art ot Invig- orating and Prolonging Life," "The Economy of the Eyes," "The Travel- ler's Oracle," "Observations on Vocal Music," and "The Loval and National Son?s of Eni l-.nd." D. 1827. KLAPEOTiI, Maktin IIenrv, nn eminent chemist and mineraloirist, wns b. at Berlin, in 1743 ; became chemical professor there; and d. 1817. He was the discoverer of uranium, the zirconin, and inellitic acid : he also made interest- ing experiments on copal, and completed 552 CYCLOP.Ji:DlA OF BIOGRAPHY, [klo the discovery of tellurium and titanium. Anion? his works are, " A Mineralogical System," "Chemical Essays," and, in conjunction with Wolf, a "Dictionary of Chemistry." — IIexbi Jvles, sou of the preccdintr, was intended by his father to pursue the study of the physi- cal sciences, but abandoned them in favor of the oriental lang'uacjes, in which he became one of the alalest modern scholars. In ISO") he was selected to accompany the Russian ambassador into China, anci in 1807 the academy of St. Petersbursr commissioned him to visit the Caucasian provmces. Subsequently he settled at Paris, where he founded and orfranized the Asiatic society. Ho has left several valuable works : "Asia Polyglotta," "Tableau du Caucase," «fcc." B. 1783; d, 1835. KLEBER, Jeax Baptistk, a celebra- ted French treneral, was b, at Strasburcr, in 1754. He was orisjinally an architect, but preferred the military profession, and entered into the Austrian service, where he remained from 1776 to 17So. When the French revolutionary ■nar broke out, he entered as a grenadier into a volunteer regiment of his native department, and rose rapidly into com- mand. He displayed great skill and bravery at the battle of Mayenee, after which lie was emjiloycd in La Vendee, but the sanguinary scenes there so dis- gusted him that he obtained his recall, and was engaged in the north, where he defeated the Austrians, took Mons, and drove the enemy from Louvain. He .ilso captured Maestrieht, and contribu- ted to the splendid successes wliich dis- tinguished the campaigns of 1795 and 1796 on the Rhine. The directory gave him the command of the army of the Sambre and Meuse, which he resigned to Hoclie, and for a time retired from the service. Bonaparte, however, who well knew the value of his talents, pre- vailed upon him to join the expedition to Egypt. He was wounded at the bat- tle of Al'-xandria, but he marched into Syria, wjierc he commanded the corps of observation during the siege of Acre, and defeated the Turks in several ac- tions. When Bonaparte left Egypt, he appointed Kleber commander-in-chief of the army; and he was assassinated by an Arab', June 14, 1800. KLEIST, Christian Ewalo von, a German poet, was b. at Zeblin, in Pom- erania, in 1715. After studving the mathematics, philoso))hy, and law, at Konigsberg, he entered into the Danish service, and ne.xt into tliat of Prussia, where he rose to the rank of major; and was killed, after displaying almost romantic bravery, at the oattle of Kun- nersdortf, in 1759. His principal poem, entitled " Spring," is beautifully de- scriptive, and has been compared to the "Seasons" of Thomson. Kleist also wrote idylls, moral treatises, and a mili- tary romance, called "Cissides." KLINGEMANN, AuorsTcs, a dra- matic writer, and director of the national theatre at Brunswick, was b. in that city, 1777. In 1813 he received the direction of the theatre of his native place, and under his superintendence it became one of the first in Germany. His dramatic works form 12 volumes, and amon^ them are, "Heinrich der Lowe," " Luther," " Moses," " Faust," &c. D. 181-2. KLINGER, Fkedertc Maximilian vox, an officer in the Russian service, and a literary character, was b. at Frank- fort-on-the-Maine, in 1753. He com- menced as a dramatic writer; but, in the war of the Bavarian succession, he entered the military service, and w:x3 made a lieutenant in the Austrian army. In 1780 he went to St. Petersburg, aiid was appointed an officer and reader to the Grand-prince Paul, with whom he afterwards travelled through Poland, Austria, Italy, France, &o., and, in the reign of Catharine, he rose to the rank of colonel. By the Emperor Paul he was made major-general, and director of the corps of cadets ; and, when Alexander ascended the throne, ho re- ceived other offices and further promo- tion. D. 1831. KLOPSTOCK, Frederic Theophilus, one of the most celebrated of the Ger- man poets, was b. at Quedlinbiirg, in 1724. After receiving a liberal educa- tion at his native place, he was sent to study theology at Jena, where he wrote a great part of his" Messiah," which he published in 1757, at J^eipsic. Though this poem underwent the ordeal of severe criticism by some, it was ad- mired by more ; and Bodmer, with the Swiss in general, were loud in its praises. Klopstock was invited into that country, and while there the people reg.arded him with a kind of veneration. From thence he was called to Copenhagen, by the most flattering promises, which were amply fulfilled. In 1771 he went to re- side at Hamburgh, as Danish legate, and counsellor from the court of Baden. He was twice married. Margaret, his first wife, whom he married in 1754, and who d. in 1758, was a woman of kindred KNi] CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAI'UV. 553 genius and literary accomplishments. Among her productions are, " The Death of Abel," a tragedy; and "Let- ters from the l)ead to the Living." D. 1803. KLUIT, Adrian, a Dutch historian, was b. at Dort in 1735; studied at L'trecht, and became professor of urchas- oldi^y and diiiloniaties at Leyden. His political opinions occasioned liis removal irom the chair in 17y5 ; but in 1806, luuler the regal government, he was jirofessor of sianstics. His chief work is a history of the politiciil atl'airs of Holland to i78:i. D. 1807. KNAIT, Samt'el LoniiNzo, an Amer- ican author, who wrote extensively on various subjects, graduated at Dart- mouth college, N. 11., in the year 1804 ; and M'as by profT>ssion a lawyer. As such he acquired in the early part of his life a desirable eminence. At dilferent periods, he was an inhabitant of New- uuryport, Boston, and iS'ew York. His labors with his pen were frequently for means on which, to subsist, and hence many of his productions carry with them marks oi haste. As a man of kind and benevolent feelings he will long be remembered by his personal friends. D. at Hopkinton, Massachu- setts, 1838. KNELLEK, Sir Godfret, an eminent portrait painter, b. at Lubeck about 1G48, was designed for a military life, and scut to Leyden to study liiathc- matics and fortification, but sliowing a decided bent for paiiijing, was placed under Bol and Kcmbrandt at Amster- dam. Having visited Italy, where he !*tudied with Carlo Maratti and Bernini, he went to P>ngland in 1C74, and was much patronized by Charles IT., James II., and William III., for tlie latter of whom he painted the beauties at Hamp- ton Court, and several of the portraits in the cillery of admirals. His coloring is lively, true, and harmonious ; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious; he displays, however, a sin- gular want of imagination in his pic- tures, the attitudes, the action, and drapery being tasteless, unvarying, and ungraceful. He was in habits of inti- macy with Pope and most of his eminent cotemnoraries ; and, as he possessed a fund of humor, and was of a gay and convivial turn, his acquaint- ance was eagerly sou^dit al'lor. He con- tinued to jjractise bis art till after he was seventy years of age, amassed a large fortune, and d. in 1723. KNIBB, William, a celebrated Bap- 47 list missionary, was b. it Kettering, in Northamptonshire, at tue beroceed to England to explain all the circumstances connected with his mis sion. Feeling that the time for neu- trality was passed, he now boldly advocated the entire and immediate abolition of slavery ; and it is not going too far to say, that his stirring harangues throughout the country had no unim- portant share in bringing about the emancipation act of 1833. D. in Jamaica, 1845. KNIGHT, Edward, a celebrated comedian, b. at Birmingham, 1774. He performed at Drury-lanc and at the Lyceum, till illness compelled him to quit the staec. D. 1826. — Gowix, aa English philosopher, w-as educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, where he took his degree of bachelor of physio in 1742. He practised in London, and was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. He published " An Attempt to demon- strate that all the Phenomena in Nature may be explained by Attraction and Eepulsion." — Henry Gally, a distin- guished traveller and antiquary, was b. 1786. In 1814 he published a poem, entitled "Europa Rediviva," and this was followed at difierent intervals by "Phrosyne, a Grecian Tide," ".Mash- tor, an Arabian Tale," and " Hannibal in Bithynia." But Mr. Knight's chief title to fame consists in the zeal with which he devoted himself to the inves- tigation of architectural history both nt home and abroad ; and the fruits of 554 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [koc whicli he gave to the world in an " Architectural Tour in Norniandy," "The Normans in Sicily," and his last nud srrcatest work, the "Ecclesiastical Architecture of Italy, &c. In 1824 he was for a short period M. P. for Aid- borough ; in 1830 he sat for Malton ; and from 1835 down to his demise he was one of the members for North Notts. D. 1840. — Richard 1'ayxe, a man of fortune, and a patron of learninij and the line arts, was b. in 1743. lie devoted a great portion of his time to the culti- vation of classical literature, and the elucidation of the domestic manners of tlie ancients ; while his splendid eollee- tion of ancient bronzes, medals, pic- tures, and drawings, in his museum at his house in Soho-square, gave suffici- ent proofs of his taste for every thing connected with virtu. The whole of this valuable collection, worth £50,000, lie bequeatlied to the British Museum, Among his works are, "An Account of the Kemains of the Worship of Fria- pus,"' an " Analytical Inquiry into the rrineiples of Taste," " Prolegomena in Homerum," "The Landscape," a di- dactic poem, and " The Progress of Civil Society." D. 1824.— Thom.vs, an actor and dramatic writer, was a native of Dorsetshire. He wrote " The Honest Thieves," " The Turnpike Gate," and several other dramatic pieces. D. 1820. KNIGHTON, Henry, an English his- torian, was a canon regular of Leicciter abbey, in the reign of Kichard II., of whose deposition he wrote an account ; also a chronicle from the Conquest to 1695. KNOX, HE^•RY, an American general, was b. in Boston, 1750, and, after re- ceiving a common school education, commcnee2 he obtained a situation in the accountant's office of the East India Company, where he remained 35 years, till his salary had gradually risen to £700; when he was allowed a retiring pension of £450, which he continued to enjoy till his death. He began his literary career in 17',i7 as a poet, in conjunction with his friends Coleridge and Lloyd, their three names appearing to one volume; and subsequently the attention of the pub- lic was for several years called to his occasional Essays, signed " Elia," which were publisheil in various periodicals, and afterwards collected and printed. In 180S he published "Specimens of English Dramatic Poets who lived nboQt 564 CVCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [la.vI tlie time of Shakspo.ire; ■with Notes," &e. Eesiles these, he wrote "Kosa- mand Gray," a tale; "John Wood vill," a tragedy; "Album Verses," "Tales from Shakspeare," "The Adventures of Ulysses," &o., in some of which he was assisted by Mary Lamb, his sister, with whom he lived, llis writings were select rather than numerous ; and his manuei' of treating the subjects which his fiiney sugyrcsted was at once piquant, terse, and playful. D. 1S34. LAMBALLE, M.uue Therese Louise DE Savoie Carignan, princess de, was b. at Turin, in 1749, and was married to the duke of Bourbon Fenthievre, whom she soon lost by death. She was super- intendent of the household of Marie Antoinette, queen of France, to wliom sho was remarkaljlv attached. After the tlight of the royal family to Vareunes she departed for England; but hearing of the imprisonment of her royal mis- tress, she hastily returned, and shared with the queen her confinement and misfortunes. She was, however, sum- moned before an iniquitous tribunal, and cruelly murdered in I7t)2. LAMBERT, Anne Therese, marquise de, a liierary lady of Paris, was b. in 16-47. Upon the death of her husband, Henri Lambert, marquis de St. Bris, in 16S6, she employed her large fortune in patronizing literature, and learned men. At her disease, in 1733, her own wri- tinors were collected, and published. — Atlmer Bourke, a gentleman distin- guished for his attainments in botanical science, was b. in 1701. On the founda- tion of the Linnjean society, in 1788, Mr. Lambert became one of the origi- nal members, and for many years filled the otiicc of vice-president; while he contributed many excellent articles to tiie " Linntean Transactions." llis own Herbarium was considered one of the finest in Europe. D. 184-2. — John, a distinguished general in the time of Charles L, was a student-at-law on the breaking out of the civil wars. He, however, espoused the cause of the parliament, and distinguished himself as colonel at the battle of Marston- moor ; and also acted a conspicuous part in many other engagements. He viiroronsly opposed the advancement of Cromwell to the title of king, upon which he lost his commission; yet a pension was granted him of £iOOO a year. Upon the deatli of Oliver Crom- well, Lambert compelled his son liieh- ard to relinquish his authority, and restored the members of tlio long par- liament to their seats. Subsequently, however, acting in opposition to the parliament, General Monii marched from Scotland to meet him. His troops de- serting, he was compelled to submit, and was confined a prisoner in the Tower. Escaping thence, he again quickly appeared in arms, but was de- feated, and retaken. At the restoration, he was brought to trial ; but his sub- missive demeanor gained him a reprieve, and he was banished for life to the isle of Guernsey. He here lived upwards of thirty years, amusing his leisure with horticulture and flower-painting, and is said to have d. a Catholic. — John Henry, an eminent mathematician and astrono- mer, was b. at Mulhausen, in 1728. Compelled to follow his father's employ- ment as tailor, for his support, night was the only time his poverty afforded, him for study, till 1748, when he became tutor to the children of Baron Sails, president of the Swiss convention. In 175G be visited Gottingen, whore he pub- lished his first work ; and next went to Paris. Soon after he published his cele- brated work " On Perspective," and in the following year appeared his " Pho- tometry." Other important and valua- ble scientific works succeeded, and in 1764 he visited Berlin, where he was introduced to Frederic the Great, who admitted him a member of the academy of that capital. D. 1777. LAMI, Bernard, an ecclesiastic, was b. at Mans, in 1640. He d. in 1715, at Kouen, and left numerous writings, of which his "Apparatus Biblicus" is very valuable. — Francis, a Benedictine, was b. in 1636, at Montereau, in the diocese of Chartres. After serving in the army he embraced the religious life, and be- came a Benedictine monk, and one of the ablest theologians of Ids time. He distinguished himself by his writings against Spinosa, and d. in 1711. llis works arc numerous, and written with much purity and elegance of style. — Giovanni Battista, an ecclesiastic, was b. at Santa Croce, near Florence, in 16!t7. He studied at Pisa, of which university he became vice-rector. He afterwards went to Florence, where he was appointed chaplain to the grand- duke of Tuscany, professor of ecclesias- tical history in the university, and public librarian. He published a valu- able edition of the worlcs of Mcursius. Hisown writings are inimerous. 1). 1770. LAMIA, a celebrated Athenian cour- tesan, noted for the charms of her per- son, the brilliancy of her wit. and her lam] CYCLOP-l^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 565 proficiency on tlio flulc. She visited EfTVpt, wiicro slie became the mistress of I'tolemy Soter. On the defeat of that prince by Demetrius rolioreetes, licr charms gained a complete ascendency over the conqueror, from whom she procured great concessions in favor of her countrymen, the Atlieniaus. The time of her death is uncertain. LA MOTIIE LK VAYER, Francis DE, a Frencli philosoplier and ingenious writer, was b. at Paris, in 15SS ; relin- quished the law for literary pursuits, and, in 1G31>, was admitted a member of tlic French Academy. In 1(347 he was ap- pointed preceptor to the duke of Anjou, and he also obtained the titles of liis- toriocfrapher of France and counsellor of state. D. 1G72. LA MOTTE, AxTHONY IIoudakt dk, a Frencli poet, was b. at Paris, in 1672. He was bred to the law, but deserted it for dramatic composition. In 1710 he obtained admission into the Academy, at which time he was nearly blind ; and many years before his death he lost his sight entirely. He produced several tragedies and comedies, some of which were very successful, particularly that entitled '"'luezde Castro." In 1714 ho published a translation of the "Iliad," although entirely ignorant of the origi- nal language. lie also published a vol- mnc of " Fables," besides some pastoral eclogues, hymns, &e. ; but his prose was much superior to his verse. D. 1731. LA MOTTE FOUQUE, Fredekic, baron de, celebrated as a poet, historian, and novelist, was b. at Brandenburg, 1777. Entering the army, he served in the campaign of the Rhine, and had a share in the numerous engagements that were fought for the liherty'of Ger- many in the beginning of this century. His iirst works appeared under the name of " Pellegrin," and the numerous pro- ductions of his pen contributed, not a little, to fan the flame of patriotic ardor which led his countrymen to final victo- ry. On quitting the army he retired to Nchnhausen, the property of his second wife, Caroline, (see below;) and on her death, in 1831, he removed to Halle, where he delivered lectures, upon poetry and history. His beautiful fairy tale, " Undine," has gained him a European reinitation. D. at Berlin, 1S4-2. — Cako- i,iNK, baroness de, a ]>opular German novelist, was the wife of the author of " Uniline," itc. Amonjr this lady's works are, " Lodoiska," " Frauenliebe," " Feodore," 4, in a single combat with one of the republican soldiers, while defending the village of Nouaille. LAKKEY, IsA.\c de, an historian, was h. in 1688, at Montviiliers. He went to Holland, where he was made histori- ographer to the states-general. His works are, " The History of Augustus," " The Histoiy of Eleanor, Wife of lleniy II.," " History of England," " History of the Seven Sages of Greece," and "The History of France under Louis XIV." D. 1710. LA SALLE, count de, a brave soldier, was b. at Mctz, in 1775, and entered the army, w'ith the rank of an otticer, at 11 years of age, under Prince ilaximilian, afterwards king of Bavaria. The pri\i- lege of birth opened to him a line of promotion ; but he resolved that merit alone should distinguish him. He ac- cordingly resigned his commission, be- came a private soldier, and at length rose, through long ^nd dangerous ser- vices, which occupied ei^ht years, to tlie post which he had before resigned. By his decisive conduct at the battle of Pivoli he i>osscssed himself of the colors, upon which the conunander-in-ehief addressed him iir these words: "Rest yourself upon these fiags, you have de- served them." He was equally victori- ous in Egypt ; conquered the Prussians on the wails of Koniirsberg, and finished his career on the field of Wagram. LASCAKIS, Co.nstantine and John, two noble Greeks of the K>th century, who, on the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, took refuge in Italy. Constantine went to Jlilan, where he instructed the daui,'htcr of the grand- duke in the Greek laniruagc. From thence he removed to Kome, and next to Naples, in which city he opened a 570 cvllop.edia of biographv. [lat school for Greek and rhetoiic. Lastly, he settled at Messina, where he d. about lo"U. His Greek tiraiiiiiiar was printed at Milan in l-iTG, and -.i^'aiii by Aldus iu 1-iy"^.— Jonx, surnauied Khyndacexus, took up his residence at Padua, and was patronized by Lorenzo de Medici, who Kent him to Greece to purchase certain valuable manuscripts, a mission which he accomplished much to the satisfac- tion of his employer. In 1404 he entered the service of Louis XU. of France, who made him an envoy to the Venetian senate; in 1.313 he went to Kome, and persuaded Leo X. to found the Greek college, of which Lasearis became the principal, and also the superintendent of tile Greek press ; and iu 1 J18 he re- turned to France, and was employed by Francis I. in forming the royal library. D. lo;35. LAS CASAS, count de, celebrated for his fidelity to Bonaparte, was b. iu the chateau of Las Gasas, in the department of the Haute-Garoune, 17615. At the outbreak of the French revolution, ITS'J, he was a lieutenant iu the navy. lie tiien emi2;ratcd, joined the army of Conde, and took part in the Quibcron expedition, but returned to France after the IStli Erumaire. Having been long devoted to literary pursuits, he now published, under the name of Le Sage, an " Atlas Ilistorique, Clironologique, ot Geograpiiiqne," which went through several editions. In 1809 he enrolled liimself as a volunteer to ward otf tiie English attack upon Flushing, and from this time attracted the attention of Bo- naparte, who soon afterwards made him bis chamberlain, admitted him to the council of state, and intrusted him with various confidential^ missions. In 1814 he refused to vote with the council of state for the dethronement of the em- peror, took up arms for liin\ after his return from FIba iu 1815, and was one of the four attendants that accompanied him to St. Helena. There he remained eighteen months with the illustrious prisoner, enjoying his intimacy, and noting down all that he said in a jour- nal, which he subsequently published, under the title of '• Memorial de Salute Ilelene." But havinir become an object of suspicion to Sir Hudson Lowe, the governor, he was seized, and conveyed first to the Cape, and thence to England as a prisoner, and was not allowed to return to France till after tiie emperor's decease. In 18;5il he was elected to the chamber of deputies, and took his seat with the opposition. D. 1842. LASSALA, Manuel, a Spanish Jes- uit, autlior of au " Account of the Poets of Castile," an " Essay on General Hia- tory," &c. B. 1729 ; d. 1798. LASSO, Oklando di, an eminent mu- sician, was b. at Mons, in llainault, in lo30. De Thou relates that he was forcibly taken from his parents in child- hood by Ferdinand Gouzaga, on account of his fine voice, and carried by him to Milan, Naples, and Sicily. He subse- quently taught music at Eome, Ant- werp, (fee, and finally settled at Munich, as chapel-master to Albert, duke of Bavaria. His productions are numerous, but now rarely to be met with. D. 1593. — liuDOLPH aud Fekdinand, his two sons, were also good musicians, and be- sides producing many compositions of their own, published their father's works, under the title of "Magnus Opus JIusicum Orlandi de Lasso." LATHAM, John, M.D., F.R.S., &c., an eminent ornithologist and antiquary, was b. at Eltham, iu Kent, iu 1740, where his father practised as a surgeon and apothecary. Among his produc- tions are, "A General Synopsis of Birds," "Index Ornithologicus," also, " Hcald's Pharmacopoeia Improved," and others; but his great work, which he commenced in his S2d year, was "A General History of Birds." So inde- fatigable was he, and withal so capable of this undertaking, at such an advanced period of life, that, with singular fidelity to nature, he designed, etched, and colored the whole of the plates himself. D. 1837. LATLMER, IIcou, bisliop of Wor- cester, one of the first reformers of the church of England, was b. at Tluircas- tou, in Leicestershire, in 1470. He first became obnoxious to the enemies of in- novation by a series of discourses, in wliicli he dwelt upon the uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works of su- pererogation, aud the pride and usurpa- tion of the Roman hierarchy. Latimer had the courage to write a letter of re- monstrance to Henry VIII., on the evil of prohibiting the use of the Bible ii, English. Although this e]iistle pro- duced no effect, llenrv presented the writer to the living of \Vest Kenton, in Wiltshire. The ascendency of Anne Boleyn and rise of Thomas Cromwell proved favorable to Latimer, and he was in 1535 appointed bishop of Worcester. But the tall of his patrons jireparcd tlio way for reverses, and the six articles being carried into parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric rather than hold LAU] CYCLOP.KDIA OF IIIOGRAPHV. 571 any office in a church which enforced such terms of eoiniminion, and retired into the country. Durinir llic short rci^ai of Edward V'l. lie :ig;un prc;ichcd, and was liij,rhly ponular at court, but could not 1)0 induced to resume his epis- copal functions. Soon after Alary as- cended the throne, Latimer was cited to appear before the council, in doinij which an opportunity was atforded him to quit the hini,'dom. lie, however, prepared with alacrity to obey the cita- tion, and as he passed throut,di Smith- ticld exclaimed, '" This place ha.s long: groaned for me." In lo55 new and more sanfruinary laws liavintf been enacted, in su[)port of the Catholic veli- gion, a commission was issued bv Cardi- nal Pole, the pope's Icf^ato, to try Latimer and Ridley for heresy, who were in con- sequence delivered over to the secular arm, and condemned to the flames. This sentence was put in execution at Oxford, Oct. Irt, 155.5. At the place of execution, having thrown otf the old gown which was wrapped about him, Latimer appeared in a sliroud prepared for the purpose, and with his fellow- suticrer was fastened to the sttikc with an iron chain. A faffot ready kindled was then placed at Ridley's feet, to whom Latimer exclaimed, '' Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a caudle, by God's grace, in England, as, 1 trust, shall never be put out.'' He then recommended his soul to God, and, with firm composure, expired amid the flames. — Wilt.iam, n celebrated scholar ofthe ItSth century, who taught Erasmus Greek, and was tutor t^ Reginald, after- wards Cardinal Role. He was a prebend- ary at Sidisbury, and held two livings in (Jloucestershire. P. 1515. LATOUR D' AUVERGNE CORRET, TiiKopiiiLra M.vLO dk, a distinguished (fi'ldicr, citizen, and scholar of the French republic, was b. in IT-to, at Car- haix, in Lower Britany. lie first served in the army during the American war; and when the French revolution broke out, he was intrusted with the eoiinnand of SOOO grenadiers, and dis- tinguished himself in various successful enterprises on the Spanish frontier. In 17115 he returned to his studies; but in 17'jO he once more took the field, srener- ously servin^r in lieu of a friend's only son, who had been drawn as aconscri[it. Bonai>artc rewarded his bravery by be- stowing; on him the honorable title of First Grenadier of France; but he did not long retain it, bein? killed nt Iho battle of Neuburg, in 1800. i4* was well versed in history, and an eminent lin- guist ; author of a Franco-Celtic Dic- tionary, and various other philological works of merit. LATUDE, IIkxky Mazers de, whc was a prisoner in tiie Bastille tor 35 years, was b. in 1724, at Montaguac, in "Languedoe. In order to gain the favor of madame de Pompadour, he persua- ded her that an attempt was to be made on her life, by a box containing the most subtle poison ; and when the box ar- rived, it was discovered that it had been sent by Latudo himself, and contained nothing but ashes. Thisottcnce, aggra- vated byi| repeated endeavors to escape, was the cause of his long and rigorous incarceration ; but when liis sutterings became known, by the publication of his memoirs, which he wrote soon after his liberation, they became a formidable weapon in the hands of the revolution- ists, and the national assembly decreed him a pension. D. 1804. LALD, WlLUA:^^, archbishop of Can- terbury in the reign of (Jharles I., was b. in 1573, at Reading, in Berkshire, accompanied James I. to Scotland, 03 one ot his chaplains, in 1617 ; was in- stalled a prebend of Westjninster in Ifii't) ; and obtained the sec of St David's in the following year. On the accession of Charles I. his influence became very great ; and he was translated to the see of Bath and AVells, and in 1628 to that of London. In 16:30 he was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford, to which he was a great benefiietor, and whicii he enriched with an invaluable collection of manuscripts, in a great nundjer of languages, ancient, modern, and oriental. " Iii 1633 he attended Charles, into Scotland, wlio went there to be crowned ; on his return he was promoted to the see of Canterbury, and during the same year he was chosen chancellor of the university of Dublin. The zeal which he displayed for conform- ity to tlie church, and his endeavors to introduce the liturgy into Scotland, created him nmnerous enemies. At the. connnenccmcnt of the long parliament, therefore, he was impeached by the commons and sent to the Tower. ".After lyiuff there three years, he was brought to his trial before the lords, by whom ho was acouittccL which so provoked the faction in the lower house, that they jiassed a b',11 of attainder, declarinir him guilty of treason, which they eonii>elled the peers to pass ; and the archbishop was accordingly beheaded on Tower- 572 CVCLOPvKOIA OF BIOGUAPUY. LAU hill, Jan. 10, 1G4-4-5. IIo was iu the 72d yortr of his age, ami met his fate with great fortitmle. Among his works arc, "Annotations on the Life and Death of King James," lils "Diary," edited by Wliarton, and publislied with his ''Kemains," " Oilicium Quotidia- num," &o. LAUDEK, Sir Thomas Dick, whose versatile pen has acquii-ed for him a liigli place in Scottish literature, was b. near Edinburgh, 1784. lie was one of the first contributors to " Blackwood's Magazine." His two novels, " Lochin- dher" and " The Wolf of Badenocli," published in early life, are remarkable for freedom and felicity of sfyle ; and these were followed at intervals by va- rious other works, amoa^' which are " Tlie Floods of Moray iu 1S29," " High- land Eambles," " Tour round the Coasts of Scotland," " The Queen's Visit to Scotland in 13-42," &c. Ills last contri- bution to literature was a series of pa- pers on the rivers of Scotland, whicli appeared in " Tait's Magazine." D. IS-IS. — William, a literary impostor, Avho acquired notoriety bj- endeavoring to hold up Milton as a plagiarist, was a native of Scothmd. In 1747 he began an attack upon Milton in the " Gentle- man's Magazine," which he followed uji by a pamphlet, entitled "An Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation of the Mod- erns iu his Paradise Lost." Ilis alleged quotations from Grotius, Masseuius, and others, passed as genuine for a time, until they. were exposed by Dr. Douglas, bishop of Salisbury, which drew from the fabricator an ackuowlcdgment of his guilt. Yet after this he returned to the charge in a tract, with this title, "The Grand Impostor detected, or Milton convicted of Forgery against Charles I." D. 1771. LAUDERDALE, James Maitland, call of, a very active and energetic states- man, whose opinions were at one time deemed to be of great weight, both by his own party and by his opponents, was b. in 1759. In 1780 he was returned to parliament for Newport, in Cornwall, and subsequently for Malmesbury. As a member of the lower house he joined the party of liis friend Mr. Fox, and took an active part in opposing the North administration, supported Mr. Fox's India bill, and was one of the nianaifcrs of the impeachment of War- ren Ihistings. In 178'J he succeeded to the title, and wa^5 in the following year sent to the house of lords a.s one of the sixteen Scottish representative peers. In 1S06, on the dissolution of the Fitt administration, he was created a peer of the United Kingdom, sworn a privy councillor, and received the great seal of Scotland. In August of the same year lie was sent as minister plenipoten- tiary to France, with full powers to con- clude a peace. D. 1840. LAUNEY, Bernard Eene Jottrdan DE, the last governor of the Bastille iu Paris, which was erected iu 1383, and destroyed July 14, 1789. LAUNOI, JoHX DE, a French divine, b. in 1603, who defended the liberties of the Galilean cliurch, and reformed the calendar by purging it of fictitious saints and legendary tales. D. 1678. LAURENT, Petee Joseph, a me- chanic, was b. in Flanders, in 1715. lie is said to have constructed some hy- draulic machines, when he was not more than 10 years of age ; and at 21 he was made superintendent of several public works ; among which was the direction of the canals in the Nether- lands. He also projected the junction of the Somme and the Scheldt ; for which he was honored with the order of St. Michael. D. 1773. LAURENS, Hexkv, an American pa- triot and statesman, was b. at Charleston, S. C, in 1724. After receiving a good school education, he engaged in com- merce, and soon amassed an ample fortune. At the breaking out of the revolution he was in London, but he immediately returned to his native coun- try, and in 1776 was elected a delegate to the general congress. lie was soon chosen president of this body, and re- mained so till the close of the year 1778. In 1779 he received the appointment of minister plenipotentiary to Holland, but on his way thither was captured by the British, and committed to the Tower, where he was in confinement fourteen months. lie was one of the commis- sioners for negotiating a peace with Great Britain, and in 1782 he signed with Jay and Franklin the preliminaries of the treaty. Ilis health, however, was much impaired, and lie soon returned home and passed the remainder of his .life in agricultural pursuits. D. 1792. — John, lieutenant-colonel, son of the preceding, was liberally educated in England, and having returned to his native countiy joined the American army in 1777. He <.lisi)layed prodigies of valor at Brandy- wine, (Jcrmantown, Monrnouth, Savan- nah, and Charleston, and was kOlud at the very close of the war by carelessly exposing himself in a trifling skirmish. LAVj CYCLOiM':i)lA OF lilOGUAIMIY. 573 In 1780 lio wna pciit as a special minister to France, to iiofrotiate a loan, and after buinfir suhjected to a vexatious delay, he determined to present a memorial to the king in person at the levee. This pur])osc he carried into effect, the me- morial was ffraeiously received, and the object of negotiation satisfactorily ar- ranged. LAURT, FiLippo, a painter, was the .son of a Flemish artist, but b. at Koine, ill If)-';!. His altar-pieces and oilier scriptural paintings arc held iu inueh esteem. D. l('>9i. LAV ALETTE, Marie Chamans, count de, was b. at Paris, in 1769. In 1796 Bonaparte appointed him his aid-de- camp, and he was frequently charged by him with difficult missions. After Napoleon became emperor, in 1803, he was appointed a count of the empire. In 1814 he was removed from the post- oliicc; but on the 20th of March, 1815, by virtue of orders from Napoleon, who entered Paris in the evening, he re- sumed his former duties, and gave no- tice to stop the departure of the journals, dispatches, and travelling post-horses witliout signed orders. At the same time, he dispatched a courier to Napo- leon, to describe the actual condition of the capital. On the 2d of .June he was nominated a peer. On the second res- toration in July, 1815, ho was deprived of his functions, arrested by the sub- prefect of police, Decazes, and con- demned to death as sin accomplice in Bonaparte's treason against the royal authority. An appeal having been re- jected, and Madame Lavalette's appli- cation for pardon being declined, his execution was fixed for the 21st Decem- ber. On tl'.o evening of the 20th, his wife, her daughter, twelve years old, and her governess, presented them- selves at the prison door and were ad- mitted by the jailers as usual. A short time after the daughter and governess reappeared, supporting Madame Lava- lette, apparently in great affliction. They were scarcely gone when the turnkey appeared in his cell, and Lavalettc was not to be found — his wife, Madame La- valette, had taken his place. On the escape being known, his wife was ar- rested, and tried, with her governess, Sir Robert Wilson, and Messrs. Hutch- inson and Bruce, by the Cour Koyale. The latter were condemned to a short imprisonment, and she and the gover- ness acquitted; l)Ut she never recovered , the shock caused to her nerves and con- stitution by the risks to which her noble fidelity had exposed her. A fixed men- tal alienation succeeded. LAVATER, Jon.v Gaspar, the cele- brated physiognomist, was b. at Zurich, in 1741. He became pastor of the prin- cipal church of St. Peter at his native place, and was distinguished by his unwearied zeal in behalf of practical Christianity. He d. in 1801, in conse- quence of a wound which he received in 1799, when the French troops under Masscna took Zurich by storm. He was the author of a " Treatise on Physiog- nomy," the " Journal of a Self-Ob- server," "Jesus the Messiah," "Spir- itual Ilymns," " Swiss Lays," &c. ; hut tlie work by which he is universallj known, and which once was highly popular, is that on physiognomy. La- vater was pious, but credulous ; enthu- siastic, but sincere. LAVICOMTEKIE de St. Sampson, Louis, a violent partisan of the French, revolution, who wrote " Crimes des Rois de France," "Les Crimes des Em- percurs," and "Les Crimes des Papes." lie became a member of the convention in 1792 ; voted for the death of the king; and, in 1794, was ordered by the Jacobin club to draw up the " Ac' of Accusation airainst Kings." D. 1809. LAVOISIER, Antiioxt Lauri;>-ce, a celebrated French chemist, was b. at Paris, in 174;j ; was educated at Mazarin college ; and, on quitting it, devoted himself wholly to the sciences, but more particularly to chemistry. The discov- eries of Black, Cavendish, and Priestley, relative to the nature of elastic fluids or gases, having attracted his notice, he entered on the same field of inquiry, with all his characteristic ardor, in tlie cause of science ; and, possessing tlie advantage of a consideraole fortune, he conducted his experiments on a large scale, and obtained highly interesting results. His new theory of chemistry was received with applause in Germany and France, though strenuously opjwsed by Dr. Priestley, whose phlogistic hy- pothesis it tended to overthrow. In 1789 he published his " Elements of Chemistry," a work of merit and im- portance, lie succeeded Button and Tilct as treasurer of the Academy, and became also farmer-general ; but not- withstanding his talents and virtues, ho was condemned to death by the revolu- tionary tribunal of Paris, on the frivo- lous cluirgc of having adulterated the tobacco with ingredients obnoxious to the health of the citizens, and was guil- lotined in 1794. Besides his Elements, 574 CYCLOP.FDIA OF BIOGRAPilT. [law he wrote " Cliemical aud Philosophical Miscellanies," " Keport of the Coumiis- sioiiers charged to examine Animal Miisrnetism," " Instructions for making Nitre," etc. LAW, Edmund, a learned prolate, was b. at Cartmcl. in Lancashire, in 1703 ; and, after obtaining various church pre- ferments, was raised to the see of Car- lisle in 170'J. He was the autlior of many able theological works, among which are, "Considerations on the Tlie- ory of Keligion," " Ketlections on the Life and Character of Christ," an "In- (juiry into the Ideas of Space, Time," . ICyo. — Cn.\p.i.Es Francis, duke of riaccntia, was b. in 1739, at Coutances, in Normandy; came at an early acje to Paris ; and beintr nominated deputy to the states-peneral in 1789, he occupied himself, durin? the session, with affairs of police, finance, and domestic adminis- tration. In 1795 lie was elected to the council of eldei's, and became president in 1796. He was appointed third consul in December, 1799; nominated arch- treasurer of the empire in IS'H; and, in 180.), povernor-sencral of LiiTuria iiiid duke of Placrntia. Ilavintr sijrned the constitution that recalled the house of 15ourbon to the throne, he was created a peer of France by the kintr, and, in the bcsrinning of July, was appointed presiilent of the first bureau of the cliainber of peers. After the return of Napoleon, he accepted the peerage from liim, and likewise the place of grand- master of the university, a proceedini^ which rendered him incapable of sitting in the now chamber of peers, formed in August, 181.'). In the early part of his life he translated the Iliad and Odvssey, and Tasso's "Jerusalem." D. 1824.— PoNXK Dknis FIcouniARD, a French poet, who for a time obtained the appellation of the French Pindar, was b. in 1729 ; became secretary to the prince of Conti, and early distingnishea himself as a writer of elegant lyrics. At the com- mencement of the revolution, he cele- brated the birth of freedom in odes, epigrams, and songs ; hnt afterward ciianged his opinions. AVhen the acad- emical establishments- were reoivanized, Lebrun became a member of the insti- tute ; ni rt he received from Bonaparte, 42 when first consul, a pension of 6000 francs. P. 1807. LF2CLERC, Daniel, an eminent medi- cal writer, was a native of Geneva. His chief writinirs arc, " Bibliotheca Ana- tomica," " llistoiredelaMctlecine," and " Ilistoria lalorum Lnmbricorum. D. 1728. — John, an eminent critic, b. at Geneva, in 16.')7. lie wa.s the author of numerous works; among which are, " Ars CriticT," " Harmonia Evangelica," and three voluminous '•Bibliothcques." He was professor of philosophy, ticlles lettres, and Helirew, at Amsterdam, where he d. in 1736. So prone was he to dogmatize, and so impatient of con- tradiction, that he has been styled the self-con^tituted inquisitor of the repub- lic of literature. LECOMTE, Felix, a celebrated French sculptor. Having obtained a prize for a bas-relief of the Massacre ot the Inno- cents, while he was a pupil of Vassc, he w'as sent to Rome as a pensionary of the French school of arts. His statue of Phorbas preserving Q5dipus procured him admission into the Academy ; but the statue of Fenelon, which ornaments tlie hall of the national institute, is con- sidered his chef-d'cpuvre. During the revolution he lived in retirement ; but, at the restoration of the Bourbon.s, he was nominated proiessor in the academy of sculpture. D. 1817. LEDYARD, John, an adventurous traveller, was b. at Groton, Conn., 1~'A. For a sliort time he resided among the Six Nations, with whose language and manners he became acquainted. He then went to England, enlisted as a ma- rine, and sailed with Captain Cook on his second voyage, of whicii he published an account. He next determined to make the tour of the globe from London east, on foot, and proceeded to St. Pe- tersburg in the prosecution of this de- sign, through the most unfrequented parts of Finland. After waiting there nearly three months, lie obtained his passport lor the prosecution of his jour- ney to Siberia. On his arrival at Ya- kutsk, he was prevented by the Russian commandant of the place from proceed- ing any further; and was conducted to the frontiers of Poland, with a threat of being consigned to the hands of the ex- ecutioner, should he again be found in the Russian territories. He was next employed by the African Association to explore the' interior of Africa; but ho had proceeded no further than Grand Cairo, -when he was attacked with ft fatal disease, and d. in 1788. i6 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGllAPHY. [I LEE, Artiiuk, an eminent patriot, was b. in Virginia, in 1740, and received his education in England, taking his degree of M.D. at the university of Ed- inburgli. lie then returned to liis native state, and for some years practised physic at Williamsburg, 'but political atfairs were then assuming so interesting an iispect, that he again went to England, and entered on tlie study of law in the Temple. In 1770 he visited London, luid became a member of the famous society of the supporters of the bill of rights. His political publications at this period, under the signature of "Junius Americanus," were numerous, and pro- cured for him the acquaintance of the leaders of the popular party. In 1776 he was appointed minister to France, in conjunction with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deanc, and assisted in negotiating the treaty with that nation. In 177'J, in con- sequence of the false accusations of Mr. Deane, complaints of his political con- duct were freely circulated at home, and in the following year he resigned his appointments and returned. In 17S1 he was elected to the assembly of Vir- ginia, and by this body returned to con- gress, where he continued to represent the state till 1785. In 1784 he was em- ployed to arrange a treaty with the six Indian nations. He was next called to the board of treasury, where he con- tinned till 1789, when he went into re- tirement. T>. 1792. — Chakles, a major- general in the army of the American revolution, was b. in North Wales, and became an officer at the age of 11 years. He served at an early age in America, and afterwards distinguished himself under Gen. Burgoyne in Portugal. He subsequently entered the Polish service, wandered all over Europe, killed an Italian officer in a duel, and, in 1773, sailed for New York. Espousing the cause of the colonies, he received a commission from congress in 177'>, with tl»e rank of major-general. In 177»J he was invested with the conmiand at New York, and afterwards with the chief com- mand in the southern department. In IJecembcr, 1776, he was made prisoner by tlic English, as he lay carelessly guarded at a consiilerable distiince from the main body of the army in New Jersey. He w;ts" kept prisoner till the suiTcnder of Burgoyne, in 1777, and treated in a man- ner unworthy of a generous enemy. In 1778 he was arraigned before a court- martial, in consequence of his miscon- duct at the battle of Monmouth, and waij BUHpended from any commission in the army of the United States for one year. He retired to a hovel in Virginia, living in entire seclusion, surrounded by his books and his dogs. In 1782 he went to reside at Philadelphia, where he d. in obscurity, in October of the same year. He was a man of much energy and courage, with considerable literary attainments, but morose and avaricious. He published essays on military, literary, and political subjects, which with his extensive correspond- ence were collected in a volume in 1792. The authorship of the Letters of Junius has been ascribed to him. — Henky, a distinguished officer in the revolutionary army, was b. in Virginia, 1756, and was graduated at the college in Princeton. In 1776 he was a captain of one of the six companies of cavaliy, raised by Vir- ginia, and afterwards incorporated into one regiment, and in 1777 added to the main body of the provincials. At the battle of Germantown, Lee was selected with his company, to attend Washing- ton as his body-guard. In 1780, being raised to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was sent with his legion to the army of the South, under Gen. Greene, and continued with it till the end of the war. He distinguished himself at the battle of Eutaw" springs, and in the ensuing October was sent on a special commis- sion to the comrnander-ift-chief, then employed in the siege of Yorktown ; in 1786 he was appointed a delegate to congress, from the state of Virginia, and remained in that body till the adoption of the present constitution. He was a member of the state convention which ratified that instrument, and in 1792 ho was raised to the chair of governor of Virginia. In 1799 he was again a mem- ber of congress, and, while there, se- lected to pronounce a funeral oration on the death of W^ashington. The latter years of his life were embarrassed by want, and it was while confined for debt in the limits of Spottsylvania county, that he prepared Ibr publication his ex- cellent "Memoirs of the Southern Cam- paign." He was severely wounded during the riot in Baltimore, in 1814, and his health rapidly declined. He d. 1818. — Fkancls Liohtfoot, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Virginia, 1734. He inherited a large fortune, and in 1765 became a member of the house of burgesses of his native state, and continued in that body till 1775, when he was chosen a member of the continental contcrcss. He remained in this assembly till 1779, when he en- LEG .G] CVCLOIMlUIA OV DIOGKAI'HY. 577 Icrcd tlic lofrlslature of his native state. 1). 17^7. — Kkhaiu) IIknry, an eminent American patriot, and signer of tlie cktrluration of independence, was b. in Virginia, 1732, and received his ediioa- tion in Enshmd. He returned to his native country when in his nineteenth year, and devoted himself to the general study of liistory, jiolitics, hiw, and polite literature, without engaging in any par- ticular j)rofession. In his twenty-lifth year he was chosen a delegate to the house of burgesses, where lie soon dis- tinguished himself by his powers in debate. In 17(j4 he was appointed to draught an address to the King, and a memorial to the house of lords, which are among the best state payiers of the jicriod. His etlbrts in resistinnr the va- rious encroachments of the British gov- ernment were indefatigable, and in 1774 lie attended the iirst general congress at Philtulelphia, as a delegate from Virginia. He was a member of most of the im- portant committees of this body, and tailored \\ith increasing vigilance and energy. The memorial of congress to tiie people of British America, and the second address of congress to the peo- ple of Great Britain, were both from his pen. In June, 1776, he introduced the measure that declared the colonics free and independent states, and supported it by a speech of the most brilliant elo- quence, lie continned to hold a scat in congress till June, 1777, when he solicited leave of absence, on account of the delicate state of his health. In Au- gust of the next year he was again elect- ed to congress, and continued in that body till 1780, when he declined a re- election till 1784. In that year he was chosen president of congress, but re- tired at the close of it, and in 1786 was again chosen a member of the Virginia assembly. He was a member of the con- vention which 'adopted the present con- stitution of the United States, and one of the first senators under it. In 17li2 be again retired from public life. D. 1704. — Nathaniel, a dramatist, was b. at Hat- field, in Hertfordshire ; was educated at ^Westminster school, and at Trinity col- lege, Cambridge ; tried his fortune as an actor and a writer for the stage ; be- came insane, and was confined in Bed- lam for two years, and d., in poverty, in 1602, of injuries received during a drunken frolic. He wrote eleven trage- dies, of which " The Kival Queens,"' and " Theodosius," are the best ; and he assisted Dryden in writing " fp^dipus," ond " The Duke of Guise." Lee pos- 4'J sessed genius, but was deficient in judg- ment ; and his style is often bombastic. — SorniA, the daughter of an able actor, was b. in London, in 1750. Her first literary attempt, which, however, was not published till many years after i^ was written, was " The Life of a Lover." In 1780 her comedy of the "Chapter of Accidents" was so successful that tliQ profits of it enabled her to establish, at I5ath, an academy for young ladies, whicli was conducted by herself and her sisters. Her novel of " Tiie Eeecss" established her fame. In 1803 she retired from her toils of tuition ; and slie d. March 13, 1824. She wrote, besides the above works, " Almeyda," a tragedy : " The Assassination," a comedy ; " A Hermit's Tale," a poem ; and two of the stories in her sister's "Canterbury Tales." LEGAEE, IIi-Gii SwiNTON, was b. at Charleston, S. C, in 1797; was grad- uated at the college of Columbia; stud- ied law in his native place, ami after- wards at Paris and Edinburgh ; was elected to the state legislature in 1820, and made attorney-general of the state in 1830. On the establishment of the "Southern Eeview" in 1837, he was chosen, jointly with 'Mr. Elliott, to be the editor. He enriched its pages with some of his best writings. In 1832 he was made charge d'atlhires to Belgium. !Mr. Tvler apjiointcd him altorney-gen- eral of the United States in 1841. D. 1843. In addition to his articles in the Southern Beview, lie wrote for the " New York Keview" several able and learned papers, such as "Demosthenes," " Origin, liistory, and influence of the Roman Law," and "Democracy at Athens." LEGENDKE, Adrien Marie, one of the first mathematicians of tlie age, filled the professor's chair at the military school at Paris, was a member of tlio French Academy of Sciences, and a knight of the IcL'ion of honor. In 1787 he was employed by the French govern- ment to assist Cassini and others, in obtaining accurate estimates of the rela- tive meridional situations of Paris and Greenwich. He also distinguished him- self by very profound researches con- cerning the attraction of elliptic sphe- roids, and was the first who demon- strated that the ellipse is the only figure in which the equilibrium of a homoge- neous fluid mass can be preserved under the influence of rotatory motion, and that all its component molecules would be mutually attracted in the inveree 678 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIUGRA1l-HY. [lei ratio of the squares of their distances. Oi the Ibriniitioii of the Institute lie beoame a. member of tiiat body; and under the iuiperial government he was nominated a counsellor for life of the university of Paris. In 1S15 he was made an iionorary member of the coun- cil of i)ul)lie instruction ; and in 1816, conjointly with M. Toisson, examiner of candidates for the Folytechnic sehor.' Among his works are, '' Elemens de Geonu'trie," " Memoires sur les Trans- cendantes EUiptiques," "NouvelleThe- orie des Paralleles," &c. D. 1832.— Louis, a French historian, b. at Rouen, in 16J9 ; he was canon of Notre Dame, and abbot of Claire Fontaine, in the diocese of Chartres. His principal work (for lie was the author of several) is a " History of France." D. 1783. LEGER, Fkanok Bahky Boylk, St., barrister-at-law; author of "Gilbert Earle," the "Blount Manuscripts," and " Tales of Passion." He was also editor of the " Album," and a contributor to several periodical publications. D. 1829. LEGGETT, Willi.^m, was b. in the city of New York about 1802, was edu- cated at the college of Georgetown, D. C, but did not take a decree, accompa- nied his parents to Illinois in 1819, where thev were among tJie earliest set- tlers, and obtained a midshipman's warrant in 1826, but retired from the navy on account of the arbitrary con- duct of one of his superior officers. Shortly after he left the service lie pub- lished a volume of occasional verses, called " Leisure Hours at Sea," and wrote the tale of the " Rifle," which attracted great attention. In 1822 he established in this city a periodical named the "Critic," which was con- ducted with marked ability. His " Tales of a Country Schoolmaster," and "Sketches of the Sea," were collected from its pages. In 1829 he became joint editor with Mr. Bryant in the " New York Evening Post," wiiere he displayed the noblest editorial energy and talent. In 1836 he published the "Plaindealer," a weekly paper of high character. In 1840 Mr. Van Buren appointed him charge to Guatemala, but he d. while he was preparing to set out. LEGOUVK, Gabriel Marik Jean Baptiste, a French dramatist and poet, was b. in 1704, at Paris; and was ad- mitted as a member of the Institute in 1798. He wrote six tragedies and sev- eral poeiint. D. 1813. LEIBNITZ, GOTTKUIKD AVlI.IIKI.M, Baron, a man of splendid abilities, was b. in 1646, at Leipsie, in which city his father was a professor of jurisprudeuco and moral philosophy. After studying at Jena and Nuremberg, he removed to the court of Mentz, and was appointed a counsellor. In 1672 he went to Paris, where lie applied himself to mathe- matics, and enjoyed the acquaintance of the celebrated Huygens, whose expecta- tions he answered by the invention of an arithmetical machine. The elector of Brandenburg (afterwards Frederic I. king of Prussia) requested his advice in the establislunent of the royal academy of sciences at Berlin, and, when com- pleted, made hiin president of the insti- tution. In 1711 he was made Aulic councillor to the emperor of Germany: and the emperor of Russia appointed him privy councillor of justice, with a pension. He was, after this, engaged in a controversy with Dr. Clarke, on the subject of free will, as he had been be fore with Newton on the invention of fluxions. His philosophical writings are very numerous, and he crowned hia literary fame by an " Essai sur TEnten- dement Huniain." According to the Leibnitzian system of optimism, an infi- nite number of worlds are possible in the divine understanding; but, of all possible ones, God has chosen and formed the best. Each being is intended to attain the highest degree of happi- ness of which it is capable, and is to contribute, as a part, to the perfection of the whole. D. 1716. LEICESTER, Thomas "William, earl of, and Viscount Coke, was distin- guished throughout a long and active life as one of tlie most princely and effi- cient of all the improvers of English agriculture. When upwards of 85 years of age ho was raised to the peerage. He was twice married. By his tirst mar- riage he had three daughters; and by the second, contracted when he was 70 years of age and the bride not 19, Ave sons and one daughter. He sat in par- liament for many years previous to his elevation to the peerage, and always spoke and voted ou the Whig side. D. 1842, aged 90. LEIGHTON, Ai-exandur, a Scotch divine and physician, was h. at Edin- burgh, in 1568. He became professor of moral philosophy in that university, but afterwards went to Leyden, and took his doctor's degree. He thoa visited London, where he had a rector- ship, till ho was prosecuted in the star chamber for publishing two libels, one entitled "Ziou's Plea," and the othei LEN'I CYCLOPEDIA OF niOGKAPHY, 579 ''The Looking-glass of the Holy War."' lie was seiitcuecd to stand in llie pillory, to have liis ears cut olt", his nose slit, hranded oii the cheek, piibliely wliipped, and imprisoned in the Fleet, where he remained 11 years, and d. insane, in 164:4. — Robert, son of the preeedin?, was b. in London, in 1013; lie received his education at Edinburgh ; ami in ]til3 settled as minister of Newbottle, near that city. lie tiion quitted the I'resbyterian church for the Kpiseopal ; was successively principal of Edinburgh university, bishop of Duniblane, and archbishop of Glasgow; and d. in 1084. lie was a good theologian, an eloquent preacher, and a pious and disinterested man. LELAND, John, an English anti- quary, was b. in London, about the end of Henry VI I. 's reign ; was educated at St. Paul's school, Christ's college, (Jam- bridge, and All Soul's, Oxford ; and was made chaplain and librarian to Henry VIII., who also appointed him his antiquary, with a coniniission to examine all "the libraries of the cathe- drals, abbeys, and colleges in the king- dom. He spent six years in travelling to collect materials for the history and antiquities of England and Wales ; and retired to his house in London, to ar- range and methodize the stores of intel- liL'cnce which he had collected ; but, after about two years, he d. insane in 15'i2, without having completed liis undertaking. The great bulk of his collections, after passing through various hands, was placed in the Bodleian li- brary, in an unfinished state. Hearne published his " Itinerary" and " Col- lectanea," and Hall edited his " Com- mentarii dcScriptoribus Britannieis." — Jonx, a dissenting minister; author of '' .\ View of the Prfncipal Deistical Writers in England," "The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Revela- tion," and "Sermons." He also wrote against Tindal, Dodwell, and Boling- broke. B. lOiH ; d. 1700.— Tiiom.vs, a divine and miscellaneous writer, was b. in ]"2'2, at Dublin, and was e. LELV, Sir Peter, a celebrated paint- er, whose family name was Vander Vaes, was b. at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617, and Was a pupil of (irebber, of Ilaerletn. In 1641 he went to England, and from that period he gradually rose in reouta- tion. He finished portraits botn of Charles 1. and Cromwell, but it was not till the restoration that he reached the height of fame and prosperity. He fell in with the voluptuous taste of the new court, in his representation of the beau- ties who adorned it ; and by the delicacy and grace of his pencil, became the favorite painter, ana was knighted by Charles II., who highly esteemed him. D. 16S0. LEMONNIER, Peter Charles, an eminent French astronomer, was b. at Paris in 1715, and accompanied Mau- pertuis in his tour towards the north pole for measuring a degree of the me- ridian. He wrote several works on the science, and had the honor of number- ing among his pupils the celebrated Lalandc. D. 1790. — Louis Wii-liam, brother of the preceding, was first phy- sician to the King, and professor of botany at the Jardin du Roi. After narrowly escaping destruction during the French revolution, he retired to Montreuil, where he d. in 1779. He was the author of " Observations d'llistoire Naturelle," &c., and a contributor to the Encyclopedie and other scientific works. LEMPRIERE, John, an eminent cla.s- sical scholar, was a native of Jersey ; received his education at Reading, Win- chester, and Pembroke college, Oxford, graduated at that university ; was head- master of Abiiurdon grammar-school, and afterwards of the school at Exeter ; and on resigning the latter, was pre- sented to the livings of Meoth and Newton Petrock, in Devonshire, which he held till his decease, in IS'24. Ills principal works are, the "Bibliotheea Classica, or Classical Dictionary," and a " Universal Biography." L'ENCLOS, Anne! or Nisov de, a celebrated female, distinguished alike by beauty, wit, and accomplishments, w'as b. at Paris in 1616. She was left at an early aire the mistress of a good f(^r- tuue ; and being possessed of the high- est personal as well as intellectual charms, and giving free scope to the in- dulgence of her passions, it is no won- der tliat she drew around her a circle of lovers and suitors, distimruished either for their rank or gallantry ; but her love of independence, or a more un- worthy cause, prevented her from form- ing a serious connection. Without ma- king a traffic of her ehumis, she attached 580 CYCLOl'.EUIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [leo herself to those who pleased her; and having extended her favors, in succes- sion, to the most celebrated men of her time, she proved to all she was quite as regardless of constancy in her attaeh- inents. This modern Lais was coun- tenanced, complimented, and consulted by some of the most eminent writers of the day. Scan-on, we arc told, consulted her on his romances, St. Evremont on his poems, Moliere on his comedies, Fontenelle on his dialogues, and Koche- foucauld on his maxims. Her friendship was sought by some of the most respect- able other own sex. "The power of her natural beauty," says one of her biographers, "was indeed tragically illustrated by the often-told adventure of one of her own sous, who being brought up in ignorance of his birth, fell desperately in love with his mother, and when she discovered to him the fatal secret, he, in a tit of despair and desperation, stabbed himself in her Eresence !" This terrible event has cen introduced by Le Sage into his Gil Bias. D. 1705, in the odth year of her age. LEXFANT, James, a French Prot- estant divine, was b. 1691, and d. 1728. He published histories of the cwincils of Constance, Basle, and Pisa, very faithfully written. He likewise trans- lated tlie New Testament into French, with notes, in conjunction with Beau- Bobre. His other works are, a " History of Pope Joan," " Sermons," a " Pre- servative against Uniting with the Church of Komo," &c. LEXGLET DU FRESNOY, Nich- olas, a French writer, was b. at Beau- vais, in 1074. He was an ecclesiastic, but so much given to satire and political intriirues, that he was frequently sent to the Bastille. His death was occa- sioned by falling into the fire in 1755. Among his voluminous works, the best are, his " Method for Studying History" and " Chronolosrical Tablets of Univer- sal History," which have been translated into English. LENNOX, CnAnix)TTE, a female of considerable literary abilities, was b. in 1720. Her father. Colonel liamsay, was lieutenant-governor of New York, by whom she was sent to Enirland, where she married early, and was left a widow with one' child. In l(i47 she published a volume of poems, and 1751 h6r novel of " Harriet Stuart," wliich was followed the iH^xt year, by " The Female (Quixote" and "Sliaksjieare Illustratcl." After this appeared, in quick succession, sev- eral works translated fn m the French, and the novels of " Henrietta" and " Euphcmia." Slie was also the author of some dramatic pieces. Her character was unimpeachable, and she was liighly respected by Dr. Johnson t\nd Samuel Richardson; but in her declining years she was doomed to penury and sickness, and had it not been for the relief af- forded her by the Literary Fund So- ciety, her latter days must have been truly miserable. D. 1804. LENOTRE, Andrew, a French ar- chitect and ornamental gardener, was b. in 1618, and studied painting under Vouet. He was a great favorite of Louis XLV., and his plans for the decoration of the park of Versailles contributed principally to establish his reputation. Delillo has celebrated the talents of Lenotre, whose style of orna- mental planting was fashionable, not only in France but in England, till it was superseded by the more natural stvle introduced by Kent, Brown, &c. D'. 1700. LENTILVLL, William, an EInglish statesman of the 17th century, was b. at Henley, in Oxfordshire, in 1591. In 1()39 he was elected into parliament for Woodstock, and in 1640 he was chosen speaker, but was turned out by Crom- well in 1G53. The year following lie became speaker of the parliament called by the Protector, as he did also of the Rurnn. D. 1682. LEO I., surnamed the Great, and canonized as a saint, was a native of Tuscany, and succeeded Sixtus III. in the papal chair in 440. He took a very decided part against the Manichican heresy and other schismatics, persuaded Attila to withdraw his forces from the very gates of Rome, and afterwards saved the city from being burned by Genseric. D. 461. — X., Giovanni de Medici, pope, son of the celebrated Lo- renzo dc Medici, was b. at Florence, in 1475. At the age of 11 he was made an archbishop by Louis XL, king of France; at 14 Julius II. invested him with the dignity of legate, and he served as such in the army which was defeated by the French, near Ravenna, in 1512. He was taken prisoner after that battle, but the soldiers showed the most super- stitious veneration for his person, as the representative of the pope. He was elected to the papacy in 1513, and his coronation was celebrated with unusual jiomp. He terminated the disputes wiiicii had subsisted between his pre- decessor and Louis XII. of France, LES] CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 581 concluded the council of Lateran, and formed a splendid library, which he cn- riclicd with iucstiiniiblc manuscripts. This pontiff formed two great projects, the one to etfect agcncral association of the Christian powers against the Turks, and tlie other to complete the church of St. Peter. To aid t'hese schemes he issued plenary indulijcnces, which beimr carried into Germany, aroused the zeal of Luther, and ultimately produced the reformation. D. lo-Jl. Leo X. was a nnuiiticcnt patron of learning and the arts, and his short pontificate forms one of the niost interesting periods in papiil history. — XII., ANNin.\LE della Genoa, was b. at Genoa, in 17G0, and succeeded I'ias VII. in the papal chair, in 1823. By the remission of many ta.Kcs, as well as' by his benevolence and personal at- tention to the hospitals, prisons, and public institutions for the poor, he ob- tained the love of the people; he also endeavored to free the states of_ the church from robbers and banditti, as well as to suppress the remains of Car- bonarism. Leo d. in Feb., 1820, and was succeeded by Cardinal Castiglione, who took the name of Pius VIII. Pius died Dec., 1830, and was succeeded by Cardinal Capellari, (Gregory XVL) — VI., emperor of the East, called the Piiilosopher, succeeded his father, Basil, tlie Macedonian, in bSd. lie expelled the patriarch Photius, and defeated the Ilungarians ; but just before his death, whicli happened "in 911, his fleet sus- tained a total defeat by tlie Saracens. LEON, Fray Luis de, a Spanish poet •and ecclesiastic, was b. in 1527, and d. in 1591. Ilis ode, entitled " La Profecia del Tago," has been translated into En- glish by Mr. Wiifcn, and published at the end of his translation of the poems of Garcilaso de la Vega. LEONIDAS, the Spartan king and hero, was the son of King Anaxandrides, and succeeded his half brother Cleo- inencs, 491 b. c. When Xerxes, king of Persia, invaded Greece, with an immense army, Lconidas marched to Thcrmo- pyhc, and, on arriving there, posted his army, which, including the whole of the allies, amounted only to 7000 men, so skilfully, that the enemy, on coming to the narrow pass, became aware of the dittieulty of carrying it by force. Xerxes, therefore, attempted to bribe Leonidas, ottering him the dominion of all Greece. Tills proposal being rejected with scorn, the (lespot sent adierald to order the Greeks to surrender their arms: "Let him come and take them," was the 49* hero's reply. Thrice did the Persians advance in great force, and thriee were they rei)elled, with enormous loss. Meanwhile, a traitorous Greek, named Ephialles, led 10,000 of the enemy, by a secret path, over the mountains, who thus gained the rear of Lconidas. He now saw that all was lost, but resolved to show, by a memorable example, what the Greeks could perform in the cause of their country. After a long contest, the hero fell, surrounded by countless assailants. The gratitude of (Jreeco raised a splendid monument to the memory of Leonidas and his brave as- sociates, and annually celebrated the great event by warlike games and ora- tions. LEP AUTRE, Anthoxt, first architect to the king of France, erected the palace of St. Cloud. His chief talent lay in the decoration of edifices, but his fondness for excessive ornament in a measure destroyed the simple beauty of his de- signs. D. 1G91. — Peter, his son, was an eminent sculptor, and became royal statuary and director of the academy of St. Luke. D. 1744. LE SAGE, Alain Eene, a distin- guished French novelist and dramatist, was b. in 1668, at Sarzeau, in Britany, and studied at the Jesuits' college, at Vannes. In 1692 he went to Paris, where his talents and manners procured him admission into the best society, and he soon adopted the profession of an author. He studied the Spanish lan- guage, and produced a multitude of translations, or imitations, of Castilian dramas and romances. His comedy of "Crispin the Kival of his blaster" first attracted the public notice; but his suc- cess as a novelist has most contributed to make him known to foreigners. " Lo Diable Boiteux," known in England by the title of " The Devil upon Two Sticks," became extremely popular; the comedy of "Turcaret," added to his fame, and that fame was soon rendered imperishable by his admirable " Gil Bias." Lo Sage was endowed with great literary fertility ; he composed 24 dramatic pieces, and had a share in the composition of 76 others. Among his novels are, " The Adventures of Guz- man d'Alfarache," "The Bachelor of Salamanca." "Tlie History of Estova- nilic Gonzales," &.c. D. 1747.— George Loris, a philosophical writer, was b. at Geneva, in 1724, and d. in 1803. He wrote "Fragments on Final Causes,'' and a treatise on " Mechanical Physics." LESLIE, Charles, was b. in Irelimd, 583 CTCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [LEa Bludicd at Trinity collesro, Dublin, and the Temple: quitied thel.iw for divinity, and obtamftd pret'erment in Ireiiiud. lie was a zcLiloiis Protestant, but refused to triiii-iliir liis allegiance to the uew gov- ernment bv taking the oaths to King AVilliain. ite wrote many political tracts, against tiic doctrine of resistance and iu defence of hereditary right, the most important of wliich were in a weekly paper, called '• The Rehearsal." lie also wrote some treatises against deists and Socinians, among which are, ''The Snake in the Grass," and "A Short and Easy Method with the Deists." D. 173:2. — Sir John, a celebrated mathematician and natiinJ philosopher, was b. at Largo, in Fifcshire, in 1766. His fath.er, wno was a joiner and cabinet-maker, in- tended to bring him up to some useful trade, but his fondness for calculation and geometrical exercises brought him at an early period under the uotice of professors Kobinson, Playfoir, and Du- gald Stewart, and, when he was thirteen, his parents were induced to let liim enter as a student at the university of St. An- drew's. In 1700 he proceeded to Lon- don, with an intention of delivering lec- tures on natural pliilosopby; but being disappoiutcil in his views, he found it expedient to commence writing for the press as the reailicst means of obtaining a subsistence, llis first undertaking of any importance was a translation of Buf- fon'rt '• Natural History of Birds," which appeared in 1703, and the sum he re- ceived for tliis laid the foundation of that pecuniary independence, which his prudent habits fortunately enabled hiin to attain. In 18O0 he invented that ad- mirable and delicate instrument the ditferential thermometer; and in 1S04 appeared his celebrated " Essay ou tlie Mature and Propagation of Heat." For this performance lie was honored by the council of the Eoyal Society with the Komford medals, and in 1805 he wa.s elected to tiie mathematical chair in the jnivcrsity of Edinburgh, which, in ISI'.i, lie exchanged for that of philosopiiy on the death of Professor Playfair. By the invention of his liygrometer he suc- ceeded in making the discovery of that singularly beautiful process of artificial freezing, or consolidation of fluids, wliicii enabled him to congeal mercury, and convert water into ice by evapora- tion. His chief works are, " An Account of Experiments and Instruments de- j'euding on the liclation of Air to Heat and Moisture," the " Philosophy of Aiitlunetic," " Elements of Geometry," '• Elements of Natural Philosophy," besides many admirable treatises in '' Nicholson's Philosopliical Journal," the " Encyclopaedia Britanuica," &c. D. 1832. LESSING, GoTTiioLD Ephraiit, an eminent German author, remarkable for the versatility of his genius, was b. in 1729, at Kamentz, in Pomerania, and was educated at Meissen and Leipsic. In the early part of his career he con- nected himself with theatricals, and led an erratic life, but he afterwards com- pensated for it by the closest mental application. At Berlin, where he some- times resided, he became acquainted with Voltaire, the Jewish philosopher Mendelssohn, Nicolai, Eamler, Sulzer, and other literary characters. In 1770 the hereditary prince of Brunswick ap- pointed him'librarian at Wolfcnbuttel, and one of the 'fruits of this appoint- ment was a periodical publication, en- titled " Contributions to Literary His- tory." Amonsr his dramatic works are, " Nathan the Wise," " Emilia Galotti," "Minna von Barnhelm," "The Miso- gynist," and " The Freethinker." His other principal works are, " Laocoon," "Fables," "Fragments of an Un- known," "The Hamburgh Drama- turgy," and a "Dissertation on the Education of the Human Eace." D. 1781. L'ESTEANGE, Sir Roger, a political partisan and controversial writer, was b. in K316. His father, Sir Ilamond TEstrange, was a zealous royalist; and the son, following his example, was concerned in raising forces, and in some unsuccessful enterprises in favor of Charles I. during the civil wars, for which he was obliged tojeave the king- dom. Upon the restoration he returned, and established an Enirlish newspaper, under the title of "The Public Intel- ligencer," in 1663, which he discon- tinued upon the publication of the first " London Gazette." He was author of many violent political tracts ; translated Josephus, Cicero's "Offices," Seneca's "Morals," the "Colloquies" of Eras- mus," and ^Esop's " Fables." D. 170-1. LESUEUR, EusTACHE, a distinguished French painter, was b. at I'aris, 1617, and obtained from his countrymen the name of "The French Eaphael." His conceptions are noble and elevated, his composition is simple, careful, and well arranged, the drawing is correct, in good taste, and proves his diligent stu;. — Tean JJaitiste, u nuisieal eomuoser, b. 1703. Atler conii>letini; his stuJies at Amiens, lie obtained various appointments, as director of muiic in cathedrals ; but haviiiij an inciinaliou for tlieatrieal com- positions, he resigned his place at Notre Dame in 1788, and produced several operas. "Telemachus" was his first, lie al'ierwards composed "LaCaverne," which met with the most brilliant ap- plause, and in 171i3 he produced "Paul et Virgiiiie," tlie "Death of Adam," and "The Bards." — Tno.\iAS, a muti;- emalician and ecclesiastic, was b. at Ketliei, in Champagne, 17o3. He en- tered into the order of Minims, and became a celebrated professor of math- ematics, philosophy, and theolosry, in the college of Sapienza, at Kome, wliere he d. in 1770. He joined with Fatiier Jaequicr in a "Commentary" upon Newton's Prineipia, and also in a pro- found work on tiie " Integral Calculus." He also jniblished "The Principles of Natural Pliilosophy," and "lustituti- ones Philosophicie." LKTI, GuKooiiY, an Italian historian, was b. in 1G30, at Milan, and, after studying at Rome, went to Geneva, wliere he abjured the Catholic religion, and afterwards resided in England. Among his works are. Lives of " Sixtus v.," "Charles v.," " Queen Elizabeth," "(Oliver Cromwell," the "History of Geneva," and a " History of tlie Car- dinals." But the whole are so inter- spersed with error and fiction, that they may be regarded rather as romances than authentic liistorles. D. 17ol. LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Elea, who lived in the .5ih century before the Cliristian era. lie was the disciple of Zeno, and the master of Democritus. Tiie atomic system originated with him, and thus, by ascribing a sensible power to the particles of matter, and setting them in motion, Leucippus and his fol- lowers accounted at once for the origin of the universe, without the interposi- tion of divine agency. From him Des- cartes borrowed his hypothesis of the " Vortices," and Kepler was also much indebted to the theory of Leucippus. LEUSDEN, John, aeelebrated biblical critic and theologian, was a native of Utreelit, where he distiniruished himself as one of the most erudite scholars and able divines of tlie age. His theological works are numerous and valuable. B. 1(524. LliUWENlIOEK, AxTHONV, a cele- brated natural philosopher, was h. at Delft, in 10;)'_', anil was celebrated for his microscopical improvemenls and dis- coveries, chiefly anatomical, the partic- ulars of which were published in the " Philosophical Transactions," and the memoirs of the academy of sciences. A selection from his works was jiublished in Enizlisli. D. 1723. LEVAILLANT, Fraxcis, a traveller ami naturalist, was b. at Paramaribo, in Guiana, and from childhood showed a strong predilection for the study of natural history, particularly of ornithol- ogy. In furtherance of tliis desire, he undertook to penetrate the interior of Africa, which he twice accomplished, though under circumstances of great difficulty. He published two narratives of his "Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa," and a " Natural His- tory of African Birds." of " I'arrots," and of the rare "Birds of the Indies." Insurmountable obstacles prevented bin? from pursuing his researches so for as he wished, but his travels are very amusing, and also aflbrd much inform- ation of a philosophical nature. l3. 1824. ^ LEVIZ AC, John Pons Victor Lacoxtz DK, a French grammarian, was h. at Alby, in Lauguedoc, emigrated to Hol- land at the beginninsr of the revolution, and settled in England as a French teacher. He commenced his literary career as a poet, but he is best known by his grammars, dictionaries, and other £ radical works on the French lanffuace. 1. 1813. LEWIS, JoHx, a learned divine and antiquar}', was b. at Bristol, 167'), and d. at Margate in 1746. He published "The Life of Wickliff," "WicklitF's Translation of the New Testament," "The History and Antiquities of the Isle of Thanet," "The History of the Abbev and Church of Feversham," " The" Life of William Caxton," Ac- Matthew Gregory, familiarly styled "Monk" Lewis, a popular "romance writer and dramatist, was b. in Lon- don, in 1773, and was the son of the under secretary of war. He was edu- cated at Westminster school, after which he travelled on the Continent, and im- bibed while in Germany that taste for the marvellous and romantic which characterizes most of his writings. His first production was " The Monk," a romance admired for its talent, but justly censured for its licentiousness; he also wrote " Feudal Tvrants." "IJo- mantic Tales," "Tales of Terror," "The 584 CVCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. [lig Castle Spectre," a drama, and many others. lie was a member of parlia- ment, but undistinsjfuished by any ora- torical powers, and lie d. in ISIS.^ — ilEKKiWKTiiKii, b. 1774, and employed by the IA OK llIDCiKAl'HV, 581 rolnlioii of liis, IIendiuo van Lint, was ail cmir.eiit landsciipe painter, and exe- cuted some fine views about Komc. LIPPI, Lorenzo, a painter and poet, was b. at Florence lti06, and d. It;ti4. Ho executed many fine pieces for the chapels and convents of his native city. As a' poet he is known by a burlesque piece entitled " Malniantile Kaciiui.-'ta- ro," printed at Florence in IGSs^ under the name of Perloni Zipoli. — There were also two other Florentine ar- tists of the name of Lnri : one, Fran- cisco FiLir>i>o, wlio d. in 14SS ; and his son FiLippo, who died in loO') ; the latter was a painter of considerable talent and reputation. LIPSIUS, Justus, an eminent critic and scholar, b. at Overj-sche, a village of Brabant, in lo47. He studied at Aeth, Cologne, and Louvain ; then went to Kome, and became secretary to Car- dinal Granvella. On his return to the Netherlands, after a short time spent at Louvain, he visited the capital of the German empire, and then accepted a professorship in the university of Jena. Many tempting and honorable otters were made him by various potentates, to engage him in tlieir service; but he refused them all ; and at length d. at Louvain, in IGOG. Lipsius changed his religion several times ; and whether as a Catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinist, lie was equally zealous for the time, and equally bigoted. lie wrote many learned treatises, but his principal work is the " Variffi Lectiones.^' LIST, Frederic, a distinguished po- litical economist, was long a member of the Wirtemberg parliament, whence lie was expelled for the boldness of his opinions. In 1S19 he conceived the idea of the " Zollvcrein," (the Customs Union of the German states; an institution which, after encountering many obsta- cles, was finally adopted by nearly the whole of Germany.) established a jour- nal to sujiport his views, and published several valuable works on political econ- omy. But a scries of disappointments preyed upon his mind, and in a fit of insanity he committed suicide, 1840, in the 57tli year of his age. LISTER, Thomas IIen-rt, a novel writer and historian was b. in 1801, and may be said to have inherited literary tastes and capabilities, the poetical tal- ents both of his father and grandfather having been favorably mentioned by Miss Sewanl. Besides '• Granby"' and " Herbert Lacy" — two novels which are among the best r>f that not very admi- rable species " the fashionable" — h« published, " Epicharis," a tragedy ; and the '■ Life and Administration of Lord Clarendon." D. 1842. LISTON, John, a very popular actor of low comedy, whoso natural humor and j)eculiar drolleries afforded many a rich treat to the playgoers of London, was b. in St. Anne"s parish, Solio, and in the early period of liis life was enga- ged in the uninviting employment of a teacher in a dav-school. lie appeared in 1805 before a London audience at tlio Ilaymarket. lie also obtained an en- gagement at Covent-garden, where he remained, increasing in public favor, till 1823, when he transferred his ser- vices to Urury-lane, and continued there till 1831 ; but the enormous salary of £100 a week tempted him to enlist un- der the banners of Madame Vestris at the Olympic theatre, where he peru.rm- ed six seasons, and may be said to have closed his theatrical career. D. 1846. LITIIGOW, William, a native of Scotland, who in the reign of Queen Elizabeth travelled on foot'through nu- merous countries in Europe, Asia, and America, over a distance of more than 30,000 miles ; during which he encoun- tered many hardships, and was at length thrown into the prisons of the Inquisi- tion in Sixain, and so cruelly torturcil as to be deprived of the use of liis limbs. On regaining his libertv, and coming to England, he published an account of his adventures, which he presented to James I. lie also wrote a narrative of the siege of Breda. D. 1G40. LITTLE, William, an ancient En- glish historian, known also by the name of Gulielnius Naubrigensis, was b. at Bidlington, in Yorkshire, in 1136, and educated at the abbey of Newborough, in the same county. In his advanced years he composed a History of En- gland, from the Norman Conquest to 1197, which for veracit}', regularity of disposition, and purity of language is one of the most valuab"le productions of that period. LITTLETON, Thomas, a celebrated English judire, and law authority, was b. at Franklcy, in Worcestershire. Ho studied at the Temple, was appointed one of the judges of the common pleas, and continued to enjoy the esteem of his sovereign, Edward IV., and the nation, until his death, at an advanced age, in 14S1. The memory of .hulge Littleton is preserved by his celebrated treatise on "Tenures," which is esteemed tho principal authority for the law of real 588 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [uv property in England. This work lia^ been oomniented on by Coke, Sir JI. Hale, and Lord Chancellor Nottingham. LIVEKPOOL, Chakles Jexkinsox, earl of, eldest son of Colonel Jenkinson, w:us b. in 1727, and was cdiieated at the Charter-liouse, and at University col- lesre, Oxford. He entered parliament in 1761, and soon took ofRee as uuder- seeretary of state ; in 1766 he was made a lord of the admiralty; in 1772, vice- treasurer of Ireland ; in 1778, secretary at war ; and, in 178-1, president of the l)oard of trade. In 1736 he was created Baron Ilawkesbury ; and in 1796, earl of Liverpool. D. 1808. — Eobert Banks Jenkin'sox, earl of, son of the preceding, was b. in 1770, and received liis educa- tion at the same seminaries of learning as his father. At the general election in 17t»0, Mr. Jenkinson was returned member for Eye. In 1796, his father being created earl of Liverpool, he be- came Lord Ilawkesbury, and was made a commissioner of Indian affairs. In ISOl he was appointed secretary of state for foreign atlairs ; which office, four years after, he exchanged for that of the Lome department. This he resigned on the dissolution of tiie Addingtou ad- ministration; and, at the death of Mr. Pitt, succeeded him as lord warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1817 he was again minister for the home department; and on the death of his father, in the year following, succeeded to the title of earl of Liverpool. In 1812, he was raised to the premiership, and he held that elevated station till 1827. D. 1828. LIVINGSTON, JoH.x II., president of Queen's college, N. J., graduated at Yalo college. 1762. lu May, 1766, he went to Holland, to prosecute his the- ological studies in the university of Utrecht, where he resided four years, obtaining the degree of doctor in theol- ogy in 1770, in which year lie returned to America, and became the pastor of the Dutch reformed church in this city. At this period the Dutch churches in America were divided in the Conferen- tic and the C'octus parties ; by the ef- forts of Dr. Livlnijston, a happy union was effected in 1772, and the Dutch church became independent of the clas- sis in Amsterdam. In 1784 he was ap- pointed theological professor in tlie Dutch church. The duties of minister and professor he performed till 1810, when he was appointed president of Queen's college, in wliicli lie remained till his death, in 1825, ageil 73 years.— EoBEET, first possessor of the inniior of Livingston in the state of New York, and founder of one of the most distin- guished families in this country, was the son of John Livingston, who received the degree of A.M. at Glasgow, in 1621, and was the minister of Anerum, but refusing to take the oath of allegiance in 1663, was banished, and removed to Rotterdam, where he was a minister of the Scot's chapel, and d. Aug. 9, 1672, aged 69. Eobert L. was b. at Anerum, in 1654, and came to America with liis nephew about 1672. He was a member of tlie council in 1698. His wife was of the family of Schuyler, and the widow of Mr. Van Eensselaer. He left three sons, Philip, Eobert, and Gilbert. A Mr. Livingston, perhaps Mr. E. L., who was many years speaker of the assembly of New 'York, d. at Boston, 1723. — ■ PniLip, a patriot of the American revo- lution, and a signer of the declaration of independence, graduated at Yale col- lege, 1737. He became a merchant in New York, and as there were but few well-educated merchants in Wall-street at that time, he was soon at their head. In 1754 he was an alderman of the city of New York, and after serving in this capacity four years, was sent to Albany as a representative of the city. In this body he soon became a leader, and directed its attention to the great inter- ests of commerce ; New York being then behind Boston and Philadelphia in her exports and imports. He was one of the connnittee of correspondence witli the agent for the colony in En- gland, the celebrated Edmund Burke ; and his letters abound in information and critical remarks, ilr. Livingston was in congress in 1776, and not only signed, but was a strenuous advocate for the declaration of independence. He was a member of the senate of New York on the adoption of the state con- stitution ; after which, under the pro- visions of that constitution, he was elected a member of congress. He was not long permitted to devote himself to the service of his country, for he d. June 12, 1778. — William, governor of New Jersey, a descendant of the family, which emigrated from Scotland, was b. about tlie year 1741. He was a lawyer, and early embraced the cause of civil and religious liberty. When Great Britain advanced her arbitrary claims, he employed his pen in opposing them, and in vindicating the riglits of his countrymen. After sustaining some important offices in New York, he re- moved to New Jersey, and, as a repre- LIV] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 589 sentative of this state, was one of the principal iiiciiibers of the first coivorcss in 1774. After tlie inhabitants of New .fersey had sent their governor, William Franklin, under a strong guard to Con- neeticut, and had formed a new consti- tution in July, 1776, Mr. Livingston was elected the first chief magistrate ; and puch was his integrity, and republican virtue, that he was annually re-elected till his death. During the war he bent his exertions to support tlie independ- ence of his country. By tlie keenness and severity of his political writlnsrs, he exasperated the British, who distin- guislied him as an object of their peculiar hatred. His pen had no in- considerable influence in exciting that indignation and zeal, which rendered the militia of New Jersey so remark.i- blc for the alacrity with which, on any alarm, they arrayed themselves against the common enemy. He was in 1787 a delegate to the grand convention which formed the constitution of the United States. After having sustained the oflRce of governor for fourteen years, with great honor to himself and useful- ness to the state, lie d. July 25, 1790, aged 67. — Robeut R., chancellor of the state of New York, graduated at King's colleee, New York, 176"). Having studied law witli William Smith, he was appointed by Governor Tryon recorder 01 the city ; an office which he resigned at the beginning of the revolution. In April, 1775, he was elected from Duchess county to the assembly. In 177G he was a member of congress, and was placed on the connnittee with Jetferson, Adams, Franklin, and Sherman, for drawing up the declaration of independence, and on other important committees. In August, 1781, he was appointed secretary of state. On his resigna- tion, in 1783, he received the thanks of congress. Under the new constitu- tion of New York, which he assisted in forming, as chairman of the committee, he was appointed chancellor, and con- tinued in tliat place till 1801. In 1788 he was chairman of the state convention, whicli adopted the federal constitution, uniting his efforts, at that time, with tliosc of Jay and Hamilton. In 1801 he accepted the oflTico of minister plenipo- tentiary to France, and proceeded to Paris. By the first consul he was re- ceived with respect, and after his mis- sion had closed. Napoleon presented liim a snlendid snuff-box, with a minia- ture of himself by Isabey. Assisted by Mr. Munroe he made the very important purchase of Louisiana for 1.5 milliona of dollars. In Paris he formed an inti- macy with Robert Fulton, whom he as- sisted by his counsels and money. After his resignation and the arrival of Gen- eral Armstrong, his successor, he trav- elled in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, and returned to America in June, 1805. 1). 1813. He caused the introduction of Bteam-navigation into the United States. He introduced the merino sheep, and the use of gypsum in New York, lie was president of an agricultural so- ciety, and of tlie academy of the fine arts. He published an oration before the Cincinnati, 1787 ; an address to the society for promoting the arts, 1808 ; essa_)-3 on agriculture ; a work on the merino sheep. — Brockholst, son of the preceding, was b. at New York, in 1757 ; entered the army in 1776 ; and being afterwards attached to the suite of Gen- eral Arnold, with the rank of major, he shared in the honor of the conquest of Burgoyne. In 1779 he accompanied Mr. Jay to the court of Spain as nis private secretary ; studied the law on his return ; and ultimately became judge of the su- preme court of the state of New York, in 1802. He enjoyed the reputation of being an upright judge, an able pleader, and an accomplished scholar. D. 1823. — Edw.vrd, was b. at Claremont, Co- lumbia county, N. Y., in 1764, educated at Princeton college, and admitted to the bar in New York city. In 1794 he was chosen to congress, and afterwards mayor of New York. Shortly after the purchase of Louisiana he removed to that state, where he was intrusted by the legislature with the preparation of a code of judicial procedure, to revise the system of municipal law, and to reform the penal statutes ; in short, to digest and rearrange the whole legal system of the state. This he did with consum- mate ability; and his " Reports" to the legislature on the several subjects are brilliant, learned, and judicious essays. In 1823 he was again sent to congress; in 1S31 General Jackson made him sec- retary of state ; and in 1833 he was ap- pointed minister to France. D. 1836. LIVIUS, or LIVY, Titus, a celebrated Roman historian, was b. in tlie territory of Patavium, now Padua, In the reign of Augustus he went to Rome, and was held in great esteem by the emperor and many other distinguished characters. His reputation is principally built upon his " Ilistory of Rome," from the foun- dation of the city to the death of Drusus, in 143 books, of which only 35 have 590 GYCI.Or.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. |loc been preserved. This history is hitrhly pniised hy Seneca, Pliuy the EKlcr, Qiiiiitiliiin", &K'., aiul may be regarded as oue of tlie most valuable literary relics of aiitiiinitv. LLOREXTK, Don Juan Axtoxio, a modern Spanish historian and ecclesi- astic, b. in 175(5. He was secretary- general to the Inquisition, of which court he published a "Complete His- tory." He was also the author of " Me- moirs relative to the History of the Spanish Itevolution," "Political Por- traits of the Popes," and other works. Having accepted a situation under Jo- seph Bonaparte, and written in his favor, he was compelled to quit Spain on the return of Ferdinand. D. 1823. LLOYD, David, a biographical writer of the 17th century, was b. in Merioneth- siiire, in IC'Jo. His principal works are, '* Memoirs of the Statesmen and Favor- ites of England," "Memoirs of Persons who sutfered tor their Loj'alty," a " Life of General Monk," and a "History of Plots and Conspiracies." D. 1691. — HuMPHur, an eminent military otficer and writer on tactics, was b. in Wales, in 1729. He served with great reputa- tion in tlie Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies, and rose to the rank of general. On his return to England he surveyed the coast, wrote a memoir on the "Invasion and Defence of Great Britain," "The History of the Seven Years' War," and other military treati- ses. D. 1783. — Robert, an English poet, was b. in 1733, and was the son of the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, second master of West- minster school; His first production, "The Actor," gave rise, it is said, to the famous Rosciad of liis friend Church- ill. His otiier poems possess mucli merit; but his genius could not shield him from the assaults of poverty, and he d. a prisoner in the Fleet, in it'H. LOBAU, Count, an eminent soldier, whose name was Monton, was, at the breaking out of the revolution, employed as a journeyman baker in his native town, Plialsburg, in the Meurthe. But on entering tiic army he speedily signal- ized himself by acts of bravery, which were rewarded by various steps of pro- motion, until, in 1804, at the camp of Boulogne, Napoleon, amid the applause of the whole army, made iiim his aid- de-camp, and gave him tlie command of the third regiment of the line. In the campaign of ISO.) his eIRcient gal- lantry :)btaiiied him the rank of general of brijrade, and in 18u7 that of general of division. In the campaign of 1800 he defended the little island of Lobau (from which he took his subsequent title) against the Austrians, completely beat them otf, and took his troops, com- paratively unhurt, across the Danube. In 1812 he was made aid-major of the imperial guard; in 1813, commander of the first corps of the grand army ; and, in 1814, a chevalier of St. Louis. Du- ring the memorable " hundred days" he gave his support to Napoleon, and was made commandant of the first mili- tary division, and a member of the chamber of peers. In the brief but easy campaign of 1815, he commanded the sixth corps of the army of the north. He gave the Prussians a severe defeat on the 8th of June in that year, but was wounded and sent prisoner to England from that burial-place of his aspiring master's hopes — Waterloo. From that time until 1818 he remained in England ; he was then permitted to return home, and in 1828 was sent as a deputy for the Meurthe, and took his seat on the oppo- sition benches. In the rex-olution of 1830 he took an active part; and when Lafayette resi^rned the command of the national guard, Count Lobau was ap- pointed his successor. Shortly after- wards he received his marshal's baton from Louis Philippe. B. 1770 ; d. 1839. LOBEIRA, Vasco, author of the cele- brated romance of " Amadis de Gaul," was a native of Porta, in Portugal, in the 14th century. In 1386 he was knighted by Joam I. on the field of battle at Aljubarotta ; and he d. at Elvas, in 1403. Dr. Southey has translated Lobeira's work, and has satisfactorily proved it to be an original, and not a translation from the French, as many had before imagined. LOBO, .Jerome, a Portuguese Jesuit, was b. at Lisbon, in 1593. He went as a missionary to Abyssinia, and, on his return to Europe, became rector of the college of Coimbra, where he d. in lfi7S. He wrote " An Account of Abyssinia," of which Dr. Johnson published an abridged translation. LOCK, Matthew, an eminent English musician, was b. at E.\eter, where he became a chorister, in the cathedral. He published some musical pieces in 1657, and, after tlie restoration, he was employed as a composer of operas. Ho was also appointed composer to the chapel royal, and has acquired consider- able reputation by the beautiful music to Rluiksiieare's Macbeth. IjO(;KK, Jomx, one of the most emi- nent philosophers and writers of modern iom] CYCI.OP-EDI/V OF BIOGRAPHY. 591 times, was b. at Wrincfton, in Somersct- phirp, in 1632. lie was eiluttitcd at "Westminster seliool, and riirist-clmreli collc'/c, Oxtbnl, where he (listinfiiislied liiniself niiieh l)y liis general protieiency ; and finally applied to the study of pliysic. In the year 1660 he was introduced to liOrd Ashley, afterwards the celebrated earl of Shaftesbury, to whom he became essentially serviceable in his medical ca- pacity, and who formed a hiirh opinion • of his ijeneral iiowcrs, and introduced liiin to the duke of Buckintrham, the earl of Halifax, and other distintruished cliaracters. He also confided to him the superintendence of liis son's education ; and wlicn, in 1672, Lord Shaftesbury was appointed chancellor, he made Mr. Locke secretary of presentations, and, at a later period, secretary to the board of trade. On his patron retirintr to Holland, to avoid a state prosecution, Locke accompanied him, and remained there several years. So obnoxious was he to James's fcovcrnmcnt, tliat the En- glish envoy demanded Mr. Locke of the States, on suspicion of his being con- cerned in Monmouth's rebellion, wbieh occasioned him to keep private, and em- ploy himself in finisbinir his "Essay on the Human Understandinsr." At the close of the revolution he returned to Ensrliind, and was made a commissioner of appeals, and in 16'.i5 a conunissioner of trade and plantations. Ho d. at Oates, in Essex, in 1704. His principal works are, an "Essay on Human Understand- intr," "Letters on Toleration," "A Treatise on Civil Oovernment," and "Thouirbts coneernincr Education." T/)FFT, Capel, a barrister, and the autlior of several works in polite litera- ture, was b. in London, 1751. He was educated at Eton and Cambridire, and was called to the bar in 1775. On suo- ceedinir to the Capel estates, in 17S1, lie removed to Troston, in Sutfolk, and became an active matristrate of the county till 1800; when, for liavintr too zealously exerted himself as under-sheriff to delay the execution of a younsr woman who bad received sentence of death, he was removed from tlie commission. Mr. Lofft was a very consiilerable contribu- toi* to most of the maLrazines of the day; and it was to his active patronafrc of Robert Rloomfield that the public was indebted for the " Farmer's IW," and other poems by that author. D. lS'2-t. LOl'TUS, DuDLKY, an oriental scholar, was b. in 1618, at Rathfarnham, near Dublin ; studied at Trinity collcj^e and lit Oxford; became vicar-goueral and .iudje of tbe prerogrative court in Ire- land ; and d. in 169-'). Amont; bis wri- tinnrs arc, " A Ilistorvof the Eastern and AVestcrn Churches,'' "The History of Our Saviour, taken from the Greek, Syriac, and other Oriental Authors,'' " A Translation of tlie Ethiopic New- Testament into Latin," &c. L()(JAN, John, a Scottish poet and prose writer of some eminence, was b. m 174S. Havinir studied for the church, his eloquence and ability procured for him the living' of South Leith, in 1773. But his conduct having rendered liim unpopular with his parishioners, he was induced to resiern his charge; and he then ]>roceedcd to London, where he became connected with the press ; and, among other productions, wrote a pam- phlet, entitled " A Review of the prin- cipal Chartres against Mr. Warren Has- tings," which led to tbe prosecution of the publisher, Mr. Stockdale, wlio, how- ever, was acquitted. His poems, usually printed with those of I\Iichael Bruce, whose merits he was the first to make known, are chiefly lyrical ; but he also wrote "Runnymede," a tratredy; and published the "Elements of the Phi- losophy ot* History;" besides being the author of a volume of sermons, pub- lished posthumously, which have en- joved ffreat popularitv. D. 1788. LOLLARD. WAi.T'En, the founder of a religious sect in Germany, about 131.5. He was burnt, at Cologne," in 1322. LOLLI, or LOLLY, Antoxio, a cele- brated performer on tbe violin, was a native of Bergamo, in Italy, and b. in 1728. In Germany, Russia, England, Spain, France, and Naples he excited the admiration of the musical world ; but thousrh for many years he possessed a wonderful command over the instru- ment, yet during the latter part of liis life not a trace was left of that extraordi- narv skill which had e:5tablishcd his faiiie. D. 1802. LOMONOZOF, Michael WAsiLowrrz, a Russian poet and historian of the last century, was b. 1711. He was the son of a flshmonffer, and havinsr fled from his fatlier, he took refuge in a monas- tery, where he received his ey many execu- tions. In every thing ho did, his crooked policy and sinister views were evident. 1). 1483. — XII., king of France, was the son of Charles, duke of Orleans, and b. in 1462. His reign was a continued Bcene of warfare. — XIII., king of France, Wius tiic s'jn of Henry 1\'., and b. in Kiol. Being only nine years old at the death of ills father, the care of him and of the kingdom was intrusted to his mother, Mary de Medicis. D. 1642.— XIV., sou of the preceding, was only five years old on the death of his father, the regency being in the hands of the queen-mother, Anne of Austria, under whom Mazarin acted as prime minister. In 1G51 the king assumed the government. D. 1715. —XV., king of France, great-grandson and successor of the preceding, was b. in 1710 ; and Louis XIV. dying when he was only five years of age, the kingdom was placed under the regency of Philip, duke of Orleans. He was crowned in 1722, and declared of age the following year. D. 1774. — XVI., the son of Louis the dauphin, and of Maria Josephine, daughter of Frederic Augustus, king of Poland, was b. in 1754, and innnediately created duke of Berri. On the death of his father, in 17G5, he became the heir to the throne ; and in 1770 he married Maria Antoinette, an Austrian princess, of great beauty and accomplishments. In 1774 he succeeded to the crown ; and was e.xecuted for his tyranny and weak- ness in 1793. — XVIII., Stanislaus Xa- viER, surnamed " le Desire," second son of the dauphin, (the son of Louis XV.,) was b. in 1755, and was originally known as the count of Provence. At the accession of his brother, Louis XVI., in 1774, he received the title of Monsieur; and after the death of his nephew, in 1795, from which time he reckoned his reign, he took the name and title of Louis XVIIL, king of France and Na- varre. D. 1824. LOUIS PHILIPPE, ex-king of the French, the eldest son of the duke of Orleans, better known in the revolu- tionary times as Philippe Egalitc, and of Marie, only daughter of tlie duke of Penthievre, was b. in Paris, October 6, 1773. At the age of 17 his father intro- duced him to the Jacobin Club ; in 17'J1, having received the command of a regiment of dragoons, he set out to join it at Valenciennes ; and war being declared against Austria, he made his first campaign in 1792, fighting at Vahny at the head of the troops confided to him by Kellermann, and afterwards gaining great distinction at .lemappes, under Dumourier. Meanwhile the revolution was hastening to its crisis. In 1793 Louis XVI. was carried to the scaffold ; and a few mouths afterwards, when the duke of Orleans, notwithstanding his connection with tlie revolutionary cause, shared the same fate, Louis l'liiri[)pe fled to the French frontier, escaped into the Austrian territories, and refusing an in- vitation to enter into that service, trav- elled in Switzerland, Hungary, Denmark, low] CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOOllAPIIY. 595 Norwdv, Sweden, and America. The abdic;ition of Napoleon, in 1«14, intro- duced a new cliantre in lii.s fortunes, and lie returned to Faris* after an absence of 21 years. The return of Napoleon from Elba seattoreil the Bourbons once more, and Louis I'hilippe returned to Enicland, till the expiry of the hundred days, when lie repaired to France, and entered into all the honors due to his rank. A cold- ness which arose between him and the administration, led to his temporary re- tirement to England ; but in 1S17 he took up his permanent abode in France, and, wliile abstaining from politics, de- voted himself to the education of his family and the patronage of literature aiul the arts, until the revolution of 1S30 placed him on the throne, from which he was driven in 1848. Hastily quittin0UVEL, Peter Louis,' the assassin of the due de Berri, was b. at Versailles, in 1783. He was by trade a saddler, and worked in the stables of the Emperor Napoleon and the French king. His disposition was gloomy, and his mind seemed devoid of interest, excej^ on political subjects. He appeared to dwell intently on what he had heard rcspeet- inir the causes of the French revolution, until he felt a rooted hatred towards the Bourbons. During six years he rumina- ted in silence on their destruction, and began with the voungest, as he after- wards acknowledged, from a wish to exterminate their race ; having resolved to omit no opportunity of killing tho others. Louvcl perpetrated the fatal deed on the 13th or February, 1820. He conducted himself with firmness during his long examination, and ap- iieared calm throughout, even in his last moments, positively declaring that he had no accomplice. LOVE, Christopher, an eminent Presbyterian divine, was b. at Cardiff, in 16is. He studied at Oxford, and entered into orders; but refusing to subscribe to the canons enjoined by Archbishop Laud, he was expelled the congregation of masters, and repaired to London. He was one of the com- missioners for the parliament at the treaty of Uxbridtrc ; he was also one of the assembly of divines, and chosen minister of St. Lawrence, Jewry ; yet he signed the declaration against the murder of the king. After this he was concerned in a plot against Cromwell and the Independents, for which he was tried and beheaded, Aug. 22, 1651. Ashe, Calainy, and Manton, three emi- nent nonconformist divines, accompa- nied him to the scalfold, and he was deemed a martyr by the whole of the Presbyterian party. — J.^mes, a dramatic writer and performer, whose real name was Dance, was, for a time, a partisan to Sir Robert Walpole, and an expect- ant of political preferment; but being disa)iiKMntcd in his hopes, and involved in ditfieulties, he went on the stage, and excelled in the part of Falstaff. " Pa- mela," a comedy; " The Village Wed- dintr," a pastoral entertainment ; and " The Lady's Frolic," a comic opera, were the productions of his pen. D. 1774. LOVELACE, Pacn.vKD, an English poet of the 17th century, was a son of Sir Richard Lovelace, of Woolwich, and b. in 1618. He was educated at the Charter house, and at Gloucester hall, Oxford ; became a colonel in the army of Charles 1., and spent the whole of his fortune in support of the royal cause ; was imprisoned by the parlia- ment, and d. in indigence in 1658. His ]iocms, luililished under the title of " Lucasta," are light and clesrant. He also wrote two plays, "The Scholar," a comedy, and "The Soldier," a tracredy. For spirit and gallantry. Colonel Love- lace has sometimes been conip.ared to Sir Philip Sidney. LOWE, Sir Hudson-, entered the army at a very early age, and served with much credit in various parts of tho 596 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [lot •world; but he will bo priuci pally re- membered in history as having been governor of St. Helena, while that island was the place of detention of the Em- peror Napoleon. D. IS-l-t. LOWELL, Joiix, first, judge of Mas- sachusetts, a gentleman distinguished for his generosity and public spirit, who was among the projectors of the Massa- chusetts hospital, the Boston Athense- ura, savings' bank, &c., &c. B. 1770 ; d. 1S40. LOWNDES, AViLLiAM, was b. at Charleston about 1781, was educated at the college there, studied law, was chosen a member of the legislature, and was a distinguished member of congress for a period of ten years, from about 1810 to 18-22, when irom ill health he resigned. In ISIS he was the chairman of the committee of ways and means. He was tall, slender, emaciated, of a rueful countenance ; a man of wealth and probity, modest, retiring, and un- ambitious ; with a mind of the first order, vigorous, comprehensive, and logicid, and a memory of uncommon power, and standing in the first ranks of American statesmen. There must have been some most extraordinary ex- cellences in his character, for he was respected and beloved even by his po- litical adversaries. Few men have ap- peared at Washington who gave more promise of future eminence, but he d. at sea, on his way to Europe, 1S22, too early alike for the wishes of his friends and the hope of the nation. LOWRY, Wilson, an eminent En- flish engraver, was b. in 1762, at White- aven, where his father, Mr. Strick- land Lowrj', was a portrait painter. He was the inventor of a ruling-machine, possessing the property of ruling suc- cessive lines, either equidistant or in just {jradations, from the greatest re- quired width to the nearest possible approximation ; also of one capable of drawing lines to a point, and ot forming concentric circles : he likewise intro- duced the use of diamond points for etching, and many other useful im- provements in the art, and was the first who succeeded in what is technically termed "biting in" well upon steel. J'or thirty vears before his death he was engaged by eminent publishers on their most extensively illustrated works; and having attaineil to the liighest rank in hi.'* peculiar branch of the art, his Bervices were thoroughly appreciated. D. 1820. LOWTII, William, an eminent di- vine, was b. in London, in 1661, and was educated at Oxford. Being recom- mended by his wortli and learning, he became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, and was provided with a prebendal stall in his cathedral and the living of Buriton. He was an excellent classical scholar and critic, and the au- thor of several theological works of merit. — Robert, son of the preceding, and a distinguished English prelate, was b. at Buriton, in 1710, received his education at Winchester, and at New college, Oxford, in which university he was elected professor of poetry in 1741. He accompanied Mr. Legge on an em- bassy to Berlin, and was subsequently travelling tutor to the sons of the duke of Devonshire. In 1753 he puijlished his " De Sacra Poesi Hebrseorum Prae- lectioues AcadcinicEe ;" in 1758, the "Life of William of Wykeliam;" in 1762, a "Shoi't Introduction to English Grammar;" and, in 1765, he replied, in a masterly and unanswerable style to some acrimonious remarks of Warbur- ton, who thought Dr. Lowth had aimed at his Divine Legation of Moses in the " Praslectiones." After having enjoyed some valuable preferments, he was raised to the see of St. David's in 1766, was translated to Oxford in the same year, and, in 1777, succeeded to the diocese of London. In 1778 he pub- lished his " Translation of Isaiah." The archbishopric of Canterbury was offered him, on the death of Dr. Cornwallis, but he declined the primacy. D. 1787. LOYOLA, Ignatius, founder of the society of Jesuits, was b. in 1491, of a noble fiimily, in the Spanish province of Guipuscoa. He was at first in the army, and served with distinguished bravery, but having i)cen severely wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, ho beguiled his time with books, and on reading the "Lives of the Saints," liis imagination became highly excited, and he determined to devote himself from that time to works of piety. He began Iw making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, not from a mere wish to see those places, which had b(;en hallowed by the pres- ence of our Lord, but in the hope of con\%rting some of the infidels, who were masters of the Holy Land, or of gaining the palm of martyrdom in the attempt. Having accomplished this painful and perilous journey, he re- turned to Spain, more unprovided even than he had left it. In 1526 he went to the nniversity of Alcala, where he found some adherents ; but the Inquisition im- LUC] CYCLOl'.KDIA OF blOGUAI'IlV, 597 prisoned him for his conduct, wliich appeared stranance, and afterwards assistant-tjcneral of the French monks at Rome, but lie returned to Paris, and d. there in 16i»5. He was made fjcoirrapher royal, and wrote " The (;c()<,frapliical Mercury," "Notes on the Koiuan Martyrology," " History of the French Al)beys," and the " Geography of the Bible," &c. LUt'AN, Marcus Ann.eus, a cele- brated Roman poet, was b. at Corduba, in Sjiain, a. d. -37. He was a nephew of Seneca, and beinsr taken early to Rome, he studied there under the best nuisters. Before he was of the legal age lie was made a quiestor, and he was also ad- mitted into the college of augurs. He excited the anger of Nero for having luid the elfroutery to recite one of his compositions, in a public assembly, in competition with the emperor, and was ordered never more to recite in public. This induced Lucan to join Piso and others in a conspiracy against the tyrant, for which he suflered death, 65.' His "Pharsalia" contains passages of great beauty. LUCIAN, a celebrated Greek author, distinguished for his ingenuity and wit, was b. at Samosata, the capital of Co- magenc, daring the reign of Trajan. He was of liumble origin, and was placed, while young, with an uncle, to study statuary, but being unsuccessful in his first attempts, he went to Antioch, and devoted liimselfto literature and forensic rhetoric. In the reign of Marcus Aure- lius, he was made procurator of the province of Euypt, and d. when 80 or HO years old. The works of Lucian, of which many have come down to us, arc mostly in the form of dialogues, but none are so popular as those in which he ridicules the pagan mythology and philosophical seels. I\Iany of them, however, though written in an elegant style, and abounding with witticisms, are tainted with profanity and indecency. LUCILIUS, Caius, a Roman satirist, who served under Scipio in his exjiedi- tion against the Numantians. Only a few of his verses remain, which are in the "Corpus Poetarum" of Maittaire. D. at Na^ilcs, 108 b. c. LUCRhTI A, a Roman matron, was the wite of Collatinus, and the cause of the revolution of Rome from a monarchy to a republic. Sextus Tarquinius, who contrived to become a guest in the ab- sence of her hus1)and, whose kinsman he was, found means to reach her chamber in the middle of the night, and finding himself repulsed, he threatened to stab her, kill a slave, and place liim by her side, and then swear he had slain them both in tlie act of adultery. The dread of infamy succeeded, and he triumphed over her fears ; but she acqunuitcd lier husband, lather, and kindred of the transaction, and, in spite of their soothing remonstrances, drew a dagger, and stabbed herself to the heart. The bloody poniard, with her dead body exposed to the senate, was the signal of Roman libertj-. Tl;e expulsion of the Tarquins, and the abolition of the regal dignity, was instantly resolved on, and carried into execution. LUCRETIUS, Titus Carus, an ancient Roman philosopher and poet, much esteemed for liis learning and elocucnce. His celebrated work, " De Rerum Na- tura," has been translated into English by Mr. Creech. B. 98 b. c. ; d. 55 b. o. LUCULLUS, Lucius Licimus, a Ro- man consul and commander, celebra- ted for his military talents and mag- nificence, was b. 115 B. c. He first distinguished himself in the social war, and afterwards defeated Ilainilear in two naval battles. He also conquered 598 CYCLOPEDIA OF BlOGilAPHY, [lut various cities of Pontus, and, althouffli overcome by Mithridates in a battle, soon acquired such advantages that he linally broke up the hostile army, and Mithridatcs himself sought protection in Armenia, where Tigraues refusing to Burrcndcr him to the Romans, Lucullu.* attacked that monarch, and completely subdued him. By a mutiny of his soldiers, who accused him of avarice and covetousucss, he was deprived of the chief command, and recalled. From this time, LucuUus remained a private individual, spending in luxurious ease the immense riches wliicli he had brought with him from Asia, without however, abandoning the more noble and serious occupations of a cultivated iniud. D. 4y B. 0. LUDLOW, Edmund, an eminent re- publican leader, was b. at Maiden Brad- ley, Wilts, in 1620, studied at Trinity college, 0.\ford, and at the Temple, was an otticer in the parliamentary army, and fought at Edgehill, Newbury, and other places, but when the "self-deny- ing ordinance" took place, he remained out of any ostensible situation, until chosen member for Wiltshire in the .place of his father. At this time the machinations of Cromwell becoming visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with lirmness and openness. To establish a republic, he joined the army against the parliament, and sat also as one of Charles's judges. Nominated general of horse in Ireland, he joined the army under Ireton, and acted with great vigor and ability. When Cromwell was de- clared protector, Ludlow used all his iuUuence with the army against him, on which account he was recalled, and put under arrest; but he avowed his republican principles, and, refusing all Bccurity or engagement for submission, retired .into Essex, where he remained until the death of the protector. When Richard Cromwell succeeded, he joined the army party at Wallingford House, and was instrumental in the restoration of the long parliament, in which he took his seat. The restoration was now rapidW approaching, and finding the republicans unable to resist it, he quitted the country, and proceeded to Geneva, whence he afterwards, with many more fugitive.s of the party, took refuge at Lausanne. After the revolution he ventured to appear in London, which gave such offence, that an address was presented to King William, by the liouse of commons, praying his majesty to issue a proclamation for apprehending him. On this, Ludlow went back to Vevay, in Switzerland, where he d. in 1693. He was one of the purest and most honorable characters on the republican side, free from fanaticism or hypocrisy. His " Memoirs " are interesting, and written in a manly and unatfected style. LULLY, Eatsiond, a distinguished philosopher stice of Pennsylvania, and discharged the duties of this office with impartiality and dignity for 22 years. In 17U9 he was elected a gov- ernor of the state of Pennsylvania. D. 1817. MACKENZIE, Sir Georoe, an inge- nious lawyer and writer, was b. at Dun- dee, 1636 ; became an eminent advocate ; and gained from the covenanters the severe appellation of "bloodtliirsty." When James II. abrogated the Catholic laws he resigned, but was afterwards restored by tliat prince. Not approving the measures of the prince of Orange, he again retired and went to London, where he d. 1691. He wrote several works of merit on the laws of Scotland; "A Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland," " Essays on Moral Subjects," and some poetical pieces. — Henry, an essayist and elegant writer of works of fiction, was the son of an eminent physician at Edinburgh, and b. in 1745. He received a liberal education ; and, in 1746, became an at- torney in the Scottish court of exche- quer. His first production was "The Man of Feeling," which soon acquired unbounded popularity: this was fol- lowed by "The Man of the World," mac] CYCLOP/EDIA OF DIOGRAPIIV. 605 and he subsequently produced a third, " Julia do Koubifrni'!" lie next, in con- junction with other literary chariictcrs, publislied a series of Essays, under the title of "The Mirror," and afterwards "The Lounj^er." He also contributed many excellent papers to the "Transac- tions of the Royal Society of Edinburtifh and of the Ilifrhland Society," of both of wliioli ho was a member. His dramatic works were by no means so successful : they consist of two trac;edies, "The I'rince of Tunis" and "The Shipwreck," and of two comedies, "The Force of Fashion" and "The White Hypocrite." He was the author of a political tract entitled "An Account of the Proceed- ings of the Parliament of 1784 ;" and at the commencement of the French revo- lution he published several others, with the view of counteractini? the prevalence of democratic principles at home, which introduced him to the notice of Mr. Pitt, and some years after he was appointed comptroller of the taxes for Scotland, an ollice which he held till his death. 1). 18ol. — DoxALD, was b. in Scotland, iu 1783, and at the aj^e of 17 he came over to Canada and joined the Northwest company and continued eii^ht years with them. In 1809 he became one of the partners with the late Jolm Jacob Astor, of New York, in establishing the fur trade west of the Rocky Mountains, and iu company with Mr. Hunt, of St. Louis, he made the overland route to the mouth of the Columbia river, a feat then rarely attempted and full of perils, and remained at Astoria until it was surren- dered by MaeDougall to the British. He converted every thing he could into available funds and carried them safely through a mighty wilderness to Mr. Astor. After the restoration of peace, he exerted himself to secure for the United States the exclusive trade of Oregon, but after a long negotiation with Mr. Astor, and through him with Messrs. Madison, Gallatin, and other leading in- dividuals in and out of oflfice, the matter was abandoned, and Mr. Mackenzie, in March, 1821, joinei.1 the Hudson Bay Company, and was immediately ap- pointed one of the council and chief factor. In August, 1825, he was married to Adelegonde Humbert, (who survives him,) and was shortly afterwards ap- pointed governor. At this time lie resided at Fort Garry, Red River settle- ment, where he continued to reside until 1832 in active and prosperous business, in which he amassed a largo fortune. D. 1851. 51* MACKINTOSH, Sir James, eminent as a jurist, a statesman, and a writer— equally distinguished for his extensive learning, his large views, and his lib- eral i)rinciples in law, politics, and phi- losophy — was descended of an ancient but reduced Scottish family, and b. in the county of Inverness, during 1765. After studying at King's college, Aber- deen, he spent three years at Edinburgh, chiefly in medical studies, and received a degree ; but inclination soon led him to abandon that pursuit. In 1789 we find him in London, where he publish- ed a pamphlet on the regency question, which, on account of the smlden recov- ery of the king, attracted little notice. A visit to the Continent, at that inter- esting period, contributed to excite his sympatliies for the French, and he pub- lished a reply to the celebrated " Reflec- tions" of Burke, under the title of " Vindicire Galliea;," or Defence of the French Revolution, 1792, a work which laid the foundation of his fl^mc, and ac- quired for him the friendship both of Fox and his great antagonist. About this time he entered himself as a ftu- dent of Lincoln's Inn, was soon cJled to the bar by that society, and com- menced the practice of the law. Having obtained permission, thouirh not with- out some difheulty, to deliver a course of lectures in the hall of Lincoln's Inn, on the law of nations, he published his introductory lecture, under the title of a " Discourse' on the Law of Nature and Nations." The ability w'hich it dis- played, obtained him a large audience, including some of the most distincruish- ed men of the country. On the trial of Peltier for a libel against Bonaparte, (then first consul of" France,) the de- lence was conducted by Mr. Mackin- tosh, as sole counsel, in a most brilliant speech, which at once established his reputation as an advocate and an orator. The recordership of Bombay, with the dignity of knighthood, was soon after conferred on him, and, besides the dis- charge of the duties of his office, the nine years which he spent iu India were marked by his exertions in the amelio- ration of the criminal law, the tounda- tion of the Literary Society in Bombay, and his valuable communications to tho " Asiatic Resrister." Soon after his re- turn to England, Sir James was return- ed a member of the house of commons for the county of Nairn, in Scotland, 1813, and sat subsequently for the bor- ough of Knaresborough, in Yorkshire, under the influence of the late Earl 606 CYCLOl'.EUIA OF JJIOGRAPIIY. [mao Fitzwilliara. He soon took his stand among the first parliamentary speakers, and there are tow instauees in which liner reasoninir, or deeper learning' in the history of nations, and tlie influ- ence of human laws upon the feelings, passions, and interests of the human race, have been sustained, developed, and enforced by a more manly and vig- orous eloquence. His greatest efforts were directed to the amendment of the criminal code, which had been under- taken by Sir Samuel Komilly, and was taken up as a solenni bequest by his friend and representative. His "Histo- ry of P^ngland" is not a detailed narra- tive of events, but a rapid, yet clear, profound, and philosophic view of the state of the progress of society, law, government, and civilization, in which the lessons of experience, the character of men and events, the circumstances which have promoted, retarded, modi- fied the social and political improve- ment of the English nation, are unfold- ed and judged with the acuteness of a philosopher, and the wisdom of a prac- tical statesman. His style is simple, clear, graceful, and elegant, and often rises to eloquence, when the historian traces out the growth of liberty, and the influence of generous institutions. This admirable man died, to the deep regret of his country. May 30th, 1832, having closed his public labors, the year before, by a brilliant speech in favor of reform. MACKLIN, CiiAKLEs, a celebrated veteran actor and dramatist, whose real name was Mac Laughlin, was b. in the county of Westmeath, Ireland, in 1690. He appeared as a performer at the thea- tre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1725 ; but it was not till 1741 that he estab- lished his reputation as an actor, by his admirable and still unrivalled perform- ance of Sliylock. He continued on the stage nntil 1789 ; but, during the last years of his life, his understanding be- came impaired, and he d. 1797, at the patriarchal age of 107. His " Man of the World," a comedy, exposes mean- ness, sycophancy, and political servility, with considerable skill; and his "Love a la Mode," a very popular farce, also attests the talents of its author. MACKNIGHT, Jamks, a learned Scottish divine, was b. in 1721, at Ir- vine, in Argyicshirc, and was ordained minister of Maybole, where he com- posed his " Harmony of the (Jospels," and liis " New Translation of the Hpis- tles." la 17G3 he became one of tlic ministers of Edinburgh, and was em- ployed nearly 30 years in the execution of his last and greatest work, viz. : "New Translation from the Greek of all the Apostolical Epistles," with com- mentaries and notes. D. 1800. MACLAINE, Archibald, a learned divine, b. at Monaghan, in Ireland, where his father was a dissenting min- ister, is advantageously known by his " Letters to Soame Jenyns, on his View of the Internal Evidence of Christiani- ty," a translation of Moshcim's "Eccle- siastical History," and a volume of miscellaneous sermons. D. 1804. MACLAUEIN, Colix, an eminent mathematician, who was b. at Kilmod- dan, in Scotland, in 1698. In 1717 he obtained the mathematical professor- ship in the Marischal college of Aber- deen, and in 1725 was elected professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1734 he entered the lists against Berkeley, which produced his excellent " Treatise on Fluxions." He also wrote several papers in the "Philosophical Transac- tions," a treatise entitled " Geometria Organica," another on " Algebra," and "An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries." In the re- bellion of 1745 he took so active a part in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the Pretender approached with his forces, Mr. Maelaurin deemed it prudent to re- tire to York, where he was entertained by Archbishop Herring, in whose pal- ace he d. 1746. — John, Lord Dreghorn, son of the preceding, was b. at Edin- burgh, in 1734 ; was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates: and in 1787 was raised to the bench by the title of Lord Dreghorn. His works are, "An Essay on Literary Property," "A Col- lection of Criminal Cases," and an "Es- say on Patronage." D. 1796. MACLEAN, Letitia Elizabeth, bet- ter known as Miss Landox, or L. E. L., a celebrated English poetess, was b. in Hans-place, Chelsea, 1802. At a very early age, she attracted the notice of the reading public by her spirited short poems, publislied in the " Literary Ga- zette." Her short(!r compositions, in the shape of contributions to the peri- odicals, are almost innumerable. In addition to those, she published " The Imiirovisatrice," "The Troubadour," "The Golden Violet," "The Golden Bracelet," and the " Vow of the Pea- cock," all in verse ; and three prose novels, "Romance and Reality," "Fran- ccsca Carrara," and " Ethel Chnrchill." In June, 1838, she was married to George Maclean, esq., governor of Cape mac] CYCLOlMiUIA OK lilOUKAlMIV. 007 Coast castle, and proceeded thither with him. Kciii!; niiich afllietcd witli spasms, she was in tl>e lialiit ot' taking' a power- ful medioiue, and lier cU^atli is attributed to her havin? incauiiously taken an over- dose. U. 1838. — John, was the son of an eminent surtreon of tlie same name, in the city of Glasirow, Scoth;nd, where lie was b. 1771. After pursuinsr his lit- erary, philosophical, and medical studies successively at Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, and Paris, he commenced the practice of surg^ery at Glasgow, in 17'.U. in 17'J5 he came to America, and in the same year was appointed professor of chemistry and natural history in the college of New Jersey, at I'rinceton. Two years afterwards he was cho.sen l)rofessor of natural philosophy and mathematics in the same institution, the duties of which oflico he continued to discharge with great reputation to himself, and advantage to tlie college, nntil tlie year 1812, when he resigned his ofliec at Princeton, in consequence of lieing appointed professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in the college of William and Mary, in Virginia. D. 18U. MACNALLY, Leonard, a lawyer and dramatist, was b. in Dul)lin, in 1752, and afier studying at the Middle Temple, was called to the Irish bar in 177G. He was the autlior of "The Kules of Evi- dence," and "The Irish Justice of the Peace." His theatrical productions are, " Fashionable Levities," a comedy ; " Richard Cceur do Lion," an opera ; "Robin Hood, or Sherwood Forest," a comic opera; and "Retaliation," a taree. D. 1820. MACNEVIN, William James, was b. at Ballynahowne, Ireland, in 1763, edu- cated in Germany, and practised medi- cine in Dublin. lie early took part in the Irish affitations of 17'JI, was a mem- ber of the secret society of United Irish- nien, and in 17'JS was arrested for plot- ting against the British government, lie was imprisoned for four years, and on his release travelled in Switzerland, of which ho wrote an account, and final- ly entered the French army, as a captain in tiie Irish brijade. But disappointed in not having been sent to Irelaml, ho came to this country in 1805, when ho was appointed professor of midwifery in tlic college of physicians and surgeons, and afterwards resident physician by Governor Clinton. He puljlished sev- eral professional works, and was greatly esteemed. D. IStl. MACNISH, Robert, known as " the modern Pythagorean," (the name af- fixed to most of his contributions to diifcrent magazines,) was b. in Glas- gow, 1802. Though enjoying consid- erable practice as a physician, lie found leisure to engage in literary pursuits: and lii.s " Anatomy of Drunkenness," "Philosophy of Sleep," "Metempsy- chosis," fid " Book of Aphorisms," have gaincvi for him a high place among the most thoughtful writers of his age. D. 18:^.7. MACOMB, Alexander, a major-gen- eral of the United States army, was b. at Detroit in 1782, entered the army in 1709, and became a major in 1803. Ho was a colonel during the war of 1812, and distinguished himself at Niagara and Fort George. In 1814 he was pro- moted to the rank of brigadier-general, and commanded at the battle of Platts- burg, where he obtained a signal vic- tory, in connection with Macdonough on lake Champlain. In 1835 he suc- ceeded to the office of commander-in- chief of the army. D. 1841. MACON, Nat'uaniei,, long a distin- guished member of congress from North Carolina. He was elected a member of the 2d congress in 1791, and continued a member of the house till 1815, when he was transferred to the senate, of which he continued a member till 1828, when he resigned and retired to private life ; having been 37 years a member of the house or senate, a longer period than any other man ; and for several years what is called the father of the liouse. He was speaker of the liouse of representatives in the 7th, 8th, and 9th congress. " During the long, and through all the exciting periods of his public life," says the W arrcnton Re- porter, " though always a conspicuous party man, no one of any party ever questioned his integrity, or the purity of his motives ; and he has descended to the grave full of years and with uni- versal respect." He was the bosom friend of Jetferson and Madison, and other illustrious patriots. MACPHERSON, James, a writer dis- tinguished for his translations or imita- tions of ancient Gaelic poems, was b. at Kingeusie, in Inverness, in 1738. Hav- ing, in 171)0, produced " Fragments of Ancient Poetry, translated from the Gaelic or Erse Language," they were so well received, that a subscription wa.s formed to enable the author to collect additional specimens of national poetry Tlie result of his researches was " Fin gal, an Ancient Epic Poem, in six 608 CVCLOP-KDI.V OF BIOGRAPIIV. [mad boobs," together with several other poems (professedly translated from ori- ginals), by Ossian, the son of Fingal, a Gaelic prince of tlie 3d century, and his cotemporaries. l)r. Johnson treated him as an impostor, and a violent con- troversy ensued concerning their au- thenticity. From tlie evidence of tlie contending parties, it may be concluded tliat Macphcrson's prose epics were founded on traditional narratives cur- rent among the Highlanders; but the date of the oldest of their lays is coni- parati\oly modern ; and it is now im- possible to ascertain the precise extent of his obligations to the Gaelic bards of former ages. In 1764 he accompanied Governor Johnstone to Florida, as secre- tary. Alter his return he translated tile Iliad into Ossianic prose ; wrote a " History of Great Britain, from the Restoration to tlie Accession of the House of Hanover ;" and also employed his pen in vindicating the measures of fovernmeut during tlie American war. le was afterwards appointed agent to tlie nabob of Arcot, became a member of parliament, and d. 1796. MAUQUEli, Peter Joseph, an emi- nent chemist, b. at Paris, in 1718. He wrote in the "Journal des Savans," from 176S to 1776, the articles relating to natural philosophy, medicine, chem- istry, anatomy, &c. ; and published " Elemens de Chimie," &c. I). 1784. — Philip, his brother, was the author of an " Ecclesiastical History," and sev- eral other historical works. D. 1770. MACKOBIUS, AuRELius Ambrosius Theodosius, a Latin autlior, in the reign of the emperor Theodosius. He held the consular dignity ; and was the au- thor of a miscellaneous work, entitled "Saturnalia," curious for its criticisms, and valuable for the light it throws upon the manners and customs of anti- quity. He wrote otlier works, and d. about the year 420. MADDE.V, Samuel, an Irish clergy- man, b. 1687, and educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where he introduced tlic scheme for promoting learning by premiums at the quarterly examinations. In 1732 he published the first volume of "Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, or Original Letters of State under George V'l." He founded a society at Dublin for the improvement of the arts, in 1740, similar to that which was after- wards established in London. In 1744 he published "Boulter's Monument," a poem ; anoctrines of the Atonement and Sacrilice," a work directed against the tenets of the 610 CYCLOP.EDTA OF BIOGRAPHY. [maii Unitarians, and written witl) peculiar force. In 181S he was advanceil to the deanery of Cork; in ISl'J lie was conse- crated bishop of Raphoe ; and, in 1S2'2, translated to the see of Dublin. D. 18:il, asod 60. MAGELLAN, or MAGALHAENS, Ferdinand, a celebrated Portusruese navigator, who, in 1519, discovered and Easscd the straits which have since een called by liis name. His services not boinj,' valued by his own country, he ottered them to tJharles V. of Spain, who intrusted him with a fleet destined to attempt a westward passage to the Moluccas ; hence his discovery. He was slaiu in 1521 in a skirmish with the natives of one of the Philippine islands. MAGEOGliEGAN, James, an Irish priest ; author of an " Ancient and Modern History of Ireland." B. 1702 ; d. 1764. MAGGI, Carlo Maria, an Italian poet, b. at Milan in 1630, was secretary to the senate of his native city, and d. there in 1690. His sonnets are much admired, and some of them have been translated into English. MAGINN, William, one of most fertile and versatile writers of inodern times, was b. at Cork in 1793. He vis- ited London for the first time in 1823, and settling there, wrote much, and for a variety of works. Besides the harass- ing demands upon him as a periodical contributor, he at this time wrote the singular and striking romance entitled " Whitehall." About the year 1823, he became sub-editor of tlie "Standard." He also contributed immensely to the well known Eraser's Magazine and to Blackwood. He wrote a caustic and powerful review of a " fashionable" novel, entitled " Be rkely Castle." The author took offence, and in company •with a friend, committed a most merci- less assault upon Mr. Eraser. Aroused by this ill-treatment of his friend and publisher. Dr. Maginn instantly offered the offended author satisfaction, and a hostile meeting accordingly took place : place. , but it The duel proved a bloodless one Wius very near having a different result, the doctor Ijeing hit on the heel of his boot, and his opponent on the collar of his coat. To vast learninjr, eloquence, fancy, and wit, the doctor added a boy- ish good-)iutnor and joviality. D. 1842. MAGLIABECin, Antonio, a learned critic, whose eccentric habits were al- most as extraordinary as his varied erudition, was b. at Elorence in 1633. Ue was placed, when a boy, as servant to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say, with a goldsmith, in which situation ho discovered sucli a propensity to letters, that a bookseller took him into his em- ployment, where his talents and mem- ory made him so much talked of, that the grand-duke, Cosmo 111., appointed him his librarian. His attention was wholly absorbed by his books ; among them he took his rest and meals, nor could he be persuaded to leave his old apartment for one more commodious which the duke had provided for him. A threadbare cloak served him for a garment by day, and a covering by night ; he had one straw chair for his table, another to sleep on, and the only luxury in which he indulged was smo- king. He left no literary work deserv- ing of particular notice ; but he freely aftorded information to those authors who sought his advice or assistance. D. 1714. MAGNENTIUS, a German, who rose, from being a private soldier, to the first employments in the empire. The em- peror Constans had a great esteem for him, and in a mutiny among the troops delivered him from the fury of the soldiers by covering him with his robe. Magnentius murdered his benefactor in 3.50, and assumed the title of emperor ; but Constantius II. avenged the death of his brother, and after a bloody battle took M:if,'nentius prisoner, and put him to death at I-vous in 353. MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, the founder of a religion which has spread over a considerable portion of the globe, was b. in 570 at Mecca, a city of Arabia, of the noble family of Koreish. Losing his father in his infancy, the guardian- ship of him devolved on his uncle Abu Tiileb, who employed him to go with his caravans from Mecca to Damascus. In this employment ho continued till he was 28 years of age, when he married Khadijali, a rich widow. Ilccontiiined to act for some time as a merchant ; but a disposition to religious contemiilation seems to have attended him from liis early youth ; and having remarked on his "travels the infinite variety of sects which prevailed, he formed the design of founding a new one. He accordingly spent much of his time in a cave near Mecca, seemingly alone and employed in meditation and prayer. While there he framed the celebrated "Koran," or "Book," which he pretended to have received at different times from heaven by the hands of the angel Gabriel. At the nfe of 40 he publicly assumed the MAl] CVCI.OP.EDIA OF niOGKAPIIY. 611 ])rop'hcticnl cliaracter, e;i]liiipr himself the apostle of God. At first he had only his wife and eight other followers ; but ill three years the nmubcr of his disciples was very considerably awa;- niented. In the tenth year of his mis- sion lie lost both Abu Taleb and his faithful wife Khadijah, whieli so exposed him to the emnity of the Koreisliitcs, that he found it necessary to make a temporary retreat to the city of Tayef. Tlie fundamental doctrine inculcated in the Koran was, " There is but one God, and Mahomet is liis prophet." His ])roselytes rapidly increased ; and as tliey swore fidelity to him, and proll'cred him their assistance, he adopted the resolution of encountering his enemies witli force. Being the more exasperated at this, they formed a conspiracy to murder him ; warned of the imminent danger, lie left Mecca, accompanied only by Abubeker, and concealed him- self in a neifrhborinor cave. Here he spent three days undiscovered, after which he arrivecl at Medina. It is from this event, called the Ilesrira, or Flitrht, that the Mussulmans compute their time ; it corresponds with the IGtli of June, 622. Mahomet now assumed the sacerdotal and repral di)lished tiie post in France, sent him word that he would have him thrown into the Seine. " The king is master," he replied; "but tell him that I shall get to neaven by water sooner than be will by his post horses." D. 1502. MAILLE, duchess of, lady of the bed- chamber to Marie Antoinette, who twice escaped the guillotine by singular con- tingencies. On the 7th "of July, 1794, a lady named Maillet, detained in St. La- zare, was executed by Kobespierre's revolutionary tribunal, "by mistake, in her place ; on the 8th she was sum- moned ; but having remarked to the huissicr that there was a mistake in the register of her baptismal name, a delay occurred, in order to sec her sisff'-in- law on the subject; but the latter i cing seized with convulsions, the examina- tion was delayed till the 10th, durinir which interval Kobespierre was himself guillotined, and the duchess escaped. M.VILLET, Bknkdict de, a whimsical but ingenious French writer, b. at Lor- raine, in 1659. He successively became consul at Egypt and Leghorn, "and d. in 1738. His principal work, " Telliamed," (his name reversed,) contains a singular system of cosmogony, in which he main- tains that all the la"nd of the globe was originally covered with water, and that every species of animal, man included, owes its origin to the sea. MAILLY, JoHx Baptist, a French historical writer, b. in 1744, at Dijon; of the academy of which place he became a member, and where he d. in 1794. His princinal works are, "L'Esprit do la Fronde," " L'Esprit des Croisades," and " Fastes Juifs, llomaines, et Fran- cais." — Antoine. b. in 1775, was an en- thusiastic French revolutionist, though a noble; and editor of the famous " Bouelie de Fer." He and his brother, Mincrve, were treacherously seized and beheaded, and their bodies thrown into the sea, at the siege of Acre, by Ujezzar Pacha. MAIMONIDES, or BEN MAIMON, Moses, one of the most celebrated of the Jewish rabbis, called by the Jews the "eagle of the doctors," "and the "lamp of Israel," was b. 1131, at Cordova: was profoundly versed in all the learning of the age, became chief physician to the sultan of Ei^ypt, and d. 1204. His works are, the "Mischna Tcrah," the "More Nevochim," and the "Poni' 612 CYCLOP-EDIA OF DIOGRAPHV. [mal schim." The first is a^ode of the Jew- isli law; the second, which was orii^i- nally written iii Arabic, is an explana- tion of obscure places in Scripture; and the last consists of commentaries on the llishna. :MAIXTEN0N, Frances d'Aubigne, marchioness of, who rose to share the tlirone of France, was b. in the prison of Niort, where her father, Constans d'Aubigne, was confined in lfi35. On his release he went with his fiiuiily to Martinico, and d. there in 1G46, leaving his widow so poor, that she returned to Europe without this child, who was sent after her to France, and there taken under the protection of her aunt, Ma- dame Villette, who brought her up in the Protestant persuasion; from which, owing to the interference of her mother, a strict Catholic, she was afterwards converted. Subsequently being left in very reduced circumstances, she married the celebrated poet and novelist, Scarron. On his death, in 1660, she obtained the continuance of his pension, through the interest of madame de Montespan, who also appointed her governess of the chil- dren which she liad by Louis XIV. This connection brought her merits under the observation of the monarch, ■who increased her pension ; and, in 1679, changed her name to Maintenon, by giving her an estate with that title. Becoming fond of her society, he grad- ually p;issed from intimacy to love ; Montespan was supplanted; and La Chaise, his confessor, having advised him to sanction his wishes by a secret but formal marriage, it was solemnized in 168.'). After her elevation she lived in a sort of retirement from the world. Having founded the school at St. Cyr, fur the education of poor tjirls of good family, she retired to it, after the death of tlie king, and there passed the re- mainder of her life. D. 1719. MAISTKE, JosKPn, count de, a dis- tinguished supporter of absolutism and the [)apacy, was b. at Cliambcry, in Sa- voy, 175.3. Driven by the invasion of the French from liis native country, he took up his residence at St. Petersburg, where he remained till the final fall of Napoleon permitted him to return to France, ana thence to Piedmont, where he became minister of state, in 1818. His literary career be^an in 1796, with his work entitled " Coiisidi'rations .sur la France," in which he combated the revolutionary doctrines then in voirue. la 1810 appeared his " Essai sur le Prin- cipe G^udrateur dcs Institutiona Poli- tiques ;" and ten years later he published his most celebrated work, "Du Pape," which may be regarded as tlie oest de- fence of papal infallibility that has ap- peared in modern times. Besides these lie wrote " Soirees de Saint Petersburg," and " Examen Critique de la Philosophie do Bacon," both posthumous publica- tions. D. 1821. — Xavier, his younger brother, who repaired also to St. Peters- burg during the revolutionary period, gained great celebrity by his "Voyage autour de ma Chambre, " Le Leprcux de la Cite d'Aoste," "Le Prisonnior du Cauease," and "Prascovie," the last being an interesting narrative of filial devotion on the part of aSibei-ian girl. MAITLAND, Sir Kichard, an early Scottish poet, distinguished also as a lawyer and statesman, was b. in 1496. He held the office of a lord of session, and in that capacity he took the title of Lord Lcthington, from his estate. He was appointed keeper of the privy seal, in the reign of Queen Mary ; which office, as well as his judicial seat he re- signed a few years after, and d. 1586. — • William, of Lcthington, the eldest son of Sir Eichard, was secretary of state to Mary queen of Scots. — John, second son of Sir Kichard, succeeded his fiither in the office of lord privy seal, and lost it through his attachment to the interests of the cjueen. He was afterwards secre- tary to James VL, and at length chan- cellor of Scotland. In 159i.i he was created Lord Maitland, of Thirlstane. Besides his Scottish poetry in the Mait- land collection, he wrote several Latin epigrams, &c. — William, an historian and topographer, was b. about 1693, at Brechin, in Forfarshire. He was, origi- nally, a travelling hair-merchant, but turned his talents to literature, gained a competent fortune, and became a mem- ber of the Koyal and Antiquarian socie- ties. He wrote a "History of London," a "History of Edinburgh," and "The Historv and Antiquities of Scotland." D. 1757. MALACKOWSKI, a noble Pole, b. in 1768. He was a friend of Kosciusko, and one of the victims of the partition- crs of Poland. He was president of the diet from 1788 to 1792, and chief author of the constitution of 1791. MALAPERT, Charles, a poet and mathematician, was b. at Mons, in 1581, became a Jesuit ; and d. in Spain, 1630. MALBONE, EuwARD G., a distin- guished American painter, b. at New- port, R. L, who early displayed a re- markable taste for art, and obtained mal] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 01 a grtat reputation at Boston, Philadel- pliia, ('liarleston, New York, and Lon- don. D. Iw7. MALCOLM, J MIES Peller, an artist and antiquary, was a native of America, studied painting: in England, and event- nally became an engraver. He was the author of " Londinium Eedivivum," " Anecdotes of the Manners and Cus- toms of London," " First Impressions," &c. D. 1815. — Sir John, a distiuguisiied military officer and diiilomatist,' was b. near Langhohn, Scotland, in 17(59. At the age of 14 he went out as a cadet to India. The first service of any import- ance in wliicli he was engaged, was the siege of Seringapatam, in 179-2, where he attracted the notice of Lord Corn- wallis. In 1S04 he concluded a treaty of alliance with Dowlah Eao Scindia ; and continued to display great judgment as the diplomatic agent of the British government in India for several subse- quent j-ears. In 1827 he accepted the situation of governor of Bombay, which post he continued to fill till isil, when he returned to England, and sat in par- liament for the borough of Launccstou. As an author. Sir John Malcolm also attained considerable celebrity, as may be seen in his " History of Persia,'' " Sketches of Persia," " Memoirs of Central India," " The Administration of British India," &c. D. 1833. M ALEBK ANCIIE, Nicholas, aFrench priest and celebrated philosopher, was D. at Paris, in 1G38 ; and at the age of 22, being determined to embrace the monastic life, was admitted into the congregation of the Oratory. His atten- tion was first directed to metaphysics by perusing Descartes' " Treatise on Man," and he immediately became a devoted partisan of the Cartesian phi- losophy. His tinnous treatise " On the Search after Truth," was first printed in 1673, and is principally distinguished by the maintenance of a mysterious union between God and the soul of man, and the doctrine that the human mind immediately perceives God, and sees all things in him. Malebranehe also wrote several other works, among which are, a " Treatise on Nature and Grace," "Christian Conversations," and "Dialog'ues on Metaphysics and Eeli- gion." lie was highly venerated for liis elevated genius, and iiothing could bo more amiable and simple than his con- versation and manners. ]). 1715. MALKSIIEKBES, Cniiisri.vN William DE Lamoiqnon de all eminent French statesman, was b. at Paris, in 1721. He 59 succeeded his father as nrcsident of tho court of aids; besides which he liafl tho superintendence of the press, in which othce he acted with great lenity. In 1771, on the abolition of the legal con- stitution, Malesherbes was banished to his country seat ; but he was recalled three years afterwards, and made min- ister of state, which post he soon re- signed, and then went to Switzerland. In 1786 he was again called to the coun- cils of his sovereign, Louis XVI., when ho drew up two memoirs, " On the Ca- lamities of France, and the Means of repairing them ;" but his advice was rejected, and he retired to his country house, where he employed himself in agricultural pursuits. He however has- tened, of his own accord, to plead the cause of liis sovereign in 17'J2; and he was one of the last who took leave of him before his execution. This attach- ment to a fallen master excited the jeal- ousy of the French rulers, and caused his destruction. Shortly after his return home, his daughter, madame de Eo- sambo, and her husband were arrested, and conducted to Paris ; and his own arrest, with that of his grandchildren, soon followed. Almost his whole family were extirpated by the merciless pro- scription of his persecutors. Males- herbes was beheaded, April 22, 1794. MALIIEEBE, Fkancis de, a French poet, was b. at Caen, about 1555 ; bore arms in the troops of the League, was pensioned by Henry IV., and d. in 1628. His works consist of paraphrases on the psalms, sonnets, odes, and epigrams. He also translated some of Seneca's let- ters ; and may be considered as one of the tirst who gave to French poetry its polish and retjularitv. MALIBEAN DE BEEIOT, ^Iaiua Felicit.vs, a celebrated vocal performer, was the eldest daughter of Manuel Gar- cia, a well-known tenor singer of the Italian opera, and was b. in Paris, in 1808. At the early age of 16, she made her debut as prima donna at the opera. This was in 1825. During the Ibllowing year she accompanied her father to this country, where lier union with M. Mali- bran, an elderly French merchant, took place. Shortly after their marriage, lier husband failed, and was throwH into prison ; and Madame Malibran, believing she had been deceived, separated from him, and voluntarily giving into the hands of his creditors her marriage set- tlement, returned to Europe. Intense study, tho love of her art, and the mo- tives she had for exertion, had already (514 (Yt'l.OP.lSDIA OF RIOGRAPHY, [mal made her a performer of niiri vailed ex- cellence. In March, Ifi-^ij, Ma lame Mal- libran tlien in Paris, liavinir been freed, by the French courts, from the bondajre of her union witii Monsieur Malibran, was married to Monsieur de Beriot, a BelgiaOj whose extraordinary ability as a violinist had placed him in the hitrfiest rank of his profession. In May follow- ing, she resumed her English perform- ances at Drury-lane theatre ; and, at the close of the season, she accompanied her husband to Brussels, and other cities on the Continent. But the end of lier career was fast approaching. Having been engaged for the Manches- ter grand musical festival, she arrived in that town on the 11th of September, and, though evidently indisposed, com- mence 1 her arduous'task the next day. Her illness rapidly increased ; and, though she endeavored to conceal it, by sustaining her part with tiie apparent vigor of health and unusual energy, she sank under the effort. On Wednesday, the 14th, her last notes in public were heard, in the duet, " Vanne se alberghi in petto," from " Andronieo," with Madame Caradori Allan. D. Sept. 23d. MALLET, David, wliose real name was Malloch, a poet and miscellaneous writer, was b. about 1700, at Grief, in Perthsliire. His first publication was the ballad of " William and .Margaret," which wa.s followed by "The Excur- sion," a poem, and, in 1731, he pro- duced the tragedy of " Eurydice." Soon after this, he formed an acquaint- ance with Pope, who introduced him to Bolingbroke, and about the same time he was appointed under-secretary to the prince of Wales. In 1739 his play of '"Mnstapha" was performed with success, ana the next year he wrote, in conjunction with Thomson, the mascjue of " Alfred." lie also published a " Life of Lord Bacon," and the works of Bolingbroke, who left them to him as a legacy, and in whose skepticism he participated. D. 176o. — Paul Henry, an historian and antiquary, was b. at Geneva, in 1730; was successively pro- fessor of belles lettres at Copenhagen and at Geneva. Being deprived of his fortune during the first revolutionary war, he for some time received pensions from the landgrave of Ilesse and the duke of Brunswick, of which he was deprived by the late war. His merit as an antiquary was very great. Among hia works are. Histories of "Denmark," "Hesse," "the Swiss," "the Ilanseatic League," and "the House of Bruns- wick," and an "Introduction to the History of Denmark," which Dr. Percy translated, under tlie title of " Northern Antiquities." D. 1807. MALMESBUKY, William of, an English historian, who flourished in the 12th century, was b. in Somersetshire, educated at Oxford, became a monk of Malmesbury, and was elected librarian of the monastery. Ilis "De Kegibus Anglorum" is a general history of En- gland, from the arrival of the Saxons, in 449, to the 26th Henry I., in 1126. He also wrote a "History of his Own Times," from that year to the escape of the Empress Maud from Oxford, in 1143 ; an " Ecclesiastical History of England," "The Antiquities of "Glas- tonbury," and a " Life of St. Aldhelm." D. 1143. —.James Harris, earl of, a dis- tinguished diplomatist, the only son of the author of " Hermes," was b. at Salisbury, 1746. He commenced his diplomatic career as secretary of em- bassy ^t Madrid, in 1767. Here he dis- played such talent aud firmness in conducting the management of the- transfer of the Falkland Islands to Great Britain, that he was appointed minister at the court of Berlin; and from this period, with few interrup- tions, down to the close of the century, he bore a large share in all the great diplomatic transactions of the time. D. 1820. MALONE, Edmund, a dramatic critic and miscellaneous writer, was the son of an Irisii judge, and b. at Dublin, in 1741. He studied at Trinity college and the Inner Temple, and in 1767 was called to the bar, but being possessed of an independent fortune, he retired from the profession, and devoted him- self to literature. In 1780 he published two supplementary volumes to Stee- vens's Shakspeare, and a detection of Chattcrton's forgeries. In 1790 ap- peared his editionof Shakspeare, and in 179.5 he exposed the imposture of the Irelands. He also published a "Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds," prefi.xed to his writings; a "Life of Dryden," and a " Biographical Sketch of the Right Hon. AVilliam Wyndham." D. 1812. MALPIGHI, Marcellus, an eminent Italian physician and anatomist. His discoveries in anatomy were consider- able, particularly respecting the liver and kidneys, but liis merit is still higher as a veyetable anatomist and physiol- ogist. B. 1628: d. 1694. MALTE-BRUN, Conrad, a poet, ge- ographer, and political writer, was b. in man] CYCLOP^KDIA OF lilOGRAPIlV. 615 1775, at Thyo, in the islo of Jutland. Ilaviiiif j,'ivi;ii offence by liis writin;^s in tUvor of the liberty of the press, ;uid the cnfruuehisenieiit of the peawants, he was banished to Sweden in 17',)0. After having resided for a time at Stockhohn, he went to Paris, wliere he acquired great reputation, particularly as a geog- rapher. Jle edited the ibreign political department of tiie "Journal des De- bats," was a contributor to tiie "Bi- ographic Uiiiverselle," and produced various works; among these are his " Precis do la Geographic Universelle," "Tableau de la Pologne Ancienne et Modcrue," " Poems," &e. lie also pub- lished, in coujunction with Meulelle, " Gcograpliie Mathematique, Pliysique, et Politique." D. 182G. MALTHUS, Thomas Robert, author of a famous, or perhaps some would liave us say, an infamous " Essay on Population," full of learning and ability, was b. in Albury, Surrey, in 17(56, and educated at Cambridtre. lie was ap- pointed professor of history and political economy in tlie college of the East India Company at Ilaileybury, and continued to hold that situation till his deatl;. Ills system is founded on the hypotliesis, that population increases in a geomet- rical, wliile provisions only increase in an aritlimetical, ratio. I). iS4G. MALUS, Stkphen Louis, a French mathematician and experimental philos- opher, was b. at Paris, in 1775, became a professor in the Polytechnic school, and subsequently served as an officer of engineers, on the Rhine, in 171)7, and under Bonaparte in Egypt, where he much distinguished himself. After this he entered on a course of experiments on the phenomena of optics, and ulti- mately discovered the polarization of light. This discovery, the greatest since that of the achromatic telescope, gained liim admission into the institute, he also received the gold medal of the Royal Society, and honors flowed in upon him from all quarters. U. 1S12. MALN ASIA, Charles Cesar, au Italian ecclesiastic, autlior of " A His- tory of the Painters of Bologna," and a work entitled " Marmora Fulsinea." MAMBRUX, Peter, a French Jesuit, was b. in the diocese of Clermont, 1581, and d. 16(51. He is celebrated for his Latin " Eclogues," and " Georgies." MAN, CoRNELifs DE, a Dutch liis- torical and portrait painter. B. 1021 ; d. 1706. MANCO CAPAC, the founder of the Peruvian empire, and the first of its incas, reigned, as is supposed, about 4i)<) years before the Spanish invasion in 1532. According to the tradition of the natives, he first appeared with Mama Oella his wife, and sister, in an island of the lake Titicana, and declared them- selves to be children of tlie sun, sent down to civilize them. He is said to have instructed the natives in religion, agriculture, and the useful arts ; to have founded Cuzco, and to have ruleil long and prosperously over a grateful people. It is probable he was a stranger from some civilized land, who suddenly ap- peared in Peru, and e; ijjloycd religion 111 order to procure an ascendency, whicli enabled him to form a regular government. MANDEVILLE, Sir John, an English traveller, was b. at St. Alban's, about the beginning of the 14th century ; left his native country in 1332, to proceed on his peregrinations ; spent 34 years in visiting various countries; and on his return, published an account of his travels ; but the wonders he describes have thrown such an air of improbabil- ity over his narrative, as to stagger the belief of the most ci'cdulous. D. 1372. — Bernard, a Dutch pliysician, was b. at Dort, about 1670. He settled in London at the beginning of tlie ISth centuiy, and publislied, in 1709, a licentious book, entitled "The Virgin Unmasked." In 1711 appeared liis treatise on " Hypo- chondria and Hysteric Passions ;" but the work by which he is most known is his "Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made Public Benefits." He was also the author of " An Inquiry into the Origin of Honor," "Free Thoughts on RelL gion," &c. D. 1733. MANES, or MANICH.EUS, the founder of a Christian sect, called, after liim, Manichffians, was a native of Per- sia, and b. about the year 239. He ob- tained the tenets, which made his name famous, from the books of Scythianus, an Arabian, who maintained two co- eteriiul principles, one good and the other evil. Upon this stock. Manes set up as an hercsiarch, blending with the pnilosophy of Scythianus, or rather of Empedocles, some notions, partlv Ciiris- tian, and partly heathen. He rejected the Old Testament, and tausht tliat Christ liad come to save niankiml, and that he liiinself was the Paraclete announced in the New Testament. He also pre- tended to thcirift of healing; but failing to cure the son of the king of Persi.i, ho was flayed alive, and his body given to the dogs, A. D. 278. 616 CYCLOP/EDIA OF RIOCJRAPHV. [man MANETHO, ftu ancient Egyptian his- torian, who was hiirli priest oflleliopoHs, m the reign of Ptolemy rhihidelphus, about 804 b. c. He wrote tlie history of his country in Oreelv, and pretended to have talvcn it from the sacred inscrip- vions ou tlie pilhirs of Hermes Trisme- gistiis. MANFREDI, Eustachio, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, b. at Bo- logna, in 1674. He was appointed pro- fessor of mathematics in 169S; pUiced at tlie licad of the college of Montalto, in 1704; and afterwards nominated astron- omer to tlie Institute of Bologna. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and of the Royal Society of London. D. 1739. MANILIUS, Marcus, a Eoman poet, who tkiurished in the Augustan age. He undertook a didactic poem, of which we have but live books, entitled "As- tronoiniea." MANLEY, De la Eevtere, was the daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor of (rucrnsey, a gentleman who suft'ered mucli for his adherence to Charles I., and also distinguished himself as a writer. She was left to the care of a cousin, who seduced her under the mask of a pretended marriage, and then abandoned lier. Being thus dependent ou her own exertions for support, she became a dramatic and political writer. Her first effort was "The Royal Mis- tress," a tragedy, which was successful. She then composed "The New Atalan- tes,"' in which, under feigned names, and with much warmth and freedom, she relates the amours and adventures, real and supposed, of many distinguish- ed persons of the day. For the libels contained in this work she was commit- ted to the custody of a messenger, but afterward-s admitted to bail ; and a tory administration succeeding, she lived in high reputation and gayety. She was also euiploycd in writing for tiueen Anne's ministry; and when Swift rc- lin((uislied the " Examiner," slie contin- ued it for a considerable time with great spirit. Besides the works before men- tioned, she wrote " Lucius," a tragedy; "The Lost Lover," a comedy; "Me- moirs of Europe towards the close of the Eighteenth t-V-ntury," "Court In- trigues," "Adventures of Rivelle," &c. 1). 1721. M.VXLY, JoriN, a captain in <^\\(i navy of the United Slates, received a navnl connni.-sion from Washington, in 177.'3. Invested with the command of the schooner Lee, he kept the hazardous station of Massachusetts bay, during a most tempestuous season, and the cap- tures which he made were of immense vakie at the moment. An ordnance brig, which fell into his hands, supplied the continental army with heavy pieces, mortars, and working tools, of which it was very destitute, and in the event led to the evacuation of Boston. Being raised to the command of the frigate Hancock, of 32 guns, his capture of the Fox increased his high reputation for bravery and skill. But he was taken prisoner by the Rainbow, .July 8, 1777, and suifered a long and rigorous con- finement on board that ship at Halifax, and in Mill prison, precluded from fur- ther actual ser> ice till near the close of the war. In September, 1782, the Hague frigate was intrusted to his care. A few days after leaving Martinique, he was driven by a British seventy-four on a sand bank at the back of Guadaloupe. Three ships of the line, having joined this ship, came to within point blank shot, and with springs on tlieir cables, opened a most tremendous fire. Hav- ing supported the heavy cannonade for three days, on the fourth day the frigate was got oft', and hoisting the continental standard on the main-top gallant mast, 13 guns were fired in farewell defiance. On his return to Boston a few months afterwards, he was arrested to answer a variety of charges exhibited against him by one of his officers. The proceedings of the court were not altogether in ap- proval of liis conduct. t>. in Boston, 1793, ao-ed .'vj. MANNING, Owen, an English anti- quary and topographer, was a native of Northamptonshire ; was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge ; entered into orders, and became a prebendary of Lincoln, and vicar of Godalming. His principal literary labors are, " Dic- tionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latinum, auctore Edvnrdo Lye, edidit ct auxit O. M.," and tlic " History and Antiqui- ties ofSurrev;" published posthumous- ly, by Mr. Bray. D. ISOl. MANSART, Francis, a French arch- itect; b. 1598; d. lG6t5. He built sev- eral churches, and other publicstruetures at Paris. — Iules-Hurdouin, his nephew, was also an excellent architect, and the superintendent of the royal edifices. He built the palaces of Versailles, Marly, and the Great Trianon ; the Hospital of the Invalides, itc. MANSFIELD, William Murray, earl of, the fourth son of David, Lord Stor- mont, was b. at Perth, ;u Scotland, ia CYCLOl'/EUIA OF BIOGIi AI'll Y. en 1705. He became a student at Lincoln's Ian, and, at'tcv the usual term of [irohu- tiou, was called to the bar, gi'aihially niakiiiij his way to eminence. In 171'2 he was made solicilor-seneral ; two years afterwards he was created chief justice of the King's Bench; and, in 177(5, he a:is advanced to the di<:fnity of an earl )f (ii'eat Dritain. Duriiiif the riots in London. .June, 17S0, his house was at- taciccd by the anti-Catholic mob, and his valuable collection of books and manuscripts full a sacrifice to the fury of the multitude, by whom the mansion was burnt to the ground. He continued Ibr some years longer to exercise his ju- dicial functions, but resigned in 17SS, and passed the renuiinder of his life in retirement. At the connnoncemcnt of the reign of George III., he was assailed with the utmost virulence by jjatriots of tlie day, particularly in the affair of Wilkes; while Junius poured upon him a torrent of inaliirnant slander, which he bore witli dignified silence. As a poli- tician, Lord Mansficli.l inclined to the absurd maxims of toryism, but as a jiulire he was acute, liberal, and disin- terested. D. in 178:3. MANS I, .John Domimc, a learned Italian prelate, and an indefatigable an- ti(juary. was b. at Lucca, in 100-2. He was several years professor of divinity at Naples, and in 1765 was made arch- bishop of Lucca, where he d. in 1769. His principal works arc, a Latin trans- lation of "(Jalmet's History of the Bible," with additions; " De V'eteri et Nova Ecclesiaj Disciplina," "Commentaries on the Bible," an edition of " Baronius"s Annals," another of the "Councils," an edition of " Jilneas Sylvius's Orations," and one of Fabricius's "Bibliotheea La- tina media; et intimaj ^'Etatis." MANT, Eicii.\K[), bishop of Down, Connor, and Dromorc, was b. at South- ampton, where his father was rector of the church of All-Saints, 1776. In 1815 he became rector of St. Hotolph's, Bish- opsgatc-strect, and, tliree years later, vicar of East Horsley, Surrey. In 1820 he was consecrated bishop of Killaloe. and translated to the see of Down and Connor in 1823; the care of the diocese of Dromorc devolving upon him in 1S42, on the death of the last bishop. Dr. Laurie. During his long life. Dr. Mant was constantly engaged in authorship, chiclly on subjects eonnected with his professional du'tics. 1). 18-iS. iMANTK(!N.\, Anuiika, an eminent painter, was b. at I'adua, in 1431 ; and Btudied under Squarcioue. His cliief residence was at Mantua, where lie was much employed in oil and fresco ; but he worked a great deal at Kome, and produced some admired paintings there, lie had great inlluence on the style of his age, and distinguished himself highly ill the art of perspective. D. 1505. MANUEL, Jacques Antoine, one of the most eloquent and intrepid defend- ers of French liberty, was d. in 1775, at Barcelonctte, in the department of the Lower Alps. He entered as a volunteer in one of the battalions of the requisi- tion, in 17!i3, and rose to the raiilc of captain. After the peace of (^ampo Formio, he (juittci the army, studied law, was adnutlod to the bar at Aix, and soon acquired a high reputation for tal- ent. In 1S15 he was elected to the chamber of deputies, which was con- voked by Napoleon, and after the abdi- cation of thnt monarch, strenuously contended for the ri'j:hts of bis son. In 1818 he was elected a member of the chandler of deputies by three depart- ments, and became one of the most formidable opponents of the ministers. He was fervid and ardent in the cause of the party to which he had attached himself; but having used some violent expressions in his first speech, in the session of 1823, on the subject of the Spanish war, his expulsion was loudly demanded ; the result of which was that a body of the gendarmerie was intro- duced to arrest him. Manuel was again chosen to the cliamber of depnties, in 1S24, and d. 1827. MANUTIUS, Aldus, a celebrated Italian printer and author, was b. at Bassano, in 1447 ; became tutor to Al- berto I'io, prince of Carpi ; and in 1483 established a printing office at Venice. He printed numerous valuable editions of Greek and Latin classics ; compiled a Greek and Latin Dictionary and Gram- mar ; and was the inventor of the Italic character, hence called Aldine, for the exclusive use of which, for a term of years, he obtained a patent. D. 1515. — P.\oi.o, son of the preceding, distin- guished as a classical scholar, no less than a printer, was b. at \'enice, in 1512, and d. 1574. — Aldo, the younger, was a son of Paolo, and equally celebrated as his father and grandfather. He was b. in 1547, and d. in 1507 ; and with him expired the glory of the Aldine press. MANVEL, Francis, a celebrated Portuguese lyric poet, b. at Lisbon, in 173 L He was the author of man v odes, and other poems ; was compelled to fly 018 CYCLOP.«DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mar from his country to avoid the Inquisi- tion, and d. at Versailles, in 1S21. .MAIT.ET'JFT, Dr. John, a very learned Euirlish medical and theological writer. E. iOol ; d. 1721. MAKA, Elizabeth, a celebrated pub- lic sinirer, whose maiden name was Solnnelling, was b. in 1750, at Cassel, in Germany. She commenced her musical education by playing on the violin ; but as she grew up, she cultivated her vocal t:ilents, and attained an almost unri- valle 1 deffree of excellence. On Jier arrival at lierlin she sang before Fred- eric the Great, and though he had pre- viously declared that he should as soon expect pleasure from the neighing of a horse as from a German singer, yet he was soon convinced of the e.KCcllcnce of the fair vocalist, whom he put to the test, by selecting the most diflieult airs in his tolleclion, which she executed at siirht, with the utmost facility. She afterwards visited Italy, Switzerland, Eiiirlan. lO-i. MARTIN, AiME, a distinguished French writer and critic, was b. at Ly- ons, 1786. At an early age he repaired to Paris, where he soon gained a liveli- hood by his pen, at one time writing in the columns of the Journal dcs Debats ; at another, editing the works of La Rochefoucauld, Racine, and Fenelon: and lie at last became professor of belles lettres at the Polytechnic school, and librarian at Sainte Genevidve. At once the pupil and friend of Bernard St. Pierre, he collected and published his works, defended his memory from hos- tile attacks, married his widow, and adopted his daughter Virginia. His "Lettres a Sophie sur la Physique, la Cliimie, et I'Histoire Naturell'e,'' were hiirhly popular; and his work on the " Education des Meres de Famille" was crowned by the institute. D. 1847. MARTINE, George, a physician, was b. in Scotland, in 1702 ; took his doctor's degree at Leyden, after which he com- menced practice at St. Andrew's; but, in 1740, he accompanied Lord Cathcart to America, where he d. 1743. He was the autlior of "Tractatus de Similibus Animalibus, et Animalium Colore," and "Essavs, Medical and Pliilosophical." MARTINI, JoHX Baptist, a skilful musical composer, was b. at Bologna, in 1706, and d. 1784. He wrote a " History of Music;" also, an "Essay on Counter- point," &c. He was chapel-master to a convent of Friars Minim ; and from the school of Martini issued some of the finest composers in Italy. — Martin, a Jesuit and missionary of the I7th century, was a native of Trent. He went as a mis- sionary to China, where lie remained many years, and returned to Europe in 1651. The result of his observations are contained in his " Siniciu Historian Decas prima a Gcntis Origine ad Christum na- tum," "China Ulustrata," and "De Bello inter Tartaros et Sinenses." MARTOS, Ivan Petrovitch, an emi- nent Russian sculptor, who was for many years director of the Academy of Fine Arts, St. I'etersburg, d. 1835, aged 82. He had attained the highest excellence in his art, rivalling Canova in his draper- ies, and in subjects of bas-relief being superior to any of his cotemporaries. Among his best works may be reckoned the colossal group in bronze of Minin and Pozharsky, at Moscow ; the Emper- or Alexander, at Taganrog; the duke of Richelieu, at Odessa, &c. CVCLOP/KUIA UF DIOGRAlMiy. ^ Mar] MARTYN, Henry, nu able missionary, •was b. in Cornwall, in 1781 ; was educated nt St. John's eollPire, Canibnd|.'fi ; and in ISO.") went to India us a oliaplain to the East India Company. "SVhen arrived in the East he distinrfuislied himself by his rapid acqnireineut of the native lan- piia<;es, being soon able to translate the Common Prayer into Ilindoostanee, and perform divine service in that laneralitv, talent, and independence. In 1827 lie became secretary for Ireland, but in 1828 lie resigned olfice, and the same yjar he was called iij to the house of lords by the death of his father. On the formation of Lord Grey's adminis- tration in 1830, he was appointed sec- retary of the home department, and in 1834, on the retirement of Lord Grey, succeeded to the premiership. D. 1848. MELCHTHAL, Arnold of, (so called from the place of his residence in the canton of Underwalden,) was the son of a rich farmer, who having been cruelly treated by the governor of the district, under Albert of Austria, Arnold con- spired with two friends, Furst and Slauffarcher, to effect the deliverance of their country, and to the plan which they formed, in 1307, was Switzerland indebted for the restoration of its an- cient freedom. MELEADEZ, Don Juan, an eminent Spanish poet, was b. in 1754, at Riberia. He wrote three volumes of poems, which are distinguished for their graceful har- mony, elegant diction, and rich imagery. He filled some public situations during the rule of Joseph Bonaparte, and left Spain on the retreat of the French. D. 1817. MELEAGER, a Greek_ poet, in the 1st century before the Christian era, was the author of epigrams and other short pieces, which are among the most beau- tiful relics preserved in the Grecian Anthologv. MELLON, Harriet, duchess of St. Alban's, was b. about the year 1775, and was the posthumous daughter of a Mr. Matthew Mellon, who held a commission in the East India Company's service, and whose widow married a Mr. Entwistle, a musician. Mrs. Entwistle, who was an accomplished woman, went on the stage : her husband became leader of the band in various provincial theatres ; and the services of the child, who was destined at a future day to become the duchess of St. Alban's, were put in requisition at a very tender age, in order to augment a scanty and precarious in- come. She passed her childhood in performing such characters as Prince Arthur in King John, the duke of York in Richard the Third, &c. She made her debut at Drury-lane, in January, 1795, as Lydia Languish, in the Rivals. For several years after, Thomas Coutts, a wealthy banker, evinced for her a strong degree of friendship ; and made her his wife almost immediately after the death of his former one, which hap- pened in 1814. In 1822 the venerable banker die 632 cyclop.i:dia of biography. [mer tor of the Conservatorv of Music. D. IS17. :.lKXDEZ-riNTO, Ferdinand, a cel- ebrated traveller, v.'as b. iu Portugal, of • tt rcspeetable family, lie departed for the Indies in l.ijJT, and, on the voyajje, the ship was taken by the Moors, who carried her to Mocha, where he was sold for a slave ; but after some adventures he arrived at Ormus, and afterwards }uirsued his original object. Iu 1558 he returned to liis native country, and pub- lished a very curious, but romantic re- lation of his voyages, which has been translated into French and English. From his excessive credulity, Mendez- Pinto has been classed with Sir John Mandeville ; and for extravagant fictions his name has become a by-word. ^MEXDOZA, John Gonzales, a Span- ish divine, who was sent ambassador to the emperor of China, in 1584: ; and, on his return, became successively bisliop of Lipari, in Italy ; of Cliiapi, in New Spain ; and of Popayan, in the West In- dies. He wrote ''A History of China," in Spanish. MENGS, Antuont Kaphael, who has been called the Kaphael of Germany, was b. at Aussig, in Boiiemia, in 1726. He studied under his father, who was painter to Augustus III., king of Po- land, after which he went to Rome, where he was patronized by Charles 111., king of Spain, for whom he executed a number of pictures. The best of his pieces in England is an altar-piece at All Souls' college, Oxford. Mengs wrote some works on his art, which have been translated into English, and d. at Kome, in 177',). MENNO, SiMONLs, or Simon's son, was tlie founder of tlie sect of Mennon- ites, or Dutch Anabajitists. lie was b. in 14'J6, and was, originalh', a Catholic priest. He maintained tlie necessity of rebaptism in adults ; and denied that Jesus <.'lirist received a human body from the Virgin. A price was set upon his head by Charles v., but he was for- tunate enough to escape. D. at Oldeslo, near Hamburgh, in 1565. MENSCHlk(JFF, Alexander, a cel- ebrated Russian statesman and general, was the son of a peasant, and b. near Moscow, in 1674. 1). 1729. MEKCATOK, Gkiiakd, a mathemati- cian and geographer, b. 1512, at Rupel- monde, in tlie Netherlands. He pub- li-^lied a great number of maps and charts, wliich he engraved and colored liiinself; and is known as the inventor of a method of projection called by his name, in which the meridians and par- allels of latitude cut each other at right angles, and are both represented by straight lines, wliich has the etfect of enlarging the degrees of latitude as they recede from the equator. D. 1594.— Nicholas, an eminent mathematician, was b. at Holstein, about 1640. He set- tled ill England, where he became a fel- low of the Royal Society, and d. about 1690. His works are, "Cosmographia," " Rationcs Mathemnticse," " Hypothesis Astronoinica," " Logarithmotechnia," "Institutionum Astronomicarum," &c. MERCER, Hugh, brigadier-general, was a native of Scotland, and educated for the profession of I'edicine. On his emigration to Americ „ he settled and married in Virginia. He served with Washington in the war against the French and Indians, which terminated in 1763, and was by him greatly es- teemed. He was with Braddock in the campaign of 1785. In the action at Fort Du Quesne he was wounded, and faint with the loss of blood he lay under a fallen tree. One of the pursuing In- dians jumped upon the very tree, but did not discover him. Mercer found a brook at which he refreshed himself. In his hiingor he fed on a rattlesnake, which he had killed. After pursuing his solitary way through a wilderness of one hundred miles, he arrived at Fort Cumberland. At tiie commencement of the revolutionary war he abandoned his extensive medical practice, and en tered the army. He was distinguisJied at the battle of Trenton. In the action near Princeton, Jan. 8, 1777, he com- manded the van of the Americans, com- posed principally of southern militia. While exerting himself to rally them, his horse was killed under him. He was surrounded by some British sol- diers, who refused him quarter, and stabbed him with their bayonets, and bruised his head with the butt-end of their muskets, leaving him on the field as dead. He died from the wounds on his heal, Jan. 19, aged about 56. — John, governor of Maryland, was a soldier of the revolution. In 1782 he was elected a delegate to congress from Virginia; in 1787 he was a member from Maryland of the convention which framed the con- stitution of tlie United States, and also a member of con[rress from Maryland. He was governor from 1801-3. J)'. 1821. MERC IKK, Louis Sebastian, a French writer, was b. at Paris, 1740. He com- menced liis literary career as a poet, but soon renounced poetry for criticism. He ^VKTJ CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPIIV, 633 attacked the reputation of Corneille, Ra- cine, and Voltaire, in his " Essai sur I'Art Draiiiatique,'' and publislied a vio- lent pliilippio au'ainst the comedians for payiiiti' no attention to liis remarks. In ITS I he publislied, anonymously, the first volume of his ''Tableau de Paris;" at'ter which he removed to Switzerland, antl printed at Neufchatcl ten more vol- umes of that work. Keturning' liome at the bcLrinnini; of the revolution, lie de- clared himself a friend to liberty, and in concert with Carra, lie published " Les Aiinalcs Politiqnes" and "Chronique du Mois," two journals, displaying: both moderation and spirit. He was a mem- ber of the convention, and voted for the detention, instead of the death of the kintr. D. 1814. MEKIAN, M.UIIA SnjTLLA, an ingeni- ous female artist, was the daughter of jMattlicw Merian, an eminent engraver, and b. at Frankfort, 1G47. She undertook a voyage to Surinam to draw the insects and reptiles peculiar to that country, of whicli, on her return, she published a description with beautiful colored pUitcs. Her daughter, who accompanied ner to Surinam, added a third volume to this work. The mother published another viiluable performance "On the Genera- tion and Transformations of the Insects of Surinam." D. 1717. MERLIN, Ambkose, a British writer, who flourished about the latter end of tli<^ r.th century. He was supposed to be an enchanter and a propliet; but the accounts we have of hiin are so ini.xed up with fiction, tluit to disentangle his real life from the mass would be impos- sible. He was the greatest sage and mathematician of liis time, the counsel- lor and friend of four English kings, Vortigcrn, Ainbrosius, Utlier Fendra- goii, and Arthur. The miracles ascribed to him are numerous; and, instead of dying, it was supposed that he fell into a magic sleep, from which, after a long period, he would awake. In the British M\iscum is " Le Compto de la Vie de Merlin et de ses Faiz et Compte dc ses Prophecies," on vellum, without date or place. MERRICK, James, a divine and poet, was b. at Reading, 1720; was educated at Trinity college, Oxford; and d. 17tj'.t. His principal works are, "Poems on Sacred Subjects," " Annotations on the Psalms," and on the "Gospel of St. John," " A Metrical 'S'crsion of the Psalms," and a translation of "Tryphi- odorus." MERRY, RoBEUT, a dramatic writer, was the son of a merchant, and b. in London, in 1755. He received his edu- cation at Harrow, and next at Christ's college, Cambridge, after which he en- tered at Lincoln's Inn ; but instead of being called to the bar, he bought a commission in the guards, which ser- vice he also quitted, and went abroad. While at Florence he became a member of the Delia Cruscan academy, and af- fixed that signature to a number of poems, which being publislied in the English newspapers, at length became the object of the caustic satire of Gift'ord, in his well-known "Baviad and Mai- viad." In 1791 he married Miss Brun- ton, an actress, with whom he came to America, where he d. in 1798. Hi.s dramatic compositions are, "Lorenzo," a tragedy ; "The Magician no Conjurer,'" " Fenelon," and "Ambitious Venge- ance." MERSCH, Van dee, leader of the Brabant patriots in 1789, was b. at Me- nim, and entered the French service, in in which he acquired the title of "Tiie Brave Fleming." He afterwards served in the Austrian army, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. D. 1792. MESJIEK, Fkederic Anthony, a Gei man physician, author of the fiimous doctrine of animal magnetisni, which is also called Mesmerism, was b. in 1734, at Mcrsburg, in Suabia. He first made his doctrines known to the world, in 17G6, by a thesis on planetary influence, in which he contended that the heavenly bodies diiVuse through the universe a subtle fluid, which acts on the nervous system of animated beings. He quitted Vienna for Paris, in 1778; gained a number of proselytes, and received a subscriptio,n of 840,000 livres. Gove-n- ment at lengtli appointed a committee of {)hysicians and members of the Acad- emy of Sciences, among whom was F'ranklin, to investig.ate his pretensions; and the result of their inquiries appear- ed in a memoir, drawn up by Bailly, which was unfavorable to the pretender of animal niaijiictism. This theory, how- ever, has of late years again excited con- siderable attention on the Continent; it has advocates evcrvwhere. D. 1815. METASTASIO, PJetro Antonio Do- MENico Bl'onaventi'ka, an eminent Ital- ian poet, b. at Assisi, 1698, was the son of a common soldier, named Trapassi. When he was only ten years of aije, his talent of extemporizing in verse attracted the notice of the celebrated Gravina, who took him under his protection, called him (hv a translation of his name 634 CVCI.OP.EDIA OP RIOGRAPIIY, [mic jnto Gr(!ek,) " Metastasio," paid great attention, to his education, and on his death, in 1717, left him his whole estate. Tlie young poet, being thus phiced in an easy condition, devoted hnnself to his favorite study, and, under the guid- ance of the celebrated singer, Maria Ko- mauiua, (afterwards Bulgarelli,) created the modern Italian opera. Charles VI. invited iiini to Vienna in 1729, and ap- pointed him poet laureate, with a pen- sion of 4000 guilders. Thenceforward no gala took place at court which was not graced by liis verses. The empress Maria Theresa bestowed upon him mag- nificent presents, as also did Ferdinand VI., king of Spain. He composed no less than tweuty-si.x operas and eight sacred dramas, besides innumerable minor pieces. The poetical characteris- tics of Slotastasio are sweetness, correct- ness, purity, gentle pathos, and elevated sentiment.' D. 1782. METELLI, At'GusTiN, an eminent painter, was b. at Bologna, in 1009. He excelled in painting perspective and architecture; and, in conjunction with Michael Angelo, produced several great works. D.'1660. METIUS, James, a native of Alka- maar, in Holland, who invented tele- scopes about 1C09. — Adrian, his brother, was professor of mathematics and med- icine at Franeker, where lie d. in 1636. He wrote " Doctrina Sphtericoe," "As- tronomiie Universai Institutio," " Arith- metics et Geometricce Practice," " Ge- ometriees pur Usum Oereini nova Prax- is,-' &c. METO, or METON, an Athenian jnalhematician, who flourished 4y2 years B. 0. In the first year of the 87th Olym- piad he observed the solstice at Athens, and invented the cycle of 19 years, to make the solar and lunar years begin at the same time. This is now called the Golden Number, from its great use in the calendar. METTRIE, JuLiEN Offrie de la, a French writer, was b. at St. Maloes, in 1709. He was a surgeon in the French guards, and in that situation wrote an infamous Vjook, called "The Natural History of the Soul," for which he nar- rowly escaped prosecution. His next work was a satire against the faculty, under the title of " Penelope ; or, the Maehiavel in Medicine," for which lie was obliged to remove to Holland, where he created new enemies by a still more atrocious book, entitled "L'Hom- me Machine," which being ordered to be burnt, he retired to Berlin, and was patronized by Frederic the Great, whoso opinions were so congenial, to the au- thor's, that he composed his fi\ueral eulogy with his own pen. D. 17ol. METZU, Gabuikl, a celebrated paint- er, b. at Leyden, in 1615, who took Ge rard Douw, Terbury, and Mieris for his models, but adopted a more finished style. A lady tuning her lute, and another washing her hands in a silver basin held by her woman, are among his best pieces. He usually resided at Amsterdam, and d. there in 1658. MEULEN, Antony Fkanck van der, was b. at Brussels, 1633. By his talents as a painter of battle-pieces he was rec- ommended to Louis XIV., who always took him on his expeditions, and often pointed out the subjects which he de- sired him to represent. The painter had thus an opportunity of perfecting himself in this department of his art, but he had frequently to represent scenes which atlbrded but little scope for the display of genius. D. 1690. MEXIA, Pedro, a chronicler to Charles v., was b. at Seville. He was the author of a " History of the Cresars, including the German Emperors," "Silvia de Va- ria Leccion," &c. D. 1552. MEYEICK, Sir Samuel Rush, an emi- nent antiquary, was b. at London, 1783. After takmg his degree at Oxford, he became an advocate in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and soon began to vary his professional avocations with those archajological studies which form- ed the chief boast and occupation of his life. He contributed innumerable pa- pers to the "Gentleman's Magazine;" on all questions relating to arms and armor his authority was unassailed ; and his " Critical Inquiry into Ancient Ar- mor," «fce., has procured him a high place among the most eminent antiqua- ries of his time. In 1832 he was created a knight of tlio Guelnhie order, and soon afterwards dubbed a knight bach- elor. D. 1848. MICHAELIS, .John- David, a learned orientalist and biblical critic, was b. at Halle, in Saxony, in 1717, and there educated. He visited Entrland, and for a time was preacher at the German chapel, St. James's palace ; and on his return to Germany was made professor of theology at Gottingen ; was honored with the order of the polar star, con- ferred on him by the king of Sweden and was made an aulic councillor of Hanover. Among the most vabiable and best known of his works arc his " Introduction to the New Testament," mig] CYCLOP J:DIA of BIOCiRAPHY. 635 trnnslatodinto Enjjlish by Bishop Marsh, and liis "^Commentaries on the Law of Mo.'cs." ']). IT'.il. — Jonx IIenky, a German divine, was b. at Kettenbiiri]:, in llolicnstein, in IGIJ^. He was edu- 3ated at Loipsic, and next at Ilalle, where he tauglit Greek and Ifebrcw. m 1099 he succeeded Francke in tlie Greek professorship ; and, in 1707, was made librarian of tlie university. He afterwards became professor of divinity and the oriental languages. D. 1738. MICIIAUX, ANDiiE,"a French trav- eller and botanist ; author of a " His- tory of North American Oaks" and an " American Flora." He was b. in 174(5, at Satory, near Versailles ; spent many years in journeying through the United States; and d. in 1802, at Madagascar. MICKLE, William Julius, a poet, ■was b. in 1734, at Langholm, in Dum- friesshire. In 176.") he was employed as corrector of the press in the Clarendon printing-office at Oxford, where he pub- lished a poem, called "The Concubine," in imitation of Spenser, which ho after- wards republished under the title of " Sir Martyn." His principal produc- tion, a translation of "The Lusiad" of Camoens, appeared in 1775 , prefixed to which is an historical and critical Intro- duction, with a life of Camoens ; and the work is executed in a highly credit- able manner. He was also the author of manv of the finest pieces in Evan's " Old Ballads." D. 1788. MIDDLETOX, Conyers, a celebrated divine and critic, was b. at York, in 16S3, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. In 1724 he visited Italy, and having a near observation of the ecclesiastical pomp and ceremonies, he wrote liis fa- mous " Letter from Kome," to show that tlio religious rites of popery were very similar to those of paganism. He was subsequently Woodwardian pro- fessor of mineralogy, and librarian, at (jambridge. His greatest literary under- taking was "The History of the Life of M. T. Cicero;" but his "Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers of the ('luirch," brought on the author the imputation of infidelity, and gave rise to much vehement censure from a host of opponents. D. 17.')0. — Arthur, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. in South Carolina, in 1743, and received his education in Europe. Soon after his return home, ho began to take an active part in the revolutionary movements, and in 177G was chosen one of the delegates from his native state to the American con- gress. At the close of the year 1777 he resigned his scat, leaving behind a char- acter for the purest patriotism and un- wavering resolution. In the year 1779 many of the southern plantations were ravaged, and that of Mr. Middleton did not escape. On the surrender of Charles- ton he was taken prisoner and kept in confinement for nearly a year. In 1781 he was appointed a representative to congress, and again in 1782. In the latter year he went into retirement, and d. in 1787. MIERIS, Francis, a celebrated painter, b. at Leyden, in 1635, and d. in 1081. He was a pupil of Gerard Douw, whose delicate finish he rivalled, and whose coloring he was thought to excel. Ho had two sons, Joiix and William, both of whom possessed considerable talent, and adopted their father's style. MIFFLIN, Thomas, a major-general in the American army, and governor of Pennsylvania, was b. about tlie year 1744. He was a member of the first congress in 1774. He took arms, and was among the first officers commis- sioned on the organization of the conti- nental army, being appointed quarter- master-general in August, 1775. P"or this ofl'ence he was read out of the so- ciety of Quakers. In 1777 he was very useful in animating the militia ; but he was also suspected in tliis year of being unfriendly to the commander-in-chief, and of wisliing to have some other per- son in his place. In 17S7 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the United States, and his name is affixed to that instru- ment. In October, 1788, he succeeded Franklin as president of the supreme executive council of Pennsylvania, in which station he continued till Octobc", 1790. In September a constitution for this state was formed, by a convention, in which he was president, and he was chosen the first governor. In 1794, du- ring the insurrection in Pennsylvania, he employed, to the advantage of his country, the extraordinary powers of elocution with which he was endowed. D. 1800. ^IIGNAKD, Peter, surnamed the Roman, an historical and portrait paint- er, was b. nt Troyes, in Champagne, in 1610. He studied" at Rome ; and, during his residence there of 22 years, enjoyed great favor from the p jpes. At length Louis XIV. sent for him to Paris ; ap- pointed him his principal painter, and director of the manufactories of Sevo 636 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mil aud the Gobelins; and ennobled him. Migunrd was on habits ot'iutimacy with the principal French wits, and was be- loved by them for his social disposition. D. lOy:.. MIGNON, ABnAiiAii, a painter of Frankfort, was b. in Itjii'J, and d. in 1079. He excelled in the representation of flowers, insects, and still life, which he painted with exquisite delicacy. MILL, James, an able writer aud political economist, was a native of Kiueardiueshire, and b. in 1774. In 1S18 he published his admirable ''His- tory of British India," a work of great research, and powerful reasoning. He also produced other works connected with legislation aud morals, viz., his "Elements of Political Economy," an " Analysis of the Human Mind," and another, entitled "Prison and Prison Discipline, Colonies, Laws of Nations, and Education." He was also the con- tributor of many excellent articles in the " Enoycloptedia Britannica," and in the Ediuburgh, Westminster, and London reviews. In morals aud legislation he was the powerful auxiliary of Jeremy Beuthuni ; iu political economy, the ally of Aclum Smith aud Eicardo ; and iu metaphysics he labored to extend the -:lLilosophy of Bacon, Locke, &c., and tne promoters of inductive science. He held the office of chief examiner to the East India Company. D. 1836. MILLER, Joseph, a witty actor, was b. 1ut, as his prophecies failed, the excitement died out. D. 1849, in hia 68th year. — James AVili.l\m, an Ameri- can poet and miscellaueous writer, passed his early life in a variety of dif- ferent pursuits, without being able to fix himself permaueutly in any occupa- tion. He pursued for a while the study of law, and subsequently engaged in literary pursuits iu Boston, where ha met with disappointment, aud was worn by disquietude. He left his native country for the West Indies, in 1828, where he obtained a grant of land from tb" Spanish government, aud d. iu the following year, at the age of 27. A vol- ume of liis poems aud sketches was published in Boston, iu 1830. — Edwakd, an eminent physician, was b. in Dela- ware, in 1760, and in 179G removed to New York, for the practice of his pro- fession. He became known by an able treatise on the " Origin of the Yellow Fever," aud, in conjunction with Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Smith, established the " Medical Repository." In 1807 he was elected professor of the practice of physic in the university of New Y'ork, and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the New Y'ork hospital. D. 1812. His medical treatises have been collected and pub- lished in one volume. MILLES, Jeremiah, an eminent En- glish divine and antiquary; b. 1713; d. 1784. He was ardently engaged in the Chattertouiau controversy, aud pub- lished the whole of the supposed Kow- ley's poems, with a glossary. MILLS, Charles, an historian, was b. at Greenwich, in 1788. He served his time as clerk to a solicitor, but re- linquished his legal pursuits for others more congenial to his tastes. In 1817 lie published his " History of Moham- medanism," which w.as succeeded by the " History of the Crusades," the "Travels of Theodore Lucas," and the "History of Chivalry." — Samuel J., agent of the American Colonization So- ciety, graduated at William's college, 1809. At the theological seminary in Andover he united with Newell, jud- sou, Nott, and Hall, iu a resolution to undertake a foreign mission. He, witli; the three first, offered themselves as missionaries to the general association of ministers of Massachusetts, 1810_. He was ordained with other missionaries at Newburyport, 1815. lie attended the first meetmg of the Colonization Socie- ty, Jan. 1, 1817, which was established by tlie exertion of Dr. Finley. Ap- pointed with E. Burgess, to visit En- gland, and explore the coast of Africa mil] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGKAPIIY. 637 for tlie society, lie sailed in November, 1817. lie sailed from England for Afri- ca, Feb. 2, 1818, and arrived on the coast, March 12. After a laborious in- spection of more than two months, he embarked on his return, in the brit; Success, May 22, 1818. A severe cold wliich he took early in June, was suc- ceeded by a fever, of which he d., June 16, 1818. MILNE, Joshua, author of the cele- brated " Treatise on Annuities and As- surances," was formerly a clerk in the banking-liouse of the Messrs. Currie, previous to his becoming connected with the Sun Assurance company, to which he performed tlie duties of actu- arv for upwards of SO years. D. 1851. "MILNEE, Jgh.x, a celebrated Catholic divine and writer on ecclesiastical anti- quities and theology, was b. in London in 1752. In 1777 'he was ordained a priest, and commenced his pastoral du- ties in 1779, at the Catholic chapel, ^Vinchester, whither he had gone to ad- minister spiritual aid to the French prisoners contined there. In 1793 he published his " History, Civil and Ec- elesiastienl, and Survey of the Antiqui- ties of Winchester," and subsequently, a " Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Archi- tecture of England, during the Middle Ages." In 18o3 he was appointed vicar- apostolic in the midland district, with the title of bishop of Castabala. In 1818 he published a treatise, entitled " The End of Religious Controversy," contain- ing a defence of those articles of Catho- lic faith usually regarded as most objec- tionable by Protestants. D. 1S2G. MILO, one of the most celebrated Grecian athletes, was a native of Cro- tona, in Italy, and a scholar of Pythag- oras. Many instances of his prodigious strength are cited, of which one will bo sufficient to notice here, viz., tliat he once carried a bull to the sacrifice on his shoulders, and killed it with a blow of his fist. MILTIADES, an Athenian general, who lived about 500 b. c, and has been immortalized by defeating the Persians at Marathon. This hero, who had saved his country, fiiiled in an attack on Paros, was compelled to refund the expenses of the expedition, and d. of his wounds in prison. MILTON, John, the most illustrious of English poets, was the son of a scrive- ner in Loudon, and b. in Bread-street, in 1608. From St. Paul's school he went to Christ's college, Cambridge, wliere lie took his degree ivi arts, being 54 designed for the church ; but not having an inclination tc that calling, he returned to his fatlicr, who liad retired from business witli a good fortune, ami set- tled at Ilorton, in Buckinghamshire. Here he wrote his " Comus," "L'Alle- gro," " II Penseroso," and " Lyeidas," poems of such merit as would have alone immortalized his name. In 1038 he travelled into France and Italy, and on his return to England settled in Lon- don. The troubles breaking- out between the kinerand parliament, Milton engaged as a political wi-iter on the popular side ; and having a great animosity to the hierarchy, he published some virulent pamphlets against the bishops. In 1643 he married the daughter of Rieliard Powell, esq., a magistrate in Oxford- shire. The father of the lady bein? a jovial country gentleman and a royalist, the residence of her husband so dis- gusted the bride, that in less than a month, under the pretence of a visit, she left him, and remained for the rest of the summer with her parents. Mil- ton became incensed, and regarding her conduct as a desertion of the marriage contract, he sought to punish it by re- pudiation, and to this is to be attributed nis treatises on the subject of "Di- vorce." His wife's friends, however, brought about a reconciliation. He con- tinued an ardent champion for the liberty party, even after the esecution of Cliarles I., which deed he vindicated in his " Tenure of Kings and Magistrates;" for which the parliament rewarded him with £1000, and soon afterwards nomi- nated him Latin secretary to the new council of state. He also wrote against the king's book, entitled "IconBasi- like." The treatise of Milton was called " Iconoclastes, or the Image Breaker." He was next employed to answer the treatise of Salmasius", entitled " Dcfen- sio Eeiria, or a Defence of the late King," The reply of Milton had for its title "De- fensio pro Populo Anglieano ;" and it was observed by Ilobbes, in rearard to the two disputants, that lie did not know whose stj-lc was best, or whose argu- ments were worst. About this time he was wholly deprived of his sight, owing to a natural weakness, and intense appli- cation to his studies. In 1652 he lost his wife, and afterwards took another. He was the friend of Cromwell, to whom he became Latin secretary. When the ancient constitution was re-established, he was excepted out of the act of iu- dcnmity, on which he kept liimself con- cealed for some time. By the kindnes.ii 638 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mir however, of Sir William Davenant and others he obtained his pardon ; soon after wliich lie lost his second wife. In the time of the plasae he removed with his family to Chaltont, in Bnekin^Lrham- sliire, where he completed his "Para- dise Lost," which was printed first in 16tj7. For this innnortal work lie had only £15, and that by instalments. After this he engaged in another, called " Paradise Regained." Besides the poems mentioned above, Milton wrote a drama on the Greek model, entitled " Samson Agonistes," which possessed uncommon beauties, though not adapted J.0 theatrical representation. He also wrote a " History of England to the Conquest," and several tracts. In his youth, Milton was distinguished for personal beauty, his habits of life were tliose of a student and philosopher, being strictly sober and temperate ; and his chief relaxation consisted of music and conversation. Tiiough warm and acrimonious in controversy, and possess- ing lordly notions of his rights as the head of a' family, he is said to have been of a serene and cheerful temper, and particularly urbane in his intercourse with society. But whatever may be thought of his domestic virtues, there can be put one opinion with regard to the sublimity of his genius and the extent of his erudition. D. 1674. MIMNERMUS, a Greek amatory poet of the 6th century b.c, who is said to have invented the pentameter measure ; but only a few fragments of his poems are in existence. MIRABAUD, Jkan Baptiste dk, per- petual secretary to the French Academy, was at first a member of the congrega- tion of the Oratory, and afterwards served in the army. His works are, translations from "Tasso's Jerusalem," and " Ariosto's Orlando," into French; " Alphabet dc la Fee Gracieuse," "Le Monde, son Origine, son Antiquite," "Sentimens des Piiilosophes sur la Na- ture de TAme." In 1770 was published under iiis name, but falsely, an atheisti- cal book, entitled the " System of Na- ture," the real author being D'llolbach. MIRABEAU, VicTou RiyUKm, mar- quis de, descended from an ancient lamily in Provence, but originally of Naples. He was one of tiie principal propagators of the doctrines of the Frencli political economists, and wrote several books in support of them. His chief work is entitled " Ami des Hommes." B. 1715; d. 1780.— Honoue Gabbiel Kiquetti, count de, one of the most celebrated characters of the French revolution, was the son of the prece- ding, and b. at Bignon, in Provence, in 17-1'.>. On leaving school, he entered the military service ; and his intercourse with young and dissipated officers familiarized him to all their vices. His active mind, however, could not remain idle, and he read all the books which he could on the military art. He also fell in love, and his passion was marked by all the impetuosity of a strong and wild character. His lather, who systemati- cally thwarted his inclinations, now procured his confinement in a fortress on the island of Eht^. After his libera- tion, he went as a volunteer, to Corsica, distinguished himself, and obtained t, commission as captain of dragoons ; but his father refusing to purchase him a regiment, he abandoned, though unwill- ingly, the military profession. In 1772 he espoused a rich heiress of Aix, but lie soon squandered away the fortune he received with her, and plunged himself in debt. He was confined in ditferent prisons, and on obtaining his liberty eloped to Holland with the wife of the President Mounnier. For this he was afterwards imprisoned in the castle of Vincennes, and remained there three years and a half. He then instituted an ineffectual lawsuit against his wife, who obtained a separation from him. In 1784 he visited London, and afterwards Berlin ; and he was variously employed in literary quarrels and occupations till the commencement of the French revo- lution. This offered Mirabeau an ample element for his activity. He was elected deputy to the third estate of Aix, and by the courtiers he was termed the ple- beian count. In this new capacity, his extraordinary eloquence, his talent, and his boldness, soon gave him irresistible weight in the assembly, and rendered him the idol of the people. Before, however, he could carry his plans into effect, a sudden illness terminated liis existence in 17'Jl. His principal works are, " A Comparison between the Great Cond(5 and Scipio Africanus," " History of Prussia under Frederic the Great," " Original Letters containing an Ac- count of his Life and Amours," " Secret History of the Court of Berlin," which book was burnt by the common execu- tioner; "On Lettres de Cachet," and an " Essay on Despotism." MIRANDA, Don Fuancisca, General, was b. of a Spanish family, at Caraccas, of wliich province his grandfather was governor. In 1783 he visited the United MOL CYCLOP-liDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 639 States, Jiad travelled on foot over a part of Europe. In the French revolution lie was a inajor-jrencral in the service of France. From the prison into which he was cast, he escaped to England in 1707. HaviniT been again banished from France for opposing the first consul in I'^OS, he resolved to emancipate South America, from the dominion of Spain. Having obtained secret assistance and encouragement, he sailed from New York in 1800, with a number of Ameri- can volunteers. At St. Domingo, he chartered two schooners ; they were captured on the coast, while he escaped in his ship. In 1810 lie renewed his attempt, but was obliged to capitulate to General Monteverde, who in disregard of his airreement, treated him as a pris- oner. He was sent to Spain, and d. after four years' confinement in the dungeons of the inquisition at Cadiz. MIEANDOLA, Giovanni Pico della, count and prince of Concordia, one of the brightest ornaments of literature in the 15th century, was b. in 14(3:). In his youth lie gave astonishing proofs of his genius; and when little more than 20 he set up in all the universities of Italy a number of difficult problems in the sciences, which he engaged pub- licly to defend. This extraordinary young man d. in 1404 at Florence, where lie had resided some time, on terms of intimacy with the most learned and distinguished men of the age, par- ticularlv Lorenzo dc Medici and Politian. MITCHILL, Samikl L., a celebrated physician, was b. 1703, and was for a great number of years professor of va- rious branches in the college of physi- cians and surgeons of New York. He was elected to the assembly of New York soon after the revolution, and was afterwards a senator in congress, and colleague of De Witt Clinton. He was a man of immense acipiisitions, and his labors are dispersed throutrh many vol- umes. He was a member of most of the philosophical societies of any note in Europe and his native country. D. 1831. — Stepiie.v Mix, a distinguished citi/.cn of Connecticut, who held various judicial offices in that state. He was b. at Wethersfield, 1743 ; was graduated at Yale colletre in 1763; was chosen tutor in the college in 1766, in which station he continued three years; entered upon the practice of law in Wethcrsfield in 1772 ; was appointed in 1770 to tlie ofli'^e of an associate judire of the Hart- ford county court, and in 17oO was placed at tho head of that court; in 1795 ho was appointed .iudgo of the superior court ot Connecticut, and in 1H07, chief justice of that court, which office he hold till 1814, when lie became disqnalilied by age. In 1783, and again in 1785, he was elected a delegate from Connecticut to the congress of the United States ; and in 1703 he was appointed a senator in congress, which station he held till he became judge of the su- perior court of Connecticut in 1795 D. 1837. ^IITFOKD, William, an eminent lii.s- torical and philological writer, was b. at London, in 1734, studied at Queen's college, Oxford, and then at the Middle Temple, but he early quitted the pro- fession of the law, and obtained a com- mission in the Hampslure militia, of which he rose to be colonel. He was, successively, M. P. for Newport, in Cornwall, fieeralston, and New Romney. He was professor of ancient history at the Eoyal Academy, and, besides his principal work, " The History of Greece," he published "An Essay on the Harmony of Language," "A Trea- tise on the Military Force, and particu- larly the Militia of this Kingdom," "Observations on the History of Chris- tianity," &c. D. 1S27. MOESEE, Justus, an eminent Ger- man advocate and author, was b. at Osnaburgh, in 1720, was educated at Jena and Gottingen, acquired great popularity on his return to his native place as an advocate and counsellor of justice. D. 1794. MOLA, Peter Francis, an eminent painter, b. in 1609, at Coldra, in the Jlilancse. He was a pupil of Albani, and is distinguished both as a landscape and historical painter. D. 1665. ^lOLAI, J.vMEs DE, the last grand marshal of the knights Templars, was a native of Burgundy. He was admitted into the order about 1265, and having signalized himself by his valor in Pales- tine, w.is unanimously elected grand- marshal on the death of William de Beaujeu. The great wealtii and power of the Templars, their pride and their dissolute manners, created them a mul- titude of enemies, and led to their de- struction. At length, Philippe le Bel, king of France, and Pope Clement V. foruied a plan for their extermination. They were accused of heresy, impiety, and various crimes revolting to human nature. In 13i>7, all the Templars throughout France were arrested at the same hour, and they were tried and convicted, some on their own confes- 640 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mol Bions, and others on such evidence as could be procured. Fifty-seven were committed to the flames in 1311, and afier an imprisonment of seven years, De Mohii shared their fate at Paris, in 1314, deehirini,' Ids innocence to the last. MOLE, Francis Kene, an eminent French comedian, b. at Paris, in ITS-t. During the progress of the revolution he became an associate of the Jacobins, and impiously officiated in the church of St. Koch, as the priest of the goddess of Keason. 1). 1802. — Matthew, a French magistrate remarkable for his probity and courage in the most troub- lesome times, was b. at Paris, in 1581, became president of the parliament, and kee])cr of the seals. D. 1656. MOLESWORTH, Robert, Viscount, an Irish statesman, b. at Dublin in 1656, and educated in Trinity college. When James II. landed in Ireland, he caused Lis estate to be confiscated ; but, on tlie settlement of atl'airs under William III., he was made a privy councillor, and sent ambassador to Copenhagen, where he had a dispute with the king, which induced him to return home aliruptly. He then published "An Account of Denmark, ' which was considered as a libel on tlie country, and complained of as such by the Danish ambassador in London. In 1714 he was made a com- missioner of trade and plantations, and two years afterwards raised to the Irish peerage. D. 1725. MULIEKE, John Baptist Poquelin DE, the most celebrated among the French writers of comedy, was b. at Paris, in 1622. His father was valet- de-chambre and upholsterer to the king, and when he became intirin, Moliere was obliged to olKciate for him in the royal household, in which capacity he attended Louis XIII. to Naroonne, in 1641. On liis return to Paris his passion for the stage was unconquerable ; he became a provincial actor, and began also to display his dramatic powers as an author. In 1662 he produced his ♦'Etourtli;" and having the jtatronajre of the prince de Conti, lie finally estab- lished himself at Paris. His reputation ■was carried to its highest summit wlien the "Tartutfc" appeared; and the piece was played and applauded after it had been kept back for years Ijy tlie clamor of false devotees. In this, hypocrisy is fully unveiled, the charac- ters are equally various and true, and the dialogue is elcL'ant and nutural. For twenty years Moliere wrote for the Btago ; and being all the time an actor also, and interrupted by various avoca- tions, his fertility was most extraordi- nary. His last piece was the celebrated "Le Malade Imaginaire," to the fourth representation of which he fell a sacri- fice. He himself acted the imaginary sick man in the piece ; but laboring at the time under a pulmonary complaint, and exerting himself with unnsual spirit, his etforts brought on the rupture of a blood-vessel, by which he was sutFo- cated. Moliere may be regarded as the true father of French comedy ; and Vol- taire styles him " the best comic writer of any nation." lie chastised the cox- combry, false wit, and pedantry of the day, and his works may be considered as a history of the manners, fashions, and tastes of the times. In private life he was humane and benevolent in a high degree, and no one had more friends of rank and talent, or vis more lamented by them, but his matri.nonial connection with a young actress, whose conduct subjected him to great annoy- ances, imbittered his domestic enjoy- ments. D. 1673. MOLIERES, .Joseph Privat de, a philosophical writer, was b. at Tarascon, in 1677, became a member of the con- gregation of the Oratory, and was a pupil of Malebranche, on whose death he quitted the society, and devoted himself wholly to physics and mathematics. He was afterwards professor of philosophy at the royal colletre, and d. in 1742. His works are, " Philosophical Lectures," "Mathematical Lectures," and "La Premier Partie des Elemens de Geome- tric." MOLIN, James, usually called Dn- moulin, a celebrated French physician, was b. in 1666, became chief physician to the army in Catalonia, at the age of 26, and on his return to Paris, in 1706, added to his reputation by his cure of the prince of Conde. In" his medical practice he was so partial to venesection, that it is supposed Lc Sage intendcl to satirize liim under the character of Dr. Sanirrado. I). 1755. MOLINOS, Michael, a Spanish theo- logian, and founder of the sect called Quietists, was b. 1627, at Saragossa, but passed the greater part of his life at Rome, where, in 1675, he published his celebrated " Spiritual Guide," which was condemned by the Iiujuisition ten years after its first api)ear;mce, and the author sentenced to perpetual imprison- ment. He d. a captive, in 1696. The followers of Molinos, of whom Madame Guyon was tlie principal, wore oaUod mon] CVCLOP.KDIA OF lilOGliAPIIV. 041 Qnictists, because they maintained that relitriou consists in an abstraction of the mind from external and tinitc objects. MOLYNKUX, William, an ingenious mathctnatician, was b. at Dublin, in lij.'itj. The philosophical society, estab- lished at Dublin in 1CS3, owed its origiqi to his endeavors, and he became the first secretary. Soon after, lie was ap- pointed surveyor-general of the works, and chief entrincer. Tn 1685 he was chosen a member of the Royal Society, and in 16S9 he settled with his family at Chester, where lie employed himself in finishinff his " Treatise on Dioptrics." In this year he returned to Dublin, and was chosen one of the representatives for that city. Besides the above, he wrote " Sciothericum Telescopium ;" also, "The Case of Ireland stated, in relation to its beinir bound by Acts of Parliament in Enirland ;" and some papers in the " riiilosophical Transac- tions." — Samuel, his son, was b. at Chester, in 1689, became secretary to Oeorsre II., when prince of AVales, and was distinguished by his skill in as- tronomv. MOXCRIF, Fran-CIS Ai-c;ustin- Paha- Dis Di;, a member of the French Acade- my, was b. at Paris, in 1687, became ttie favorite of fashionable society by his musical, theatrical, and poetical talents, and d. in 1770. Ilis principal works are " An Essay on the Art of Fleasinsr," and a romance, entitled " Les Ames Kivalcs." MoXK, George, duke of Albemarle, a distiiiijnished military commander, and a {rreat promoter of the restoration of Charles II., was the son of Sir Tliomas Monk, of Potheride, near Tor- rinixton in Devonshire, and b. in 1608. On the breakin? out of the war between Charles I. and the Scotch in 1609, he obtained a colonel's commission, and attended his majesty in both his expe- ditions to the north. When the Irish rebellion began in 1641, his services there were so important, that the lords justices thoujrht proper to appoint him governor of Dublin. On his return to England he was sent to relieve Nant- wiuli, where he was taken prisoner by the army belonginj to the parliament, and sent to the Tower, where he re- mained till 1646. The royal cause beinjr now ruined, lie obtained his liberty on condition of takimr a command in Ire- land, where lie concluded a peace which displeased the parliament, wlio piussed a vote of censure upon him lor it. Crom- well, however, who thousrht highly of 54* his military talents, made him lieuten- nnt-gencral, and gave him the command in Scotland. But the sagacious protector had strong suspicions of Monk's sin- cerity; and not long before his death wrote him a letter, to which he added this postscript : "There be that tell me that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk, who is said to lie in wait there to introduco Charles Stuart: I pray you use j'our diligence to aiiprehend him and send him up to me." On the decease of the protector, the resignation of power by his son, and the contest of parties which subsequently took place, he availed him- self of the commanding situation which he occupied, to crush the republicans, and promote the recall and restoration of the Stuart family to the throne, in the person of Charles II. As the re- warcT of his loyalty, he was created duke of Albemarle, with a pension of £7000 a year, made a privy councillor, and invested with the order of the srarter. In 1664 he was appointed admiral of tho licet in conjunction with Prince Rupert, and in 1666 obtained a great victory over the Dutch, in a tremendous battle, which lasted three davs. D. 1670. MONMOUTH, James, duke of, a natural son of Charles II., wa.s b. at Rotterdam, in 1619. He was distin- guished by his personal attractions, iiis affable address, and thoughtless gener- osity ; hence he became very popular. But he was weak-minded and pliant. He was concerned in various plots, which had for their object the exclusion of the duke of York from the crown ; and he was, in consequence, ordered by Charles to quit the kingdom. On the accession of James II., beinir urired to the act by some of his partisans, ho landed at Lyme, with scarcely a hun- dred followers, (June, 1685;) but his numbers were soon increased, and ho assumed the title of kincf, and asserted the legitimacy of his birth. His forces were defeated, and the duke himself was made prisoner, having been found in the disguise of a peasant, lyinsr at the bottom of a ditch, overcome with hun- ger, fatigue, and anxiety. He rot'used to betray his accomplices, and conducted himself with much firmness on tho scafTold, where his head was severed from his body, after four unsuccessful blows. The people, of whom he was still the favorite, believed that the per- son executed was not Monmouth ; and it was probalily this belief which hiw led some to conjecture that the famous Q^ CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [mou *'Iron Mask" was the duko of Mon- mouth. MONKO, Alexander, an eminent physiciuu and anatomist, of Scottish descent, was b. in London, in 161(7. He wrote " Osteolojrv, or a Treatise on the Anatomy of the liones ;" and an "Ac- count of the Success of Inoculation in Seothmd." 1). 1707. — Alex.\ndek, his eldest son, published numerous works, among wliieh are, " Observations on the Nervous System," "The Structure and Physiology of Fishes," " A Descrip- tion of the Bursic Mucosae," "Three Treatises on tiie Brain, Eye, and Ear," " Observations on the Crural Hernia," " Outlines of the Anatomy of the Hu- man Body." — Donald, his second son, became a physician in the army ; and wrote " Observations on tiie Means of preserving the Health of Soldiers," and a " Treatise on Medical and Pharmaceu- tical Chemistry." D. lSO-2. MONllOE, "James, president of the United Stales, was b. in Virp-inia, in 17511, and was educated in William and Mary college. He entered the revolu- tionary war in 1770 as a cadet, was at tlie battles of Harlem Heights and AViiite Plains, and in the attack on Trenton, and rose through the rank of lieutenant to that of captain. He was present at the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as aid to Lord Sterling. Kesuming the study of the law, he entered the office of Mr. JetFerson, and after being a member of the assembly of Virginia and the coun- cil, he was elected in 1783, a member of the old congress. In 1790 he was elected a member of the senate of the United States, in 17'J4 went as minister plenipotentiary to France, and in 1799 was appointed governor of Virginia. In 18ii3 lie was appointed minister ex- traordinary to France, in the same year minister to London, and in the next minister to Spain. In 1806 he was again appointed, in conjunction with Mr. William Pinkney, minister to Lon- don. Ho was subsequently governor of Virginia; in 1811 was appointed secre- tary of state, and continued to exercise the duties of this department, and for some time tliose of the department of war, till 1817. In that year ho was chosen presi, and arrived in the colony in November following. He conti lued governor until his death, 1769. MOKE, Antonio, a celebrated portrait painter, b. at Utrecht, in 1519. He was very successful in his portraits, of which he painted several in England, in the reign of Queen Mary, on whose death he accompanied Philip II. to Spain, where he lived in terms of great inti- macy with that monarch. D. 1575. — Hannah, an eminent moral writer, was li. at Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, in 1744. Siie was one of the live daughters of a village schoolmaster. The literary abilities of Hainiah early attracted no- tice. Her first literary production, " The Search after Happiness," a pastoral drama, was written when she was only 18 years of go, though not published till 1773. By the encouragement of Garrick, she tried her strength in tragic composition, and wrote "The Inflexible Captive," a tragedy, which was printed in 1764. Her tragedy of "Percy," the most popular of her dramatic composi- tions, was brought out in 1778, and ran fourteen nights snccessivelv ; and her last tragedy, " The Fatal Falsehood," was produced in 1779. Shortly after, her opinions of public theatres nndei'- went a change, and she has stated that she did not consider tiie stage, in its present state, as " becoming the appear- ance or countenance of a Christian." Her first prose publication was "Thoughts on the Manners of the Great ;" this was followed by her " Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable World." In 1795 she commenced at Bath, in monthly numbers, "The Cheap Repos- itoi-y," a series of tales for the common j^eople, one of which is the well-known "Shepherd of Salisbury Plain." She subsequently produced her "Strictures on the Modern System of Female Edu- cation," " Hints towards Forming the Character of a Young Princess," " Cce- lebs in Search of a Wife," " Practical Piety," "Christian Morals," an "Essay on the Character and Writings of St. Paul," and " Moral Sketches of the Prevailing Opinions and Manners, For- eign and Domestic, with Reflections on Prayer." D. 1833. — Henrt, an eminent divine of the church of England, was b. at Grantham, in Lincolnshire, in 1614; was educated at Eton, and Christ's col- lege, Cainbridtje; and, while at the latter, profoundly studied the most celebrated systems of philosophy, and finally set- tled into a decided preference for that of Plato. In 1640 he published "Psy- cho-Zoia, or tiie Life of the Soul ;" a philosophical poem, which he repub- lished, with other pieces, in 1647. He refused tlie highest ecclesiastical prefer- cyclop.i;dia ok biogkaimiy. 647 ments, and d., universally beloved, in 1687. — Sir TuoMAs, chancellor of Eii- glaiKJ, was the son ot" Sir John More, iudj^e of the King's Bench, and b. in Loiiilon, in 14S0. He was educated at (/iirist-chureli, then Canterbury college, Oxford ; and, in 14'J9, became a student of Lincoln's Iiui. At the age of 21 ho obtained a seat in parliament, wliere he opposed a subsidy demanded by Henry \ 11. with such force, that it was refused by the house. At the accession of Henry VIII. he was called to the bur, and in 1508 he was made judge of tlie sheriff's court, and a justice of peace. In 1518 he published his " Utopia," a political romance ; and about this time the friend- ship began between hitn and Erasmus, wliich lasted througli life. By the in- terest of Wolsey he obtained the honor of knighthood, and a place in the privy council. In lo'iO he was made treasurer of tlie exchequer ; and in 1523 chosen speaker of the house of commons, whore lio«rcsisted a motion for an oppressive subsidy, which gave great oifence to his former friend, the cardinal. In 1530 he succeeded Wolsey as lord chancellor; and by his indefatigable application in that office, there was in a short time not a cause left undetermined. He re- signed the seals, because he could not conscientiously lend his support to the measuresof Henry respecting Ills divorce of Queen Catharine ; and he was event- ually committed to the Tower for refu- sing the oath of supremacy. After an imprisonment of twelve months, he was brought to his trial in the court of King's Bench, where, notwithstanding his elo- quent defence, he was found guilty of treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. His bciiavior, in the interval, corre- sponded with the uniform tenor of his litb ; and, on July 6, 1535, he ascended the scatlbld, with his characteristic pleas- antry, saying to the lieutenant of the Tower, " I pray you, see me safe up ; and as for my coming down, let me shift for myself" MOKEAU, Jean Michel, an eminent designer and engraver, was b. at Faris, 1741. Ho was a man of extensive in- formation on works of art, and his in- dustry was truly surprising. 1). 1814. — Jon.\ Victor, one of the most celebrated of modern French generals, was b. in 17t5:), at Mdrlaix, and was brought up to the bar. Tlie army, however, was the profession of his choice, and he entered a regiment before he was IS. but was taken from it by his father. The revo- lutil'u enabled him to gratify his wishes, and ho made his first campaign under Dumourier, in 1792. He gained the rank of brigadier-general in I7'j3, and that of general of division in 171*4. In the latter year he commanded the right wing of Pichegru's army, and obtained great successes in tlio Ketheilands. In 17V6 he was placed at the head of the army of tlie Rhine. In that year lie dis- tinguished himself by penetrating into Bavaria, and by his masterly retreat be- fore a superior force ; in 1797, by his passage of the Eliine; and in 1800, by liis campaign in Germany, crowned by the decisive victory of Holienlinden. Having engaged with Picbegru, Geor- ges, and other royalists, in a jilot against the consular government, he was brought to trial in 1S04, and sentenced to two j'ears' imprisonment, but was allowed to retire to North America. There he re- mained till 1813, when ho was prevailed upon to join the allied sovereigns, and appeared in arms against his country. Ho was, however, mortally wounded at the battle of Dresden, and d. 1813. MOKETO Y CxVBANA, Don Augus- TiN, an eminent Spanish dramatic poet of the 17th century, who, atter writing 200 plays, became an ecclesiastic. He was coteinporary with Calderon, and was patronized by Philip IV. He may fairly be called the Spanish Moliere, many of his comedies still keeping pos- session of the stage, from tlieir racy humor, striking incidents, and charac- teristii,- laniruage of the dramatis pers'i-ri'T, MOKtJAGNI, John Baptist, an emi- nent physician and anatomist, was b. at Forli, ill Romagna, in 1682 ; studied un- der Valsalva, at Bologna; and, in 1711, became professor of medicine at Padua. In 1715 he was appointed to the first anatomical professorship, in which situ- ation he continued till his death, in 1771. MORGAN, Sir Henry, a celebrated commander of buccaneers in the 17th century, was the son of a Welsh fanner. He took Porto Bello and Panama from tlie Spaniards, and for several years continued to enrich himself and liis fol- lowers by the success of his marauding expeditions against that nation. Hav- ing amassed a largo fortune, he settled at Jamaica, of which island he was ap- pointed governor by Charles II., and Knighted. — M'ii.li.\m, an eminent Welsh prelate, who liad a principal concern ill the translation of the Bible into Welsh, printed first in 15ss. D. 1604.— Wil- liam, a distinguished mathematician, was a native of Glamorganshire. He 648 CYCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [iMOR was actuary to the Equitable Assurance company, London, and remained coa- neetcd with tliat institution 5() years. He was the author of "The Doctrine of Annuities and Assurances of Lives," " A Keview of Dr. Crawford's Theory of Heat," totrether witli various trea- tises connected witli tlio financial pros- perity of Great Britain. D. 1838.— Daniel, a distinp^uished officer in the army of the American revolution, was b. in New Jersey, and removed to Vir- frinia in 17.')5. He enlisted in Brad- dock's expedition as a private soldier, and on the defeat of that general re- turned to his occupation as a farmer. At the commencement of the revolution he was appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and joined the army un- der Washington, then in the neighbor- hood of Boston. He distinguished himself very much in the expedition against Quebec, where he fell into the hands of the enemy. On the exchange of prisoners he rejoined the American army, was appointed to the command of a select rifle corps, and detached to assist General Gates on the northern frontier, where he contributed materi- ally to the capture of General Burgoyne. After a short retirement from service, on account of ill health, he was appoint- ed brigadier-general by brevet, and com- manded the force by which Colonel Tarleton was routed at the battle of Cowpens. He soon after resigned hia commission. In 179-1- he commanded the militia of Virginia, called out to suppress the insurrection in Pennsylva- nia, and continued in the service till 1795. He afterwards was elected to a seat in congress. D. 1799. — JonN, an eminent American physician, was b. in Philadelphia, in 1735, and was educated at the college in that city. He comple- ted his medical studies in Europe, and on his return, in 17G5, was elected pro- fessor of the theory and practice of medicine in the medical collcire in Phil- adelphia. In October, 1775, ho was appointed chief physician to the gen- eral hospitals of the American army; but, in 1775, was removed on account of certain accusations, which he after- wards proved to be entirely groundless. He was the author of several medical treatises. D. 1789. MORGIIEN, Kapiiael, a celebrated engraver, b. at Naples, in 1758. He was invited to Florence in 1782, to en- grave the masterpieces in the Floren- tine gallery; ami the reputation he acquired by liis labors there, induced the grand-duke to employ him in en- graving Leonardo da Vinci's noble composition of the Last Supper, which is painted on the wall of the refectory in the Dominicans' convent, at Milan. In 1803 he was chosen an associate of the French Institute ; and, in 1812, he was invited to Paris by Napoleon, who treated him with the most flattering kindness. His works are numerous, and include some of the most remark- able productions of the great masters. MOKHOFF, Daniel (jEorge, a learn- ed German author, b. at Wismar, in Mecklenburg, in 1639 ; was educated at Stettin and Kostoek ; came to England, and resided for a time at OxfordT His principal work is entitled " Polyhistor, sive de Notitia Auetorum et Reruni Commentarii." D. 1691. MORIER, James, whose novels, de- scriptive of Eastern life and manners, enjoyed at the time great popularity, was b. in 1780. When still very young, he made an extensive tour through the East, the main incidents of whicji he described in his "Travels through Per- sia, Armenia, Asia Minor, to Constan- tinople." In 1810 he was appointed British envoy to the court of Persia, where he remained till 181G, and soon after his return he published " A Second Journey throutrh Persia," &c. During his stay in the East, he made great use of his opportunity of studying the char- acter of the people ; and the knowledge thus acquired was turned to excellent account in his " Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan," (a species of " (iil Bias," like Hope's " Anastasius,") whose "Adventures in England" he described in a second series ; " Zohrab, or the Hostage," " Ayesha, or the Maid of Kars," "Abel Aluutt," "The Ban- ished," &e. ; in all of which, but es- pecially in the first three, the manners, customs, and modes of thought preva- lent in the East are portrayed with a liveliness, skill, and truthfulness to na- ture, attained by few. D. 1848. MORITZ, Charles Philip, a German writer, was b. at Hamcln, in 1757. He travelled in England, Switzerland, and Italy ; wrote many works, the chief of which are his "Travels," "The An- tiquities of Rome," the novels of "An- thony Reiser and Andrew Ilartknopf," and various grammatical treatises. D. 1793. MORLAND, Georoe, an eminent painter of rustic scenery and low life, was b. in London, in 1764. He was in- structed by his father, who employed mob] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 649 him constantly in making? drawings for Hale. rd in many dangerous and import- ant Services, still retaining the command of the cavalry which he had brought with him. At the siege of Bhurtpore, where the Britisli army lost nearly 10,000 men, in four attempts to take the fort by storm, he was in continual ac- tion, and attained the character of being tlie best partisan officer in the army. D. 1807. — John, an eminent pul>lisher, known wherever the Eriirlish language is known, was b. 1778. He was a man of considerable literary acquirements ; and while his singular acuteness and judgment insured his success as a man of basiuess, his fluency, his store of anecdote, and a certain dry quiet humor, closely allied to wit, rendered him an agreeable companion for such men as Scott, Byron, Moore, Southey, Lockhart, and a number of other celebrated wri- ters, who were at various times his guests, and at all times, from their first acquaintance with him, his fast friends. D. 1S43. — LiNDLET, a grammarian, and moral writer, was b. in 1745, of Quaker parents, at Swatara, near Lancaster, in Pennsylvania. He was originally des- tined for the mercantile profession ; but having been severely chastised for a breach of domestic discipline, he pri- vately left his father, who was then re- siding at New York, and, taking up his abode in a seminary at Burlington, N. J., he there contracted a love of books and study. lie afterwards studied the law, and practised as a barrister ; but, in course of time, he quitted the bar for the counting-house, and by mercantile pur- suits having realized a competency, he eventually settled at Holdgate, near Y'ork. His works consist of an " En- glish Grammar," "Encjlish Exercises" and " Key ;" the " English Reader," with an " Introduction" and "Sequel" to the same; two French selections, " Le Lecteur Francois," and " Introduc- tion an Lecteur Fran9ois," "The En- glish Spelliui; Book," "The Power of Religion on the Mind," and "The Duty and Benefit of Reading the Scriptures." These publications were all lucrative, and deservedly so ; and it is no small satisfaction to know, that his private life was as amiable us his labors in the cause of education and morals were suc- cessful. D. 1826. — William Vaus, a distinixuished diplomatist, was b. in Ma- ryland, about 1762. lie studied the law in England, practised it in his native country, and became a senator of the U. S. As minister at the Hague he suc- ceeded in preservin!? harmony between the American and Batavian republics ; and the reconciliation between the U. S. and France was etfected chiefly through his agency as envoy extraordinary to the French republic. D. 1803. MUS^EUS, a philosopher and poet of antiquity, who is said to have been the son of Orpheus, and president of the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. lie versified the oracles, and wrote a poem on the sphere. A hill near Athens was called by his name. He is to be distin- guished from Musa;u3 the grammarian, nap] CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOUKAPIIY. oiYo who -wrote a poem, called "The Loves of Hero and Lennder." — John Charles AcoLSTUs, an eminent German writer, b. at Jena, in 1785, was professor at the gymnasium of Weimar, and author of '' I'livsiofrnomical Travels," "Popular Tales of tiic Germans," &c. D. 1787. Ml'SGRAVE, Sir Richard, an Irish historian, was b. about 1758. lie was a mcm))er of parliament, and collector of the excise for Dublin. In 1801 he pub- lished " Jlemoirs of the Kebcllions in Ireland," a work which e:ave great of- fence to the Roman Catholics, on account of the jiieture exhibited in it of the atro- cities oonimittcd by the insurgents in 17^8. D. 1818. — William, a pliysician and antiquary, was b. at Charlton, in Somersetshire, in 1657, and educated at Winchester school, and New college, Oxford. lie became a fellow of the royal college of physicians, and also of the Royal Society ; to which last learned body he acted as secretary. In 1691 he settled at Exeter, and d. there in 1721. Besides some Latin tracts on the gout, he published four volumes of dissertations on Roman and British Antiquities. — Dr. Samuel, his ■jrandson, was also a physi- cian at Exeter, where he d. in 1782. He rendered liimself notorious in 1763, by charging tiie ministers with having been bribed to settle a peace ailvantageous to France. As a scholar he is known by an edition of Euripides, and two disser- tations ^-^-a the Grecian mythology and the Olympiads. MUTIANA, GmoLAMo, an Italian painter, b. at Brescia. He wa.s a great favorite with Pope Gregory XIII., who employed him to paint a picture of St. Paul the hermit, and another of St. An- thony, for the church of St. Peter. Six- tus V. also held him in esteem, and intrusted to him the designs for the bas- reliefs of the column of Trajan. At tho instance of this artist. Pope Gregory founded tho academy of St. Lnke, which Sixtus confirmed by a brief; and Muti- ano gave two houses to the institution. D. 1590. MUTIUS, C^LiTTS, first named Codrus, and afterwards Scievola, an illustrious Roman, who distinguished himself in the war against Porsenna. When that prince besieged Rome, Mutius entered tiis camp to assassinate him, and, by mistake, stabbed one of his attendants. Being seized and brought before Por- senna, he said that he was one of three hundred who had engaged by oath to slay him, and added, "Tliis hand, which has missed its purpose, ought to suft'er." On saying this he thrust it into the coals which were burning upon the altar, and suffered it to be consumed. Porsenna, struck with his intrepidity, made peace with the Romans. The name of Sctevola, or left-handed was given him as a mark of distinction to Mutius and his family. MYRON, a celebrated Greek sculptor, whose works are highly praised by the Greek and Latin poets, was a native of Eleutheris, and is supposed to have flourished about 430 b. c. MYSON, one of the seven wise men of Greece. Anacharsis, the Scythian, having inquired of Apollo, who was the wisest man in Greece, was answered, " lie who is now ploughing his fields." This was Myson. MYTP2NS, AnxoLD, a painter, was b. at Brussels, in 1541. He painted sev- eral capital pictures for churches in Italy; and d. in 1602. — !Martin', a Swe- dish painter was b. at Stockholm, 1695. He fixed his residence at Vienna, and was greatly esteemed by the Emperor Charles VI. D. 1755. N. NAHL, JoHANN AuousT, an eminent Prussian sculptor, b. at Berlin, in 1710. He executed the admirable colossal statue of the landgrave Frederic, which stands in Frederic's square. In 1755 he was crcatcil professor in the academy of arts at Cassel, and d. there in 1731. NANI, Giovanni Battista, a Venetian historian, wash. 1616.— He distinguished liimsclf as ambassador to the French court, where he obtained succors for the republic to carry on the war against Turkey. He was afterwards employed in other missions of importance, for which he was made proctor of St. Mark, and captain-general of the marine. He was the author of " Istoria della Repiib- lica ^'encta," and was historiographer and keeper of the archives of the repub- lic. I>. 1678. NAPIER, Jonx, lord of Mcrchiston, in Scotland, a celebrated matlicmatician, was b. in 1550, and educated at tho uni- versity of St. Andrew's. Af\cr havimr 656 CYCLOP-EUIA OF BIOGRAPHr. cravelled in France, Italy, and Germany, lie returned to his UiUive country, where he wholly devoted liiniself to the study of mathematics and theology. Being much attached to astronomy and spher- ical geometry, lie wished to find out a short method of cjilculating triangles, sines, tangents, &c. ; and to the exer- tions arising out of this desire is to be attrihuted liis admirable invention of logarithms, first made public in 1614, and which alone lias immortalized liis name. The Napier "bones, or rods," for multiplying and dividing, were in- vented by him. He also made several improvements in spherical trigonome- try, and was resrarded by the celebrated Kepler as one of the greatest men of the age. D. 1617. — Macvey, whose name will long be memorable in connection with the "Edinburgli Keview" and the "EncyclopiiediaBritannica," was profes- sor of conveyancing in the imiversity of Edinburgli, and one of the principal clerks of the court of session. He passed as a writer to the signet in 179!) ; but he soon discovered a decided bias for lit- erary pursuits ; and his various acquire- ments, literary and legal, his protbund erudition, and his sound judnient, found ample scope for their development in tlie last edition of the " Encyclopojdia Britannica," of which he became editor. In 1829 he succeeded Mr. (afterwards Lord) Jetfrey, in the editorship of the "Edinburgh Review." D. 1S47. NARES, James, was b. at Stan well, 1715. In 1755 he became organist and composer to the king, and was created doctor of music at Cambridee. In 1757 he was appointed master of the choris- ters of his majesty's chapel. He pub- lished, besides his compositions of Bacred music, which are marked by great genius, and a thorough knowl- edge of the science, several books of instructions. D. 1783. — Robert, a learn- ed critic and theologian, was the son of the preceding. lie was a prebendary of Lmcoln, archdeacon of Stafford, can- on of Lichfield, and rector of AUhallows, London. He established and conducted the "British Critic," a high church lit- erary review; and among his separate works are, "Elements of Orthoepy," " A Glossary of Words, Plirases, &c., in the Works of English Authors of the age of Queen Elizabeth," "AChrono- loo'ical View of the Prophecies relating to the Christian Church," &c. D. 1829. NASH, Richard, commonly called Beau Nash, the once celebrated arbiter of fa.shion at Bath, wa.s b. 1074, at Swansea, in Glamorganshire. He was originally intended for the law, but en- tered the army, which, however, he soon quitted, and took chambers in tlia Temple. Here he devoted himself en- tirely to pleasure and flishion ; and when King William visited the Inn, lie was chosen master of the pageant with which it was customary to welcome tlie monarch. In 1704 he was appointed master of the ceremonies at Bath, and immediately instituted a set of regula- tions as remarkable for their strictness as for their judicious adaptation to tlie wants and society of the place ; and as lie drew the whole beau-monde to Bath, he was justly regarded as a public bene- factor there. Wliile in the plenitude of his power and popularity, Nash lived in the most splendid style, supporting his expenses by a long run of success at the gaming table. His dress was covered with expensive lace, and he wore a large white cocked hat. The chariot in which he rode was drawn by six gray horses, and attended by a long retinue of servants, some on horse, oth- ers on foot, while his progress through the streets was made known by a band of French horns and other instruments. His common title was the king of Bath, and his reign continued, with undimin- ished splendor for more than 50 years. His health then began to decline, and his resources grew less plentiful. As the change in his spirits and circumstances became more evident, his former ac- quaintances gradually forsook him, and lie died in comparative indigence and solitude, in 1761. NASMITH, James, a divine, was b. at Norwich, in 1740. He published "A Catalogue of Bennet College Library," an edition of the " Itineraries of Simon and William of Worcester," a new edi- tion of Tanner's " Notitia Monastica," &c. D. 1802. — Peter, an eminent land- scape painter, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1786. At the age of 20 he removed to London, where his talents soon attract- ed notice, and procured him the appel- lation of the English Hobbima. His works are deservedly in high repute, and there are few collections of import- ance in Enerland but what contain some of them. D. 1831. NAYLOR, James, a Quaker, b. at Ardsley, near W.ikcfleld, Yorkshire, 1616. He was, in 1641, a private in the parliamentary army, and rose to the office of quarter-master under Lambert, but quitted the military life in 1649. The preaching and conversation of nel] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOtJKAPIlV, 057 George Fox converted him to Quaker- ism, 1651, aud thinking himself divinely inspired, he became an itinerant minis- ter. In 165G he was imprisoned for his extravagant conduct at Exeter, where his followers addressed liim as the f)rincc of peace ; and afterwards, when iberated from confinement, lie went to Bristol. lie was accompanied by an enthusiastic cavalcade, who sang before him " Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God of liosts, Ilosaunain the highest." This fanatic zeal was noticed by the parlia- rnent. Naylor was accused and con- demned as guilty of blasphemy, and as an impostor: he was exposed in the pillory, whipped, and branded on the loreliead ; his tongue was bored through with a red-hot iron at the Old Excliatige, and he was then imprisoned in Bride- well for life. After two years imprison- ment he was set at liberty, and, in 16(50, he left London to return to Wakefield, to his wife and family, but d. by the way. NEAL, Daniel, a dissenting minis- ter, was b. in 1678, in London; was ed- ucated at Merchant Tailors' school, and at Utrecht; became minister to a con- gregation in Jewin-strect ; and d. in 1743. lie wrote a "History of the Puritans," and a " History of New En- gland." NEANDER, Johann- August "Wil- iTELM, one of the most distinguished ecclesiastical historians of modern times, was b. at Gottingen, 1789. His parents were Jews. They removed to Ham- burgh when their son was very young ; and to tlie excellent institutions of that city he was indebted for great part of his education. In his 16th year he was con- verted to Christianity, and proceeded to study first at Halle and then at Gottin- gen, where he gained the reputation of great learning and piety, though strug- glincf with an extremity of poverty that would have crushed a less ardent and heroic soul. After a short sojourn at Hamburgh he removed lo Ileidelbenr, in isll, and occupied liimself in writing his first work, "The Emperor .Julian and his Age," which led to his appoiiit- nient to a ciniir of theology in tliat uni- versity, in 1812. A few months after- wards he was nominated to the same chair in the then infant university of Berlin, where he had Marheinecke and Schleiennaeher for his colleagues ; and here he labored assiduously for 38 years, producing his " History of the "Christian Church," and other ecclesias- tical works of the liighest value. Ho was a person of simpio but eccentric manners, and »rcatly beloved. D. 1850. NECKEK, James, an eminent finan- cier and statesman, was b. in 1732, at Geneva, and lor many years carried on the business of a banker at Paris. His "Eulogy on Colbert," his "Treatise on the Corn Laws and Trade," and some " Essays on the Kesourees of France," inspired such an idea of his talents for finance, that, in 1776, he was appointed director of the treasury, and, shortly after, comptroller-general. Before his resignation, in 1781, he publislied a statement of his operations, addressed to the king; and, while in retirement, he produced a work on the " Adminis- tration of the Finances," and another on the " Importance of Religious Opin- ions." He was reinstated in the comp- trollership in 1788, and advised the convocation of the states-general ; was abruptly dismissed, and ordered to quit the kingdom, in July, 1789 ; but was almost instantly recalled, in consequence of the ferment which his departure ex- cited in the public mind. Necker, how- ever, soon became as much an object of antipathy to tlie people as he had been of their idolatry, and in 1790 he left France for ever. D. at Copet, in Switz- erland, 1804. — Susanna, liis wife, whose maiden name was Curchod, was a wom- an of talent, and wrote " Reflections on Divorce," and " Miscellanies." She was the object of Gibbon's early attachment. NEEDIIAM, .John Turbekville, a natural pliilospher, was b. in 1713, at Loudon ; was educated at Douay ; and d. in 1781, director of the imperial academy at Brussels. Among liis works are, "Inquiries on Microscopical Discoveries," " New Microscopical Dis- coveries," "Inquiries concerning Nature and Religion," and an "Essay on the Oriirin of the Chinese Empire." NEELE, Henry, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, was b. 1798 ; followed the profession of an attorney ; and put an end to his existence in a fit of insani- ty, Feb. 7, 1S2S. He is the author of " Poems," " Dramatic and Miscellane- ous Poetry," "The Romance of Enirlish History," and " Literary Remains." NELSON, IIou.\Tio, Viscount, was b. Sept. 29, 1758, at Burnham Tliorpe, in Norfolk, of which parish his fatlier was the rector. At the age of 12 he went to sea as a midsliipman, with liis uncle, Captain Suckling. He reached the rank of post-captain in 1779, and was ap- pointed to the comn\and of the Hiu- chinbroke frig.ite. During the Amcri- 658 CVCLOP.f!;DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [new can war, and tlio succeeding peace, he gained the character of a good officer ; the war of the revolution gave him that of a great one. In 1793 he was appoint- ed to the Agamemnon, forming a part of Lord IIoihI's squadron in the ]SIedi- terraucan. Tlicre lie distinguished him- self at the sieges of Bastia and Calvi, at the last of which he lost an eye ; har- issed the enemy with incessant activi- ty ; and contributed so largely to the victoiy of Cape St. Vincent, that he was made "a rear-admiral, and received the order of the Bath. In an attack upon Santa Cruz he failed, and lost his right arm. In 179S he destroyed the French fleet, on the 1st of August, in the bay of Aboukir; and ho subsequently took an active part in the expulsion of the French from the Neapolitan and Eoman territories. For this lie was created a baron. In ISOl he defeated the Danes at the battle of Copenhagen, and was made a viscount; and in ISO"), on the 21st of October, he crowned his acliieve- ments by the glorious victory of Trafal- gar, over the united French and Spanish Bquadrons. This triumph, however, was dearly earned to his country by the loss of the hero who gained it. He was mor- tally wounded by a rille shot, and lived only just long enough to learn that the success was complete. — Thomas, was b. at iS'ew York, in 1738. He received his education in England, and about the close of the year 1761 he returned to his native country, and took up his resi- dence at York. In 1774 he was chosen a member of the house of burgesses, and in tlie following year he was ap- pointed a delegate to the continental congress, lie held a seat in this assem- bly for two successive years, and again in 1779. In 1781 he 'succeeded Mr. Jefferson as governor of \'irginia. D. 1789. — Samuel, b. in 1759, was one of the most ardent of the Irish patriots in 1790, and edited the "Northern Star," which produced great eflJBcts. On the rebellion being put down, in 179*3, he was tiirown into prison, where he re- mained till set at liberty by French inter- ference, at the treaty of Amiens, in 18u2. He tlien retired to America. NEPOS, CoKNELiLs, a Latin historian, is said to have been b. at Verona, or in its vicinity. He flourished under Julius and Augustus Ctesar, and was a favorite of the latter. He wrote the " Lives of celebrated Greek and Koman Charac- ters." NEEO, Lucius Donmus Claudius, a Eoman emperor, was b. a. d. 87, and succeeded Claudius, by whom he had been adopted. At the commencement of his reign his conduct excited great hopes in the Komans ; but he soon de- generated into one of tlie basest of tyrants. Some crimes, however, among which is the burning of Eome, appear to have been falsely attributed to him. He put an end to his existence in G8, in consequence of the successful rebellion of Galba. NEUHOFF, Theodore Stephen, Ba ron, the son of a Westphalian noble, was b. at Metz, about 1690. While a student at Cologne, he unfortunately killed a young man of rank in a duel, and fled to tlie Hague. But through the mediation of the Spanish minister he received a lieutenancy in the Spanish regiment of cavalry destined to march against the Moors in Africa, and, on account of his good behavior, was pro- moted to a captaincy. When the Corsicans, after several unsuccessful .it- tempts to free themselves from the oppressions of Genoa, resolved, in 1735, to form a government of their own, Neuhotf was crowned king, had silver and copper coins struck, and established an order of knighthood, under the name of the order of deliverance. Theo- dore, however, could not maintain him- self against the Genoese and a Corsiean opposition. He fled to England. Here Ins Dutch creditors pursued him, and being arrested, he became a prisoner in the king's Bench for some years. His liberation was etfected through the in- strumentality of Horace Walpole; but he d. soon after, in 1755. NEWCOMBE, William, a learned prelate, was b. in 1729, at Barton le Clay, in Bedfordshire; was educated at Abingdon school, and at Pembroke col- lege, Oxford ; was successively bishop of Dromore, Ossorv, and W'aterford ; was raised to the arclibishopric of Ar- magh by Earl Fitzwilliam. Of his works the principal are, " A Harmony of the Gospels ;" " An Historical Vieve of the English Biblical Translations ;" and "Attempts towards an improved Version of Ezekiol and the Minor Prophets." D. 1800. NEWCOMEN, Thomas, a blacksmith of Dartmouth, in Devonshire, lived at the latter end of the 17th century, and the beginning of the 18th. To liim belongs the merit of the first great improvement in steam-engines, by form- ing a vacuum undcrthe piston, and thus bringing into action the atmospherio pressure. NIc] CYC'I-OP.EDIA OF BIOOKAPliy. 659 NliWTON, Sir Isaac, the greatest of philosophers, was b. December 25, 1642. at Colster'vorth, in Liucohishire, ami early displayed a talent Ibr mechanics and drawing, lie was educated at Grantliam school, and at Trinity col- lege, Cambridge, and studied mathe- matics with the utmost assiduity. In l(jij7 he obtained a fellowship ; in lOGi) the mathematical professorship; and in 1U71 he became a member of the Koyal Society. It was during his abode at Cambridge that he made his three great discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of light and colors, and the laws of gravi- tation. To the latter of these his at- tention was lirst turned bv his seeing an apple fall from a tree. 'The " Prin- cipia," which unfolded to the world the theory of the universe, was not pub- lished till 1087. In that year also New- ton was chosen one of the delegates, to defend the privileges of the university against James II. ; and in 1688 and 1701 he was elected one of the members of the university. He was appointed war- den of the Mint in 1696 ; was made master of it in 1699 ; was chosen presi- dent of the Eoyal Society in 1703 ; and was knighted in 1705. Among his works arc, "Arithmetica Universalis," "A New MetJiod of Infinite Series and Fluxions," " Optics," " The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended," and "Observations on the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse." D. 1727. — Thomas, a learned prelate, was b. in 1704, at Lichfield ; was educated there, at Westminster, and at Trinity college, Cambridge ; and, after having tilled various minor preferments, was made bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He d. in 1782. His principal work is, " Disser- tations on the Prophecies." He also published editions, with notes, of "Pa- radise Lost," and " Paradise Regained." — GiLBEiiT Si'UAitT, a painter of consid- erable merit, was b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1794 ; visited Italy, about 1820; and, on his return to I'^nglaud, entered himself a student of the Koyal Academy. He confined himself chiefiy to small pictures, and illustratei.1 many subjects HI the " Annuals" and other elegant publications, in a highly credit- able manner. His female figures are strikingly expressive of innocence as well as beauty. D. 1835. NEY, MicnAEL, a French marshal, prince of the Moskwa, duke of Elehin- ijcn, denominated " the bravest of the brave" by his countrymen, was the son of an artisan, and was b. in 1769, at Sarre Louis. Ho entered the army in 1787 ; exerted himself so much in the early campaigns of the revolution that he was called the Indefatigable ; and rose to the rank of brigadier-general in 1796. He bore a part in all the achievements of the army of the Rhine, particularly of the battle of Ilohenlinden. in all the campaigns from 1805 to 1814, Ney lield liigh commands, and con- stantly signalized himself by his mili- tary skill and his daring valor. He was made a peer by Louis XVIII. , and was placed at the head of an army to stop the progress of Napoleon in 1*815. Ney, however, went over, with his army, to his former sovereign, and fought for him at Qu.itre Bras and "Waterloo. On the second restoration of the Bourbons, he was condemned to death, and was shot on the 7th of December, 1815. NICHOLS, John', an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1744, at Islington ; was apprenticed to Bowyer the printer, and became his partner; conducted "The Gentleman's Maga- zine" for nearly half a century; and d. November 26, 1826. Among his works are, " The History and Antiquities of Leicestershire," " Anecdotes of Bow- yer," " Literary Anecdotes of the Eigh- teenth Century," and " Illustrations of the Literature of the Eighteenth Cen- tury." NICHOLSON, James, an officer in the American navy, was b. in Chestertown, Md., in 1737. He followed the life of a sailor till the year 1773, when he mar- ried and settled in the city of New York. Here he remained until 1771, when he returned to his native province. At the commencement of the revolution, the government of ilaryland built and equipped a ship of war, called the De- fence, and the command of her was in- trusted to Nicliolson. He performed various exploits during the war, and be- fore the close of it was taken prisoner and carried into New York. He d. in 1S06. — AViLi.L\M, an able writer on natu- ral philosophy and chemistry, was b. in 1753, in London ; was, successively, iu the maritime service, agent on the Con- tinent for Mr. ^Vedgwood, a mathemati- cal teacher, and engineer to the Portsea water-works; and d. in indigence, in 1815. His chief works are, " An Intro- duction to Natural I'hilosophy ;" "A Dictionary of Chemistry," and " The Navigator's Assistant." In 1797 he es- tablished the scientific journal which bears his name, and which ho conducted till his decease. 660 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [nol NICOLAI, CnnisTorriEn Frederic, a German author, who was also a book- Bcller, was b. at Berlin, in 1738, and d. there in 1811. Among his numerous works are, ''The Life and Opinions of Sebaldus Nothaiiker," " A Tour in Ger- many and Switzerland," and " Charac- teristic Anecdotes of Frederic II." He also edited " The Library of Belles Lettres," " Letters on Modern Litera- ture," "The German General Library," and " The New German General "Li- brary," the whole forming nearly two hundred volumes. NICOLAS, Sir Nicholas Harris, an eminent antiquary, was b. in Cornwall, 17yy. At an early age he entered the navy, and received his commission as lieutenant in 1S15, after an active and adventurous service on the coast of Ca- hibria. But he appears to have been called to the bar in 18-25. Shortly after- wards he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ; and he thence- forward devoted himself almost entirely to antiquarian literature, particularly in the departments of genealogy and his- tory. Almost all his works nave a sub- stantial liistorical value ; such for in- stance as his " History of the Battle of Agincourt," the memoirs in " The Siege of Carlaverock," and the "Scrope and Grovesnor Koll," the "Proceedings of the Privy Council," bis "Life of Hatton," and his " Dispatches of Lord Nelson ;" but the most useful in aid of other literary men were his "Chro- nology of History," his " Synopsis of the Peerage," and his " Testamenta Vetusta." D. 1848. NICOLSON, WiLLiAiT, a learned pre- late, was b. in 1655, at Orton, in Cum- berland ; was educated at Queen's col- lege, O.Kford ; was successively, in 1702, 1718, and 1727, bishop of Carlisle, and of Berry, and archbishop of Cashel ; and d. a few days after he was raised to the arehiepiscopal dignity. "The En- glish, Scotch, and Irish Historical Li- brary," and the " Le^es Marchiarum, or Border Laws," are Lis principal pro- ductions. NIEBUHR, Carsten, a celebrated traveller, was b. in 17.'?3, at Ludings- worth, in tlie duchy of Lauenberg; was sent, in company with four other learn- ed men, by the Danish government, in 1761, to explore Arabia ; was employed for six years on that mission, and was the only one who returned ; was liber- ally rewarded by the Danish monarch ; and d. in 1815. Amonj; his works are, "A Description of Arabia," and "Trav- els in Arabia and the neighboring Coun- tries." — G. B., a son of the foregoing, was, successively, professor at the uni- versity of Berlin, counsellor of state, and l*russian ambassador to the pope. While he was at Rome, he discovered some valuable fragments of two of Cice- ro's orations. He d. in 1830. His great work is "The History of Rome," which is far superior to most of its rivals. NIEWLAND, Peter, a Dutch mathe- matician, was b. in 1764, at Dimmer- meer, near Amsterdam, and d. in 1794; professor of natural philosophy, mathe- ma-tics, and astronomy, at Leyden. Niewland was an instance of precocious talent. At seven years of age he wrote a poem to the "Deity," and at eight he solved difficult geometrical problems with uncommon facility. He is the au- thor of various scientific works, and of a volume of poetry. NIVERNOIS, LouLs JuLirs Bakbon Mancini Mazarini, duke de, was b. in 1716, at Paris; served as colonel in the army, but was obliged by ill health to resign his commission ; was, succes- sively, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and London, in which latter city he negoti- ated the peace of 1762 ; was imprisoned by the republicans in 1793; and d. in 1798. Among his works are, "Fables in Verse," "Dialogues of the Dead," "Dramas;" and translations from the Latin, Enirlish, and Italian. NOBLE, Patrick, a governor of South Carolina, distinguished as a lawyer and politician. B. 1787 ; d. 1840. NOLLEKENS, Joseph, an eminent sculptor, the son of a painter, was b. in 1737, in London ; studied under Schee- maker, and subsequently at Rome un- der Cavaeeppi; remained nine years in Italy, during which period he gained great reputation as an artist, and also improved his f(n-tune by dealing in an- tiquities; returned to Enijland in 1770; became a royal academician in 1772 ; and was so extensively employed, par- ticularly on busts, that he accumulated £200,000. He d. April 23, 1823. In his character Nollekens had more than the usual share of that singularity which is supposed to be attendant upon ge- nius. NOLLET, John Anthony, a French natural philosopher, was b. in 1700, at Pimpre, acquired considerable scientific reputation, and became a member of the Royal Society, and of several learned societies, and d. in 1770. Besides vari- ous works on electricity, and other suh- nor] CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. GGl jects, he wrote "Lectures on Experi- mental I'liilosophy." NOKDKX, Fkkdekio Louis, an emi- nent traveller, a captain in the Danish navy, was b. in 17uS, at Gluekstadt, in llolstcin. lie was sent by his sovereign to France and Holland, to collect naval information, and afterwards to Egypt to describe and design the ancient monu- ments of that country. lie d. in 174'2. lie is the author of " Travels in Egypt and Nubia," and of a "Memoir on the Kuins and Colossal Statues of Thebes." — Jonx, an old English writer, who is conjectured by Wood to have been a native of Wilts. He received his edu- cation at Oxford, and wrote some strange books in divinity, witli very whimsical titles, as "The Sinful Man's Solace," " Antithesis, or Contrariety between the Wicked and Godly set forth in a Pair of Gloves fit for every Man to wear," &c. He was also the author of the "Sur- veyor's Dialogue," " Labyrinth of Man's Life," a poenj, "England, or a Guide for Travellers," and " Topographical Descriptions of Middlesex, Herttbrd- sliire, and Cornwall." He was surveyor of the kinsr's lands, and d. about 1625. NORRIS, Sir John, a brave naval olhccr, who served his country nearly sixty years, commencing in 1689, and terminating, with his life, in 1749. Tlie frequent accidents and misfortunes which befell the ships and squadrons under his command, and which could not be warded olf by any human pru- dence or sagacity, procured him the appellation of "Foul-weather Jack;" yet in the duties of his profession no man could be more assiduous. — John, an eminent divine and I'latonist, was b. in i0r)7, at Collingbourne Kingston, in Wiltshire, and became rector of Bemcr- ton, near Salisbuiy, where he d. 1711. He ranks as one of tiie most eminent of the English Platonists, and was a good man, though a visionary. Anion? his works are, "The Theory and Kegula- tion of Love." "Reflections upon the Conduct of Human Life," "Practical Discourses," " An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World," and " Philosophical Discourse concerning the Natural Immortality of tlie Soul." NORTH, Roger, a law>-er and mis- cellaneous writer, the yoinigcst son of Dudley Lord North, was attorney-gen- eral under James II., and d. in 1733. He wrote the "Lives" of his three bro- thers, Lord Keeper Nortii, Sir Dudley North, and Dr. John Nort h, all of whom .5ii were eminent men; "Examen, or In- quiry into tiie Credit and Veracity of Kennct's History," "A History of Ee- culent Fish," and other works. — Fked- ERic, earl of Guildford, better Imown as Lord North, was b. in 1782, and edu- cated at Eton, and Trinity college, 0.\- ford. After having lield several less important offices, he was, in 1707, ap- pointed chancellor of the exchequer, and, in 1770, first lord of the treasury. His administration continued through the whole of the American war, during which ho was incessantly assailed by the opposition, and was often threatened with impeachment. In 17S2 he resign- ed, but in 1783 lie was for a few months a member of the coalition ministry. He was blind for some years previous to his decease, which took place in 1792. NORTHCOTE, J.vmes, an eminent portrait and historical painter, was b. in 1746, at Plymouth, where his father was a watchmaker. Having a taste for the fine arts, and being flattered by praises l^estowed on his early productions, he pursued the practice" of drawing and glinting with so much assiduity, that r. Mudge, a physician of Plymouth, recommended him as a scholar to Sir Joshua Reynolds, with whom he re- mained five years ; and on leaving that great artist he connnenced business on his own account, with great success, as a portrait painter. Aspiring, however, to the loftier, though less lucrative de partment of historical painting, lie vis ited Italy in 1777, and remaininc: tliero three years, he retilrned to London with a vastly increased reputation. In 1787 he became a royal academician, and for a period of thirty years his produc- tions formed a eonsjncuous part of the exhibitions at Somerset house. Ho studied deeply, was an acute observer of human nature, .and possessed a sound judgment, a quick perception, and great conversational powers. lie wrote " The Life of Sir .Joshua Reynolds," also, "Fal)les," "Conversations," and "The Lite of Titian," in all of which he was assisted by Mr. lla/litt. He amassed a larjre fortune by his profession, and his habits were too penurious to dissipate it. D. 1S31. NORTON, John, a elertryman of Boston, was b. in Herttbrdsiiire, En- gland, in 1606. After ivceiviiii,' a the- ological education, he adoptctl the creed and practice of the Puritans, and in 1635 emigrated to New Ensrhmd. Ho was first settled in the ministry at Ipswich, but was afterwards prevailed ou Jo re- 662 CYCLOP. F.niA OF niOGRAPIIY. [num move to Boston. In 1002 lie was ap- pointed one of the two agents of the colony to uddrcss King Charles on his restoration, but tiicy did not fully suc- ceed in tRe objects of their mission. He d. in 1663. His theological works were nmnerons, and he published several political tracts. NORWOOD, EiCHAED, an English {reonietrician, of the 17tli century, was the first who measured a degree of the meridian in England. The operation was performed in 1635, and was caiTied on between London and York. No particuhirs of his life are recorded, lie wrote treatises on '• Trigonometry," on "Navigation," and on "Fortification." NOSTREDAME, or NOSTRADA- MUS, Michael, a famous astrologer and empiric, was b. in l.")03, at St. Remi, in Provence. After liaving practised physic for some years, he assumed tlie character of a prophet, and, in 155,5, publislied seven centuries of "Predic- tions," each of whicli was comprised in a stanza of lour lines. They became popular, and he received valuable pres- ents from Charles IX., Catharine of Medieis, tlie duke of Savoy, and other eminent persons. D. 1566. NOTT, .John-, a physician, poet, and translator, was b. in 1751, at Worcester, settled at the Hot Wells, Bristol, in 1793, as a physician, and d. there in 1826. Among his works are various poems ; translations from Hafiz, Propertius, Ca- tullus, Horace, Lucretius, Johannes Se- cundus, Bonefonijis, and Petrarch ; a " Nosological Companion," and select poems from Herrick's " Ilespcrides." NOUE, Francls de la, a French Cal- vinist warrior, surnamcd Iron-arm, from the loss of his left arm being supplied by an artificial limb of iron, was b. in 1531, in Britany, and distinguished him- self in the wars in Italy, the Nether- lauds, and France. He was killed in 15U1, at the siege of Lamballe. La None was no less admired for his virtues tlum for his military talent. He is the author of " Political and Military Discourses," and "Remarks on Guicciardini's His- tory." NOVATIAN, or NOVATIANUS, a Greek philosopher, who eTnbraced Cliri^tianity, and was admitted a mem- ber of the priesthood. He started the doctrine, that it was sinful to admit persons who had once lapsed to idolatry to jommunion, a practice then universal in the church. This produced a schism, in which Novatian had many partisans, who called themselves Catharites, (puri- tans,) or Novatians, from their founder. This sect, after the council of Nice, fell into disrepute in the Western empire, though they continued to prevail for a much longer period in the P2ast. NOVES, Laur.\ de, the female whom Petrarch has innnortalizcd in his poems, was b. near Avignon, in 1807 or 1308, married Hugh de Sade in 1325, and d. in 1348. NOY, W^iLLTAM, a celebrated lawyer, who may be considered as one of the main authors of the civil war between Charles I. and his people, was b. in 1577, at St. Burian, in Cornwall, and studied at Exeter college, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. In the reign of .James I. Nov sat in parliament for Helston, and subsequently for St. Ives, and was a stern opponent of the court. But in 1631 Charles converted him by appoint- ing him to the office of attorney-general, and Noy was thenceforth an inveterate enemy of liberty. Among other per- nicious measures he is said to have ori- ginated the claim of ship money. D. 163-1. Among his works are, " A Trea- tise on the Grounds and Maxims of the Law of England," "The Perfect Con- veyancer," and "The Complete Law- yer." NUGENT, Thomas, was a native of Ireland, but settled in London, where he produced numerous works. Among them are, " A French and English Dic- tionary," which has been often re- printed, " Travels througii Germany," "Observations on Italy and its Inhab- itants," "The Tour of Europe," " Con- dillac's Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge," " Henault's History of France," &c. D. 1772. NUMA POMPILIUS, the second king of Rome, was b. at Cures, a Sabine vil- lage, and married Tatia, the daughter ot^ the king of the Sabines. He was chosen by the Romans as their sovereign after the death of Romulus ; introduced many reformations among them during a rci^'n of 43 years. D. 672 b. c. NU.MERI.\N, M.vRcus Aurelius, a Roman etnncror, the son of Cams, suc- ceeded to tlie throne a.d. 282, and, after a reign of eight months, was murdered by Arrius Aper, his father-in-law. Nu- mcrian was a good writer, and an elo- quent speaker. occ] CYCLOP>^!DIA OF BIOGRAIIIV. 663 O. GATES, Titus, one of the most in- famous characters tliat ever disgraced humanity, was b. about 1619, was edu- cated at Merchant Tailors' school, and at Cambridffe ; became a Komau Catho- lic and a Jesuit in 1677, but, shortly after, declared himself a Protestant, aiul gave information of & pretended popish plot, by which means he excited a pop- alar ferment, and broujjht many inno- cent individuals to the scaffold. In the reiirn of James II. Gates was tried for perjury, and a dreadfully severe sen- tence was passed upon him. After the revolution he was pensioned. D. nO-j. GBERLIN, jKKKMiAn James, a Ger- man antiquary and philolocrist, was b. at Strasbur;;, in 1735. He began his career as teacher in the gymnasium of liis native place, and after he had ex- tended his knowledge and reputation by his travels, lie was transferred to the university; in 17S2 he obtained the chair of logic and metaphysics, to which, in 1787, was added the office of director of the gymnasiuui. Tlie French rev- olution interrupted his learned labors, and in 1793 he was imprisoned at Metz, and treated with sveat cruelty, but at the teruruuition of Robespierre's tyranny he was liberated, and resinned hi.-? lit- erary occupations. He published valu- able editions of Tacitus, Caesar, Ovid, and Horace, and produced a number of works on arehaology, statistics, &e. D. 1806. O'CGNNELL, Daniel, of Darrynanc abbey, the great Irish " agitator," or "liberator,"" was the son of a small landed proprietor in the county of Ker- ry, wiiere he was b. Aug. 6, 1775. Edu- cated at the Catholic college of St. Gmer, and at the Irish seminary of Douay, he at first intended to enter the ehiirch, but after the repeal of the act which prohibited Roman Catliolies from prac- tising at the bar, lie became a student of Lincoln's Inn in 1794, was admitted a barrister in 1798, and soon acquired a laru^e practice, which yielded him a handsome income. In 1809 he became connected with the associations which had the emancipation of the Catholics for their object, and the powers of elo- quence, togetiier with the boundless zeal wliieh he disphiyed in this cause. Boon made him the idol of his Catholic, and the dr.nd of his Protestant, coun- trymen. In i815, having applied the epithet "beggarly" to the Duolin cor- poration, lie was challenged by x\lder- man d'Esterre, who resented it as a personal insult. The challenge was ac- cepted, but the alderman fell. The same year Mr. O'Connell received a hostile message from Mr. Peel, then secretan,^ for Ireland, but their meeting was prevented by the police, who had obtained knowledge of the affair, and Mr. G'Connell soon afterwards resolved that he would thenceforward neither send nor accept a challenge for any in- jury that he might inflict or receive — a resolution to which he steadfastly ad- hered. In 1823, in conjunction with Mr. Shell, he founded a new Catholic association, wjiieh soon extended over the whole of Ireland, and from that period down to his decease, his jiersonal liistory is identified with that of Ireland. In 1828 he resolved, notwithstanding the existing disabilities, to become a candidate for a seat in parliament, and was chosen a member for Clare. He refused to take the prescribed oaths. But early in the next session the Roman Catholic relief bill was introduced and carried. He was therefore, in the month of April, 1829, enabled to sit for Clare without taking the objectionable oaths. He continued a member for eighteen years. lu 1841 he was elected lord mayor of Dublin, and in 1843 "monster meetings" was held on the royal hill of Tara, on the Curragh of Kildare, the rath of Mitllaghmast, and otlier renown- ed localities, fur the repeal of the Irish union. A meeting for Clontarf was fixed for the Sth of Oct., when the gov- eriiinont interfered. Mr. O'Conneil was sentenced to pay a fine of £2000, and to be imprisoned for a year. This judg- ment was afterwards reversed by the house of lords. He retired soon after from the arena of strife, and commenced a ])ilgrimage in 1847, more for devotion than tor health, towards Rome ; but he had proceeded no farther than (?enoa, when with comparatively little suffering, he expired, in his 72d vear. OCCAM, or CK'KHAM, AYii.uAjr, a divine and philosopher, called the In- vincible Doctor, was b. at Ockliam, ia Surrey, in the 14th century, was edu- cated at Merlon college, Oxford, under Duns Scotus, became a Franciscan friar, 664 CYCLOP-fiOIA OF mOGHAPHY. [onA nnd arclulcacon of Stow, but resigned his prel'ennent, wrote boldly ugiiinst the pope, I'or whieli he was exeomuiunieated, and d. at Munich in 13i7. lie i^^ the Ibuiulcr of the scholastic sect of the aouiiual!sts. OCKLEY, Simon, a celebrated orien- lalist, was b. in 1078, at Exeter, was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, obtained the vicarage of Swanescy, in Cambridgeshire, and d. in indigence in 17ilO. lie is the author of a valuable " History of the Saracens," "The Life of llai Ebu Yokdan," from the Arabic, an " Introduction to the Oriental Lan- guages," and other works. OECOLAMPADIUS, John, an emi- nent German reformer, was b. in 14S2, at Weiasberg, iu Eranconia. He was converted to the Protestant faith by reading the works of Luther, became professor of theology at Basle, embraced the opinions of Zuinglius respecting the Baeruuient, contributed much to the pro- gress of ecclesiastical reform, and d. iu 15;il. OEHLENSCHLOEGER, Adam, the most celebrated dramatic poet of Scan- dinavia, was b. at Copeniiageu, 1777. AVhen siill a child he evinced great skill iu writing verses ; and even iu his yth year he wrote short comedies for private theatricals, in wliieli the cliief perfurmers were himself, his sister, and a friend. Tliese and otlier similar attempts created the wish to go upon the stage, and when he was in liis 17th year he put his de- sign into execution. Hut he soon found that the stage was not in unison with his inclinations, and he abandoned it first for the study of the law, and after- wards tor general literature. In 1805 he left Copeniiageu willi a stipend from the Danish ffoveriuneut, on a lengtiiened tour througli Germany and Italy; and on liis return, in ISIO, he was appointed to tlie cliair of literature in the miiver- sity of Copenhagen, where he labored assiduously till his death. His earliest works were composed in Danish, but he rewrote most of them in German, and Germany lias given them a promi- nent place in her own literature. His most important works arc, " Ilakon Jarl," "Corregtrio," "Palnatoke," "Al- addin," " Der Hirten-knabe," &c. His "Autobiography" is a beautiful per- formance, fully displaying tiie qualities for whicli be was distintruished through life — strong feelings and earnestness of purpose — and wliicli gained liim uni- versal respect while he lived, autl more than rogal honors at his death. D. 1850. OELRICHS, John Charles Conrad, a German historian and bibliographer, was b. at Berlin, in 1722, became pio- fessor of history and civil law at the academy of Stettin, published luany valuable works in Latin and German, obtained the post of counsellor of lega- tion, and resident of the duke of Deux Fonts, at the court of Berlin, in 1784, and d. in 1708. OGILBY, John, a multifarious writer, was b. iu 1600, at Edinburgh, and was originally a dancing master. Being compelled by an accident to relinquish that occupation, he became an author. He was also appointiid king's cosmog- rapher, and master of the revels in Ire- land, whb.e he built a theatre. He d. in 1676. Among his works are, transla- tions of the Iliad, Odyssey, and Eneid, and many geographical productions. OGILVIE, John, a Scotch divine and poet, was b. in 1733, and educated at the university of Aberdeen, from which he obtained a doctor's degree, was for more than half a century minister of Midmar, in Aberdeenshire, and d. in 1814, respected for his piety and talents. His poetical powers were by no means inconsiderable. His chief works are, "Sermons," "Poems," "Britannia," an epic poem, "Philosophical and Crit- ical Observations on Compositions," and " Examination of the Evidence of Propheev." OGLETMOEPE, James Edward, an English officer, was b. in London, iu 1698, and was educated at Oxford. He was an aid-de-camp to Prince Eugene. In 1732 he settled the colony in Georgia, and laid the foundation of the town of Savannah. In 1745 he was made major- general, and was employed to follow the rebels under the Pretender. He u. in 1785. O'HALLOEAN, Sylvester, an Irish antiquary, was b. 1728, brought up and practised as a surgeon, and wrote sev- eral medical treatises. But it is as an antiquary and historian that he is now iirineipally known. In 1772 ho pub- lished an "Introduction to the Study of the History and Antiquities of Ire- land," which 'was followed by a " Gen- eral History of Ireland." D."l807. O'lIAKA, Kane, an Irish dramatist, who had much musical taste, and a happy talent of adapting verses to old airs. His chief productions are "Midas," which was extremely well received, and is still a favorite, "The (iolden Pippin," "The Two Misers," "April Day," and "Tom Thumb." D. 1782. OLiJ CYCLOP.KDIA OF BIOUKAl'IIY. G05 O'KEEFE, John, a celebrated dram- atist, was b. at Dublin, in 174S, and was oriirinally intended tor tlic profession of a painter, but liis taste for tliuatrieal anuisc-inunls inlcrl'crcd with his slutlics, and lie soon forsook the easel for the soek and buskin, llavini^ been intro- duced to Mr. Mossop, he obtained an eiigarrenicnt at the Dublin theatre ; and lie continued to perfonn in that city, and in the towns to wliich the company made sunnner excursions, for twelve years, as a comedian, with considerable success. His ambition to figure as an author was coeval with his theatrical taste ; lor, at the age of 15, lie attempted a coiiietly in five acts. Among his early productions which attracted notice, was a kind of histrionic monologue, called '•T, O'Keefe, who was then blind, and liad been reduced by mis- fortune to a stale of great embarrass- ment, had a benefit at Covent-garden theatre. lie subsequently published his " KecoUections, or Biographical Me- moirs," and d. at Southampton, ISoo. OLAFSEN, Egoekt, a learned lee- Inndcr, who studied at Copenhagen, after which he returned to his native island, which he travelled over repeat- etUy in company with his fellow-student liiarne Paulsen. The result of their ob- servations was printed at Copenhagen, 177'.i. Olafsen was then appointed a a magistrate in Iceland, where he de- voted much of his time to natural his- tory and poetry, but, about four years liefore his death, he applied almost wholly to the study of the Scriptures. He was drowned with his wife in cross- iiiu' the lii'eidafiord in 1776. OLDIIAM, JouN, a poet, Avns b. in IG.'ui, at Shipton, in Gloucestershire, was educated at Tetbury free school, and Edmund luill, Oxford, became usher of Crovdon free school, and afterwards tutor in the families of Sir Edward Tliurland and Sir William Hickes, was 50* patronized by tiie earl of Kingston, and d. in 1683. Ilis satires are rug^retl, but full of energy. Dryden, in a beautiful tribute to his memory, calls him "tlic yourif, But, all 1 too short, Mnroellus of our loii;.'U<- !" OLDYS, AViLLiAM, an antiquary and miscellaneous writer, the natural son of a civilian, was b. in 1696, became libra- rian to l^ord Oxford in 1726, wtis ap- y)ointed Norroy king-at-arms, and d. in 1761. Among other works he wrote "The British Librarian," "The Uni- versal Spectator," a "Life of Sir Walter Kaleigh,^' and several lives in the " Bi- ograpliia Britanniea." lie also assisted in selcetinff "The Harleian Miscellanv." OLEAKIUS, or 0ELSCI1L^:gEE, Adam, a learned German traveller, was b. loDVt, at Ascherleben, in Anlialt; was educated at Leipsic; entered into the service of the duke of Ilolstein Gottorp, and was appointed secretary to the em- bassy which that prince sent to Kiissia and Persia; was, on his return, made counsellor, librarian, and mathematician, to the duke ; and d. 1671. He wrote an account of his " Travels," a " Chronicle of Ilolstein," and other works. OLIVET, Joseph Thoclier d', a French grammarian and critic, was b. in 1682, at Salins. lie was originally a Jesuit, but (iiiiited the order, to give himself up to literature. In 172:5 he becjune a member of the French Acad- emy, the dictionary of which body he assisted in revising. His principal works are, a valuable edition ot Cicero, tran.s- lations from Demosthenes and Cicero, a " History of the French Academy." and a "Treatise on Prosody." D. 1762. OLIVER, Andrew, was graduated at Harvard college, in 1724, and was early engaged in public employments, sue- eeeded Hutchinson as lieutenant-gov- ernor of Massachusetts, in 1771, and retained that otlice till his death, in 1774. He rendered himself very unpopular 1)y accepting from the British government the office of stamp distributor of tho province. — William Anthony, an emi- nent French naturalist and traveller, was b. 17o6, at Frcjus; was sent on a scien- tific mission to Persia by the French government, in 1792, and returned with a valuable collection, after an absence of six vears. Ilis chief works are, " Travels in tlie Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Per- sia," "A Natural History of Coleopterou.s Insects," and a portion of the " Diction- ary of the Natural History of Insci-t-s '' iiitlic " Methodical Eucyeiopadia." D. 1814. 666 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [ORL O'ilEAR :1, Uaury Edward, the con- fidential medical attendant of the Emper- or >\apole<'>n in liis last days, and author of "'A Voice from 8t. llek-na,'" was a native of Ireland, and b. about 1778. He Was ori;,nnally a surgeon in the Brit- ish navy, and was on board the Bellero- phou in that capacity, on the 7th of Aiiifust, Islf., wlicn Napoleon went on bo:iril. Napoleon having observed ])r. O'.Mcara's skill in attending to some of the crew, and his knowledge of Italian, made overtures to him, on being trans- ferred to tlie Northumberland, to ac- company him to St. Helena a3 his sur- peon, his own not being able to go with liim. Having obtained Admiral Keith's permission, l)r. O'ileara assented, and remained with the ex-emperor till July, 1818, when he was recalled and deprived of his rank. He was latterly an active partisan of O'Connell's, at one of whose agitation meetings he is said to have caugiit the illness which terminated liitaily, June 3, 1836. UPIE, John, a celetirated painter, was h. 17G1, at St. Agnes, near Truro, in Cornwall, and was the son of a carpen- ter, who destined him to follow that business. At 10 years of age lie could solve many ditiicult problems in Euclid, and at 12 lie taught writing and arilli- mctic at an evening school in his native village. But drawing soon became his princijial object, and he made several sketches and copies, which were much talked of in the neiirhborhood. After having practised for a few years in the provincial towns, he settled in London, in 1780, where he acquired both fame and fortune. He became a royal acad- emician, and professor of painting to the academy. He wrote Lectures, a " TJfe of Sir Joshua Reynolds," and a " Loiter on the Formation of a National Gallery. I). 1807.— Amki.ia, b. in 1771, at Harwich, was highly distinguished for her literary abilities, and was the author of " A Life of Opie," " Adeline Mowbrav," "Simple Tales," "The Eve of St. Viilcntine," &c. OlMTZ, Martin, whom the Germans call the father and restorer of their po- etry, wa.s b. I."iy7, at Bimtzlau, in Silesia ; was educated at Brcslau and Frankfort- on-lhe-Odcr; sjieiit several years in travelliiiGr in various parts of Europe; wns ennobled, and sent on a mission to I'rris: and <1. in 1030. Ol'I'IAN, a Greek poet, a native of Corycns, in Cilicia, flourished in the 2d century, and was liberally rewarded for Lis works by Caracalla. lie wrote two poems; the one in five books, called "Ilaleutics," on fishing; the other in four, with the title of "Cynogeticon," on hunting. Some critics have doubted whether he is really the author of the latter. OEANGE, William of Nassau, prince of, the founder of the Dutch rep\iblie, was b. 1583, at the castle of Dillem- burgli. He was brought up in the court of Charles V., who, in 1554, gave him the command of the army in the Nether- lands. Philip II., however, treated him with coldness; and the conduct of the prince, in joining with the Flemish nobles to protect' the liberties of the Netherlands, converted that coldness into hatred. He was forced to fly, and, in his absence, was condemned to death. He then took up arms, and after several reverses, succeeded in wresting a part of the Netherlands from the dominion of the Spanish tyrant. But he did not witness tlie consummation of his labors ; being assassinated, in 1584, at Delft, by Balthasar Gerard. — Frederic Henry of Nassau, prince of, stadtholder of Hol- land, was b. 1584, at Delft, and was brought up by his brother Maurice, whom he succeeded in 1625. He gov- erned with wisdom and equity, and secured the independence of his country bv numerous victories and conquests. I). 1647. ORELLANA, Francis, one of the Spanish adventurers to the new world, was b. at Truxillo, early in the 16th cen- tury, and accompanied the Pizarros to Pern. Passing the Andes, he embarked on the Amazons, and followed its course to tlie ocean. He was the first European that navigated that mighty stream, and it still bears his name. D. 1540. ORIGEN, one of the fathers of the church, was b. 185, at Alexandria, and studieil philosophy under Animonius, and theology under Clemens Alexan- drinus. Being persecuted by his dio- cesan, Demetrius, he went to Csesarea, and afterwards to Athens. During the persecution of Decius, he was impris- oned and tortured. His great works are, "The Hexapla," "Commentaries on the Scriptures," and a " Treatise against Celsus." D. 253. "ORLEANS, Cii.vRLEs, duke of, was made prisoner at the battle of Agin- court, in 1415. He remained in Enirland 25 years; and on his return to France he undertook the conquest of the duchy of Milan, to whieh he conceived himself entitled in right of his mother. He was not, however, successful in this enter- ORI.] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 667 prise : and d. 1495. — Loris, duke of, was the son of Fliiltp tlic roijent of France, and b. at ^'c■l■saillcs, in 1708. In study, devotion, and acts of cliavity lie spent liis life. In 1733 lie saved numlDcrs from perishing bv famine in the Orleannois; as ho again did ihrough- out France, in the dearth of 1740. lie also extended his benevolence to distant countries ; while in his own he founded schools, professorships, hospitals, and colleges. But his charitable occupations did not draw him aside from his studies, which he pursued with such diligence as to become master of the oriental lan- guages, and most of the sciences. D. 17;')2, leaving many worlart of his life was dedicated to the diplomatic service of his country, which he represented at the congress of Vienna and in London. In 1820 he made a fruitless voyage to Brazil, to pacify the revolution which had burst forth. lie was also selected to attend at the coronation of Queen Victoria; and his great wealth enabled him to vie on that occa.sion with the representatives of the other courts of Europe. He was several times called on to offer advice to his sovereiirn, but only held office for a limited period. D. 18.50. PALMER, John, an eminent English actor, was b. in London, about 1742, and made his first appearance in the metropolis at the Ilaymarket theatre. He was afterwards engaged by Garrick at Drury-lane, and gradually rose to eminence in his profession, both in comedy and tragedy. I). 1798. — .John, the first prqiector of mail-coaches, was a native of Bath, where he was brought up ns a brewer, but subsequently soli- cited and obtained a patent for a theatre in his native city, which concern proved eminently successful under his m;inatre- ment. BeiuLT much in the habit of trav- elling from place to place, for the pur- pose of securing rising performers, the idea occurred to him that !. better mode of conveying the mails was most desira- ble, and he accordingly matured the plan of transmitting letters by coaches with guards, now superseded by the railway. He succeeded in his object, though not without great opposition; but the utility of the plan soon became manifest, and he was made comptroller- general of the post-office, with a salary of £1500 a year. Some disputes, how- ever, occurring, he lost his situation in 1792, and though he afterwards, through petitions, was reimbursed by parlia- ment, tlie compensation was very inad- equate to the per ceutage he was to have received, in case his plan suc- ceeded. D. 1818. PALOMINO DE CASTRO Y VE- LASCO, AcLscLEs Anthonv, an emi- nent Spanish painter, was b. 1653, at Bujalance, in ValenJa ; was a pupil of Valdes; became king's painter, and entered into the clerical profession in his latter days. Amoncr nis most re- markable works are, a " Confession of St. Peter," at Valencia, and five pictures in the choir of tlio cathedral at Cordova. Palomino wrote the "The Pictorial Mu- seum," of which the third volume con- tains the lives of Spanish artists. D. 17l'6. I'AN ARD, Chahles Francis, a French dramatist, whom Marmoutel syrnamed the Lafontaine of the Vaudeville, was b. 1 694, near Chartres. He wrote eighty pioces, among whicii are five comedies, and thirteen comic operas. The songs of Panard are remarkable for their easy stvle and their piquancy. D. 1765. ■pAXCIPvOLI, Guy, a civilian, was b. 1623, at Eeggio, and was professor of law at Padua, and afterwards at Turin. He is the author of various works; but the one by which he is remembered is a curious treatise on the ancient inven- tions which are lost, and on those in- ventions which belong to the moderns. D. 1599. PANCOUCKE, Charles Joseph, one of the most eminent booksellers in France, and also a man of literarv talent, was b. at Lisle, 1706. He settled at Paris, became connected with most of the distinguished authors of his time, and published many masrnificent works. The Moniteur was established by him ; and he also projected the Methodical Eneyclopajdia. Among his own pro- ductions are, a free translation of Lu- cretius, "On Man, and the Keprodue- tion of different Individuals," and " Philosophical Discourses on the Beau- par] CYCLOP.^iDIA OF BIOGHAfllV, 675 tifiil." D. 1698. — Andrew Joseph, bi3 father, was a bookseller and author. I'AOLI, Pascal, a patriot and gen- eral, (the son of Hyacinth Paoli, who Was also an intrepid assertor of his eountry's liberty.) was b. 1726, at Strct- ta, in Corsica; followed his father into exile ; and was educated at the Jesuits' collcirc, at Naples. In 1755, liis coun- trymen havinir elected him their gener- alissimo, he returned to Corsica, and at'ted with such vigor against the (ic- uoese, tliac lie confined their dominion within the narrow limits of the fortified seaports. To enact wise laws, introduce reforms, and encourage agriculture, was his next care. ]5ut all his noble labors were rendered abortive. The Genoese sold the island to France, and, after a severe struggle against the invading army, Paoli was once more compelled to become an exile. For 20 years he resided in England, subsisting on a pension from the government. In 1789 lie was recalled by the constituent as- sembly; but, in 1793, he was proscribed by the Jacobins, and he subsequently placed Corsica under llie protection of Great Britain. D. in Lonaon, 1807. PAPIN, Denys, an eminent natural philosopher and physician, was b. at lilois, in France. After taking the de- gree of M.D., he visited England; and, in 1680, became a fellow of the Koyal Society. While there he made many attempts to bring the steam-engine to perfection, and published an account of an invention, which still bears his name. Ilis work is entitled "The New Digest- er, or En0. This gentleman evinced, at a very early age, a quickness of perception and a spirit of enterprise which led to dis- tinguished acts in the course of his useful life. In 1770 be devoted a great portion of his time to the improvement of machinery. In 1773 he embarked in the cotton trade, accumulated an im- mense fortune, was created a baronet in 1801, and entered parliament the follow- incr year. T>. 1830. — Sir Robert, son of the preceding, and the greatest states- man of his age, was b. Feb. 5, 1788. He was educated tirst at Harrow, and after- wards at Oxford, at both of which places he distinguished himself by his patient diligence, his correct taste, and his schol- arly achievements. At ()xfbrd lie took ft first-class degree both in classics and mathematics. No sooner was this ac- complished, than his father, in 1S09, had him brought into parliament as member for Cashel, whilst he was little more tiian 21 years of age; and the house of com- mons became thenceforward the arena of his life. He had not sat long in it until he proved himself an able speaker, and a laborious and sagacious worker. In 1811 he was appointed under-secre- tarv of state for the colonies, under the Perceval administration. In 1812 he was made chief secretary for Ireland, and shortly after carried his measure for the relbrm of the currency. He in 1822 became secretary of state for the home department. Among many other useful ineasures identified with his name, during this period of his career, may be mentioned his plan for the re- form of the criminal code, which he brought forward and carried in 182G. On the accession of Canning to the pre- miership in 1827, he refused to take office under that distinguished statesman; but he returned in 1828 to the office of home secretary under the duke of Wel- linsrton, and held that post durintr the diflieult times which preceded the disso- lution of the tory government in 1830. Hitherto, his political career had borne the aspect of devoted adherence to tory- ism ; but, on accepting office under the duke of Wellington, he entered up<.n a course in which the influence of a clifFer- ent set of principles came to be apparent; for he had but feebly opposed the bill of Lord John Russell for the repeal of the test and corporation acts, and him- self introduced, and carried throusrli, in 1820, the bill for the removal of the Catholic disabilities, to which he had previously been opposed. The death of Earl Spencer, in 1834, having afforded the king a pretext for dismissing his whig ministers. Sir Robert Peel was summoned from Rome, and requested to form an administration. But his position in the house was not yet suf- ficiently strong to enable him to retain his place, and the goverament being beaten on more than one question, on the 8th of April, 1835, they resigned, and the whigs once more returned to office. In 1839 lie was again prime minister for a still shorter perioo, the famous " P.ed-chamber plot," as it was called, having compelled him to relin- quish the reins almost as soon as he had grasped them. In the mean time, liow- cver, circumstances were gradually ripening to render his accession to power inevitable. Justly or unjustly, a general impression had gone abroad unfavorable to the whig administration ; it was accused of administrative inca- pacity; and, in the summer of 1841, Sir Robert Peel led on an attack which ended in the resicrnation '^*' Lord Mel- bourne, ami placed him once more at the lica. Entering the navy in 1793, he served in the Mediterranean in the ex- peditioJ against Tripoli, and distinguish- ed himself in the late war with vrrcat Britain, by obtaining a splendid victory over a superior Ibrce on Lake f>ie. For this cxi)loit he was raised to the rank of captain. He commanded the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean under Commodore Decatur. I). 1820. PERSIUS FLACCUS, Aulus, a Roman satirist, was b. 84, at Voltcrra ; studied at Rome, and imbibed the Stoic philos- ophy from Cornutus; was intimate with Lucan, Seneca, and other eminent men ; and d. in his 28th year. His six satires, animated and often beautiful, but also often obscure, have been translated into English by Dryden, Brewster, Drum- mond, Howes, and Girto?d. PERTINAX, PuBLius Helvius. a Ro- man emperor, was b. 126, at Villa Martis. After having signalized himself in arms, jjarticularly against the Germans, and filled various important otfices, among which were those of consul and procon- sul in Africa, he was raised to the throne on the death of Commodus. He began his reign by restoring discijiline and reforming abuses ; but he was murdered in 193, by the pra'torian guards, after having held the imperial dignity only eitfhty-seven days. I'ERUGINO, Petek, an eminent paint- er, whose real name was \'anucci, was b. 144(3, at Citta della Pieve. He was the master of Raphael, who has intro- duced him in his picture of the "School of Athens." Perugino was suspicious and avaricious, ami Vasari charges him with an utter want of religion. As a painter he has high merit. U. 1524. PESCENNIUS NIGER, Caius, a Ro- man emperor, a native of Acjuino, of a considerable iiimily, was appomted gov- ernor of Syria, and commander of the legions in Asia, by Commodus. On the death of Pertinax, the troops of Peseen- nius proclaimed him emperor, in 193, but he was ojiposed by Severus. After having been defeated at Issus, in 195, he was killed by some soldiers, while he was on his flight to the Parthian do- minions. His virtues rendered him worthv of a happier fate. PESTALOZZI, Henkt, celebrated for having introduced a new method of ed- ucation, was b. 1745, at Zurich. After having studied theology and jurispru- dence, he relinquished liis views with respect to the church and the bar. to cul- tivate his own small property. AVitness- ing the wretchedness of the peasantry, he became anxious to ameliorate their situation by cultivating their mental fac-. ulties. In the pursuit of his benevolent 684 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIT. [pet puryiose he published several works, aud considerably injured his Ibrtuue. It was not till IT'Jb, however, that his plans were patronized by the Helvetic govern- ment. Under that patronap;e, lie, lor several years conducted an institution, which acquired extensive celebrity. D. 1827. I'ETER THE HERMIT, memorable as having been the author of the Cru- sades, was b. at Amiens, about the mid- dle of the 11th century. He quitted the profession of arms to become a hermit, in which capacity he made, about 1093, a pilgrimajre to the Holy Land. Indig- nant at the insults to which the Chris- tians were subjected, he originated the plan of expelling the Infidels from Pal- estine. History has recorded the suc- cess with which he preached it after his return to Europe. lie led the first irreg- ular band of crusaders, but he displayed little talent, and most of his followers were destroyed. 1). 1115, abbot of New Moutier, inthe territory of Liege. TETEK I. Alkxievitscii, surnamed The Gre.\t, czar of liussia, was b. 1672. In 16S'2 he succeeded to a share in the crown, and, in 1(596, obtained the sole authority on the death of his brother Ivan. At an early period he began to form projects for the civilization aud aggrandizement of his empire. Military and naval improvements were the first objects of his etforts, and he was ably seconded by his confidant aud counsel- lor, Lefort, a native of Geneva. He twice travelled, in 1607 and 1716, to ac- quire knowledge, and, in the course of his first journey, he worked as a ship- wright in the dockyard at Saardam. From all quarters he likewise invited men of talent and mechanical skill to settle in Russia. In 1700 he entered upon a war with Sweden, which lasted till 172L At the commencement of it he was repeatedly defeated, at Narva and otlier places, but he at length ac- quired the ascendency, gained a clecisive victory at I'ultowa, in 17o9, and wrested several provinces from the Swedes. On part of tlie territory thus conquered he founded St. Petersburg. In Idl, how- ever, he was less Ibrtunate against the Turks, by whom he was surrounded on the banks of tlie Prulh, and compelled to sign an ignominious ])eace. Against Persia he was successful, in 1723, and obliged that power to make extensive cessions to liim. But amidst all his glory his latter years were clouded by domestic infelicity; his wife, (Jatharine, was more tlian suspected of being un- faithful to him; and his son, Alexis, was disobedient. The former he spared ; tlie latter he brought to trial, and is be- believed to have put to death in prison. 1). 1725. PETERBOROUGH, Charles Mor- DAUNT, earl of, the son of Lord Mor- daunt, was b. in 1658; distinguished himself against the Moors at Tangier, in 1080 ; contributed to the revolution, and was created earl of Monmouth ; suc- ceeded to the title of Peterborough in 1697; was appointed commander-in- chief of the English forces in Spain, in 1705, at the head of which he reduced Ixircelona, and obtained other splendid successes, for which he was appointed generalissimo of the imperial forces ; was made general of the marines, and a knight of the garter by George I. ; and d. 1735. PETERS, Hugh, a celebrated fanatic, was the son of a Cornish merchant ; was educated at Trinity college, Cam- bridge ; and, after having been on the stage, in the church, and a resident in America, took a very active part against Charles I., for which he was executed in 1660. He wrote "Discourses;" and a " Last Legacy to his Daughter." — Rich- ard, an eminent judge, was b. in 1744, aud received his education in the city of Philadelphia. He adopted the pro- fession of the law, and soon obtained an extensive practice. At the commence- ment of hostilities with the mother country, he joined the side of the colo- nies, aud, in 1776, was appointed by congress secretary of the board of war. His exertions in this department were highly meritorious and useful, and, on resigning the post, in 1781, he was elected a member of congress, and as- sisted in closing the business of the war. On the organization of the new govern- ment, ho was appointed judge of the district court of Pennsylvania, and per- formed the duties of this office for tliir- ty-si.v years. During this time he was engaged in several objects of public im- provement, and issued several valuable publications in relation to agriculture. As a judge he possessed powers of a high order, and his decisions on admiralty law form the groundwork of this branch of our jurisprudence. Tlieir principles were not only sanctioned by our own courts, but were simultaneously adopted by Lord Stowcll, the distinguished mari- time judge of Great Britain. D. 1828. PETION, Alexander, a mulatto, whose real name wa'S Sabes, was the son of a St. Domingo planter ; was b. at piia] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOtJilAPIIY, G85 Port au Prince, in 1770, and received a liberal education. From the conimcncc- nient of the striijrglo between the blacks and the whites in his native island, he bore arms, and distinguished himself on various occasions. In 1807 he was elected president of the republic of llayti, comprehendinpf the southern and western part of St. Domingo, and this office he filled so wortliily, that ho w.is called The Father of his Country. D. 1818. PETIS DE LA CROIX, Francis, a celebrated orientalist, was b. in 1G53, at I'aris; was employed in negotiations with the Barbary powers, and was Ara- i)lc professor at the royal college ; and d. 1713. Among his works aVe, "A llistorv of Tamerlane," " Persian Tales," and " Turkish Talcs." PETIT, John' Lewis, an eminent sur- geon, was b. 1674^ at Paris, studied anatomy under Littre, and surgery un- der Castel ; was for some years an army and hospital surgeon, settled at Paris, gave lectures, acquired a well-merited reputation ; and became director-general of the surgical school. He invented a tourniquet, and a method of extracting foreign bodies from the oesophagus; and wrote a treatise on " Diseases of the Bones," and a treatise on surgical diseases. D. 1750. PETITOT, John, an admirable painter in enamel, who so much improved that branch of the art, that he may almost be said to be the inventor of it, was b. lt)07, at Geneva, and d. at Vcvay, 1091. lie was patronized bv Charles I. of En- gland, and afterwards, by Louis XIV. Petitot worked in conjunction with his brother-in-law Bourdier, and it is hon- oraljle to the character of both, that they lived together lor half a century without the slij^htest disagreement. PETRARCII, Francis, one of the four greatest of the Italian j)oets, was b. in 1:504, at Arezzo. The dissensions which distracted his country induced his father to remove to Avignon ; and the first rudiments of ed\ication were received by Petrarch, at Carpentras, from Con- vcnnolo. Bein^ intended for the law, lie studied it at Montpellier and Bologna. Ilis whole soul, however, was devoted to literature ; but it was not till he was in his twentieth year that the death of his lather allowed him to indulge his inclination. Having settled at Avignon, he saw the beautiful Laura de Noves. Her charms inspired him with a lasting passion, the etfusions of which he poured forth in those sonnets and odes ■•t9 which have rendered his i.ame immortal, but which failed to gain the object of his art'cctions. After having vainly trav- elled to forget or moderate his love, ho settled at Vaucluse, a romantic spot, where he wrote some of his finest works. His literary reputation attracted the regard of princes; lie was invited to Naples, to Paris, and to Rome ; and re- ceived the laureate crown in the capitol of the latter city. Among his wannest friends and patrons was the Colonna family. In 1048 his feelings were deeply wounded by the death of Laura. He survived her, however, nearly thirty years, during all which period he was admired and honored by his own coun- trymen, and by foreign princes. Of all his numerous works, in prose and verse, his Italian poems alone preserve their reputation undiminished ; ou-t '^hey are identified with literature itself, and till that is annihilated their fame is se- cure. D. 1374. PFEFFEL, Christian Frederic, a jurisconsult and diplomatist, was b. at Colmar, in 1720. Becoming the friend of the count de Bruhl, he was em- ployed on various diplomatic missions, and was made jurisconsidt to the king; but during the revolution his property was confiscated, and he was placed on the list of emigrants. He was the au- thor of several excellent works, among which his " Abrcge Chronologique de I'Histoirc, et du Droit publique d'Alle- magne." D. 1807. PH^DEUS, Julius, an elegant Latin fabulist, Avas b. on the frontier of Thrace and Macedonia, was a slave of Augustus, by whom ho was manumitted, and was persecuted by Sejanus, during the reign of Tiberius. The time of his death is not recorded. After having lain in oblivion for many centuries, his Fables were discovered by Francis Pithou, and given to the nress'by Peter his brother. PHALARIS, a native of Crete, whose cruelty, and the horrid instrument with wliich he wreaked his vengeance on those who fell under his displeasure, have become proverbial. In 571 b. c, he made himself master of Agrigcntum, in Sicily, where he was guilty of horri- ble cruelties. Among other instruments of destruction, he caused a hollow bra- zen bull to be made, so contrived, that when a fire was kindled under the body, the cries of the unhappy victim within resembled the roarings of the animal it represented. Phalaris, after commend- ing the work, ordered Pcrilhis, the artist, to be the first to make trial of it. 086 CVCLOP-EDIA OF HIOGRAPHY. [piu After a sau-^ruinary reign of eight years, the citizens at length (seized tlie tyrant, and with a .scvure but just retahation consiuiK'd him by a slow tiro in his own bull, 563 -B.C. PHIDIAS, one of the greatest of scnlptors, an Athenian, is supposed to have been b. about -i'.iT or 498 b. c, and to have d. 431 b. c. Little, however, is known respecting his life. Hippias is stated by some to have been his master, and Eladas by others. lie executed several statues of ilinerva, particularly that in the Parthenon, (the works of which temple he superintended,) a statue of .Jupiter Olympus, and various otiier admirable productions. PlIlLIDOli, Fkascis Andrew, a com- poser, was b. i72<), at Dreux ; composed a great number of operas, and set Alex- ander's Feast, and the Carmen Seculare, to music, and d. in 1795, in London. Philidor had respectable musical talents, but he owes his t'aine to his consummate skill as a chess player, in which he lias seldom been equalled. He wrote "The Analysis of Chess," which has passeular actor, lie wrote near].y a hundred dramatic pieces, most of which were crowned with success. His romances, among wliich may be men- tioned "The History of Gabriel "Deso- dry," "The Gil Was of the Kevolution," and "The Confessions of Laurence Gilfard," are inferior to his comedies. PICAKT, Bernard, an engraver, the son of Stephen, who was of the same profession, was b. 1663, at Paris; ac- quired an early reputation for designing as well as engraving, and settled in Holland with liis father. Among his best works are, " The Massacre of the Innocents," " Time discovering Truth," and " The Arcadian Shepherds." ' He also executed the plates for the "Eeli- gious Ceremonies of all Nations." D. 1733. PICCINI, Nicholas, an eminent com- poser, was b. 1721, at Bari, and studied under Leo and Durante, of the latter of which masters he was the favorite pupil. He began his career in 1754, and soon acquired an extensive reputation by his compositions, particularly by his " I>a Bnona," " Figluola," and " Olympia." After a residence of nearly twenty years at Rome, he was invited to Paris. His subsequent life was checkered with much vexation and ill fortune. D. 1800. PICCOLOMINI, OcTAViis, a leader of the imperial armies, one of the most distinguished generals of the tliirty years' war, was b. in Italy, in 15rincc. 1). 16.")6. PICHKGRU, Ch.vrles, one of the most celebrated generals produced by the wars of the French revolution, was b. of poor parents, in 1761, at Arbois, in Franclie Comte ; was educated by the monks of tliat town ; and was a tutor to the matliematical and philosophieid classes at the college of Brienne. wiien Bonaparte was a student tliere. He en- tered into the artillery as a private sol- dier, and rose to be adjutant before 1789. Subsequent to the revolution he 688 CYCLOPEDIA OF ElOGRAPIIY, [PIQ rapidly attained the rank of general of division. Al'ler liaviiiij comnuinded tlio army of the Rhine, he was jilaccd, in February, 1794, at tlic licad of tlic army of the iSorih. He defeated the allies in several actions, and soon aeliieved the conquest of the IS'etlierlands and of Holland. But, in 17'J5, while sreneral of the army of tlie Rliine, he sullied his fame by enterinij into negotiations witli the exiled Bourbons. In 1797 he was elected a member of the council of five liundred, and was chosen president of tliat body, lie was one of those who were transported to Cayenne by the di- rectory, after its triumph in September; but he contrived to make his escape to Entcland. In 1804, in conjunction with Georjijes and otliers, he visited Paris, for tlie purpose of attempting the over- throw of the consular government. lie ■was arrested, and committed to the Temple ; and was found dead in his bed, by stranguhition. riCHLEK, Caroline, one of the most prolific writers that Germany has pro- duced, was b. at Vienna, 1769. Iler maiden name was Greiner. Iler father lield a Jiigh position at the court of Vienna ; and his house was long cele- brated for its reunions of all that was most distinguished in that metropolis for rank, fashion, and genius. She re- ceived a first-rate education, and showed an early predilection ibr literary pur- suits; but it was not till after she had attained her 30th year that she appeared as an autlioress, lier first work, called tlio " Gleiehnisse," beinj' published in 1799. Tliis was followed from time to time by various other works of consid- erable merit: but these were all thrown into the shade by her " Agathocles," which appeared in ISOS, and was written with the view of counteracting Gibbon's attacks upon the Christian faith. Her works amount to more than GO volumes, consisting chiefly of dramas and histor- ical romances ; of which may be men- tioned the " Grafen von llohenberg," " Die Belagcrung Wien's von- 1683," " Die Seliweden in Prag," " Die Wie- dereroberung von Ofen," " Henriette von England," " Die Frauenvvurde," and the " Nebenbuliler," &c. D. 1843. PICKEKING, Timothy, iui American Btatcsman, was b. at Salem, in 1746, and was graduated at Harvard college in 1763. He took an active part in tlie popular cause, and, in organizing the provisional government of Massaehu- BCtts in 1775, was appointed a judtfc of the court oi common pleas for Essex, and sole judge of the maritime court for the middle district. During the war he was appointed adjutant-general, and subsequently a member of the board of war. From 1790 to 1798, at ditferent intervals, he was employed on varioua negotiations with the Inclians. He was successively postmaster-general, secre- tary of war, and secretary of state. From the last office he was removed by President Adams in 1800. From 18o3 to 1811 he was a senator in congress from his native state, and from 1814 to 1817 a representative in that body. In ])ublic life he was distinguished for firmness, energy, activity, and disinter- estedness. D'.1829. PICTET DE KICHEMONT, Chaules, was b. in 1755, at Geneva ; spent several years in tlie military service ; retired to his estate, where he devoted himself to farming and literature ; and was em- ployed in 1815 as negotiator for Swit- zerland at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, He conducted (in conjunction witli his brother and M. Maurice) " The Britan- nic Library ;" translated various works from the English ; and published " A Course of Agriculture," and other pro- ductions 011 the same subject. D. 1824. PIEKCE, Edwaud, an English painter in the reign of Charles I. and 11. Ho W'as eminent in history and landscapes; but as his works chiefly consisted of altar-pieces and ceilings of cliurches, there are t'aw of his pictures in existence, most of them having been destroyed in the fire of London. One of his sons was an excellent sculptor, and executed the statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and Edward III., which ornamented the royal exchange before it was destroyed by fire, Jan. 10, 1838. PIGAFETTA, Anthony, a voyager of the 16th century, was one of the eighteen companions of Magellan, who survived the voyage, and returned to Seville, in 1522. In 1524 he was made a knight of ithodes. He wrote a nar- rative of the voyage, the MS. of which was supposed to be lost, Ijiit was dis- covered, some years ago, in tlie Ambro- sian library at Milan. PIGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent sculptor, was b. in I 714, at Paris ; stud- ied at Eome ; became a sculptor to the French monarch, and a knight of the order of St. Miciiael. Among Iiis best works are, the monument of Marshal Saxc, Love and Friendship, and statues of Silence, Mercury, and Venus. D.17S5. PIGNOTTI, Lauuence, an Italiau poet and historian, was b. at Figliena, pin] CYCLOP.IiDIA OK liUHiKAI'lIV, 689 in Tnscany, in 1739 ; was cducntcd at Arc/.zo and Pisa; practised as a physi- cian at Florence ; was created In.stori- o^'rajiher of tlio court, and became rector ot'tlie uii'' ..rtity of Pisa. Ilis "'Fuljles" liave acquired an extensive popularity, but ills ijreat fame was acquired by his " Ilistorv of Tuscany." D. 1812. PlKLlai, or PIOHLER, Johx, the most able gem engraver of the age, was b. in 1784, at Naples, and was the son of John ANTmoY, wlio was also cele- brated for his skill in the same art. lie was knighted by Josepli II. His works are numerous, and highly valued. 1). I7i)l. PILKINGTON, James, an English bishop, was b. at Rivington, in Lan- cashii'c, in 1520, and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became master. Durinir the persecution under Mary, he was obliged to leave the kingdom, but on the accession of Eliza- beth ho was made bishop of Durham, and d. in 1575. He wrote some valuable '' Commentaries on the Scriptures." — Lktitia, the daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, a ])liysician of Dublin, was b. in 1712. She became the wife of the Kev. Mat- thew Pilkiugton, from whom she was separated on account of the irregularity of her conduct. After this she settled in London, where she subsisted partly by writing, and partly by the bounty of lier friends. She wrote "The Koman Father," a tracredy ; and "The Turkish Count, or London Apprentice," a com- edy ; "Memoirs of her Life;" and va- rious poems, &c. D. 1750. PILPAY, an oriental fabulist, was a Brahmin of llindostan, and counsellor to one of the rajahs. He is said to have flourished 2000 years before the Chris- tian era. His tables were translated from the Persian into French, by Gal- land, in 1714. PINCKNEY, Charles CoTEswoirm, a distinguished officer of the revolu- tionary army, was b. in South Carolina, received his education in England, and BtuG. PINKERTON, John, a fertile bu; cccontrio author, was b. in 1758, in Edinburgh. He was educated -at Lanark grammar school, and served five years as clerk to an attorney ; at'ter which ho settled in London, and gave himself up to literature. lie began his career by poetical productions, among which were, Rhymes, Odes, and Tales, but he did not; rise above mediocrity. lu cmulatioa G90 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [PIR of Chattcrton lie also produced two vol- umes of protended ancient Scottish poeuis. One of his earliest works was '• Letters on Literature," under the as- sumed name of " Kobert Heron," in wiiieh he displayed a dcsrree of vanity and impudence wliich has seldom been equalled, lu his latter years he took up his abode in France. Among the works of this indefatigable writer are, an ex- cellent " Essay on Medals," " The Treasury of Wit," "A Dissertation on the Oriirin of the Scythians and Goths," '•A History of Scotland," " Iconographia Scotica," '" Modern Geography," "A Collection of Voyages and Travels," ''KecoUections of 'Paris," and "Petral- otry, or a Treatise on Rocks." "riNKNEY, William, an eloquent lawver ami statesman, was b. in JSlary- lantl, in 1705, and prepared himself for the bar under the instruction of Judge Chase. He was admitted to practice in ITSO, and soon gave indications of pos- sessing superior powers. He was a member of tlie convention of Maryland which ratified the federal constitution. In 1770 he was appointed one of the commissioners imder the British treaty. The state of Maryland also employed him to procure a settlement of its claims on the bank of England, and he recov- ered for it the sum of 800,000 dollars. This detained him in England till the year 180-4, when he returned and re- sumed his professional labors. In 1800 he was sent as envoy extraordinary to London, and in 1808 received the au- thority of minister plenipotentiary. He returned to the United States in 1811, and soon after was appointed attornev- general. This otlice lie held till 1814. During the incursion of the Uritish into Maryland, he commanded a battalion, and was wounded in the battle of Bla- densburg, in August, 1814. He was afterwards representative in congress, minister plenipotentiary to Russia, en- voy to Naples, an, a volume of poems, which pos- p-ss much heautv. D. 1828. PINZON, Vincent Yanez, a Spanish. navigator, accompanied Columbus on his memorable voyage; was the first European who crossed the line; dis- covered Brazil and the river Amazon; was appointed one of the royal pilots ; and d. in the early part of the lOtli cen- tury. riOMBO, Sebastian© del, an emi- nent painter, b. at Venice, in 1485. He renounced music, of wliich he was very fond, for painting, and studied under Bellini, but afterwards took the fine coloring of Giorgione as a model. The delicacy of his pencil was much ad- mired, and Michael Angelo encouraged him to enter into competition with Raphael, and even supplied him with designs, which Piombo often executed very happily, although by no means ca- pable of lofty conceptions or sublime inventions. Ills greatest work is his "Resurrection of Lazarus," now in the British national gallery. D. 1547. PIOZZI, Hesteu Lynch, a miscellane- ous writer, whose maiden name was Salisbury, was b. 1739, at Bodvel, and was united, in 1763, to Mr. Thrale, an opulent brewer. For many years Dr, Johnson was the intimate friend of her and her husband. After the death of ^Ir. Thrale she accepted the addresses of Signor Piozzi; an act which occa- sioned a dissolution of her friendship with .Johnson. For a considerable peri- od she resided at Florence with her second husband, and while there she contributed to the " Florence Miscella- ny." Among her works are, "Anecdotes of Dr. Johnson," " Observations in a Journey through France, Italy, and Gcrniiu'iy," "British Synonymy," and "Retrospection." D. 1821. I'lIIANESl, John Baptist, an emi- nent engraver and antiquary, was b. 1707, at Rome, in whicii city he d. 1778. Piranesi was one of the most inde- fatigable of artists, and his tiilents were equal to his industry. — Fkancis, a son of the foregoing, and the inheritor of his genius, was' b. 1748, at Rome. Tlie magnificent works begun by his father he continued with such a kin- dred spirit that the Labors of the parent and son cannot be distinguished from each other ; and he executed many oth- ers of equal magnitude. D. 1810. PIliON, Alkxis, a French poet, dram- atist, and wit, was !>. 1GS9, at Dijon, and was about to become a barrister, wlien family misfortunes (•ompelled him, not very 'reluctantly, to relinquish the bar. He went to Paris, and for a while earned a scanty subsisteucc as a copyist. To piu] C'VCL01'.«D1A OK UlOGUAl'IIV, 691 write for the stage was hia next resource. He began by composing pieces for tlic theatre of the Comic Opera, and "Har- lequin Deucalion" was his first efibrt. In 1728 he tried llie reguhir drama, and pro(hiced tlic comedy ot'" The Ungrate- ful Son." It was not, however, till 1738, that he gained a place among the hij^hest class of dramatists, by his ad- nurablecomedy of " Metromania," which is justly considered as a masterpiece. 1). 1773. riSISTKATUS, an Athenian, who flourished in the otli century before the Christian era, and was distinguished for eloquence and valor. He thrice obtained the sovereign authority at Athens. Twice he was expelled, and in the last instance he remained eleven years in e.\ile, belbre he could again seize the reins of power. Though bearing the name of a tyrant, Pisistratus was just and liberal. He established a public library at Athens, and collected the poems of Homer in their present form. 1). 527 b. c. rilT, CnuisTornf:!!, an elegant poet, was b. in 16'J9, at Blandford; was edu- cated at Winchester and at New college, Oxford ; and obtained, in 1722, the living of Fimperne, whicli lie held till his de- cease, in 1748. His Poems have consid- erable merit ; and his translations of the " -lEneid" and of " Vida's Art of Poetry," are of a snjicrior kind. — Wil- liam, a celebrated statesman, the second son of the gi'cat earl of Chatham, was b. May 28, 1759, at Hayes, in Kent. The earlier part of his education he received at home, imder the watchful superinten- dence of his father, who spared no pains to cultivate his talents, and especially to give him habits of self-possession and of public speaking. At the age of 14 he went to Pembroke hall, Cambridge. In 1780, after having studied at Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the bar, but he only once or twice went to the western circuit. He was destined to move in a higher sphere. Early in 1781 he was returned to parliament Ibr the borough of Appleby, and immediately became one of the most distinguished members of the opposition. He began political life as the friend ot" parliamentary retbrm. While tlic carl of Slielbnrno was in office, Pitt was chancellor of the exchequer. Tiie triumph of the coalition displaced him for a while; but, on tlie downfall i of tiieir administration, he returned to 1 power as prime minister. In vain the house of commons endiavorcd to efl'cct his expulsion ; the parliament was dis- i solved ; and a, general election gave him | an overwhelming majority. Fror.j 1786 till 1801, he continued to'hold the reins of government, during one of the most stormy periods of our history ; and his admirers have conferred on him the title of " the pilot that weathered the storm." He resigned in 1801; but resumed hia post in 1804, and held it till his decease, which took place on the 23d of January, 180G. His dissolution is believed to have been hastened by the disastrous result of the continental coalition in 1805. With respect to pecuniary con- siderations no man was ever more dis- interested and incorrupt, and he d. poor. In cloQuence he rivalled some ot tlio most illustrious of the ancient orators. As a tinance minister he possessed gi-eat abilities, though the policy of some of his measures is more than doubtful ; but in the conduct of a war he did not shine, for his plans were neither grandly conceived nor vigorously executed. PITTACUS, one of the seven sa^es of Greece, who was a warrior as well as a philosopher, was 1). about (550 b. c, at Jlilylcnc, in the island of Lesbos; ex- pelled the tyrant Melanchrus from Les- oos ; governed wisely for ten years ; and d. 570 b. c. I'lUS VI., whoso secular name was .John Angklo Buasciii, was b. at Cesena, in 1717. His first act was to make a reform in the public treasury ; he then completed the museum in tlie Vatican ; but the greatest work of his pontificate was the draining of the Pontine marshes, — a project that baflled several of the emperors, and many of the popes. When Bonaparte entered Italy, he made the pope prisoner in the capital, which was plundered. The venerable pontiff was carried away by the victors, and hurried over the Alps to Valence, where he d. of excessive fatiirue and ill-usage, 1799. — VI I., or Giu;goi:y Barnabas CniA- KAMONTi, the successor of the preceding pontitt", was b. at Cesena, in 1740. IIo was raised to the cardinalate in 1785 ; and when Bonaparte entered Imola, in 179<', the cardinal, who was also bishop of that sec, fbund means to ooncilia'.o the favor of the French general, and thereby paved the way for his elevation to the papacy in 1800. In July, 1801, he signed the concordat; and in 1804 he crowned Napoleon at Paris, but re- fused to perform the same office for Louis X\ III. Notwithstandimr the courtesy which he showed to Bonajiartc, the latter seized the pope in 18o'j, nnd imprisoned him at ^ ontainhleau. where he remained till the downfall of his op- 692 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [PLO Eressor in 1814, when he returned to ;omc to i-esume his aiitliority. D. 1S2S. — VIII., by name Fuvncis X.uteuo Cas- TiOLioNT, was b. at Cincolia, in 1761, was made bishop of Montalto in 1 800, created cardinal in ISliJ, was elected pope on tlie death of Leo XII., iu 1829, and d. in the following year. nZAKRO, Francis, the conqueror of Pern, was b. in 1175, at Truxillo, in Estreinadura, and was tlie natural sou of a treiitlcman. His father did not even teach him to read, but employed him to keep t!ie hogs jit his country liouse. llavnig lost one of them, Pizarro took liight, and embarked for Spanish America. Tliere he tirst distinguished himself, in 1513, under Nunez de Balboa. In 1524, in conjunction with Ahnagro, he discovered Peru. Charles V. gave hiui the government of the ncw-fonnd country. By force and fraud he achieved the coucjuest of Peru, in 1532. In 1537 H contest arose between Pizarro and Ahnagro, which terminated in the tie- feat and execution of the latter. The son of Ahnagro, however, avenged his father, for, in 1541, he and some of his fi'ieuds assassinated Pizarro, in his pal- ace at Lima. PLATO, an illustrious Grecian phi- losopher, the founder of the academic sect, was styled the Divine by the an- cients; was b. 430 B.C., in the 'island of yEgina; was educated with the utmost care ; and, at the age of 20, became the disciple of Socrates." After the death of Socrates, Plato visited Magna Graicia and Egypt, in search of knowledge. On his return to Athens, he opened a yjhil- osophical school, and soon numbered among his pupils many distinguished characters. Plato thriee visited the court of Sicily; once invited by the cider Dionysius, and twice by the younger. The former he so much of- fended, that the tyrant caused him to V)e seized on his passage home and sold lor a slave ; and the philosopher waa indebted for his liberation to Aniceris of Cyrene. D. 347 n. c. PL.\UTUS, so called, it is supposed, from his ti-ct being deformed, but whose real name was Makcus Accius, was one of the most celebrated of the lioman comic writers; wa.s b. 227 b. c, at Sar- sina, in Umbria; and is believed to have been the son of a slave. The fortune which he gained bv his dramatic talents, he is said to have lost in commerce, and to have been reduced to work at a mill. D. 1H4 B.C. I'LAYFAIR, Joii:^, an eminent math- ematician and natural philosopher, was b. in 1749, at Dundee, was educated at St. Andrew's, resigned a living, and became mathematical professor at Edin- burgh, and d. 1819. Playfair was cele- brated as a geologist, and a strenuous defender of the Huttonian system. Among his works are, "Elements of Geometry," "Outlines of Philosophy," "lllustrationsof the Huttonian Theory," and a " System of Geography." — Wil- liam, an ingenious projector and author, a brother of the foregoing, w\'vs b. 1759, at Dundee, was originally aiiprenticed to a millwright, was for' some time a draughtsman at the Soho manufactory, obtained patents for various inventions, engaged in many speculations, and be- came a fertile writer upon politics and other sul-TJects. Among his works are, "Statistical Tables," -The Statistical Breviary," "The Commercial and Po- litical A'tlas," " History of Jacobinism," "British Family Antiquity," "Political Portraits," and "France as it is." D. 1823. PLINY THE Elder, or Caius Plinius Secundus, a celebrated Eoman writer, was b. 23, at Verona, or, as some say, at Como, served in the army in Ger- many, and afterwards became an advo- cate, was a member of the college of augurs, and procurator in Spain and Africa, and w^as sulJbcated 79, while in command of the fleet at Misenum, in consequence of his having approached too near to Vesuvius, in order to observe the phenomena of the eruption. Of his numerous works his "Natural His- tory" is the only one which is extant. — The Younger, or Caius C^cilids Plinius Secundus, the nephew and adopted son of the foregoing, was b. in 61 or 62, at Como, was a pupil of Quin- tilian, and pleaded successfully as an advocate in his 19th year. He was, suc- cessively, tribune of the people, prefect, of the treasury, consul, proconsul in Pontus and Bithynia, and augur, and d. universally esteemed, in 115. His "Letters" and Ins " Panegyric on Tra- jan" are the only parts of his writings that remain. PLOTINUS, a Platonic philosopher, was b. 2i)3, at Lycopolis, in Egypt, was a disciple of Ammonius Saccas, en- countered great danger in accompanying the Emperor (Jordian on his expedition against the Parthians, wliieh he did with a view to obtaining a knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophy, and d. 270. His works were translated into Latin, in 1492, by Ficino. cvclop.-i;dia ok mutJKAiMiv. G93 PLOWDEN, Francis, an hi.storiiin and miscellaneous writer, a native of Ireland and a Koinan Catholic, was a barrister and oonveyanccr. A veri.lict of £5000 obtained against liini in an Irish court, in 1813, for an alleged libel in his " History of Ireland," compelled him to retire to France, where he re- mained till his decease, at an advanced age, in 1S29. Among his works are, ''The History of Ireland," "Jura An- glorum," "Church and State," " Tiie Case Stated," and a "Treatise upon the Law of Usury and Annuities." — Chakles, a Jesuit, b. in England, in 1743, but educated at Rome, where ho entered into the society in 1759. On his return to his own country after the suppression of his order in 1773, lie was one of the most zealous advocates for their reuniting in England, lie after- wards became president of the Catholic college of Stonyhurst, in Lancashire, and d. in 1821. — Edmund, an eminent lawyer, was b. in Shropshire, in 1517, and d. 1584. His " Conunentaries and Eeport.s" are greatlv esteemed. PLUTAKCII, a celebrated Greek bi- ographer and philosopher, was b. about 50, at Ciierouiiia, in IJueotia, and studied at Athens under Ammonias, after which he travelled in Greece and Egypt, sedu- lously acquiring knowledge. For some years subsequently he resided at Kome, where his lectures on philosophy at- tracted many illustrious auditors. Tra- jan was one of his hearers, and, after he became emperor, is said to have con- ferred on him the consular disrnity, but this story is apocryphal. Plutarch at length retired to Chcronffia. where he filled the office of archon. Ho was also a priest of the Delphic Apollo. He is believed to have d. about a. n. 120. His extant works are his " Morals," and his "Lives of Illustrious Men," the last of which, though often erroneous in point of fact, must ever be read with dcliLrht. POCAHONTAS, dauirbter of an In- dian chief, and nnich celebrated in the early history of Virginia, was b. .^bout 1595. She became warmly attached to the ICnglish, and rendercJH them im- portant services on various occasions. Slie married an luiglishman, and in 161G accompanied her husband to his native country, where she was present- ed at court. She soon after d. at Graves- end, when about to return to Virginia. She left one son. POCOCK, Edwaud, an eminent ori- entalist, was b. 1604, at Oxford, was educated at Tliame school, and at Mag- dalen liall and Corpus Christi college, Oxford, twice visited the Levant, on one of which occasions he wtxa cliaplain to the British factory at Aleppo, was Hebrew professor at Oxford, rector of Childrcy, and canon of Christ-church, and d. 1691. Among his works are, "Specimen Ilistoriie Arabum," " Abul- faragius Historia Dynastiarium," and " Commentaries on the Minor Pro- phets." POE, Edgar A., an eccentric but brilliant American writer, whose vari- ous contributions to the magazines and newspapers acquired him considerable reputation as a poet and tale-wright. His talcs are marked by a peculiar in- genuity and even power, and his poems, thouirh not always finished, show a wonderful command of rhythmical ex- pression. He was irregular, however, in the exercise of his faculties, and never attained the position that he might have done bv more labor and care. B. 1812; d. 18'40. POGGIO BRACCIOLINL an Italian writer ol 'he 15th century, who con- tributed powerfully to the revival of classical studies, was b. 1380, at Terra- nova, was educated at Florence, was appointed apostolical secretary by Boni- face IX., and lield that office under seven other popes, discovered many ancient manuscripts in monasteries, and was appointed chancellor of the Floren- tine republic. Pogsrio was a man of eminent talent, but of licentious morals, and a satirical and qu.arrclsome dis- position. His principal works are, a " History of Florence," "Dialogues on Xobilitv," and "Funeral Orations." D. 1459. POISSON, Ratmond, a French actor and dramatist of the 17th century, who obtained great celebrity in low comedy. He wrote a number of theatrical piece?, and d. in 1690.- — Paul, his son, was eminent as a comic ,actor. I). 1735. — PniLip and .'Vrnoult de Roixvri.i.E, the two sons of Paul, were also distinguished for their theatrical talents : the former was the author of ten comedies, and w.as a good tragic performer ; while the latter fully supported the reptitation of his family as a comic actor. 1). 1753. — Denis Simeov, one of the most eminent mathematicians of the acre, b. at Pith- iviers, 1781. He was educated by hia uncle aa a surcreon, but revolted, on ac- count of the delicacy of his nerves, from the pre]iaratorv anatomical studios ; ho distiuiruished himself early by the solu- tion of difficult mathematical problems. 694 CYCLOPAEDIA OK lilOURAI'IIV. [pOL He was soon thereafter made assistant to M. Biot, ill the colle,2;c of France, and subsequently a counsellor of the univer- sity. In 1837 he was made a j^eer of Fnince, and president of the Academy of Sciences. lie wrote the "Traite do Mcehanique,"' the " Recherches sur la Frobabilite des jugemens en matiere Civile ct en matiere Criininelle, &c.," '• Annales de Chimic et Physique," &c. D. 1S40. POLE, Cardinal Reginald, a states- man and ecclesiastic, descended from the royal family of England, was b. in 1500, at Stourton castle, was educated at Sheen monastery, and Magdalen col- lege, Oxford, opposed the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catharine of Aragon, was papal legate to England, archbisTiop of Canterbury, and chancellor of both universities, during the reign of Mary, and d. 1.5.")8. POLIGNAC, Jules, prince de, prime minister of Charles X. of France, whose administration produced the revolution of 18-30, was sprung from an ancient family, whose vicissitudes of fortune were remarkable even in revolutionary France, and which numbered among its members the famous abb6 de Polignac, who d. 1741. Driven from Paris by the clamor of the mob, his parents repaired to Vienna ; but scarcely had they reached that capital, belbre the fate of her mis- tress and friend, Marie Antoinette, was communicated to his mother, and within a few days she fell a victim to her grief and ail'ec-tion. Deprived of a mother's care, and, before reaching manhood, Jules de Polignac proceeded to Russia, then a refuge for the royalists, and shortly atlerwards repaireil to Edin- burgh', where the count d'Artois, after- wards Cliarlcs X., resided. Under the mingled influences of religion and loy- alty, he embarked with his brother Armanil in Georges' conspiracy in 1804 atrainst Napoleon'. The conspiracy was detected, the brothers were arrested, tried, anil condemned to death, but, at tii(! intercession of Josephine and Ma- dame Murat, the emperor's sister, the sentence of death was commuted to im- prisonment, and the two young men were sent to Vincenues, where tbey re- mained six years. On the restoration of Louis XVlII., Jules de Polignac de- voted himself heart and soul to the so- called party of the Congrcffation, in the interot of the pope, the church, and the count d'Artois ; and his services were rewarded V;y the pope conferring on him the title of a Roman prince, by which he has since been known. In 1823 Prince Polignac was sent as ambassador to London, where he remained six years, and the intrigues of the priestly party being finally crowned with sue cess, he returned to Paris in 1820, to assume the premiership of the new ministry; but the nation was loud in its expression of distrust, till at length the unconstitutional course that he adopted towards the chambers was suddenly arrested by the " three glorious days," which led to his own overthrow, and the dethronement of his sovereign. Pursued and taken at Granville, he was tried before the chamber of peers, and condemned, but his life was spared, and, after undergoing a short imprisonment at Ham, ho was allowed to go into exile. His remaining years were spent chiefly at Munich. At length he was allowed to return to France, though not to Paris ; but the death of Charles X. and the duke d'Angouleme gave the last blow to a constitution already broken down by many reverses, and he sank into a state of melancholy, from which he never recovered. B. 1783; d. 1847. POLIZIANO, or POLITIAN, Ange- LL's, an eminent Italian scholar, whose family name was Cinis, was b. 1454, at Monte Pulciano, was professor of Greek and Latin at Florence, and tutor to the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, who gave him a cauonry in the cathedral of the Florentine capital. Among his works arc, "The History of the Con- spiracy of the Pazzi," '"'Poems," the drama' of " Orpheus," and a translation ofllerodian. D. 1494. POLK, .Iames Kxox, a president of the United States, was b. in North Carolina, 1705. He became a member of tiie bar in Tennessee in 1820, and soon took a first rank among his col- leagues. He was elected a member of congress in 18'25, where he was distin- guished for his firmness anroiiF.T, but he took the surname of his pictorial preceptor, Nicholas, who was his brother-in-law. In landscape he ac- quired a high reputation. Such was the rapidity with which he worked that he often completed a picture in the course of a day. D. 1765. POWELL, Sir Jonx, an eminent and honest lawyer, was b. of a very ancient and wealthy family at Pentrymeyrick, in the parish "of Llanwrda, Caermarthen- shire. lie was a judge in the court of King's Bench, in 1688, and distin- guished himself so much by his integ- rity and ability on the trial of the seven bi.shops, that James II., deprived him of liis office, but he was restored to it at the revolution, and sat there until hia death in 1006. POWN.\LL, Thomas, a learned anti- quary and politician, was b. at Lincoln, in 1722. lie held several situations un- der government, and having greatly exerted himself in America to suppress the rising spirit of discontent among tlie colonists, he was in 1757, appointed governor of Massacliusett's Bay, and subsequently of Carolina. On returning to England in 1761, he was made direc- tor-general of the control office, with the military rank of colonel ; but the latter part of liis life was spent at Bath, in literary retirement. His principal works are, " On the Administration of the Colonies," "Description of part of North America," "Treatise on the Study of Antiquities." " On the Anti- quities of the Provincia Romana of Gaul," " Descriptions of Roman An- tiquities dug up at Bath," " Intellectual Phvsics," besides many political tracts. D."lS05. PRADT, Abbe Domisiquk dk, a French ecclesiastic and apolitical writer, b. at Auvergne in 1759. He was grand vicar at the revolution to the Cardinal Rochefoucauld, and was elected deputy for the Norman clergy to the states- general, 1789. He opposed the union of his order to the tiers etaf, protested against the new order of things, and was consequently obliged to emigrate, cstablishiiig himself for a considerable time at Hamburgh. In that city he published in 1788,' the first of his volu- minous series of political pamplilets, called " Antidote to the Congress of Radstadt." In another, termed "Prus- sia, and her Neutrality," he urjred a coalition of Europe against the French republic. But after the revohition, which made Bonaparte first consul, he made interest with his patron, Duroc, to enter Bonaparte's service, and by dint of well-timed flatterv', became bis grand almoner. On the coronation of the emperor, in 1804, at which be assisted, he was invested with the title of baron, received a gratuity of 40,000 francs, was made bishop of Poitiers, and was or- dained by Pius VII. in person, in 1805. On the war airainst Russia occurring in 1812, he was scut ambassador to the duchy of Warsaw, aa be states, in hia 700 CYCLOP.^SDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [pre "History of the Polish Embassy," painfully and violently aprainst his wish. Puring the retreat from ^loscow, Napo- leon liad an interview with him at a lone cottage, reproached him with treachery, and divested him of his em- bassy. On his return to Paris, he found all his employments taken from him. He was ordered to quit Paris for his diocese, and did not return till the fall of Napoleon, and the entry of the Bour- bons into France in ISl-i. lie wrote bis "Vindicatory History" then, but did not publish it till after the battle of Waterloo, and Napoleon's departure for St. Helena. He was made by the Bour- bons chancellor of tlie legion of honor; but a new disgrace overtook him, he retired from the scene, and did not re- appear till after tlie "hundred days." He subsequently ceded all the rights of his archbishop's sec to the king of the Netherlands, for a yearly pension of 10,000 francs, and, retiring into private life, occupied himself with the contin- ued publication of political pamphlets. In all these latter publications, however, he espoused the cause of wise and tem- perate constitutional reform. D. 1837. PPvATT, Charles, Earl Camden, a celebrated lawyer, the son of Chief Jus- tice Pratt, was" b. 1713 ; studied at Eton, King'.s college, Cambridge, and Lincoln's Inn"; was chosen member for Downton in 17ol; wa.s, successively, recorder of Bath, attorney-general, chief justice of the common pleas, lord chancellor, and president of the council. The title of Daron he obtained in 170"), and that of carl in 1786. D. 1794. — Samuel Jack- son, a once popular novelist and miscel- laneous writer, was b. in 1749. at >St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, and, after having been an actor, an itinerant lec- turer, and a bookseller, he became .in author by profession. Of his numerous •works tiie principal are, the poems of " Sympatliy and Landscapes in Verse ;" the tragedy of " The Fair Circissian ;" the novels of " Liberal Opinions," "Em- ma Corbet," " The Pujjil of Pleasure," " Shenstone Green," and "Family Se- crets ;" " (ileanintrs through Wales, Holland, and Westphalia;" "Gleanings in England," and "Harvest Home." D. 1814. — Benjamin, chief justice of New York, was b. in Massacliusetts, in 1713, and was graduated at Harvard collofre. He i-tudied law, and entering on its practice in Boston noon became emlncLt. Turning his attention to pub- lie alFairs, he soon rose to political dis- tinction, and by the influence of Governor Pownell was appointed chief justice of New York. He had made collections for a history of New England, and pos- sessed considerable talent for poetry. D. 1763. PRAXITELES, a famous Grecian sculptor, is believed to have been a na- tive of Athens, to have flourished early in tlic 4th century b. c, and to have d. at the age of SO. He was long attached to the t'elebrated Phrync, of whom he executed two statues, one of which was placed in the temple of Delphi, the otiier in the temple of Love at Thespia. His "Venus" at Cnidus was considered as one of the most finished productions of Greece. PKEBLE, Edward, a distinguished naval otticcr in the American service, was b. at Falmouth, in Maine, 17G1, and entered the navy as a midshipman in 1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieu- tenant, and during the revolutionary war distinguished himself by capturing a British vessel at Penobscot. In 179S he was appointed to the command of the brig Pickering, and soon after to the Essex. He commanded, in 1803, a fleet sent against the Barbary powers, and repeatedly attacked Tripoli with consid- erable success. In 1804 he returned to the United States, and d. 1807. PKENTISS, Sargeant S., a young lawyer, b. in Maine, went to Natches and New Orleans to practise law. In 1837 he was elected to congress, but the right to his seat was disputed, and he was rejected. But the speeches he made in his own behalf, as well as his argu- ments before various courts, gave him a reputation as one of the most eloquent speakers in the Union. B. 1810; d. 1850. PKESCOTT, William, a distinguished revolutionary ofiiccr, was b. in 1726, at Groton, Mass. At the capture of Cape ]}reton, in 1758, he was a lieutenant of the provincial troops, and attracted, by his conduct in that campaign, the notice of the Britisii general, who oftered him a commission in the regular army, which, however, he declined ; in 1774, when the struggle between the colonies and the mother country was at hand, he was appointed to command a regiment of minute-men, organized by the provincial congress, and, on receiving notice of the intended operations of General Gage against Concord, marched with it to Lexington. Before he arrived, however, the British had retreated, and he then proceeded to Cambridge, where he en- tered the army that was ordered to be raised, the greater part of his officers PRi] CYCLOPAEDIA OF UlOtiKAlMIT. 701 and men volunteering to serve with him for the first campaign. On the lOth of June, 177">, he was ordered to Cliarle.-*- tts, and apparatus, were connnitted to the llames by the infuriated mob, and lie ro-2 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. I PRO was exposed to prcat personal danger. Quitting Birmingliain, he succeeded Dr. I'rice, at lluckuey ; but, in IT'Ji, con- ceiving himself to be insecure from pop- ular I'age, he embarked for America. He took up his abotle at Northumber- land, Penn., at which place he d. ]May G, 1S04. As a piiilosopher his fame principally rests upon his pneumatic in- quiries. Ilis works extend to between seventy and eighty volumes. Among them are lectures' on "General His- tory," on the " Theory and History of Lanjruage," and on the "Principles of Oratory and Criticism;" "Charts of Bi- ograpliy and History," " Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit," "Hart- leiau Theory of the Human ilind," " History of the Corruptions of Christi- anity," " Letters to a Pliilosophical Un- believer," " Institutes of Natural and Pevcaled Keligion," " History of Elec- tricity," "History of Vision, Light, and Colors," and "Experiments and Obser- vati'ins on different Kinds of Air." PKINGLE, TnoMAs, a highly esteem- ed poet and miscellaneous writer, was b. at Blaiklaw, in Teviotdale, in 1789. Soon after his studies at the university of Edinburgh were completed, he ob- tained a clerkship in the register of- fice; but his poetic as[)irations found vent even in the dull routine of such an occupation, and, in 1816, his "Scenes of Teviottlale," which he contributed to the "Poetic Mirror," having attracted the notice of Sir W. (then Mr.) Scott, he was led to embrace literature as a profession. He was, for a short period, editor of "Blackwood's Magazine" in 1817, but a ditlerence of politics between him and the j)ublisher, soon led to his resignation. He became secretary of the anti-slavery society, a situation which he held till tlie object of that body was accomplished. Besides being the editor of the well-known annual, " Friendshijj's Olfering," he published, in 18'J8, his " Ephemerides," acolleclinn of songs, sonnets, and other juvenile jiieees; and, in 1834, appeared his " Af- rican Sketches," which, together with his interesting account of a " Narrative >f a Kesidence in South Africa," seem ikely to perpetuate his fame. D. 18o4. PRIOR, MArniEW, a celebrated poet md statesman, was b. 1004, but whether in Middlesex or Dorsetshire is uncer- tain. Being left fatherless, he was sent by his uncle, a vintner, to Westminster school ; and, after lie quitted that sem- inary, was I'ortunate enough to attract the notice of the carl of Douet, who placed him at St. John's college, Cam- bridge. "While he was at the university he wrote, in conjunction with Montague. " Tlie City Mouse and Country Mouse," in ridicule of Dryden's " Hind and Pan- ther." The work was advantageous to both. In lO'Jl, he was appointed secre- tary of the embassy which was sent to the congress at the Hague. After hav- ing been gentleman of the bed-chamber, and again, in 1697, secretary of embassy, he was, in 1700, made uuder-seeretary of stale, and, shortly after, commissioner of trade. During the greatest part of the reign of Anne, he was chiefly en- gaged in literary pursuits ; but, when the whigs were displaced, he was em- ployed to negotiate the treaty of Utrecht, and was subsequently nominated am- bassador at the French court. For his share in the treaty, he was committed to prison after the accession of George I., and was threatened with impeach- ment, but was at length disehargecl. His poems, which have long been received into the collected works of the British poets, are often spirited, and are very seldom deficient iu melody or in ele- gance. D. 1721. PKISCIAN, or PKISCIANUS, a cel- ebrated grammarian, was 1). at Cajsarca, and was the master of a famous school at Coinstantinople, about 525. His prin- cipal work is a treatise on grammar. His rigid attention to correctness gave rise to the saying of " breaking Pris- cian's head," which is applied to the violators of grammatical rules. PKOCACCINI, Caiiillo, an eminent painter, b. at Bologna, 1546. He studied the works of Parmegiano and Michael Angelo, and obtained a high reputation for the beauty of his coloring and the lightness of his touch. D. 1626. — Giulio Cesare, his brother, b. in 1548, adopted the style of Correggio, and surpassed all his other imitators. D. 1626. — Carlo Antonio, another brotlier, excelled as a fruit and flower painter. PliOClDA, John of, a native of Pa- lermo, was b. of a noble family, about 1225. He was the chief of the conspir- acy against Charles of Anjou ; and his efforts to accomplish the expulsion of the French displayed talents of a high order, and yere finally crowned with success. D. 1303. PKOCLUS, a Platonic philosopher, was b. in 410, at Constantinople. Ho studied at Alexandria, and at Athens, where he succeeded Syriacus in the Pla- tonic school, and d. 485. Several of his works are extant. purj CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. ro3 PRONY, Gaspakd-Claie-Francois- MAitiii-KiciiE DE, baron dc Proiiy, a dis- tinguished Frent'li matlieniutifi;m. lie was the pnnil, and, subsequently, tiie assistant ofPerronet, and was much em- ployed by Napoleon, thousjh the latter was deeply ollendcd by Tronv's refusal to aeoompany him to E^ypt. Independ- ent of his various missions as an engi- neer, and of his labors as a professor at the Polytechnic school, M. I'rony was author of between thirty and forty vol- umes, chiefly of most laborious and ex- tensive caleulation.s. B. 1775; d. 1839. PKOTAGORAS, a Grecian sophist, was b. at Abdera, about 4SS b. c. ; exer- cised in his youth the calling of a porter ; opened at Athens a school of philoso- jiliy, and acquired great reputation and riches ; was banished on a charge of atheism, and perished by shipwreck at the age of seventy. Prodicus was one of his disciples. PROTOGENES, an eminent Grecian painter, a native of Caunus, in Caria, flourished about SZ(y b. c. A consider- able part of his life was spent in ob- scurity, but he was at length brought into notice by Apclles giving a large price for one of his pictures. His mas- terpiece was a picture of lalysus, the founder of Rhodes, on which he was em|il<\vod for seven years. I'RVNNE, William, a lawyer and political writer, was b. in 1600, at Swans- wick ; was educated at Bath grammar school, and Oriel college, Oxford ; stud- ied the law at Lincoln's Inn ; and was successively made barrister, bencher, and reader. His " Histrio-Mastix," a violent attack on tlie stage, and his '• News from Ipswich," twice brought on him, in 1033 and 1637, the vengeance of the infamous star-chamber. He was branded, deprived of his cars, pilloried, fined ten tlu)usand pounds, and doomed to perpetual imprisonment. He ob- tained his liberty in 1640, was elected member for Newport, and bore a prom- inent part in the trial of Laud, his per- secutor. After the overthrow of Charles, liowever, Prynne endeavored to effect an accommodation between him and his subjects : and lie opposed Cromwell with such boldnest\ tliat the protector imprisoned him. He joined in the res- toration of Charles II. ; was appointed keeper of the records in the Tower ; and d. 1669. PSALMANAZAR, Geokge, the as- sumed name of a singular character, who began his career in life by acting the part of an impostor. He was b. in 1G79, in the south of France, and re- ceived an excellent education. Anion? the many disguises which he assumed was that of a native of Formosa, and to keep np the delusion he invented na alphabet, grammar, and history of the island, which were considered as au- thentic by many eminent men. The cheat was not discovered till after he had been sent to Oxford, He subse- quently pained a subsistence by writing lor the booksellers. A large portion of the ancient part of the " Universal His- tory" was written by him ; and he left behind him his own memoirs. I). 1763. PTOLEMY, Claudius, an ancient as- tronomer and geographer, was b. about 70, in Egypt, but whether at Pelusium, as some say, is doubtful. Alexandria was the place where he resided. He wrote various astronomical and geo- graphical works. The system which makes the earth the centre of the solar and planetary motions takes its name from him. PUFFENDORF, Samuel, an eminent German publicist and historian, was b. in 1632, near Chemnitz, in Saxony; was educated at Leipsic and Jena ; was, successively, in the service of the elector palatine, Charles- XI. of Sweden, and the elector of Brandenburg; and d. in 1694. Of his works the chief are, " The Law of Nature and Nations," " The Elements of Jurisprudence," " The State of the German Empire," and an " Introduction to the History of Eu- rope ; "Commentaries on Swedish Af- fairs," and " Lives of Scanderbeg, Charles Gustavus of Sweden, and Fred- eric III. of Brandenburg." PUGATSCIIEFF, Jemei„tax, or Yem- ELKA, the leader of a predatory band in Russia, and a daring impostor, was a Don Cossack, and b. in 1726. After serving in the Prussian and Austrian armies, he returned to his own countrj* ; and being possessed of a striking per- sonal resemblance to the lately deceased emperor, Peter III., he was in 1773 en- couraged to pass himself for that mon- arch. At first he had but few followers, but they increased to the number of 16,000 men. He several times defeated the troops of the empress ; captured Kasan, tlie old capital of the empire; and continued liis ravages for nearly two yeai-s. At length, just as Moscow was threatened, he was betrayed by some of his party, and executed, to- gether with the other rebel leaders, at Moscow, in 1775. PUIS AYE, Count Joseph, one of tht 704 CYCLOP.EDI.V OF BIOGRAPHY. [I'YK most nble of the French royfilist chiefs, was b. aboil" 17.')4, at Montasfne, and was descended from an ancient and no- ble linnily. lie was intended for the cliurch, but preferred the military pro- fession. In 17S9 the nobility of Ferche deputed him as their representative to the states-sreneral. lie sat in the con- Btitiient assembly, and was an enlight-' cned friend of reform. In 1793 he held a command in the departmental army, under Wimpfen, and was consequently proscribed by the convention. He took refuse in JJritany, where, by dint of eloquence, talent, and activity, he or- pauized a formidable force, under the name of Choiians. He visited Eni^land in 1704, obtained a powerful succor, and returned with it to Franco in 1795 ; but his liopes were blasted by envious in- trigues of his own party, who occasioned the disaster at Quiberon. After having continued his efforts for two years longer, he resigned )iis commission, disgusted by the conduct of the Bourbons, and fixed his abode in Canada, whence he afterwards removed to England. D. 1827. PULASKI, Count, a celebrated sol- dier, was a native of Poland, and made brave though unsuccessful efforts to re- store his country to independence. He came to the United States during the revolutionary war, was appointed a brigadier-general in the American army, and was mortally wounded in the attack on Savannah iii 1779. Congress voted to erect a monument to his memory, PULCI, Lours, an Italian poet, was b. 1432, at Florence; was the friend of Lorenzo di Medici, Politian, and other eminent men ; was the inventor of that species of licroi-comic poetry which bears the name of Berni; and d. about 1487. His great work is the " Mor- gaute Magiriorc," a truly poetical produc- tion, an idea of which may be formed from speeimena translated by Lord Bvron. VULTKXEY, William, earl of Bath, tho political antagonist of Sir Robert Walpole, was b. 1G82, and educated at Westminster school, and Christ-church, Oxford. On tiic accession of George I. he was appointed a privy councillor and secretary at war ; but a dispute with Sir KoV)crt Walpole caused liis removal to the ranks ot the opposition. He joined Bolingbroke in' conducting a paper, c.illed the "Craftsman," tlie object of which was to annoy the minister. This produced a duel between Pultcney, and Lord Hcrvey; and the king was so much displeased with the conduct of the former, thac ho struck his name out of the list of privy councillors, and also from the commission of the peace. On the resignation of Walpole, in 1741, Pultcney was created earl of Bath : but from that time his popularity and in- fluence ceased. D. 1764. FURCELL, Henry, a celebrated En- glish composer, was b. IGoS ; was or- ganist of Westminster abbey at the age of 18, and was afterwards appointed organist of the chapel royal ; and d. 1095. Among liis works are, " An- tliems." "Sonatas," " Orpheus Britan- nicus," and the opera of " Diocle- tian." PURCHAS, Samuel, a divine, was b. in 1577, at Thaxted, in Essex; was edu- cated at St. John's college, Oxford ; and d. in li5'2S, rector of St. Martin's, Lud- gate. His principal work is the well- known collection of voyages, which bears the title of "Purchas, his Pilgrim- ages, or Relations of the World." "PUTNAM, Israel, an officer in the army of the American revolution, was b. in Salem, Mass., 1718. He received but a meagre education, and removing to Connecticut, engaged in agriculture. In the French war he commanded a company, and was engaged in several contests with the enemy. In 1756 he fell into an ambuscade of savages, and was exposed to the most cruel tortures. He obtained his release in 1759, and re- turned to his farm. Soon after the bat- tle at Lexington he joined the army at Cambridge, was appointed major-gen- eral, and distinnruishcd himself at Bunk- er hill. In 1776 he was sent to com- plete the fortifications at New York, and afterwards to fortify Philadelphia. In the winterof 1777 he was stationed with a small body at Princeton, and in the spring appointed to a command in the Highlands, where he remained most of the time till the close of 1779, when he was disabled by an attack of paralysis. He was brave, energetic, and one of the inost eflieient officers of the revolution. 1). 1790. PYE, Henry James, a poet of an ancient Berkshire family, was b. in 1745, in London ; was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford ; ruined his fortune by becoming a candidate for Berks ; was appointed poet laureate and a police ma- gistrate, in 1790 and 1792 ; and d. in 1813. His principal works are " Alfred," an epic; "Translations of the poetics of Aristotle," "Six Odes of Pindar," and " Homer's Hymns ;" " The Demo- qui] CrCLOP^DIA OF BIOGKAPHY. 705 cr.it," "The Aristocrat," and "Com- ments on the Coinmeutators upon Shak- spearo." PYM, John, a lawyer, was b. 1584, in Soniersetsliire. After navino: finished liis education at Broudgate hall, Oxford, he studied law at one of the inns of court, and was called to the bar. Du- ring the reiirns of James I. and Charles I. he had a scat in parliament, and was a strict Puritan, and a strenuous oppo- nent of the arbitrary measures of the crown. lie was one of the five mem- bers whom the infatuated Charles de- manded to be given up to liim by tlie liouse of commons. Tym d. in 1643, not long after having been appointed lieutenant of the ordnance. PYRKHO, a Greek philosopher, who flourished about 340 b. c, was b. at Elea, in the Peloponnesus, and was originally a jiainter, but became a disciple ofAnax- archus, whom he accompanied iti the expedition of Alexander. On his re- turn his fellow-citizens made him their high priest, and the Athenians gave him the rights of eilizensiiip. lie lived to the ago of 90. Pyrrho founded the sect of the Skeptics or Pyrrhoni.'>ts, PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philoso- pher, the founder of that school which IS called the Italic, was b. about 586 b. c. jxt Samos, or, according to some, at Sidon, and began to travel at the iige of 18. lie visited Phenieia and Asia Minor, and even, it is said, Persia and India, and resided for 25 years in Egypt. On his return he taught geometry a't Samos ; after wliieli he settled at Crotona, in Magna Grrecia, and established a school of philosophy, which became famous. Persecution at length drove liim thence, and he took refuge in the temple of the Muses at Metapontum, where lie is said, but the truth of the story is doubtful, to have been starved to death, about 497 B.C. Besides being an illustrious metaphysical pliilosopher, Pyth.-i^oras was a great geometrician and astrono- mer. Q. QUARLES, FR.^Ncra, a poet, was b. 159-2, near Romford, in Essex; studied at Christ's college, Cambridge, and at Lincoln's Inn; was successively cup- bearer to Elizabeth, daughter of'James I., and secretary to Archbishop Usher in Ireland; suffered greatly for liis at- tacliment to the cause of Charles I., and d. 1644. Ilis principal works are " Em- blems," " Argahis and Parthenia," " Divine Fancies," and "Enchiridion." Quarlcs has been made an object of satire; but, with all its faults, his poetry is aiiovu contempt. QUESNAY', Fraxcis, a physician, and the founder in France of the sect of the Economists, was b. 1694, at Merci. He was exceedingly fond of farming in his youtli, but was brought up to the prol'ession of medicine, and became ]>hysi(jian to Louis XV., who loved to converse with him, called him the Think- er, and ennobled him. Besides liis medical productions, which are numer- ous, he wrote " Physiocracy," and va- rious articles in the " Encyclopa?dia," and in periodicals, to promulgate his doctrines on political economv. D. 1774. QUEVEDO DE VILLEGAS, Fkax- cis, a Spanish poet and miscellaneous writer, was b loSO, at Madrid, studied at Alcala, was obliged to quit Spain for having killed a brutal noble in a duel, held important offices under the duke of Ossuna, viceroy of Sicily; was exiled to his estate on the disgrace of the duke, but was again received into favor at court; lived for several years in retire- ment, devoted to literary pursuits ; was thrown into a dungeon, in 1641, where he remained twenty-two months, on an unfounded charge of having libelled Count d'Olivares; and d. 1645. He stands high among Spanish authors, particularly as a satirist. His " Visions of Hell," and "Comic Tales," have been translated into English. QUIN, James, almost equally cele- brated as an actor and an epicure, was b. 1693, in Covent-garden. His father, who was a barrister, d. 1710, at Dublin, where (luin was cdiieated. Bcimr left resoiircok-ss, he went upon the stage, and for a considerable period was con- fined to inferior parts. At length he rose into high reputation, and was without a rival till the appearance of Garrick. He retired from the stage in 1751, and d. in 1766. George IIL was instruetcd by him in recitation. Thom- son, with whom Quin was in habits of close friendship, has paid, in " The Castle of Indolence," an elegant tribute to his talents. 706 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [rab QUINAULT, Philip, a celebrated French lyrical dnimatist, was b. 163.3, at Paris, began to ■write I'or the theatre at the age of 18, became highly pojiular, was aitacked by Boileau, with much more iuvetcracy than wit or justice, and d. 166S. In the species of drama to which lie devoted liis talents lie stands without a rival. It has been said of his verses that they were already music wlien they were placed in the bands of the composer. QUINCy, JoHx, an American citizen, D. ItiS'J. Having graduated at Harvard college, in 170S, was early employed in public life. For forty years without mlerruption he was a representative and a member of the council ; and was long the speaker of the house. He in- herited an ample fortune, and discharged with tidelity the various offices with which he was honored. D. 1767, aged 78 years. — Edmund, agent for Massachu- setts at the court of Great Britain, was b. at Braintree, 1681, and graduated at Harvard college in 1699. In 1718 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court, and lield a seat for a long time in the house of representatives, and in his majesty's council. In 1737 he was se- lected as an agent to the British court to procure a decision of the contro- versy respecting the boundary line be- tween Massachusetts and New Ilamp- sliire, and d. while in Loudon, on tlie 23d of February, 173S, in his fifty- seventh year. — Josiaii, a distinguished lawyer and patriot, was b. in Boston in 1743, and was graduated at Harvard college. He soon became eminent in the practice of law, and distinguished by his active exertions in the popular cause. His powers of eloquence were of a very high order. In 1774 he took a voyage to Europe for the benefit of Ills liealth, and to advance tlie interests of the colonies. He d. on his return, on the 25th of April, 1775, the day that the vessel reached the harbor of Cape Ann. QUINTILIAN, Maeoits Fabius, a celebrated rhetorician, was b. in 42, at Kome, followed Galba into Spain, and taught rhetoric there ; returned to his native city, in 68, and was long a pro- fessor of rhetoric ; and d. in his 80th ' year. His " Institutes of the Orator" have been translated into English. "Declamations," and "A Dialogue oa Oratory," are also attributed to him ; but the latter is sometimes ascribed to Tacitus. QUINTINIE, JonxDELA, a celebrated French horticulturist, b. at Poictiers, in 1626. QUINTUS CALABER, or QUINTUS SMYENEUS, a Greek poet, who wrote a supplement to Homer's Iliad. He is snpposed to have lived in the 5th cen- tury, and to have been a native of Smyrna. QUIRINI, Angei.o Maria, a cardinal, b. at Venice, in 1684. Benedict XIII. made him archbishop and cardinal, which dignities he filled with great reputation. D. 1755. QUIKOGA, Joseph, a Spanish Jesuit, was b. at Lugo, in Gallieia, and distin- guished himself as a missionary in America. D. 1784. QUIEOS, Pedro Fernandez de, & celebrated Spanish navigator, of the 16th century, who explored many of the islands afterwards visited by Captain Cook. I). 1614. QUITA, DoMiNGOs DOS Reis, a Portu- guese poet, who early in life was a bar- ber, but being fond of learning, and making himself master of Italian, Span- ish, and French, he wrote verses, and became the author of " Inez de Castro," and four other tragedies ; besides many sonnets, elegies, and pastorals. B. 1728 ; d. 1770. E. RABANUS-MAURUS, Magnenttos, a learned German i)ielatc, who became abbot of the monastery at Fulda, and was afterwards archbishop of Mentz. B. 785; <1. 8.56. RAHAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, John Paul, one of the most worthy of the French revolutionists, was b. at Nismes, in 1741, for which city he was chosen a deputy for the constituent assembly in 1789. He attached himself to the party of the Girondists, and was proscribed f)r opposing,' the iNIouiitain party in 1793. He was 8uijs(;(pu!Ully guillotined. His wife killed herself; and all those who assisted him were guillotined. RABELAIS, Francois, a humorous and satirical writer, whose works are not so much read as they are talked about. His fame has extended to ;ill RAC] CVCLOP-KDIA OF I!IOGRAi°IIV, 707 lands, and he ranks with Lucan, Cer- vantes, Mohiire, Swift, &c., among tlie prcatcst wits of the worhl. He was b. at Cliinar, in Touraine, about tlio year liS'i, and was the son of an apothecary, or as some say, an innkeeper. In early life he became a monk of tlic Franciseun order, and entered tlie convent at Fon- tenay le Conipte, w-liero partly repelled by the ijj^norance and indecorum of his companions, and partly because his rude sarcastic humor made tliem his enemies, he was soon disgusted, and separating from them joined the Benedictines. But' the monkisli life not suiting his taste, he studied medicine, and for a while practised the art. Kemorsc, fear, or some other motive, next induced him to procure an absolution from Paul III. for his departure from his monastic vows, and he spent some time as a canon in the abbey of St. Maur dcs Fosses, where he wrote a greater part of his famous " Pantagruel." He was after- wards transferred to Mcudon as a parish priest. He was a conscientious teacher of his people, and delighted to instruct the children of his cure in sacred music. His house was a favoiite resort of learned men, and he was noted for his generosity to the needy. It is not known when he completed his great work. The date of the earliest existing edition of the first and second books is 1585, Ijut there were previous editions which have dis- appeared. Whenever published, it w^as attacked on all sides, and on opposite grounds. The champions of Aristotle and his enemies, the friends of the Catholic and of the Keformed doctrines, Kamua and Calvin, the monks and the Sorbonne, felt agtrricved alike by its keen ridicule and cutting satire, and fell upon it without mercy. But as his subjects were the vices of the popes, the luxury and avarice of prelates, tho libertinism and knavery of the monastic orders, tlie barbarous theological philosophy of the Sorbonne, and the no less barbarous juris- prudence of the courts, the wonder is, not that ho was opposed, but that he escaped with his life. Francis the First, who pronounced his book delectable, extended to him his protection, and the hearts of the general readers echoed his 6entiments and sarcasm. Eabelais wrote other works, most of them on medical topics, but none of them are companible to the " Gargantua and Pan- tagruel." It alone has rendered his name immortal. He was the master of fourteen languages, and of all the sci- ences and most of the arts of his time. At the age of 70, in the year 1553, he d. at Paris. KABENER, Gottlieb William, n German satirist, who was controller of the taxes for the circle of Leipsic. His works have been translated into the French and Dutch languages, and re- published several times in his own country. B. 1714; d. 1771. KAliUTIX, KoGEK, a French wit and satirist; he was dismissed the army for writing a lampoon, and afterwards 'sent to the Bastille, on account of a libel called "The Amorous History of the Gauls." I). 1693. EACAN, HoNOKAT DE Benite, a well- known French poet, and one of the earliest members of the Academy. B. 15S'J; d. 1070. EACINE, Jean, one of the greatest tragic poets of France, whose reputation and writings have spread over the whole literary world. He was b. at Ferte Milon, December 21st, 1()93, but lost his parents wlicn a child, and was eduoMted in the abbey of Port Koyal des Champs. He early discovered a iove for the old Greek dramatists, especially Euripides, and was a diligent student of their works. Ilis first production, a poem on the marriage of Louis XIV., procured him, through Colbert's mediation, a pension of 2000 livrcs, and a present of 100 louis d'ors. The "Thebaide," his first tragedy, appeared in 1G04, and was warmly received by the public. It was an imitation of Corneille, and greatly inferior to the works by which it was followed, the "Alexandre," the "An- dromache," " Les Plaideurs," " Bere- nice," " Phedre," &c., most of which still keep possession of the French sta^e. After a mistaken piety had withdrawn the poet from the the.itre, he wrote " Esther," at the request of madame de Mainteuon, which was re- ceived with great satisfaction by the court, and was represented by tlie pu- pils of St. Cyr, in 1CS9. But after en- loyin^r court favor for nearly all his life, he full into disgrace with the kiuL', and was so mortified, that he d. April 2-Jd, 1099. A certain formal stillness and coldness marked all the productions of Kacine ; yet his tenderness in the delin- eation of love gives him a place in the highest rank of French poets. In har- mony of versification and grace of ex- pression he is without a rival in his native language. — BoxAVENTcnE, an ec- clesiastic, canon of tho cathedral of Auxerre, who wrote on ccclesiastictJ history. B. 170S ; d. 175i>. 708 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGKAPHY. [ral BADCLIFFE, Anjj, a female novelist of Li)ii(Ion, whose niaideu luiiue was War<.l. ller first perlbnnance was a romance tailed the " Castles of Athlin and Diimblaine,"' and the next the '"Si- cilian Komance." But her greatest pop- ularity was achieved by the "Eoniance of the Forest," and the "Mysteries of Udolpho," the latter particularly, which is still read with breathless eagerness and attention by young masters and mistresses, who initiate themselves by Btcaltli into the horrors and excitements of mysterious adventures. She also piiblisiied a book of travels in Holland and along the Khine. Her descriptive powers were of a high order, and nave been finely appreciated by Scott, in his " Lives of the Novelists."' B. 1764 ; d. 1823. — John, a celebrated medical prac- titioner of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, who afterwards removed to London, and became physician to Princess Anne of Denmark. He was also consulted by William HL, whose favor he lost by his free and honest speech. In 1699 the king, i-eturning from Holland with his ankles swollen, and his body emaciated, sent for Radclifte, and asked, " What do you think of these ?" He replied, " Why, truly, I would not have your majesty's two legs for your three king- doms !"' He was never again sent for. He was b. in 1650, and when he d. in 1714, he left £40,000 for the erection of a library at Oxford, which still bears his name. RAE, Sir William, an eminent Scot- tish jn-lize. D. 1842. RAEBUKX, Sir Henry, an eminent Fortrait painter, knigiited by George v. He ranked second only to Sir Joshua Lawrence. B. at Stockbridge, near Edinburtrh, 1786. D. 1S23. UAFFEXEL, Claude Denis, a French author, who was killed at the siege of Athens, in 1827. B. 1797. KAFFLES, Sir Thomas St.uiford, a distinguished functionary of the P2nglish East India Company, wlio, in ISll, be- came lieutenant-governor of Java. Du- ring liis administration he introduced maiiv judicious reforms. He was aftcr- warcJs at the head of the factory at Ben- coolcn, in Sumatra, where he continued his reforms, and at last established the free port of Singapore. In the year 1823 he laid the foundation of an Anglo-Chi- nese college, with the necessary libraries, museums^ &c. When he embarked to return to England, all his valuable col- lections and manuscripts were burnt in a fire which ooiisumed the vessel. He ■wrote a " History of Java," in two vol- umes. B. 17S1 ; d. 1826. KAGHIB PACHA, Mouammed, a grand vizier of the Ottoman empire, noted for his literary taste and talent. B. 1702; d. 1768. EAGOTSKI, Francis, a patriotic prince of Transylvania, who entered into secret negotiations with Louis XIV. to bring about the emaneipatioa of his country from Austrian rule ; but his schemes having been detected, he was arrested and condemned to death for high treason. He Ibrtunately managed to make his escape, and then roused-the people of Hungary against the imperial despotism. For a time he was prosper- ous in his career, and was proclaimed protector, but, in the end, certain of the Hungarian states entering into an alliance with Austria, his plans were defeated, he renounced his estates, and took refuge in Turkey. He wrote the memoirs of his own life and adventures. B. 1676 ; d. 1785. KAGUEXET, Francis, a French bi- ographer and historian, who wrote lives of Cromwell, Turennc, &e. D. 1722. EAGUET, CoNDY, a vigorous writer on subjects of political economy, who flourished during the present century at Philadelphia. His various essays on banking, on tarifl's, and the pi'inciples of taxation, are remarkable for close logic and force, and created no little in- fluence on the political discussions of the day. B. 1784 ; d. 1842. EAIKES, EoBERT, a benevolent and pious printer of Gloucester, in England, whose name will long continue to live as that of the first projector of Sunday schools. B. 1735 ; d. 1811. EALMONDI, Marc Antonio, a famous engraver of Bologna, employed by Ea- phael, and whose school surpassed all others of the same era. Pope Clement V^II. imprisoned him for some over free illustrations of the Aretine verses, but was released on account of his "Martyi- dom of St. Lawrence." B. 1743; d. 1540. — Jonx Baptiste, an orientalist of Cremona, whom Ferdinand de Medici made director of the oriental press, which originated the Propaganda. B. 1540. EAINOLDS, John, a learned Puritan divine, head of Corpus Christi college, at Oxlbrd: who was one of the translators of the Bible into English. B. 1549 ; d. 1607. E ALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustriouj English navigator and historian, b. at Budley, Devonshire, 1552. He did emi- uam] CYCLOP^iiDIA OF BlOGRAl'IlV. 709 ncnt services for Queen Elizabeth, par- ticularly in the discovery of Virginia, and iu the defeat of the Spanish armada, and lived iu happiness and honor during her reign ; but liis sun set at her death ; for, on the accession of King James, he lost his interest at court, was stripped of his preferments, and unacconntaoly accused of high treason, tried, and con- demned to die. Being reprieved, how- ever, he was committed prisoner to the Tower of London, where he lay many years ; and during his coniincnient de- voted the greatest part of his time to study. His writings have been divided into poetical, epistolarv, military, marit- imal, geographical, political, philosophi- cal, and historical. But his grand work was "The History of the "World," to the end of the Macedonian empire, 023 b. c, a work of vast compass and endless va- riety. He received a commission from the king to go and explore the golden mines at Guiana. In the mean time his design, being betrayed to the Spaniards, was defeated ; and his eldest sou Walter being killed by the Spaniards at St. Thome, the town was burnt by Captain Keymis. Upon this the Spanish am- bassador Goudemar, making complaints to the king, a proclamation was pub- lished iniinediately against Balcigh and his proceedings, and threatening pun- ishment in an exemplary manner. Ila- leigh lauded at Plymouth iu July, 1618, aud was arrested. It was found, how- ever, that his life could not be touched for any thing which had been done at Guiana : therefore a privy seal was sent to the judges, forthwith to order execu- tion in consequence of his former attain- der ; aud he was beheaded in Old Palace- yard, October 29, suifering hi.s fate with great magnanimity. KALPII, James, a miscellaneous wri- ter, b. at Philadelphia, who accompanied Benjamin Franklin to England, where his political connections secured him a pension. He wrote a "History of England," the "Case of Authors by Profession," the "Use and Abuse of Parliaments," and an " Answer to the Memoirs of Sarah, Ducliess of Marlbo- rough." One of his w-orks was a poem called "Night," which Pope allucles to iu the "Duuciad," thus, " Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cjlithift howle, Making night hideous, — answer him, ye owls 1" His dramatic attempts were iailures. D. 1762. R AMAGE, Adait, a native of Scotland, who removed to the l" iiited States early in life. His name is ideutitied with 60 an improvement in the printing-press, whicli was among ihe first to enlarge the utility of that powerful engine. Ft was generally adopted in this country, and the press went ever afterwards by the name of the Eaniage-press. B. 1770 ; d. 1S50. EAMBEEG, Joun He>T5T, a distin- guished engraver and etcher, who stud- ied under Sir Joshua Reynolds, and became court painter at Hanover. His works were numerous, and particularly good in the line of humorous caricature. The drawings to the magnificent edition of Wieland'i works were from his pencil. B. 1767. RAMEAU, Jean Philippe, an able French theorist in the science of music. He was early attached to a strolling company of performers, for whom he produced a musical entertainment, to be represented at Avignon, when he was 18. Afterwards he was appointed organ- ist in the Clermont cathedral ; and in d his "Generation Musique." He also wrote a great many other works on music. He was 50 years of age when he produced his first "opera, " Hvppolyte et Aria>," which led to "Castor et Pol- lux," "Dardanus," "Samson," "Pvg maliou" and "Zoroastie," besides' a large number of ballets and minor pieces. Louis XV. granted him a pat- ent of nobility in honor of his merits. B. 1683; d. 1764. EAMEL, Jeax Pierre, a chief of bat- talion during the French revolution, afterwards appointed commandant of Toulouse, where he was assassinated iu 1815. B. 1770. RAMELLI, AfGusTiN, an ingenious engineer of Milan, who was distin- guislied in the army of Charles V. lie also wrote a curious book, called "Le Diverse et Artificiose Machine." B 1581 ; d. 1500. RAM KOMUL SEU, a learned Hin- doo, who did much to promote the diffusion of knowledge at Calcutta. D. 1844. R.VMLER, Charles William, n Ger- man lyric poet, translator, and critic, professor in the royal military school at Berlin. He attached himself to Frederio the Great, and was chilled the German Horace, though vastly inferior to the Roman poet of that name. His poetical works appeared iu two volumes m 180C. B. 1725; d. 1798. RAMMOHUN-ROY, Rajah, and by 710 CYCl.OP.KlJl \ OK lUoUKAlMIV. [ran birth a Bramin, wna b. 1776, in the prov- ince of Bengal. Ho was eduoated in the I'aith ol' liis t*oct, but s*oou discover- ing the diversities oF belief both among tlie Indian and Christian doctors, lie resolved to invcstiorate for hiniself and form his own opinions. In this view, he first went to Tliibct and then to Hindostau, wliere he studied tlic San- scrit and other languages. In 1803 he published a book against " The Idolatry of all Keligions," wiiich made him many enemies and forced liim to retire to Cal- cutta, where he studied English, and translated from the Sanscrit into the Hindoo tongue. He afterwards pub- lished the "Precepts of Jesus," which gave his views of Clu-ist's teaching. In 1831 he visited Enghmd, wliere he was received with the highest marks of at- tention. D.-18;33. KAMSAY, AixAX, a Scotch poet, was b. in 1GS5, at Leadhills; was originally a wig-maker, but became a bookseller; acquired fame by his talents, and for- tune by his trade; and d. in 1758. His poems contain nmcli that is worthy of praise ; but his fame rests on his de- lightful pastoral comedy of " The Gentle Sliepherd." which is one of the classics of Scottish literature. — His son Allan, ■who was b. in 17U9, and d. in 1784, was an eminent portrait painter; and wrote "The Investiifator," and "The Present State of the Arts." — Andkew Michael, usually called Chevalier Ramsay, was b. in 16,s6, at Ayr, in Scotland; was edu- cated at Edinburgh and Leyden ; was tutor in several families of rank, among which were ihose of the pretender, and the duke of Argyle; and d. in 1743. His principal works are, "The Travels of Cyrus," "Lives of Turcnne and Fenelon," and a "Discourse on Epic Poetry." — David, an American histo- rian, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1749, was educated at Princeton college, and comincnced the study of medicine. After practising a short time in Mary- land, he removed to Charleston, South Carolina, in 1773, and soon rose to an extensive practice. He took an active and early part in the cause of the colo- nies, and was for some time a surgeon in the revolutionary army. In 17s2 he Wiw chosen to a seat in congress. He wrote a "History of the Kcvolution in South Carolina," a " Hi.->tory of the American Kcvolution," a "Life of VVasliington," a "History of South Carolinaj" und a " History of the United States." He d. in 1815. RAMUS, Petek, a French philoso- pher, was b. in a village of the Ver- mandoia, in 1515. When a boy, he ob tainetl the place of servant in the college of Navarre, where he devoted his lei- sure hours to study, and became a most consummate scholar. Having ventured to attack the doctrine of Ai-istotle, he was interdicted from teaching philoso- pliy ; but this judgment was reversed by Henry II., and in 1551 he was made royal professor of rhetoric and philoso- phy. His spirit of free inquiry ulti- mately led him to become a Protestant; as this could not be long concealed, he was obliged to leave Paris, to which city he returned in 1571, and lost his life in the massacre on St. Bartholo- mew's day, in the following year. His works on mathematics, philosophy, lo- gic, , educated at New college, Oxford, and having studied at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar; in 1782 he published " A Treatise oa Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chan- cery. " He was afterwards made a Welsh iudge. In 1789 he was chosen M.P. for Beeralston; in 1793 he was appointed solicitor-general, and in that capacity he assisted in conducting the state trials of Hardy, Home Tooke, and Tlielwall. He succeeded Lord Eldon a^ attorney-general in 1799. In 1802 he was raised to the peerage, and made lord chancellor, and a member of the privy council in Ireland ; but he resign- ed the seals in March, 1806, in conse- quence of the death of Mr. Pitt. D. 1830. REDING, Aloys, baron von, lande- mann and general of the Swiss, was b. 1755. On the invasion of Switzerland by the French in 1798, he commanded the troops raised to repel them ; but though he obtained some advantages over the enemy, his forces were inade- quate to tlie task assigned them, and the Swiss were compelled to submission. Having afterwards endeavored to secure some degree of independence for his country, Bonaparte had him arrested and confined in the fortress of Arboura:, but he was set at liberty in a few months. He was subsequently at no pains to con- ceal his antipathy to Bonaparte, and he is beheved to have favored the passage of the allied troops through the Swiss territories over the Rhine, after the campaiirn of 1813. D. 1818. REED, Isaac, a critic and miscella- neous writer, was b. in London in 1712, and brought up to the conveyancing business, whicn he relinquished for literary pursuits. He published the poems" of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, edited the Seatonian prize noems, and revised and enlarged Dodsley's " Old Plays." lie afterwards also published the" " Biographia Dramatica," ami four volumes of humorous pieces, under the title of the " Repository ;" but the work by which he is most advantaijcously known is an edition of Shakspeare, embodying in its pages all the most val- uable notes and elucidations of former connneiitators, with much original in- formation. D. 1807.— TosErn, a dra- matic writer, was b. at Stockton-upon- Tees, in 1743, and carried on business as a rope-maker at Stepney, till his death in 1787. He was the author of 714 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [reo "Dido," a tmced.v, "Tom Jones," a coniii.' opera, several threes, «fco. — Joseph, a patriot of the Aiiiericau revolution, was jjraduated at the college in Kew Jersey, in 1757. Wliile a meniber of conjrress in 177S, the British commis- sioner endeavored to procure his inllii- euee to bring about a reconciliation between the colonies and the mother country, he rejected their otters wiih the reply — "That he was not worth purchasinir ; but sueh as he was, the king of Great Britain was not rich enough to buy him." In 1778 he was chosen president of Pennsylvania, and retained tiiat oftiee till his death, 1781. RP2ES, Abkaham, a dissenting minis- ter, whose labors as an encyclopasdist have gained for him great and deserved celebrity, was b. in Montgomeryshire, 1743, was educated at iloxton, became theological and philosophical tutor in the new college, founded at Hackney, which place he held till 1795, when tliat establishment also terminated. In 1776 he was employed as editor of " Cham- bers's Cyelopffidia," which he completed in 1786. After a lapse of 14 years, the proprietors embarked in a more com- prehensive undertaking, which also Dr. liees brought to a conclusion. Besides these literary pcrtbrmances, he publish- ed two volumes of " Practical »Sermons," and several other works. D. 1825. EBilVE, Clara, a novelist, was b. at Ipswicii, and was the daughter of a cl'^rgyman who gave her an excellent education. She possessed great learn- ing and research, which she displayed in her first literary essay, a translation of Barclay's " Argenis." Among her subsequent productions are, "Tlie Pro- 5'ress of Romance," "Memoirs of Sir {oger dc Clarendon," " The School for Widows," and the well-known tale of " The Old English Baron." D. 1808.— John, a celebrated comic actor, b. in London, 1799, made his first appearance on the boards of Drury-lane, as " Syl- vester Daggerwood," in 1819 • was sub- sequently engaged at the Ilaymarkct, English Opera-house, and Adeli>hi, and d. 1838. .John Kecve was the absolute personification of hilarious jollity and genuine good-humor. — Tapping, an eminent lawyer, was b. at Brook-Haven, in 1744, and was graduated at Princeton college. He established himst-lf as a lawyer in Litchfield, Connecticut, where he founded the law school, of wliicli, for nearly thirty years lie was the prin- cipal instructor. He was for many years judge of the supremo court of that state, and some time chief justice. His legal attainments were of a high order, and as a man he possessed tlie esteem and respect of the community. IIEGIUS, Urban, or Le Rot, a learned poet and controversialist, distinguished also as one of the early reformers, was b. at Langenargen, in Germany. He completed his studies at Ingol'dstadt, under Eckius, and when the emperor Maximilian visited tliat university, ho made Regius his poet laureate and ora- tor. He afterwards obtained a profes- sorship , but when the controversy arose between Luther and Eckius, the reformed doctrines operated so strongly upon his conviction, that he sided with the former against his old tutor in po- lemics. In 1530 he accepted an invita- tion from the duke of Brunswick to settle as pastor of the church of Luuen- berg, and d. in 1541. RP^GNARD, John Francis, a comic writer, was b. at Paris, in 1655. He went to Italy about 1676, and was re- turning home with considerable prop- erty, when he was captured by an Algerine corsair, and sold for a slave. During his captivity, he obtained the favor of his master by his skill in cook- ery ; but being caught in an intrigue with one of the women, he was required to turn Mahometan, or sutfer death. The French consul, however, saved him by paying his ransom, and Eegnard re- turned to Franco about 1681. After this he wrote a number of successful com- edies, besides poems and other works ; was made a treasurer of France, ancl lieutenant of the waters and forests ; and d. 1709. REGNAULT, Michael Louis Ste- phen, a Freucli advocate and statesman, was b. at St. Jean d'Angeli, in 17C0; d. 1819.-^NoEL, a learned mathematician and philosopher, was b. at Arras, 1683; belonged to the society of Jesuits, and d. at Paris, 1762. He jiublishcd several scientific and metaphysical works, tlio principal of which arc his "Philosophi- cal Conversations" and his " Ancient Origin of the New Philosophy." RKGNIEK, Clatide Ambrose, duke of Massa, minister of justice under the government of Napoleon, was b. at Bla- inont, in La Meurthe, in 1736 ; prac- tised as an advocate at Nancy, was a member of the constituent assembly, retired from public affairs durin, he conceived the idea of bomb-vessels, which were used at the bombardment of Algiers, and the success of wliicli led to his being '16 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [red appointed to conduct several sieges un- der Viuibau. For tliese services he was made a captain in the navy, honored with the cross of St. Louis, and reward- ed with a pension of 12,000 livres. He wrote, " Theorie de la Manoeuvre des Vaisseaux," and d. in 1719. KENNEL, Major John, was b. at ChudleiLrh, 1742 ; tirst entered the naval service as a midshipman, and served in India, but quitted it for the East India company's military service, and became surveyor-general of Bengal. Eeturning to England in 1782, lie was elected a member of tlie Royal Society ; and from this period he held an extensive corre- spondence with men of learning both at home and abroad. He now published his celebrated '• Jlemoir and Map of Hindostan," and he assisted in the for- mation of the Asiatic Society. He was also the author of " Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy," three memoirs ontlie "Geography of Africa," the " Geographical System of Herodotus explained," and the " Marches of the British Army in the Peninsula of In- dia." 1). 1830. EEXNIE, John, a celebrated civil engineer and mechanist, was b. at Phan- tassie, in East Lothian, settled in Lon- don in 1783, and first became known by the talent he displayed in the construc- tion of the Albion Mills. His next con- cern was in superintending the new machinery of Wliitbread's brewery, the execution of which increased his fame. He soon, however, became eminent in labors of a superior kind, and stood at the head of the civil engineers of Great Britain. Among his public works may be mentioned, Kamsgate harbor, Water- loo, Southwark, and New London bridges; the Breakwater at Plymouth, the Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet, and Avon, and other canals ; and several docks and harbors, among which are those of London, Hull, and Sheeriiess. But the Bell Rock liglithouse, construct- ed on the same principle as that of tlie E'ldystone, will, perhaps, bo deemed thegreatestelfortofhisgenius. D. 1821. REPTOX, lltMPHKEY, a private gen- tleman, distinguislied by Ids skill in ornamental gardenin-,' and architecture, was b. at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1752. In 1783 lie accompanied Mr. Windliam to Ireland, and for a sliort time held a .'•ituation at Dublin, under government. On his return to England, lie adopted the profession of landscape gardening, in w.hich he soon obtained extensive celebrity. He published several works on miscellaneous subjects, but his prin- cipal productions are on the theory and practice of his art. D. 1818. RESTOUT, John, a French painter, was b. at Rouen, in 16'.i2, became direc- tor of the academy of paintings, and d. in 17GS. — His son, who was also a good painter, and a member of the Academy, a. at Paris in 17'J7. RETZ, John Fk.\ncis Paul de Gondi, a French cardinal, and a celebrated po- litical character, was b. at Montmirail, in 1613; became coadjutor to his uncle, the arclibishop of Paris ; and, after many intrigues, and fighting several tluels, he was made archbishop of Co- rinth and a cardinal. He conspired against the life of Cardinal Richelieu, and took a prominent part in opposing Mazarin daring the minority of Louis XIV. In sliort, he was the Catiline of the day. At 1(. \gth Mazarin, who both hated and fear, i him, imprisoned him in the castle at Vincenaes, whence he was removed to Nantes, from which he escaped, and subsequently travelled through Holland, Flanders, and En- gland. In 1G75 he wished to give up his cardinal's hat, and retire from tlia world, but the pope would not receive it ; and as the latter years of his life made some amends for his former crimes, he d. at Paris, in 1679. REUCHLIN, John, a celebrated Ger- man philologist, b. at Pfortzheim, in 1455. Having studied the law, and ob- tained the diploma of licentiate in that faculty at Poitiers, he was employed in several diplomatic missions ; and while at Rome with Everard, count of Wirtembcrg, he was received with the distinction due to his talents, and was particularly noticed by Lorenzo de Me- dici, at Florence. After the i-enew.al of the league of Suabia, in 1500, Reuchlin was appointed judge of a tribunal at Tubingen, which office he held eleven years. In his old age he was reduced to poverty, and was persecuted by the ecclesiastics for opposing Pfeftercorn's design of burning all the Jewish books except the Bible. Reuchlin was the preceptor of Melanchthon, and d. 1522. He composed the first Hebrew grammar and lexicon for the use of Christians, and he was the author of several other works. REUVENS, John Everard, one of the most profound lawyers Holland ever produced, was b. at Haerlem, in 1753; Ktudessa, which city, by liis prudent measures, he raised from insignificance to the height of prosperity. On the restora- tion of the Bourbons, he took his seat in the chamber of peers, accompanied Louis XVllI. to Ghent, and, returning with him to Paris after the battle of Waterloo, was appointed president of the council of ministers, and placed at the head of the foreign department. He soon resigned his post, but again held the office of prime minister in 1S20, and d. 1S22. KlCliMOND, Legh, a clergyman, was b. at Liverpool, in 1772, became chaplain to the Lock hospital, London, and af- terwards rector of Turvey, in Bedford- sliire. He is principally known as the author of "Annals of the Poor," con- taining the "Dairyman's Daughter," and other devotional tales, written with great force, originality, and pathos. He also wrote a work, entitled " The Fa- thers of the English Church," &c. D. 1827. RICHTER, John Paul Frederic, a celebrated German novelist, was b. m Franconia, in 1763, studied at Leipsic, was intimately associated with Goethe, Herder, and the galaxy of genius that gave its celebrity to Weimar, finally settled at Baireuth, and d. 1825. His works are very numerous. They are generally in the form of romances ; but many of them treat of abstruse q^ucstions in philosophy, and with all their singu- larity of style, evince the profoundest erudition, infinite humor, and a richness of imagery wliieh have earned for tlieir author the title of "The only One." Among his most celebrated works are, " Titan," " Ilesnerus," " Das Campa- ncr Thai " "Selina," and "Levana," and an admirable treatise on education. EIDP^R, AViLMAM, an English divine, several years under-master of St. Paul's school, and lecturer of St. Vedast, Foster- lane. He published a " History of En- gland," a " Commentary on the Bible," and other compilations. D. 1785. RIDGELY, Charles G., was b. in Baltimore, Md., on the 2d July, 1784, and entered the navy on the 17th of October, 1799. He was the first mid- shipman appointed from the city of Baltimore. He was with Commodore Preble at the battle of Tripoli, and when the expedition was fitting out to en- deavor to cut out the American frigate Philadelphir., then lying under the enemy's guns, and volunteers were called for, he was one of the first to offer, but was refused. Still, being most anxious to participate in that la- rib] CVCLOE'.KDiA OF CIOGKAPIIT. 721 nientablc expedition, he concealed him- Bclf in the ooiit, but, being discovered, returned to his ship. For his pallant conduct in tlie Tripolitan war he re- ceived a gold medal from congress. D. 1848. KIDLEY, Glostek, an English divine, and u dramatic and tlicological writer. B. 1T02 ; d. 1774.— James, his eldest son, was author of " The Tales of the Genii" and some other literary performances. — Nicholas, an eminent English prelate and Protestant martyr, was b. in 1500, at Tynodalc, and educated at Cambridge, lie travelled on the Continent, and, du- ring a three years' absence from his native country, became acquainted with eeveral of the early reformers, whose doctrines he afterwards warmly es- poused. Keturning to Cambridge, he lilled the office of proctor to the univer- sity, and as such protested against the claims of the papal see to the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. He was also chosen public orator, be- came one of the king's chaplains, and was finally elevated to the see of Lon- don, where he discharged the duties of liis office with unwearied diligence. lie was likewise employed in all the most important ecclesiastical measures of that reign, particularly in the compiling of the liturgy, and tlie framing of the arti- cles of religion. But one of the most distinguished acts of his life was that of inciting King Edward to endow the three great foundations of Christ's, Bar- tholomew's, and St. Thomas's liospitals. Having unadvisedly concurred in the proclamation of Lady Jane Grey, he was, on the death of Edward, marked out as one of the most prominent vic- tims of papal authority; and being con- demned, as a heretic, to the stake, he Bulfered, with the venerable Latimer, at Oxford, Oct. 15, 1555. KIEDESEL, Frederica CriAKT.orrE Louisa, Baroness, wife of Col. Kiedescl, who commanded the troops at Bruns- wick, employed in the English service in America, in 1777, accompanied her Inisband, and wrote an interesting ac- count of her adventures, entitled "Voy- age dc Mission en Amcrique," &q. She returned to Europe in 1783 ; and, liaving lost her husband, fixed Jier res- idence at Berlin, wliere she d. in 1808. EIEDINGEK, John- Ei.lvs, a cele- brated painter of animals, b. at Ulm, in Suabia, in 11)95; d. 1707. EIEGO, Eafael DEI,, a Spanish pa- triot, was b. in the Asturias, 1785. The enthusiasm with whieh he embraced PI the cause of independence rendered liim a zealous patriot, and a long im- nrisonmcnt in France afforded liim leisure to contemplate the miseries of his countrymen. Before he returned to Spain, lie visited Germany and En- gland. Till 1820 every eflbrt "for liberty had been followed by exile, and the horrors of the inquisition ; nearly all the chiefs who tiu'ored liberty were in confinement : but the valor of Kiego was at once triumphant; he delivered Quiroga from the hands of his jailers, and, on the 1st of January, his troops proclaimed the constitution. General O'Donnell made his victory difficult, but he was victorious ; and in the first sitting of the cortes, in 1822, they ap- pointed him their president. At the neightof his crlorious career his modera- tion was most conspicuous ; he avoided parade, and displayed real magnanimity, prudence, and disinterestedness. For- tune, however, changed ; Ferdinand VII. was reinstated. He was taken prisoner after the surrender of Cadiz, conveyed to Madrid, condemned to an ignominious death, and suffered, Nov. 7, 1823. KIENZT, NicnoLAs Gabrini de, a native of Eome, who in the 14th century obtained great celebrity by his attempts to restore the republic. lie was of low origin, but had received a liberal edu- cation, and possessed great eloquence and lofty views, which induced his fel- low-citizens to send him as one of their depntics to Pope Clement VI., then at Avignon. Eienzi, on this occasion, drew so affecting a picture of the dis- tressed state of the city, that the pope appointed him apostolic notary, which office he discharged with great credit. But while he appeared actuated by the purest principles, he was secretly Ibrm- ' ing a conspiracy for the alteration of the government, and he let no oppor- tunity pass of exciting the discontent of the people, by haranguing against the nobility and the defects of tlie public administration. By these moans ho became the idol of the people, who con- ferred upon him the title of tribune, with the power of life and death, and all the other attributes of sovereignty. What was more extraordinary, the pope confirmed the title, and Eienzi for some time governed the city with judgment and moderation. But the intoxication of supreme power betrayed him into extravagances, and he was expelled, and imprisoned for three yeai-s by Clement VI. He was released by Innocent IL, 722 CVCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rit who sent him again to the Eoman cap- ital as governor. But Eicnzi's cruelties raised him new enemies, and lie was massacred in 1354, about seven years nt'ter tlie commencement of his extra- t)rdinarv career. KIGAUD, IItacixthe, an eminent portrait painter, was b. at Perpignan, in lii63, and d. at Paris, 174:3. He met with distinguished patronage, and has been called the Vandyke of France.— Stephen Petek, Savilian professor of astronomy in the university of Oxford, was b. at Kichmond, in Surrey, and may almost be said to have been the inheritor of scientirte pursuits, both his father and grandfather having filled the office of observer in the royal observa- tory at Kew. His contributions to the scientific works of the day were both numerous and valuable. B. 1775; d. 1839. EILEY, John, an eminent painter, b. in London, in 1646. After the death of Sir Peter Lely he was appointed painter to the king, and rose greatly in public estimation ; but, according to the opinion of Lord Orford, he was so dis- trustful of liis own merit, that his mod- esty and humility were great impedi- ments to his advancement. D. 16'Jl. KIXGGLI, GoTHAKU, a celebrated Swiss artist, was b. at Zurich, in 1575, and d. in 1635. KINUCCINI, OcTAVio, a Florentine poet, who went to France with Mary de Medici, and is said to have been the first who invented the opera, or musical drama, in the year 1600. He wrote three pieces, "Daphne," "Eurydice," and " Ariadne." I). 1621. KIOJA, Fkancisco de, an eminent Spanish poet, was b. in 1600, and be- came librarian and liistoriographer to Philip IV. D. 1659. RIPLKY, Geouoe, an English alche- mist and poet, who d. in 14'JO. He wrote a work, entitled " A Compound of Ak-hymie," &c., and " Auram Pota- bile, ortlie Universal Medicine." RIPPEliDA, .Jon.v William, baron de, a celebrated adventurer, was b. of a noble family in Groningcn, in 1680 ; served some time as colonel of infantry in tlie Dutch army; and, in 1715, was Bcnt on a mission to Spain, where he acquired sucli an ascendency over Philip v., tliat the monarch took him into his service, made him prime minister, and created him a duke. At lungtli he fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned in the castle of Sejjovia, whence he es- caped in 1728, and went to England. In 1731 he went to Morocco, whore he was favorably received by Muley Ab- dalla, and declaring himself a convert to the Mahometan religion, and taking the name of Osman, he obtained the chief command of the Moorish army at tlie siege of Ceuta. But the Moors being defeated, he fell from his second eleva- tion : and, retirlQg to Tetuan, he there d. in 1737. KIQUET, Peter Paul de, a celebrated French civil engineer, b. at Beziers, in 1604. He projected the noble canal of Languedoe, which opens a communica- tion between the Mediterranean and the bay of Biscay. It was commenced in 1666, and carried on during the re- mainder of his life. After his death, which occurred in 1680, his two sous completed it. EISDON, Tkistram, an English to- pographer ; author of a " Description or Survey of the County of Devon." B. 1580; d. 1640. EITSON, Isaac, a poet and miscella- neous writer, was b. near Penrith, in Cumberland, in 1761; received a med- ical education at Edinburgh ; went to London, where he became an author by profession ; and d. in 1789. — Joseph, an Emrlisli lawyer and antiquary, was b. at Stockton, in Durham, in 1752 ; settled in London as a conveyancer, and purcliased the ofltice of high-bailitf of tlio Savoy ; and d. in 1803. As an an- tiquary, 'particularly in early English poetry, he exhibited much industry and intelligence ; but his morbid sin- gularities of teinj^er, and his avowed contempt for religion, more than coun- terbalanced whatever merit he miglit have otherwise possessed. It would, however, be uncharitable not to attrib- ute his imperfections to a species of long protracted mental derangement, of which distressing malady ha d. in 1803. His principal publications are, " A Collection of English Songs," " The English Anthology^" " Metrical Eo- mances," " Biosrraphia Poetica," &c. EITTENHOUSE, David, a celebrated American mathematician, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1732. In 1769 the American Philosophical Society em- ployed him to observe the transit of Venus ; and he iifterwards constructed an observatory, where he made some important discoveries. After tlie revo- lutionary war, he was appointed director of the mint and treasurer of his native province. He also succeeded Franklin as president of the Philosophical so- ciety. D. 1796. bob] CYCLOPEDIA OF DIOGRAPllT. 723 BITTER, John WrLLiAu, a celebrated German philosopher, was b. at Samitz, in Silesia, in 1776. The study of elec- tricity occupied liis chief attention; and in 1798 he started the idea that the phenomena of animal life are connected with fjulvanic action ; but, thon<;h hifrh- ly seiL-ntiti',', he advocated the reveries of animal magnetism, &c. lie wrote "Physico-Medical Memoirs," and other work's. D. 1810. KITTERSIIIIYS, Conrad, an eminent civilian and philologist, b. at Brunswick, in 1560. He became professor of law at Altorf ; wrote some works on civil law, and notes upon Greek and Latin au- thors. D. 1618. — Nicholas, his son, became professor of feudal law at Al- torf, where he d. in 1670. lie publislied !i collection, entitled " Gencaloijia lin- peratorum, Kegum, Ducum, Comituni," &c. EIVAEOI, Anthony, count dc, an able French writer, was b. at Baiinois, in Lanifucdoc, in 1757, and d. at Berlin, in 1801. His chief works are, " Dis- cours sur I'Univcrsalite de la Langue l'"ran(;oise," " L'Enfcr," translated from Dante ; " Lettres sur hi Keligion et la Morale," " Petit Almanach des grands Ilommes," and " Lettres a la Noblesse Frangoise." KI VAULT, David, a French mathe- matician, b. at Laval, about 1571, who became tutor in mathematics and mili- tary tactics to Louis XIII. , and was made a counsellor of state. D. 1616. RIVAZ, Peter Joseph de, a skilful French mechanist and chronologer, b. in 1711. He made a watch which had the singular property of winding uj) spontaneously, invented an improved pendulum, &c. He also drained the mines of Pontpeau, in Britany, and made many meclianical discoveries. D. 1772. RIVIERE, Mekcier de la, a celebrated French political economist, whoobtained the post of counsellor of the ]iarlianient of Paris in 1747 ; was afterwards made intcudant of Martinique ; and, on his return, published his noted work, enti- tled "L"()rdre naturel et esscntiel des Socictcs Politiques." The sinirularity of his schemes and his high pretensions were ridiculed by Voltaire, (Jrimm, and others ; but had some of his precau- tionary advice been attended to, it is possible tiiat the revolution, which he lived to witness, would not have taken place. I). 17',1-1.— The Duke de, gov- ernor of the young duke of Bordeaux, was a devoted servant of the Bourbons. He emigrated with the French princes in 1789, served in the army of Conde, and became nid-de-camp to the ex-king of France, Charles X. Seven times he entered France in disguise, to corre- spond witli the friends of his royal master ; but in 1804 he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death, from which he escaped through the interces- sion of Joscplnne, his punishment being mitigated into an imprisonment for four years. RIVINUS, Augustus QriRrxus, an eminent botanist and physician, whose real name was Bachmann, was b. at Leipsic, in 1652. D. 1723. RIZZIO, David, the son of a music and dancing-master at Turin, was b. there in the earlier part of the 16th cen- tury. His musical abilities procured him notice at the court of Savoy, wliilo his talents as a linguist caused liim to be selected by the ambassador from the grand duke to Mary, queen of Scots, as a part of his suite. In 1564 he first made his appearance at Holyrood house, where he soon became so great a favor- ite with the queen, that he was ap- pointed her secretary for foreign lan- guages. The distinction with which he was treated by his royal mistress excited the envy of the nobles, and the jealousy of Darnlcy. A conspiracy, with the king at its head, was aecordinsrly formed for his destruction ; and before he had enjoyed two years of court favor, the Lord Ruthvcn and others of his party were introduced by Darnlcy himself into the queen's apartment, where they assassinated the unlbrtunate object of their revenge, who fell at the feet of his royal mistress, having received no less than 56 stabs in her pi-esence, 1566. EGBERT, Hubert, an eminent French painter, was b. at Paris, 1732, and may be considered the first artist of the French school wlio studied with effect the decline and ruin of the monuments of ancient areliitecture. D. ISOS. — Peter FiiANois Joseph, a French revolutionary statesman, b. near Givet, in 1743. Be- coming secretary to Danton, he was elected a deputy to the convention, in which he voted for the deatii of the kins. Havinir married Mademoiselle Keralio, he adopted the literary prot'es- sion, and wrote several political works. — Louise Felicite de Kehalio, his wife, was b. at Paris, 1758, and d. at Brussels, 1821. Amonsr her works were, "His- toire d' Elizabeth. Peine d'Anfrletcrre," " Am(!die et Caroline," besides several translations from English, authors. • 724 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rob ROBERTS, Emma, ii lady of distin- puished litcniry talent, and an early friend of the ill-fated iliss Landon. She was the author of "Memoirs of the Rival Houses of York and Lancaster, Historical and liiogranhical," " Uricutal Scenes, Sketches, and Tales," &c. D. at I'oonali, in India, 18-40; the object of Ler mission thither having been the fur- ther illustration of life and manners in the East. ROBERTSON, William, a celebrated historian, was b. in 1721, at Borthwick, where his father was minister. Having completed his theological studies at Ed- inburgh, he obtained a license to preach, and in 175-3 was presented to the living of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. He soon became distinguished by his eloquence and good taste a.s a preacher ; but it was not till 1750 that, oy his "History of Scotland,"' he acquired a place among British classical writers. The distinc- tion and patronage acquired by this ■work, which reached a fourteenth edi- tion oefore Lis death, appeared in his successive preferments. He became chaplain of Stirling castle in 1759, king's chaplain in 1761, principal of the uni- versity of Edinburgh in 1762, and his- toriographer-royal of Scotland in 176-1. Notwithstimdiiig his numerous pursuits and official avocations, he found time to employ himself in his celebrated "His- tory of Charles V.," which, in 1777, was followed by the "History of America;" and his last publication was " Au Ilis- toricul Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients liad of India." D. 17'J3. ROBESPIERRE, Francis Maximilian Joseph Isidore, one of the most cele- brated and most violent leaders of the French revolution, was b. in 1759, at Arras, where liis father was a lawyer. He was left an orphan at the age of nine years, but was protected by the bishop of Arras, who placed him at the college of Louis XVL, at Paris. Returning to bis native place, he became au advocate in respectable practice. His political career began in 1789, when he was sent a deputy from the bailiwick of Arras to the states-general. Ho held a seat in all the subsequent legislative bodies, and gradually acquired influence in them, and unbounded popularity among the r>eople, from whom he obtained the title of 'the incorruptible." It was in tlie convention, however, that he rose to Ills greatest eminence. He was the ac- knowledged head of the Jacobins, and, after the' defeat of the Girondist!} and Dantonists, was, in a manner, the ruler of France. He would, perhaps, have established his authority had not some of his accomplices discovered that he had devoted them to the scatfold. A struggle ensued, in which he was de- feated, and, with many of his partisans, lie was guillotined, July 9, 179-1. ROBIN, Jean, a celebrated French botanist, to whose care the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, was first confided. B. 1550; d. 1597. ROBINS, Benjamin, an English math- ematician of great genius and eminence, was b. at Bath, 1707, was a teacher of mathematics, became engineer-general to the East India Company, wrote "New Principles of Gunnery," and was the real narrator of Lord Anson's "Voyage round the World," though it was published under the name of Wal- ter. D. 1751. ROBINSON, Anastasia, a public sing- er of some eminence in the early part of the last century, who quitted the stage in consequence of her marriage with the earl of Peterborough. D. 1750. — Mart, a poetess and miscellaneous writer, whose maiden name was Darby, was b. 1758, at Bristol. At the age of 15 she was married to an attorney of the name of Robinson, which precipitate step appears to have imbittered the rest of her life. Being reduced in circumstances, she had recourse to the st;ige, and made her first appearance at Drury-Iane, in the charac- ter of Juliet, in which she was instructed by Mr. Garrick. Her reception was very flattering, and she continued to perform in various characters till her represen- tation of Perdita, in the " '\\ inter's Tale," when her beauty attracted tlie adtniration of the prince of Wales, (af- terwards George IV.,) in consequcnco of which she quitted the stage, and be- came his mistress. This connection, however, was but of short duration. In 17S1 she had tlie misfortune to be at- tacked by a violent rheumatism, which progressively deprived her of the use of her limbs, and she was partly depend- ent on her pen for the means of living. Siie wrote a number of poetical pieces under the name of Laura Maria ; be- sides which she was the author of " Van- ccnza," a romance; "Poems," " Wal- singhani," a novel ; her " Memoirs," &c. D. 1800. — RicnARU, archbishop of Armagh and Baron Rokeby, was b. in Yorkshire, in 1709, and d. in 1794. The archbishop, besides building a palace at Armagh, with an observatory, founded a school and a public library there. roc] CYCLOP.KDIA OF DIOGKAPHY, 725 which last he furnished with a larfre col- lection of books, and left a liberal en- dowment for its support. lie also erected four new eluirelies in his dio- cese. — John, minister of the church in Holland, to which the first settlers of New En«rland bcloncrcd, was b. in Great Britain in 1575, and eclucated at Cam- bridge. In l';02 he became pastor of a dissenting congregation in tiie north of Enjrland, and removed with them to Holland in IfiOS. It was his intention to Ibllow his congreration to the new world, but his sudden death in 1625 prevented. KOB KOY, which sif^nifies Eobert the Red, was a celebrated Highland free- booter, whose true name was Kobcrt Macgregor, but who assumed that of Camiibell, on account of the outlawry of the clan Macgregor by the Scotch par- liament, in 1602. lie was b. about 1660, and was the younger son of Donald Macgresror of Glengyle, said to have been a lieutenant-colonel in the service of James II., by his wife, a daughter of Campbell of Glenfalloch. Like other Highland gentlemen, Eob Koy was a trader in cattle previous to the rebellion of 1715, in which he joined the adhe- rents of the Pretender. On the sup- pression of the rebellion, the duke of Jlontrose, with whom IJob Eoy had previously had a quarrel, took the op- portunity to deprive him of his estates ; and the latter began to indemnify him- self by a war of reprisals upon the prop- erty of the duke. An English garrison was stationed at Invcranaird, near Aber- foyle, the residence of Eob Koy ; but his activity and courage saved him from the hands of his enemies, from whom he continued for some time to levy black mail. The time of his death is uncer- tain, but he is known to have survived the year 1733, and d.at a very advanced age. EOBSON, GEonoE Fennel, an emi- nent draughtsman and landscape paint- er in water-colors, was b. at Durham, and d. 1S.35. EOCIIAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Do- NATiKN de ViMEiR, count dc, marshal of France, was b. at Vendome, in 1725, and entered the army at the age of 16. In 1746 he became aid-de-camp to Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans; and after- wards obtaining the command of the regiment of La Marche, distinguished himself at the battle of Lafeldt, where he was wounded ; obtained fresh laurels at Creveldt, Minden, Corbaeh, and Clos- tercamp ; and, having been made lieu- tonant-geueral, was, in 1780, sent with 61* an army of 6000 men to the assistance of the United States of America. Having disembarked in Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washington, first against Clinton, in New York, and then against Cornwallis, Eoehambeau was raised to the rank of marshal by Louis XVI., and, after the revolution he was ap- pointed to the command of the army of the north ; but he was superseded by more active otficers, and, being calum- niated by the popular journalists, he addressed to the legislative as.sembly a vindication of his conduct. A decree of approbation was consequently passed in May, 1792, and he retired to his estate, near Vendome, with a determi- nation to interfere no more with public affairs. He was subsequently arrested, and narrowly escaped sutTering death under the tyranny of Eobespierre. In 1803 he was presented to 15onaparte, who granted him a pension, and the cross of grand officer of the legion of honor. D. 1807. EOCHE, Eegina Maeia, a novelist, whose productions were very popular in their day, was b. 1765. Among her fictions were "The Children of the Ab- bey," a great favorite also ; " The Noc- turnal Visit," "The Monastery of St. Columb," and many others. But they have almost faded from the memory, or been overwhelmed by the myriad' vol- umes which have succeeded them. D. 1845. EOCHESTER, John TVilmot, earl of, a witty and proflisrate nobleman of the court of Charles ll., was b. 1648, and, on the death of his father, succeeded to his titles and estates, the latter of which, by extravagance, he soon dissipated, lie became the personal friend and fa- vorite of his sovereign, who is said to have encouraged and shared many of his exploits. The levity of iiis disposi- tion frequently brought him into dis- grace, and he was more than once forbidden the royal presence : his com- panionable (lualities, however, which made him necessary to the amusement of his master, prevented his occasional exile from being ever of long continu- ance. His constitution at length gave way under such excesses ; and, at the age of 30, he was visited with all the de- bility of old age. He lingered for some time in this condition, and d., professing great penitence for his misspent life, in 1680. His satirical poems are keen, hut their obscenity and impiety render them alike dancrerous and dissjusting. EOCKINGIIAM, Chables Watson 726 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rou Wentworth, marquis of, a British st:itcsman, b. 1730, succeeded his father in his titles and estates in IToO, and in 17G5 became first lord of the treasury. Auieriean atfairs forincd at that time a IeadinEDIA OF BioonAPnv. [hod which ho employed with such extraor- dinary jadsrincnt, that liis monns wont on at a rapid rate of acciitnnlation. Be- sides tlie essential co-operation of his brothers, he had agencies in almost every city in the world, with hosts of minor dependent capitalists who parti- cipated in Ids lo;ins, who placed implicit contidence in the family, and were ready at all times to embark with them in any operation that was proposed. D. 1830. EOTTECK, CiLVBLEs von, a celebrated modern historian, was born at Freiburg, in Baden, in 1775. Carefully educated under the care of his father, who had been ennobled for his medical skill, he joined the university of his native town in 1790 as a law sttulent; and eight years later he obtained the chair of his- tory, where his lectures laid the found- ation of the great historical work which has secured liim so high a place among tlie historians of Europe. In 1818 he exchanged the chair of liistory for that of politics and the law of nations ; in 1819 he was chosen member for the uni- versity in the first chamber of the states of Baden ; and the liberal tenor of his lectures and.speeehes was well seconded by numerous able works which flowed froni his pen on various constitutional questions. The outbreak of the French revohition in 1830 having given fresh vigor to his liberal views, he founded several jouriuils to enunciate and pi'opa- gate his opinions ; but his zeal was viewed witli a jealous eye by the govern- ment, which not only deprived liim of his chair in 1832, but interdicted him from editing any political journal for live years, and sought in various otlier ways to thwart his desiijns. Henceforth lie was regarded as a martyr to the liber- al cause ; his n.ame became a watchword to the opposition ; and though in 1848 he wixs restored triumphantly to the enjoyment of his previous rights, tlie redress came too late, for he d. the same year. His fame chiefly rests upon his "Allgemeine Welt-Gesehichte," which has been translated into nearly every European laniriiage. ROUBILLIAC, LouLs Francis, an eminent sculptor, was a native of Ly- ons, butcarne to England in the reign of George I., and Wiis emploNcd on several great works ; among wliich are, the monument of the duke of Argyle, in Westminster abbey ; the statue of Handel, at Vauxhall ; that of Sir Isaac Newton, at Trinity college, Cambridge ; and many other statues and monuments in various parts of the kingdom. He long stood at the head of his profession, and had also a talent for poetry. D. 1762. ROUELLE, William Francis, one of the earliest of the modern chemists in France, was born at Caen, in 1703. Having devoted great attention to chem- ical science, botany, and pharmacy, he settled at Paris as an apothecary, and afterwards became professor of chemist- ry, at the roj'al botanic garden. He also held the ofhce of inspector-general of pharmacy at the Hotel Bieu, and was a popular lecturer. D. 1770. — Hilary MiUiiMus, his brother, who was a clever experimental philosopher, assisted him in his lectures, and succeeded him as professor at the royal garden. B. 1718 ; d. 1779. R(JUSSEAU, Jacques, a French paint- er, b. at Paris, in 1630. He studied in Italy, where he acquired great skill in liis art ; and, returning to France, was employed by Louis XIV. He afterwards went to England, and painted many ex- cellent pictures. D. 1694. — Jean Bap- TisTE, a distinguished lyric poet, was b. at Paris, in 16G9. Ilis father, tliough a shoemaker, gave hiui a liberal education, and at an early period he displayed a decided taste ibr poetry. In 1688 he became page to the French minister at tiie court of Denmark; after wliieh he was secretary to Marshal Tallard, in his embassy to England. In 1701 he was admitted into tlie academy of inscrip- tions ; but, in 1712, he was banished from France, on the charge of writing some grossly libellous verses, which, during tlie remainder of his life, and even in his last moments, he solemnly declared were forgeries, devised for his ruin. — Jean Jacques, one of the most eloquent writers and singular charac- ters of the age, was the son of a watch- maker at Geneva, where he was b. in 1712. Leaving school he was first placed with an attorney, who soon dismissed liim for negligence ; he was then ap- prenticed to an engraver, from whoni he ran away before he was 16, and wan- dered about for some time in Savo}', where he was saved from starving by a priest, and placed in a monastery. It was not long, however, before he found means to escape from this restraint, and a new scene awaited him. The noted madame de Warens, a recent convert to the Catholic church, who had left lier husband at Lausanne for the pious work of proselytism, took liim under her es- pecial protection, caused him to be instructed in science and music, and continued to live with him, at intervals, ROVJ t'VCLOP.f:i)lA OF mOGRAPHY. 731 on terms of more intimacy than deli- cacy, for about eight years. At length lie left his once agreeable benefactress ; but was so fortunate as to obtain the place of secretary to the French ambas- sador in Venice, in 1742. But it was not till 1750 that he manifested his splendid literary talents. In that year he gained the prize ottered by the acad- emy of Dijon, on the question, " Whether the revival of learning has contributed to the improvement of morals," — takini,' the negative side of the question, it is said, at the suggestion of Diderot. From this period his pen became fertile and ijopular. Ho soon after brought out his " Devin du Village," a comic opera, of which he had himself composed the music. This piece was received with general favor, and the author was almost worshipped by the French ; but the ap- pearance of his celebrated "Letter on French Music," 1753, in which he pointed out its defects, excited a general storm. Singers and connoisseurs, who could not wield the pen, contributed to spread calumnies, pasquinades, and caricatures against the author, who re- tired to Geneva. By his change of re- lisrion he had lost the rights of a citizen. He now again embraced Protestantism, and was formally reinstated in the privi- leges of a free citizen of Geneva. From Geneva, Eousseau went to Chamberry, where he wrote his essay, "Sur Flncga- lite parmi les Ilommes," which excited still more sensation than his prize essay. In 17t)0 he published " Julie, ou la Nou- vello lleloise," a romance, of the most seductive description. His next work, entitled "Du Contrat Social," was pro- hibited, both in France and Switzerland. This treatise was followed, in 1702, by " Kmile, ou de I'Education ;" which was anathematized by the archbishop of Paris, and ordered to be burnt by the parliament of Paris and the authorities of Geneva. Obliged to flee froni France and Switzerland, tiie author took shelter in the principality of Neufciiatcl, where he publishca his " Letter to the Arch- bishop of Paris," and " Lettres de la Montague," a remonstrance against the proceedings of tiie Geneveso republic, tlic citizenship of which he renounced. Thenceforth his existence was passed in frequent changes of place, to escape real or fancied persecution, and in sus- pecting all his friends of insulting and conspiring against him. D. 1778. KOWAN, JouN, an eminent jurist and statesman, b. in Virginia, 1773, but early went to Kentucky, where he immediatfily attained the highest rank at the Western bar. In 1709 he was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the state, in 1804; was made secretary of state, in 1806 was elected to congress, and in 1819 judge of the court of appeals, and in 1824 senator of the United States. In all these positions lie took a leading part. D. 1843. KOWE, Eliz.\beth, a lady distin- guished lor her piety and learning, was the daughter of a dissenting minister named Singer, and was b. at llehester, 1674. Her principal works are, " Friend- ship in Death," " Letters, Moral and Entertaining, in Prose and Verse," the " History of Joseph," a poem, and " Devout Exercises of the Ileart." D. 1737.— N1CH0L.VS, a poet and dramatist, whose father was a sergeant-at-law, wjis b. in 1073, at Little Berkford, in Bed- fordshire; was educated at Westmin- ster school, and was intended for the bar; but on tb.e death of his father he gave up all thoughts of the profession, and devoted himself to the cultivation of literature. His first tragedy, which he published when he was 24, was "The Ambitious Stepmother," and its success gave him encouragement to pro- ceed. It was followed by " Tamerlane," "The Fair Penitent," "■Ulysses," "The Koyal Convert," "Jane Shore," "Lady- Jane Grey," and a comedy called "The Biter." He also wrote miscellaneous poems, and the "Life of Shakspeare ;" but his principal performance is a trans- lation of Lucan's "Pharsalia." On the accession of George I. he was made poet laureate, and he also obtained some srovernment situations. D. 1718. KOVVLANDSON, TnoMAs, an artist celebrated for his skill in caricature, wa3 b. in London, 1756. He studied draw- ing at Paris, and, on his return, availed himself of the advantages which an attendance at the Koyal Academy af- tbrded him ; rose to some degree of eminence in his profession, and d. 1827. Amomr his works are the plates to " Dr. Syntax," "The Dance of Life," and " Tiie Dance of Death." KOWLEY, William, a dramatic wri- ter in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. — There was also a Samuel Eowlky of the same period, who wrote two historicjil plays. — William, an eminent physician, b. in London, in 1743. Ho' wrote "Schola Medicinoe universalis nova," and several tracts on medical subjects. D. 1806. ROY, JuLLVN LE, ft celebrated clock 732 CYCI.OP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [rdd and -n-atch maker, was b. at Tours, in ICSfi. ^S'llcn very young, he showed a decided partiality for mechanical pur- Buits, and acquired tlie reputation of being: a lirst-rate horologist. D. 1759. — PjiTtR LE KoY, his son, was watcli- niaker to the king, and d. in 1785. He published "Memoires pour Ics Ilorolo- gcrs de Paris," " Etrennes Chronorac- triques," &o. — Julian David, another son, became a member of the National Institute, and attached himself to archi- tecture, lie wrote " On the Kuins of the finest Monuments of Greece," " On the Construction of Christian Temples," &e. — Peter Charles, a French satirist and dramatic poet, was b. at Paris, in 16S3. His principal pieces adapted for theatrical representation are, the operas of "Callirhoe" and " Semiramis," the ballets of " The Elements," and "The Senses," and the comedy of " The Captives," imitated from Plautus. 1). 1701. ROYEK-COLLAED, Pierre Paul, a distinguished French statesman and philosopher, was b. at Sommepuis, 1703. Not long after his admission to the bar at Paris, he embraced the prin- ciples of the revolution in 1789 ; but he soon became disgusted with the scenes of violence that prevailed, and after an abortive attempt to aid the cause of the royalists, he bade adieu for a time to politics, and gave himself up wholly to literary pursuits. In 1810 he was ap- pointed to a chair of literature and phi- losophy. After the restoration he once more entered upon a political career, and gradually rose in public favor by his sagacity, moderation, and honesty, till in 1828' ne was nominated president of the chamber of deputies, of which he had long been a member, but retired from this otKee in 1830. He was one of the founders of the school of politicians in France known by the name of Doc- trinaires ; and as a philosopher ho has well-founded claims to esteem for hav- ing introduced in France that system of philosophy so clearly illustrated by Cousin, Jouifroy, and Damiron, and which bears so close an analogy to that of Eeid and the other Scotch philoso- phers. D. 1845. ROZEE, Mademoiselle, an ingenious artist, was b. at Leyden, in 1G32. She neither used oil nor water colors in her pictures, but silk floss on the ground, disposed according to the dilforcnt de- grees of the Ijrigbt and dark tints, which she applied with great judgment find taste. In this manner she executed historical subi'ects, landscapes, and por- traits. D. 1682. KUBENS, Petek Paul, the most distinguished painter of the Flemish school, was b. at Antwerp, in 1577. He received an excellent education ; and, after studying in his own country, he went to Italy, where he greatly improv- ed himself after the works of the best masters, but chiefly Titian. AVhile in Italy, he was employed by the duke of Mantua, not only as an artist, but on an embassy to Madrid. In 1620 he was employed by the Princess Mary de Medici to adorn the gallery of the Lux- embourg with a series of paintings, illus- trative of the principal scenes of her life. While thus engaged, he became known to the duke of Buckingham, who purchased his museum for £10,000. He was afterwards employed by the Infanta Isabella and the king of Spain, in some important negotiations, which he executed with such credit as to be appointed secretary of the privy council. On going to England with a commission from the king of Spain, he obtained the favor of Charles I. While there he painted the Apotheosis of James I. and the picture of Charles I. as St. George ; for which he was knighted, and received a chain of gold. D. at Antwerp, 1640. Rubens, beyond all comparison, was the most rapid of the groat masters ; and, according to Sir Joshua Reynolds, he was the greatest master of the me- chanical part of his art that ever existed. — Albert, son of the preceding, was b. at Antwerp, in 1614. lie succeeded his father as secretary to the council, and was greatly esteemed by the Archduke Leopold, governor of the Low Coun- tries. D. 1057. He wrote " De Ro Vcstiaria Veterum," " Rcgum et Imi)e- ratorum RonianorumNumismata," "De Vita Flavii Manlii Tiieodori," &c. RUDDIMAN, Thomas, a distinguish- ed grammarian and critic, was b. 1674, at Boyndie, in Banffshire ; was educated at King's college, Aberdeen; became as- sistant-keeper of the advocates' library at Ediidiurgh ; set up a printing-office in conjunction with his brother ; was one of the founders of the earliest library society in Scotland, in 1718, and d. 1757. His "Rudiments of the Latin Tongue," long used as an elementary book in schools, is the most popular of his pro- ductions ; but he wrote other grammat- ical WDrks, and was the editor of the works of George Buchanan, in Latin. He also established the " Caledonian Mercury," a US J CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. 733 RUFFIIEAD, Owen, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in London, ahont 1723; entered at the Middle Ti'innlc, and wa;i called to the bar ; published an edition of the statutes, and conducted a period- ical paper, called the "Contest." lie also wrote the " Life of Pope," &c. D. 1709. KUFINUS, by some called TonANius, a priest of Aqmlcia, in the 4th century, lie became so attached to St. Jerome, that he accompanied him to the East; but beincr persecuted by the Arians under Valens, he was banished into Palestine, where he founded a monas- tery on Mount Olivet, and enipioycd himself in translating Greek autliors into Latin. His version of Ori^un gave such olfcncc to his old acquaintance, Je- rome, that he wrote bitterly against him, and Kulinus was cited to Kome by Pope Anastasius, who condemned his trans- lation, upon which he retired to Sicily, where he d. about 410. RUMFOKD, Benj.\min Tiioirpsox, Count, was b. 1753, at Ivumford, N. IL, and was educated at Harvard college. During the American war lie espoused the royal cause, obtained the rank of colonel, and was knighted. At the close of the contest he entered the Bavarian service as lieutenant-general, and was created a count, and received the order of the white eagle, for the reforms which he introduced into the army and the po- lice. In 179S he visited England, where he remained for four years, and took a prominent part in founding the royal mstitutiou. On his return to the Con- tinent he married the widow of Lavoi- sier. He settled near Paris, and d. there August 21, 1814. His experiments and discoveries are recorded iu his Essays. EUMPII, George Everaed, a botan- ist, was b. at Ilanau, lGo7. He took his doctor's degree in physic, after which he went as consul and senior merchant to Amboyna, where he made valuable botanical collections, the results of which were published by Kurmau, in 1751, under the title of " Herbarium Ambol- nense." KUNCIMAN, Alexander, a Scotch painter, was the son of an architect, and b. at Edinburgh, in 1736. After serving his time to a portrait painter, ho went to Rome with tiis brother John, a most promising artist, who died in Italy. Alexander continued his studies with diligence, and, on his return home, was employed by Sir James Clerk, to deco- rate his house with scenes from Ossian. His best pictures are, an "Ascension," in the Episcopal chapel at Edinburgh: his "King Lear," "Andromedaj" and "Agrippina." I). 1785. RUPERT, or Robert of Bavakia, Prince, tlie third son of Frederic, king of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of James I., was b. in 1(510, and received a militarj' education. He commanded the cavalry of Charles I. during the civil war, and on various occasions manifest- ed the igost daring valor ; but his im- petuosity and imprudence more than counterbalanced the effects of his brave- ry ; and, at length, having surrendered Bristol to General Fairfax, by whom it was besieged, the king dismissed him frona his service. The prince, however, was more successful as a naval com- mander, particularly after the restora- tion, in the great Dutch war ; on the conclusion of which he led a retired life, occupied wholly in scientific pursuits. He was the inventor of a composition, called the "prince's metal," improved the strength of gunpowder, found out a method of fusing black-lead, and dis- covered the art of engraving in mezzo- tinto. He was an active member of the board of trade; and to his influence is ascribed the establishment of the Hud- son's Bay Company, of which he was governor. D. liJS2. RUSH, Benjamfn', a celebrated phy- sician, was b. in 1741, at Bristol, Penn. ; was educated at Princeton college ; took his degree at Edinburgh, in 1768 ; was chosen a member of congress for Penn- .sylvania, in 1776 ; was appointed a pro- fessor of medicine and clmical practice at the univcrsit}', and d. 1813. During the devastation caused by the yellow fever in 1793, Dr. Rush highly clistin- guished himself, and his history of that epidemic is a work of great value. He also wrote "Medical Inquiries and Ob- servations," and "Essays, Literary, Mo- ral, and Philosophical." RUSIIWORTII, John, an historian, was b. in Northumberland, 1607, studied at Oxford, and became a barrister. In 1640 he was appointed assistant clerk of the house of commons, was much em- ployed in negotiations during the civil wars, and alter the restoration he became secretary to the lord-keeper, Bridgman. His " Historical Collections'' is a labori- ous and highly useful compilation. RUSSELL, AViLLLVM, fifth earl, and first duke of Bedford, was b. in 1614 ; received his education at Magd.ilcn col- lege, Oxford ; was a member of the long parliament in 1640, and commanded the reserve of horse at the battle of Edge- 734 CVCLOP.EDIA OF BTOORAPIIV, [rut hill; but, in 1643, he ioiuccl the royiil standard, and fought with great bravery n.t the battle of >«c\vbury- He was not, however, in favor with "tlio royal party, and he retired to private life till the res- loratiou, when he assisted at the coro- nation, and was elected a knight of the garter. He also attended the coronation of William and Mary, who, in 1694, ex- alted him to the rank of marquis of Tav- istock and duke of Bedford. D. 1700. — William, Lord, third son c* the pre- ceding, was a distinguished supporter of constitutional liberty, and was b. about 1641. In 1679, when Charles II. found it necessary to inirratiate himself with the whigs, "Lord Russell was ap- pointed one of the members of the privy council, lie soon, however, found that his party was not in the king's con- fidence, and the recall of the duke of York, without their concurrence, in- duced him to resign. Although his temper was mild and moderate, his fear of a Catholic succession induced him to take decisive steps in the promotion of the exclusion of the duke of York. In June, 1680, he went publicly to West- minster hall, and, at the court of King's Bench, presented the duke as a recu- Bant, and, on the November following, curried up tiie exclusion bill to the house of lords, at the head of 200 members of parliament. The king dissolved the parliament, evidently resolved to govern thenceforward without one ; and arbi- trary principles were openly avowed by the partisans of the court. Alarmed at the state of things, many of the Whig leaders favored strong expedients in the way of counteraction, and a plan of in- surrection was formed for a simultane- ous rising in England and Scotland. Among these leaders, including the dukes of Monmouth and Argyle, the lords Russell, Essex, and Howard, Al- gernon Sidney, and Hampden, different views prevailed ; but Lord Russell look- ed only to the exclusion of tlie duke of York. lie was, however, accused of having enoraged in " the Rye-house Plot," whicli had for its object the as- sassination of the king on his return from Newmarket; and on this pretext he was committed to the Tower, tried, condemned, and executed in Julv, 1683, being then in tlie 42d year of his age. After the revolution," the proceedings against him were annulled. — Lady Rachel, wife of tiie preceding, was daughter of the earl of So\ithampton, and widow of Lord Vauglian. lu 1607 she was married to Lord William Rus- sell, and the affectionate zeal with which she assisted him when in trouble, ano. the magnanimity of her behavior after his death, have excited for her a general feeling of respect and sympathy. Being refused counsel upon his trial, and al- lowed only an amanuensis, she stood forth in that capacity, and took down the notes. She survived his lordship 40 years, which period she occunied in the exercise of pious and social duties. Her " Letters," which do equ.al credit to her nnderstanding and heart, have been often reprinted. D. 1723. — William, an historical writer, was b. in the county of Mid-Lothian, 1746. He was brought up as a printer, which business he for a time followed, and then became an au- thor by profession. His works are, " A History of America," " A History of Modern Europe," and "A History of Ancient Europe," which was completed by Dr. Coote. D. 1793. RUST, George, a learned pre.ate, was b. at Cambridge. He became fellow of Christ's college, but at the restoration he went over to Ireland, and was pre- ferred to the deanery of Connor and the rectory of Mageo. He was afterwards made bishop of Dromore, where he d. in 1670. RUTHERFORD, Daniel, a natural philosopher and physician, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1749 ; studied in that university ; succeeded Dr. John Hope as professor of botany and keeper of the botanic garden, in 1786 ; ana d. 1819. He was the discoverer of nitrogen, and was tlie first who represented oxygen gas (then called vital air) as the neces- sary constituent of all acids. — Thomas, an English divine, was b. at Papworth Everard, in Cambridgeshire, 1712 ; was educated at St. John's college, Cam- bridge; where, in 1745, he was appoint- ed professor of divinity ; and d. rector of Barley in Hertfordshire, with the archdeaconry of Essex, in 1771. His most important works are, " A System of Natural Philosopliy," " An Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue," " A Discourse on Miracles," " Institutes of Natural Law," and "Sermons." — • John, a senator of the United States from New Jersey, during Washington's administration. I). 1840. RUT LEDGE, Edwaud, an eminent lawyer, and a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1749. His legal education was completed in England, and in 1773 he returned to his native country, and entered upon the duties of KYS] CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOfiRAPIIV, 735 his profession. In 1774 ho was iippoiut- ed a delegate to the congress at Pliil- aJlelphia and took an active part in the discussions of the day. After a suc- cessful practice of his profession for Bcvenlccn years, in 1798 he relinquished his station at the bar, and was elected cliicf magistrate of South Carolina. D. 1800. — JonN, an eminent patriot of South Carolina, who early distinguished him- self in the cause of the American revo- lution. He was a member of the first congress in 1774. "When the teniporaiy constitution ofSouth Carolina was estab- lished in March, 1770, ho was ap[)ointed the president, and commander-in-chief of tlie colony. lie continued in this station till the adoption of the new con- stitution in 177S. In 1779 he was chosen governor. In 1784 he was a judge of tlie court of chancery; in 1789 a judge of the supreme court of the United States; in 1791 chief justice of South Carolina ; and in 1796 chief justice of the United States. He was a man of emi- nent talents, patriotism, energy, and firmness. Judge Rutledge was a native of Ireland, but came to America about the year 17?.-). D. 1800. RIJVSCII, Fredekic, an eminent anatomist, was b. in 1638, at the Hague, and d. in 1731. — Henry, his son, pub- lished "Tlieatrum Animalium." — E.\- ciiEi., one of the most celebrated painters of fruit and flower pieces, was b. at Am- sterdam, in 1664, and d. in 1750. Her pictures are distinguished for h'utli and splendor of coloring, united with great finish. liUYSDAAL, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch painter, was b. at Haerlem, in 1636. He stood unrivalled in the repre- sentation of woods, groves, and pieces of water, particularly cataracts ; and d. in 1681. RUYTER, MicFiAET, Adrian, a gallant Hutch admiral, was b. in 1607, at Flush- ing. He eiitercd the naval service when he was only 11 years old, and, by dint of bravery and skill, rose to the summit of liis profession. On many occasions he nobly distinguislied himself when engaged against the English, especially in the terrible battle tbughtin February, 1633, near the mouth of tlie channel, when Blake counnanded the Euirlish, and Van Tromp and Ruytor the Dutch. In the reign of Charles 11., Ruyter gain- ed an ad v.intage over Prince Rupert and Monk ; but, two months afterwards, another battle was fought, in which the Dutch were defeated. The following year, however, he avenged himself, by riding triumphantly in the Thames, and destroying several English men-of-war at Sheeruess. He d. in the port of Syracuse, in consequence of a wound received a few davs before, when en- gaging with the I'rcnch fleet off Mes- sina. RYDER, Sir Dudley, an eminent English lawyer, was descended from an ancient Yorkshire family, and b. in 1691. He held the office of attorney-general from 1786 to 1754, was made lord chief justice, and d. 1756. RYLAND, John, a dissenting minis- ter, who kept an academy, and officiated many years to a Baptist congregation at Northampton. He published "The Christian Student and Pastor," " Ele- ments of Mechanics," " Tlie Preceptor," and several tracts and sermons. D. 1792. — William Wynne, an engraver, was b. in London, in 1732. He attained great excellence in his art; but his end was truly melancholy, for, in order to extricate himself from some embarrass- ments, he, in 1782, committed a forgery on the East India Company, and was tried and executed the year following. RYMER, Thomas, a critic and anti- quary, was a native of Yorkshire ; studied at Cambridare and at Gray's Inn ; and, succeeding Shadwell, in 1692, as royal liistoriotrrapher, employed the op- portunities atforded him by his oilice to make a valuable collection of public treatises, which he began to publish in 1704, under the title of ''Fcedera, Con- vcntiones, et cujuscunque Generis Acta publiea, inter Reges Angliaj, et alios Principes," 15 vols, folio, five more be- ing aclded by Robert Sanderson. He also wrote some poetical pieces, and left an nnpublislied collection relating to Englisii history, in 58 vols., now in the British Museum. D. 1713. RYSBRACH, John Michael, an em- inent statuary, was b. at Antwerp, in 1694. He went to England early in life, and derived considerable reputation and profit from the exercise of his art. \Vestminster abbey, and other cathedral cliurches, contain specimens of his abil- ities, among which shoild be noticed the monuments of Sir Isaac Newton and the duke of Marlborough. D. 1770. 736 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGUAPHV. [sad S. SAAVEDEA FAXAKDO, Diego de, a Spauish writer and diplomatist, was b. at Algezares, in Murcia, in l.")84. He became secretary to the embassy at Eoine, and afieVwards was appointed sole affcnt for Spain at the papal court. He also assisted at some diets in Swit- zerland, and enjoyed for his reward the collar of St. Jago, a canonry of the church, and a seat in the council-board for the Indies. He d. in 164S. SABATIER, Antoixe, or SABATIER DE Castues, was b. at Castres, in 1742. He was a celebrated Freneli writer, and was early connected with Helvetius and the philosophical party of the literati ; but he soon left these, and showed his opposition to them in his work, " Les Trois Sic'cles de la Littcrature Fran- 9aise," wliich procured him many ene- mies, but brought him into notice. Among his numerous works are, " Les Siecles Paiens, ou Dietionnaire Mytho- logique, Ileroiqnc, Politique, Litteraire, et Geographiqiie de I'Antiquite Pa'ie- nere," and " Les Caprices de la For- tune," &c. T). 1817. SABELLIUS, a heretic, b. at Ptole- mais, in Libya, in the 3d century, was a disciple of Noetus of Smyrna. He advanced the doctrine of unity in the Deity, declaring the Son and the Holy Ghost to be mere qualities. These ten- ets obtained many proselytes, and met ■with great success till the opposition of St. Deny.s caused them to be formally condetnned. SACCHINI, Antonio Mahia Gaspard, a celebrated Italian coinposer, was b. at Naples, in 1735. D. 178(5. SACIIEVEKELL, Henrv, an English divine, was educated at O.x'ford. In 1705 he was appointed preacher of St. Saviour's, South wark, during which pe- riod he prcachetl two famous sermons, the objects of which were to create alarm for the safety of the church, and to ex- cite hostility ai^ainst the dissenters. Being impeached in the house of com- mons, he was sentenced to be suspended from preaching for thrcft years. This persecution, however, established the fortune of Sacheverell, who was collated to a living near Shrewsbury; and the same month that his suspension termi- nated, was appointed to the valuable rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn. D. 1724. SACKVILLE, George, Viscount, a soldier and statesman, was the third sou of the first duke of Dorset, and was b. 1716. lie distinguished himself at the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy ; and in 1758 was made a lieutenant-general; but the year following he fell into dis- grace for his conduct at the battle of Minden. Ho was tried by a court-mar- tial, and sentenced to be dismissed from tlie service. Under the administration of Lord Bute, however, he was restoi-ed to favor, and in 1775 he was appointed colonial secretary of state, which he held during the American war. On quitting office, in 1782, he was created viscount. D. 1785. SACY, Baron Silvestre de, a pro- found and various scholar, but especi- ally eminent as an orientalist, was b. 1758. During the stormy times of the revolution, and tiie sway of Napoleon, as well as under Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Philippe, his splendid talents obtained for him the hishestand most valuable literary appointments. His "Arabic Grammar," "Antholigie Grammaticale Arabe," and other Arabic works, are e.-'pecially valuable to stu- dents. D. 1839. SADI, Sheik Moslehedin, one of the most celebrated poets of Persia, was h. at Shiraz, in 1175, and d. in the 120th year of his age. He studied at Bagdad, and pursued a religious course of life under tiie direction of the famous Sophi Abd al Kadir Ghilani, whom he accom- panied on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He fought against the intidcls, and carried his arms into India and Asia Minor. Being, however, taken prisoner by the Tui'ks, he was put to work on the forti- fications of Tripoli ; but was redeemed by a merchant of Aleppo, who gave him his daughter in marriage with a dowry. Towards the close of his life he built a hermitage near the walls of Shiraz, where he passed his time in exercises of piety ; and his tomb, on the spot where he had livctl, was long visited by tlic admirers of his genius and devotion, lie wrote "Gulistun, or the Garden of lioses," and other works. SADLER, Michael Thomas, was b. at Snelston, in Derbyshire, in 1780. In 1825 he vvas chosen a member of parlia- ment. Mr. Sadler wrote two works, " Ireland, its Evils, and their Remedies,' sal] CVCLOP^EDIA OF lilOOKAl'HY. 737 nnd liis "Law ofPopuhition," in which the ,Maltlnisi;in doclnnes were iinpugned niul rcfutcil. D. ISGo. SAKMUND, SiorussoN, a celebrated Icehmdio priest, poet, legislator, and historian in the llth century. He hud a share in forming the ecclesiastical code, wrote a '• History of Norway," and was the comjMler of that Scandinavian col- lection of poetry, termed "Edda." D. Ho"). ST. BEUVE, Jacques de, a celebrated theologian, b. at Paris, in 1(513. He was famous for his controversies relative to the doctrines of grace and predestination, which asritated the French church in the middle of the ITth century. D. 1677. ST. CLAIE, Aktiiuk, a general in the American army, was b. at Edinburgh, was a lieutenant under General Wolfe, and afterwards settled in Pennsylvania, and became a naturalized citizen. On the commencement of tiie revolution, he embraced the cause of the American army, and in February, 1777, was ap- pointed major-general. lie served with distinction, and in 1783 was elected president of the Cincinnati society of nis adopted state. In 1785 he was elected a delegate to congress, and in 17S7 was chosen president of that body. He was afterwards governor of the Nort ii- west Territory, and in 17'.iO eounnanded an army against the Miami Intlians. lie resigned liis commission of major-gen- eral in 1792. His latter years were passed in poverty. D. 1813. ST. JUST, Anthony, a political agent and associate of IJobespierre, was b. in 170^!, and was educated for the legal profession. lie voted for the death of Louis X\'I., materially assisted in the destruction of the Girondists, acted as a commissioner of the national conven- tion to the army in Alsace, where he was distiiiiruished for his severity ; and, on his return to Paris, becoming in- volved in the ruin of llobespierre, was guillotined, in Julv, 171)4. ST. L.\MBEKT; Chaules Fraxces de, a member of the national institute of France, was b. at Nancy, in 1717. He entered the army, whicii he left at the peace of Aix-la-Ciiapelle, and obtained an otRee in the court of Stanislaus of Poland ; became a devoted adherent of Voltaire's, and a favored admirer of madamc do Chatelet; again entered the army, and d. in 180'). Anion? his works arc, " The Seasons," a poem ; "Oriental Tales," and a pliiiosophical work, en- titled " Catechisuie Universel." ST. MAKC, Charles Hugh Lefebvre 62* DE, a French author, b. at Paris, in 1698. His most important work is, " A Chro- nological Abridgment of the History of Italy, from the Downfall of the Western Empire." — Jean Paul Andkk des Kai- siN's, marquis de, a French l>Tic poet, author of "Adcle de Ponthieu," &c. B. 1728; d. IS] 8. ST. PIEKKE, Jacques Bernardin Henri de, a most ingenious und philo- soi)hical French author, was b. at Havre, in 1737, was educated in the engineer school at Paris, for a time followed the military profession in the service of Kussia, afterwards obtained a commis- sion in the engineer corps of France; and, retiring from a military life, he devoted the remainder of his days to literature. In 1784 appeared his " PItudes de la Nature," and, m 1788, his " Paul et Virginie," which, after passing through fifty impressions in one year, has been translated into almost all the lamruages of Europe. He was also the author of "LaChaumiere Indienne," and several other works. D. 1814. ST. KEAL, CiESAR VicEuvRD de, an able French author, was b. at Chamberri, in Savoy, where he d. in 1(392. He wrote "DeTUsage do I'Histoire," "Conjura- tion des Espagnols eontre la Rcpubliquo de Venise en 1618," and several otiier treatises on morals, politics, and philos- ophy. ST. SIMON, Claudius Henry, count de, was b. at Paris, 1760. He was the founder of a politico-philosophical sect, whose leading dogma is, that industry is the definitive purpose of life, and that those engaged in it constitute the su- perior class of society. He published a variety of works to give currency to his doctrines; among which are, an "In- troduction to tlie Scientific Labors of the Nineteenth Century," and "Political, Moral, and Philosophical Discussions." D. 182."). — Louis de Rouvroi, duke of, was b. 167.5. In 1721 he was appointed ambassador extraortlinary to the court of Spain, to negotiate a marriage be- tween the Infanta and Louis XV. ; and d. in 17r)7. His " Memoirs of the Kcign of Louis XIV. and the Regency," con- taining a vast mass of anccdot:il inform- ation, form 13 vols. SALADIN, afamoua sultan of Egypt, equally renowned as a warrior and legis- lator. He was b. in 1137, raised himself from the station of an officer to that of a sovereign, and su])portod himself bj his valor and the infinence of his amia- ble character, airainst the united efforts of the chief Christian potentates of E"- 738 CyCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sAN rope, who carried on tbe most unjust wars against him, under the false appel- lation ot" crusades. He obtained various successes over the Christians, but was deteated by Kichard Cceur de Lion, and d. in 1H13. SALE, George, an English writer, wno was well versed in the oriental languages. His greatest work is an ex- cellent translation of the Koran, to which he prefixed a curious dissertation. He was also one of the principal authors of the "Ancient Universal History." B. IfiSO; d. 1736. SALLUST, Caius Crispus, a Roman historian, distinguished equally for his talents and profligacy, was b. at Ami- ternucn, 85 b.c. He was expunged from the list of senators, in consequence of his extravagance and shameless de- baucheries ; but being restored by Julius Csesar, and made governor of Namidia, he there amassed an enor- mous fortune by acts of rapine. He d. 85 B.C. His "History ot the Jugur- thine War" and " The Conspiracy of Catiline," bear ample testimony to his geuius; but the rigid morality displayed in his writings forms a curious contrast to the vices of the author. SALMASIUS, or Saumaise, Claude, an eminent French scholar, was b. at Saumur, in 1588, and succeeded Sealiger as professor of history at Leyden. In 1649 he wrote a defence of Charles L, king of England, which was forcibly and conclusively replied to by Milton. The year following lie went to .Sweden, on an invitation from t^ueen Christina ; and d. in 1653. His principal works are, " Historiae Augustie Scrintores Sex," " ]Je Modo Usiirarum," " J)e Ke Militari Komanorum," " Hellcnistica," and several editions of ancient authors. SALV^IATI, Francesco Kossi, an emi- nent Italian painter, whose style of de- signing approached that of Kaphael, tliougli greatly inferior in sublimity and grandeur of composition. B. in Flor- ence, 1510 ; d. 1563. SAXCHO, Ignatius, a negro, whose literary abilities attracted much notice, was b. 172'J, on board a slave-ship, and carried to Carthagena. While a boy he was taken to England Vjy his master, and given to three maiden ladies, sisters, livin;' at Greenwich, who named him Sancho. The duke of Montague after- wards took him into his service, and encouiaged his love of learning; and the duchess left him an annuity at her death. He numbered among his friends, Sterne, Garrick, and other literary char- acters ; and was the author of letters, poems, &c. D. 1780. SANCEOFT, William, archbishop of Canterbury, was b. at Frcsiufield, in 1616. He was one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower by James II. ; but at the revolution he refused to take the oaths, for which he was deprived of his see. D. 1693. He wrote "The Predes- tinated Thief," " Modern Politics, taken from Machiavel," &c. SANDEMAN, Robert, a Scotch min- ister, was b. at Perth, in 1723, and edu- cated at St. Andrew's. He formed a sect which still goes by his name. In 1765 he came to New England, made many proselytes, and d. in 1772. SANDERSON, John, distinguished as a scholar and a writer, was b. at Car- lisle, Pa., in 17S5. He was a teacher at Clermont seminary for some time, and a contributor to " Uennie's Port Folio," and other periodicals. In 1820 he published two volumes of " Lives of the Signers of the Declaration." In 1833 he went to Europe, and on his return wrote the " American in Paris," a vivacious sketch of his impressions while abroad. He was then elected pro fessor of Greek and Latin in the High school of Philadelphia. D. 134:4. SANDS, Robert C, was b. in the city of New York, 1799, and was edu- cated at Columbia college. In 1820 he commenced the practice of the law, but his first attempt as an advocate was un- successful, so ne turned his attention to literature. His attainments in the mod- ern as well as ancient languages, were solid and extensive, and his mastery of his own language complete. Ho became an editor of tiie "Commercial Adver- tiser;" but his labors in this sphere did not interfere witii his cultivation of gen- eral literature. He wrote an " Historical Notice of Cortes," which was translated into Spanish, besides essays on " Do- mestic Literature," the "Caio-Gneco of Monti," " Isaac, a type of the Re- deemer," the "Garden of Venus," &c., the "Simple Story," "Salem Witch- craft," " Monsieur de Vielleeour," and, in conjunction with Mr. Eastburn, the poem of " Yamoyden." He was also engaged with Mr. William C. Bryant and Mr. Gulian C. Verplanck, in the editorship of the "Talisman." Mr. Sands was a gentleman of the finest wit, and noble character. His last poem was " The Dead of '32," which appeared about a week before his own death. SANDYS, Edwin, an eminent P2ucdish prelate, was b. 1519, at Ilawkshead, iu bAuJ CVCLOP^DIA OK BIOGRAPHY, 739 Lancashire. At the accession of Mary be was vice-chancellor, and on rcfusin2f to proclaiia her, he was deprived of liis oflice, and sent first to the Tower, and afterwards to the ilarslialaea. When Elizabeth came to the throne ho was appointoil one of the connnissioners for revising the liturgy. He was also made bishop of Worcester, and had a share in the translation of the Serintures, commonly called the " Bishop's Bible." In 1570 he was translated to London, and in 1.576 to York, wliere a conspiracy was laid by Sir Kobcrt Stapleton, to ruin him by the imputation ot adultery; but it was discovered, and the i)arties concerned in it were punisiied. D. l.'iSS. SANSEVEKO, Havmon-d m Sanoro, eminent for his mcclianical inventions and scientific discoveries, was b. at Na- ples, in 1710, and d. 1771. Among the multifarious and extraordinary machines invented by himself was a four-wheeled vehicle, to pass over the surface of the water, whicli lie exhibited on the bay of Naiilcs. SANSON, Nicholas, a celebrated ge- ographer and engineer, was b. at Abbe- ville, in ItiOO; and constructed, even wliile a 3'outh, a map of ancient Gaul, remarkable for its excellence and accu- racy, lie subsequently produced up- wards of three hundred maps, all on a large scale, with several volumes to illus- trate them; reached the liead of liis profession, and was appointed geogra- pher and engineer to the king. D. 16(57. — Nicholas, William, and Adrian', liis three sons, wlio also were excellent geographers, collected and published the works of their father, as well as sev- eral of their own. SANSOVINO, GiAcoMO Fatti, an eminent sculptor and architect, was b. at Florence, in 1479. D. 1570. S ANTEKKE, Jean Baptiste, a French painter, was b. at Magny, near Pontoise, 111 1651. lie painted historical subjects, on a small size, and with great delicacy. D. 1717. SAPPHO, a celebrated Greek poetess, b. at Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos, about 600 B. c. Jler writings were higlily esteemed bv the ancients, and she is regarded a-s the inveutrcss of the metre which bears her name ; but of her works there at present exist only a " Hymn to Venus," an ode, and a few trifling fragments.— Another Sappho, of a later date, who is usually confounded with the foregoing, from being also a native of Lesbos, was no less distin- guished for amorous propensities than for the warmth of her lyrical cflfusionH, and is said to have thrown herself into the sea, from the promontory of Leu- cate, in conseciuence of the neglect sho experienced from Phaon, her lover. S.\KGENT, WiNTHitop, governor of Mississippi, was a native of Massachu- setts, and frraduatcd at Harvard college in 1771. He entered the revolutionary army in 1775, and served in various capacities with reputation to the dose of the war. In 1786 he was appointed by congress surveyor of the northwest- ern territory, and in 1787 secretary of the government established there. Ho attended General St. Clair as adjutant- general in his untbrtunatc expedition against the Indians, and was also adju- tant-jreneral and inspector under Gen- eral Wayne. D. 1820. SAKPI, Petlr, better known under the name of Father Paul, or Fra Paolo, was b. in 1552, at Venice. So preco- cious were his talents, that, at the -.ige of 17, lie publicly maintained theologi- cal and philosophical theses, consisting of 309 articles. Ilis eloquence was equal to liis learning. He did not con- fine his studies to theology ; for anatomy and astronomy also engaged much of his'attention. He was of the order of the Servites, and became provincial of the order. The Venetian government appointed him its consulting theologian, and reposed unbounded confidence in him ; which he justified and repaid, by defending the ecclesiastical liberties of liis country against the encroachments of the Eoman pontiff. His patriotism roused the vengeance of Kome against him, and in 1607_, five ruffians made an attempt to assassinate him. They fiiiled, however, in their purpose, though they gave him fifteen wounds. He d. in 1628. His greatest work is, "A His- tory of the Council of Trent." SAUMAEEZ, James, Lord de, a dis- tinguished officer in the British navy, was b. in the island of Guernsey, in 1757, and was descended from a Frencli family, whoso ancestor accompanied William the Conqueror to England. D. 18-16. SAURIN, James, an eminent French Protestant preacher, was b. at Nismes, in 1677; was the author of 12 vols, of "Sermons," "The State of Christianity in France," "Discourses, Historical, Critical, and Moral, on the most remark- able Events of the Old and New Testa- ments," &c. U. 1730. — Joseph, brother of the preceding, was b. 1659, and dis- tinguished himself as a mathematician. 740 CVCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [say He was originally a Protestant minister ; but, iu 16yO, he embraced tiie Catholic faitii, and was pensioned by Louis XIV. He contributed for some years to the "Journal des Savaus," and d. 1730. — Bernard Joseph, son of the last men- tioned, was b. 1706, at Paris; and quitted the bar to become a dramatic writer. He was the author of " Sparta- cus," a tragedy ; " Mceurs des Temps," a spirited comedy; and a variety of other dramas. D. 1781. SAUSSUKE, Horace Benedict de, a celebrated naturalist, was b. at Geneva, in 1740 ; attained an early proficiency in the mathematical and physical sciences, and was lor several years professor of philosophy at Geneva. He travelled in France, England, Italy, &c. ; and by the valuable observations which lie made, particularly among the glaciers of the Alps, he contributed much to the advancement of geology and meteorolo- gy. He also showed great ingenuity in the construction of improved instru- ments adapted to scientific uses, viz., a thermometer, an hygrometer, a eudi- ometer, and electrometer, &c. D. 1799. SAVAGE, KiciiARD, an English poet, celebrated for his genius, irregularities, and misfortunes, was b. in London, about 1698. He was the natural son of the countess of Macclesfield by Earl Kivers. No sooner did he see the light, than a most unnatural hatred took com- plete possession of his mother, who placed him with an old woman in the lowest state of indigence, with direc- tions that he should be brought up in utter ignorance of his birth, and in the meanest condition. He was an appren- tice to a shoemaker, when this woman dying suddenly, some of Lady Mason's (the mother ot the countess) letters, which he found among her papers, dis- covered to him the secret of liis birth. From this moment his attempts to ob- tain the notice of his motlier were incessant, but all his assiduities and applications were unavailing; and in justice to the countess of Macclesfield it must be observed, that she always asserted that her child d. while quite young, and that Savage was an impos- tor. He now became an author, and, in 1723, produced the tragedy of "Sir Thomas Overbury," the profits of which produced him £200; ana he was rising in reputation, when, in ]7iil, lie acci- dentally killed a Mr. Sinclair, at a house of ill-fame, in a drunken quarrul. For this he wa.s tried, and found guilty; but obtainod the royal pardon, through the intercession of Lady Hertford. Soon after. Lord Tvrionnel became his patron, received him into his house, and allowed him £200 a year ; but the bard and the peer quarrelled, and he was again turned adrift upon the world. A "Birth-day Ode," addressed to the queen, procured him a pension of £50., but on her majesty's death this was dis- continued, and he subsequently endured much misery and privation ; till at length, in 1743, he d. in the debtors' prison, at Bristol. SAVILLE, Sir Henry, one of the most profound and elegant scholars of his age, was b. in 1549, and after grad- uating at Brazennose college, Oxford, removed on a fellowship to Merton college, in the same university. In his 29th year he made a tour on the Conti- nent ibr the purpose of perfectino; him- self in elegant literature, and on his re- turn was appointed tutor in Greek and mathematics to Queen Elizabeth. D. 1622. SAVONAROLA, Jerome, a Domini- can, was b. at Fcrrara, in 1452. He was regarded by some as an enthusiast, and by others as an impostor; but he preached with great zeal against the corruptions of the Roman church, for which lie was condemned to the fl.ames in 1498. He wrote " Sermons," a trea- tise entitled "The Triumph of the Cross," and other works. SAXE, Maurice, count de, marsbal- gcneral of the French armies, was b. at Dresden, in 1696. He was the natural son of Frederic Augustus II., king of Poland, by the Countess of KOnigsmark, and d. in 1750. SAXO, Grammaticus, a Danish his- torian, who flourished in the 12th century. SAY, Jean Baptiste, an eminent French writer on political economy, b. in 1767. He concerted with Chamfort (who was guillotined) the " Decade Philosophique," during the revolution. J?onaparte, on going to Egypt, made him his librarian extraordinary, and after- wards appointed him a member of the tribunate, from which post he was dis- missed by his patron, for having the consistent honesty to vote against tho creation of an emperor and empire. Hia "Traite d'Economie Publiciue" is a most valuable work, and has oeen com- pared to Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations." Among his other works are, " Observations sur I'Anglcterre et lea Anglais," " Cours complet d'Economie Politique." D. 1832. sch] CYCLOP-CDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, 741 PCALIGER, Julius C-esak, generally known as the elder Scaliger, a celebrated Bcholar, was b. 1484, at the castle of Kiva, on lake Garda, and bceame a page of the f'mperor Maximilian, whom he served in war and peace for 17 years. When he was about 40, he quitted the army, and applied himself to the study of natural law, medicine, and the learned lanifuages. In 15'2") he accompanied the bislio[) of Affcnto his diocese in France, where he d. 1558. — Joseph Justus, son of the precedin?, was b. at An;cn, iu 1540 ; was made professor of polite liter- ature at Leyden, and is said to have been master of uo less than 13 languages. D. 1609. SCANDEEBEG, (which means the Bi;t Alexandek,) whoso proper name was George Castriot, was the son of John, prince of Albania, and was b. 1404. Being given by his father as a hostage to Sidtan Amurath II., ho was educated in the Mahometan religion, and at the age of 18 was placed at the head of a biody of troops, with the title of sangiac. After the death of his father in 14:}l', he formed tlic desicjn of possessing himself of his principality; and havinj^ accom- panied the Turkish army to Hunsary, lie entered into an agreement with Ilun- niadcs to desert to the Christians. Tiiis design he put into execution ; and, liav- ing ascended the throne of his fathers, he renounced the ^lahometan religion. A long wart:n-e followed ; but although Irequently obliged to retire to the fast- nesses of mountains, he always renewed his assaults upon the first favorable oc- casion, until tlie sultan proposed terms of peace to liim, which were accepted. lie, however, renounced his treaty with the sultan, obtained repeated victories over the Turkish armies, completely establislied his power, and d. 1407. SCARLATTI, Alessandro, b. at Na- ples, in 1658, was educated at Rome under Carissimi, and d. 1728. The Ital- ians called him the "glory of tlie art,'' and tlie first of composers. He com- posed about 100 operas, a great num- ner of motets, and nearly 200 masses. — DoMEMCo, his son, b. 1683, resided for a time at Rome and Naples, but finally settled at Madrid, where he obtained the appointment of chapel-master to the queen of Spain. He produced several operas and some good church music, and was on terms of friendshiij with Handel. SCARPA, Antonio, a celebrated Ital- ian anatomist, was b. 1746, at Friulij and d. at Pavia, in 1826. lie enjoyed an extensive reputation throughout Eu- rope, by his admirable description of the nerves in his " Tabula Necrologiaj." SCARKON, Paul, a comic poet and satirist, was b. at Paris, 1610, and was intended for the church, to which ho was averse, and for which his habits were decidedly unfit. At the age of 24 he travelled into Italy, where he gave himself up without restraint to indul- gences of every kind, and continued hi.5 excesses after his return to Paris. At the age of 27, having appeared during the carnival at Mans as a savage, he was pursued by the populace, and being obliged to hide himself in a marsh, he lost tiie use of his limbs. Notwithstand- ing his sufferings, he never lost his gayety ; and, settling at Paris, his wit and social powers gained him a wide circle of acquaintance, among whom was the beautiful madenioiselle d'Au- bigne, who after his death was known as the widow Scarron, and who was eventually rendered still more famous as niadame de Maintenon. His principle writings are, liis " Comic Romance" and his " Vircrilie Travestie." D. 1660. SCHADOW, JoHA.N-N Geoffkov, a distinguished modern sculptor, was b. at Berlin, 1764. Having evinced an early predilection for the fine arts, he repaired to Rome in 1785 for the culti- vation of his taste, and after initiating himself in the school of the best Italian masters, he returned to Berlin in 1788, where he was appointed professor of sculpture in the university of that city, and subsequently director-in-chief of the academy of the fine arts. Here he lived and labored for the long period of 62 years. I). 1850. — Zono Ridolfo, an Italian sculptor, was b. at Rome, 1786; and was instructed by Canova and Thorwaldsen. He executed many ad- mired sculptures and bass-reliefs, and d. 1822. SCIIEELE, Chakles William, an eminent chemist, was b. in 1742, at Stralsund, in Swedish Pomerania ; was brought up as an apothecary at Stras- burg, became proprietor of a pharma- ceutical establishment at Keeping, and d. in 1786. He wrote " Chemical Es- says," and was the discoverer of the oxalic, fluoric, malic, and lactic acids. SCHILLER, John CnRisTornERFREi>- EKic VON, one of the most illustrious names in German literature, was b. at Marbaeh, in Wirtcmberg, in 1750. Af- ter having studied medicine, and be- come surgeon in a regiment, lie, in his 22d year, wrote his tragedy of " The r42 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sen Robbers," which at once raised him to the foremost rank iimong the dramatists ot his country. It was performed at Manheim, in 1782. But some passajjes of a revolutionary tendency having in- curred the displeasure of the duke of Wirtembcrg, lie left Stuttgard by stealth, and made his way to Manheim, where, after various wanderings and many hardships, he got his tragedy of " Fiesco" brought out on the stage. The tragedies of" Cabal and Love" and " Don Carlos" were his ne.\t produc- tions. In 1785 he repaired to Leipsie and Dresden, where he found many ad- mirers. Here he wrote his singular romance called the " Geisterseher," and his •' Philosophical Letters," and eol- Iccted materials for a " History of the Eevolt of the Ketherlands, under Philip IL" In 1787 he repaired to Weimar, where he was welcomed with great warmth by Wieland and Herder, under- took the management of a periodical called the "German Mercury," and not long afterwards made the acquaintance of Goethe, which soon ripened into a friendship only dissolved by death. In 1789 he was appointed to the chair of history in the university of Jena, and besides lecturing to crowded audiences, he published his celebrated " History of the Thirty Years' War," and engaged in various "literary enterprises, which have more or less had great influence on the literature of Germany. " Die Horcn" and " Der Muscn-Almanach," to which the most eminent men in Ger- many contributed, belong to this cat- egory. He soon after settled at Weimar, in order to direct the theatre in con- junction with Goethe, in accordance with their mutual tastes and ojiinions : and here he at intervals published the works which, together with those above mentioned, have immortalized his name. Among these are, " Joan of Arc," " Mary Stuart," " Wallenstein," " Wil- liam Tell," "History of the Remarkable Conspiracies and Revolutions in the Middle and Later Ages." &c. D. 1305. SCHLEGEL, Auou.st Wilheim vox, a celebrated critic, poet, and philologist, was b. at Hanover, 1767. After finish- ing his studies at Gottingen, he Vjccamc professor at Jena, where he lectm'cd on the theory of art, and joined his brother Friedcricn in the editorship of the " Atlicnaium." In 1802 he repaired to Berlin, as a wider field for his literary predilections ; accompanied madaine de ytael, in 1805, on a tour through Italy, France, Germany, and Sweden ; deliv- ered lectures in Vienna, in 1808, on dramatic art ; became secretary to Ber- nadotte, the crown prince of Sweden, in 1813 ; and, after studying Sanscrit in Paris, obtained in 1818 the professorship of history at Bonn, which he held till his death, 1845. — FRiEDERicn von, a cel- ebrated German critic and philologist, and a younger brother of the preceding, was b. in 1772, and studied at Gottingen and Leipsie. His first production of any importance was the " History of the Poetry of the Greeks and Romans." He then joined his brother in conduct- ing a periodical called the " Athenffium," and after publishing the philosophical romance of " Luciucla," he visited Paris, where he delivered lectures on philos- ophy, and occupied himself with the finc'arts. In 1804 he published a "Col- lection of the Romantic Poetry of the Middle Ages." After this he repaired to Vienna, and, in 1809, received an ap- pointment at the head-quarters of the Archduke Charles, where he drew up several powerful proclamations. When peace was concluded, he delivered in Vienna the lectures known as " The History of Ancient and Modern Litera- ture." In 1812 he edited the "German Museum," and gained the confidence of Prince Metternich by the composition of various diplomatic papers ; in conse- quence of which he was appointed Aus- trian counsellor of legation at the Gei- manic diet, which he held from 1814 to 1818. He then returned to Vienna, and resumed his literary occupations with great zest, contributing to various jour- nals, and producing liis " Philosophy of Life," and his "Philosophy of His- tory," which rank among his best liter- ary"efforts. Like his brother, Friederich Schlegel became a Roman Catholic; and hi."t strong devotional tendencies may be seen in his interesting "Letters on Christian Art." D. 1829.' SCHLEIERMACHER, Frederic Er- NKST Daniel, equally distinguished as a theologian, a jihilologist, a critic, an orator, and a translator, was b. at Bres- lau in 1768 ; studied at Halle in 1781 ; and, after liolding various ecclesiastical appointments in different parts of Ger- many, was called to Berlin in 1809 as preacher, and about the same time re- ceived the chair of theology in the uni- versity of that city. The influence of his writings on the German mind was and still is very great ; but it was far surpassed by that which his oral in- structions, and the purity and piety which his personal character exercised sen] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 743 over those who lived ■within his sphere. D. 1831. SOIIOEFP'ER, Peter, one of the in- Tontor:^ of printin]?, was b. at Gernslieiin, in tlie territory of DarnisUidt, was u jiartncr with Guttember? and Faust, and liavinir married tho dauji^htcr of the latter, became sole possessor of the printing estaljlishment. D. about 1502. SCIIOMBERG, Henry de, marshal of France, was descended from a Ger- man family. He served in lfil7, in Piedmont, under marshal d'Estrces, and afterwards against the Huguenots in the civil wars. In 1025 he was made field- marshal, and two years afterwards defeated the English at the isle of Khe. In 1629 he forced the passage of Susa, on which occasion he was severely wounded. The next year he took Pig- ncrol, and relieved Casal. In 1632 he defeated the rebels in Languedoc at the famous battle of Castelnaudari, for which he was made governor of tliat province. He wrote a " Narrative of the War of Italy," and d. 1633. — Frederic Arm.'Vnd, duke of, was b. of an illustrious family, but different from the preceding. He began his military career under Frederic Henry, prince of Orange, and his son William ; but in 1050 he passed into the French service, became acquainted with Condc and Turcnne, and obtained the government of Gravelines and Fumes. He accompanied the prince of Orange to England at the revolution, was cre- ated a peer, made knight of the garter, and obtained a grant of £100,000. In 1689 he went with William to Ireland, »nd was accidentally shot as he was crossing the Boyne, by the French ref- uorees of his ovvn resriment. 'SCHOPENHAUER, Johanna, a Ger- man authoress of great celebrity, was b. at Dantzic, 1770. Her chief works are, " Fernow's Lcben," " Ausfluchl an den Khein," "Jugendlcben und Wandcr- bilder," an English translation of which was published in 1847, "Sidonia," " DieTante," and above all " Gabriele," which presents a charming picture of female character. D. 1833. SCHRP:VELIUS. Corneui-s, a learned critic, was b. at Haerlem, about 1614. His father was rector of the school at Loyden, in which office ho succeeded him. His name is now principally known by his " Greek and Latin Lex- icon." I). 1667. SCHUBERT, Francis, an eminent musical composer, was b. at Vienna, 1796. His melodies, known by their German name, "Lioder," have attained great celebrity throughout Germany, France, and England ; among the best known arc tlic " Erl Konig," "Ave Maria," " Der Wanderer," and "Die Erwartung," lc scope for the development of his genius in the numerous eommis- (44 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [soo sions intrusted to him by the royal fiimiiy of B.ivaria. It would be difficult Avith our limits to poiut out even a tithe of his productions ; sutiice it to say, that rich as Muuicli has become in works of art, it owes no small portion of its ce- lebrity to this artist, whose marvcllour, power of composition and versatility of genius showed themselves no less iu his admirable statues and reliefs, than in his frescoes and cartoons. D. 1818. SCHWARTZ, Bektiiold, a monk of the order of Cordeliers, at the end of tlie 13th century, was a native of Fri- bourg in Germany, and an able chemist. It is said, that as" he was making some e.xperiments with nitre, it led to his in- vention of gunpowder, which was first applied to warlike purposes by the \ enetians in 1300. There is, however, much discrepancy in the accounts of this discovery ; and it is certain that Koger Ixicon, who died in l'2y2, W'as acquainted with an inllammable com- position .similar to gunpowder, the knowledge of which Europeans appear to liave derived from the Orientals. — Christian Fuedeiuc, a German mis- sionary to tlie East Indies. In 17G7, he was employed by the English society for the promotion of Christian knowl- edge, and he continued throughout his life to labor in tlie sacred cause with unceasing zeal. He was held in liigh esteem for his character by the Hindoos, and the rajah of Tanjore made him tutor to his son. D. 1708. SCHW ARTZENBERG, Charles Phi- lip, Prince, an Austrian field-marshal, was b. of an ancient and illustrious family at Vienna, in 1771. He entered into the army early, and rapidly pro- ceeded through all the grades of mili- tary rank until he became a general officer. D. 1820. SCOTT, John, a Quaker poet, b. at Bermondsey, in 1739. He resided, du- ring the greater part of his life at Am- wefl, and d. in 178'2. lie was the author of " Amwcll," and other poems, a " Digest of the Highway Laws," " Crit- ical Essays." — Joii.v, the original editor, of the " London Magazine," and the author of "A Visit to Paris in 1814," &c. His remarks on some articles in "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine" having given ofl'cncc to the editor of that work, a auarrel ensued, which ended in a duel oetwcen a friend of the editor and Mr. Scott, who, a few days after, d. of the wound he had received from his adversary. — Michael, a cele- brated Scottish philosopher of the 13th century, whose knowledge of the occult sciences caused him to pass £,mong the unlettered for a magician, was b. nt Balwirie, in Fifeshire. He travelled in France, Germany, and England, and was received with great distinction by the respective sovereigns ; received the honor of knighthood from the Scottish monarch, Alexander III., and d. 1293 — Michael, the author of " Tom Crin gle's Log," was b. in Glasgow, 1789 ; received his education at the high school and university of that city, repaired to Jamaica in 1806, where he remained till 1822, and finally settled in Scotland, where he embarked in commercial spec- ulations. D. 1835. — Reginald, or Rey- nold, was a native of Kent, and received his education at Hart hall, Cambridge. He had both the good sense and courage to oppose the absurd opinion, at that time prevalent, of the existence of witches, by publishing his " Discoveries of Witchcraft." D. 1599. — Samuel, an eminent painter of scenery, who took Vandcrvelde for his model, and often excelled him. D. 1772.— Sir Walter, t^ *; who is generally placed at the head of ' ' ' English novelists in the 19th century, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1771. He passed the years of his youth between the pleasures of hunting, the study of the law, and an indulgence of his taste in readintr old plays, romances, travels, and marvellous adventures. The antiquities and ancient poetry of Scotland seem to have early infiamed his imagination ;_ho read the old chronicles, and made him- self acquainted with the customs, obso- lete laws, and even the traditions of individual families, and was versed in the localities and the superstitious belief of the inhabitants of the Scottish moun- tains. He made his debut as an original author in " Specimens of Ancient Scot- tish Poetry," which had great success. His next work, the " Lay of the Last Minstrel," was received with still greater favor. " Marmion " and " Rokeby " followed, and gave a climax to his poet- ical reputation ; but it was soon after- wards eclipsed by the rise of Lord Byron's poetical star, his vigorous and impassioned verses diverting the publio poetical taste into an entirely new chan- nel. Subsequently appeared "Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk" and the "Bat- tle of Waterloo," the first successful, the latter a failure. His novels, how- ever, are his great passport to fame. Those masterly productions, on which criticism would be out of place, need hardly be enumerated: "Waverley," 8El] CVCLOP.EDIA OF ItlOGRAPHV. 745 "Tales of iriy Landlord," "Ivaiihoe," "The Monastery," "The Abbot," "Qnentin Durward," "I'everil of the Peak," " Woodstock," " Kob Koy," "The Heart of Mid Lothian," "Cliron- iclcs of the Canongate," &c. Sir Walter Scott was made a baronet by George IV., in 1S21. Though from "the time of the publication of " Waverley," Sir Waiter Jiad been generally considered the author of the "Scotch Novels," yet ho had managed to preserve his incog- nito by various modes of evasion and halt-denials whenever the subject was publicly mooted; and the author, who- ever lie might prove to be, was fanci- fully styled the " Great Unknown." At length, the mj'stery was solved. At the annual dinner of the Theatrical Fund Association in 1827, Sir Walter, in re- turning thanks for the honor which the company had done him by drinking his health, unreservedly declared that they were wholly and solely his own compo- sitions, llis emoluments were very large, but pecuniary difficulties with his publishers involved him in the common failure. His debt.s he nobly determined to reduce by new efforts, many of which, though they answered the end which tlie author liad in view, added little to his fume, and utterly destroyed a robust constitution in writing them. D. 1832. — John, a distinguislied lawyer and jud^e of Virginia. B. 1782; d. 1850. SECKER, Thomas, archljishop of Canterbury, an eminent and pious pre- late, was b. at Sibthorpe, in Nottmg- hamshire, in 1693, ana was educated with a view of becoming a dissenting minister. He, however, declared that he could not conscientiously assent to the tenets held by his family, and he' therefore conformed to the church of England, took orders, and obtained pre- ferment. D. 1763. SEDGWICK, Theodore, a judge of the supreme court of Massachusetts, was b. at Hartford, Ct., in 174(5. He was graduated at Yale college, and in 1766 began the practice of the law in Berk- shire county, Mass. In 1776 ho served as aid to General Tiiomas in the expedi- tion against Canada. In 1785 he was a member of congress luider the old con- federation. His exertions during 1787 to suppress the insurrectionary spirit of the state, in what is known as Shay's rebellion, were efficient and honorable. In 1789 he was again in congress; and in 1796 a member of the U. S. senate. In 1302 he was appointed judge. D. 1813. — Theodore, a sou of the pro- 68 ceding, was b. at Sheffield, Mass., 1780 ; was educated at Yale college, and prac- tised law in Albany. He was twice a member of the legislature of Massachu- setts, and twice the democratic candi- date for congress. But his life was mainly devoted to literary and agricul- tural pursuits. He wrote " Hints to my (Jountryinen," and "Public and Private Econotiiy." D. 1839. SEDLEY, Sir Charles, n celebrated wit, courtier, and poet, of tlie age of Charles II., was b. at Aylesford, in Kent, in 1639 ; d. 1701. SEGUR, Joseph Alexander, viscount de, second son of the marshal de S6gur, engaged when young in the inilitarv service, but having attained the post of mareschal de camp in 1790, he gave up llis time entirely to the cultivation of literature, and published several ro- mances. D. 1805. — Loris, count de, a French diplomatist and historical wri- ter, was the eldest son of the marshal de Segur, and b. in 1753. He served during two campaigns in the American war, and was afterwards ambassador to St. Petersburg and Berlin. On the overthrow of the French monarchy he relinquished his connection with afjfairs of state ; he was, notwithstanding, ar- rested by order of the committee of pub- lic safety ; but being liberated shortly after, he quitted France, and did not re- turn till after the fall of Robespierre, when he was made a peer. D. 1830. SELDEN, John, an English antiquary, law writer, and historian, of most exten- sive acquirements, was a native of Sus- sex, and b. 1584. So early as 1607 he drew up a work, entitled " Analectum Anglo-Britannicum," which was quick- ly succeeded by several others ; and in 1614 appeared his "Titles of Honor." Next followed his "De Diis Syriis" and " Mare Clausura." He now entered the field of polities, and in 1640 was elected member of parliament for Oxford. At the commencement of the disputes be- tween Charles and the parliament, he acted with great moderation, and uni- formly endeavored to prevent an ulti- mate appeal to the sword. In 1643, the house ot commons appointed him keep- er of the records of tlie Tower, and, the following year, one of the commission- ers of the admiralty, votin? him £5000 as a reward for his services. He em- ployed all llis influence for the protection of learning, and was universally esteem- ed for his urbanity of manners and good- ness of heart. D. 1654. SELKIRK, Alexander, a sailor, was ?40 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sew b. at LarSt. Patrick's Day," a " Letter to Ileury Duudas," " Pizarro," a drama altered from Kotzebue, and poems. Mr. Sheridan was twice mar- riel, first to Miss Linley, a celebrated singer; and the second time to Miss Ogle, daughter of the dean of Winches- ter. SIIEELOCK, William, an eminent English divine, b. 1641. He became dean of St. Paul's, and wrote numerous books and pampldets, the greater part of which were ot the controversial kmd. Ilis "Practical Treatise on Death," however, has been highly valued and very much read. D. 1770. — Thomas, an eminent prelate, son of the preceding, b. in 1678, was distinguislied as a warm and spirited controversial writer. Ilis works arc very numerous, and his ser- mons particularly to be admired for their ingenuity and elegance, lie was, sueccssivel.V, dean of Chichester, and bishop of Bangor, Salisbury, and Lon- don. D. 1761. SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. at Newton, Mass., in 1721, and with only a common-school education, rose to distinction as a lawyer and statesman. His early life was passed in the occupation of a shoemaker. Re- moving to Connecticut in 1743, he was admitted to the bar in 17.">4, and soon became distinguished as a counsellor. In 1761 lie removed to New Haven, four years after was appointed a judge of the county court, and in 1776 ad- vanced to the bench of the Hujicrlor court. lie was a delegate to the cele- brated congress of 1774, and was a member of that body for the space of nineteen years. He was a member of the convention that formed the consti- tution of the United States. D. 1793. SIIIEL, Richard Lalor, was b. in Dublin, 1794, was educated at Trinity college, and studied law at Liueoln's- Inn. To defray the expenses of his education, he betook himself to writing tragedies. " Adelaide" to whicli the passionate acting of Miss O'Neil lent a charm, was followed by the "Apos- tate," "Bellamira," and "Evadne." In 1831 he entered parliament, where his success as a speaker was very great. He took a deep interest in Catholic emancipation, and was the right hand of O'Counell. He was nllimately pre- ferred to the commlssionership of Greenwich hospital, and shortly after- wards made vice-president of the board of trade, with a seat in the privy council. Mr. Shiel was the first Catholic com- moner upon whom this dignity was be- stowed. From the general election in 1S41, to the time of his departure for Florence, in 1850, he represented Dun- garvon. On the return of the Whigs to office, in 1846, after the repeal of the corn-laws, Mr. Shiel succeeded to the mastership of the mint, which place being abolished last session, he pro- ceeded to Florence as British minister at the Tuscan court. D. 1851. SHIPPEN, William, an eminent physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, and was graduated at Princeton college in 1754. His medical studies were eom- I)leted at Edinburgh, and on his return in 1764, he began at Philadelphia the first course of lectures on anatomy ever delivered in the country. He assisted in establishing the medical school .of that citv, and was appointed one of its professors. D. 1808. SHIRLEY, James, an eminent En- glish dramatic writer and poet of the Elizabethan age, was b. in London, about 1594. ite became a fertile writer for the stage ; and having obtained con- siderable celebrity, was taken into the service of Queen Henrietta Maria. He afterwards accompanied the earl of Kil- dare to Ireland, but returned on the breaking out of the rebellion, and re- sumed his scholastic employment in the Whitefriars. At the restoration many of his plays were again acted, and he appears to have been comparatively prosperous; but having lost all his property by the fire of London, in CYCLOiMiDIA OF BIOGKAPUV. 751 1C66, both he and his wife were so af- fected bv the calamitous event, that they died of grief and terror within 24 hours of each other. SIIOKE, Jane, tiie beautiful and un- fortunate mistress of Edward IV., was the daughter of a London citizen, and the wife of a rich jeweller in Lombard- street. Her personal charms are rep- resented as Deing transcendent ; her connubial state, infelicitous ; and the monarch's admiration of her, unbound- ed. Her virtue was not sufficiently stronsr to resist her royal lover, and she unreluctantly vielded to his desires. After the hinge's death she became at- tached to Lord Hastings, and their known partiality to the young princes romlored them obnoxious to the duke of Gloucester, who accused them of witchcraft. On this charge Hastings was beheaded, and his pretended ac- complice committed, by the tyrant's order, to the Tower. After undergoing the form of a mock trial, she was or- dered to do penance in St. Paul's, in a white sheet, and was paraded through the public streets, the bishop of Lon- don heading the procession. Her house and fortune was seized by the protector, and the unfortunate woman was reduced to the greatest distress ; but her perish- ing in a ditch, which is said to have given rise to Shoreditch, does not ap- pear to be founded upon fact. AVhere or when she died is not known ; but it is certain she was living in the reign of Henrv VIH. SHORT, William, a native of Vir- ginia, who was secretary of legation to France when Jcfl'crson was minister, and afterwards eharg6 to France, and minister to Spain, by the appointment of Washington. His state papers were marked bv great cleverness and ability. B. 1759 ; d. 1850. SHRAPNEL, Lieut.-general Henry, the inventor of the case-shot known as Shrapnel-shells, received his commis- sion as second lieutenant in the royal artillery in 1779, and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1S37. Shortly after the siege of Gibraltar, he invented the spherical case-shot. On the adop- tion of these shells by the artillery, he was granted a pension of £1200 per annum in addition to his regular pav. D. 1842. SIIUCFvFORD, Samuel, a learned divine, who was ecbicated at Cains col- lege, Cambridge, and became prebend- ary of Canterbury, and rector of All- hallows, in Lombard-street. He wrot« two works, " On the Creation and Fall of Man," and " The History of the World, Sacred and Profane." D. 1754. SHUTEK, Edward, a celebrated comic actor, whose talents in the delineation of humorous characters rendered him a public favorite. I). 177fi. SHUTTLEWOOD, the Right Rev. Piiim* NicnoLAS, bishop of Chichester, was b. in 1782, atKirkham, Lancashire. He received his education at Winches- ter, and New college, Oxford, and was distinguished at both these learned seminaries by his superior attainments. For some considerable time he resided in Oxford, and filled the situation of tutor to his college ; and when, in 1822, the wardenship of New college became vacant, he was unanimously elected to that honorable station. In 1840, Dr. Shuttleworth was promoted to the see of Chichester ; but his episcopal dignity was of brief duration, tnis able prelate dying in January, 1842. His principal works are, a " Discourse on the Con- sistency of the whole Scheme of Reve- lation with itself and with Human Reason," "Scripture not Tradition," in which his objections to Puseyism are stated with great force and learning ; a volume of excellent sermons, &e. SICARD, Roch-Ambrose Cucurron, an eminent teacher of the deaf and dumb, was b. in 1742, at Fousseret, near Toulouse. On the death of I'Epcie, in 1789, the Abbe Sicard was called to Paris, to succeed him in the direction of the establishment there. In 1792 he was arrested amidst the scholars, sent to prison, and was in imminent danger of becoming a victim in the ensuing massacres. He, however, obtained his liberty, and in 1796 took part in com- £iling the " Religious, Political, and literary Annals of France," for which he was sentenced to transportation, but escaped. When this storm had passed away, he resumed his situation as a teacher of the deaf and dumb, which office ho hold for many years with great credit to himself and advantage to his pupils. He wrote several valuable works relating to tuition, &e. ; and d. 1822. SIDDONS, Sarah, the most cele- brated of English tragic actresses, was a daughter of Roger Kemble, manager of an itinerant company, and b. at Brecknock, in 1775. She commenced her theatrical career as a singer, but soon rclinc|uished that line, and at- tempted trairedy. In her ISth year she was married to Mr. Siddons ; when she and her husband played at Liverpool 752 cyclop.«:dia of bioguapiiy. [SIK and other places, (gaining: both reputa- tion and profit. In 1775 she tried her poAvers on tlie London boards, but was unsuccessfuh Siio then obtained an engagement at Bath, where she im- proved rapidly, and became a general lavoritc. Time, with study and practiee, matured her powers ; and when she re- appeared at Drury-lanc, in October, 1782, as Isabella, her success was com- plete ; and, fi'om that time forward, her tlieatrieal career was one continued tri- umph. She possessed every requisite, per.sonal and acquired, for the high dramatic walk she had aspired to ; and those who witnessed her in the meridian of her splendid career, never forgot lier surpassing intellectual powers, or her uniiaralleled dignity of deportment. D. 18:il. SIDMOUTII, Henrt, Viscount, &c., was the eldest son of Dr. Addington, an eminent physician ; was educated at Winchester, and Brazennose college, Oxford ; and was intended for the pro- fession of the law, which, however, he abandoned almost as soon as he was called to the bar, in order to follow the political fortunes of his boyhood's friend, the second William Pitt. Entering par- liament for Devizes, in 1784, he in 1789 succeeded Lord Grenville as speaker of the house of commons. In 1805 he ac- cepted the office of president of the council, under Mr. Pitt's government, and was elected to the peerage. This office lie more than once resigned, and reaccepted the office of president of the council ; but, on the forinatiou of the Liverpool administration, he ac- cepted oince as home secretary. B. 1757: d. 1814. SIDNEY, Sir Philtp, one of the most accomplished men of tlie reign of Eliza- beth, was the son of Sir Henry Sidney; was b. in 1554, at Pensliurst, in Kent; was educated at Shrewsbury school, Christ-clnirch, O.vford, and Trinity col- lege, Camhriilge ; and subsequently trav- elled in France, Germany, and Italy. On his return he became a favorite of the. queen, and was sent by lier, in 1576, on an cmbas.sy to the Emperor Kodolpli. lie was knighted in 1583. AVlicn his maternal uncle, the earl of Leicester, was appointed to the com- mand of the au.xiliary forces in the Netherlands, Sidney was nominated general of cavalry. He was, however, mortally wounded, in Scfitember, in a victorious action near Zutplien, and d. on the 17th of October, 1586. Sidney wa.s universally beloved and admireu. So high did his character stand that, in 15S5, he was named as a candidate for the crown of Poland. He wrote " The Arcadia," " The Defence of Poetry," and various poems. — Algkrnon, the second son of the earl of Leicester, was b. about l(j20, and received an excellent education under the eye of his father. In 1G43 he returned from Ireland, where he had served during the rebellion. He joined the standard of the parliament, and was appointed a colonel, and sub- sequently lieutenant-general of horse. He was nominated a member of the court instituted to try Charles I., but he took no part in the proceedings, though he did not disapprove of them. To the usurpation of Cromwell he was decidedly hostile. At the restoration he became a voluntary exile, and he continued abroad for seventeen years, till his fa- ther obtained for him a special pardon. Sidney, however, was too firm a friend of liberty to be tolerated by the minions of despoti.;m. He was involved in the Kye-house plot, and was brought to trial after Lord William Kussell. Tho most infamous perversion of justice was resorted to, in order to convict him ; and he met death with heroic fortitude. Dee. 7, 1683. Sidney is the author of "Discourses on Government." — Mary, countess of Pembroke, was the sister of Philip, and possessed kindred talents, which she assiduously cultivated. She wrote an "Elegy" on her lamented bro- ther, a " Pastoral Dialogue in praise of Queen Elizabeth," a "Discourse of Life and Death," &c. D. 1601. SIEYES, Count Emanuel, usually called the Abbe Sieves, was b. 1748, at Frejus. He was, in 1787, named a member of the provincial assembly which Necker had established at Or- leans, lie advocated the necessity and expediency of calling the states in 1787, and in 1789 published his pamphlet, "Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat?" which gained immense reputation, and un- doubtedly hastened the crisis of the revolution. Soon after he became one of the members for Paris in the states- general ; and it was at his instigation that they assumed the name of national assembly. In 1790 he brought forward a project for repressing the licentious- ness of the press, and voted for the establislnnent of civil and criminal juries. When the Mountaiii ruled, in 1795, he declined sitting in the conven- tion, but went to Berlin as ambassador. After the 18th he was lamed one of the three consuls ; and from that time ho ske] CYCLOP .F.DI A OF BIOCIRArilY. 753 remained steady to the constitutional principlps lie fir?t asserted, opposing the Jacobins, declining union witli Bo- naparte, though ho remained a tacit member of the senate. In 1816 he was obli.tred to retiri' from France, in conse- quence of the decree against the mem- bers of the convention who voted for the deiith of the king in 17'J3, and he took up his abode in Brussels. After the revolution of 1830, lie, like the other French exiles, returned to his native country ; but he never reappeared ou the jioiiticiil scene. D. 1836. 81LSBKE, Nathaniel, n distinguish- ed merciiant of Massachusetts, who served in the senate of the United States from 1826 to 1835. D. 1850. SIMEON, Charles, an eminent En- glish divine and theological writer, was b. at Reading, in 1759. U. 1836.— The Stylites, a ridiculous fanatic, h. about 892, at Sison, on the borders of Syria. In the ]>lentitude of ascetic extrava- gance, he adopted the strange fancy of fixing his habitation on the tops of pil- lars, (whence his Greek appellation,) and with the notion of climbing higher and higher towards heaven, removed by degrees from a pillar of six cubits high to one of 40 cubits ; and, what is truly wonderful, he was enabled to pass 47 years of his wretched existence upon his pillars. Such was the extraordinary folly of the age, that this madness was regarded as a proof of holiness ; and wlicn be died, at the age of 69, his body wi>.< taken down from his last pillar by tl e hands of bishops, and conveyed to Aiitioeh by an escort of 6000 soldiers, and bnvicil with almost imperial honors. SIMoNlPKS, a Grecian philosopher and poet, was b. .558 n.c, in the island of Ccos, and d., aged 88, at the court of Iliero, king of Syracuse. He excelled in lyric poetry and elegy. SIMPSON, Thomas, an eminent math- ematician, was b. 1710, at Market Bos- worth, in Leicestershire, and was the son of a weaver, who brought him up to liis own trade, and, perceiving his in- clination for reading, took away his books. lie in consequence left his father, and after many vicissitudes, one of which was his becoming a fortune- teller, he acquired a perfect knowledge of mathematics, and rose to be a mathe- matical professor at the Koyal Academy, "Woolwich, and a member of the Royal Society. lie wrote "Treatises on Flux- ions, Annuities, and Algebra," " Ele- ments of Geometry," and other scien- tific works. D. 1761. SINCLAIR, orSINCLAIEE, Georoz, professor of philosojihy at Glasgow du- ring the period of the commonwealth. He was distinguished for his researches in philosophical science ; was an able engi- neer, and published treatises on hydro- statics and other branches of the mathe- matics. He was also the author of a hook, entitled "Satan's InvisiVile "World Discovered," which was for a long time popular among the Scottish peasantry. D. in 1696. — Sir John, an active and enlightened philanthropist, was b. at Thurso castle, in the county of Caith- ness, in 175-i. D. 1835. SISMONDI, Charles Sfmonde de, one of the most eminent of modern historians and political economists, was b. at Geneva, in 1773. In 1794 the house of his fatlier, who had been an eminent member of the government of Geneva, was pillaged, two fifths of his property confiscated, and botli fa- ther and son condemned to 12 months' imprisonment. The future historian, as soon as he obtained his release, sought safety and peace in Tuscany; but here he was even more unfortunate than in his native countiy, for the French imprisoned him as being an aristocrat, and the It.alian insurgents im]irisoned him as being a Frenchman. In I'^OO he returned to Geneva, where in the following year he commenced his career as an author, by the publication of " A View of the Agriculture of Tus- cany." His subsequent works have been numerous and varied, including history, political economy, criticism, and biography. But the works by which he is the most widely known, and which in fact have gained him a European celebrity, are his "History of the Italian Republics during the Middle Ages." "History of the Fall of the Roman Em- pire," and his elaborate "History of the French." In 1833 he was elected one of the five foreign members of the institute of France, in the department of moral and political sciences. D. 1842. SIX, John, a Dutch dramatic poet, was b. in 1618, and d. 1700. The works of Six are remarkable for purity of style. He was the friend and patron of Rem- brandt, and his jiortrait was engraved bv that, artist. "SKELTON, John, an old Encrlisli poet, was b. towards the close of the 15th century, in Cumberland ; was edu- cated at Oxford, was made poet laureate, and obtained the living of Diss, in Nor- folk. He was a coarse and caustic satir- ist, and was obliged to take refuge in r54 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [SMl tlie sanctuary of Westminster, in conse- quence of his satires on Wolsey and tlic flienilicant friars. D. 1529. SKINNER, STEpnE>r, a pliilologist, Was b. in London, about 1622 ; was edu- cated at Cln-ist-cliurch, Oxford ; settled as a physician at Lineohi, and d. 1067. He was author of " Etymologicon Lin- guae Anirlicana?." SLOANE, Sir Hans, a distinguished pliysician and naturalist, was b. at Kili- Icogh, Ireland, in 1660. He was the first in England who introduced into general practice the use of bark, not only in fevers, but in a variety of other disorders. He also formed a valuable museum of the rarest productions of nature and art, which together with his library, consisting of upwards of 50,000 volumes and 3,566 manuscripts, were purchased of his executors for £20,000 by act of parliament, and made part of the collection of the British Museum. D. 1652. SMART, Christopher, an English poet, b. 1722, at Shipbonrne, in Kent, was educated at Pembroke college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellow- ship, but vacated it by marriage, and having settled in London commenced author. The gayety of his disposition iind the buoyancy of his spirits render- ed him an acceptable companion to the wits and public writers of the day, with many of whom, particularly Pope, Johnson, Garrick, and Ilawkesworth, ne became intimate. He translated Pope's " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," and the " Essay on Criticism," into elegant Latin verse ; wrote a poetical version of the " Psalms ;" a volume of original poems, " Hannah," an oratorio, with several odes, fables, &e. He also gave to the world translations of the works of Horace, both in prose and verse. Poverty, however, overtook him, and his distresses, aided by intemperance, so unsettled his intellects, that he was placed for awhile under personal re- Btraint. D. 1771. SMEATON, John, an eminent civil engineer, was b. in 1724, at Ansthorpe, near Leeds. His father, who was an attorney, was desirous of bringing up his son to the same profession ; but he became a mathematical instrument ma- ker. In 1759 he received the gold medal of the Royal Society, of which he was a member, for a paper on the power of wind and water to turn mills, and as an engineer he gradually rose to tlie sum- mit of his profession. In 1755 the Etldvstone lignthouse was burnt down, and Mr. Smeaton being recommended to the proprietors of that building as an cnsiucer every way calculated to rebuild it, lie undertook the work, and executed it in such a manner, as almost to bid dciiance to tlie power of time or acci- dent. His last public employment was that of engineer for the improvement of Eainsgate'harbor. D. 1792. SMELLIE, William, a printer at Edinburgh, distinguished also as a man of science and learning, was b. 1740. He was the translator of Buffon's " Nat- ural History," and author of the "Phi- losophy of Natural History," and of many other ingenious works. He was a fellow of tlie Royal Society of Edin- burgh, and was much esteemed among the literati of his native city, wheie he d. in 1795. SMITH, Adam, a celebrated writer on morals and political economy, was b. at Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723. ' He re- ceived ills education first at Kirkaldy school, and afterwards at the university of Glasgow, where he became professor of logic and moral philosophy, and took his degree of doctor of laws. In 1759, by the publication of his "Theory of Moral Sentiments," he acquired a repu- tation which was greatly heightened and extended by his " Inquiry into the Na- ture and Causes of the Wealth of Na- tions," which soon became a standard work in Europe, and maybe considered the precursor of the modern science of political economy. Dr. Smith was the intimate friend of Hume, and published an "Apology for his Life," which was severely animadverted on by Dr. Ilorne for advocating sentiments and opinions that, in a religious point of view, were wholly indefensible. D. 1790. — Char- lotte, a novelist and poet, whose maiden name was Turner, was b. in Sussex, in 1749. At the age of 16 she married a West India merchant, who was subse- quently ruined; and her pen, which she had used before merely for her amuse- ment, now became the support of her husband and family. Her first produc- tion was entitled "Elegiac Sonnets and other Essays." After this, she pub- lished "The Romance of real Life,'' the novels of "Einmeline," "Marchmont," "Desmond," "Ethelinda," "Celestine," and "The Old Manor House;" besides several poems, and tales for youth ; all of which were well received. D. 1S06. — Elizabeth, a young lady of extraordi- nary accomplishments, the dauglitcr of a gentleman residing at Burnhall, near Durham, was b. in 1776. According to SMO] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 755 Miss J'owdler's memoir of licr, slio pon- Bcsacd a knowledge of the matliomatics, mid an exquisite taste for drawini^ and poetry; understood the Frencli, Italian, Spanish, and German lanijuaircs; made lierself acquainted with the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian ; and was thoroughly versed in biblical literature. She d. of consumption, in ISoG. Her translations of the book of Job, and the "Life of Klopstock," liave been published. — Sir James Edward, an eminent English physician and natural- ist, was b. at Norwich, in 1759 ; studied medicine at Edinburgh, and took his degree at Leyden, in 1786 ; visited France and Italy; and, on his return to Ens^laud, published "A Sketch of a Tour on the Continent." He established the Linnasau society, and was its first president ; received the honor of knight- Jiood from George IV., and d. 1828. — jAMEs^and Horace, were the sons of Kobert Smith, solicitor to the board of ordnance, and b. respectively in London, Feb. 10, 1775, and Dee. 31, 1779. James was articled to his lather, was subse- quently taken into partnership, and eventually succeeded to his business as well as to his official appointment. Hor- ace became a member of the stock exchange. Their first effusions were contributed to the " Pic Nic" newspaper, established by Colonel Greville, in 1802. T'ley also wrote largely for the " Monthly Mirror" and the " London Review," and some of their best Ters de socUte ap- peared in the "New Monthly Maga- zine," while under Tliomas CampbeU's editorship. But the work by which the brothers are best known, and by which they will be longest remembered, is the " Kejected Addresses," which appeared on the opening of Drury-lane theatre in 1812, and of which twenty-two editions liave been sold. Tlie popularity of this work ajmcars to have satisfied the am- bition ot the elder brother. But soon afterwards Horace became an indefati- gable novel writer. Ho commenced his novels with " Gayeties and Gravities," in 1S25, and ended them with "Love and Mesmerism," in 1845 ; and within these twenty years he also gave to the public " Brai'nbletvc House," "Tor Ilill," "Keuben Apsley," "Zillah," "The New Forest," "Adam Brown," &c., all of whicli were well received. James d. in 18S9 ; Horace, 1849. — James, a sitrner of the declaration of American independence, was a native of Ireland, removed with his fiither to this country at au early age, and established himself in the practice of law at York, in Penn- sylvania. He was a delegate from York county to the continental congress. D. 180fi. — John', an adventurer, was b. at Willoughby, in Lincolnshire. In tho wars of lium^ary, about 1602, he served against the Turks with such valor, that Sigismund, duke of Transylvania, gave him his picture set in gold, and a pension. After this he came to America, and con- tributed to the settlement of New En- gland and Virginia. D. 16.31. He wrote " A History of Virginia, New England, and tlie Summer Isles," " Travels in Europe," &c. — John Pte, an eminent nonconformist divine, was b. at Shef- field, 1775. D. 1S51. — Miles, a learned bishop, was b. at Hereford, in 1563. He was well acquainted with the oriental languages, and was one of the principal persons engaged in the translation of the Bible, to which he wrote the preface. D. 1624. — EoBERT, a divine and mathe- matician, b. in 1GS9, was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became master on the death of Dr. Bent- ley ; and was mathematical preceptor of the duke of Cumberland. He wrote " A System of Optics," and " Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds." D. 1763. — Sir William Sidney, a chival- rie and far-famed British admiral, was the son of a captain in the army, John Spencer Smith, esq., of Midgham, Sus- sex, where he was b. 1764. D. 1840. — Sydney, canon residentiary of St. Paul's, rector of Combe Florey, Somer- setshire ; who, for half a century, ren- dered himself conspicuous as a political writer and critic, was b. at "Woodford, in Essex; received his education at AVinchester college, and was thence elected to New college, Oxford, in 1780. He commenced his ministry as curate of Nethcravon, "Wilts ; but soon removed to Edinburgl), where he was one of the foimders of the " Edinburgh Review." His contributions to that periodical, and various other productions of his fertile and witty pen, have been col- lected, and have gone through nu- merous editions ; and, more recently, his "Sketches of Moral Philosophy," or lectures upon that subject, delivered at the royal institution, have been pub- lished. D. 1845. — Thom.vs, a learned English divine, historian, biographer, and critic; b. in London, in 1638, d. 1710. He wrote numerous works, among which is one " On the Credi- bility 'of the Mvsteries of the Christian Religion." SMOLLETT, Tobias, was b. at Dal- 756 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [sob quTiurn, in Dumbartonshire, in 1721 ; was apprenticed to a surgeon at Glas- gow, and became surgeon's mate in a man-of-war, but quitted tlie service in 174G, andj settling, in Loudon, com- menced Ins career as an author. The truiredy of " The Regicide," the "' Tears of Scotland," a spirited poem, and "Ad- vice" and " Reproof," two satires, were his first productions. In 1748 his novel of" Roderick Random" appeared, which at once rendered him popular ; and it was followed, at intervals, by "Pere- grine Pickle," "Count Fathom," a translation of "Don Quixote," "Sir Launcelot Greaves," the "Adventures of an Atom," "Humphrey Clinker," a "Continuation of Hume's History of England," and " Travels through France and Italy." In 1756 he established "The Critical Review," for a libel in which, upon Admiral Kuowles, he suf- fered fine and imprisonment. When Lord Bute came into power, Smollett was engaged to support him in a weekly paper, called "The Briton," which soon had a formidable opponent in the " North Briton " of Wilkes, and was unable long to maintain its ground. As a novelist, Dr. Smollett exhibits con- siderable originality, with much knowl- edge of life and manners, and an ex- uberance of humor, but he is open to the charge of indelicacy. As a poet, he appears to considerable advantage in his " Tears of Scotland" and the "Ode to Independence ;" but as a satirist he is coarse and virulent. D. while on his travels, near Leghorn, in 1771. SMYTH, William, professor of mod- ern history in the university of Cam- bridge, was b. 1764. In 1807 he was appointed to the chair of modern history, wliich he held for forty-two years. In 1S06 he published " P>nglish Lyrics," a volume of poetry, which was very fa- vorably received ; but his chief title to fame are his " Lectures on Modern Ili.story," and " On the French Revolu- tion," and hi.s "Evidences of Christian- ity." D. 1849. SNELL, RoDoi-Pir, an eminent math- ematician and philological writer, was b. at Oudewarde, in Holland, in 1547. He became professor of mathematics, and afterwards of Hebrew, in the uni- versity of Leyden, where lie d. in 1613. He published " ApoUonius Batavius," and several treatises on the works of Ramus. — Willebkod, his son, b. at Leyden, in 1591, succeeded liis father in the mathematical chair, and d. in 1626. He discovered the law of the refraction of the rays of ligt.t ; and un- dertook the measurement of the earth, or a degree of the meridian, which Mus- schenbroefc afterwards corrected. He published some of the works of the ancient mathematicians, and a few learned treatises of his own on math ematical subjects. SNORRO-STURLESON, an historian and antiquary, was b. in 1178, at Dale- Syssel, in the west of Iceland, was gov- ernor of his native island, and was assassinated in 1241. He compiled the "Edda" which bears his name, and collected the " Sagas," or traditions, relative to the Norwesrian monarchs. SNYDERS, Francls, a celebrated painter of the Flemish school, b. at Antwerp, in 1579. He studied under Henry Van Balcn, and, after visiting Italy for improvement, settled at Bru?. sels, under the patronage of the Arch • duke Ferdinand. His battles and hunting pieces are admirable, and in the representation of animals none havo ever surpassed him. D. 1657. SOANE, Sir Johx, an eminent archi- tect, was b. at Reading, in Berkshire, in 1752, went to London at an early age with his father, who was a builder, was placed with Mr. Dance, the celebrated architect, when about 15, and afterwards acquired more practical experience in the art under Mr. Holland. In 1772, being a student of the Royal Academy, he was awarded the silver medal for the best drawing of the Bauqueting-house, Whitehall. Four years afterwards he obtained the gold medal for the best design for a triumphal bridge. Soon after this he was introduced to George III., by Sir W. Chambers, and was sent to pursue his studies at Rome. On his return to England he was employed on many publie works, as well as private buildings; and on the death of Sir Robert Taylor, in 1788, he was appoint- ed architect and surveyor to the Baiik of England. Most of the public build- ings of London were his. D. 1837. SOBIESKI, JouN III., king of Poland, surnamed the Great for his military genius and warlike exploits, was b. 1629, of an illustrious family, at the castle of Olesko, in Poland. In spite of the enormous disparity of numbers with which ho had to contend in the Polish wars, from 1648 to 1074, he was often eminently successful. After com- ing to the throne, In 1674, he led his troops to fresh victories; overrunning Moldavhi and Wallachia, and crowning all his former brilliant exploits by raia- 80P] CYCLOPAEDIA OF UIOCIKAPIIY. ing the siego of Vienna, in 1683 ; whereby Europe was saved from the dreadful calamities to be apprehended from an irruption of the Ottoman forces. D. IG'JG. SOOINUS, L^Lius, an Italian sectary, was b. at Sienna, in 1.")'25, studied at Bologna, and in 1546 became meml)cr of a secret society formed in the terri- tory of Venice, on the princiiile of free inquiry. This institution being soon broken up, Socinus quitted Italy to join tlic reformers in Switzerland, and cl. at Zurich, in 1562. — Faustus, nephew of the preceding, was b. at Sienna, in 1539. Having imbibed the opinions of his uncle, lie propagated them with such zeal, as to become the founder of a sect called by his name, lie resided some years at the court of Florence, where he held a civil employment ; but in 1574 he went to Germany, and next to Poland, where h& strenuously labored to recon- cile the differences existing between the Unitarian churches. The tenets of So- cinus dirtcred but little from Arianism, by rejecting the divine nature of Christ altogether, and regarding his mission as merely designed to introduco a new moral" law. D. 1604. SOCRATES, the most eminent of the Grecian philosoiihers, and the only one who is handed down to us as a model of wisdom and virtue, was h. in Attica, 470 B. c. His father was a statuary, in which employment Socrates was brought np, but the cultivation of his mind was the object nearest his heart, and to that liis attention was unremittingly de- voted. He attended the lectures of the most celebrated philosophers of his time ; and studied the principles of elo- quence, poetry, music, and the mathe- matical sciences. But the moral im- provement of his fellow-men was the end and aim of all his studies and all liis exertions. His method of teaching was by proposing to his hearers a series of questions in such a manner as to pro- duce in their minds a conviction of the truth of the proposition originally ad- vanced; a mode of argument ever since termed Socratic. As a citizen he dis- charged, with exemplary faithfulness, all his public duties. Tlircc times he served in the army of his country, ex- celling his fellow-soldiers in the ease with which he endured the hardshi]is of their campaigns. The last part of his life occurred during that unhappy period when Athens had sunk into anarchy and despotism, in consequence of tiic un- fortunate result of the Peloponnesinn 64 war. Amid the general immorality, hatred, envy, and malice of snch an epoch, Socrates was charged, by the infamous Melitus and Anytus, with in- troducing new gods, of denying the ancient divinities of the state, and of corrupting youth, itc. He defended himself with the calm confidence of innocence ; but was condemned by a majority of three voices, and sentenced to drink poison. When the cup of hemlock was presented to him, he re- ceived it with a steady hand ; and after a prayer to the gods for a favorable pas- sage to the invisible worlil, he serenely swallowed the fatal draught. SOLON, one of the seven saces of Greece, and the celebrated legislator of Athens, was b. at Salamis, in the 6th century b. c. Inheriting but a small patrimony, he had recourse to com- merce ; but at the same time he applied himself to the study of moral and polit- ical wisdom, and soon became distin- guished by his superior knowledge in state affairs. After having enhanced the glory of his country by recovering Salamis, he refused the sovereijrnty of Athens ; but being chosen archon by acclamation, 594 b. c, he set himself down to the task of improving the con- dition of his countrymen. He abolished most of the cruel laws of Draco, and formed a new constitution, founded on the principle that the supreme power resided in the people. AVhen Solon had completed liis laws, he caused them to be engraved on wooden cylinders, and bound the Athenians by an oath not to make any changes in his code for ten years. He then letl the country, to. avoid being obliged to make any altera- tions in them; and visited Egypt, Cy- prus, and Lydia. On his return, after an absence of ten years, ho found the state torn by party violence, and his kinsman Pisistratus aiming at the sov- ereignty. He then withdrew from Ath- ens, and is supposed to have d. at Cvprus, aired 80. SOMEEVILLE, William, the author of " The Chase" and other poems, was b. at Edston, in Warwickshire, in 1692, where he inherited a considcr;d)lc jxi- ternal estate, on which he chietly lived, mingling an ardent, attachment to tho sports of the field with the studies of n man of letters. I). 1742. SOPHOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet, who carried the Greek drama to perfec- tion, was b. at Athens, about 496 b. c. In his 95th year he is said to have ex- pired tVoni excessive joy, in consequence riis CYCLOl'.EDU OF BIOGRAPHY, of the unexpected success of one of his dramas at the Olympic games. Of his numerous phiys, only seven have reach- ed modern times, but tliey are suffi- ciently meritorious lo establish his fame. SOilBONNE, KoBERT de, founder of the college of that name at Paris, was b. in 1201. He was confessor and chaplain to St. Louis, who a:ave him the canonry of Cam bray. D. 1274. SOUTH, RoBEnT, an eminent divine, was b. at Hackney, in 1633, and edu- cated at Westminster school, and Christ- churcli, Oxford. In 1660 he was chosen public orator of the university, and suc- cessively became chaplain to the earl of Clarendon, prebendary of Westminster, canon of Christ-church, and rector of Islip, in Oxfonlshire. In 16'.t3 he carried on a controversy with Sherlock, on the doctrine of the Trinity, when both dis- putants were charged with heresy, for attempting to explain an indefinable mystery. He was a man of great wit, aiid did not spare to display it even on serious occasions. His "Sermons" pos- sess the merit of earnestness and ori- ginalitv. D. 1716. SOUTHCOTE, JoANXA, was b. in the west of England, of parents in humble life, in 1750. When about 40 years of age, she assumed the airs of a pro- phetess; and her numerous converts, who are said at one time to have amounted to at least 100,000, put im- plicit faith in her rhapsodies. After having passed her grand climacteric, she was attacked with a disease which had the outward appearance of preg- nancy, and she boldly announced to the ■world that she was destined to be the motiicr of the promised Shiloh. So fully persuaded, indeed, were her fol- lowers of its truth, that they made the most ^plendid prc]iarations for the re- ception of the miraculous babe when, about the clase of 1814, her death put an end to their expectations. S(JUTIIERN, Thom,vs, an eminent dramatic poet of the age of Charles II., was b. in Dublin, in 1660, became a servitor in PemViroke college, Oxford, and then settled in London. He wrote the " Persian Prince," '' Isabella, or the Fatal Marriajre," and " Oroouoko," tniGTcdies ; the " ])isappointment," the "Rambling Lady,'' and the "Wife's Exr'use," comedies. His tragedy of " Isabella'" is one of tho most pathetic and eifective dramas in the language. He held a commission in the ami}', ■which with his writings produced him a handsome competency. D. 1746. [feOU > SOUTHEY, Robert, wns-the son of k respectable linendraper^ and was b. at Bristol, in 1774. After receiving the rudiments of education at the hands ol country schoolmasters, he was sent to "Westminster school, and thence to Ba- liol college, Oxford, his early display of more tlian ordinary talents and a corresponding steadiness of character having led his friends to choose the churcli as his destination. At Oxford, however, he remained but two years, the then unsettled state of his opinions as to both church and state causiuahim to quit the university, and wholly re- nounce the idea of taking orders, in the year 1704. After travelling in Spain and Portugal, and residing in Ireland as sec- retary to Mr. Corry, he having for some titne been married, he at length settled at Keswick, in Cumberland, in 1803. He was already pretty extensively known as the author of "Joan of Arc," "Wat Tyler," " Lines on Bradshaw the Regi- cide," and other pieces, which indi- cated more political and poetical fire than political judgment or personal prudence, and in settling at Keswick he commenced an almost unexampled career of industry on literary composi- tion of every description: his overflow- ing mind and ready pen being equal to wliatever could be demanded of them, a mere list of his separate publications would form a long article, not to speak of his numerous and elaborate contribu- tions to the " Quarterly Review." But though he wrote so much, he wrote every thing both carefully and well. Ilis biographies especially are admirable ; that of the great Nelson is, perhaps, tho most perfect biography in our language ; while that of Wesley is highly appre- ciated for its candor and ini partiality. The intense labors of a long life at length overpowered even his fine mind, and he remained in a state of mental darkness to the day of his death. He had received the appointment of poet laureate in 1813, and in 1835 he received a pension of £300 per annum. SOUTHWELL, Robert, an English Jesuit and poet, was b. 1560, studied at Rome, and afterwards returned to En- gland as a missionary. In 1592 he was sent to prison, where he remained three years before he was brought to trial, when, owning that lie came to England in order to propagate the Catholic reli- frion, he was condenmed and executed, in 1595. He was the author of .several poems possessing considerable merit. SOUTHWICK, Solomon, a somewhat erEJ CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOCRAPIIV, 759 noted New York politicmn, who wns Driijinally a baker in his native state of Khodc; Ishincl, but afterwards a yu'lntcr at Albany, N. Y., where ho published the " Albany Eetrister," the leading; democratic paper of the state. lie took an active part in the anti-mason excite- ment, and was once a candidate for frovernor. His writings have not sur- vivetl him. D. 1839. SOUZA, John de, a Portuguese his- torian, b. at Damascus, in Syria, about 17o0, iind d. at Lisbon, in 1812. Sl'ALLANZANI, Lazarus, an emi- nent naturalist, was b. at Seandiano, in Italy, in 1720. He studied at Modena, and next at Bologna, where liis cousin, Laura Bassi, was at that time one of the most distinguished professors in Italy. After having held professorships at Keggio and Jlodena, he became pro- fessor of natural history, and director of the museum at Pavia, where he de- voted himself to experimental researches into nature, and published many valua- ble works on physioloii'y. He travelled over a great jiart of Europe and Asia, and was enrolled among the associates of numerous societies. D. 1798. His ])rineipal works arc, "Experiments on the Iiei)roduetion of Animals,'' an " Es- say upon Animaleula in Fluids," "Mi- croscopical Experiments," "Travels in the Two Sicilies and the Appenines," and an elaborate " Correspondence" with the most celebrated naturalists of the age. SPAEROW, Antuoxy, bishop of Norwich, in the time of Charles IL, was a prelate distinguislied for his learning, piety, and benevolence ; and is known as a writer by his "Rationale of the Book of Common Prayer." D. 1685. SPARTACUS, a Thracian general, who had been taken by the Romans, and made a gladiator ; but escaping with a few of his companions from his ty- rants, he rallied round his standard a formidable army, and repeatedly de- feated the Roman forces. lie was at length slain. 71 b.c. SPEED, Jonx, a well-known English chronologist, historian, and antiquary, b. 1555. He is the author of "The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain," "A Cloud of Witnesses," and "The Historv of Great Britain, from Julius Ciesar'to James I." D. 1620. SPELMAN, Sir ni;NKV, an eminent Enfflish historian and antiquary, was b. at Cougliam, in Norlblk, in 1561. James I. frequently employed him on public business, and he received the honor of knighthood for Ids services. He d. in 1041, leaving many valuable works, among which his " Glossarium Arehae- ologicum" and " Villare Antrlieanum" arc still highly esteemed. — Sir Jons, his son, inherited liis father's taste for ar- chaeological inquiries, and was the au- thor of a "Life of Alfred the Great." He was knighted by Chailes I., and d. at Oxford, in 1643. SPENCE, Joseph, a divine and critic, was b. 1698, and received his education at Oxford, where he obtained a fellow- ship, and was elected professor of poe- try. He afterwards held the livinc of Great Ilorwood, and a prebend in Dur- ham cathedral. He wrote an "Essay on Pope's Odyssey," but his principal work is entitled " Polymetis ; or, an Inquiry into tlie Agreement between the Works of the Roman Poets and the Remains of Ancient Artists." The "Anecdotes collected by him, concern- ing eminent Literary Chanieters," have been published. His death, wliich hap- pened in 1768, was occasioned by his havinsr accidentally fallen into a pond. SPENCER, Jonx, an inointcd minister of the foreign department. At the com- mencement of Bonaparte's career she was one of his admirers, but she after- wards became hostile to liim : and, in 1801, iif consequence of her attempting to thwart his government, she was or- dered to quit Paris. After having visit- ed Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she re- turned to France, whence, however, she was again expelled. Her peregrinations were next extended to Moscow, Stock- holm, and London ; nor did she again behold her favorite abode of Paris till after the restoration of the Bourbons. In 1811 she married M. de Rocca, but their union was kept secret. U. 1817. Of her works, which form seventeen volumes, the principal arc, the ro- mances of "ftclphine" and "Corinne," " Considerations on the French Revo- lution," " Dramatic Essays," "Consid- erations on Literature," " Germany," ami " Ten Years of Exile." ST.\HL, George Ernest, an eminent German physician and chemist, was h. in 1660, at Anspacli ; studied at Jena; became physician to the kiiiir of Prus- sia ; and d. 1734, at l^rlin. Stahl in- vented the theory of phlogiston, which was lon£r prevalent. Ilis chemical and medical works are numerous. STANDISH. Miles, the first captain at Plymouth, New England, was b. iu Lanciishire, in 158-i, and accompanied Mr. Robinson's con-rregation to Ply- mouth in 1620. Ills services in the 762 CVC'LOP.-KDIA OF RIOGRAPHV. [STE ■wnrs with the Indians were highly use- ful, nnd many of his exploits were da- rintr :in!l exiraordinarv. I). Il, 1702, 17G"), and 17(;7. Some of his latter years were spent in traveUing on the Conti- nent, and his travels gave birth to " The Sentimental Journey." D. 176S. STEPHENSON, Geokok, whose name will be for ever identified with the great- est mechanical revolution eilVcted since the days of Watt — the .application of steam to railroads — was b. near New- castle, in 1781. His fatiier was an en- gine-tender at a colliery ; and he himself began life as a pit-engine boy at 'Id. a day's wages. A lucky accident having given him an opportunity of showing some skill, lie was advanced to the otlice of enirineman. He was afterwards em- ployed in forming railw;iy planes and cni^dncs underground, and all his leisure time was spent in working out the great problem, which he at last so hai)pily solved. His first attempt to carry out bis design was at Hctten ; he subse- quently planned the line between Stock- ton ami Darlington : but his crowning achievement was the great Manchester anf; Liverpool line, lie at once took the lead in railway engineering, became an extensive locomotive manufacturer at Newcastle, a railway contractor, and a great colliery and iron-work owner ; but he always retained the manly simplicity of character which had marked his early career. STERLING, JonN, an accoinplisbed critic and essayist, whose promising career was broken by long-continued illness, and at last prematurely closed, was b. at Katnes castle, in tl «•. isle of Bute, ison. His father, who \v.ns a ais- tiiiifiiished political writer, had hiin ed- ucated chiefly at home. In 1824 he went to Trinity college, Cambridge, vv-licre he had Archdeacon Hare for his classical tutor; and a year later he entered Trin- ity liall witli the intention of graduatinir ill law ; but he left Cambridu'c in 1S27 witliout taking a degree, and during the next few years he resided chiefly in London, employing himself actively in literature, contributing to the " Atlie- nivium" and other literary journals, and I>rep.aring himself, in familiar intercourse witti Coleridge, Wordsworth, and many other distinguisbed persons, for the peculiar career he haa marked out for his exertions. Soon after his marriage in 1830, he was forced by threatening pulmonary symptoms to seek a tempo- rary home in St. V'incent, where liis fainilv lield some property. He return- ed to" Europe in 18-32. D. 1844. STEKNHOLD, Tiioir.vs, a poet, was b. in Hampshire, and educated at O.v- ford ; after which he became groom of the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He d. in l."i49. Sternhold versified .51 of the psalms ; the remainder were the productions of Hopkins, Norton, and others. STEUBEN, Frederic IVilham Au- gustus, baron de, was a Prussian officer, aid-de-cainp to Frederic the Great, and lieutenant-general in the army of that distinguished commander, ife arrived in America in 1777, and immediately offered his services to the continental congress. In 1778 he was appointed inspector-general, with the raiilc of maior-general, and rendercif the most efficient services in the cstablislimeiit of a regular system of discipline. I)u- rinsr the war be was excee linL'ly active aii'l useful, an 1 after the peace he re- fired to a farm in the vicinity of New York, where, with the assistmce of books and friemls, he passed his tirne as agreeably as a frequent want of funds would permit. Tlie state of New York afterwards gave him a tract of 16,000 acres in the county of Oneida, and the general government made him a grant of -?2,.'iOO per annum. D. 17'J5. STEWART, DuoALD, an eminent philosopher and writer, was b. in 17n8, at Eilinburgh, and was the son of the professor of matliematics ; was edu- cated at the high school and university of his native city ; and attended the lectures of Dr. Reid at Glasgow. From Glasgow he was recalled, in his I'Jtli year, to assist his father ; on whose de- cease, in 178"), he succeeded to the pro- fessorship. He, however, exchanged it for the chair of moral philosophy, which he had filled in 1778, durinir the absence of Dr. Ferguson in America. In 1780 he began to receive pupils into his iiouse, and many young noblemen and trentle- men, who afterwards became celebrate I, imbibed their knnwledjre under his roof. It was not till 17'.i2 that he fame forwarl as an author ; he then puhlishe 1 the first volume of the " Philosoiihy of the Hu- man Mind." .\mong liis works are, " Outlines of Moral Philosophy," "Phil- osophical Essays," " Memoirs of .\dain 764 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHV. [STO Smith, rviid Drs. Robertson and Kcid ;" and '' Prefatory Dissertations in tlie Supplement to tlie Encyclopedia Bri- tannien." 1). 1S2S. STILLING, IIeinrich, a pseudonyme adopted by llienrieh Jiini; m one of the most remarkable autobiographies ever written, was b. at Floreuourg, in Nas- sau, 174iX His father was a tailor, and his son at first followed the same trade ; but his irrcat natural abilities soon burst throntrh the trammels of his lowly posi- tion, and at'ter acquiring' by his own ex- ertions considerable knowledge of Greek and of medicine, he found means to pro- ceed to the university of Strasburg, where he prosecuted his studies with such ardor and success that he was soon appointed to a professor's chair, and raised himself to eminence both by his ability as. a lecturer and as an operator. He wrote several novels, the best of which are, " Theobald," " Ilerr von Mor. I). 1781. STOLBERG-STOLBEKG, Fkederio IvEOPOLD, Count, a German writer, was b. in 1750, at Bramatedt, in ll'.lstein; was educated at Halle and Gollingen ; and Was employed in negotiations by the duke of Oldenburg and the prince re- gent of Denmark. He translatcil the Iliad, and tlic tragedies of ICschylus; and wrote " A History of tlie Christian Religion ;" " Travels in Germany, Swit- zerland, and Italy;" poems, and dramas. D. 1819. STONE, Edmuxd, an eminent math- ematician, the son of the duke of Ar- gyle's gardener, was b. in Scotland, towards the close of the 17th century. Before he was nineteen he taught him- self arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and French, without any assistance. He wrote " A Treatise on Fluxions," and a " Mathematical Dictionary ;" translated "Bionon Mathematical Instruments;" and published an edition of Euclid, with a Life. D. 1767. — Thomas, a sign- er of the declaration of American inde- pendence, was b. in Charles county, Maryland, in 1743, and was educated to the profession of the law. He was a delegate to the continental congress of 1776, and was again a member of that body when Washington resigned the offlce of commander-in-chief. D. 1787. STORCH, Heinrich Frederic vox, an eminent political economist, was b. at Riga, 1766, studied at Jena and HeidO"- berg, and on the advice of Count Rou- mantzof re]iaired to St. Petersburg, where he entered on a brilliant career as a statist and political economist, which procured for him at once tho confidence of the czar, and the highest literary honors in his gift. His chief works are, his " Cours d'Eeonomie Po- litique," and his "Tableau Ilistorique ct Statistiqnc de I'Empire de Russie a la fin du ISme Siecle." D. 1835. STORY, Joseph, a distinguished judge and juridical writer, was b. at Marblchead, Mass., 1779; studied at Harvard university, where he took his degree in 1798 ; was called to the bar in 1801, and soon acquired a distinguished reputation as a pleader. After repre- senting Salem in the slate legislature lor four years, he was sent to congress in 1809, where liis talents as a forensic debater were so well appreciated, that in 1811 he was appointed associate justice in tho supreme court of the United States. In this capacity ho displayed a thorough knowledge of the most intri- cate questions relating to international law, and earned such distinction as a jurist, that his name has been carried far beyond the limits of his native land. His "Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws" is looked r.pon as an authority in everv state in Europe. D. 1845. STOTIIARD, Thomas, an eminent EnL'lish artisi, was b. in London in 1755; received liis education at a school in Yorkshire ; and was apprenticed to a CVCLOP.'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY, i65 ciilico-pri iter, in SpitalficUls. Diirinjj his apprenticesliip lie showed a decided taste for the painter's art ; and, liaving hcen onoe introduced, soon foiitid am- ple employment in nialcinir designs for the liooksellcrs. Tiie designs made liy Mr. Stotliard exceed j'fiOO in nunibor; it is dilficult, tliereforo, to select from among so vast a stock ; but perhaps those which particularly claim onr at- tention are, "The Pilgrimage to Canter- bury," "Tlie Wellington Sliield," etch- ed by the artist himself; "The Four Periods of a Sailor's Life," and "The Flitch of Bacon." I). 1834.— Cii.srlks Alfred, a painter and antiquary, son of the eminent artist of the same name, was b. in 1787, and early displayed a talent for drawing. lie became a mem- ber and historical draughtsman of the Society of Antiquaries, and was deputed by that body to take drawings from the famous tapestry at Bayeux, in Nor- mandy. He was killed by a fall in 1S21. "He published "Monumental Effi- gies of Great Britain." STOW, JoFiN, an antiquary, was b. about loa.'S, in Cornhill. By trade he was a tailor, but applied himself to the study of British antiquities under the patronatre of Archbishop Parker and tlie earl of Leicester. In his old age he was reduced to such indigence as to solicit charity by means of u brief. He wrote " A Survey of London," and " Annals of this Kincrdon- ' D. 1605. STOWELL, WiLi,i.\M Scott, Lord, son of AV. Scott, a merchant of Newcas- tle, and elder brother of Lord Eldon, was b. at Helworth, Durham, in 1745; was educated nt O.vford, and becran to prnctiso law in 1770. He was knighted in i7S8, and in 1798 became .indgo of the hicrh court of admiralty and a privy councillor. In 1790 he entered parlia- ment as the representative of Downton, and in the foUowinsr year had the honor of beiunr unanimously elected as mem- ber for the university of Oxford ; which be retained till tlic coronation of Georije IV., when he was created a peer. He was the profoundest jurist of his day. D. 18:^6. STKAFFORD, Thomas Wentwoutk, earl of, an eminent statesman and minis- ter, the eldest son of Sir AVilliam Went- worth, was b. in 1593, in London, was educated at St. John's college, Cam- bridge, and after having travelled, was knighted, and made custos rotulorum of the west riding of Yorkshire. In 1621 he was chosen one of the represent- atives of the county of York. For a few years he was one of the mo.st active friends ofthe popular cause; stood prom- inently forward as an advocate ujr tho petition of right; and was even impris- oned for refusing to conlriliutc to a forced loan. But liis scen)ing patriotism sprang rather from hatred of Bucking- ham than from principle, and was not proof against corruption. In 1628 he was gained over to the court. His apos- tasy was paid for by the titles of baron and viscount, and the offices of privy councillor and president of the North In the latter capacity he acted with the most arbitrary rigor. In 1632 he was sent to Ireland as lord deputy. His conduct there, during a government of seven years, was that of a despot. It would, however, bo unjust to deny tliat Ireland derived some benefits from his administration. In 1639, on visiting England, he obtained the garter, the title of earl of Strafford, and the dignity of lord-lieutenant. He demonstrated his gratitude by violent counsels to the infatuated Charles. But his downfall was at hand. In 1640 he was impeached by the commons, and was brought to trial, March 22, 1641. He defended him- self with an eloquence and dignity wor- thy of a better cause. No mor-ildoubt could exist of his crimes, but the legal proof was defective. In order to secure tlieir victim, the commons themselves lost sight of justice, and resorted to a bill of attainder. It was passed, and StrafTord, deserted by his sovereign, waa brought to the block, on the 12th of Mnv, 1641. STRONG, Caleb, governor of Massa- chusetts, was b. at Northampton in 1744, and graduated at Harvard college. He pursued the profession of the law, and established himself in his native town. Takiriij an early and active part in the revolutionary movements, he was appointed in 1775 one of the committee of safety, and in the following year a member of the state legislature. He was a member of the convention which formed the constitution ofthe state, and of that which formed the constitution of the United States. Subsequently he w\a3 senator to congress, and for 11 years at different periods, chief magis- trate of Massacliusetts. T>. 1S20. STRUTT, JosEPU, an ensrraver, anti- quary, and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1749, at Springfield, in Sussex; was a pupil of Ryland, and a man of con- siderable talent, produced "A Diction- ary of Engravers," "Sports and Pas- times of the People of England," 766 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [SUL " Dresses and Habits of the Teoplc of England," "Regal and Ecclesiastical Amiqiiilies of England," "Chronicle of England," " Manners, Customs, &o., of the' Inhabitants of England," " Queen IIoo Hall," " Ancient 'fime," and '• The Test of Guilt." D. 1302. STUAKT, GiLBEUT, an historian and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1742, at Edinburgh, where also he was educated. He studied jurisprudence, bat became an author by profession; sometimes residing in London, and sometimes in his native city. Stuart was a man of genius, but of a most unainiable dispo- sition. He wrote " The History of Scot- land," " History of the Eeformation in Scotland," and other works ; contributed to the " Monthly Eeview ;" and was editor of the " Edinburgh Magazine and Eeview." D. 1788.— Gilbeut, a cele- brated painter, was b. in Newport, Rhode Island, in 175.5. Soon af[er be- coming of age, he went to Endand, where'ho became the pupil of Mr. West. He soon rose to eminence as a portrait painter, and obtained a high reputation both in England and Ireland. In 17'J4: he returned to his native country, chiefly residing in Philadelphia and Washing- ton, in the practice of his profession, till about the year 1801, when he re- moved to Boston. Mr. Stuart was not only one of the first painters of his time, but was also a very extraordinary man out of his profession. D. 1828. SUCKLING, Sir JonN, a poet and courtier, was b. in 160'J, at Whitton, in Middlesex; served in Germany, under Gustavus Adolphus ; acquired reputa- tion as a wit and dramatist after his return to Enghind; raised a regiment to serve against the Scotch, in 1G3'J ; was obliged to retire to France, in con- Bequence of having participated in a project to liberate the earl ot Strafford ; and d. there, in 1641. His poems have obtiiined a place in the standard collec- tions. SULLIVAN, .Joiix, an officer in the army of the American revolution, was b. in Maine, and established himself in the profession of law in New Ilamp- fthire. Turning his attention to military affairs, he received, in 1772, the com- mission of major, and in 1775 that of brigadier-general. The next year lie was sent to Canada, and on the death of General Thomius, the command of the army devolved on him. In this year he was promoted to the rank of major- general, and was soon after captured by the Britiwh iii the battle on Long Island. Ho commanded a division of the army at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown ; and was the solo commander of an expedition to the island of Newport, which failed through want of co-operation from the French fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe- dition against the Indians. He was afterwards a member of congress, and tor throe years president of New Hamp- shire. In 1789 he was appointed a judge of the district court, and con- tinued in that office till his death, in 1795. — James, was b. at Berwick, Me., in 1744, and after passing the early part of his life in agricidtural pursuits, adopted the profession of the law. He took an early part in the revolutionary straggle, and in 1775 was chosen a member of the provincial congress. In 1776 he was appointed a judge of the superior court. He was subsequently a member of congress, a member of the executive council, judge of probate, and iu 1790 was appointed attorney-general. In 1807 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and again in the follow- ing year, in the December of which he died. He was the author of a " History of Land Titles," a "History of the Dis- trict of JSIaine," and an '"Essay on Banks." His rank at the bar was in the very first class, and in his private character he was distinguished for piety, patriotism, and integrity. SULLY, Maximilian de Bethune, duke of, a French warrior and states- man, equally brave in the field and wise in the council, was b. in 1560, at the castle of Rosn}^ At an early age he was placed about the person of the king of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., to whotn he ever continued to be strongly attached. He narrowly escaped being one of the victims of the massacre of St. Bartiiolomew. In the majority of the battles and sieges which occurred during the struggle between Henry .and ills enemies. Sully bore a conspicuous part. He commanded the artillery at the battle of Coutras, and had two hor- ses killed under him, and was danger- ously wounded at the battle of Ivry, Though himself a zealous Calvinist, it was he who advised the king to secure the crown by conforming to the Catho- lic religion. In 1597 he was placed at the head of the finances, which were tiien in the most dilapidated state; and by his prudent administration he at oiice increased the revenue and light- ened the burdens of the people. After the death of Henry IV. Sully retired 8Yd] CTCLO?/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 16: from public affairs, and d. 1641. His " Memoirs," written by hiuisclf, are hiiirlilv interesting. SU'PtKEY, Henry Howard, carl of, eldest son of the duke of Norfolk, was b. about l.")1.5; studied at Clirist-cburoli, Oxford ; travelled in France, Germany, and Italy, in the last of whieii countries he fell in love with the Geraldinc whom lie celebrates in his verses ; was captain- general of the army at Roulofrnc in 15415; and fell a victim, on the scatl'old, to the tyranny of Henry VIII., in ir)47. " Ho was," says Kaleijjjh, "no less valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes ;" and Warton considers him as " the first Ensrlish classical poet." SUVAROFF, or SUWARROW, Prince Alexander, a celebrated Rus- sian field-marshal, was b. in 1730, at Suskoi, in the Ukraine, and was educa- ted at the cadet school of St. Pctcrsburi;. He distincrnishcd himself during: the seven years' war ; in Poland, in 1768, against the Confederates ; in 1773, airainst the Turks; and in 17S2, a^fainst the No?ay Tartars. For these services he was rewarded with the rank of gen- eral-in-chief, the government of the Crimea, the portrait of tiic empress set in diamonds, and several Russian or- ders. 1-n the war against the Turks, from 1787 to 1790, he/ gained the battle of Rymnik, took Ismail by storm, and obtained other important advantages. In 1794 lie defeated tlie Poles who were struggling for freedom, and carried Praga by assault. When Russia joined the continental coalition, in 1799, he was placed at the head of the combined army in Traly, aU'l, after several sanguinary battles, he succeeded in wresting that country from the French. He was less successful in Switzerland, whence he was oblisred to retreat. D. 1800. SWEDENBORG, Emanuel, was the son of the bishop of Skara, and was b. 16^9, at Stockholm. lie was not twenty when he published a volume of Latin poems. On returning from his travels lie was appointed assessor extraordinary to tlie college of Mines, and, in 1719, was ennobled. Of his many works on mining, the principal is his "Opera Pliilosophica et Mineralogiea." In 1743 he imbibed a belief that he was admit- ted to an intercourse with the invisible world, and this belief he retained till his decease, 1772. On this subject he pub- lished several works, among which are "Arcana Co?lestis," "Ilcavonan 1 Hell," " Divine Providence," "True Christian Religion," "Divine Love and AYisdom," &c. Swedenborg wa.'' no impostor, but a learned and pious man, ana his books richly repay the most careful study. SVVlFr, Jonathan, a celebrated wri- ter, was b. in l()n7, at Dublin, and was educated at Kilkenny school. Trinity college, Dublin, and Hertford college, Oxford. For some years he liveel with Sir William Temple as a companion, and w-lien that statesman died he left liim a legacy and his posthumous works. From King William he entertained ex- pectations of preferment, which were disappointed. Having accompanied Lord Berkeley, one of the lord justices of Ireland, as chaplain, he obtained from him the livings of Laracor and Lathbeggan, on which he went to re- side, and to which he invited the lady wliom he had celebrated under the name of Stella. He eventually married her, but wouhl never acknowledge her as his wife. His conduct to two other ladies. Miss W'aring and INIiss Van- liomrigh, with whom he coquetted, was equally devoid of proper feeling. In 1701 he took his doctor's degree, and on the accession of Queen Anne he visited England. In the course of the nine ensuing years he published several works, but it'was not till 1710 that he became active as a political writer. Hav- ing gone over to the tories, and become intimate with Harley and Bolingbroke, he exerted himself strenuously in be- half of his new allies. Amonir his labors in this cause were, "The Exam- iner," and "The Conduct of the Allies." It was not, however, till 1713 that ho obtained preferment, and even then ho was frustrated in his hope of an En- glish mitre, and received only the dean- ery of St. Patrick. When lie returned tolreland he was exceedingly unpopu- lar, but he lived to be the idol of the Irish. Of the writings by which this change was produced, " The Drapier's Letters," published in 1724, stand fore- most. In 172G he gave " Gulliver's Travels" to the world. As he advanced in years he sutfered from deafness and fits" of giddiness ; in 1739 his intellect gave way, and he expired in October, 1745. — Zephaniah, a learned lawyer, was graduated at Yale college, and establish- ed himself ill the legal iirotession, in Windham, CiMin. He was for is years a judffe of the superior court of that state. He publislied a " Diirest of the Laws of Connecticut," on the model of Blackstono. D. 1S23. SYDENHAM, Thomas, an eminent physician, was b. in 1624, at Winford rm CYCLOP-EUIA OF BIOGRAPHY, [tal Eadc, in Dorsetshire ; was educated at AVadham college, Oxford, studied medi- cino at Montpellier; and settled ia AVestininster, where he deservedly at- tained a high reputation. D. 1689. — Floyer. an eminent Greek scholar, was b. in 1701, and was educated at Wad- Lam collcfre, Oxford. In 1759 he began a translation of the works of Plato, a part of which lie published ; but the want of patronage involved him in em- barrassments ; he was thrown into pris- on for a small debt which he had con- tracted for his frnsjal meals ; and there he perished in 178s. His fate gave rise 10 the establishment of the literary fund. — Charles William Poulett, Lord, governor-ueneral of Canada, was the son of 'Sir. .1. Poulett Thompson, a London merchant, and b. 179:^i. When about 20, he became resident in St. Petersburir as the correspondent of his lather's firm ; and, until his acces- sion to public office in 1830, he con- • tinned to be connected with the mer- cantile business. His political life commenced in 1826, as member for Dover: but in 1830 being returned for both Dover and Manchester, he gave preference to the latter. On the forma- tion of the reform cabinet, he was appointed vice-president of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy ; he became president of the board of trade in 1834; and, in 1839, succeeded Lord Durham as governor-general in Canada. Whilst ridinii near Kingston, Lord Sydenliam met with an accident by the falling of his liorse, and d. September 19, 1841. SYLLA, Lucius Cornelius, a cele- brated Roman, was b. 137 b.c. Af\:er having spent a part of his youth in licentious pleasures, he distinguished himself in Africa, under Marius; in Pontus, as commander-in-chief, and on various other occasions. He rose to the consulship in the forty-ninth year of his age. He subsequently reduced Greece, and vanquished Mithridates; and, returning to Italy, overcame^ the Marian party, and assumed the dicta- torship. By his merciless edicts of proscription be deluged Rome with blood ; but, at the very moment when no one dai'cd to dispute his power, he retired into private life. D. 78 b.c. SZALKAT, Anthony, an Hungarian poet, who is considered as the founder of the dramatic literature of his coun- try. He held an office in the house of the archduke palatine, Alexander Leo- pold, and d. 1804, at Buda. His " Pikko Ilertzog" was tlie first regular drama composed in the Hungarian language. He also wrote a travesty on the ^neid. T. TACITtJS, Caius Cornelius, a Latin historian, was b. about 56, and was of an equestrian family. The place of his birth is not known. He early culti- vated poetry ; he became an advocate, and he is supposed also to have borne arms. He was successively qua;stor, sedile, and prictor, and in 97 attained the rank of consul. Pliny the Younger was hia bosom friend, and Agricola was his father-in-law. He ia believed to have d. about 13.5. TALBOT, John, Lord, a famous war- rior, was b. in 1373, at Blcchmore, in Shropshire ; obtained various successes against the Irish, distintruished him- Bclf in France by his skill and valor during the reigns of Henry V. and VI., for which he was rewarded by the earl- doms of Shrewsbury, Wexford, and Waterford ; and was killed at the battle of Ca.«tillon. in 14.53. TALLIEN, John Lambert, one of the most prominent characters in the French revolution, was the son of a no- bleman's porter ; was b. 1769, at Paris, received a good education, and early in life was successively clerk to an attor- ney, and in a public office, and foreman to a printing establishment. On the breaking out of the revolution, be took a violent part against the court, and he gradually acquired considerable influ- ence. As a member of the convention, he voted for the death of the king, and for a while he participated in all the enormities of the Jacobins. At length, however, lie became more moderate, and it was mainly to his courage and eloquence that France was indebted for the downfall of Robespierre. He con- tinued to be an active member of the legislature till 1798, when he accom- panied Bonaparte to Egypt. He enjoyed a place under the consular and impe- rial governments ; remained unmolested after the accession of Louis XVIII., and d. 1820. CYCLOr.«DlA OK niOGRAPlIV. (♦50 TALMA, Francis JosEni, the trreat- est of French actors, was b. 176:3, at Paris, and spent his childhood in Flan- ders and Enofland, where his father was a dentist. At the a;,'c of nine years he was sent to France to be educated, whence he returned to England. The Stage was early his delight, and he was at one time on the point of appearing at Drnry-lane. On his settling in France, he for eighteen months followed the profession of his father; but in 1787 he came out upon the French theatre, in the character of Seide. For some time, however, he was kept in the back- ground ; but at length ho attained the highest rank as a tragedian. Talma also accomplished in France a complete rcf- ormatidn of theatrical costume. D. 1826. TAMERLANE, TIMUR LENC, or TIMUK BEG, was b. 1336 a. d., in the province of Kersch, the ancient Sog- cliana, where his father was the chief of a tribe. He attained the sovereign au- thority at Samarcand, 1370. lie sub- sequently conquered I'ersia, India, Syria, and many other countries ; made prisoner Bajazet, the Turkish stiltan ; and was on the point of invading China, wlien he d. in 1405. TANNAIIILL, Robkrt, a Scottish poet, was b. at Paisley, in 1774, and bred a weaver. He read the works of Burns with enthusiasm, and, like many more of his countrymen, he burned to emulate him, and though he fell immea- surably short of his model, he pro- duced some very delightful songs, and other lyric effusions. D. 1810. TASSIE, James, a modeller, was b. in the first half of the eighteenth cen- tury, near Glasgow, and was originally a stone mason, but acquired, from Dr. Quin, the art of imitatmg gems in col- lored pastes, and was so successful that he gained both reputation and fortune. He likewise modelled in wax. D. 1799. TASSO, Bernardo, an Italian poet, was b. in 1493, at Bergamo ; was suc- cessively in the service of the prince of Salerno and the dukes of Uroino and ILantua ; and d. ir)69. Of his poems the princinal is " Amadis de Gaul," in a hundrea cantos. — Torquato, one of the greatest of the Italian poets, was tlie son of Bernardo, and was b. l.")44, at Sorrento. He may almost be said to have "lisped in numbers;" and at twelve years of age he luid acquired ex- tensive knowledge. After having been educated at Rome, he went to Padua, to ?tndy law, in compliance with the wishes Df bis father. It was while he was there, and in his eighteenth year, that he published the poem of " Rinaldo." In L'Se") Duke Alpnonso of Ferrara in- vited hira to his court, and with the exception of the time occupied by a journey to France, Tasso resided there till 1577. During this period, besides many minor pieces, he produced his " Aminta," and completed the " Jeru- salem Delivered." In 1577 he secretly quitted Ferrara; having, it lias been supposed, incurred the anger of the duKe by his passion for the Princess Leonora of Lste, his patron's sister. He returned, however, but his intellects being now in some degree affected, he was ungenerously shut uj, in a mad- house by Alphonso, where for seven years he experienced the most unwor- thy treatment. The remonstrances of several Italian princes at length pro- cured his release. In 1592 he settled at Naples, and began to write a new poem on the subject of his "Jerusalem." This poem he finished to his own satis- faction, but posterity has not ratified his partiality for it. D.'l595. TASSONI, Alexander, an Italian poet, was b. 1565, at Modena; was suc- cessively in the service of several prin- ces ; and d. in 1635, counsellor to the duke of Modena. lie was a man of ex- tensive literary and scientific knowledge, and wrote various works ; but it is to "The Rape of the Bucket," a heroi- comic poem, that he owes his reputation. TATE, Nauum, a poet, was b. in Dub- lin, 1652, and was educated in the college of his native city. On going to London he assisted Dryden in some of his works ; and succeeded Sliadwell as poet laureate, lie altered Shakspeare's play of Lear, and wrote several poems ; but he is best known by the " Version of the Psalms," which he executed in conjunction with Bra.ly. TAYLOR, Jeremy, a prelate and elo- quent writer, the son of^ a barber ; was b. 1613, at Cambridge; and was edu- cated at the grammar school of his na- tive place, and at Caius college. lie became chaplain to Archbishop Laud, and subsequently to Charles I., and obtained the rectory of Uppingham. During the civil war he gained a sub- sistence by keeping a school, till he was interdicted from teaching. Lord Car- bcry then appointed him his chajilain, and it was while he resided witli that nobleman that he wrote most of his pieces. He was twice imprisoned by the republican government. At the restoration he was made bishop of Down 770 CYCLOPAEDIA OF r.IOGRAPHV. [tay nad Connor; along with which see he held that of Broiuore, and the vice- chancellorship of Trinity college, Dub- lin. D. 10G7. — Br.jok, an eminent miithematieiaii, was b. 1(5S5, at Edmon- ton, in Middlesex; was educated at St. Joim's college, Cambridge; became a follow and secretary of the Royal So- ciety, to the "Transactions" of which l)ody he largely contributed ; and d. 1781. Among his works are " Methodus incrementorum," " New Principles of Linear Pei'spective," and " Contemplatio Pliilosophica." Taylor invented the analytical formula which bears his name, and which Lagrange has made the basis of his theory of analvticiil functions. — George, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. in Ire- land, 17H). Emigrating to America, he became the proprietor of extensive iron works at Durham, on the river Dela- ware, lie was for some years a rep- resentative for Northampton county to the provincial assembly, and in 1776 was elected to the continental congress. D. 17S1. — Jane, the daughter of an artist in London, wa.s b. in 1783, and very early in life gave evident indica- tions of poetic talent. Her first publica- tion, "The Beggar Boy," appeared in 1S04 ; and from that time forward she con- tinued to publish, occasionally, miscel- laneous pieces in verse. Tlie principal of these are, " Original Poems for Infant Minds," and "Essays in Rhyme on Morals and Manners." She also wrote a prose tale, entitled "Display," which met with much success. D. 182:3. — John, usually called the Water Poet, from his being a waterman, was b. in Gloucestershire, about 1580. In 1596 he served in the fleet under the earl of Es- Bcx, and was present at the attack upon Cadiz. After liis return he plied on the Tliames, and was for many years col- lector for the lieutenant of the Tower, of his fees on the wines imported into London. He also styled himself the king's water poet, and the queen's waterman. Wlien the civil wars began he retired to Oxford, where he kept a public house, as he afterwards did near Long Acre. At this place he manifested liis loyalty V»y assuinma; for a sign, the "Crown in Monrnintr," which proving oft'cnsive, he substituted his own por- trait. D. 1654. — TiioMAs, a learned Gre- cian, commonly termed the Platonist, was b. in 175s, and placed, at years of .age, at St. Paul's school, with a view to orders ; but he changed his miml when 15, and went to a relation, an officer at the port of Sheerness. Thcro a celebrated dissenter instructed him in the rudiments of Latin and Greek, and he applied himself with indefatigable ardor to the study of Greek, especially the works of the Platonic sophist. Hav • ing contracted an early love marriage, he was compelled to become under- usher in a school, and, subsequently, clerk to a banker, for subsistence; but he still found time to pursue his early studies. He afterwards gave public lec- tures in Greek and on the Platonic wri- ters, which introduced him to the favoi of the duke of Norfolk, who furnished the funds for his great work, the excel lent translation of Plato, liis transla- tions are very voluminous; the most important are the works of Aristotle, Plato, and Pausanias. D. 1835. — Wil- liam, a distinguished critic, translator, and litterateur, was the only son of an eminent merchant of Norwich, where he was b. 1765. He was originally des- tined for his father's business ; but his early bias for literary pursuits proved so stronsT, that his father gave way to his inclinations, and after one or two somewhat lengthened sojourns in France and Germany^ he gave himself up almost entirely to the "cultivation of the Muses" and of politics. He first became known by a translation of Burger's "Lenore;" and stimulated by the success which followed his first attempt, he made various other translations from the same author, and from time to time contribu- ted specimens of other German poets to different magazines and periodicals. In 17'J8 he formed an acquaintance with Southey, which soon ripened into the warmest friendship ; and in 1802 he be- came the editor of the " Norwich Iris," which he made the organ of his peculiar political and religious opinions ; but he soon abandoned this speculation, and henceforth engaged in the business of " reviewing," for which he found a main vent in the " Monthly Review," then under the editorship of Dr. Griffiths. Anions: his works should be mentioned his " English Synonymes ;" and in 1830 he published a "Survey of German Po- etry," consisting chiefly of his collected translations, with explanatory notes. 1). 1836. — William Cooke, an "eminent writer on miscellaneous subjects, was b. at Youirhal, 1800. After prosecuting his studies at tlie university of Dublin with great distinction, be re'piiicd to the metropolis, and entered upon a lit- erary career, wliichj for constancy of ap- plication, and variety of subject, has ten] CYCLOPAEDIA OF I!IOfiKArHV. 771 had few equals in modern times, lie waa employed in 1846, by the British government, to inquire into tlie system of education on the Continent; and lie was just on the eve of being placed in a position on the establishment of the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, to carry out his views, when he was cut oft" by the pcstileiK'e that ravaged Great Britain and Ireland in 1S40. Among his chief works are, his '' Manuals of Ancient and Modern llistorv," " Life and Times of Sir Kobert reel," " History of Ma- hominedanism," "Revolutions and lic- markable Conspiracies of Europe;" and his last, and perhaps his most important work. " The History of the House of Orleans," published" only a few weeks betbre his death. D. 1840. — ZAonAKY, president of the United States, was b. m Virginia, 1786. His father, who had fi)Ught at the side of Washington during all the war of independence, at its con- clusion settled in Kentucky, and con- ducted his family to their forest-home, where his son, amid the perils of savage life, had ample opportunities of develop- ing those military qualities of which he afterwards gave so signal a proof. At the outbreak of the war with England, in 1807, he hastened to join the army, and was appointed to guard the banks of tlie Wabash. In 1812, while in com- mand of the garrison of Fort Henderson, consisting only of fifty-two men, he was suddenly attacked at midnight by a hos- tile party, who succeeded in setting fire to the fort. But Taylor, with his hand- led of men, extinguished the tlames, and forced the enemy to retreat. For this exploit he was raised to the rank of major. In the war against the Indians, both in Florida and Arkansas, he passed successively through all the grades of his profession, till he reached the rank of general. Nominated in 1846 to the connnand of a corps of observation on the frontiers of Mexico, an attack of the Mexicans gave him an opportunity of crossing the Rio Grande, and of gaining his first battle at Palo-,\lto. The victo- ries of Rcsaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Bueiui-Vista proved him at once a val- iant soldier and an able general, and marked him out to t\ ■? sutfrages of his countrymen for the prc.iidcncy. Chosen in Nov. 1843, he entered o» his high office in March, 1849 : but he had only filled the chair of Washington and Jef- ferson for sixteen months, when he was suddenly attacked by cholera, and d. July, 1830. TELL, WiLLi.uf, one of the champions of Swiss liberty, was b. in the latter part of the 13th century, at Burglen, in the canton of Uri. Some , 179t') ; but, before they had all reach- ed their destination, (Bantry bay,) a hurricane arose, in consequence of which three ships of the line and a frigate only remained together. This bold attempt being thus frustrated liy the elements, the scattered ships made the best of their way back to France, anil Tone was foiled in all his future endeavors to yier- suade the French government to under- take anotlier expedition on a large scale. But be still persevered in those plans which be conceived would lea. 1847.— Daniel, a commodore in the U. S. navy, who gave gallant aid to Perry in the battle of Lake Eric. The state of New York jircsented him a sword in testimony of honor for bis services. D. 1850. TWISS, RicHAKR, an English trav- eller, was b. in 1747, at Rotterdam. He was a man of fortune, and spent several years in visiting various parts of the Continent. He d. in 1821, at an advanced age. Amonsr his works are, "Travels through Spain and PortuL'al," " A Tour in Ireland," "A Trip to Paris in 1792," "Anecdotes of Chess," and "Miscel- lanies." His illibei'al attack on the na- tives of Ireland drew on him a severe literary chastisement from the Iris^ G6 poet Preston. — Horace, a distinguished member of the British parliament, and a prolific writer, who held several polit- ical a]ipointir.ents, and wrote the life of Lord Eldon. He was vice-chancellor in 1844. D. 1S40. TYLER, RoYALL, a lawyer and mis- cellaneous writer, was b. in Boston, and graduated at Harvard college in 1776. In 1790 he removed his residence to Vermont, and soon distinguished him- self in his profession of hiw. For six- years he was an associate judge of the supreme court of that state, and for six years more chief justice. He was the author of several dramatic pieces ot considerable merit ; a novel called " The Algerine Captive," and numerous pieces in prose and verse published in the " Farmer's Museum," when edited by Dennie. In addition to these he pub- lished two volumes, entitled "Vermont Reports." D. 1825. TYRT^US, a Greek poet, who flour- ished about 684 b. c, is said to have been a native of Miletus, and to have settled at Athena. He was lame, and blind of one eye. Defeated by the Mes- senians, the Spartans applied for a gen- eral to the Athenians, who, in derision, sent Tyrta?us, to them. The bard, how- ever, so inspired the Spartans by his warlike songs tliat tlioy were victorious. Some fragments of his battle strains are extant. TYTLER, William, an historical and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1711, at Edinburgh, was educated at the gram- mar school and tiniversity of his native city, followed the profession of a soli- citor, and d. 1792. His principal work is " An Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Evidence produced against ^lary, Queen of Scots." — Alexander Fn.\sER, son of the foregoing, was b. in 1747, at Edinburgh, in which city ho was educated. After having been pro- fessor of universal history, at the uni- versity, and deputy judge advocate for Scotland, he was appointed a senator of the college of justice in 1802, on which occasion he took the title of Lord Wood- houselee. In 1811 he was appointed a commissioner of judiciary. Among his works are, " Decisions of the Court of Sessions," " A Treatise on Military Law," "Elements of General History," " An Essay on Translation," "An Es- say on the Life of Petrarch," and " Memoirs of Lord Karnes." D. 1818. 782 CYCLOr/EDIA OF )UOGHAPHY. [VAl u. ULLOA, Don Anthont de, an ablo Spanish naval otUcer and matlu-maticiun, was b. 171(5, at Seville, entered tlic navy in 1733, and at tlie age of only 11) was chosen as one of the scientific cliaracters who were appointed to measure a de- gree of the meridian of Peru. lie was ten years a resident in South America. Afier iiis return he rose to high rank in the navy, and was employed in various important offices by the government. Spain is indebted to him for many im- portant improvements. D. 17'Jo. He published his " Travels," and a physico- lustorical work on Soutii America. ULrillLAS, or WUULFILAS, a Gothic bishop, who flourished about the middle of the 4th century. lie was deputed by the Goths, in 377, to obtain leave from tlie Emperor Valens to settle in one of the Itonian provinces, ills deeciu-ie is supposed to have taken place in the following year. He trans- fated the " Gospels," and some other parts of the Scriptures, into the Gothic language. ULPIAN, DoMiTiL's, an eminent Eo- mau civilian, was tutor to the Emperor Alexander Scverus, who made him his secretary, and afterwards praetorian pre- fect. Having disobliged the soldiery by liis reforms, Ulpian was murdered by them in 228. Some fragments of his works are e.xtant. UNDERIIILL, John, one of the ear- liest settlers of Massachusetts, was sent by Sir Henry Vane to command tlio troops at Say brook in 1637. He was engaged in the expedition against the Pequots, and displayed great valor and enterprise. In 1<)41 he was elected gov- ernor of Exeter Dover. Eemoving to New York, he d. at Medford. URFE, HoxoRius d', a French writer, was b. 1557, at Marseilles, distinguished himself as a soldier during the wars of the league, and as a negotiator at Turin and Venice, and d. in 1625. He is the author of the romance of " Astrea," which was once exceedingly popular ia France, but is now completely forgotten. — His brother, the count de Lyon, wrote a volume of sonnets, with the title of " Diana." USHER, James, a divine and histo- rian, was b. 1580, at Dublin, and was educated at Trinity college, in that city. In 1601, he took orders, in 1620 he was made bishop of Mcath, and, in 1624, was raised to the archbishopric of Armagh. The rebellion in Ireland drove him from Ills see, and deprived him of every thing but his library. To the cause of Charles I. he was warmly attached. He d. in 1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Usher is the author of many learned works, among which may be mentioned, " De Ecclesiarura Christianarum Successione et Statu," "'Britannicarum Ecelesiarum Antiquitates," " Annals of the Old and New Testament," and " Chronolngia Sacra. V. VADE, John Joseph, a French writer of broad farces and songs, was b. 1720, at Ham, in Picardy. His career was cut short, in 1757, bv the consequences of the dissipation In which he had spent his early youtli. He was the lirst who introduced on the stage the coarse but emphatic slang language of the Parisian mob. VAILLANT, John Foi, a celebrated French numismatist, was b. 1632, at Beauvais, and was brought up as a phy- Bician. To the study of incdiils lie was first led by a farmer bringing !iim some which he had found ; and he pursued it eagerly and successfully. Employed by Colbert to collect medals for the king's cabinet, Vaillant made numerous visits to Italy, Sicily, and Greece. In one of his voyages, being pursued by an Al- gerine pirate, he swallowed twenty scarce gold medals, to save them from the pursuers. D. 1706.— Sebastian, an eminent botanist, b. 1669, at Vigny, near Pontoise. Under his father, who was an organist, he when a child acquired a proficiency in music; but he quitted music for the study of surgery. The lectures of Tourncfort, at Paris, revived Vaillant's early predilection for botany, and to that science he devoted himself D. 1722. val] CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOOR.VI'HY. 78S VALCKENAER, Louis Gaspah, ono of the most iiblu of modern philolotrists and critics, was b. ITb'i, at Lecinvardeii, in Frieslaiid, and studied at Franeker and Leyden, at wliich latter university he d. in 178."), professor of natural his- tory, and of the Greek lantruaj^e and antiquities. Among his works are edi- tions of various chvssical productions. His "Opuscula" were published in 1809. VALDO, Peter, the founder of the sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenses, was b. in the r2tli century, at Vaux, in Dauphiny, and acquired a considerable fortune as a merchant at Lyons. The sudden death of a friend produced such an ertect upon his mind, that he dis- tributed all liis property to the poor, and began to translate the Bible, and explain it to them. He also taught that the laity liad the same right as the clergy to preach and administer the sacraments. The general council of Lateran, in 1179, condemned his doctrines, and he and his followers were obliged to take refuge in tlie mountains of Dauphiny and Ficd- mont, where, for a long period, they were brutally persecuted. A reninant of them still exists in Piedmont. VALENS, Fl.wius, a Roman em- peror, the son of Gratian, count of Af- rica, was b. about 32S, in Pannonia. Li 364 he was admitted by his brother Va- lentinian to a share in the imperial authority, and he took the government of the East. After having defeated tiie Persians and Goths, he sutferol the hitter to settle in Lower Mffisia. They, liowever, revolted, and Valens was de- feated by them, in 378, near Adrianople. A house, to which the wounded emperor was conveyed, was set on lire by the victors, and lie perished in the flames. VALENTINE, Basil, an alchemist and chemist, of whose life little is re- corded, is said to have been b. 139-t, at Erfurth, and to have been a Benedictine monk. The properties of antimony were discovered by him. His " Currus Tri- umphalis Antimonii" has been trans- lated into Emrlish. VALE.\TIXL\N L, Flavius, a Ro- man emperor, the eldest son of Count Gratiar., was b. in 3'21, in Pannonia ; was chosen successor to Jovian, in 364: ; was victorious over tlie Alemani and the Quadi, and d. 875. — IL Flavius, the son of the foregoing, was b. in 371, succeeded to the empire in 375, with his brother Gratian, and had Italy for his portion ; was dispossessed by Maxi- mus, but was restored in 388, and was found dead in his paloyed by Cosino I. to Biiperintend the publie buildinifs which he erected; and d. 1574. Asa painter he has merit, but he is best known liy his valuable work, "The Lives of the most excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects." VATER, JoHX Severinus, an eminent philoloiiist, was b. 1771, at Altenburtr, in Saxony; and d. 1826, professor of the oriental laui^uaffcs at Halle, after having filled the theological chair at Kcjenigs- berg. He is the author of various works on the Eastern tongues; the "Continu- ation of Adelung"s Mithridates," "Syn- chronistic Tables of Ecclesiastical His- tory," and a " Universal and Clirono- lo;iical History of the Christian Church." VATTEL, Emmerich, a celebrated Swiss publicist, was b. 1714, at Couret, in tlie principality of Neufehatel ; be- came envoy from Saxony to Berne, and afterwards privy councillor to Augustus IH. of Saxony ; and d. 17G7. Tlie work on which his fame rests is, " The Law of Nations, or I'liueinles of Natural Law applied to the Conduct and Atfairs of Nations and Sovereigns." VAUBAX, Sebastian" le Pkestre ue, a French marshal, the trreatest of military engineers, was b. 1(;3:5, at Saint Leger de Foueheret, in Burgundy. He first served in the Spanish army, under Conde, but, being taken prisoner by the French troops, Mazarin gave him a lieu- tenancy. The sieges of Ypres, Grave- liues, and Oudenarde, in 1G58, were his first essays in the science of attack. From that period till the peace of Kys- wiek he was incessantly employed, eiiiier in erecting fortresses "for the defence of France, or in reducing those which be- longed to her enemies; and in both cases his matchless skill was equally displayed. In 17fH he reluctantly ac- cepted the marshal's staff. The siege of Brisacli was his last operation. D. 1707. VAUCANSON, James de, an eminent mechanist, was b. 17ny, at Grenoble, and d. 1782. Among his automatical per- formances were a flute t>layer, and a pipe and tabor player. But even tliese were i^urpassed by two ducks, wliicli dabbled with their beaks, ate grain, and voided itaf;er it liatl undergone a sort af digestive process. VAHGHAN, Henry, a poet, b. 1621, at Newton, in Brecknockshire. He adopted the appellation of the Silurist, wrote a variety of poems, ehietly devo- tional, and d. 1695. — Thomas, his brother, was an alchemist, on which occult sub- jects he wrote some extrava ho bciinn to edit tlic "Almanac of the Mnscs," and lie conducted it till ISOO. lie was appointeil rector of the college of Ottendorf, in 1778, whence he ■was "removed to fill the same ottice at Eutin. At the latter place he remained for 23 j'cars. The grand-dulve of Baden invited liim, in 1705, to Heidelberg. Voss wrote '"Louisa," a poem, " Idylls," ''Miscellaneous Poems," "Letters on Mythology," and other works; and translated Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Virgil, Horace, and several other Greek and Eoman poets. D. 182(;. V03SIUS, (iERAP.D John, an eminent critic and philologist, was b. in 1577, near Heidelberg; studied at Dort and Leyden ; was removed from the profes- sorship of riietorie and chronology at Leyden, in consequence of his favoring the remonstrants ; obtained a prebend in Canterbury cathedral, through the influence of Laud, with a dispensation from residence in England ; and d. 1653, professor of history at Amsterdam. — Isaac, son of the Ibresroing, was b. 1618, at Leyden, and acquired reputation by publishinir, at the age of 21, an edition of the "Periplus of Scylax," with a Latin version and notes. After having remained some time at Stockholm, to which capital he was invited by Chris- tina, and subsequently in liis own coun- try, he settled in. England, in 1670, and was made canon of Windsor. D. in 1688. VOUET, Simon, a French painter, was b. 1582, -at Paris ; learned the rudiments of art from his father, who was alsoa painter; resided for several years in Italy; was recalled by Louis Xtll., who employed him in the Louvre and Lux- embourg palaces ; and d. 1649. Lcbrun, Lc Sueur, Mignard, and other eminent artists, were his pupils. w. "WADHAM, N10HOL.V.S, the founder of the college which bears his name at Oxlbrd, was b. about 1536, in Somerset- shire, and was educated at Christ-church collcire. D. 1610. WAGHORN, Thomas, whose name will be for ever associated with the achievement of steam communication between England and India, was b. at Chatham, ISUO. At 12 years of age he was appointed a midshipman, and be- fore ho had completed his 17th year he passed in navigation for lieutenant. After a short cruise lie volunteered for the Arracan war, and having received the command of the East India Compa- ny's cutter. Matchless, and seen much service hy land and sea, he returned to Calcutta m 1827. From this period he turned his attention to the great project lie had had long secretly at heart — a Hteain commniiication between England and India; and the ardor, j)ersoverance, and firmness with which lie worked it to completion, have gained him a name among tho benefactors of hi.'j race. D. 1850. WAILLY, Charles nr,, an eminent architect, was b. 1720, at Paris; studied his art under Blonde!, Lejay, and Ser- vandoni, and at Koine ; was a member of tlic Institute, and the founder of the society of the Friends of the Arts. His principal works are, the Spinola palace at Genoa, the mansion of Ormes in Tonraine, and the hotel of Argenson, and the Odcon, at Paris. The Odeon was the joint production of Waillv and Peyre. D. 1798. WAKE, William, a learned and pious prelate, was b. 1627, at Bluntbrd, in Dor- setshire, and was educated at Christ- church, Oxford. After leaving college, he was successively chaplain to the British embassy at Paris, preacher at (iray's Inn, king's chaplain to William III., and deputy clerk of the closet, rector of St. James's, Westminster, and dean of Exeter. He also distinguished himself as a controversalist against the Catholics, particularly in reply to Bos- suet, and had the rare merit of contro- verting without acrimony. In 1705 he was raised to the see of Lincoln, whence in 1716 he was translated to Canterbury. 1). 1737. WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, a scholar and critic, was b. 1756, at Nottingham,, and was educated at Jesus college, Ox- ford. After having been a curate at Stockport, and also near Liverpool, he fiuittcd the church, and became classi- cal tutor at the Warrington dissenting academy. In 17'JO he was a]i]>ointcil to tlie same office in Hackney college, but held it only a year. Being a warm friend wal] CYCLUI'JCUIA OF BIOUKAPIlli 793 to the Ftciioh revolution, niid as warmly hostile to the war against the republic, he took a decided ]iart in the angry politics of that disturbed period. In 1798 he was prosecuted tor a " Reply to the Bishop of LlandatY's Address to the People of Great Britain," and was sen- tenced to an imprisonment of two years in Dorchester jail. During his captivity a subscription amounting to £5000 was raised for liim. D. 1801, soon after his liberation. Among his works are, liis own " Memoirs," a translation of the "New Testament," "Silva Critica," a " Beply to Painc's Age of Ecason," and editions of various classics, and of Pope's Plomer. — Priscilla, well known- by the many ingenious works which she wrote to promote juvenile improvement. She was the original promoter of banks for the savings of the poor, which are now become so general. She resided for manv years at Tottenham, in Middlesex. D. at ipswich, 1832. WAIjKP^K, Clemknt, a political wri- ter of the 17th century, was b. at Cliffc, in Dorsetshire; was educated at Christ- chureh, Oxford; and became il. P. for \Vells. Being a zealous Presbyterian, he was violently hostile to the Indepen- dents, against -whom he published, in 164S, "A History of Independency." He also attacked the protector in a treatise called " Cromwell s Slaughter House." He was committed to the Tower, and d. there in 1G51. — Adam, an astronomical lecturer and miscellaneous writer, was b. 1731, in AVestmoreland, and very early displayed a turn for mechanics. While following his father's business of a woollen manufacturer, he used to amuse liimself with making models of mills. He was, in succession, an usher, a mathematical teacher, a tradesman, and the master of an academy ; and at last became, and continued through life, a highly popular lecturer on astronomy. Among his works are, " A System of Familiar Philosophy," " Lectures on Experimental Philosophy," " A Trea- tise on Geography," and two "Tours." D. 1821. — Joiix, a lexicographer, was b. in 1732, at Friern Barnet, m Hertford- shire ; was, at first, master of an acad- emy, and, subsequently, a lecturer on elocution; and' d. 1807". His principal works are, "A Pronouncing Dictionary," a *' Rb;vming Dictionary." " Elements of Elocution," and a " Khetorical Gram- mar." — JouN, a physician and geograph- ical writer, was b. 17.')'.i, at Cockermouth, and d. 1S30. This singular character passed through the various occupations 67 of engraver, smith, one of the crew of a privateer, schoolinastcr, and medical practitioner. In the latter capacity he contributed greatly to ditTuse vaccina- tion, and at the time of his decease ho was at the head of the Vaccine institu- tion. He published a " Gazetteer" and "Atlas." WALLACE, Sir William, a Scottish patriot and hero, the younger son of Sir Malcolm Wallace of EUerslie, in Een- frcwshire, was b. 1276. Indignant at seeing his country enslaved by Edward I. he resolved to undertake its libera- tion. His success at the head of a small band of followers induced many of the barons to join him, and he gained a splendid victory over Earl Warenne, at Cambuskenneth. He was appointed regent, but his elevation having excited jealousy among the nobles, he resigned the office. The defeat of the Scots, at Falkirk, compelled Wallace to resort to his original system of predatory warfare, and for seven years he continued to harass the invaders; but, in 1305, ho was betrayed into the hands of J'dward by Sir John Monteith, and the monarch stained his character by executing his captive as a traitor. WALLENSTEIN, Albeut Vexces- LAus El'skbius, duke of Friedland, a celebrated German general, was b. 15S3, in Bohemia, and began life as page to the margrave of Burgau, son of the Archduke Ferdinand. After having travelled over nearly the whole of Eu- rope, he married a widow possessed of immense riches, who let! him a widower at the end of four years. At the head of a formidable army raised by him for the service of the emperor, and paid from his own resources and from un- limited plunder, he, for several years, distinguished himself by his successes in Moravia, Bohemia, and Northern (xcrmany, and was rewarded with the dukedoms of Meeklenburgh and Fried- land. His enemies at length succeeded in procuring his dismission, and he re- tired to Prague, where he lived with all the state of a sovereign. The progress of Gustavus Adolpluis compelled the emperor, in 1(532, to place ^^ allenstein again in command of liis forces, with almost regal authority. He foiled Gus- tavus at Nuremberg, but was defeated at Leipsic. ^\t length he was accused of treason, and his commission was re- voked ; and, while he was meditating iirojects of revenge, he was assassinated, m i03-i, by some of his own officers. WALLER, Sir Willlvm, an eminent 75)1 CYCLOP-EDIA Ot BIOGRAPHY. [aval pavliamcntary geueriil, was b. in 1597 ill Ivent, aiurwas educated at Matrdaleu college and Hart hall, Oxford. On his rctuniiug from serving as a volunteer in Germany, against the emperor, he was clei-ted for Andovcr as a member of the lon^ parliament. Ilci)pposed the court, and, on the breaking out of the war, was made second in eonunand under tlie carl of Essex. He fought chiefly in the west of England, and" with varied fortune. The "self-denying ordinance excluded him from service, and he be- came so much an object of suspicion to the republicans, that he was twice im- prisoned. D. 16SS. — Edmund, an ele- gant poet, was b. in 1608, at Coleshill, in Warwickshire, and was educated at Eton, and at King's college, Cambridge. In his H'ltli or ITtii year he sat in parlia- ment, and in his I'sth he betran to dis- play his poetical talents. His already wrirc fortune he increased by a marriage witli a rich heiress, who soon left him a widower, and he then unsuccessfully paid court to Lady Dorotliea Sidney, the Sacharissa of his verses. In the long parliament he was a moderate op- ponent of tiie court, and he was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with the king at Oxford. lie was either already a secret royalist, or was con- verted by his intercourse with the monarch ; for, soon after his visit to Oxtbrd, he entered into a conspiracy acraiiist the house of counnons. It was discovered ; but Waller saved his life, though at the expense of suc!i cowardice, treac'liery, and cunning, as thoroughly disgracecl him. He was fined ten tliou- eand pounds, and banished. Cromwell, however, permitted him to return, and treated him with favor ; and the grati- tude of the poet was displayed by a splendid panegyric, and, subsequently, by the less qtiestionable tribute of an elegy on the death of the protector. During tlic rei'^ms of Charles II. and James II. he was highly distinguished fit court, and was generally a8; retained his offices at the res- toration, iiner. He was b. in 1773, and having, on the completion oHm educa- tion, made himself acquainted with all the technicalities and routine of a large printing establishment, he, in 1803, be- came a joint proprietor and exclusive manager'of the " Times ;" and from this period, during the long course of 44 yeais, he devoted liimsetf to the moral and material improvement of what has been so justly termed " the fourtli estate" of the realm. D. 1847. WALTON, IzAAK, was b. 1593, in Stafford, and kept a linen-draper's shop in London, first in the Royal Exchange, and lastly in Fleet-street,' at the corner of Chancery-lane. About 1643 he quit- ted the metropolis, and he d. at Win- chester in 1683. His "Complete Ansler" has long afforded delight not, only to those who are fond of angling, but to general readers of taste, and has passed through numerous editions. His Lives of Hooker, Sanderson, W(jtton, Donne, and Herbert exhibit him in a highly fa- voraVjIe light as a biographer. Words- worth says of them, ' Tlie fcntlicr whence the rl t Dropped from an titigi Wns ehnpcfl that triicc-d the li' ite ae good men At a very advanced age Walton publish- ed, under the name of Chalkhill, " Tlie- alma and Clearehus, a Pastoral History." — (Jeokg?:, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Frederic coun- ty, \ irginia, about the year 1740. He was early apprenticed to a carpenter, but at the expiration of his apprenticeship he removed to Georgia, and entered the otKce of an attorney at law. In 1776 he was elected to the continental congress. At the siege of Savannah he was wound- ed and taken prisoner, but was ex- changed in September, 1779. In the following month he was appointed gov- ernor of the state, and in tiie succeeding January he was elected a member of congress for two years. WAEBPX'K, Petek, or Perkin, an individual whose real history has been the subject of much speculation, made his appearance in England, in the reign of Henry VII., and assumed the char- acter and title of Eichurd duke of York, the younger son of Edward IV., sup- posed to have been murdered in the Tower, toLretlicr with his brother, by order of Eidiard III. Having been ac- knowledged by ilargaret, duchess of Burgundy, as her nephew, he proceeded to claim tiie crown of England, and, landing in Cornwall, was joined by some thousands of insurgents. He laid siege to Exeter: but, on the approach of tlie royal army, he fled to Beaulieu abbey, in Hampshire, which sanctuary he was induced to quit, under the promise of a pardon, and he was sent in custody to the Tower of London. He was there treated as an impostor, and eventually, in 1499, was hanged, drawn, and quar- tered. Henry VII. published an alleged confession of the captive, j>urpoiting that he was the son of one Warbeck or Osbeck, a corfverted Jew of Tournny ; but many have asserted that he was an illegitimate son of Edward IV. WARBUET()X,Wn,i,iAM. an eminent prelate and writer, was b. 169^:, at New- ark. After having been educated at Oakham and Newark schools, he served his clerkship to an attorney, and was admitted to practice. Tiring, however, of the law, he turned to the church, and took deacon's orders in 1723. In 1726 •96 CVCLOP.EDIA OF JJIOGRAPHr. [war he obtnined tho vicarajro of Grcasley, and ill 17'Ji) the rectory ot'l>rant Brouyli- toii. Between 1723 and 1729 he pub- lished " MisceUaneous Tnuishvtions," " An Inquiry into the Causes of Prod- ijries and Miracles," and " A Treatise un the Lecfal Judicature of Chancery." Tliese were preludes to liis crreat works, " Tile Alliance between Church and Stale," which appeared in 1738, and the first volume of his "Divine Le^-ation," which was irivcii to the world in 1738. His " Vindication of Pope's Essay on Man" acquired for him the friendship of that poet. He rose successively to be kiiiu'"s chaplain, prebend of Durham, dean of Bristol, and bishop of Glouces- ter ; to the last of these dignities he at- tained in 17.")'J. D. 1779. WARD, KoBERT Plu-mki;, the well- known author of " Trcmainc," was b. iu London, 1705. He was called to the bar by the society of the Inner Temple, in 1790. For some years he went tiie western circuit, spendincr his louij vaca- tions at the Jiouse of his elder and only survivinsf brother in the Isle of Wij^ht; and there he wrote his " Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe," &e., whicli was published in 179-5, and ])roved success- lul both as . work of literature and as a profcssionjl speculation. He was now frequently employed in cases before the privy council ; and afterwards entered parliament, and held office under Pitt. On the death of Mr. Pitt, 180S, he re- tired into the country, and occupied himself in rural pursuits ; but on the formation of the Portland ministry, in 1807, he was made one of the lords of the admiralty, exchangin;? this office in 1811 for the clerkship of the ordn.'inee, which he held till 1823. He then retired from parliament, and wrote " Trcmaine," wliieli, though published anonymously, produced a great sensa- tion in literary circles, and became ex- eeediiiLfly nopular. This was followed, in 1827, oy " De Vcre," which was hardly less successful ; and after some years spent in retirement and on the Continent, he returned to his literaiy labors, and published successively his "Illustrations of Human Lifi;," "Pic- tures of the World," " Historical Essay on the Revolution of 1688," and " De Clitford." I). 1846. WAKUEN, .losEPH, a patriot of the revoluti 111, was b. -n Ro.vbury, near Boston, 1741, and wius graduated at Harvard college in 1759. Ho pur- sued the profe.s.sion of medicine, and soon after commencing tlij practice distinguished himself by his successful treatment of tho small pox. Early en- gaging in politics, he obtained great in- liucnce, and rendered efficient service by his writings and addresses. He was twice electeci to deliver the oration iu commemoration of the massacre on the tifth of March. In June, 1775, the provincial congress of Massachusetts, of which he was at this time president, made him a major-general of their forces. At the battle of Bunker hill he fought as a volunteer, and was slain within a few yards of the breastwork as he was among the last slowly retiring from it. He was a man of the most generous and intrepid spirit, much ele- gance of manners, and of commanding eloquence. His loss was deeply felt and regretted. In 1776 his remains were removed from the battle-ground, and interred in Boston. — .James, was b. at Plymouth in 1726, and was graduated at Harvard college, in 1745. He took an early and active part in the cause of the colonies against the aggressions of the mother country, was a member of the general court, proposed the estab- lishment of committees of correspond- ence, and after the death of General Warren, was appointed president of the provincial congress. He was afterwarils appointed a major- general of the militia. On the adoption of the constitution of ^lasssacluisetts, he was for many years speaker of the house of representatives. D. 1808. — Mercy, the wife of General James, was the author of a valuable " History of the American Revolution," "The A.lulator," and "The Group," two political pieces before the revolu- tion, and a volume of poems. D. 1814. — .JoHX, a celebrated physician, was b. in 1763, at Roxbury, Mass., and was graduated at Harvard collet^e. He de- livered the first course of lectures on anatomy, ever given in New England, and was appointed professor on the foundation of Dr. Hersey. Through life, he enjoyed a very high reputation as a phvsician and anatomist. He d. ii 1815. WARTON, Joseph, a poet and critic, was b. in 1722, at Dunsfold, in Surrey . was educated at Winchester school, and at Oriel college, Oxford ; held at vari- ous periods, the livings of Winslade, Tamworth, Tliorley, Easton, and Wick- liiuii, and prebends of St. Paul's and Winehcster, and was head-master of Winchester school from 1766 to 1793 D. 1800. Ho wrote poerns, and "An was] CVCLOP-EUIA OK BIOGRAPHY. 797 Essay on Popo," contributed to- the "Adventurer, translated tlic "Eclotrues and Georirics ;" and edited the worllic;4ion. In 1701 he was chosen professor of chem- istry, and, in 1771, regius professor of divinity. In politics he was of the lib- eral school, and he made a fidl avowal of his opinions in a sermon, called "The Principles of the Revolution vindicated," which he jireaehed before the university in 1776, and which excited much com- ment. In the same year he published his " Apology for Christianity," in an- swer to Gibbon. In 17S'2 he'was made bishop of Llandalf; but George III. having imbibed a prejudice against him, lie obtained no ' further promotion. Among his other works are, "Chemical Essays," " Apology for the Bible," and his own " Memoirs." D. 1816. WATT, James, a celebrated natural philosopher and enorincer, the son of a tradesman, was b. 1736, at Greenock, in Scotland, and began life as a mathemati- cal instrument maker. In that capacity he was employed by the university of his native place from 1757 to 1763. It was, in 1764, while he was engaged in repairing the model of a steam-engine, that the idea of improving the construc- tion arose in his mind. Ilis first dis- covery was that of the inode of avoiding the enormous loss of power occasioned by cooling the cylinder; his next was the substitution of the expansive power of steam instead of the atmospheric pres- sure. To these he subsequently added many others, which brought the steam engine to its present state of perfection. In 1774 he entered into partnership with Mr. Bolton, of Birmingliam. His sub- sequent life was cheered by extensive fame and ample fortune. Among his other inventions are a micrometer, a copying machine, and a machine for making drawings in perspective. Watt possessed an extraordinary memory, a more than superficial acquaintance with many sciences and arts, and a knowl- edge of several modern languages. Some of his chetnieal papers are printed in the " Philosophical Transactions." D. 1819. WATTE AU, Anthony, a French art- ist, was b. 1034, at Valenciennes. Ho received little instruction, and began by being a scene-painter at Paris, but his admirable genius soon raised him above that humble occupation. He gained the prize of the Academy for a picture, aiid thenceforth continued to increase in fame. The engravings from liis compo- sitions, to the number of .i63, form three volumes. Comic conversations, move- ments of armies, landscapes, and gro- tesques, arc liis principal subjects. D 1721. WATTS, Isaac, a nonconformist di- vine, b. 1074, at Southampton, and was educated at the free school there, and UV0LOP.'I':i)IA OK lilOCilt.Vl'llV. 90 also at a dissenting academy in London. In his 22d year lie became tutor to tlie sou ofSir John Ilartopp, aiid in 170'2 lie Biiceeeded Dr. Cliaiincey as minister of a conffrcsriition in the metropolis. Nearly the last forty years of his blameless lite were spent in the family of his friund, Sir Tlmmas Abiiey, at Stoke Ncwing- ton. His tlicoloijieal and miscellaneous works form six quarto volumes, and many of them are still popular. — J.vne, an accomplished female, whose maiden name was Wnldie, was b. 1792, at Ilen- dersyde Park, in Koxbiirghshirc ; dis- played precocious talents ; acquired mu- sic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin, without assistance, and painting with very little ; gave proof of superior lit- erary powers in her " Sketches of Italy," "Journal of a Tour in Flanders," and many smaller pieces; and d. 18'2(i. WAYNE, Anthony, maior-general in the army of the United States, was b. 1745, in Chester county, Pennsylvania, lie entered the army as colonel, in 1775, served under Gates, at Ticonderoga, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier- general. He was engaged in the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, ;ind Mon- mouth, in 1779 captured the fortress at Stony Point, and rendered other im- portant services during the war. In 1787 he was a member of the Pennsyl- vania convention wliich ratified the constitution of the United States. In 1792 iie succeeded St. Clair in the com- mand of the western army, and gained a complete victorv at the battle of the Miamis. in 1794. 'D. 179(j. WEBBE, Samuel, an eminent musi- cian, particularly celebrated for his glees, was b. 1740. His mother being left des- titute, he was bound apprentice to a cabinet-maker, bat, when his term of servitude expired, he abandoned his trade, and gained a subsistence by copy- ing music. By dint of incessant study he became an excellent composer, and also acquired several languaijes and ele- gant aceomplishnients. Ho d. 1816. His glees and part songs form three volumes. WEBBEK, Samuel, president of Har- vard college, was b. in Byfleld, Massa- chusetts, and was educated at the college of which he afterwards became the head. He disjilaycd an early fond- ness for mathematics, and in 1789 be- came professor of mathematics and natural history. In ISO! he was raised to the presidency of Harvard college, and discharged the duties of this office till his death, in 1810. He published. in 1801, a system of mathematics, in- tended as atext-liook for the university. WEBEH, IIkxry Willl\.m, an archa;- ologist and editor, was b. 178:^, at St. Petersburg, of (icrnian parents; stud- ied medicine at KdiuburLrh aiul at Jena; settled in Scotland, and devoted himself to literary pursuits; and d. in 181'<, after having for some time been disordered in his intellect. Among his publica- tions are, "Metrical Komanccs of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries," "The Battle of Floddcn Field," a poetn of the lOth century; and editions of Ford and Beaumont and Fletcher, of which the last two sub- jected hiin to severe criticism. — Carl Maria von, one of the most eminent of modern composers, was b. in 1780. at Eutin, in Holstein, and was liberally educated. To music he displayed the warmest attachment at an early age. His instructors in the science were Heu- schcl, Michael Haydn, Valesi, Kalcher, and the Abb<5 Vogler, For a while, however, he abandoned his favorite art to practise that of lithonrraphy, but he soon returned to it. His first operas were " Das Waldmunehcn," and "Peter Sehmoll," the first of which was pro- duced in 1800. He made professional tours through various parts of Germany, and was, successively, chapel-master "at Breslan and at Carlsruhe, and conduc- tor of the opera of Prague. In 1816 he was invited to Dresden by the elector of Saxony, to form a national opera, and was appointed director of music to the conrt. His " Freischittz" M-as brought out in 1821, at Berlin, and rapidly be- came popular throughout Europe. In 1826 he visited London, and brought out the opera of " Oberon ;" but his health was now completely broken, and he d. suddenly, on the 3d of June. AVeber left a prose work in manuscript, called "Lives of Artists," which pos- sesses considerable merit. WEBSTER, Noah, was b. in West Hartford, 1758. His ancestor, John AVebster, was one of the earliest En- glish settlers in Hartford, and was subsequently governor of Connecticut. Noah, his father, and two more Web- sters, were in the army on the occasion of Burgoyne's expedition to Canada. Restored to more peaceful pursuits, lie continued his studies, and in 1781 was called to the bar. Thouirh he had con- siderable professional employment, his active mind could not be satisfied with- out ditfusing some portion of its ener- gies through the medium of the press. 800 CVCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wES and ho puo ii?iied the "Fii-st Part of a Gramiuatical Institute," "Sketches of American rolicy," and several other works, and also established and con- ducted a daily paper in New York. But idl these labors are coin]iaratively insig- nificant when contrasted with his elab- orate " EnLrlisli Dictionary," which, notwithstanding it contains some very serious mistakes on the subjects of ety- mology and the analogy of languages, is a stupendous monument of industry. D. 1^4:3. WEDGE\YOOD, JosLvn, an eminent nmnufacturer of pottery, was b. 17S0. lie succeeded to the business of his father, and, in 1760, began his improve- ments in porcelain and earthenware, which have changed tlic current of trade in those articles, and rendered England an extensive exporting instead of an im- porting country. lie invented the ware which bears the name of the queen, and various other kinds. Wedgewood was also the inventor of the pvrometer, and the projector of the Grand Trunk canal. D. ITli.i. WEISSE, Christian Felix, a German j)oet and dramatist, was b. 1720, at An- nabcrg, in Saxony; was educated at Altenberg and Leijisic ; established and conducted two periodicals named the " Library of Elegant Literature," and "The Ciiildren"s"Friend," from which latter work Berquin borrowed his plan and part of his materials ; succeeded in 17^0 to a good estate ; and d. 1804. WELLS, William Charles, a physi- cian, was b. 1753, at Charleston, in South Carolina. His parents were Scotch, and lie was cducatea at Dumfries and Edin- burgh, after which he returned to his native province. Being a loyalist, he quitted America at the close of the war, and settled in London, where he d. in 1817. lie is tlie author of " An Essay on Single Vision with Two Eyes," and of some valuable papers on the forma- tion of dew, for which he received the gold and .silver medals of the Koyal Society. WEKNER, Abraiiam Gottleib, one of the most eminent of modern miner- alogists, was b. in 1750, at Wehlau, in Upper Lusatia. lie studied at the min- cralogical school of Frcyberg, in Saxony, and at Leipsic; and, in his 21:th year, he published an excellent treatise on the "Ciiaracters of Minerals." In 1775 he was appointed lecturer on mineraloiry at Freyberg, and inspector of the cabi- net of mines. His lectures Boon extend- ed his reputation throughout Europe. Among his works aiC; " A New Theory of Veins," with its application to the art of working mines; " Ciassifieatioii and Distribution of Mountains," and a translation of " Cronstadt's Mineralo- gy." His system is now very generally received. D. 1817. — Frederic Louis Zaciiariah, a German poet and drama- tist, was b. 1863, at Koenigsborg, in Prussia; held for some years an em- ployment under the Prussian govern- ment; abjured Protestantism, and went to Vienna, where he became a popular preacher, and d. IS'23. Among his works are, Confessions, Poems, and Tragedies. AVESLEY, Samuel, a divine and poet, was b. 1662, at Whitchurch, in Dorset- shire : was educated at Exeter college, Oxford; obtained the living of South Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories of Epworth and "\\ root. lie wrote a volume of poems, with the title of "Maggots;" "The Life of Christ," in verse; "The Histories of the Old and New Testament," in verse ; " Elegies on Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillot- son;" and "Dissertations on the Book of Job." D. 1735. — Jon.\, second son of the foregoing, the founder of the sect of the Methodists, was b. June 17, 1703, at Epworth. He was educated at the Charter house, and Christ-church, Ox- ford, and was ordained in 1725. Natu- rally of a serious disposition, he was rendered still more so by the reading of devotional treatises ; and, inconjiuiction with his brother Charles and some friends, he formed a religious society; to the members of which, with reference to a sect of Koman physicians, his gay fellow-collegians gave the name of Methodists. In 1735, with Charles Wes- ley and other missionaries, he went to Georgia to convert the Indians ; but, after a residence of less than two years in the colony, during which he was ex- tremely unpo[)ular, he returned to En- gland. In 1738 he began those public labors which ultimately produced such a mighty ctfect, and in 1739 the first meeting-house was built at Bristol. For some time he acted in conjunction with Whitetield, but the radical difference in their tenets at length produced a sepa- ration. Over the sect which he had founded, Wesley obtained an unbound- ed influence ; and it must be owned that he earned it by his zeal and his unwea- ried and astonishing exertions. Two sermons he usually preached every day, and often four or five. In the cour.se of his peregrinations he is said to have WETJ CYCLOP.'EDIA OF niOGRAPIIV, 801 preached more than forty thousand ser- mons, and to have travelled three hun- dred thousand miles, or nearly fifteen times the circumference of the globe ! On the ntli of February, 1791, he took cold, after preacl)in>:f at Lambeth. For some days lie struijgled ai-uinst an in- creasing fever, and continued to preach until the "Wednesday following, when lie delivered liis last sermon. From that time he became daily weaker and more lethargic. He d. on the 2d of March, 17'.»1, being in the 8Sth year of his age, and the 65th of his ministry. He published the "Christian Library; or. Extracts and Abridgments, &c., from various Writers ;'' " The Arminian Magazine ;" a monthly publication, now continued under the title of " Tlie Meth- odist ^Magazine," &c., &c. — Charles, his brother and fellow-laborer, was b. in IVuS, at Epworth ; was educated at "West- niinsler school and at Christ-church ; and d. 1788. Ho wrote hynms, poems, and sermons. — SAiiria., a son of the lat- ter, was a distinguished musician. D. 1837. WEST, Gilbert, a poet and miscel- laneous writer, was b. ni 1706 ; was ed- ucated at Eton and at Christ-church, Oxford ; obtained, through the influence of his friend Mr. Pitt, the otlices of clerk to the privy council, and treasurer of Chelsea college : and d. 1756. He wrote poems ; and " Observations on the Kesurreetion ;" and translated Pindar. — Benjamin, an eminent painter, was b. in 1738, at Springfield, near Philadel- phia, of Quaker parents. At the age of seven years he began to manifest; his pictorial talents by sketching with pen and ink an infant sleeping in a cradle. From some Indians he obtained red and yellow, and his mother gave him apiece of indigo ; and as eainel's-hair pencils were wanting, he supplied the want by clipping the fur of the cat. Improving, as he advancetl in years, he became a portrait painter of considerable repute, and produced sonic meritorious histori- cal pictures. In his 22d year he visited Italy, where he remained for some time. In i763 he settled in Englan, and very early gave signs of those talents which he afterwards displayed and dis- graced. After having, during his trav- els, accepted the title of duke from the Eretender, lie returned to England, and ecame a warm champion of the exist- ing government. Having dissipated his fortune, he changed his politics again, retired to the Continent, intrigued with the Stuarts, entered into the Spanish service, and d. in indigence, in Spain, in 1731. WIIEATON, Henry, was b. in Prov- idence, 17S.J. lie entered Brown uni- versity in 1798, and graduated in 18ii2. He studied law in the office of Nathaniel Searle, and in 1804, while yet a student of law, he went to France, where he re- sided a yc.-ir and a half, engaged in tiie study of the French language and lit- erature ; and on his return to Rhode Island he was admitted to the bar. In 1812 ho removed to New York, and be- came the editor of the " National Advocate." In New York he was ap- pointed judge of the marine court, continuing in the practice of iiis pro- fession as a chamber counsellor. He was also elected a member of the legis- lature, and was a prcnuinent member of the constitutional convention of 1820. In 1815 he was appointed reporter of the supreme court of tlie United States. In 1S27 lie was appointed char^je-d'af- faires to Copcnhafrcn. In 1S36 he was transferred to Berlin, and the year after was raised to the rank of minister pleni- potentiary. In Prussia his services were long and eminent. On his return home, he "accepted the chair of professor of international law in Harvard univei>ity, and was about to commence the duties of the appointment when he was at- tacked witli tlie illness which resulted in his death. Mr. Wheatou's principal works are a •' Treatise upon the Law of Captures," "Elements of International Law," "Sketch of the Law of Nations from the Peace of Westphalia," an " Essay on the Right of Search," twelve volumes of "Reports," and a " Digest of the Reports," the "Life of William Pinckney," and a " History of the Northmen." D. 1848. WIIEELOCK, John, was b. at Leba- non, Connecticut, in 1754. During the revolution he held the conunission of lieutenant-colonel, and obtained some military reputation. In 1779 he became president of Dartmouth college, New Hampshire, and in 1782 visited Europe to obtain contributions for that semi- nary. He remained in that office for 86 years. D. 1817. WHIPPLE, WiLLLWi, a signer of the declaration of American independence, was b. in Maine, 1730, and engaged in commercial pursuits. He took an early part in the controversy with Great Britain, and in 1776 was Sent as a dele- gate from New Hampshire to the con- tinental congress. He was afterwards brigadier-general of the troops of that state, and held several civil offices of importance. D. 1785. WIIISTON, WiLLi-Yxr, an eminent divine and mathematician, was b. in 1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and was educated at Tarn worth school, and at Clare hall, Cambridge. In 1698^ ha obtained the living of Lowestoff, in Suf- folk, which he resigned, in 1703, when he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton in the mathematical professorship at Cam- bridge. At length he adopted Arian principles, in consequence of which he was expelled from the university in 1710, lost his offices of professor and cate- chetical lecturer, and was even pros- ecuted as a heretic. Late in lil'e he became a Baptist. Among his works are, " A Theorj; of the Earth," " Ser- mons," "Priinitive Christianity Re- vived," and a translation of Josephus. D. 1752. WIHTAKER, .John, a divine, critic, antiquary, and historian, was b. 1735, at Manches"tcr; was educated at the free school of that place, and at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and d. in 1808, rector of Ruan Lanvhorue, in Cornwall. WHiJ rVC'LOP.KIMA UK lUnClKAI'lIV 803 His principal work.J arc, " Tlio History of M!iiichc.'=ter," " A Vindication of Miiry, Queen of Scots," "Tlic Course of Han- nibal over the Alps," "Criticisms on Gibbon's History," "The Ancient Ca- thedral of Cornwull," and "ThcOri^rin of Government." He also contributed largely to "Tlie British Critic," and the Entrlish and Antijacobin reviews. WHITBY, Daniel, a learned divine, was b. 1638, at Kushdcn, in Nortliainp- tonshire, and was ethicated at Trinity college, Oxford. His controversial zeal against the Catholics gained for him the patronage of Bishop Ward, who gave him a "prebend of Salisbury, and the rectory of St. Edmund in that city, with tlie precentorship. Hi his latter days he became an Anan. His greatest work is a "Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testament." D. 172(5. WHITE, Sir Thomas, a native of Reading, was b. 141)2 ; acquired a for- tune by trade in London, and served the office of lord mayor ; was knighted for his conduct in Wyatt's rebellion, and d. in 1566. He was the founder of St. John's college, Oxford, the patent for which he obtained in 1.557. — Thomas, a divine, was b. in the 16th century, at Bristol, and was educated at Mairdalen hall, Oxford. He obtained considerable church preferment, among which were a prebend of St. Paul's^ and canonrics of Christ-church and ^\ indsor; and d. in 1623. He founded Siou college, in the metropolis, and an hospital at Bris- tol, and was a benefactor to Magdalen college, Oxford. — Gilbert, a naturalist and antiquary, was b. 1720, at Selborue, in Hampshire ; and was educated at Basingstoke school, and at Oriel col- lege, Oxford. After having taken a master's degree, and been senior jiroctor of the university, he retired to reside on his property in his native village ; nor could he be tempted to ([uit it by the otter of valuable church preferment. He wrote the " Natural History^ and Antiquities of Selborue," one of the most amusing of books ; " The Natural- ist's Calendar ;" and " Miscellaneous Observations." D. 1703. — Joseph, an eminent divine and oriental scholar, the son of a weaver, was b. 1746, at Stroud, in Gloucestershire, and received his education at Gloucester school, and Wadham college. Oxford. In 1755 he was appointed Lnmlian professor of Arabic, and in 1783 he delivered the Bampton lecture. In the composition of the lectures he was assisted by Dr. Parr and Mr. Bad'-ock. He obtained a prebend of Gloucester, and the rectory of Melton, in Suffolk; and d. in 1814. Among his works are, " /Egyptiaca." " Diatcssaron," and editions of the Philoxenic Syrian versions of the four Gospels, and of Griesbach's Greek Tes- tament. — Hemjy Kikke, a poet, was b. 1785, at Nottingham, and was the son of a butcher. His delicate health pro- tected him from being brought up to his father's trade, and he was placed w ith a stocking weaver, but was subse- qiicntly removed to an attorney's otfice. lie produced several prose and verse compositions at an early age, and de- voted his leisure hours to reading, and to the study of Greek and Latin. To obtain a university education, for the purpose of entering into the church, was the main object of his wishes. By the generosity of Mr. Wilberforce and some other friends, he was at length enabled to become a student at St. John's college, Cambridge. His pro- gress was rapid, liut his intense appli- cation destroyed the vital powers, and he d. in 1806. He published "Clifton Grove," with other poems ; and his " Remains" were edited by Southey. — Blanco, a miscellaneous writer, b. in Spain, but the greater part of whose life was passed in England. He was a sin- gularly sincere and earnest religious inquirer, the friend of Channing, Cole- ridge, Arnold, &c., and whose memoirs, in which the struggles of his mind are unfolded, are of the deepest interest. — William, b. at Philadelphia, in 1747, was the first bishop of the Protest- ant Episcopal church, who lived to ii venerable age. He was chaplain to the congress of 1777, was mauily instru- mental in framing the constitution of the American clnirch, compiled the liturgy and the canons, and wrote sev- eral ai)lc works, chiefly on religious top- ics. D. 1S36. WHITEFIELD, Geokoe, a celebrated divine, the Ibunder of the Calvinistic Methodists, was b. 1714, at Gloucester, where his father kept the Bell inn. He was educated at the Cr>i>t school of his native city, and at Pembroke college, Oxford. At the university he was one of the members of the society formed by Wesley, and inflicted on himself many ascetic privations. He was or- dained a deacon in 1736, and his pulpit eloquence soon became higlily popular. In 1737 he sailed to Georgia, and he re- mained in the colony for nearly two years. He returned to America in 1739, made a tour through several of tlia 804 CY('LOl^^i:DI.\ of biogkapiiv. [wio provinces, and resided in Georrria till 1741 ; and he subsequently made five visits to that quarter of the globe. The IbunJution of tiie orphan liouse was one of the benefits whieli Whiteliekl con- ferred on Georgia. In England he first introduced, in 1739, the practice of preaching in the open air, and the effect of his oratory M'as astonisliiiig. The tabernacles in Moorfields and Totten- ham-court road were erected by his fol- lowers, and among his converts was the countess of Huntingdon. In 1741 the breach took place between him and Wesley. D. Sept. 30, 1770, at Newbury- port, in New England. WHITEHEAD, George, one of the early prcacliers among the Quakers, was b. 163(3, at Orton, in Westmoreland, and was educated at Blenclow free scliool, in Cumberland. At the age of IS he began to propagate those rehgious doc- trines which he had embraced, and he continued his labors in various parts of England, in spite of the severest perse- cution. After the revolution, his exer- tions procured from the legislature the admission of a Quaker's affirmation in- stead of an oath. He d. generally re- spected, in 1722-3. He wrote his own Memoirs, and some other works. — Paul, a poet, was b. 1710, in Holborn: was apprenticed to a mercer, but quitted trade to study law in the TemjMC ; ac- cjnircd considerable popularity us a sat- irist ; was appointed deputy-treasurer of the exchequer; and d. in 1774. lie wrote the " State Dunces," '• Manners," "Honor," "The Gymnasiad," and other poems. — WiLLi.vxr, a poet and dramatist, was b. 1715, at Cambridge, and was the son of a baker. He was educated at Winclicster school, and at Clare hall, Cambridge ; became travelling tutor to Lord Nuneliain and the earl of Jersey's eon ; obtained the registrarship to tiie order of the iJath ; and, on the death of Gibber, was appointed poet laureate. He d. in 178"). Among his works are the tragedies of the " lioman Father" and "Creusa;" "Tlie School of Lovers," a comedy; "I'oems," and some miscel- laneous piecea. VVHITEHUKST, Jonx, an eminent engineer, was b. 1713, at Congleton ; wius brouglit up to his father's business of a watchmaker; followed that business at Derby, and also became celebrated for constructing phiiosopiiical instru- ments and hydraulic maciiines ; was ap- pointed, in 1775, stamper of the money weights in the mint ; and d. 1788. He wrote an " Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth," " A Treatise on Chimneys," "An Attempt towards obtaining invariable Measures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Mensuration of Time," and some papers in the "Philosophical Transac- tions." WHITELOCKE, Bulstrode, was b. IGO.J, in London, and studied at Aler- chaut Tailors' school, St. John's col- lege, Oxford, and the Middle Temple. He was a member of the long parlia- ment, and espoused the popular cause, but was moderate in his conduct. In 1(J48 he was appointed one of the coun- cil of state, and in 1653 was sent on an embassy to Sweden. He wrote " Me- morials of English Aifairs," " Notes on the King's W^rit," " An Account of his Swedish Embassy," and " Labors re- membered in the Annals of Life." D. 1676. WHITGIFT, John, a prelate, was b. 1530, at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire ; was educated at Queen's college, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge ; was, suc- cessively, made Margaret professor of divinity, queen's chaplain, master of Pembroke hall and of Trinity college, and dean of Lincoln. In 1577 he be- came bishop of Worcester, and vice- president ot the Welsh marches, and, in 1583, was translated into the arch- bishopric of Canterbury. As primate, he distinguished himself by persecuting the Catholics and Puritans. D. 1603. WHITTINGTON, Sir Pvichard, a citizen and mercer, and " thrice lord mayor of Loudon," was an extensive benefactor to the metropolis, though the marvellous stories connected with his name are groundless fictions. His alms- liouses for thirteen pofir men form an interesting object on Higligate hill, and near them stands the famous stone which commemorates his return to London at the time the churcli bells so invitingly recalled him, in tones which he was fain to believe assured him of future civic honors. His last mavoralty was in 1419. WICKLIFF, WYCLIFFE, or W^IC- LEF, John, a divine and ecclesiastical reformer, who has been called " the morning star of the reformation," was b. in 1324, at a village of the same name in Yorkshire. He studied at Queen's and Merton colleges, Oxford, and early distiniruished himself by o[)posing the mendicant friars, and bv his proficiency in school divinity and the works oif Aristotle. His exertions against the friars were rewarded by the mastership of Baliol college, and tlie wardcnship or wil] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGUAPIIV. 805 Trinity. Of the latter ho was deprived by Archbishop Lanjjliam, and the sen- tence was ratitied by the pope. Having gained the favor of Juliii of Gaunt, vVicklitT was made king's cliaphain, and rector of Lutterworth. He now bej^an vigorously to attack papal usurpation and the abuses of the church; nor did ho shicken his efforts till he ceased to exist. The pope insisted on his being brought to trial as a heretic, but he was etlcctually protected by his patron, tlie duke of Lancaster. Ilis works are very numerous. Among tliem are, " Tri- alogus," " "VVickliti''s Wicket," and a version of the Old and New Testament. D. 1SS4. WIELAND, CnRisTOpnER Maeti;^, a German writer, who rivals Voltaire in universality of talent and literary fer- tility, was b. in 1733, at Holtzlieim, near Biberach, in Suabia. lie was educated by his father, a clergyman, and comple- ted his studies at Klosterbergen and Tubingen. In his 13th year he began to compose Latin and German verses. His first published work was "The Na- ture of Things," in six cantos, which appeared in 1751. In the following year I he went to reside in Switzerland, whence " ■ in 17 GO he returned to Biberach, where he was appointed to a municipal office. His productions in proso and verse, whicli rapidly succeeded each other, raised him to the summit of literary reputation. The elector of Mentz nomi- nated him professor of philosophy and belles lettres at Erfurt ; and, ni 1772, the duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar gave him the tuition of her two sons, his original works form 42 volumes quarto ; and he translated Lucian, Shak- speare, Cicero's "Epistles," and Hor- ace's "Satires." D. 1813. W^IFFEN, Jeremiah Holme, a cele- brated Quaker poet, was b. 1792, and brought up to the profession of a school- master, in which he was for some years engaged. The work on which his po- etical fame mainly rests is a transla- tion of Tasso, in which he adopted the Spenserian stanza. Among his other productions we must name "Aonian Hours, and other Poems," also a trans- lation of poems from the Spanish of Do la Vega, a series of stanzas illustrative of the portraits at Woburn abbey, enti- tled "Ihe Eussells," and his abfc prose work, " The History of the Kussell Fam- ily," which he traces up (o the heathen chiefs three centuries before the time of the eonquerino; Hollo. 1). 1S36. WILBEKFOKCE, William, n distin- f.8 guished philanthropist, was b. 1759, at Hull. He completed his education at Cambridge, and there obtained the friendship of Mr. Pitt. lie was elected M. P. for Hull, and the next year, 1787, distinguished himself by his exertions for the abolition of the .slave trade, which, after a long warfare and many struggles, was finally decreed by the British legislature, in 1807. He ap- proved the principles of the French revolution, as they exhibited themselves at its commencement ; and, on the mo- tion of M. Brissot, in August, 1792, was voted the right of French citizenship. But, in ISOl, be denounced the designs of Bonaparte, and supported all the ministerial measures or vigorous oppo- sition to France. In his exertions to emancipate the hapless African from the chains of slavery, Mr. Wilberforce never relaxed, and he lived to see the second reading of the "Emancipation Act" carried by the house of commons. He published a " Practical View of tho prevailing Eeligious Systems of Pro- fessed Christians," and an "Apology for the Christian Sabbath." D. 1833. W^ILDE, EiciiARD Henrv, was b. in Baltimore, but removed at an early age to Augusta, Ga., in which state he was admitted to the bar. The latter part of his life was spent in New Orleans. He was once .attorney-gener.il of Georgia, and at the time of his death was pro- fessor of law in the universitj- of Louis- iana. Ho was also distinguished in public life. In 1815, when barely above the constitutional age, he was elected to congress. At the end of two years ho returned to his profession, but he was again a member of congress in 1825, and from 1827 to 1835. 'Mr. Wilde was more generally known as an accom- plished scholar. He published several poetical effusions, which gained him credit ; and his researches in Italian literature, especially the work on the " Love, Gladness, and Imprisonment of Tasso," have gained him a high place amouET men of letters. D. 1847. WILFOEI), Fr.vxcis, an eminent ori- entalist, was b. about 17G0, at Hanover; was tor man}' years in the service of the East India Company in llindostau ; and d. 1822. Many of iiis papers are print- ed in the " Asi.atic Eesearches." AVILKES, John, a celebrated political character, was b. 1717. in Clrrkenwell, and was the son of a rich distiller. He began his public career as member for Aylesbury, and lieutenant-colonel of the Buckinghamshire militia. Bysomo pam- 806 CYCLOP.F.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY. [wn phlets which he wrote against the Bate administration, in 17C2j he gained repu- tation ; but it was to liis periodical pa- per, ''Tlie Nortli Briton," and especially to No. 45 of it, that he was indebted for his popularity. That number the gov- ernment determined to prosecute, and, accordingly, a general warrant was is- Bued against the author, printer, and publisher. Wilkes contended that the warrant was illegal ; obtained a decision to that effect from the court of common pleas, and large damages from the sec- retary of state and his subordinate myr- midons. Still bent on his .ruin, the ministry renewed the prosecution in a regular manner, and commenced anoth- er for an obscene poem. He was also dangerously wounded in a duel with Mr. Martin, one of their partisans. Giv- ing way to the storm, he retired to France, upon which he was outlawed, and expelled from his seat. In 1768, being elected for Middlesex, he return- ed, and was condemned to a fine of £1000, and 22 months imprisonment^ and was subsequently expelled a second time for a libel. Again he was chosen, but, in utter contempt of aU right, the house declared him ineligible to sit in that parliament, and seated Colonel Luttrell, who had but a small number of votes. Tliis infamous vote was after- wards expunged from the journals. In 1770 he was chosen an alderman of Lon- don, in which capacity he set at defiance the mandates of the house. In 1772 he was sheriff; in 1774, lord mayor; and in 1779 he became chamberlain of the city. In 1775 he was once more sent to parliament by Middlesex, and ho was a steady opponent to tlic American war. D. 1707. Two collections of liis corre- spondence have been published. WILKIE, Sir David, a painter of dis- tinguished merit, was b. near Cupar, in Fifeshire, in 1785, liis father being a minister of the Scotch church. In 1805 he went to London, and soon attracted notice by tlie excellence of his earliest efforts, his career of fame commencing with his "Village Politicians," " Blind Fiddler," "Rent Day," &c. His repu- tation was now established, and in 1811 he was made a royal academician, from which period he regularly produced, and as regularly sold at inereasmfr prices, his most celebrated pictures, of which we Bhall merely mention a few, as "Dis- training for Kent," "The Penny "Wed- ding," " Blind Man's Buff," " The Vil- lage Festival," "The Keading of the Will," and " Chelsea Pensioners Read- ing the Gazette of the Battle of Water- loo." D. 1841. WILKINS, Jonx, a prelate and math- ematician, was b. in 1614, at Fawsley, in Northamptonshire, and was educated at New Inn hall, and Magdalen hall, Ox- ford. HavinEr espoused the popular cause, and being married to Cromwell's sister, he was made warden of Wadham college, and, by Kichard Cromwell, was appointed master of Trinity college. The restoratioji. deprived him of these prefennents, But he soon obtained oth- ers, and, in 1668, was raised to the bish- opric of Chester. He d. in 1672. He was the founder of that association which afterwards became the Eoyal So- ciety. Besides his mathematical works, reprinted in two volumes, he wrote an " Essay towards a real Character and Philosophical Language," and various theological pieces. WILKINSON, Jemima, a bold and artful religious impostor, was b. in Cum- berland, E. I., about the year 1753. Ee- coveriug suddenly from an apparent suspension of life, in 1773, she gave out that she had been raised from the dead, and laid claim to supernatural power and authority. Making a few proselytes, she removed with them to the neighborhood of Crooked Lake, N. Y., where she d. in 1819. WILLAED, Samuel, an eminent di- vine, was b. in Massachusetts, and re- ceived his education at Harvard college, where he was graduated in 1650. He was settled over the old south church in Boston, and became the most cele- brated among his cotemporaries in the ministry. In 1701 he was made vice- president of Harvard college, and con- tinued in this office till his death, in 1707. He published a large number of sermons, and a folio volume of divinity. WILLIAMS, Jonx, a divine and statesman, was b. in 1582, at Abercon- way, in Wales, and was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. After hav- ing held several minor but valuable preferments, he was made bishop of Lincoln, and keeper of the great seal, in 1621. Of the office of lord keeper ho was deprived by Charles I., on his ac- cession. He was subsequently prosecu- ted in the star-chamber, and sentenced to a fine of £10,000, and imprisonment in the Tower. The proeecaings were, however, rescinded in 1640, and in the following year he was translated to the see of York. During the civil war he made an ineffectual attempt to hold out Conway castle against the parliament. wil] CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY. 807 D. 1650. Williams was a strenuous op- ponent to Laud. — Sir Charles Han- bury, a poet and diplomatist, was b. in 1709 ; was educated at Eton ; was for a considerable period one of the members for the county of Monmouth ; held the paymastership of the marines ; was cm- ployed as ambassador to Dresden and St. Petersburg; and d. insane, in 1759. His poems arc spirited and witty, bnt licentious. — David, a miscellaneous wri- ter, was b. in 1738, ini^'ardiganshire ; was educated at a dissenting academy; and became a dissenting minister. Changing to a deist, he opened a chapel to diffuse his newly adopted opinions, and for some time his hearers were nu- merous. The subsequent part of his life was dedicated to literary pursuits and to private teaching. The Literary Fund was founded by him. Amontr his chief works are, "Lectures on the Prin- ciples and Duties of Keligion and Mor.al- ity," " Lectures on Education," " Lec- tures on Political Principles," and a "History of Monmouthshire." D. ISIG. — Helen Marl\, a poet and miscellane- ous writer, was b. in 1762, in the north of England, and was ushered into pub- lic notice when she was 18, by Dr. Kinpis. Between 17S2 and 1788 she published " Edwin and Eltruda," a po- em, "Peru," a poem, and other pieces, which were afterwards collected m two volumes. In 1790 she settled in Paris. There she became intimate with the most eminent of the Girondists, and, in 1794, was imprisoned, and nearly shared their fate. She escaped, and took ref- uge in Switzerland, but returned to the French capital in 179G, where she con- tinued to reside till her decease, 1827. — EoGER, one of the founders of Rhode Island, w.as b. in "Wales, in 1599, and received his education at Oxford. He was for some time a minister of the es- tablished church, but dissenting, he re- moved, in 16S1, to New England, and preached till 1036 at Salem" and Ply- mouth. Being banished from the colo- ny on account of his religious opinions, he removed with several others to Kiiode Island, and laid the foundation of Provi- dence. They there established the lirst society in which was enjoyed ticrfect liberty of conscience. For several years "Williams was president of the colonv. D. 1683. — Otho Holland, an officer in the American army, was b. in ^laryland, in 1748, served in various capacities du- ring the revolutionary war, and fought at the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's hill, and the Eutaws. Before the dis- banding of the army he was made brigadicr-generiJ. For several years he was collector at Baltimore. D. 1794. — "William, a signer of the declaration of AmerioiUi independence, was b. at Leb- anon, Conn., in 1731, and was educated at Harvard college. From the univer- sity he returned home, and for some time devoted himself to the study of theology. At an early period of the revolution he embarked in the cause of his country, and was a delegate from his native state to the continental con- gress. D. 1811. WILLIAMSON, Hugh, an American physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1785, and received his education at the collosre of Philadelphia; but relinquish- ed the clerical profession, for which he had been intended, and turned his at- tention first to mathematics, and subse- quently to medicine. After visiting Edinburgh and Licyden, at which latter university he obtained the degree of M. D., ho returned and practised in Philadelphia. He was one of the com- mittee appointed by the American Phil- osophical Society, 'l769, to observe the transit of Venus over the solar disc ; and he attracted considerable attention by his observations on the remarkable comet which then made its appearance, as he came to the conclusion that comets, instead of being ignited masses, are in- habited planets. He was appointed to the medical staff of the revolutionary army, and, at the restoration of peace, he became a member of congress. Among his chief works are, "The His- tory of North Carolina," and " Obser- vations on the Climate of America." D. 1819. "WILLIS, Browne, an eminent anti- quary, was b. in 16S2, at Blandford, in Dorsetshire, studied at "Westminster school, and at Christ-church, Oxford ; was elected M. P. for Buckinghamshire in 1705 ; became a member of the society of antiquaries in 1717, and d. in 1760. Willis was a man of an eccentric char- acter. Miss Talbot, who gives a ludic- rous description of him, declares, that "with one of the honestest hearts in the world ho has one o*' the oddest heads that ever dropt out of the moon." His principal works are, " Notitia Par- liamentaria," " A Survey of the Cathe- drals of England," "History of the Mitred Parliamentary Abbeys," and " a History of Buckintrham." — Francis, a physician, celebrated for his skill in eases of insanity, was b. about 171S, in Lincolnshire, and was educated at 808 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOUKAPHY. [win Brazeunose CDllcge, Oxford. Ho was broa2:lit up to the church, and obtained a college liviu? in the metropolis ; but subsequently took the degrree of il. D., and practised as a physician. lie re- stored George III. to sanity, and was amply rewarded by a parliamentary grant. D. 1807. AVILLUGHBY, Francis, an eminent naturalist, was b. 1635, in Lincolnshire, and was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. Kay was his tutor, and was subsequently his fellow-traveller ou the Continent, his frequent guest, and his executor. In 1662 he became a member of the Eoyal Society. lie d. in 1674. He wrote a' Latin treatise on or- nithology, another on ichthyology, and some papers in the " Philosophical Transactions." The treatises were edit- ed, after "Willughby's death, by Ray. WILSON, Alexander, the celebrated ornitholoo;ist, was b. at Paisley, Scot- land, and came to Delaware in 1794. Removing to Philadelphia he became acquainted with Mr. Bartram, the nat- uralist, and devoted himself to the cul- tivation of natural history. His great work is the " American Ornithology," splendidly executed, and very accurate and comprehensive. He possessed con- siderable taste for literature, and pub- lished several small poems of much beauty. D. 1S18. — James, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Scotland, about 1742. He was well educated, and after completing his stud- ies emigfated to America. Settling at Philadelphia, he received an otfer to enter the office of ilr. John Dickinson and pursue the study of the law. He soon distinguished himself, and was appointed a delegate to the continental congress, where he continued from 1775 to 1777. He was a member of the con- ventions which framed the constitution of Pennsylvania and that of the United States, and in 1780 was appointed one of the judges of the supreme court of the United States. In 1797 he was made professor of law in the university of Pennsylvania, and in this capacity de- livered a course of lectures, atterwards published. D. 179S. — Thomas, a prelate eminent for piety, was b. 1663, at Bar- ton, in Cheshire. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin. The earl of Derby, to wliom he was chaplain, and whose son he accompanied to the Con- tinent as tutor, nominated him in 1007, bishop of the Isle of Man. He held the see during fifty-eight years, and though his annual income was only three hundred pounds, lie refused to accept an English bishopric. Scanty as were his means, he was benevolent to the poor, built a new chapel at Castle- ton, founded parochial libraries, and introduced important improvements in the agriculture of tiic island. D. 1755. — EicuARD, a celebrated painter, was b. 1714, at Penegos, in Montgomeryshire. He received a liberal education, and, having manifested a genius for painting he was placed under an obscure por- trait painter named Wright. He him- self began his career in the same branch of art. On his visiting Italy, however, he was advised by Zuccarelli to devote himself to ^ndscape, and fortunately, he followed that advice. His picture of " Niobe" was exhibited in 1760. He attained great reputation, but neverthe- less, the latter part of his life was cloud- ed by poverty. He d. in 1782. Faseli declares that " Wilson's taste was so exquisite, and his eye so chaste, that whatever came from his easel bore the stamp of elegance and truth." WINCHESTER, Elhaxan, an Amer- ican divine, who visited England about 1738, attempted to found a Philadel- pliian society, and disseminated his peculiar tenets by means of preaching, and of a Philadelphian magazine. He succeeded in establishing a sect called Winchestarians, or Universalists, which is still in existence. His distinsjuishcd tenet was the ultimate redemption of all mankind, and even of the devils. Ho returned in 1792 to his native country. Among his works are, "Lectures on the Prophecies," " The Universal Ees- storation," and an heroic poem on Christ. WINCKELMAN, John Joachim, a celebrated German antiquary, was b. in 1717, at Steindall, in Bradenburgh. After having been professor of the belles lettres at Seehausen, and libra- rian to Count Banaii, he became a Cath- olic, and went to Rome, where the pope appointed him president of antiqtiities, and librarian of the Vatican. lie was murdered in 1768, at Trieste, while on his return from Germany to Italy. His principal works are, " A History of Art ainonsr the Ancients," "Ancient ined- ited Monuments," "Reflections on the Imitation of the Productions of the Greeks in Painting and Sculpture." On "Allegory," and "Letters on Iler- culancum." WINDER, William II., an officer in the American array, was b. in Mary- land in 1775, was educated for the bar ^] CVCLOi'.tniA UF HIOUKAPllV. 809 and pursued Lis profession in Baltimore with great success. In 1812 he received a coloners coniinission, was promoted *o the rank of brijjadier-irenenil, and nerved with reputation during the war with Great Britain. lie connnanded tlio troops at tlio battle of Bladensburg. On the declaration of peace he resumed the practice of his profession. 1). lS'2-i. WINDHAM, Wir.i.iAM, a statesman, was b. in 1750, at Felbrig, in Norfolk, and was educated at Eton, Glasgow, and University college, Oxford. In 17S2 he was elected M. P. for Norwich, and for a short time secretary to the viceroy of Ireland. lie continued to act with the "Whirrs till IT'J.", when he adopted the sentiments of Burke ; and in the following year, he was appointed secretary at war, with a seat in the cabinet. In 1801 lie resigned. To the peace of Amiens he was strenuously hostile. During the brief possession of power by the Whigs in 1806, he held his former office. D.'lSlO. WINGATE, Edwaud, a lawyer and mathematician, was b. in 1593, in York- shire, studied at Queen's college, Ox- ford, and at Gray's Inn ; was sent to France to instruct Henrietta Maria in the English language; took the popular side in the civil war, and d. in 1656. Among liis works are, " Natural and Artificial Arithmetic," " The Exact Surveyor," " Ludus Mathematicus," " Ma.xims of Reason," and " an Abridg- ment of the Statutes." WINSLOW, Edwakd, was b. in Worcestershire, in 1594. lie was among the first settlers of New England, in 1620, and was repeatedly elected govern- or of the colony they founded at Ply- moutii. He went several times as an agent to England, and in 1655 was ap- pointed a commissioner to superintend the expedition against the Spaniards in the West Indies. D. near Jamaica in the May of that year. — James Benionus, a celebrated Danish anatomist, was b. in 1669, at Odensec ; settled in France, and in 1699 became a Catholic. In 1743 he succeeded Mr. Ilunald as professor of anatomy and physiology at theKoyal Botanic Garden. lie d. in 1760. Win- slow was a member of several learned bodies. His principal work, which still preserves its reputation undiminished, IS "An Anatomical Exposition of the Structure of the Human Body." WINSOK, FuKUKUio Albkkt, an en- terprising projector, to whom the pub- lic is indebted for the beautiful gas- light which now illnminatcs the streets, 63* &c. ; made his first public experiments at the Lyceum, in tlie Strand, in 1803. He afterwards lighted with gas the walls of Carlton palace gardens, on the king's birthday in 1S07 ; and during 1809 and 1810, he lighted one side of Pall Mall, from the house which he then occupied in that street, lie followed up his object with great perseverance, and at length obtained a charter of in- corporation for a gas-light and coke company. In conse«iuence, however, of some misunderstanding with the parties with whom he was associated lie did not obtain his expected remunera- tion. In 1815 he went to Paris, where he also erected gas-works, and estab- lished a cnnipanv. D. 1830. WINSTANLEY, Williaxt, a literary barber who wrote the "Lives of the Poets," "Select Lives of England's Worthies," "Historical Earities," &c. D. about 1690. WINTER, Jonv William de, ii Dutch admiral, was b. in 1750. Having been an active partisan in the revolution which broke out in 1787, he was obliged to take refuse in France, when the party of the stadtholder prevailed. In France he entered the army, served under Du- mouricz and Pichegru, and in a short time rose to the rank of general of brigade. In 1795, when Pichegru in- vaded Holland, De Winter returned to his country, where the states-general made him vice-admiral and commander of the naval forces at Texel. Here, with 29 vessels, of which 16 were ships of the line, he was completely defeated bv Duncan, Oct. 7, 1797. D. 1812.— Peter vox, an eminent German musi- cian, b. at Munheim, in 1754, and at the acre of 10 years was appointed a mem- ber of the "orchestra of the elector. He composed a variety of operas, oratorios, and other pieces of vocal and instru- mental music, many of which possess verv considerable merit. D. 1825. WINTIIROP, John, first governor of Massachusetts, was b. at Groton, England, in 1587. He arrived with the colonists in Salem in 1630, haviuLT a commission as their governor, and held this office, with the exception of six or seven years, till his dcatli in 1649. He kept aminute journal of tlie alfairs of the colony, which has been published, and possesses much value. — John, sou of the foresroinir, was b. in Eiiirland, 1605, and received his education at Cambridge. He came to Massachusetts in 1633, "and subsequently visiting En- gland, returned and established a colo- 810 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGKAPHy. [wot ny at Saybiuok, Conn, la 1G57 be was chosen governor ot' that colony, and rein:rnied so till his death in 1676. He w;is ilistinixuishcd for his love of natural pliilosiiphy, and was one of the found- ers of tlie" koyal Society of London. — James, a mau'of letters, was h. atCain- bridire, Mass., in 17.52, and was grad- uated at Harvard college. He was for twenty years librarian of that institu- tion. ' liis acquirements iu the exact sciences, the ancient and modern lan- guiiL'cs, and in biblical and polite litera- ture were extensive. D. 1821. WIRT, William, an eminent advocate and essayist, b. at Bladeusburg, Md., 177-2, and studied law in Leesburg, Va., where he was admitted to the bar, in 1792. He was appointed chancellor of the eastern district of Virginia in 1802, and district attorney iu 181(3. The part he took iu the famous trial of Aaron Burr gave him his greatest distinction as an eloquent pleader. His "Letters of the British Spy," first published in a Klchmond paper'; the " Old Bachelor," and a "Life of Patrick Henry;" the latter, written in a highly florid style, enjoved great popularity in their day. U. 1835. WISHAKT, Geokge, a Scotch martyr, was b. at the commencement of the 16th century. Little is known of his early life ; but lie is said to have embraced the Protestant faith while travelling in Germany; to have resided for some years at Cambridge ; and to have taught at Benct college. In 1544 he returned to liis native land, and exerted himself zealously in preaching the doctrines of the Reformation. In 1546 he was seized by Cardinal Beaton, was brought to trial, and was mercilessly condemned to the flames. WISTAR, Caspar, a celebrated physi- cian, wa.s b. iu Philadelphia, 1761. He studied medicine under Dr. John Red- man, and eomplcteil his professional course at the schools in London and Edinburgh. Returning in 1787 to his ■native cit}-, he soon distinguished him- self in his profession, and in 1789 was elected professor of chemistry in the col- lege of Philadelphia. In 1782 he became adjunct professorof a'aitomy, midwifery, ami surgery, with Dr. Sliippen ; and on the decease of that gentleman, in 1808, sole professor. Ilia acquirements in professional knowledge were very ex- tensive, and he obtained much pop- ularity as a lecturer. D. 1818. WITHER, George, a poet, was b. 1583, at Bentworth in llamosnire, and was educated at Magdalen college, Ox- ford. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, but did not practise. In 1613 he was committed to prison for his satires, called " Abuses Stript and Whipt." la the civil war lie espoused the popular cause, and rose to the rank of major- general. After the restoration he wa.s again incarcerated for his writings, and remained for more than three years in durance. He d. in 1667. Of his numer- ous works many are hasty and incorrect, but in his "Shepherds Hunting," and some of his other pieces, there is much of genuine poetry. WITHEKSPOOX, John, a signer of the declaration of independence, was b. in Scotland, 1722, and was educated at the university of Edinburgh. He stud- ied divinity, and became one of the most influential and distinguished of the Scot- tish clergy. Being induced to accept the presidency of the college at Princeton, lie removed to New Jersey with his family in 1768. In 1776 he was ap- pointed a delegate to the continental congress, and retained a seat there du- ring the war. On the return of peace he resumed his duties at the college. D. 1794. WODHULL, Michael, a poet, was b. 1740, at Tlienford, in Northamptonshire ; was educated at Winchester school, and at Brazennose college, Oxford ; lived on his paternal estate, and amused his lei- sure hours with literature; and d. in 1816. He wrote poems, which have a considerable portion of merit ; and trans- lated the tragedies of Euripides. WOLCOTT, John, a poet, better known by the name of Peter Pindar, was b. 1738, at Dodbrook, in Devon- shire; was educated at private semi- naries ; and was apprenticed to his uncle, an apothecary at Truro, who ulti- mately left him the'bulk of his property. Having taken a degree, he accompanied Sir William Trelawney to the govern- ment of Jamaica, as physician. While residing in that island he took orders, and was presented to a living. On his return to England he settled at Truro, whence he removed to Helstone. It was while he was living in Cornwall that he drew from obscurity the painter Opic; and in 1780 lie went with him to settle in London. Wolcott's first publi- cation, "An Papistic to the Reviewers," appeared in 1778. After his arrival in the metropolis, his productions rapidly succeeded each other, and were highly popular. Amon^ his most finished works are, "Lyric Odes to the Royal wol] cyclopjEO'.a of biography. 811 Academicians," and "Tlie Loiisiad." In the decline of life he became blind, and he d. January 14, 1819. — Oliver, governor of Connecticut, was b. 1727, and received his education at Yale col- lege, lie served as captain in the French war, and studied medicino though he never practised. lie v/a? a delegate to the congress of 177G, dgned the declara- tion of independencG and the articles of confederation, and remained a member till 1785. In 178o he was elected deputy governor, and was re-elected till 179G, when he was made governor. D. 1797. WOLF, FuEDEKio Augustus, an emi- nent German philologist, was b. 1759, at Ilaynrode, in Ilolstein ; was educated at Gottingen ; was appointed professor, in 1783, at the university of Ilalle, where he remained for twenty-three years ; had a considerable share in fouudiner and organizing the new university at Berlin, in 1808, and became professor of it ; and d. in 1824. He edited, and added notes and dissertations to, many Greek and Koman classics; and wrote "A History of Koman Literature," and other works. "WOLFE, Jamks, a celebrated gen- eral, the son of a lieutenant-general, was b. 1726, at Westerham, in" Kent, and distinguished himself, before he was-20, at the battle of Lafl'eldt. lie increased his reputation so much by his conduct at Minden and Louisburgh, that Pitt selected him to command the expedition against Quebec. Wolfe overcame all obstacles, scaled the heights of Abra- liam, and compelled the enemy to risk the province on the issue of a battle. In the moment of victory he fell, mortally wounded. Cries of " They run !"' struck his ear. Rousing himself from tlie faint- ness of death, he inquired, " Who run V and being told that it was the French, he exclaimed, " Thank God, then I die contented !" and immediately expired. D. 1759. — CnAULKs, an Irish divine and poet, was b. 1791, at Dublin; was edu- cated at Trinity coliec'o, Dublin ; ob- tained the curacy of Ballyclog, which he exchanged for that of Castle Caullield ; and d. of consumption, in February, 1823. lie wrote the well-known " Ode on the Death of Sir John Moore," be- ginning with, " Not a drum was heard ;" and the praise which, after his decease, was bestowed upon that piece, induced his friends to publish a volume of his "Remains." WOLFIUS, CnRisTi.\N-, an eminent German matliematician and philosopher, who filled the professor's chair in the nniversity of Halle, and was eventually created a baron of the empire. Ilis principal works are, " Elementa Mathe- seo.s Lni versa;, " "A System of Philos- ophy," and a " Treatise" on the Law of Nature and Nations." — John Chkisto- PHEK, a divine and philolo^rist, b. in 1GS3. He was author of many works on Hebrew and Greek literature, and bequeathed a vast collection of rabbini- cal and oriental books to the public library at Hamburgh, where he d. in 1739. — Jerome, an eminent critic and classical scholar, wlio d. at Augsburg, in 15S0. — Jon.v, an historical and mis- cellaneous writer, who was employed as a diplomatist, and at his death, in 1600, was governor of Mindelsheim. WOLLASTON, William, an ethical and theological writer, was b. 1659, at Cotton Clanfbrd, in Staffordshire ; was educated at Sidney college, Cambridge ; took orders ; but obtained an indepen- dence whicii turned his views trom church preferment; and d. 1724. His principiil work is, "The Religion of Na- ture Delineated." — William Hyde, a physician and experimental philosopher, the great-grandson of the foregoing, was b. 1766, and was educated at Caius col- lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for the interests of science, his want of patron- asre as a physician, at Bury St. Edmunds and London, induced him to give up the medical profession in disgust, and de- vote himself to scientific pursuits. The result was that he became one of the most eminent chemists and experimen- talists of modern times. Among his discoveries are the two metals, palladium and rhodivmi, and the method of render- incr platina malleable, by the last of which he is said to have gained thirty thousand pounds. Among his inven- tions arc, a sliding scale of chemical equivalents, a goniometer, and the cam- era lucida. His papers in the "Philo- sophical Transactions" are numerous. D. 1S2?. WOLSEY, Thom.vs, Cardinal, an emi- nent prelate and statesman, the son of a butcher, was b. 1471, at Ipswich. Ho was educated at Magdalen eollcje, Ox- ford. His first preferment of import- ance was that of cnaplain to Henry VII., who gave him the deanery of Lincoln, as a reward for his expeditious execution of some di}>lomatic business. Being introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox, bishop of Winchester, he made a rapid progress in the royal favor, till at length he reached the hiirhest pitch of power to I which a subject can aspire. He lived in ! princely state ; and his train consisted 812 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAI'HV. [woo of eight hundred persons, of whom muuy were kninrhts and gentlemen. Charles V. and Francis I. were suitors for his influence witii his master, and hought it by pensions and professions of respect, liis great ambition was, to fill the papal chair, but in this he was disai)pointed. At length his capricious sovereign became his enemy. The con- duct ot Wolscy relative to the divorce from Catharine of Aragon was the first cause of otfencc. In 15-29 he was de- prived of the seals, a part of his property was seized, and he was impeachect. A full pardon, however was granted to him, and in 1530 he retired to Cawvvood castle. There, in the autumn of that year, he was again arrested, on a charge of high treason, and he d. at Leicester, on his way to London, on the 28th of November. lie founded a collegiate school at Ipswich, and the college of Christ-church, and several lecturesliips, at Oxford. WOOD, A>-TH0NY, a biographer and antiquary, was b. 1632 at Oxford, and was educated at Merton college. The perusal of some works on heraldry, and of Duardale's "Warwickshire," inspired in him a taste for antiquarian lore. His " History and Antiquities of Oxford," which was translated into Latin by Dr. Fell, appeared in 1774-, and his "Athe- nae Oxonienscs" was published in 1691. An attack upon Lord Clarendon, in the last of these works, subjected him to a sentence of expulsion, and his Jaeobiti- cal pirejudices rendered him an object of hatred to the Whig party. D. 1095. — KoBERT, a scholar and a man of taste, was b. in 171G, at Kiverstown, in the Irish county of Meath ; made the tour of Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in 1751 ; was appointed under-seeretary of state in 1759 ; and d. 1771. He wrote a " Description of the Kuins of Balbec," "The Kuins of Palmyra," and an " f>s- say on the Life and Writings of Ho- mer." WOODBURY, Levi, was b. at Fran- cestown, N. IL, about the year 1790, was graduated at Dartmouth college in 18ii9, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. In 1S16 lie was appointed secre- tary of state, and at the commencement of the next year a judj;e of the superior court. la 1819 he removed to Ports- mouth ; he was elected governor in 1832. lie was elected to the United States senate, in which body he served from 1824: to 1831. In the spring of 1331 lie was appointed secretary of the navy by General Jackson. After hold- ing that office for several years, he was nominated to the post of secretary of the treasury, by General Jackson, afte! the rejection of Mr. Taney, by the sen- ate, lie left the cabinet at the end of Mr. Van Buren's administration, in 1841, after having belonged to it about 10 years. He was immediately elected to the United States senate, by the "le- gislature of New Hampshire, and re- mained there until he was appointed one of the justices of the supreme court, by President Polk, who had pre- viously otfered him the oflB.ce of minis- ter to England. D. 1851. WOODDESON, PvicHARD, an eminent civilian, was b. in 1745, at Kingston, in Surrey ; was educated at Kingston gram- mar school, and at Pembroke and Mag- dalen colleges, Oxford ; was chosen Vincrian professor, on the resignation of Sir Eobert Chambers; and d. 1822. He wrote " Elements of Jurisprudence," " A Systematic View of the Laws of En- gland," and a " Brief Vindication of the Eights of the British Legislature," ia reply to Mr. Eeeves. WOODFALL, a printer and parlia- mentary reporter, was b. about 1745, and was the son of a printer who was proprietor of " The Daily Advertiser." He was brought up to his father's occu- pation, but was so fond of the stage that for a short time he was an actor, and, to the close of his life, never missed being present at the coming out of a new piece. He was successivelv editor of "The London Packet," and "The Morning Chronicle," and editor and owner of the "Diary." Woodfall had an astonishingly retentive memory, and was the first who gave a full and imme- diate detail of the proceedings of the legislature. D. 1803. WOODHOUSE, Eobert, an eminent mathematician ; was educated at Cam- bridge ; was Plumian professor in 1822, and keeper of tlie observatory in 1824. He wrote " Tiie Principles of Analytical Calculation," a "Treatise on Trigonom- etry," a "Treatise on Isoperimetrical Problems," an " Elementary Treatise on Plane Astronomy," and several p.a- pers in the " Phildsophical Transac- tions." D. 1757. WOOLSTON, THOM.VS, a deistical writer, was b. 1669, at Northampton, and was educated at Sidney collcgo, Cambrid|3re. The perusal of the wri- tings of Origen gave him a fondness for allegorizing, and his first work, " The Old Apology for the Truth of the Chris- tian Eeligion revived," was meant to wot] CVCLOP.KniA OF BIOGKAPIIV. 813 prove that the actions of Moses -were | typical of Clirist and tlio church. He pnulually becamo a deist, and nt length Iiis "Six Discourses on iliracles," and his "Defence of tlie Discourses," broufrht upon liim a prosecution for bhisphemy, and lie was iiiicd and im- nrisoned. D. witliin the rules of the Jvinir's Bench, in 173:2. WORCESTEK, Edward Somerset, marquis of, a man of liii^hly inventive talents, was b. about lO'j" ; was employ- ed, when earl of Glamortfan, by Clirrles T. to nejjotiate with the Irish Catholics ; and d. in l(iG7. In 16(53 he published his curious pamphlet called " The Scant- ling:s of One Hundred Inventions." Among tliosc inventions is the steam- engine, though described, like all the rest of the articles, in a somewhat enig- matical maimer. He afterwards put forth a tract, which he called " An Ex- act and True Definition of the most stupendous "Water-conimanding En- gine." AValpole, who was ignorant upon the subject, calls him " a fantastic mechanic," and some later writers have endeavored to depreciate his merit; but the feasibility of many of his pro- jects has been aiiiply proved. — Noah, an eminent divine of Massachusetts, whose devotion to the cause of peace acquired ibr him the name of the Apos- tle of Peace. lie was the secretary of the first peace society, and by his "Calm Keview of the Custom of War," and other works, he succeeded in at- tracting a large sliare of public atten- tion to the subject. Dr. Channing, in his " Sermon on the Fliilanthropist," makes a beautiful allusion to his life. D. 1837. WOKDSWORTII, "William, was b. at Cockcrmouth, in Cumberland, April 7th, 1770. He received the rudiments of his mental culture at Ilawkshead school, and in the year 17S7 was entered at St. .John's college, Cambridge. Hav- ing completed his studies and taken his academical decree, he made the tour of France and Switzerland, at a period when the revolution in France had at- tained its grand crisis ; and its influence upon the fiery imagination and sensitive mind of Wordsworth was no less forci- ble than that ju-odueed upon those of his friends and frequent coniiianions, Coleridge, Southcy, and Lloyd. The earnest thoughts that had been genera- ted by his continued meditations upon this theme found an utterance in his "'Descriptive Sketches" and "Evening Walk," DOth of which made their ap- pearance in 1793. In 1797 he had con- ceived a jilan for the regeneration of English poetry. In 179S lie published, in conjunction with Cl)leridce, a collec- tion of "Lyrical Ballads." The majori- ty of these productions were from his own pen. This book, so far from ma- king converts to Wordsworth's jieculiar way of thinking, met everywhere with the bitterest contempt and ridicule. Still many of his readers sympathized with his views, and through tlieir en- couragement he was induced to publish two other volumes of poetry in 1S07. In 1814 appeared his great work, "The Excursion." Several works followed this, among which may be mentioned " The White Doe of Rylstone ;" and in 1842 appeared a volume containing sev- eral poems written in the poet's early youth, accompanied by others written "in his old age. In 1843 he succeeded his friend Southey as poet-laureate. For many years Wordsworth enjoyed the privilege of receiving that guerdon of love and admiration, while living, which are too frequently only scattered like gar^nds upon tiie tomb of genius. Thousands of his admirers made a pil- grimage to the poet's sanctuary, Rydal Mount; and not a few crossed over from other lands to catch a glimpse of that great man who has filled the world with his fame. D. 18o0. His noble autobio- graphical poem, "The Prelude, or the Growth of a Poet's Mind," was a post- humous publication. WORMIUS, Glaus, an able Danish physician and autiauary, was b. in 1588, at Aarhusen, in Jutland ; studied ctt Marpurg, Strasburgh, and Basle ; was successively professor of belles lettres, Greek literature, and physic, at Copen- hagen, and was made a canon ot the cathedral of Lunden by Christiern IV., as a reward for his medical services. D. lGn4. WOTTON, Sir IIenrv, a diplomatist and miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1568, at Broughton hall, in Kent, and was educated at Winchester scliool, and at Kew college and Queen's colle, who attained to preat proficiency in the art, and d. in his 27tli year. — Fuedekico, Lis younger brother, h. ir)43, resided several years in England, where he grew into high repute, and painted the portrait of Queen Eruabetli. Previous to his going to that country he had given great oti'cnce to Pope Gregory XIII. by caricaturing several distin- guished persons connected with the papal court; but his friends in England succeeded in restoring him to favor at Eome; and, on his return, he estab- lished an academy of painting in that city, which he continued to superintend tilf his death, in 1(509. ZUMBO, Gaetano Julhts, a celebra- ted modeller in wax, was b. IGSfi, at Sy- racuse, in Sicily ; and d. at Paris, in 1701. For the grand duke of Tuscany ho executed, in colored wax, several admirable works. The most celebrated of these bears the name of the "Putre- faction." It exhibits live figures — a dy- ing person, a dead body, a corpse in a state of incipient corruption, one half corrupted, and another in the last stage ot corruption and a prey to worms, llis masterpieces, a Nativity and a Descent from the Cross, are at Genoa. ZUKITA, Jekom, a Spanish historian, was b. 1512, at Sarago^sa, and, after 69* having been employed in various offices at home, and on a mission to Germany, was appointed liistoriographer of Ara- gon. lie d.in 1531. His greatest work IS "Annals of the Crown of Aragon," in seven folio volumes. ZWINGLI, or ZUINGLIUS, Ulric, one of the most enlightened and tolerant of the Protestant reformers, was b. in 1484, at "Wildhaus, in Switzerland, and was educated at IJasle, Berne, and Vienna. On his return to Basle, he was appointed a classical teacher when he was only 18. In 150G he took the de- gree of M.A., and was chosen minister of Glaris. In 1512 and 1515 he accom- panied the auxiliary Swiss troops to Italy, and was present at the disastrous battle of Mariguan ; a circumstance which inspired or increased bis abhor- rence of all war except that which is undertaken for the defence of our native land. In 1516 he was made preacher at Einseidlen, and it was at that period that he entered upon the career of ec- clesiastical reformation. In 1513 he became rector of Zurich. Steadily but prudently be pursued bis course of reform, and, in 1524, had the gratifica- tion of seeing his doctrines adopted by the great council of Zurich. His in- fluence among the Swiss Protestants continued to be powerful during the remainder of his life. In 1531, war having broken out between the Catholic and Protestant cantons, Zuiiiglius was ordered by the senate to accompany the troops, and was unfortunately slaiu in the skirmish, at Cappel. T H K K Nl>. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below i^^ OCT 2 4 1950 REC'D LD-URU FEB 51989 Form L-9 siim-ia.'so.'.Tase) i^-pTf;^ iJiRsrnr Of' cAiiB^^ CT 103 G54C UC SnilTHFRN RFGinNAl I IRRARY FAriLITY Jl II ill ill llll I III I ll ll I I llll ll AA 000 812 850 6