U F HANDBOOK OF THE 18-INCH HOWITZER MATERIEL MODEL OF 1915 WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR ITS CARE ;-NRLF I 7M D75 (EIGHTEEN PLATES) JANUARY 27, 1916 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 GIFT OF No. 1781 I/. S , Vdi v-i * ^ C - o( e j>t. HANDBOOK OF THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER MATERIEL MODEL OF 19 15 WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR ITS CARE (EIGHTEEN PLATES) JANUARY 27, 1916 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 - WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, Washington, January 27, 1916. This manual ie published for the information and government of the Regular Army and Organized Militia of the United States. By order of the Secretary of War: WILLIAM CROZIER, Brigadier General, Chief of Ordnance. (3) 370921 CONTENTS. Page. List of plates 9 List of equipment 10 Howitzers, models of 1908 and 1908Mi: Weights, dimensions, etc 11 Description 11 Breech mechanism: Description 12-16 Action of 16-17 Firing device 17-18- To dismantle the firing mechanism 18-19- To dismantle the breech mechanism 19 1 Care of the howitzer 19' Ammunition: Cartridge case 20 Primer 20-21 Powder charge 22 Projectiles Common steel shell 22-23- Common shrapnel 23- Fuzes: Combination 23-24 F. A. combination 24-27 Hand fuze setter: Description 27-28 Operation of 28-29' Disassembling and assembling 29-30 Adjustment of 30 Nomenclature 30 1 Range tables 31-32 Marking on ammunition boxes 33 Drill cartridge 33-34 Misfires and hangfires 34 Allowance of ammunition 34 Blank ammunition: Cartridge case 34 Primer 34-35 Charge 35 Preparation of blank metallic ammunition 35 Precautions to be observed 35-36- Care of the cartridge cases 36 Reloading and cleaning outfit 37 Targets 37 Carriage: Weights, dimensions, etc 37-38 ; Nomenclature 38-45 Description 45-7O (5) Page. Weights, dimensions, 'etc 70-71 Nomenclature 71-73 Description 74-77 Caisson: Weights, dimensions, etc * 77 Nomenclature 77-80 Description 80-83 Forge limber: Weights, dimensions, etc 83 Nomenclature 84-86 Description 87-88 Battery wagon, model of 1902: Weights, dimensions, etc 88 Nomenclature 88-90 Description 90-93 Battery wagon, model of 1902Mi: Weights, dimensions, etc 94-95 Nomenclature 95-98 Description 99 Store limber: Weights, dimensions, etc 93 Description 93-94 Store wagon, model of 1902: Weights, dimensions, etc 94 Description 94 Store wagon, model of 1902Mi: Weights, dimensions, etc 94-95 Nomenclature 95-98 Description 99 Cyclometer: Description 99-100 Nomenclature 100 Padlocks and bolt snaps ,. 100 Artillery harness: Nomenclature 100-101 Steel collars: Directions for fitting 102 Tables of dimensions 102-103 Collar-lifting device 104 Adjustment of harness 104-105 Care and preservation of leather: Reason for oiling 105-106 Care of russet leather 106 Care of black leather 106-107 Sights: Front sight 107-108 Rear sight 107-108 Use of the rear sight 115 Care of the front and rear sights 115-116 Panoramic sight, model of 1904: Description 109-111 Use of 115-116 Care of.. . 117-118 Panoramic sight, model of 1915: Page. D escription 112 Use of 115-116 Care of 117-118 Range quadrant: Description .* 112-115 Use of 116 Care of 118 Adjustment of sights and quadrant: Panoramic sight, model of 1904 119 Panoramic sight, model of 1915 119 Front and rear sights 119 Range quadrant 119-120 Verification of parallelism of lines of sight and axis of bore 120-121 Additional tests 122 Spare sights and quadrant 122 Adjusting instruments 122 General information: Painting artillery materiel 123 Oils for artillery materiel 124-125 Repairs for field artillery materiel issued to the United States Army and Organized Militia 125 Instructions for riveting. 125-126 Suggestions for care and maintenance of materiel 126-130 Supplies in general 130 Method of loading a battery for transportation 130-132 Total equipment of one battery, together with expendable supplies 133-148 Index.. . 149-155 LIST OF PLATES. Plate. Faces page. I. 3.8-inch howitzers, models of 1908 and 1908Mi 11 II. Breech mechanism, assembled 12 III. Projectiles .' 22 IV. 31-second combination fuze, model of 1907M 24 V. Hand fuze setter, model of 1913 28 VI. Carriage, plan view 46 VII. Carriage, right side view 47 VIII. Carriage, left side view 46 IX. Carriage, assembled sections 47 X. Limber, side and rear views 74 XI. Caisson, side and rear views 80 XII. Battery wagon, model of 1902Mi, side and rear views 99 XIII. Artillery harness 1 100 XIV. Spare parts for steel collars l 102 XV. Collar-lifting device : 104 XVI. Sight assembled 107 XVII. Panoramic sight, model of 1904 l 109 XVIII. Range quadrant 112 i In 1659. (9) LIST OF EQUIPMENT PERTAINING TO ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY ON WAR FOOTING. Num- ber. Equipment. Property classlficar tlon. Class. Section. 4 4 16 12 1 1 1 1 37 19 3 8-inch howitzers model of 1908 or 1908Mi .... ... IV IV } < v 3 9 8 3 8-inch howitzer carriages model of 1915. . ..... ... .. 3 8-inch howitzer limbers, model of 1915. 3 8-inch howitzer caissons, model of 1915. Battery wagon, model of 1902 or 1902Mi Store limber, model of 1902 Store wagon, model of 1902 or 1902Mi Sets of artillery harness (lead) Sets of artillery harness (wheel) .... . . . (10) r HANDBOOK OF THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER MATERIEL, MODEL OF 1915. THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZERS, MODELS OF 1908 AND 1908 Ml. [Plate I.] WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Mod. 1908. 1908 Mi. Weight pounds. . 423 Caliber inches. . 3. 8 Total length do 48. Length of bore do 44. 2 Length of rifled portion of bore do 35. 75 Rifling: Number of grooves 34 Depth of grooves. .- inches. . 0. 03 Width of grooves do ; 0. 2111 Width of lands do 0.14 Twist, right-hand, uniform one turn in 20 cals. Weight of projectile, filled and fuzed pounds. 30 Weight of powder charge ounces . 16 Weight of cartridge case pounds. 3. 2 Capacity of cartridge case cubic inches. 70 Muzzle velocity feet per second. 900 Maximum pressure per square inch pounds . 18, 000 Range at 45 elevation yards. . 6, 338 432 3.8 50.0 46.2 37.23 34 0.03 0. 2111 0.14 30 16 3.2 70 900 18,000 6,338 DESCRIPTION. The howitzer is built up of nickel steel, and consists of two parts the body and the breech hoop. The breech hoop envelops the breech end of the body and projects beyond it to form the breech recess or seat for the breech mechanism. The breech hoop is joined to the breech end of the body by means of screw threads employing six and one-half turns to set it in place, and in addition to being threaded on it is put on with a shrinkage. The breech hoop has a lug at its extreme end which projects upward and forms a point of attachment for the recoil devices. Along the body in the upper right and left hand quadrants are two clips which serve as guide rails. The sur- faces of these guide rails are parallel to the bore of the body, and fitting into the recoil guides of the carriage, direct the howitzer dur- ing recoil and counter-recoil. By means of these guide rails the weight of the howitzer is transmitted to the carriage. The Model of 1908 Mi has a modified type of traveling lock lug. There is also a difference in the length and weight of the two models. (11) 12 BREECH MECHANISM. [Plate II.] The breechblock is of the interrupted-screw type, and is provided with four threaded and four slotted sectors. The front end of the axial recess in the block for the hub of the block carrier is closed by a bushing. Three vent holes leading from a cavity in the bushing rearwardly through the breechblock permit the escape of gas in case of primer rupture. On a semicircular boss on the rear face of the breechblock are cut gear teeth, in which the gear teeth of the operat- ing lever bevel gear mesh. The lower end of the circular boss on which the gear teeth are cut serve as a stop to limit the rotation of the block in the unlocked position. This lower end of the circular boss comes in contact with a hardened steel stop riveted to the inner face of the block carrier. A radial lug or tooth projects from the inner surface of the circular boss on the breechblock and engages an L-shaped groove cut in the hub of the block carrier, so that when the mechanism is unlocked no relative movement between the breechblock and carrier can take place. In order to maintain this relation between the breechblock and block carrier, a block latch, pivoted on the inner face of the carrier in the upper left-hand quad- rant, engages a notch or shoulder cut in the rear face of the block adjacent to the circular hub on which the gear teeth are cut. This latch is so pivoted that as the mechanism is swung free from the howitzer it moves forward sufficiently to engage the notch in the block, and also to cause the forward plane of the latch to project forward of the front face of the block carrier; consequently when the mechanism is swung to the closed position the front face of the latch comes in contact with the rear face of the breech of the howitzer, thus forcing the latch out of the notch in the breechblock back into a recess in the carrier, and on continuing the motion of closing the mechanism the breechblock is free to rotate on the hub of the carrier and engage its threads with those in the howitzer. When the breech- block is in the locked position a lug on the firing-lock case engages the front face of the tooth or lug on the breechblock, locking the breechblock to the carrier. The breechblock is mounted eccentri- cally in the breech of the howitzer, with reference to the axis of the bore, and is concentrically mounted on a hub on the block carrier, in which the firing-lock case is fitted. The firing lock is eccentrically fitted in the hub of the block carrier, in such a position that the axis of the firing pin is always in line with the bore of the howitzer. The bushing in the front end of the breechblock, through which the firing pin passes, when in the fired position, is fitted eccentrically with reference to the breechblock, and is provided with a cavity of such dimensions that the breechblock is permitted to revolve about the 13 firing pin, which is fixed in the hub of the block carrier and does not rotate. The point of the firing pin, when at rest, is always within the enlarged cavity in the bushing, and when the block is revolved to the unlocked position the hole in the bushing through which the point of the firing pin passes is moved to one side, due to the eccentric arrangement of the breechblock, thus masking the point of the pin and preventing any possible contact between the firing pin and the primer in the cartridge case when the block is unlocked. The block will be practically locked before any contact between the firing pin and primer can take place. The firing pin is provided with a shoulder a short distance in rear of its forward end, which comes in contact with the rear face of the bushing if an attempt is made to fire the howitzer when the breech is unlocked. This is to prevent any pos- sible blow coming on the point of the firing pin and injuring it. FIRING MECHANISM. The firing mechanism belongs to that type known as the continu- ous-pull mechanism; that is, no cocking of the firing pin is required other than a pull on the lanyard or a downward pressure on the firing handle. This arrangement permits of repeating the blow from the firing pin in case of a misfire as often as desired, without opening the mechanism. FIRING PIN. The firing pin is mounted in the firing-lock case and near its front end is provided with a collar which serves to guide the pin and acts as a shoulder for the front end of firing spring. This shoulder also serves as a means for locking the firing pin to the sear until the fir- ing spring has been compressed by the action of the firing mecha- nism and the sear released. The rear end of the firing pin is rec- tangular in cross section and is provided with a double lug against which the trigger fork engages at a point between its upper end and its axis. The engagement serves as a means of withdrawing the firing pin to its retracted or normal position, after the pin has been released and forced forward. Opposite the double lug for the trigger fork the firing pin is provided with another and smaller lug, which fits into a slot in the firing-spring sleeve and serves to hold the sleeve in its proper position. FIRING SPRING. The firing spring is threaded over the firing pin from the rear end of the pin, and over this is assembled the firing-spring sleeve in such a manner that when it is seated in its proper position the firing spring is put under an initial compression by being compressed between the collar on the front end of the firing pin and a shoulder or seat formed on the inside of the sleeve at its rear end. 1419917 2 14 SEAR. The sear, which is in the form of a leaf spring, is seated in a slot in the firing-lock case and is provided with a thickened forward end, into which is cut a notch to engage with a hardened portion of the periphery of the shoulder on the firing pin. Just to the rear of this notch in the sear an inclined surface is provided, upon which the forward end of the firing-spring sleeve acts in its forward motion. After the sleeve has traveled the required distance forward to pro- duce the proper compression in the firing spring, the sear is forced outward, thus releasing the engagement between the sear and the shoulder on the firing pin. On the rear end of the sear a cylindrical projection is formed, which fits into a hole drilled into the firing- lock case. This serves to hold the sear in place. TRIGGER FORK. The trigger fork is seated in the rear end of the firing-lock case, is constrained from displacement laterally by the walls of the case, and is mounted on the upper squared end of the trigger shaft. The forked end engages the firing pin and sleeve, and it is seated so that the flat sides of the firing pin pass between the ends of the fork, and the rear face of the fork bears against the front face of the double lug on the firing pin at a point located between the end of the trigger fork and its axis. This point of contact between the firing pin and trigger fork is important, as it helps to maintain the proper opera- tion of the firing pin in its return action after firing. The extreme ends of the trigger fork are made in the form of cylinders, and these ends bear against a flat surface on the rear end of the firing-spring sleeve perpendicular to the axis of the sleeve. The fork does not touch the sleeve at any other point. This is important and is the main element which causes the firing pin to return to its normal posi- tion after firing. The firing spring is under a fixed initial compres- sion when at rest and exerts an equal pressure between the collar on the front end of the firing pin and its seat in the rear end of the firing-spring sleeve. The pressure on the firing-pin collar is trans- mitted to the trigger fork at the bearing between the latter and the double lug on the firing pin, while the pressure on the spring seat in the sleeve is transmitted to the trigger fork at its extreme ends. These two forces are constantly equal and opposite in direction, but have different lever arms with respect to the axis of rotation of the fork. The fork is therefore acted upon by a varying couple, the moment of which is sufficient, when the trigger shaft is released, to rotate the trigger fork to the rear, carrying with it the firing pin through the medium of the double lug on its rear end. This motion continues until the firing-pin collar engages the sear, at which time the spring, sleeve, trigger fork, and firing pin are in their normal positions and the firing mechanism again ready for action. 15 TRIGGER SHAFT. The trigger shaft is assembled in a projection which forms a part of the firing-lock case, and is held in place by a wire detent. It has at its lower end a squared portion on which the trigger fork is mounted. At its upper end are two projections, the longer of which is provided with a hole for the attachment of a lanyard, by which the howitzer should be fired until the spade at the end of the trail is sufficiently embedded in the ground to hold the carriage in place. The other projection on the trigger shaft is acted upon by the firing pallet, which is mounted in the firing-handle bracket. The firing pallet is connected by the firing link to the firing shaft, on which is mounted the firing handle. This combination of parts serves as a means for firing the howitzer from a seat on the carriage. FIRING-LOCK CASE. The firing-lock case contains the entire firing mechanism and can, if necessary, be replaced, complete, in an instant without opening the breech. It contains the firing pin, firing spring, firing-spring sleeve, sear, trigger fork, and trigger shaft and detent. It is pro- vided with four lugs, by which it is locked in place in the hub of the block carrier, and one lug which is forward of the other four, which engages behind a lug on the breechlock. This lug, together with {/he other four which lock the casing to the carrier, serves to lock the block and carrier together. The firing-lock casing is held from rotary dis- placement by a spring catch or locking bolt. This locking bolt is fitted in a projection of the casing and its inner end enters a recess or seat in the rear face of the block carrier. OPERATING LEVER. The handle and body of the lever is recessed to receive the lever latch. The inner end of the lever is provided with beveled gear teeth, which mesh with corresponding teeth on the breechblock and serve as a means for opening and closing the mechanism. The lever is seated between two lugs on the block carrier and is held in place by a pivot. BLOCK CARRIER. The block carrier is hinged on its right side to the howitzer by means of the hinge pin. It is provided "with a central, inwardly- projecting hub, upon which the breechblock is concentrically mounted. The hub is bored out eccentrically to receive the firing- lock case, which is held in place from axial displacement by four lugs- formed on the inside of the bore. In the forward end of the central hub a slot is cut, which extends to the rear and terminates in an L This receives the lug on the breechblock and holds the block from 16 displacement when the mechanism is open. Two lugs are formed on the rear face of the carrier just above its center. They form a seat for the operating lever. On the inner face in the upper left- hand quadrant a seat and pivot for the block latch is provided. In the lower right-hand quadrant on the inner face a hardened-steel block stop is riveted. This prevents the rotation of the block in the open position. In the lower circumference are drilled three vent- holes for the escape of gas in case of a blowback. A catch for the operating-lever latch is suitably located and screwed to the rear face of the carrier. It is held in place by a small pin driven in from the circumference of the carrier. On the right side of the carrier a projecting pallet is attached, which serves to operate the extractor. BLOCK LATCH. The latch serves to prevent rotation of the block to its closed position until it is forced backward by coming in contact with the breech of the howitzer. A recess in the latch contains a spring which presses against the inner face of the carrier, forcing the latch forward into its locking recess in the block when the breech is open. When the block is locked the latch rests against the rear face of the howitzer. EXTRACTOR. The extractor is located in the extractor seat. It is operated by the right face of the carrier, the pallet on the latter serving to give it a quick throw at the end of the swing of the carrier in opening the mechanism. The extractor rolls on its forward or convex face and is prevented from being displaced by its trunnions, which slide in grooves formed in the top and bottom of the extractor seat. A lip on the extractor engages the rim of the cartridge case and serves as a means of ejecting it. OPERATING-LEVER LATCH. The latch is fitted in a seat in the opening lever and serves to lock the handle from rotation, which in turn prevents rotation of the block. The latch is held in place by a steel pivot, which is so fitted that it is held in place by the lever latch and the action of its spring. HINGE PIN. This is a hardened-steel pin ground to fit and is held from dis- placement by a spring catch fitted to its upper end. ACTION OF THE BREECH MECHANISM. To open the breech grasp the operating-lever handle; at the same time compress the lever-latch handle. This releases the latch from the catch on the block carrier. Rotate the operating lever to the 17 rear. During the first part of this movement (81-49') the block is rotated and its threads disengaged from those of the howitzer, at which time the stop on the block comes in contact with the stop on the block carrier, and the block latch will drop into its notch in the block at the moment of swinging the carrier from the howitzer. The block is now locked against further rotation in either direction. During a further rotation of the operating lever of about 100 the block and carrier swing about the hinge pin clear of the breech recess, the pallet on the carrier forces the outer end of the extractor lever forward, unseating the cartridge case before the end of the 100 movement and finally ejecting the case from the howitzer. When another round is inserted the rim of the cartridge case comes in contact with the extractor and forces it partly home. In closing the mechanism the movements are simply the reverse of opening; as the block carrier comes in contact with the breech face of the howitzer the block latch is forced rearward, unlocking the block from the car- rier. Further rotation of the operating lever rotates the breechblock, causing its threads to engage those of the howitzer. This engage- ment of threads moves the block forward, due to the pitch of the threads, and firmly seats the cartridge in the howitzer. At the final motion of the operating lever its latch engages the catch on the rear face of the block carrier, locking the block in the closed position. The howitzer is now ready to fire. FIRING DEVICE. The firing device consists of a firing-handle bracket (bolted to the cradle of the carriage), firing handle, firing-handle spring, firing- handle plunger, firing-handle hub, handle-return spring, shaft-return spring, firing shaft, firing link, firing pallet, shaft-trip collar, trip latch, trip-latch spring, trip-latch pin, trip-collar pin, trip-latch plunger, and adjusting screw. The bracket has a cylindrical portion, the cylinder having a central diaphragm or partition. In the rear por- tion of this cylinder is fitted the shaft-return spring, which acts on the firing shaft to return it to its normal position after the sear has been tripped and the howitzer fired. The firing shaft returns to its normal position, no matter whether the operator releases the firing handle or not. In the forward portion of the cylinder the handle-return spring is fitted. This spring is employed to hold the firing handle in a posi- tion convenient for firing the howitzer. The firing handle is mounted loosely on the forward end of the firing shaft and is connected therewith by means of a trip collar and latch. The trip collar is provided with a squared opening which fits over a correspondingly squared end on the forward end of the firing shaft, 18 The hub of the firing handle is provided with a trip latch so arranged that the latch is in engagement with a notch in the periph- ery of the trip collar. By this means the firing handle is temporarily made fast to the firing shaft. By a sufficient downward movement of the firing handle the lower end of the trip-latch plunger is caused to come in contact with the adjusting screw, which is suitably located in the firing-handle bracket. This engagement between the lower end of the trip-latch plunger and the adjusting screw forces the plunger upward, thus releasing the trip latch and allowing the firing shaft to return to its original or normal position. The firing handle is arranged so that it can be folded back and out of the way for travel- ing purposes. The handle is hollow and is provided with a plunger, coil spring, and an adjusting or compression plug, which is screwed in or out by means of a screw driver until the desired compression on the spring is obtained. One end of the plunger bears against a flat surface on the firing-handle hub, and the friction produced by the compression of the spring tends to hold the firing handle in either the folded or open position. On the rear of the firing shaft is formed a lug which is connected to a lug on the firing pallet by the firing link. Pressing down on the firing handle results as follows: The firing shaft is rotated, the shaft-return and handle-return springs are put under additional stress, the firing link transmits this rotation to the firing pallet, the trigger shaft rotates, which in turn rotates the trigger fork, compressing the firing spring through the medium of the firing-spring sleeve until the front end of the latter trips the sear and releases the firing pin. TO DISMANTLE THE FIRING MECHANISM. Take hold of the milled headed locking bolt situated at the lower end of the firing-lock case, pull it to the rear; at the same time revolve the firing-lock case downward about 45 and pull it gently to the rear. This will remove the case with the firing mechanism complete from the howitzer. Press the trigger-shaft detent until it disengages from the notch in the firing-lock case. This will allow the trigger shaft, with its detent, to be withdrawn. Then gently press on the front end of the firing pin, forcing it back into the casing. This will allow the trigger fork to fall out. Then, with one finger placed on the front end of the sear, force it outward ; at the same time grasp the front end of the firing pin. Give it a sharp pull. This will remove the firing pin with its spring and sleeve from the casing. Then place the front end of the firing pin against a block of wood, bear down on the firing-spring sleeve until the spring is compressed sufficiently to disengage the slot in the rear end of the sleeve from the small lug on the rear end of the firing pin, slightly turn the sleeve, and then the sleeve can be separated from the spring and pin. By an 19 unscrewing motion the spring can be removed from the pin. The sear can be removed by gently pressing it in toward the center of the casing. To assemble, reverse these operations, taking care that before driving too hard on the end of the trigger shaft that the square hole in the trigger fork is in position to receive the tapered end of the trigger shaft. No tools are required for assembling or dismantling this mechanism. TO DISMANTLE THE BREECH MECHANISM. Grasp the operating lever and open the mechanism; when the mechanism is open force the block latch out of its seat in the block by pressing it into its seat in the carrier. Take hold of the block and revolve it to the left until it stops; then pull it to the rear, taking care not to drop it. The block latch can now be readily removed. After the firing-lock case has been removed the operating lever can be re- moved by forcing its pivot down from above by a gentle pressure with the palm of the hand. The lever latch can be removed by pressing in on the latch at a point near its lower end opposite its pivot. The hole in the latch is cut eccentric with reference to the pivot, and a shoulder on the pivot prevents its displacement until the latch is forced in enough to bring the hole concentric with the pivot. When this occurs the pivot can be readily pulled out and the latch removed. To remove the block carrier first remove the hinge-pin catch, force the hinge pin down by hand until it can be caught by the head, and remove it, swinging the carrier back and forth if the pin sticks. The extractor can now be removed from the howitzer. Reverse these operations for assembling the mechanism. No tools other than the hands are required for dismantling this breech mech- anism. CARE OF THE HOWITZER. After firing, the bore of the howitzer should be cleaned to remove the residue of smokeless powder, and then oiled. In cleaning, wash the bore with a solution made by dissolving one-half pound of sal soda in 1 gallon of boiling water. After washing with the soda solution wipe perfectly dry, and then oil the bore with a thin coating of the light slushing oil furnished for the purpose. A slush brush for use in oiling the bore is issued by the Ordnance Department. The breech mechanism should be kept clean and well oiled. It should be dismounted from time to time for examination and oiled when assembled. .The spare parts carried in the trail box or in the battery wagon should be well coated with vaseline or heavy oil and each piece then wrapped in paper to prevent the oil from being rubbed off. 20 AMMUNITION. Separate loading ammunition with brass case is used in the 3.8- inch howitzer and is made up with either common shrapnel or com- mon steel shell. The ammunition varies in length with the type of projectile used. The ammunition chests of the battery are of suffi- cient size to take any of the ammunition furnished so that the num- ber of each kind to be carried is a matter of regulation by proper authority. All ammunition is issued filled and fuzed. The weight of the pro- jectile is 30 pounds, and the total weight of one complete cartridge is about 34 J pounds. The components of this ammunition are the pruned cartridge case, diaphragm, propelling charge, and the fuzed projectile. A cast-iron shell has been designed having the same center of gravity and exterior dimensions as the common steel shell. A design for a high-explosive shrapnel is being developed with a view to its adoption to supersede the common shrapnel. THE CARTRIDGE CASE. [Plate III.] The cartridge case is a solid drawn brass case 7.34 inches long, having a capacity of 63.37 cubic inches under diaphragm and weighs, with primer, 3.125 pounds. The head of the case has a projecting flange or rim under which the lip of the extractor engages. The center of the head of the cartridge case is bored out to form a seat into which the primer is forced. These primer seats are first man- dreled to near the finished dimensions with a tapered steel drift to toughen the metal of the cartridge case contiguous to the primer seat and then reamed to finished size. This toughening is necessary to prevent expansion of the primer seat under the chamber pressure and consequent loose fit of the primer in subsequent firings. The primers are inserted in the case by means of the large primer insert- ing press to avoid injury to the primer seat or to the operator. Special decapping tools are also issued for use in removing exploded primers from cartridge cases. The base is stamped with name of gun, initials of place, and year of manufacture, and ammunition lot number. THE PRIMER. [Plate III.] To insure the ignition of smokeless-powder charges in cartridge cases it is necessary that the primers either contain in themselves, in addition to the percussion composition, an auxiliary charge of black powder or that an auxiliary charge of such powder be placed at the rear of the cartridge case to communicate the flame from the percus- sion primer and thoroughly ignite the smokeless powder. The per- 21 cussion primer, known as the "110-grain percussion primer/' con- tains an igniting charge of 95 grains of black powder in addition to- the essential elements of a percussion primer or cap. The 110-grain percussion primer is shown in Plate III and con- sists of a brass case resembling in shape a small-arms cartridge case. The head or rear end of the primer case is counterbored, forming a cup-shaped recess, in which is seated the cap or percussion primer proper. The latter consists of the cup, the anvil, and the percus- sion composition assembled as shown on Plate III. The percussion composition is known as the "H-42" mixture, and contains the following ingredients: Per cent. Chlorate of potash 47. 20 Antimony sulphide 30.83 Flowers of sulphur 21. 97 The percussion-cap recess is connected with the interior of the primer case by a small axial vent. The body of the case contains 95 grains of black powder, constituting the rear priming or igniting charge for the smokeless powder propelling charge. This black powder is inserted under a pressure of 2,400 pounds per square inch, and is pressed into the primer body around a central wire, which is then withdrawn, leaving a longitudinal hole the full length of the primer. Eight radial holes are drilled through the primer and the compressed powder, affording 16 vents for the free exit of the black powder flames. After filling the primer, the front end of the primer case is closed by two cardboard wads and waterproofed with shellac. The radial perforations in the body of the primer case are covered by a tinfoil wrapper, shellacked on to retain in the case any loose black powder as well as to exclude all moisture. In action, the blow of the firing pin explodes the percussion cap, which ignites the black powder, the flames from the latter shoot out through the vents in the primer case and ignite the smokeless-powder charge. A shorter primer, known as the " saluting primer, percussion," i& issued for use in blank cartridges. The percussion elements and dimensions of the seat in the cartridge case for both types of primers are identical. The primer charge of the saluting primer consists of 20 grains of loose rifle powder, held in place by a paper wad shel- lacked in the mouth of the primer case. The 20-grain saluting primers are issued in hermetically sealed tin boxes, 25 in a box. The boxes should not be opened nor the cases primed until shortly before they are required for use. The large primer inserting press is provided for inserting both types of primers. This press should be used and the primers never hammered into their seats in the cartridge case. Special decapping tools are also issued for removing old primer cases from cartridge cases without injury to the latter. 22 THE POWDER CHARGE. The powder is a nitrocellulose powder composed of multiperfo- rated (seven perforations) cylindrical grains packed in three raw silk bags to provide for the three zones of fire. The bags are distinguished in the following manner: The bag placed in the bottom of the car- tridge case is known as the "inner charge bag" and is stamped " 1." The bag in the middle is known as the "middle charge bag" and is stamped "2." The bag at the top directly under the diaphragm is known as the "outer charge bag" and is stamped "3." The total charge varies in different lots of powder, but is approximately 16 ounces. The charge bags are held in place by means of glazed jute or flax twine passed through special screw eyes in the head of the case. The heads of these screw eyes consist of two helical coils in place of the usual ring. In making up the cartridge the twine for the middle charge bag, which is colored with rosaniline, is first passed under the heads of the screw eyes and the ends laid over the edge of the cartridge case. Two pieces of twine are passed through the fabric of the inner charge bag on the front end and tied. The ends are then passed through the hole for the primer, passed under the screw eyes, and brought up outside of the bag; one end of each string is then tied across the top of the bag and the free ends laid over the edge of the case. The middle charge bag is then placed in position and secured by the colored string, which is threaded through the holes in the ends of the handle and tied over the top of the bag. The remaining strings are used to secure the outer charge bag in a similar manner, after which the diaphragm is inserted and secured in place by the soldering strip. Shrapnel should not be fired for canister effect with inner zone charge and fuze setting, as the personnel of the firing detachment would thereby be endangered, due to a possible rearward movement of the shrapnel case, the case velocity arising from the bursting charge being sometimes greater than the muzzle velocity. For this reason and also for the purpose of securing the greatest and most effective ball velocity, the full charge should always be used when firing for canister effect. Smokeless powder must not be used for blank charges. For this purpose the Ordnance Department furnishes special powder. PROJECTILES. COMMON STEEL SHELL. [Plate III.] The common steel shell is provided with an ogival head struck with a radius of two calibers and is fitted with a copper rotating band forced into an annular groove 1.5 inches from the base. The base of the shell is tapped for a medium caliber base detonating fuze and is fitted with a copper base cover secured in the base cover ffOrAHHG BAHO. COMMOM STL SHELL, MODEL Of/9Of-DSICAlB. Giw cornoN. REStNHEAD FILLER. SfCCWa COMBINAT/OH FUZE. LOOSE SHRAPNEL STEEL D/APHRAGM. SCREW Erf. GRAJN PERCUSSION PRIMER. FIRST ZOA/E CHARGE. SECOND ZONE CHARGE. COMMON SHRAPNEL. POWDER BA&S.- TEEL HEAD. COVER CWMPtNe GROOVE. OCK/NGP/N. BOURRELET DERIN0 Sr/f/R. BRASS D/APHRAGM. CAfACtrr fJ. 67 CU W. corro* CORD HANDLES. CARTRIDGE CASE. 23 groove by the calking wire. The base cover consists of a copper cover, lead disk lying between the cover and the projectile, and a lead calking wire. This base cover seals the joint between the fuze and shell against the entrance of propelling powder gases into the shell cavity. Two types of shell are manufactured, known as design A and design B. Design A is the older type. It is 14.7 inches long and contains a bursting charge of 1.87 pounds of trinitrotoluol. It will ultimately be superseded by design B, which is 14.125 inches long and contains a bursting charge of 1.53 pounds of trinitrotoluol. This latter type has a heavier wall and is provided with a base plug, the joint between which and the base of the shell are protected by the base cover. The weight of either type of shell with bursting charge and fuze is 30 pounds. Shells are always issued filled, fuzed, and base covered. COMMON SHRAPNEL. [Plate III.] The shrapnel is a base-charged common shrapnel fitted with a combination fuze. The case is of forged alloy steel with a solid base. The rotating band is forced into an annular groove cut in the case 1.5 inches from the base. The front or mouth of the case is closed by a steel head, screwed in and tapped to take the service 31-second combination fuze, model of 1907 M. The shrapnel bursting charge is composed of a charge of loose black shrapnel powder (0.33 pound). The bursting charge is contained in chamber formed by the base of the shrapnel case and the diaphragm. The diaphragm supports a brass central tube which extends forward to the fuze, and thus affords a flame channel from the fuze to the bursting charge. At the lower end of the central tube a stopper of dry guncotton is fitted to assist the ignition of the bursting charge and to prevent the loose powder charge from getting into the tube. The shrapnel filling is composed of 369 balls, each approximately 215 grains in weight. The balls are approximately 0.54 inch in diameter. The interstices con- tain a smoke-producing matrix. In action the case is not ruptured upon the explosion of the bursting charge, but the diaphragm, shrapnel balls, head, and fuze are expelled from the shrapnel case in much the same way as shot is expelled from a shotgun cartridge. All shrapnel ammunition is issued fuzed ready for use and provided with a waterproof cover over the fuze to exclude moisture. FUZE. COMBINATION FUZE. These fuzes are point fuzes with combination time and percussion elements for use with shrapnel. They are of the type known as the ring or "dial" fuze, in which the time train is set by turning a gradu- 24 ated ring which carries part of the time train. These fuzes may be reset as often as desired. The setting should be kept at "S" for safe transportation. FRANKFORD ARSENAL COMBINATION FUZE, MODEL OF 1907 M. [Plate IV.] (a) Body, bronze. (6) Closing cap, brass. (6 1 ) Vents in closing cap. (6 2 ) Safety wire. (c) Upper time train ring, Tobin bronze. (c 1 ) Washer for time train ring, graduated, felt cloth. (d) Time train ring, graduated, Tobin bronze. (d 1 ) Washer for body, felt cloth. (d 2 ) Rotating pin, brass. (e) Concussion plunger. (e 1 ) Concussion resistance ring, brass. (/) Firing pin. (g) Vent loading to upper time train. (h) Compressed powder pellet. (i) Upper time train, compressed powder. (j) Compressed powder pellet in vent leading to lower time train. (j 1 ) Compressed powder pellet in lower time train vent. (k) Lower time train, compressed powder. (I) Brass disk, crimped in place. (m) Compressed powder pellet in vent (o) . (o) Vent leading to magazine. (p) Powder magazine. (q) Percussion plunger. (r) Percussion primer. (s) Vents leading from percussion primer to magazine. (it) Bottom closing screw, brass. (v) Washer for closing screw, muslin. (w) Washer for closing screw, brass. The body (a) of this fuze is machined from a bronze die casting. The time train rings (c) and (d) are turned from hard-rolled bars of Tobin bronze. An annular groove in the shape of a horseshoe is milled in the lower face of each of the time train rings. Meal powder is compressed into these grooves under a heavy pressure, forming a time train. The time element of this fuze is composed principally of the follow- ing parts: The time or concussion plunger (e), the concussion resist- ance ring (e 1 ), the firing pin (/), the vent (g) leading to the upper time train, the compressed powder pellet (h), the upper time train (i), the vent (j), the lower time train (fc), the compressed powder pellet (m) in the vent (o) leading to the powder magazine (p) . fc 25 The plunger (e) is cylindrical in shape and contains the percussion composition in a recess at its base. The weight of the plunger rests upon the concussion resistance ring (e l ), which prevents the primer from contacting with the firing pin except in firing. At discharge of the howitzer the resistance of the ring is overcome, the plunger slips to the rear, and the primer is exploded by contact with the firing pin. As stated above, the annular grooves into which the meal powder of the time train is pressed are, in plain view, shaped like a horseshoe, a solid portion or safety being left between the ends of the groove in each ring or disk. The upper time train ring (c) is prevented from rotating by two spline pins, which are halved into the fuze body and the inner circum- ference of the ring. The vent (g) is drilled through the walls of the concussion plunger chamber, and is exactly opposite a hole in the inner surface of the upper time train leading to the end of the train from which the direc- tion of burning is anticlockwise. The hole (j) is drilled through the upper face of the lower time train ring (d) to the end of the lower time train groove, from which the direction of burning is clockwise. The lower time train ring is rotatable and is graduated on its outer edge in a clockwise direction from to 3 1 .6. These divisions each subtend an angle of 10 and after the first division are subdivided into five equal parts. A radial pin (d 2 ) is provided in the lower ring for engagement with a notch in the fuze setter for use in setting the fuze. A line on the lower flange of the fuze stock is the datum line for fuze settings. A few fuzes graduated in 29 divisions have also been issued. The vent (o) is drilled through the flange of the fuze stock to the powder magazine (p), and leads to the same end of the lower time train as the vent (j) i. e., that end from which the direction of burning is clockwise when the fuze is at its "zero" setting. The action of the fuze as a time fuze is as follows : Assume first the zero or canister setting as shown on the figure. At discharge of the howitzer the concussion plunger arms and fires its primer. The flame from the primer passes out through the vent (g), igniting the pellet (h), the end of the upper time train (i), down through the vent (j), to the end of the lower time train (k), and thence through the vent (o) to the magazine (p), the flame from which is transmitted to the base charge in the shrapnel. It will be seen that for the zero setting of the fuze the origin of both upper and lower time trains are in juxtaposition. Assume any other setting, say 12 seconds: The vent (j) has now changed its position with respect to the vent (h), leading to the beginning of the upper time train and the vent (o), leading to the powder magazine (p), both of which 1419917 3 26 points are fixed by the angle subtended between the and the 12 setting. The flame now passes out through vent (g) and burns along the upper time train in an anticlockwise direction until the vent (j) is reached, where it passes down to the beginning of the lower time train and burns back in a clockwise direction to the position of the vent (o), whence it is transmitted by the pellet of compressed powder (m} to the powder magazine (p). For the 31.6 setting the vent (j), leading to the beginning of the lower time train, is opposite the end of the upper time train and the end of the lower time train is opposite the vent (o), leading to the pow^der magazine. It will now be seen that to reach the maga- zine (p) and burst the shrapnel, the entire length of the time train in both rings must be burned. As already stated, the annular grooves in the lower face of each ring for the powder trains do not form complete circles, a solid portion or safety being left between the ends of the grooves in each. This solid portion is utilized to obtain a setting at which the fuze can not be exploded, known as the "safety point." This point is marked by a line on the outer edge of the movable time train, surmounted by an "S," and is located about halfway between the zero mark and the 31.6 graduation. When this point is brought opposite the line on the lower flange of the fuze body, the vent (j) is covered by the solid metal between the ends of the upper train and the vent (o), leading to the powder magazine (p), is covered by the solid metal between the ends of the lower or movable time train. At the safety setting it will be seen that the upper train may burn entirely out in case of accidental firing of the concussion plunger, or in case it may be desired to burst the shrapnel by impact or percussion, without the flame being able to reach the magazine (p). The cloth washers (c') and (d r ) are glued to the upper face of the graduated time-train ring and to the upper face of the flange on the fuze body. These surfaces are corrugated, as shown, to cause the washers to adhere more strongly. The function of the washers is to make a gas check and to prevent premature action or short- circuiting. The compressed pellet (/') in the vent leading from the outside to the beginning of the lower time train is to release the pressure of the gases due to the burning train. The gases from both time trains escape into the outer air through the annular spaces shown in the illustration and the vents (&') in the closing cap. The percussion element of this fuze, as shown in the plate, consists of a centrifugal percussion plunger (q) and an ordinary percussion primer (r). The system of vents through the walls of the fuze shown in figure 1 conduct the flame from the percussion primer to the magazine (/>). 27 The bottom closing screw closes the percussion plunger recess and retains the powder in the magazine. The muslin washer (v) is coated with shellac and held in place by the brass washer (w), over the outer edge of which a projecting lip is crimped. These fuzes are issued assembled in shrapnel. For transportation in limbers and caissons the fuze should always be set at the safety point and they are so set when packed. Also the safety wire should always be threaded through the concussion plunger during trans- portation. The fuze is provided with a waterproof cover of thin brass her- metically sealed. The cover should be stripped off before an attempt is made to set the fuze. The safety wire should be pulled out before the projectile is put in the fuze setter or loaded into the howitzer. CAUTION. Whenever a round of shrapnel ammunition has been withdrawn and the safety wire (6 2 ) removed from the point of the fuze it should never be replaced in the ammunition chest until the safety wire has been reassembled in the point of the fuze in order to lock the concussion plunger in place. THE HAND. FUZE SETTER. [Plate V.] DESCRIPTION. 1. The hand-fuze setter is a device for rapid and accurate setting of the time burning of the fuze for various ranges and heights of burst. 2. For the list of nomenclature see page 30. Plate V shows assem- bled and sectional views and designation of parts. 3. The hand-fuze setter provided for the 3. 8-inch howitzer con- sists principally of an aluminum case (1) having a serrated rim forming a handle for turning; a range ring (12) mounted on the range ring carrier (23), which is operated by the knob (10) on the worm (16); a corrector scale (20), mounted on the corrector scale support (22), is operated by the knob (10) on the worm (16) and a guide plate (21) which rests on the projectile. 4. A slot is cut in the range ring carrier (23), which engages with the pin on the graduated time-train ring of the fuze. A stop pin (17) is attached to the corrector-scale support (22) and engages with the stop pin of the fuze to limit the motion of the fuze setter. 5. The worm (16) for the range and correction scales are mounted eccentrically in the worm cases (11), which upon rotation provide an adjustment to accommodate for slight variations in manufacture and to take up for wear between the teeth of the worms and worm gears. 28 6. The worm- adjusting screw (24) provided for each worm (16) has a fiber washer (25) fitted in the end, which bears on the flange of the worm to take up the end motion and to cause sufficient friction to resist accidental turning. 7. Clamp plugs (14 and 15) are provided for locking the adjusting screws and worm cases, these plugs being held in place by screws (6 and 7). 8. The index bar (13), which is attached to the case by two index bar screws (4), carries a range index (26), which slides on the bar and registers the desired zone. The range index is held in position by the index plunger (27) being forced into the notches of the index bar by the index spring (28), 9. The range ring (12) has three scales for zones 1, 2, and 3. The scale for each is graduated from to the range corresponding to the maximum elevation. The least division is 50 yards. The corrector scale (20) has 210 divisions, numbered each 10 divisions to 100, then 120, 150, 170, 190, and 210, graduation marked 60 being the normal position for a suitable height of burst. The corrector scale is used to vary the height of burst of shrapnel and to compensate for errors made in determining the angle of site and variations in the rate of burning of the time train of the fuze. OPERATION. First. Set the range index on the index bar to indicate the zone corresponding to the powder charge used. Second. Turn the knob of the range worm until the required range on range ring registers with the index. Third. Turn the knob of the corrector worm until the graduated line on the corrector scale, which indicates the desired correction for height of burst, registers with the engraved arrow on the case. It should be remembered that 60 is the normal position and an increased reading increases the height of burst or shortens the range to point of burst; a decreased reading on the scales decreases the height of burst or increases the range to point of burst. To set a fuze, first remove the waterproof cap, withdraw the safety wire, place the hand-fuze setter over the fuze and turn until the slot in the range ring carrier engages with the pin on the graduated time train ring of the fuze. The guide plate and the range ring carrier will then bear firmly on the projectile. Then turn the fuze setter clockwise, as indicated by the arrow on the top of the case, until the stop pin attached to the corrector-scale support engages with the fixed stop pin on the fuze and further motion is prevented. The pointer which is attached to the top of the corrector scale should register with the graduated line on the closing cap of the fuze to indi- 29 cate when the stop pin (17) of the fuze setter and the fixed stop pin of the fuze are in contact. This pointer was added because the gradu- ated time train ring of the fuze may have a tendency to stick or bind to such an extent as to lead the operator to believe that the stop pin of the fuze setter and the fixed stop pin of the fuze are in contact and thus give a false setting. Cards for recording the results of tests of the fuze setters are fur- nished by the Ordnance Department, on which calculated problems are given for inspection, as indicated below. Hand-fuze setter for 31-second combination fuze Calculated fuze settings for 3.8-inch howitzer. Range. Corrector. Calculated settings. Zone 1. Zone 2. Zone 3. 1.000 1,500 2 000 3,000 4,500 6,000 60 20 100 40 150 200 90 8.45 9.77 6.65 5.48 11.73 15.96 5.6 3.51 8.42 7.22 12.6 29.5 To check the fuze setter, set the range ring and corrector scale to the readings given. Set the fuze with the fuze setter and compare the setting of the fuze with the result in the table. Use shrapnel and not a drill cartridge in making this test. When the range index registers with on the range ring and the corrector scale is set at 60, the fuze will be set at and will explode immediately on leaving the howitzer. When setting a fuze to explode on impact or for safe transportation, set the range index at S and the corrector scale at 60. Great care should be exercised in making this setting and to replace the safety wires before transporting. DISASSEMBLING AND ASSEMBLING. To disassemble, remove the index bar (13), which is held in place by two index bar screws (4). Take out the four range-ring screws (3) and the two corrector-scale screws (2), then remove the range ring (12) and corrector scale (20). Remove the six guide-plate screws (9) and guide plate (21). To remove the worm knobs (10) from the worms (16) drive out the taper pins. Loosen the two worm-adjusting clamp screws (7), which release the adjusting screw clamp plugs (14 and 18), then remove the two adjusting screws (24); the two worms (16) can then be re- moved by turning. The corrector scale support (22) and range ring carrier (23) can then be removed. 30 To remove the two worm cases (11) loosen the two worm-case clamp screws (6), which releases the clamp plugs (15 and 19) and allows withdrawal. Assemble in reverse order. ADJUSTMENT. Backlash or lost motion may appear between the collars of the worms (16) and the fiber washers (25), between the worm teeth of range-ring carrier (23) and the threads of the worm (16), and between the worm teeth of the corrector scale support (22) and the threads of the worm (16). To remove backlash that appears endwise, loosen the worm- adjusting screw clamp screws (7), which releases the worm- adjusting screw clamp plug (right) (14) or the worm- adjusting screw clamp plug (left) (18); then turn the worm- ad justing screws (24) clockwise with a screw driver until end play is removed and there is sufficient friction to prevent accidental rotation of the worms (16). Should backlash appear between the worm teeth of the range-ring carrier (23) and the threads of the worm (16), or between the worm teeth of the corrector scale support (22) and the threads of the worm (16), it can easily be removed by loosening the worm-case clamp screws (6), which release the worm-case clamp plug (right) (15) or the worm-case clamp plug (left) (19), and then turning the worm case (11) with a screw driver in which the worm (16) is eccentrically mounted in order to bring the worm (16) closer in contact with the worm teeth. The worm- adjusting-screw clamp plug (right) (14), worm-case clamp plug (right) (15), worm-adjusting screw clamp plug (left) (18), or worm- case clamp plug (left) (19) must be firmly clamped by tightening up on their respective screws after adjustment in order to secure the worm-adjusting screws (24) or worm cases (11) against rotation. NOMENCLATURE. Illustra- tion No. Piece- mark. Name of piece. Illustra- tion No. Piece- mark. Name of piece. 1 2 55A 55C Case. Corrector-scale screw. 15 16 54F 54G Worm case clamp plug (right). Worm. 3 55C 55D Range-ring screw. Index-bar screw. 17 18 54H 54J Stop pin. Worm-adjusting screw clamp 5 6 7 55E 55F 55F Oil-hole screw. Worm-case clamp screw. Worm-adjusting screw clamp 19 20 MK 54AA plug (left). Worm-case clamp plug (left). Corrector scale. screw. 21 5411A Guide plate. 8 55G Stop-pin screw. 22 54N Corrector scale support. 9 56H Guide-plate screw. 23 54P Range ring carrier. 10 MA Worm Knob. 24 58N Worm-adjusting screw. 11 54B Worm case. 25 58P Washer. 12 543 Range ring. 26 59C Range index. 13 51 D Index bar. 27 59D Index plunger. 14 54E Worm-adjusting screw clamp 28 59F Index spring. plug (right). . i The nomenclature given above should be used when ordering spare parts. 31 8.8 howitzer range table Shell and shrapnel. OUTER ZONE M. V. 900 F. S. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 08 02 2 -u g J2 fa o '3 . S> a ? 1 1 o' 'S & % _ | g , a *0 Z* o "S 3 o 1 s d *o P > a* fa X fa X x x 1 S 1 f * B B "3 d "3 " < < < EH i* 5 e 9 Y 2 2 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 1 15 ~ 00 H M ' EJ k,' "o a . g > * .2 9 1 _g . d sj ' S . I U _. 1 1 o d , " -H-2 -Hg ^Pn' *- M = $ S < ^H V. .. "5 1 g feS r c -- 2 ? "c e s S O 1 S I X X X X a ;g 03 J5 I 1 I x 1 S 03 tf < < < < Q P Sj Ee H S > Yds. / Yds. Yds. Yds. Yds. Sees. mis. Mils. / Ion F.8. Ft. 100 1 41 2.2 3.2 0.1 0.3 0.49 0.46 0.11 44 76.4 613 3 1.495 1.390 200 2 23 2.2 6.4 .2 .6 .98 .92 .23 1 26 38.2 607 7 300 3 8 2.2 9.6 .4 1.0 1.48 1.39 .35 2 11 25.3 601 12 400 3 54 2.2 12.8 .6 1.4 1.98 1.87 .47 2 57 18.8 595 18 500 4 41 2.1 16.0 .8 2.0 2.49 2.36 .59 3 44 14.9 590 26 1.479 1.405 600 5 29 2.1 19.1 1.1 2.6 3.00 2.86 .71 4 32 12.2 584 36 700 6 17 2.1 22.2 1.5 3.4 3.52 3.38 .83 5 20 10.3 578 49 800 7 6 2.0 25.3 2.0 4.2 4.05 3.91 .96 6 9 8.89 573 65 900 7 55 2.0 28.3 2.5 5.1 4.59 4.45 1.09 6 58 7.77 568 84 1,000 8 45 2.0 31.3 3.2 6.1 5.14 5.00 L. 7 48 6.87 563 106 1.460 1.423 100 9 36 .9 34.3 4.0 7.3 5.69 5.57 1.35 8 39 6.13 558 131 200 10 29 .9 37.3 4.9 8.6 6.25 6.16 1.48 9 32 5.52 552 159 300 11 23 .8 40.2 5.9 10.0 6.82 6.77 1.61 10 26 4.99 547 190 400 12 19 .8 43.1 7.1 11.5 7.40 7.40 1.74 11 22 4.54 542 224 500 13 17 . 7 46.0 8.4 13.1 8.00 8.05 1.88 12 20 4.15 537 261 1.445 1.438 600 14 17 . 7 48.9 9.8 15.9 8.61 8.73 2.02 13 20 3.80 532 301 700 15 18 .6 51.7 11.4 17.8 9.24 9.44 2.17 14 21 3.50 527 345 800 16 21 .6 54.5 13.1 19.9 9.88 10.18 2.32 15 24 3.22 523 393 900 17 26 57.3 15.0 22.2 10.54 10.96 2.47 16 29 2.97 519 446 2,000 18 33 1.5 60.0 17.1 24.7 11.22 11.78 2.63 17 36 2.75 515 505 1.434 1.449 100 19 43 1.4 62.7 19.4 27.4 11.92 12.65 2.79 18 46 2.55 511 568 200 20 57 1.4 65.4 21.9 30.3 12.65 13.58 2.96 20 2.36 508 639 300 22 15 1.3 68.1 24.6 33.3 13.41 14.58 3.13 21 18 2.19 505 (719 400 23 38 1.2 70.7 27.6 36.3 14.21 15.67 3.32 22 41 2.03 502 809 500 25 8 1.1 73.3 30.9 39.4 15.06 16.88 3.51 24 11 .88 500 911 1.421 1.462 600 26 46 1.0 75.9 34.6 42.5 15.97 18.25 3.72 25 49 ,73 498 1,007 700 28 33 .9 78.4 38.8 46.7 16.95 19.83 3.95 27 36 .59 496 1, 159 800 30 31 .8 80.9 43.6 49.1 18.00 21.68 4.21 29 34 .46 495 Mil 900 32 44 7 83.4 49.1 52.7 19.20 23.89 4.51 31 47 .33 494 1,490 3,000 35 21 .'5 85.9 55.4 56.5 20.58 26.63 4.86 34 24 .20 493 1,709 1.404 1.480 100 38 49 .5 88.4 62.6 60.2 i 22.35 30.60 5.28 37 52 .06 492 1,993 123 40 90.4 71.0 63.2 22.86 32.10 5.37 39 23 .02 491 2,112 1.403 1.481 INNER ZONE M. V. 454 F. S. 100 2 28 1.2 4.2 .0.1 .0.3 0.67 0.80 0.16 1 21 41.4 449 7 1.410 200 3 41 1.1 8.4 .2 .6 1.34 1.70 .32 2 44 20.4 444 16 300 5 5 1.1 12.6 .4 1.0 2.00 2.60 .48 4 8 13.5 440 27 400 6 30 1.1 16.8 .6 1.5 2.71 3.54 .66 5 33 10.0 436 40 500 7 57 20.9 1.0 2.1 3.41 4.49 .83 7 7.90 432 56 1.398 600 9 26 !o 25.0 1.4 2.8 4.10 5.49 1.00 8 29 6.46 428 75 700 10 58 .0 29.0 2.0 3.7 4.85 6.54 1.18 10 1 5.41 424 98 800 12 34 .0 33.0 2.8 4.7 5.60 7.64 1.37 11 37 4.62 420 126 900 14- 14 .0 37.0 3.8 5.8 6.38 8.79 1.56 13 17 3.99 416 162 1,000 15 59 .9 40.9 5.0 7.0 7.19 9.99 1.76 15 2 3.48 412 206 1.382 100 17 50 .9 44.8 6.4 8.3 8.03 11.29 1.97 16 53 3.05 408 258 no 19 48 .8 48.6 8.0 9.8 8.91 12.69 2.90 18 51 2.69 405 319 300 21 54 .8 52.3 9.9 11.5 9.84 14.24 2.44 20 57 2.38 402 390 400 24 9 . 7 55.9 12.2 13.3 10.83 16.09 2.70 23 12 2.11 400 474 BOO 26 35 .6 .?.). :, 15.0 15.2 1 1 . VI 18.14 2.99 25 38 1.88 398 574 1.370 600 29 19 63.0 18.4 17.2 13.04 20.64 3.31 28 22 1.66 397 693 700 32 41 '.4 66.4 22.4 19.4 14.40 23.80 3.67 31 44 1.44 396 834 800 37 27 .3 70.8 27.0 21.7 16.32 29.00 4.07 36 30 1.20 395 1,039 1,836 40 .2 71.0 29.0 22.0 17.19 32.10 4.23 39 3 1.09 394 1,188 1.361 1.474 1. 503 1.517 1.527 33 MARKING ON AMMUNITION PACKING BOXES. Both ends and sides of the box are marked with conspicuous char- acters to facilitate the rapid identification of the ammunition con- tained therein. The conspicuous marking; consists of the following symbols: 3.8H* The shell and flame are always in red for mobile artillery ammu- nition. The numeral "3.8" refers to the caliber; and the letter "H" differentiates ammunition for the 3.8-inch howitzer from ammunition for the 3.8-inch gun. For common schrapnel the numerals 3.8 and the letter H are sten- ciled in yellow, while for high explosive shrapnel these characters are stenciled in red. For high explosive shell, the characters 3.8 H are all stenciled in black. The star when present in the conspicuous marking indicates that the projectiles are provided with tracers. A red star indicates a night tracer and a black star a day tracer. In addition to the conspicuous marking the quantity and type of ammunition are indicated without symbols by the marking "2-3.8 com. steel shell and loaded cartridge cases for howitzer," so that in case one is not familiar with the conspicuous marking system he can immediately ascertain the key by this additional marking. Simi- larly, the word "tracer" is added in amplication of the star symbol. Also on both ends of the box the "lot/ 7 followed by a number, appears. This refers to the ammunition lot, and in case of any trouble arising with regard to the functioning of the ammunition this lot number should be quoted in the report. On the sides of the box similar markings are found accompanied by a pictorially stenciled symbol indicating the type of the projectile, the tracer, and the fact that the ammunition is unfixed. For blank ammunition when packed assembled the numerals "3.8" and the letter "H" are in blue. DRILL CARTRIDGE. The "drill cartridge" is a dummy cartridge of the size and approxi- mate weight of the service ammunition, and is used for drilling can- noneers in the use of the howitzer. It consists of a bronze case into which are placed three maple blocks to represent powder bags. The block representing the powder bag for zone 1 is permanently attached to the case. The blocks representing the powder bags for zones 2 and 3 have leather handles by which they can be rifted. When the 34 blocks are inserted, the bronze body is attached to the case by the bayonet joints and locked in place by the stop lock. Fitted at the point of the body is a dummy fuze the same as the service 31 second combination fuze, except that it has no live elements. This arrange- ment is for the instruction of the cannoneers in fuze setting. MISFIRES AND HANGFIRES. Misfires and hangfires are of rare occurrence. In case of the failure of a cartridge to fire when the trigger is pulled, the pull should be repeated without opening the breach. The breechblock should not be opened until after the expiration of at least one minute from the time that the trigger is last pulled. Lack of complete rotation of the breechblock, improper assembling of the operating lever, and the incorrect adjustment of the adjusting screw are the most usual causes of misfires, although occasionally due to defective primers or to a weakened firing spring. ALLOWANCE OF AMMUNITION. Shell and shrapnel ammunition is issued by the Ordnance Depart- ment in moisture-proof zinc-lined wooden packing boxes, two rounds per box. The annual allowance of ammunition for the instruction ol field artillery is prescribed from time to time in War Department orders. BLANK AMMUNITION. Blank metallic ammunition consists of the following components: A brass cartridge case, a percussion primer, a charge of black powder, and a tight-fitting felt wad. THE CARTRIDGE CASE. The cartridge case for blank ammunition is identical with the service cartridge case. Cartridge cases that have become deformed in service should be cleaned and turned into the posts or arsenals designated in current orders for resizing and reforming. THE PRIMER. The saluting primer (percussion) is used in the preparation of blank metallic ammunition for 3.8-inch howitzer. The primer should be a tight fit in the primer seat in the cartridge case, and must be pressed into place with the primer-inserting press provided for the purpose and not hammered in. No primer should be used that is not a tight fit in its seat in the case. Cartridge cases should be primed just before the insertion of the propelling powder charge, and under no circumstances, will primers be inserted after the powder charge has been inserted. 35 Primers are issued in hermetically sealed tin boxes, which should not be broken open until the primers are to be used, as they deteriorate when exposed to atmospheric influences. THE CHARGE. The charge to be used in the preparation of blank metallic ammunition for 3.8-inch howitzer is 1 pound 15 ounces of black saluting powder. PREPARATION OF BLANK METALLIC AMMUNITION. Blank metallic ammunition will be assembled at posts or in the field under the personal supervision of a commissioned officer, who will be held responsible that it is prepared in the manner prescribed in the annual target practice orders. For this purpose there are issued cartridge cases, saluting powder in bulk, tight-fitting felt wads, nonacid paint, primers, and reloading and cleaning outfits. Before assembling the cartridge cases should be carefully inspected to see that they are in sound condition and thoroughly clean and dry. They should also be tested by trying them in the howitzer to determine whether they have become deformed. Any cases that do not readily enter the chamber or that are otherwise seriously deformed should be laid aside for resizing. After inspecting the cartridge cases the blank ammunition should be prepared as follows : (a) Insert the primer with the primer-inserting press. (b) Pour into the cartridge case the proper weight of powder and shake it down well, being careful not to strike the primer in so doing. (c) Insert the felt wad and press it down hard until it rests squarely on the powder charge. (d) Give the upper surface of the felt wad and the inside of the cartridge case just above the wad a good coat of the nonacid paint furnished for the purpose, using a brush, and allowing the case to stand until this coat is dry. Then apply another coat of paint as described. The object of using this paint, which is strongly adhesive, is to thoroughly seal the joint between the wad and the case and to prevent any powder grains from leaking out, and at the same time to firmly hold the wad in place. PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED. Firings with blank metallic ammunition will be greatly facilitated by a, careful observance of the following: Before all firings a careful examination should be made of the assembled ammunition to see that the felt wads have not become displaced or the cartridge cases dented or deformed by careless 36 handling. If the cartridge cases have been properly resized and are clean, no difficulty should be experienced in inserting them in the howitzer, provided the chamber of the latter is clean. The con- tinued insertion of cartridge cases that are not clean causes an accumulation in the howitzer chamber, which may make the insertion of subsequent ammunition difficult or impossible. In firing blank ammunition the howitzer chamber will be sponged after each shot with a damp sponge, to extinguish sparks and to remove powder residue resulting from the previous round before the insertion of another charge, as prescribed in the annual target prac- tice orders. Care will be taken that the sponges are not worn and that they fit the chamber closely. The interval between shots in firing blank ammunition should be sufficient to allow thorough sponging of the chamber and examination to ascertain that all sparks have been extinguished. Wads for the preparation of blank metallic ammunition are made to fit tightly in the cartridge case. No wads should be used that are not a tight fit in the case. CARE OF CARTRIDGE CASES. As soon after firing as practicable the fired primer should be re- moved from the cartridge case by means of the decapping tool fur- nished with the reloading outfit. The case should be thoroughly washed in a strong solution of lye or soft soap to remove all powder residue. It should then be thoroughly dried. If the cartridge cases are carefully cleaned and washed immedi- ately after firing, not only will less labor be required but the life of the cases will be prolonged. A good solution for washing cartridge cases may be prepared as follows: 1 gallon of water. 2 ounces of soft soap. 5 ounces of soda. The mixture should be boiled and stirred until the ingredients are entirely dissolved. In washing cartridge cases this solution should be used hot and in sufficient quantity to completely immerse the cases. Primers that misfire should be turned in with the cases to the ord- nance establishment prescribed in the target practice orders. Resizing cartridge cases. The resizing of 3.8-inch howitzer car- tridge cases that have become deformed in service is done at Frank- ford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., and at such other establishments as may be designated in orders. 37 THE RELOADING AND CLEANING OUTFIT. This outfit consists of the following parts and is furnished to each post where a saluting gun or battery is kept : Large primer inserting press. Bushing. Saluting powder measure. Decapping tool with guide. Cleaning brush. Hammer, bronze. Case holder. Case-holder stand. Storage chest. The primer inserting presses are standard for all guns and howitzers using metal cartridge cases, there being two sizes, one size for car- tridge cases for 1 -pounder to 3-inch, inclusive, and one size for 3-inch guns, model of 1903, to 6-inch, inclusive. The bushings are fur- nished to suit the size of the cartridge case that is to be reprimed, one bushing for each different size of case. The case-holder stand is the same for all cases. The case holder varies with the size of the case. The decapping tool and the case holder are used for removing fired primers. The decapping tool varies in length with the size of the cartridge case to be decapped. A light blow on the rod with a piece of wood or bronze hammer generally removes the primer. A powder measure to suit the saluting charge for each caliber of gun and howitzer is furnished and when level full holds the required charge. Each powder measure is plainly marked on the base for the caliber of the gun or howitzer for which it is intended. The cleaning brush is furnished for cleaning the cartridge cases after they have been used and should be ordered to suit the size of case for which intended. TARGETS. The description and allowance of targets and accessories for mobile artillery are given in Ordnance Office Pamphlet, Form No. 1994, "Mobile Artillery Targets and Accessories. " THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER CARRIAGE, MODEL OF 1915. WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight of carriage, complete pounds. . 1, 620 Weight of howitzer and carriage, complete do 2, 040 Weight at end of trail, carriage limbered, howitzer engaged in traveling lock pounds. . 125 38 Diameter of wheel inches. . 56 Width of track do 60 Height of axis of howitzer above ground do 34 Height of line of peep sight above ground do 39. 875 Distance between front and peep sights do 16. 5 Maximum angle of elevation degrees. . 40 Maximum angle of depression do 5 Length of recoil of howitzer on carriage, zero elevation inches. . 40 Length of recoil of howitzer at 40 elevation do 22 Amount of traverse of howitzer on carriage milliemes. . 107 Weight of howitzer carriage and limber, loaded and equipped pounds. . 3, 970. 4 Free height under limber and carriage inches. . 18 Turning angle degrees. . 68 Distance, center of limber axle to center of carriage axle when limbered (wheel base) inches. . 148. 5 Distance of center of gravity in front of face of breech, model of 1908 how- itzer inches. . 18 Distance of center of gravity in front of face of breech, model of 1908 Mi howitzer inches. . 18. 65 Distance the cylinder and spring stirrup project beyond the cradle with springs free (about) feet. . 5 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Trail complete, consisting of Axle i Axle arm (right) Axle arm (left) ! Studs Axle-arm plugs i 0.25 x 0.75 pins Axie reinforce plate (right) Axle reinforce plate (left) Bottom plate : Brake segment Brake-shaft bearing (right) Bearing bushing Bearing filler piece Brake-shaft bearing (left) Bearing bushing Bearing filler piece Cover hinges (female) Cover hinges (male) Pins Cover latch Cover-latch eye Cover-latch hinge Pin Cover pulls Flaskfright) Flask (left) Float Front trail clip (right) Riveted in upper end of trail .............. Shrunk on right end of axle ............... Shrunk on left end of axle ................. Screwed and pinned on axle arms ......... Forced into axle arms ..................... Secure axle-arm plugs in place ............ Riveted to outside o f right t rail flask ...... Riveted to outside of left trail flask ........ Forms bottom of tool and sight boxes ..... Riveted on front end of right flask ........ Riveted to front, outside of right flask ..... i Forced into brake-shaft bearing ........... Under flange of brake-shaft bearing ....... Riveted to front, outside of left flask ...... Forced into brake-shaft bearing ........... Under flange of brake-shaft bearing ....... Riveted to top plate ...................... Riveted to tool and sight box covers ...... In cover hinges ........................... Secures tool and sight box covers .......... Riveted to top plate ...................... ..... do .................................... In cover-latch hinge ....................... Riveted to tool and sight box covers ...... Forms right side of trail ................... Forms left side of trail Front trail clip (left). 0.375 x 0.78 bolts Front transom Handspike fastening Handspike fastening spring . Left seat Left seat support Lunette Lunette bracket Lunette nut Middle transom... Riveted to top of flask at spade end Bolted to right flask through brake-shaft bearing. Bolted to left flask through brake-shaft bearing. Bolt clips to flasks ........................ At middle of trail ................. . ....... In spring Riveted to sight-box cover ................ Riveted to left seat support Riveted to left flask In lunette bracket Riveted to spade end of trail On lunette Connects flasks between tool and sight boxes. IV 39 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE Continued. Name of part. Trail complete, consisting of Contd. Name plate Padlock with chain and bolt snap. Padlock chain rivet Pintle Pintle plate Pintle axle nlate Rear trail clip (right) Rear trail clip (left) Rear transom Reinforce plate (right) Reinforce plate (left) Reinforce plate Right seat Right seat support Segment rack Sight-box cover Sight packing, No. 1, covered Sight packing, No. 2, covered Sight packing, No. 3, covered Sight packing, No. 4, covered Sight packing, No. 5, covered Sight packing, No. 6, covered Sight packing, No. 7, covered Sight packing, No. 8 Spade Spade edge Sponge staff fastening Sponge staff fastening filler Sponge staff support Sponge staff fastening spring Tool-box cover Top plate Trail-bearing plate (right). . Trail-bearing plate (left) . . . Trail handle (right) Trail handle (left) Location, etc. On top plate below sight box Secures cover latch Attaches padlock chain to top plate Riveted on pintle plate Connects forward ends of flasks Reinforces pintle plate \Riveted on flasks, embrace rear guides of / top carriage. Riveted to flasks \Stiffen flask between axle and front tran- / som. Inside left flask at traversing pivot bracket . Riveted to right seat support Riveted to right flask Riveted to brake segment ; Hinged to top plate i In sight box Traveling-lock bearing (right) Traveling-lock bearing (left) Traveling-lock clip Traveling-lock support Traversing-pivot bracket Wheel guards Handspike, complete, consisting of Handspike bodies, with rivet and washers. Handspike bolt, with nut Handspike rivet Handspike web Handspike lower band Handspike middle band Handspike tip Traveling lock,complete,consisting of Traveling lock Lock-bearing bolts with nuts Locking pin with spring Chain Chain rings Eyebolt Top carriage, complete, consisting of Bracket studs Elevating-gear case (right) Elevating-gear case (left) 0.375 fillister head screws Liner (right) Liner (left) 0.1 12x0. 125 St'd c' sunk head screws Pintle bushing 0.18/ (A ) x 0.375 pins Pintle socket Top-carriage bottom plate Top-carriage side frame (right) 0.312 GrV) x 0.562 (&) dowel pins... Top-carriage side frame (left) Bushings Trunnion cap (right) .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Riveted to rear ends of flasks Riveted to face of spade Riveted to top plate Between fastening and top plate. Riveted to top plate In fastening lever Pinned to fastening support. Hinged to top plate Riveted to top of flasks On forward end of right flask On forward end of left flask Riveted to float ...do... Riveted to under surface of flasks near axle. Riveted to traveling-lock support Between reinforce plates of flasks,near axle. Riveted to left flask Riveted to flasks Sides of handspike Bolts handspike web to lunette bracket. Assembled in handspike web Center of handspike Ties handspike body to handspike web . do .do. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Bolted to traveling-lock bearings Secure traveling lock to bearings Secures traveling lock in either front or rear position. Secures locking pin ....do ...do... In trunnion cap (left) . e frames. Attach the gear cases to side frames Wearing strip at front guide do Attach liners to front guides In pintle socket Hold bushing in place Riveted to bottom plate Riveted to side frames Forms support for howitzer On right side frame Forms support for howitzer Half bushings pinned in seats for worms. Over trunnion bushings.- IV 1419917 40 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE Continued. No. Name of part. Top carriage, complete, consisting of Continued. Trunnion cap (left) Trunnion-cap pins Trunnion-cap swing bolts Worm-bearing cap (right) Worm-bearing cap (left) Bushings 0.187 (W) pins 0.375 x 2.125 fillister-head screws.. Elevating mechanism, complete, con- sisting of Elevating gears Flevating-gear cover (right) Elevating-gear cover (left) 0.375 fillister head screws Elevating pinion (right) Elevating pinion (left) Elevating shaft Washers Handwheels, elevating, complete, con- sisting of Counterbalance Hand wheel body Hub Reinforce piece , Sleeve Spindle 0. Ix 0.437 (ft) pins Hand wheel shaft fright) Hand wheel shaft Heft) Hand wheel shaft bearing 0.25 x 1.062 (1A) bolts 0.312 (A) x 1.125 standard fillister screws. 0.312 (A)x 1 standard fillister screw Iwh Handwheel shaft bearing cap Hand wheel shaft bracket 0.375 x 1.187 (1A) bolt Handwheel shaft bracket bolt Intermediate elevating pinion 0.162 (-ft) x 1.75 taper pin Intermediate elevating shaft Rocker, right Location, etc. Over trunnion bushings Hin^e trunnion caps and swing bolts to side frames. Secure trunnion caps Bolted to worm bearing of side frames ....do Half busMn<*s in worm-bearing caps Hold bushings in place Bolt worm-bearing caps to worm bearings. On ends of elevating shaft Bolted to elevating-gear cases ....do Attach eear covers to gear cases Mesh with bevel gears of worms ....do In bearings in the elevating gear cases On shaft ...... Class. Section On ends of handwheel shafts ....do ....do ....do . . . .do ....do ....do , In handwheel shaft bearing In handwheel shaft bracket Po'ted to top carriage side frame, right Attach bearing to side frame and bearing caps. ...do... .do. On handwheel shaft bearing Bo'ted to top carriage side frame, left PoHs shaft bracket to top carriage The lower bo't attaching the bracket On rear end of intermediate elevating shaft . Pins clr ating pinion to s^aft Along ri Spring covers, No. 2 Close oil holes l Spring cover, No. 3 Closes hole over filing plug of cylinder . . . Cradle head side clip ' Riveted on front end of cradle plate Cradle head top clip ! do Cradle head, front. Polted to front end of cradle Bushing Forced into cradle head, front Gun slide (ri^ht) Bearings on which the howitzer slides C.un slide (left) I do^ Handle racket Riveted on right rear end of cradle Patent plate On ri^ht side of cradle plate. Screws Attach Pluneflr guide (ri^ht) Riveted to rear end of cradle Plunder guide (left) do Shoulder guard Riveted on rear end of cradle plate . Spring retainer bracket (right) Riveted on front end of cradle plate Spring retainer bracket (left) do Spring retainer In front end of cradle Swing bolts Assembled to bracket on front of cradle Trunnion band ' At middle of cradle 0.190 x 0.75 c'sunk standard screw. . Connect, trunnion band, bottom plate and liner. Firing mechanism complete, consist- ing of Adjusting screw ; In firing handle bracket Firing handle Attached to firing handle hub 0.240 x 1.0 pin, type A Attaches firing handle to hub. Firing handle plunger In firing handle Firing handle spring do Firing handle bracket ' Bolted to right side of cradle head rear Steel pin In firing handle bracket Firing handle hub Assembled on firing shaft Filing links Connect firing shaft and firing pallet Firing link pins Secure links Firing pallet j In lower bearing of firing handle bracket . . Firing pallet collar On front end of firing pallet Firing shaft In upper bearing of firing handle bracket . . Handle return spring The front spring in the firing handle bracket. Pallet collar pin Secures firing pallet collar I IV Shaft return spring I The rear spring in the firing handle bracket. Shaft trip collar I On front end of firing shaft Trip collar pin ! Secures shaft trip collar Trip latch j Assembled in firing handle hub Trip latch pin j do Trip latch plunger do Trip latch sprin g do ! | Inner counter recoil springs Assembled inside stirrups J Outer counter recoil springs Assembled in cradle 1 Recoil cylinder complete, consisting of Counter recoil buffer ! Screwed into rear cylinder head Cylinder liner Assembled in cylinder Cylinder liner lock Prevents turning of liner in cylinder Cylinder liner lock gasket On liner lock , Cylinder locking screw Locks cylinder retaining ring on cylinder . . Cylinder retaining ring On cylinder in rear of gun lug Screw plugs Fill threaded holes in cylinder retaining I ring. Billing plug In front end of cylinder Filling plug gasket On filling plug Filling and drain plugs In front cylinder head . . Front cylinder head Screwed into cylinder . . Fiber gasket In front cylinder head. . Copper gaskets do Rings, waterproof packing, garlock do < Jland lock Prevents turning of piston-rod gland Piston and piston rod In recoil valve Piston liner Finished in place on piston Screws Hold liner in place on piston Piston rod gland Screwed in front cylinder head Piston rod nut On front end of piston rod Piston rod washer Between piston rod nut and cradle head front. Rear cylinder head Screwed into cylinder Fiber gasket On rear cylinder head Copper gasket do 42 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE Continued. No. Name of part. Recoil cylinder complete, consisting of Continued. Recoil cylinder Recoil valve Spring follower Spring separator, inner Spring separator, outer Spring stirrup, complete, includ- Location, etc. Rear end attached to gun lug of howitzer. Rotates in cylinder liner Assembled on front end recoil cylinder. . . Between two inner counter recoil springs. Between two outer counter recoil springs. ing- Spring stirrup Assembled inside of outer counter recoil springs. In rear end of spring stirrup. Hold ring in place Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Spring stirrup inner ring 0.190 x 0.875 standard filister screws. Spring stirrup outer ring 0.190 x 1.25 standard filister screws. Valve retainer 0.190 x 0.375 standard filister screw . Vent gasket Vent plug Valve turning gear, complete, consist- ing of Collar 0.135 x 1.582 (&) taper pin Connecting rod On front end of spring stirrup . . Hold ring in place In front end of cylinder liner Holds retainer in position \Assembled in rear end of recoil cylinder un- / der gun lug plug. Connecting rod nut Connecting rod pin (front) . Connecting rod pin (rear) . Slide Valve turning gear Valve turning pinion Quick return mechanism, complete, consisting of Latch Link 0.3' 8 x 1.45 pin Link pin washers Pawl, right Pawl left Bushings 0.125x0.281 (A) Pins Pawl handle 0.492 x 1.8 pin 0.368x1.3 pin Pawl shaft Pawl springs I 'lunger rods Plunger rod pins Axle seats, complete, consisting of Bracket support, inner (right) Bracket support, inner (left) Bracket support inner bolts Bracket support, outer (right) Bracket support, outer (left) 0.875 x 4.% bolts Brake beam fulcrums Brake beam guides Foot rests Foot-rest braces Latch base, rii?ht Latch base left Left bracket support cap Lower shield fastenings 0.375x0.78 bolts lit bracket support cap Seat, right Seat, left Seat ami >ridit) Seat arm (left) Seat arm bracket (right) Seat arm bracket (left) Seat arm guard (rteht Seat arm guard (left) Seat bracket (inner, right). On valve turning gear Holds collar in position In lower right corner of cradle, forward of trunnion. On rear end of connecting rod Attaches connecting rod to valve turning Attaches connecting rod to right trunnion cap of top carriage. On rear end of connecting rod Assembled in right side of cradle head front. On piston rod in bore of cradle head front. . On right end of pawl shaft Connects pawl handle and latch. On link pin On boss of cradle head rear ....do In pawls Hold bushings in position Pivoted to cradle bracket of cradle. Connects right and left pawls . . . Assembled on plunger rods In plunger guides on cradle Connect plunger rods and pawls. Clamps on axle do In bracket supports Clamps on axle do In bracket supports, outer Riveted to outer seat brackets Riveted to inner seat brackets Riveted to front ends of seat brackets do Riveted to inner seat bracket do Bolted to left bracket support inner Riveted to seat brackets Hold lower shield fastening to shield Bolted to right bracket support, inner On seat support do Riveted to seat arm bracket do Connection between seat support, seat arm and shield brace. do <>d to seat arm and upper shield brace. do Riveted to bracket supports IV NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE Continued Name of part Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Axle seats, complete, consisting of Continued. Riveted to bracket supports IV 3 do do < Seat bracket ties R iveted to inner and outer seat brackets . . Riveted to seat brackets Seat support foot (left) do Seat support, inside (right) Seat suiTDort inside Cleft) P^orm braces under seat rln Seat supports outside . . do Segment rack < T? ivfttftrl t.n riVht. hraokfit. siirmort, can Shield braces upper Support shield do Shield braces lower Shield brace bracket (right) . At upper ends of seat arms and shield braces. Hn Shield brace bracket (left) Shielf brace foot (risrht) Riveted to seat brackets Shield brace foot (left) .. ^n Road brake, complete, consisting of Brake beam (ri^ht) Pivoted in seat brackets Brake beam (left) do Brake crank Pinned on left end of brake shaft Brake lever Pinned on right end of brake shaft Assembled on brake lever Brake lever hook Brake lever catches do '. Brake lever pin do Brake rods, complete, consisting of Connect brake beams to brake cranks Brake-rod ends On forward ends of brake rods Brake-spring covt/rs Housing for brake rod springs Brake spring cover heads Screws into brake spring cover Brake-spring cover ends . . . . . do Brake-rod pins Connect brake rod ends to brake beams and brake crank to left brake spring cover end. Assembled in bearings in trail . . Brake shaft Brake shoes On brake beams Brake shoe tap bolt Bolt brake shoes to brake beams Fulcrum pin Through brake beams and brake beam fulcrams. Apron latches, complete, consistingof Handle pins Latch bodies Mounted on latch bases Latch handle ? Mounted on latch bodies 368 x 1 55 pins Assembled with latch body Latch springs . . In latch bodies Plungers Assembled in latch bodies Shield, complete, consisting of Apron, complete, consisting of Apron Hineed to seat bracket supports Apron hinges Riveted to apron Apron hinge pins Assembled with apron hinges Apron latch staples Riveted to apron . . . Main shield, complete, consisting of Diagonal shield brace (right) Braces shield from axle Diagonal shield brace (left) do 0.625 x 1.343 (lf) bolts \ttach main shield to braces Diagonal shield brace bracket. . . 75 x 5 062 (5^) bolts 0.75 x 4 562 (4^) bolts do Main shiold upper half Bolted to bracket supports Main shield lower half do Panoramic sight case, complete, with padlock and chain. Panoramic sight case bracket Springs Suspended by spring in bracket Bolted to main shield Assembled between bracket and case Spring support (right) Riveted to bracket Spring support (left) do 0.375 pipes On bolts Bolts Secure case to bracket Ranee quadrant case, complete, with padlock and chain. Range ouadrant case bracket Springs Suspended bv springs in bracket Boltei to main shield Assembled between bracket and case Riveted to bracket Spring support (right) Sprine support (left) . . . ...do... 44 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE-Continued. No. Name of part. Main shield, complete .consisting of Continued. 0.375 pipes Bolts Safety depression stop (rieht) Safety depression stop (left) Shield bolts Shield hinee pins Top shield hinees. lower half Wing nut pins (front) Wing nut pins (rear) Wine nuts Top shield, complete, consisting of Fastening hinges Fastening hinee pins Fillers, shatter hinee Hinges, sight-port shutter Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. On bolts Secure case to bracket Riveted to upper main shield . .do. Hinge pin, sight-port shutter Shutter, panoramic sight port Shutter support Top shield Top shield fastenings Top shield hinges, upper half Front sight . complete Si<"ht bar with shank socket Sieht shank , Ran^e quadrant Ranee quadrant bar Panoramic sieht Teat wrench f">r panoramic sieht Wheels, 56-inch, complete, consisting of Tire bolts, with nuts and washers. Dowels Felloe rivets and washers Felloe segments Spokes Tires. Secure main shield . . In top shield hinges . Riveted to main shield. On wing nut studs. Hub boxes Hub liners Hub rings Carriage bolts Carriage bolt nuts Hub bands Lock washers Hub caps Hub latches with rivets Hub-latch sprines Hub-latch plungers Oil valves Washers (oil valve) Sprines (oil valve) : Wheel fastenings Consisting of Wheel fastening plungers., Wheel fastening springs . . , Plugs Riveted to top shield A ssembled with fastening hinges Under sight-port shutter hinges on shield Ri -eted to top shield and sight-port shutter. Assembled in hinges Covers sieht port Riveted to shutter Hineed to main shield Pinned to fastenine hinges Riveted to top shield Bolted to left trunnion cap Keyed to left trunnion bushing In sieht packing intrail In case Keyed to right trunnion bushing Incase ...do.... Forced into hub boxes. Outer flanges of hubs. . . Screwed into hub boxes Between hub bands and hub rings . On end of hubs Actuate hub-latch plungers Lock hub caps in place. Slide in hub caps On ends of axle. Handy oilers. 6 0.312(^) inch. 28 0.375-inch... Crown nuts Standard. 0.25-inch. 0.375-inch 0.5-inch 0.625-inch. 0.75-inch.. Crown nuts Special. 0.75 blank, 0.875 tap, st'd. 1 x 0.937 () inch IV ZW002 }.!, 45 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS OF CARRIAGE Continued. s?o. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Split pins. 1 046 (M) x 312 (H) inch IV 3 1 062 (M) x 375 inch 2 062 (M) x 562 (H) inch 4 062 (M) x 1 inch . - - 2 093 (H) xO 5 inch 1 093 (H) x 1 inch 7 125 inch x 75 inch 2 125 x 1 25 inch 1 125 x 1 5 inch 2 125 x 1 75 inch . 1 156 (H) x 5 inch 4 156 (H) x 1 inch 3 156 (M) x 2 inch . ... > 203 (M) x 1 5 inch 1 203 (H) x 2 inch DESCRIPTION OF THE CARRIAGE. [Plates VI, VII, VIII, IX.] The 3.8-inch howitzer carriage, model of 1915, is of the type known as the variable recoil, in which the howitzer is permitted a sufficient length of recoil on the carriage at low angles of e'evation to insure stability of the carriage under firing stresses, and in which the length of recoil is reduced at high angles of elevation to maintain clearance from the ground. For the purpose of description, the carriage is considered as com- posed of the following groups, cradle (complete), top carriage, elevating mechanism, quick-return mechanism, trail (including axle), traversing mechanism, axle seats, road brake, shield, traveling lock, and wheels. A detailed description of each of the above groups follows: CRADLE COMPLETE. Under this group are considered the cradle, the recoil-controlling parts, the valve-turning mechanism, and the firing mechanism. The cradle supports the howitzer, guides it in recoil, and forms a housing for the recoil mechanism and parts of the valve-turning mechanism. It consists of the cradle bottom plate, gun slides, cradle plate, cradle head (rear), trunnion band, shoulder guard, and several other attachments riveted thereto. The cradle bottom plate is made of forged steel. It is shaped on the underside so as to form two clips. These clips are lined with bronze gun slides and form ways in which the howitzer recoils. A rib on the top of the cradle bottom plate forms a bearing and support for the stirrup outer ring, and acts also as a guide for the spring stirrup during the recoil. 46 The cradle plate is arch shaped and made of flange steel, the sides being riveted to the flanges on the bottom cradle plate. The cradle head, rear, is made of cast steel, bushed with a bronze bushing. It is riveted to the rear end of the cradle plate and to the cradle bottom plate and is used to take the thrust of the outer spring column and support the rear end of the spring stirrup. The trunnion band is of forged steel riveted about the cradle plate and locates the trunnions so as to bring the preponderance of the loaded howitzer at the breech and of the unloaded piece at the muz- zle, thus aiding the movements to and from the loading position. The trunnions, integral with the band, are bored out in the center to reduce the weight. The band above the right trunnion has a slot cut in its center for a boss on the connecting rod of the valve turning gear. This slot is covered by a bronze slide. Bosses on either side of the cradle head, rear, form bearings for the pawls of the quick return mechanism. The pawls are assembled to the pawl shaft, which extends through these bearings and the cradle. In front of the pawl bearings projections on the cradle head, rear, are machined into bearings for the rocker. Above the pawl bearings on the right side of the cradle is riveted the handle bracket of the quick return mechanism. The shoulder guard is of flange steel and is riveted to the left side of the cradle. Brackets for securing the cradle head, front, and spring retainer to the cradle are riveted to the front end of the cradle plate. The recoil-controlling parts of the carriage include the counter- recoil .springs, spring stirrup, recoil cylinder, cylinder liner, recoil valve, piston, counter-recoil buffer, and cradle head, front. Immediately inside the cradle plate are located 'the two he^cal spring sections comprising the outer counter recoil spring column. The sections are separated by the outer spring separator. The rear end of the column bears against the bushing of the cradle head, rear, and the front end against the stirrup outer ring. The stirrup outer ring is screwed and pinned at the front end of the spring stirrup. The spring stirrup is a forged-steel tube which separates the outer and inner spring columns. Inside the rear end of the spring stirrup is threaded and pinned the bronze stirrup inner ring, which is bored out so as to form a sliding fit for the recoil cylinder. Immediately inside the spring stirrup are located the two helical spring sections, comprising the inner counter recoil spring column. These sections are similarly separated by the inner spring separator. The rear end of the column bears against the stirrup inner ring, while the front end bears against tli<> spring follower. The spring follower is a bronze ring which fits over the recoil cylin- der immediately in rear of the shoulder on the front end of the cylin- 47 der. In carriages Nos. 1 to 8, inclusive, the shoulder on the cylinder is replaced by a spring compressing ring threaded on and locked in place. The forged steel spring retainer is secured to the cradle by means of two lugs and swing bolts. It is located just in front of the spring stirrup and spring follower and serves to hold the springs in position when the cylinder is removed, or the cylinder retaining ring unscrewed. The springs are assembled in the carriage under sufficient tension to return the howitzer into battery at maximum angles of elevation. The approximate force exerted by the springs at assembled heights is 750 pounds. The recoil cylinder extends to the rear through the stirrup inner ring and the lug of the howitzer and is locked to the lug by the cylinder retaining ring screwed on its rear end. The front cylinder head closes the forward end of the cylinder. The stuffing box is packed with four rings of Garlock hydraulic water- proof packing, held by the bronze piston rod gland, threaded to the cylinder head; Two holes through the walls of the cylinder head are closed by filling and drain plugs and copper gaskets. A filling plug is located near the top of the cylinder in its assembed position in the cradle and immediately in rear of the front cylinder head. Access to it is gained through a hole with a spring cover located on the cradle plate. The vent plug is located on the top of the cylinder near its rear end. Access to it is gained through the hole for the gun lug plug of the howitzer. The rear cylinder head closes the rear end of the recoil cylinder. It is threaded to the cylinder and 'in turn is bored and threaded for the counter-recoil buffer. Both the front and rear cylinder heads are supplied with fiber gaskets to insure oil-tight joints. The cylinder liner is a tube assembled inside the cylinder, the front end being threaded inside and out for a short distance and the rear end fitting into a tapered seat of the cylinder. The cylinder liner lock threaded in the cylinder and extending through it into the liner prevents any turning of the liner in the cylinder and similarly a pin in the howitzer lug prevents rotation of the cylinder in the lug. The outer threads at the front end of the liner secure the liner in the cylinder; the inner threads are for the valve retainer which limits the longitudinal motion of the valve in the liner. The retainer is secured in its proper position in the liner by a small filister head steel screw. Between the end bearings of the liner, the cylinder is counter- bored to a larger internal diameter. The space thus created is called the by-pass. It is utilized for the passage of oil from the front to the rear of the piston head. 48 Parallel to the axis of the liner are cut three rows of ports through its wall. These rows are 120 apart and are for the purpose of con- necting the valve chamber with the by-pass. At the extreme rear end of the liner are drilled additional holes for the same purpose. Fitting with a very small clearance inside of the cylinder liner, but free to rotate in it, is the recoil valve. This valve is a hollow cylinder having three equally spaced longitudinal ribs or keys on its inner surface. Rows of round holes parallel to each other and to the axis of the valve are drilled through the wall. The number of holes in any one row is practically the same as the number in each of the rows 120 from it. The total number of holes in three rows 120 apart varies from that in any other three rows 120 apart, except where the length of recoil is the same, and depends on the number of apertures needed at any given length of recoil for the passage of the oil from the interior of the valve through the liner ports into the by-pass and back to the other side of the piston head. The bronze piston liner working inside the valve and bolted to the head of the piston rod has three notches or keyways which fit over the ribs or keys of the recoil valve. This piston liner fits closely inside of the valve and practically prevents any oil from passing from one side of the piston head to the other except through the holes in the valve and liner, and the by-pass. The piston and piston rod extends through the stuffing box in the front cylinder head and through the valve-turning pinion, as hereafter described. The rear end of the piston and piston rod is bored out to receive the counter- recoil buffer which fits into this bore with a very small clearance. The buffer is threaded in the rear cylinder head and moves with it during recoil. In counterrecoil the oil caught in the piston and piston-rod bore can escape only by the small clearance around the buffer. This checks the return into battery so that very little shock and derangement of aim is experienced. The front end of the cradle is closed by the cradle head, front, a forged steel piece with three projecting lugs. It is secured to the cradle plate by three brackets and swing bolts. The cradle head is bored out and is used to cover parts of the valve-turning mechanism. The valve-turning mechanism consists of the valve-turning pinion, the valve-turning gear, the connecting rod, the connecting-rod pins, and several other small parts. The hub of the valve-turning pinion fits into the bearing formed by the bore in the cradle head, front. A shoulder on the piston rod and the piston-rod nut prevent longi- tudinal movement. The front end of the piston rod passes through the valve- turning pinion. The rod is so shaped as to prevent assem- bling the pinion and bronze piston-rod washer on it in but one position. The piston-rod washer is located just in rear of the piston-rod nut. The piston rod and valve-turning pinion are free to revolve in the 49 cradle head, but the longitudinal movement is prevented as indi- cated above. A zero mark on the piston-rod washer, together with a scale on the hub of the cradle head, front, serve to indicate the approximate elevation of the howitzer for which the valve is set. Should the reading of the valve differ by more than 3 from the actual elevation as determined by separate measurement, the assembling of these parts should be checked. A slight variation is to be expected, due to necessary tolerances and wear. The valve-turning pinion meshes with the valve-turning gear. This gear has a horizontal arm which is journaled in a boss on the right side of the cradle head, front. The valve-turning gear has a vertical arm with an offset, which is pinned by the connecting-rod pin, front, to the front end of the connecting rod, the latter being located in the lower right corner formed by the cradle plate and the cradle bottom plate. The rod has a boss on its rear end which projects through the right side of the cradle, the trunnion band, and the slide. The boss is con- nected by means of the connecting-rod pin, rear, to the trunnion cap, right. A connecting-rod nut screws down on the boss and prevents transverse motion of the boss, but allows longitudinal motion of the boss and slide in the slot of the cradle. Action of mechanism during recoil. Turning the elevating handwheel causes displacement of the cradle with reference to the rear end of the connecting rod, as the latter is pinned to the trunnion cap, right. The longitudinal dis- placement is transmitted at the forward end of the connecting rod to the vertical arm of the valve-turning gear, causing the gear to rotate, and also the valve-turning pinion. The piston rod and valve also rotate with the pinion. The amount the valve is rotated in the liner, therefore, depends directly on the amount the elevating hand- wheel is turned, by which means the throttling orifice is regulated, as explained further below, by the elevation of the piece. Thus the gears and other parts of the valve-turning mechanism are so assembled that as the howitzer is elevated the piston and piston rod, and with it the valve, are rotated inside the cylinder liner through a proportionate angle; 45 movement of the howitzer corresponds to 100 movement of the valve. As stated before, there are three rows of ports in the cylinder liner 120 apart. Similarly, there are three sets of rows of holes in the valve, the corresponding rows of each of the three sets having practically the same number of holes, while for all adjacent rows, except such as have identical lengths of recoil, the number varies. 50 For the howitzer at 5 depression, the three rows having the largest number of holes are opposite the ports of the liner, while for higher elevation the valve turns, putting rows with a less number of holes opposite the ports. In this way the orifice through which the oil passes from one side of the piston head to the other is automatically reduced as the howitzer is elevated. When the howitzer recoils it pulls with it the cylinder, the cylinder liner, the valve, and, by the medium of the springs, the spring stirrup. The piston being fastened to the cradle head, front, remains sta- tionary. The oil in front of the piston head is forced through such holes in the valve as may be opposite the liner ports and through the ports into the by-pass. From there it is forced again through the ports and holes in the valve into the valve chamber in rear of the piston head. The energy of recoil of the piece is absorbed by the resistance which the oil offers to being forced through the small openings and by the resistance of the counter-recoil springs. The energy stored in the springs returns the piece to battery. This return movement is checked by the counter-recoil buffer and limited by the gun lug coming in contact with the rear of the cradle. The number of holes in the valve is calculated so as to stop the howitzer at a recoil of 40 inches at 5 depression and at a recoil of 22 inches at 40 elevation. The carriage mechanism for firing the howitzer is as follows: A firing pallet has its bearing arm assembled in the lower projection of the firing handle bracket, riveted to the rear-end of the cradle on the right side. The pallet or lip is in such a position as to engage an arm on the trigger shaft of the breech mechanism. A helical spring in the upper projection of this bracket above and parallel to the firing pallet tends to hold the pallet in a position free from the trigger. In this upper part the firing shaft is assembled, having on its rear end a crank arm which is connected to a similar arm of the firing pallet by two links. The rotary movement of the pallet in its bearing, caused by its return spring, is limited by a stop pin in the bracket coming in contact with a projection on the firing shaft. On the forward end of the firing pallet is pinned the firing- pallet collar slotted to engage or lock with the latch of the quick- return mechanism when the latter is operated, so that the firing pallet can not be turned with the cradle free from the rockers. The forward end of the firing shaft is squared and fitted with a small shaft trip collar. The firing handle hub adjacent to the shaft trip collar and free to turn on the shaft carries a spring pawl trip latch which engages a notch of the trip collar. A helical spring in the upper part of the bracket rotates the firing handle hub into firing position. In another bearing, in the bracket, is located an adjusting 51 screw which limits the movement of the firing handle. The firing handle is so attached to the hub as to be folded down upon the bracket when not in use, in which position it is kept from turning by a pro- jection fitting into a notch of the bracket. The firing handle spring within the handle forces the firing handle plunger against a shoulder on the bracket, thereby tending to hold the handle in its folded and open positions. The action of the firing mechanism is as follows : Pulling the handle rotates the trip latch, shaft trip collar, firing shaft, and pallet until the head of the trip latch plunger on the end of which is located the trip latch strikes the adjusting screw in the bracket when the trip latch is released from the collar and the shaft return spring returns the pallet and firing shaft to their original position. The trigger should fire the piece just before the trip latch releases. When the handle is released the handle return spring throws it upward and resets the mechanism in the firing position. The piece may be fired by a lanyard attached directly to the trigger shaft of the breech mechan- ism, but should habitually be fired by the cradle firing mechanism. TOP CARRIAGE. The top carriage is built up of two cast-steel side frames riveted on the flange steel top-carriage bottom plate. The bottom plate lies under the lower flanges of the side frames and extends upward in front, forming a stiff connection for them. On the underside of the bottom plate is riveted the forged steel pintle socket. The pintle socket is flanged downward on its underside, the flange having a bronze bushing which acts as a seat for a corresponding flange on the pintle of the trail. The front and rear ends of the side frames are machined to form guides for engaging in the trail clips. The front guides have bronze liners screwed on them and engage in steel clips bolted to the trail, the rear guides engage in bronze trail clips riveted to the trail. Projecting lugs on the left-side frame in front of the rear guide form bearings for the traversing nut. On the rear face of the side frames are formed seats for the handwheel-shaft bracket on the left and the handwheel-shaft bearing on the right. In the top of the side frames bearings are formed which support the bronze trunnion bushings. The trunnions of the cradle are seated in the trunnion bushings. The trunnion caps are hinged to the front of the bearings by the trunnion-cap pins and are secured by the trunnion-cap swing bolts at the rear of the bearings. Near their forward ends the side frames are shaped to form vertical and parallel seats, to which the elevating gear cases, left and right, are bolted. Elevating worm bearings are provided in each side frame and afford seats for the worms of the elevating mechanism. The top carriage, complete, is regarded as one interchangeable piece. 1419917 5 52 THE ELEVATING MECHANISM. The elevating mechanism consists of the rockers, rocker brace worms, elevating shaft, handwheel shafts, intermediate elevating shaft, and their accompanying parts. The rockers, right and left, are made of forged steel. They are located on the trunnion bushings between the rim bases of the cradle trunnions and the trunnion bearings of the top carriage. The twe rockers are bolted to each other by means of the forged-steel rockei brace. The latter passes under the howitzer and insures the action of the rockers as a unit. A bronze rocker washer is riveted to each rocker and affords a wearing surface between the rocker and the top carriage. A similar bronze wearing surface between the rockers and the rim bases of the cradle trunnions is afforded by flanges on the trunnion bushings. The trunnion bushings are keyed to the rockers rotating with them. The sight and quadrant bars rotate with the left and right trunnion bushings, respectively. Lugs on the extreme rear end of the rockers engage the pawls of the quick-return mech- anism as hereafter described. The worm teeth of the rockers engage the (Hindley) worms lying in the elevating worm bearings of the side frames. The worm-bearing caps are bolted to the bearings. Bosses on the worm-bearing caps and on the rockers furnish elevating stops. Beve^ gears on the forward ends of the worms engage pinions on the elevat- ing shaft, which runs transversely across the top carriage. The right and left ends of the elevating shaft are journaled in the gear cases bolted to the side frames of the top carriage. The shaft passes through and supports the elevating gears on the outside at both ends The elevating-gear covers bolted to the elevating-gear cases form with them housings for the elevating gears and the forward ends oi the handwheel shaft, left, and intermediate elevating shaft. The bevel pinions on the forward ends of these shafts mesh with the elevating gears. On the right side, the intermediate elevating pinior on the rear end of the intermediate elevating shaft meshes with the gear integral with the handwheel shaft, right, the whole being housoc in the handwheel shaft bearing, riveted to the right side frame. When the handwheel shafts are rotated by means of either elevat- ing handwheel, the gears transmit the action through the elevating shaft and the worms to the rockers forcing them to rotate about the trunnions, elevating or depressing the cradle. The howitzer bears against the top carriage bottom plate at maxi- mum depression, while at maximum elevation bosses on the rockoi> meet stops on the worm-bearing caps. 53 QUICK-RETURN MECHANISM. The quick-return mechanism is designed to afford means of quickly returning the cradle and howitzer to the loading position and releas- ing them from the elevating mechanism without interfering with the laying of the piece or disturbing the setting of the sights and quad- rant, thereby saving time in firing. The quick-return mechanism consists of the pawls, pawl handle, link, and latch, and accompanying parts of each. The pawls are hooks supported on bosses of the cradle head, rear, and connected through the cradle by the pawl haft. The shaft is operated by the pawl handle, fulcrumed to the tandle bracket on the right side of the cradle and connected to the ight pawl by a link and latch. The link is slotted to allow engage- ment of the pawl and rocker without raising the handle to which it s pinned. The latch works with the right pawl in such a manner hat it is engaged in the slot of the firing pallet collar, preventing iring by means of the firing handle when the pawls assume any posi- ion but that of complete engagement with the rocker. Pinned to he rear of the pawls are plunger rods working in guides riveted to he cradle. By means of pawl springs on the plunger rods between he guides and the pawls sufficient compression is exerted to keep he pawls locked to the rocker. For quickly bringing the howitzer to the loading position when he pawls are released from the rockers an upward pull is applied to .he pawl handle. Safety depression stops are provided on the shield to check the downward motion of the cradle and prevent damage to parts of the alve-turning mechanism when by accident the pawls become dis- mgaged from the rockers with the howitzer removed from the carriage. TRAIL. The flasks of the trail are made of flange steel, shaped and rein- orced to form a box section. The reinforce plates are on the inside )f the flasks and have lightening holes. The forward ends are con- ected by means of the flange-steel pintle plate. The latter forms i support for the pintle which engages in the corresponding part of he top-carriage bottom plate, or pintle socket, and is reinforced mderneath by the pintle-axle plate. The trail flasks are also strength- ned by the axle-reinforce plates, riveted to their front outside ends, ind more securely held together and boxed in the top and bottom lates. At the forward end of the trail are two front trail clips >olted in place for engaging corresponding guides on the top carriage. The axle is made in three parts the two axle arms and the body, n assembling, the axle arms are forced onto the body of the axle. 54 The axle body has two flanges; it is connected to the flasks by rivet* passing through these flanges, the sides of the flasks, and the rein- force plates. They are given a slight set from the horizontal to offset the dish of the wheel, so as to bring the lowest spoke in the wheel vertical when the carriage is limbered. Both the axle and the axle arms are bored out to reduce weight; the bore in the arms is closed at the inner end by the axle-arm plugs. The space thus created is used as a reservoir for lubricating oil. In rear of the axle between the trail flasks is a transom, called the traveling lock sup- port, for pinning the lock in the firing position. The lock works to the front and rear in bearings riveted to the trail flasks. For about half its length from the axle the trail is open to allow the howitzer to pass between the flasks when fired at the higher angles of elevation. At the middle, the flasks are connected and braced by the front transom. Below this are the middle and rear transoms and the float and spade. The top plate, riveted to the flasks and transoms, covers the lower trail and a bottom plate closes the underside of the trail between the front and the rear transoms. The front box, thus formed, is used as a tool box, the rear as a com- partment for carrying the sight. These boxes are entered through flanged openings in the top plate which are closed by hinged covers. The covers are secured by a cover latch and padlock. On the trail flasks, a brake segment is riveted to the front outer end of the right trail flask, and brake-shaft bearings are suitably located on both right and left flasks. A traversing pivot bracket is riveted to the left trail flask immediately in front and below the rear trail clip. The spade is a flange steel piece riveted to the flanged ends of the flasks. Its ends are stiffened by being turned forward at right angles to its bearing surfaces and riveted to the float. The float is riveted to upper flanges of the flasks. The wings of the float project on either side of the spade in order to prevent the end of the trail from burying itself in the ground. A spade edge is riveted to the lower edge of the spade and serves as a wearing plate therefor. Two trail handles, for use in limbering, and a lunette bracket are riveted to the top of the float. The lunette is secured to the bracket by a nut. A handspike is mounted on a rib formed on the lunette bracket and when not in use may be folded forward over the trail. It is held in this position by a spring fastening riveted to the cover of the sight box. Two seats for cannoneers serving the piece are rigidly attached to the trail, one on each side. Attachments for carrying the rammer and staves are riveted to the right flask. Wheel guards riveted to the ilasks protect them from wear of the limber wheels when making short turns. A name plate, giving the number of the carriage, model, name of manufacturer, year if completion, and initials of inspector, is riveted on the top plate. In, all reports and correspondence, the carriage should be designated by the number and model given on the name plate. TRAVERSING MECHANISM. The traversing mechanism consists of the traversing screw and handwheel, the traversing pivot, the traversing nut, the thrust- bearing nut, the ball thrust bearing, and the traversing-pivot bracket and their accompanying parts. The bronze traversing pivot swivels on a vertical axis in the steel traversing-pivot bracket, the latter being riveted to the left trail flask. The upper part of this pivot is bored horizontally to form a housing for the ball thrust bearing. The traversing nut, which is of bronze, swivels on a vertical axis in lugs on the top carriage side frame. The nut may be inverted in assembling and care should be taken to have the right side (as indi- cated by the handy oiler) assembled up. The traversing screw is threaded into the traversing nut with a left-hand thread and extends outward through bearings in the traversing pivot to the handwheel. When the handwheel is turned, the traversing nut is forced along the screw and carries the top carriage with it. Angular movement of the axis of the screw as the top carriage turns about the pintle center is allowed for by the vertical bearings of the nut and the pivot. The collar on the screw serves as a stop to limit the traversing movement of the rear end of the top carriage to the left, while a washer nut, assembled on the inner end of screw, limits movement in the opposite direction. An azimuth scale is attached to the left rear clip of the trail and in conjunction with a zero mark on the top carriage guide indicates the position in azimuth. The scale is graduated to minimum readings of 5 milli ernes. AXLE SEATS. Axle seats are provided on both sides of the howitzer in front of the shield. Each consists of the seat brackets, seat, seat-arm bracket, seat-arm guard, seat arm, seat supports, foot rests, braces, and several smaller connections. The two seat brackets on each side of the howitzer are riveted at their rear ends to the bracket supports which are clamped to the axle. The front ends of th ebrackets are joined together by the flange-steel foot rest, which is braced and riveted thereto. 56 A shield-brace foot is riveted on the outside of the seat bracket, outer, near the foot rest, and forms a bottom connection for the lower shield brace. The lower shield brace is connected at its upper end to the five-armed bronze seat-arm bracket. The upper shield brace is attached at its lower end to the seat-arm bracket and at its upper end to the shield-brace bracket, bolted to the main shield. The seat arm is also secured to the shield-brace bracket and has its lower connection in the seat-arm bracket. The seat support (inside) is secured at one end to a seat-support foot, riveted to the seat bracket, inner, and at its other end to the seat-arm bracket. The seat support (outside) is secured at one end to a seat-support foot, riveted to the seat bracket, outer, and at its other end to the seat- arm bracket. The flange-steel seat is riveted around the seat support (inside) at the front and bolted to the main shield at the rear. The seat- arm guard is riveted around the seat arm and shield brace. A suitable cushion is provided foe each seat. The two seats are similar, excepting parts are right and left. The seat brackets have also riveted thereon small parts for the road brake and shield. The apron-latch body is pivoted on the apron-latch base, riveted to each inner seat bracket. The lower end of the latch body terminates in a hook which engages the latch staple riveted to the apron plate and holds the latter in traveling position. To prevent accidental disen- gagement of the hook from the staple, the opening of the hook is closed by a plunger, seated in the latch body and pressed outward into position by a spring. THE ROAD BRAKE. The road brake consists of the brake beams, brake shoes, brake- beam fulcrums, brake-rod ends, brake rods, brake-rod springs, brake- spring covers, brake-spring cover ends, brake cranks, brake shaft, and brake lever. The brake-beam fulcrums are riveted to the outer seat brackets and form bearings in which the brake beams are pivoted. The outer ends of the brake beams are fitted with brake shoes which bear against the wheel tires when operated. The inner ends of the beams slide in the brake-beam guides, riveted to the inner seat brackets. The brake- rod ends threaded to the brake rods are pivoted to the beams at their inner ends. The brake-rod ends allow for adjustment of the bearing of the shoe in the tire. The brake rods are seated in the brake-spring cover heads, which are the front ends of the housings for the brake- rod springs. The brake-spring covers and brake-spring cover ends complete the housings. The brake cranks are pivoted to the rear 57 ends of the brake-spring cover ends and are assembled to the ends of the brake shaft on square seats. The brake lever consists of two arms integral with the right brake crank. The brake shaft is mounted in bearings, riveted to the flasks of the trail. The brake lever is mounted on the extreme right end of the shaft and extends to the front and rear, affording means of operating the brake either from the front or rear of the shield. Each arm of the lever has a brake-lever catch riveted to it which engages in the segment rack on the brake segment in front and the segment rack of the right bracket support cap in the rear. The brake segment is riveted to the front end of the right trail flask. A forged steel hook is riveted to the brake lever and limits its lateral movement, and the brake segment is flanged into a hook at its lower end to stop the downward motion. The operation of the brake is as follows: In applying the brake the brake lever is sprung in toward the segment rack, allowing the brake-lever catch to engage its teeth. A pull on the lever revolves the brake shaft and with it the brake cranks. The brake cranks, by means of the brake rods and the action of the brake-rod springs and their housings, force the inner ends of the brake beams forward, thus causing the outer ends to move backward toward the wheels. By disengaging the brake lever from the segment rack the tension on the brake-rod spring is reduced and the brake rod is pulled to the rear, freeing the shoes from contact with the wheels. Adjustment to compensate for wear of the brake shoes is secured by varying the distance the brake rods are screwed into the brake- rod ends. The tension on the brake-rod spring may be adjusted by varying the distance the brake-spring cover end is screwed into the brake-spring cover. THE SHIELD. The shield for the protection of the cannoneers is a hardened steel plate 0.15 inch thick, made in four parts, the apron, main shield (upper and lower halves), and top shield. The main shield has a large opening through which the howitzer and cradle project and smaller openings for the lines of sight and the seat brackets. The halves of the main shield are bolted together by means of the bracket supports. The main shield is bolted to the bracket supports, outer and inner, to which the seat brackets are riveted. The two flange-steel axle seats are bolted to the main shield. Diagonal shield braces are bolted on both sides of the howitzer opening and are secured to the diagonal shield-brace brackets, clamped about the axle. These braces and the shield braces, forming part of the support for the seat, stiffen the shield in position. 58 The lower edge of the main shield (lower half) extends to the bot- tom of the seat brackets. The apron is hinged to lugs cast on the seat bracket supports. The upper edge of the main shield is fitted with three hinges for the top shield. The top shield is hinged to the main shield and is arranged so as to fold on the main shield in traveling. It is fastened in an upright position by the top shield fastenings, hinged to the top shield on the rear, and secured to the main shield by wing nuts. When folded, the wing nuts on the front of the main shield secure it in a locked position. The apron extends to about 6 inches from the ground and for traveling is swung up toward the front and under the seat brackets, where it is held by the two apron latches. The port for the pano- ramic sight has an armor-plate shutter provided therefor, which is hinged on the top shield and may be held open by engaging the spring-shutter support in the open position on the shield. Cases are provided for the panoramic sight and range quadrant on the rear of the main shield. Safety depression stops are suitably located on the main shield. THE TRAVELING LOCK. To relieve the elevating and traversing mechanism from all strains in traveling, a traveling lock is provided by- which the howitzer may be securely locked to the trail. The traveling lock is an irregular U-shaped piece pivoted at its ends to the traveling-lock bearings on the trail flasks. Its center has a yoke that slides over a boss on the howitzer and the parts are secured by the locking pin. When not in use, the lock is swung around to the front and secured by the locking pin to the traveling-lock clip, a bronze piece riveted to the traveling-lock support secured between the trail flasks. THE WHEELS. The wheels are a modified form of the Archibald pattern, 56 inches in diameter, with 3-inch tires. The hub consists of a forged-steel hub box and hub ring, each with flanges clamping the spokes and drawn together by eight carriage bolts. The hub band is screwed on the hub box and a lock washer is placed between it and the hub ring, preventing the band from unscrewing. The hub band should be screwed up as tightly as possible with a wrench and finally forced by striking the end of the wrench with a wooden block or mallet. The bronze hub cap is screwed on the hub box and locked to the hub band by the hub-latch plunger, which is withdrawn and held in. a disen- gaged position by the hub latch when the hub cap is to be unscrewed. Assembled to the hub cap and projecting into the axle arm is the oil valve, by means of which the wheel is oiled without being removed. 59 The hub box is fitted with a bronze liner forced in place. The liners are removable. The tire is shrunk on the wooden felloe and secured to it by tire bolts. The wheel fastening, a bronze yoke, fitting recesses in the end of the axle arm, secures the wheel to the axle and is exposed only when the hub cap is removed. The wheel fastening is secured to the axle by the wheel-fastening plunger. DISMOUNTING AND ASSEMBLING HOWITZER AND CARRIAGE. The sight and quadrant, with their bars and cross-wire holder bracket, should be removed and put in a safe place before any dis- assembling operations are undertaken. To dismount the howitzer. Remove the cylinder locking screw, unscrew the cylinder retaining ring on the rear end of the cylinder, partly remove the gun-lug plug, and draw the piece to the rear until the rails are free from the cradle-gun slides. To remove the cylinder retaining ring more readily it is well to use the spring compressor, retracting the howitzer about 2 inches, as the ring carries the weight of the springs on its threads for the first half inch or so. To mount the howitzer. Shove the piece from the rear, with the gun slides engaging the rails, guiding the cylinder carefully into the lug on the howitzer, taking care that the locating pin in the bore of the lug enters the notch cut on the exterior surface of the cylinder, opposite the vent plug. Assembling marks on howitzer and cylin- der facilitate this operation. Assemble the cylinder retaining ring, locking it in place on the cylinder with the cylinder-locking screw and screw down the gun-lug plug. In moving the piece on or off the cradle, particular care must be taken to support the breech end so that the howitzer rails are in pro- longation of the cradle gun slides. The center of gravity of the howitzer is about 1 1 inches from the rear end of the rails. Balancing the howitzer at this place will assist in maneuvering it and will pre- vent any tendency to tumble. The firing pallet is exposed to injury during this maneuver, and care should be taken to prevent it from being struck by the muzzle of the piece or by implements in the hands of cannoneers. The cradle should be approximately horizontal, and at azimuth before beginning either of these maneuvers and not changed during its progress, since the working of either of the ele- vating or traversing mechanisms, when the piece is partially out of battery, brings an excessive and unnecessary strain and wear upon the parts, and there is also danger of the howitzer sliding off to the rear with the gun slides elevated and the cylinder-retaining ring removed. To dismount the cradle head, front. Remove the piston-rod nut; release the three swing bolts securing the cradle head. The head may 60 then be drawn partially to the front; then elevate the howitzer to the maximum so that the connecting-rod pin, front, holding the con- necting rod to the valve turning gear may be removed. The con- necting-rod pin, front, is tapped with a left-hand thread to receive a cross-shaped socket wrench provided for convenience in handling this pin. With the nut, swing bolts, and pin removed, the head may be withdrawn to the front. In assembling these parts be sure that the assembling marks on the valve-turning pinion and valve-turning gear coincide and that split pins for connecting-rod pins, front and rear, and for the taper pin of the collar on the gear are inserted. To dismount the recoil cylinder. The cradle should always be brought to zero elevation before the cylinder-retaining ring is removed. If the cylinder is to be dismounted without removing the howitzer, the howitzer should be securely lashed to the cradle to prevent movement to the rear. The piece having been brought to the horizontal position, the cradle head is removed. The cylinder- locking screw and cylinder-retaining ring in rear of the howitzer lug are taken off, the gun-lugplug is unscrewed, and the cylinder with piston rod, etc., withdrawn to the front. Only those swing bolts affecting the front cradle head are to be disturbed. The two securing the spring retainer are only to be loosened when the spring compressor is in place and when it is desired to remove the springs. To assemble the recoil cylinder. The springs, spring stirrup, and spring retainer being in assembled position, push the cylinder into its seat from the front, locating the notch for engagement on the pin in the howitzer lug from the rear by means of assembling marks engraved on the howitzer lug and cylinder end. This will place the filling and the vent plugs at the top. Screw in place the cylinder- retaining ring and secure it with the cylinder-locking screw. Screw home the gun-lug plug. Assemble the cradle head and screw in place the piston-rod nut. The nut should be screwed up securely, but not too tightly. In replacing the cylinder it sometimes happens that the inner springs have become displaced in a way to prevent the entrance of the cylinder; in such a case reach in from the rear or front of the cradle and place the coil in its right location with a stick. Do not stand in front of the cradle during these operations. To drain the cylinder. Clean receptacles for holding 2 gallons of oil are to be provided. Remove the cradle head front, depress the how- itzer to the maximum, open the vent plug at the rear, unscrew both filling and drain plugs from the front cylinder head. A duct should be improvised to lead the flow of oil beyond the muzzle, where it can be caught by the receptacles provided. The trail of the howitzer may be elevated about 6 foot off the ground, if necessary, to secure 61 proper drainage. If the cylinder is to be removed from the cradle, it may be completely drained when removed. Thorough draining may also be obtained, when the filling and vent plugs are not in a vertical line, by unscrewing the gun-lug plug and cylinder-retaining ring and slipping the cylinder sufficiently far to the front to disen- gage from the pin in the gun lug and then turning it until the filling and drain plugs are vertical. The cylinder is then held in the cradle by improvised means while the howitzer is depressed, trail elevated, and cylinder drained completely. To fill the recoil cylinder. If the cylinder is not completely filled, loss of stability will occur and higher stresses than normal will be developed in the carriage; for this reason the cylinder should be filled with the greatest care; a commissioned officer should himself verify that the cylinder is full and that no air is left in it, with the exception of the void noted below. To fill the cylinder when assembled to the carriage proceed as follows: The piston rod, recoil valve, counter-recoil buffer, cradle- head front, and cylinder heads being assembled, depress the muzzle about 3 from the horizontal. Kemove the filling plug with the socket wrench, attach the filling funnel through the cradle to the cylinder at the front end, remove the gun-lug plug and loosen the vent plug. Fill slowly until the oil flows, and not simply blows or bubbles out the vent-plug hole. When this is done, replace the filling and vent plugs. Depress the piece twice and place more oil in the cylinder. This process should be continued until it is certain that no pocketed air is in the female buffer, the by-pass, or between the valve and liner. When satisfied that the cylinder is entirely full, allow about 2 cubic inches (about one-sixteenth of a pint) of oil to escape, thus providing a void for the expansion of the oil. Tighten both the filling and vent plugs and replace the howitzer gun-lug plug. As filling is conducted at the front, special attention should be paid at the rear also to be sure that the vent and gun-lug plugs are screwed in place after the filling operations. It may happen that after firing a few rounds the howitzer will not return to battery. This may be due to, first, weakness of springs; second, stuffing-box gland being screwed up too tightly; or, third, the oil having expanded, due to heat. In any case the cause must be ascertained and remedied; if due to expansion of oil it is proven by the fact that the piece can not be pushed into battery by force exerted on the breech of the howitzer. In that case remove the gun-lug plug of the howitzer and loosen the vent plug with the piece horizontal, and allow the oil to run out. The oil will now escape, permitting the howitzer to return to battery. Approximately 11 pints of oil are required for filling the cylinder. Hydroline oil of a specific gravity of 0.85 is furnished by the Ordnance 62 Department for use in these cylinders; it is characterized by its low freezing point and by its noncorrosive action on metals. The oil used in the cylinder is to be clean and free from grit and dirt; to insure this it is to be strained through a clean piece of linen or muslin before using. In emergencies, water may be placed in the cylinder. This should be done only when absolutely necessary and never in freezing weather, and as soon as practicable the cylinder is to be emptied, cleaned, thor- oughly dried, and filed with hydroline oil. To dismount the springs. With the cradle elevated, the breech lashed to the wheels and brake set, remove the cylinder-retaining ring, partly unscrew the gun-lug plug, and screw the retracting eye securely into the threaded recess in the rear end of the counter-recoil buffer. Special care should be taken to insure that the retracting eye is properly screwed on. The spring-compressor block and tackle are attached by placing the hook of the single tackle block over a rope about the trail and engaging the hook of the double tackle block in a loop on the spring- compressor rope with the tackle rope passed through the blocks. The two blocks are brought to within about 6 inches of each other. The elevation of the cradle and the position of the supporting block- ing should be such that when the rope is taut it will be in the center of the hole in the howitzer lug. By means of the spring-compressor rope and the block, put sufficient strain on the retracting eye to relieve the spring retainer from spring pressure. Remove the cradle head, front, then the spring retainer by loosening the swing bolts. Ease off the block until the springs are free. The stirrup and cylinder project out of the cradle about 5 feet when the springs are free, and blocks for supporting them should be arranged accordingly. On account of the length of the free spring column, temporary blocking, if practicable, should be placed in front of and on a line with the bottom of the cradle to support the weight of the cylinder, stirrup, and springs, both in releasing and in assembling the column. To assemble the springs. With the cradle elevated, howitzer secured as directed for dismounting, and brake set, shove the first section of the outer springs into the cradle. Place the other spring section, the one which is bent or bowed the most on the spring stir- rup, set the outer spring separator on the stirrup against it, and enter the rear end of the stirrup into the spring column in the cradle. Similarly assemble the springs of the inner column, one into the stirrup and one on the cylinder. The spring follower is run on the cylinder with the bevel to the front and the inner spring separator placed on the rear end of the cylinder. Extend the blocks as far as possible, screw the retracting eye securely into the buffer, passing 63 the end of the spring compressor to the rear through the spring column and cylinder-retaining ring. While the spring column is being compressed care must be taken to see that the rear ends of the cylinder and stirrup are properly guided through the rear cradle head, and that the inner coil does not catch the front of the spring stirrup and the outer coil, the front of the cradle. It may be neces- sary to displace the interfering coils laterally by tapping them with a hammer having a wooden buffer interposed in order to get the coil central. When the springs are sufficiently compressed the spring retainer is assembled. The spring compressor can then be released and disengaged, but should not be removed until the cylinder-retaining ring is assembled. Care should be taken that the retracting eye does not unscrew due to turning of the rope-spring compressor in retracting. As the spring columns are assembled under a load of 750 pounds, serious results may attend a sudden release by breakage of the spring compressor or other parts during the process of compressing. All parts should be carefully inspected before using, and all members of the howitzer crew be required to keep arms and bodies away from the front of the column during these operations. To dismount the piston and piston rod. The cylinder is removed from the cradle and drained. The gland lock is released by the removal of one split pin and the gland slackened a few turns. Each carriage is furnished with two large w r renches, one of which fits the rear cylinder head and one the front of the cylinder. The rear cylin- der head may be unscrewed and the piston and rod may be with- drawn from that end, or the front cylinder-head panner may be applied and that head removed, and the piston and rod taken out toward the front. It is easier to disassemble from the front. If it be desired to dismount the valve, the front cylinder head is taken off as the valve is removed at that end. If the piston only is to be re- moved, it is best to break the joint in the cylinder exposed to the least internal pressure, i. e., that of the rear head. When either head of the cylinder is removed, the opening is to be closed immediately by returning the head or by using clean cotton cloths to prevent grit from blowing into the valve and cylinder-liner ports. The cylinder liner screws into the cylinder from the front end and is locked by a plug at the rear end screwed through the cylinder wall. It is never to be disturbed outside of the machine shop, as each liner is forced in its seat and located individually by the lock, the notches in the rear of the cylinder being cut later to insure the exact position of the rows of cylinder-liner ports hi relation to the keys of the valve. Each cylinder, cylinder liner and lock, and valve retainer is therefore considered collectively as one interchangeable piece. 64 In dismounting and assembling the cylinder heads, the cylinder is always to be held by the wrenches. It should never be held by clamping bars at its middle or by using a chain Wrench, as its walls are thin and not intended to withstand such usage. If the joints at the cylinder heads leak, the fiber gaskets should be soaked in warm oil for about five minutes before assembling to over- come the difficulty. To remove the valve. Unscrew the locking screw of the valve retainer and unscrew the valve retainer, using the wrench and valve- retainer tool provided. The valve may then be drawn out to the front. There is a collar on the front end of the valve to prevent improper assembling. Before assembling the valve be perfectly sure that it is clean. Special care should be taken to screw up the valve retainer shoulder to shoulder with the cylinder liner with assembling marks opposite, so that the hole for the locking screw of the retainer aligns with the corresponding hole in the cylinder liner. In assembling the piston rod, the operations of dismounting are reversed. It ought not to be necessary to take out the stuffing-box packing. The necessity for dismounting parts of the cylinder will seldom arise. It is to be done only in the presence of a commissioned officer, who will see that the parts are handled with the greatest care. In assembling, the parts are to be thoroughly cleaned, as the clearances in the valve are very small and the presence of small foreign particles may interfere with the proper working of the parts. To pack the stuffing box. The stuffing box is packed with four rings of Garlock hydmulic waterproof packing 0.25 inch square, issued hi rings cut to such size that the ends meet around the rod when packed. These rings are placed 'in the front cylinder head with ends cut to give a space of about one-sixteenth inch around the rod, each ring being placed so as to break joints with the preceding one and each in succession being forced into its seat by a packing tool of copper or hard wood. One end of this tool is shaped like a carpenter's gouge, while the other end is formed into a handle strong enough to withstand light taps from a hammer. Such a tool may be readily improvised by the battery mechanic. After the four rbigs are firmly seated in the chamber the gland is screwed on. Be sure that at least 4 threads of the gland are engaged with the threads of the cylinder head, as otherwise the threads of the gland may be stripped in firing. 'Plie adjustment of the gland will require exercise of some judg- ment. If screwed up too tightly the frictional resistance of the packing on the piston rod will be so increased that the counter-recoil springs may fail to return the howitzer to battery, especially at high angles of elevation, or the valve-turning mechanism may be strained. It is t<> In set-ami ny just tight enough to prevent the leakage of oil. Ordinarily this can be done by hand, but where hand power is not sufficient the wrench provided for the purpose should be used. When adjusted, the gland is to be locked. To (iKxdiible and disassemble the valve-turning mechanism. The valve-turning gear and the valve-turning pinion assembled in the cradle head are always to be engaged with their assembling marks coinciding. The seat for the piston rod in the valve-turning pinion is so arranged as to admit assembling in but one position as the round shaft has flats on three sides, which arrangement, together with the assembling marks of the gears and the keying of the valve to the piston rod, insures the correct alignment of valve and cylinder liner. To remove the valve-turning gear from the cradle head, it is necessary to dismount the cradle head as described under " To Dis- mount the Cradle Head, Front." The connecting-rod pin, rear, and the connecting-rod nut are then removed, and the connecting rod may be withdrawn to the front. The valve-turning pinion may now be removed by running the gear out of engagement and puDing the pinion to the rear. The gear may be removed by pulling out the split pin and removing the taper pin from the collar on the hori- zontal arm of the gear and pulling the gear toward the center of the cradle head. The slide on the outside of the right trunnion band moves with the connecting rod. It is not necessary to remove the slide to take 'out the connecting-rod, although after the connecting rod is removed the slide may be run off. The removal of the springs is not necessary for dismantling the valve- turning mechanism. In assembling, the connecting rod should be worked through the slot in the cradle plate and the slide put on afterwards. The slide can not be readily assembled with the cradle in any other position than at approximately maximum depression. To dismount the traversing mechanism. The washer nut is removed from the traversing screw, the split pins from the traversing-bearing cap screws, and the cap screws removed. The right trail clip is taken off and the top carriage then thrown around to clear. The nut is removed from the traversing pivot and the screw and handwheel withdrawn. To dismount the seat brackets and shields. Supports should be placed and blocks wedged up under the seat brackets to take the weight. The 10 bracket-support bolts fastening the bracket sup- ports to the axle are taken out. The two diagonal shield-brace bolts are to be removed and the two axle stud nuts. The trail may be lifted and the carriage run slowly to the rear, or the seat brackets 66 and shield may be lifted and removed to the front. Care should be taken that the cradle passes through its port in the shield without getting caught. If parts, of the shield are to be disassembled, it is only necessary to remove the bolts holding these together. In assembling, be sure to have the heads of bolts to the front. For succeeding operations that is, the removal of the cradle and the top carriage it is necessary to remove only the upper half of the main shield, accomplished by the removal of four bolts through axle brackets near the seat, two diagonal shield-brace bolts, two bolts at the shield-brace bracket, and then to carry the shield forward over the muzzle. To dismount the cradle. The howitzer and upper main shield are dismounted, the connecting-rod pin, rear, disconnected from the right trunnion cap, the trunnion-cap swing bolts loosened, and the caps swung open; the cradle and rockers may then be lifted upward and to the rear from the top carriage as one piece. To dismount the top carriage. The howitzer, upper main shield, cradle, and traversing gear are dismounted. The front trail clips are removed and the top carriage may then be traversed to the left until free from the trail rear clips. To dismount the elevating mechanism. Note that the worms can not be assembled or disassembled while the rockers are engaged or with the top carriage assembled to the trail, as the nuts for the worm- bearing cap bolts are underneath. The right and left worm-bearing caps are removed and the worms dismounted. Remove the elevating- gear covers. The nuts from each end of the elevating shaft are re- moved. Remove the handwheel-shaft bearing and release the inter- mediate elevating shaft from the elevating gear. The cap of the handwheel-shaft bearing may be removed, if desired. Remove the elevating gear, right. Take the four bolts out and remove the ele- vating-gear case, right. Take the split pins out of the elevating pinions and move the shaft to the right, allowing the pinions to slide on the shaft until the left end of the shaft clears the left side frame of the top carriage, then draw the shaft out to the left through the opening in the top carriage. To remove the handwheel shaft, left, take the bolts off the handwheel-shaft bracket and lift the parts from the carriage. To assemble the elevating mechanism. Note that both rockers must elevate simultaneously, and to do so the following points are ob- served in the manufacture: The threads on the worms are in exactly the same relative position; the teeth of bevel gears are integral with the worm and in fixed relation to the thread; and the teeth of the elevating-shaft pinions have assembling marks thereon to match with the assembling marks on the bevel gears of the worms. Of the three steel washers on the elevating shaft, one lies between the righi 67 elevating gear and the case and the other between the left elevating gear and case, and one between the right pinion and case. With the right pinion on the shaft, place the end of the elevating shaft with the long flats on its periphery to the right, through the hole for the right elevating gear case. Then assemble the left pinion and place the left end of the shaft in its bearing in the left elevating gear case. Replace the elevating gears and nuts and the elevating gear case, right. Assemble the handwheel shafts and right inter- mediate elevating shaft and replace the elevating gear covers. To dismount the firing mechanism. Withdrawing the taper pin securing the collar on the forward end of each shaft allows the shaft to be withdrawn to the rear. In assembling, tension is put upon the springs as the firing handle hub is assembled. To remove the road brake. With split pins removed, the fulcrum pins can be driven upward from their seats, the brake-rod pins removed from the brake rod, and the brake beams, being then free, removed from the carriage. The brake rods are dismounted by removing the pins which attach their rear ends to the brake cranks. The brake shoe is freed from the brake beam by removing the brake- shoe tap bolts. The brake crank and brake lever are free on the brake shaft when their split pins are withdrawn, and the brake shaft can then be withdrawn through the holes in the bracket supports. To assemble the brake the operations just described are reversed. The brake beams are rights and lefts and are properly assembled when the shoes have full bearing upon the tires. To adjust the road brake. The brake rods are disconnected from the brake beams. The brake shoes are placed with the desired clearance from the tire and the brake lever in extreme forward (released) position. The lengths of the brake rods are then adjusted to corre- spond. If a test shows that one shoe bears harder against its wheel than the other, the brake rod of the latter is lengthened. It must be noted that some wheels are more or less out of round and the adjustment is not the same for all points along the tire. To remove a wheel. Support the axle to bring the wheel clear of the ground. Lift up the flap of the hub latch, thus disengaging its bolt, and unscrew the hub cap; the wheel fastening, which is now exposed, is secured to the axle by a spring pin in one side ; when this is pressed back the wheel fastening may be lifted free and the wheel slipped off. To remove a hub liner. Take the wheel from the axle and drive the liner out by striking with a heavy hammer or sledge upon a suit- able wooden or metal block placed against the small end of the liner. A hub-liner driving tool is carried in the forge limber for this purpose. In assembling a new liner, be sure the surfaces are perfectly clean and that no dust gets under the flange of the liner to prevent its being driven solidly against the face of the hub. Unless the liner is forced 1419917 6 68 completely into the hub, the distance from the face of the liner to the small end of the hub may be too great to allow the assemblage of the wheel fastening. Should the outer end of the liner project beyond the small end of the hub it may be filed flush. The parts of this carriage in general are made with sufficient clear- ance to permit the assemblage of any part without the use of force. In assembling them no part should be directly struck with a hammer. If resort to force is necessary, a piece of wood or copper drift should be interposed between the hammer and the part struck. Most of the nuts and pins are provided with split pins as keepers. The split pins must, of course, be removed to remove the nut, and when the nut or pin is assembled the split pin should be inserted and properly opened. CARE AND CLEANING OF RECOIL CYLINDER AND OTHER PARTS OF THE CARRIAGE. The carriage is a machine for controlling the recoil of the howitzer and should be properly cleaned and cared for to insure its working cor- rectly. The officers responsible for the efficiency of the battery should familiarize themselves with the carriage mechanism and with the loregoing instructions as to the methods of mounting and dismount- ing the various parts, and should see that the carriage is properly handled, cleaned, and cared for. The following general directions for its care and cleaning are given: The recoil cylinder should be emptied and refilled once every three months. Immediately before firings the carriage should be examined to see that no oil has escaped from the cylinder, and that it is in condition for firing. The piston and recoil valve should be examined every six months (or oftener if conditions require it) for rubbing or scoring of the inside of the valve or piston. If such roughening be noted, the roughness is to be carefully smoothed down by a skilled workman with a dead smooth file or with fine emery cloth; the cause of rough- ness should be ascertained and removed. To prevent chips and emery from entering the cylinder liner ports, work on the valve should always be done with the valve removed from the liner. When unusual rub- bing or scoring has occurred, the facts will be reported to the officer of the Ordnance Department charged with the duty of keeping the battery in repair, for his information and action. Before reassem- bling, the recoil valve, cylinder liner, piston, counter-recoil buffer, and the stuffing box should be thoroughly cleaned by the use of cotton cloths and coal oil and wiped dry. The use of cotton waste, espe- cially in the cylinder liner, is not recommended, as particles of waste will work into the ports. The removal of the packing is not neces- sary in cleaning the stuffing box. The parts are to be reassembled immediately after their cleaning and inspection and the cylinder filled with the hydroline oil issued 69 for that purpose. The piston should be moved back and forth and rotated by hand to make sure that all parts are correctly assem- bled and without interference. After the cylinder is mounted in the cradle the howitzer should be pulled from battery by hand twice and permitted to counter recoil rapidly to insure that all parts are in proper position for firing. The first time the howitzer should be retracted only 18 inches and permitted to counter recoil rap- dly. If all parts function satisfactorily it should then be retracted 40 inches and allowed to counter recoil as a final test. This should never be done, however, unless the cylinder is Icnown to le filled with oil. [n reassembling the parts the condition of the fiber washers between ylinder heads and cylinder should be noted; they should be replaced whenever necessary. In removing and inserting the piston and piston rod care should taken to keep it central in the cylinder, so as not to bind, burr, or spring any parts. The dismounting and reassembling of the parts of the cylinder should in every case be supervised by a commissioned officer. Before firing an inspection should be made to ascertain that the different parts, especially the piston and piston rod and nut, are correctly assembled. The recoil-cylinder oil should be stored in the closed cans provided for the purpose, and be carefully protected from dirt, sand, or water. Oil withdrawn from cylinders and containing any sediment must not be used again for any purpose until it has been allowed to settle for not less than 24 hours. When sediment has thus been permitted to settle, great care must be taken not to disturb it in removing the oil. To insure the cleanliness of all cylinder oil it should be strained through a clean piece of linen or muslin before using. The counter-recoil springs should be dismounted at least once every six months and be thoroughly cleaned. AJ1 rust should be removed and the springs well oiled before assembling. When the springs are dismounted the interior of the cradle should be cleaned and examined for defective riveting, missing rivet heads, and scoring. The stirrup should be carefully examined for bulged or cracked ends, and all burrs or scores on the bronze inner and outer rings carefully smoothed off. The gun slides should be kept well lubricated. Immediately before beginning to fire they should be oiled through the oil holes on the sides of the cradle. Lack of proper lubrication of the gun slides is the most frequent cause of failure to return fully into battery. In traveling the howitzer should be locked to the trail by means of the traveling lock, so as to relieve the pointing mechanisms of all travel stresses. After the howitzer is so locked the pawls should be released and the rockers elevated until the pawls are clear. The wheels and wheel fastenings should be dismounted periodically and the fastenings, hub boxes, axle arms, and axle bore cleaned 70 and examined. All roughness due to scoring or cutting should b< smoothed off. The hollow part of the axle acts as a reservoir for the oil to lubri cate the wheel bearings. Experience will show how much oil i* needed, but enough should be used to insure that the oil will pass through the axle arms to the hub cans. The nuts on the hub bolts should be tightened monthly during th< first year of service and twice a year thereafter. The ends of the bolt! should be lightly riveted over to prevent the nut from unscrewing When the hub bolts are tightened, the hub band should be screwec up as tightly as possible against the lock washer at the outer end o the hub ring. The wooden parts of the wheels are made of thoroughly seasonec materials, and the hub bolts and bands, when the wheels are issued are properly tightened; but all wood is susceptible to change witl atmospheric conditions, so that the spokes speedily become loose, am if the wheel is used in this condition it will rapidly be made unserv iceable and may be damaged beyond repair. In requests for spare parts for repairs and replacements it shoulc be noted that practically all parts of the howitzer carriage, and othe: vehicles have symbols stamped thereon. Special care should bi exercised in furnishing these symbols and the correct names givei under the nomenclature of parts in requisitions, otherwise considerabl< delay may ensue, due to correspondence in an endeavor to fill requisi tions correctly. Special attention is invited to the provisions of paragraph 2, Wa: Dept. G. O. 28, 1913. It is desired whenever materiel requires repai: or alteration, or gives evidence of weakness or of being unsatisfactory report to this effect should be made to the ordnance officer chargec with the care of the materiel before any other action is taken. Thi procedure will keep the Ordnance Department in better touch witl the service point of view, particularly with reference to the defect and unsatisfactoriness in the materiel, and will, moreover, insure \ proper and immediate remedy, and avoid the destruction of valuabl property. The importance of strict compliance with these rules can not be over estimated. THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER LIMBER, MODEL OF 1915. [Plate X.] WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Wright, complete, empty pounds. . 1, 000. Weight of tools and equipment carried do. 111. Weight of ammunition carried do 819 Weight, completely equipped and loaded do 1, 930. 71 Rounds of ammunition carried in limber chest number. . 24 Diameter of wheels inches . . 56 Width of track do 60 Free height under limber (and caisson) do. ... 20 Turning angle degrees . . 74 Distance from center of limber axle to center of caisson axle when limbered (wheel base"! inches. . 117. 5 Name of part. NOMENCLATURE OF 1'AKTS. I I Location, etc. ! Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Wheels and wheel fastenings Same as on carriage Axle Ammunition chest complete, consist- ing of Ammunition chest front Riveted to top and bottom plates I Ammunition chest plate, bottom. . Bottom of chest Ammunition chest plate, top Top of chest Ax-handle support j On chest front Ax-head pocket do Blanket-holder front plate j Riveted to chest top plate Blanket-holder doorplate hinges, Riveted on blanket-holder front plate female. Blanket-holder doorplate hinges, ! Riveted on blanket-holder lid male. Blanket-holder hinge pins In hinges Blanket-holder lid Forms seat for cannoneers Blanket-holder rear plate Riveted to chest top plate Blanket-holder transom, outer do ... (right). Blanket-holder transom, outer do (left). I Blanket-holder transom, middle. do Chest gussets ! Inside chest front over side rails Door hinges, female (right) Riveted to top and bottom plates . . Door hinges, female (left) I do Diaphragm brace (right) I Between front and rear diaphragms Diaphragm brace (left) do Front diaphragm Riveted to top and bottom plates . . Handrails ! On handrail brackets Handrail brackets (right) Riveted to blanket-holder lid Handrail brackets (left) do Hatchet blade bracket On left side of chest Hatchet-handle support do IV Lantern bracket, complete, con- sisting of Lantern-bracket body On chest front Lantern-bracket bottom do Lantern-bracket strap fasten- . . .do ! ers. Lantern-bracket support do Latch-pin plate, upper Under top plate, at middle in rear of rear diaphragm. Latch-pin plate, lower On bottom plate, at middle in rear of rear diaphragm. Lid-prop base Riveted to blanket holder middle tran- som. Lid-prop hinge Riveted to blanket-holder lid Lid-prop hinge rivets ' Lid-prop link, long j Attached to lid-prop base ; Lid-prop link, short (right) j Attached to lid-prop hinge Lid-prop link, short (left) ! Pick mattock guard, chisel end On left side of chest Pole-prop bracket Riveted to blanket-holder rear plate ' Pole-prop stop do ' Pole-prop strap-fastener liner A filler under one of the strap fasteners Projectile tubes i Between front and rear diaphragms Reinforce pieces, long On projectile tubes Reinforce pieces, short do Rear diaphragm : Riveted in chest Shot bolt (right) In shot-bolt bracket Shot bolt (left) do Shot-bolt bracket (right) Riveted to blanket-holder rear plate Shot-bolt bracket (left) do Shot-bolt fastenings On rear of bucket-holder lid Shot-bolt stops ' Assembled with shot-bolt brackets J 72 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Namp of part. Location, etc. Pronertv clas- sification. Class. Section. 2 12 12 24 24 1 1 2 8 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 14 10 4 r f I Ammunition chast complete, consist- ing of Continued. Ammunition-chest doors, com- plete, consisting of Cartridge-case tube (right) Cartridge-case tube (left) Between door diaphragms IV ...do Reinforce pieces long On cartridge-case tubes Reinforce pieces, short . . do Riveted to right door diaphragm, front Riveted to doorframe Door-diaphragm front (right).. Door-diaphragm front (left) . do Door-diaphragm, rear (right).. Door-diaphragm, rear (left) . . . Riveted to doorplates do Doorframe (left) About left door Doorframe (right) About rieht door. Door handles . ... On doorplates Door-handle reinforces Washers under door handle rivet heads, inside. Riveted on doorframes Door hinges, male (rieht) Door hinges male (left) do Door-hinge pins . ... In door hinges Doorplate (right) Rear plate of door Doorplate (left) do 1 Dust shield On top of rieht door Fastening eve . On doorplate left Filler pieces Inside doorframe at hinges side of door In bearings Lock bar Padlock with bolt snap, chain, 2 chain rings, and rivet. Lock-bar bearing (right) Lock-bar bearing (left) On lock bar Riveted on left door do 125 x 796 (ft) pins In lock-bar bearings. . . . Lock-bar bearing cap (right) . . Lock-bar bearing cap (left). . . . Assembled to lock-bar bearings do .... Lock-bar bearing studs Secure lock-bar bearing caps Lock-bar pivots In lock-bar bearings Lock links Assembled in left door Projectile stops, long (rieht)... Projectile stops long (left) Riveted to door diaphragms, front do Projectile stop,medium(rieht). Projectile stop, medium (left).. Projectile stop short (right)... do do do Projectile stop short (left) do Shot-tongs handle fastening . . . Shot-tongs pocket On right door . . do Shot-tongs stop . . do . Secures lock bar to doorplate, right . Wing-nut pin and washer Doorplate right On doubletree bolt Consisting; of Riveted together Doubletree reinforce piece Nipple Nipple nut Nipple separator Hold double-hook on doubletree Rivets Separators 375 x 1 687 (44) screws Doubletree rods complete Connect doubletree to tie rod clamps . ... Consisting of Rods Chains Doubletree rod pins Secure doubletree rods to tie rod clamp.... Frame, complete, consisting of Riveted to middle rail upper half Foot rest Riveted to side rails Foot rest plates Support forward ends of doubletree rods. . . Braces foot rest to middle rail ....do Middle rail upper Ivilf Riveted to axle Middle rail' lower half do Washer Between halves of middle rail at pole seat . Between middle rail and chest Middle rail shim On middle rail over pintle Pick handle fastener . . . Riveted to foot rest. . NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 } 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 8 2 1 1 8 1 4 9 2 Frame, complete, consisting of Con. Pick head fastener On left side of foot rest . . . rv 3 do Pintle bearing in two parts Assembled in middle rail 0.75 x 4 375 bolt In pintle bearing 75 x 3 625 bolt do Pintle spring .... Seated in pintle bearing Secures pintle spring Pole clamp Encircles middle rail at forward end 75 x 4 062 (4-^) bolt In pole clamp Pole pin Secures pole In pole seat . . Pole pin reinforce Riveted to middle rail lower half Pole stop. At rear end of pole seat ... ... Prop bracket Underneath pole clamp Prop chain button Riveted to foot rest Prop chain button rivet Secures button Shovel pocket Riveted to left side rail Side rail (right) Riveted to axle . . . Side rail (left) do Side rail shim (right).. Between side rail and chest Side rail shim (left) do Tie-rod clamp right) On axle . . . Tie-rod clamp (left) do Tie rods, front From tie rod clamps to ends of middle rail. . do Tie rod rear (right) Tie rod, rear (left) do Tie-rod pins., ..... Secure tie rods Limber prop, complete Assembled to middle rail by means of pole clamp eye. Secured to prop foot Consisting of Prop chain Prop-chain handle On chain Prop-chain fastening Attaches chain to prop tube Prop eye Assembled with prop bracket of pole clamp At lower end of prop tube ... Prop foot . . Prop tube Body of prop Pintle, complete, consisting of Pintle In pintle bearing Pintle latch . On^horn of pintle Pintle latch pin Secures pintle latch to pintle Pintle latch spring Assembled in pintle. Pole, complete, consisting of Pole body... Pole plug Riveted in body Neck-yoke conuter stop spring Neck-yoke counter stop pin Bears on neck-yoke counter stop Riveted in body ^ Neck-yoke counter stop * Hinges on counter stop pin . Neck-yoke stop Riveted to body Neck-yoke chafing plate Riveted to upper side of body Neck-yoke stop separator Inside of body Neck-yoke stop rivet separator do Pole pin bushing do Butt reinforce Riveted to inside of body . ., Strap fasteners: Ax strap . On front of chest Grip strap do Hatchet handle On side of chest Pick head On foot rest Picket rope On front of chest Pole prop Riveted to blanket holder rear plate Shot tongs On top of door Shovel handle On foot rest Crown nuts (standard). 375-inch 0.625-inch .... Split pins. 0.156 (&) x 1 inch 156 (jfo) x 1 75 inch 74 DESCRIPTION OF THE LIMBER. [Plate X.] The limber is a two-wheeled vehicle provided with an ammunition chest for the transportation of ammunition for the 3.8-inch howitzer , models of 1908 and 1908 Mi. It is made of metal throughout except- ing the spokes and felloes of the wheels. The principal parts are the wheels, axle, ammunition chest, frame, pintle, pole, limber prop, doubletree and singletree, and neck yoke. The wheels and wheel fastenings are the same as and interchange- able with those on the carriage. The axle is square in section, forged from a single piece of steel. The ammunition chest is built up of flange steel having a top plate and a bottom plate joined at the sides of the chest. The front plate is flanged all around and has vertical corrugations in it for additional stiffness. The flanges are riveted to the top and bottom plates. The flange steel gussets brace the front plate above the side rails to the bottom plate. The bottom plate is reinforced at the points of rivet- ing to the frame at the front by means of the flanges on these gussets and at the rear by means of the flanges on the diaphragm braces which connect front and rear diaphragms. Shims are placed along the whole depth of the chest above the middle and side rails. The side-rail shims pass in rear of the square axle to afford additional stiffness to the chest bottom and side rails. Inside the chest are located two vertical diaphragms one front and one rear flanged all around and riveted to the chest. They are perforated with 26 holes each, designed for projectiles. Twenty-four projectiles are carried. Two holes are used for oil cans. Correspond- ing diaphragm holes are connected, front and rear, by projectile pockets of half-hard brass, rolled in, in assembling. These serve to guide the projectiles and stiffen the diaphragms. The perforations in the rear diaphragm are made conical, and after the projectile pockets are seated these cones fit the taper of the rotat- ing bands of the projectiles, forming stops for the same. Each tube or pocket in the limber chest has its ends crimped over the flanges of the perforations and has beads expanding against both diaphragms, thereby securing it in position. A blanket holder or seat is attached to the chest top plate. It con- sists of three transoms, forming with a front and a rear plate as sup- ports two compartments, a blanket-holder lid hinged to the front plate, and other parts attached thereto. The lid is held in the open position by a folding lid prop hinged to the middle transom and in the closed position by two shot bolts engaging in shot-bolt fastenings on the rear end of the lid. Handrail brackets riveted to the lid support handrails at the right and left sides of the vehicle. 75 The top and bottom plates of the chest extend to the rear, forming a hooded seat for the two doors. The two doors have projectile stops riveted to their front dia- phragms along the sides of the holes for the cartridge cases which overlap the holes in the limber chest for the projectiles. These pro- jectile stops bear against the base of the projectiles when the door is closed; the cartridge cases in turn bear partly against the rear end of the projectiles. This arrangement holds the projectiles and cases firmly in place with the doors closed. The doors are two small chests similarly built. They consist of front and rear diaphragms and a door plate held apart* at the proper distance by a flange-steel sheet, the door frame, bent and riveted about them, the latter constituting the top, bottom, and sides. Twelve cartridge-case pockets connect corresponding front and rear diaphragm holes of each door. The doors are each hinged by two hinges to the sides of the chest body to swing open to the rear. Two door handles are riveted, one to the upper edge of each door, near the center of the limber chest. In the locked position the doors are held by a lock bar hinged to the left door and locked by a hasp on the lock bar to a wing nut, provided with a padlock, on the right door. The shaft of the lock bar is piv- oted at both top and bottom and has eccentric bearings w r hich fit into corresponding holes of the door-lock hooks (lock links). The links are slotted with a cammed seat for a stud in the lock-bar bear- ing; the arrangement is such that rotation of the lock-bar shaft causes the cam in the shank of the hooks to move along the stud of the bear- ing and this fulcrum action forces the hook end transversely about studs on latch-pin plates, riveted to the top and bottom plates of the chest, locking the doors in place. This eccentric and cam action causes the lock links to work backward and forward, also facilitating the opening and closing of the doors, as the action forces the hook against the rear diaphragm of the chest, pressing the left door out in opening and pulling inward on the left door in closing. The right door has a lip flanged on the left side of the door frame at the front, against which bears the door bearing plate riveted on the left door diaphragm front. This lip prevents the doors jarring open on the road as long as the hooks of the lock links are engaged, even if the lock bar itself is partly released. The frame consists of a middle rail and two side rails, a foot rest, and necessary braces. The chest is placed across the middle rail and side rails and each end is braced on the square axle by the side rail shims riveted to the chest bottom and the outside of the side rails. The axle passes through the middle rail, which is flanged to receive it. The flange-steel side rails are also shaped to receive the axle, which has three lugs riveted to each rail. At the front of the 76 chest the side rails are inclined upward and support the ends of the perforated flange-steel foot rest. By means of the foot-rest supports the foot rest is braced at its front to the middle rail and has riveted at each side foot-rest plates which support the doubletree rods. The middle rail consists of two parts, riveted together through the middle rail shim to the chest bottom. The front end of the middle rail is formed into a circular pole socket and fitted with a pole clamp, doubletree bolt, doubletree strap, pole stop, and pole pin. The pole clamp is a steel collar split on one side and provided with a clamping bolt for drawing the two halves of the middle rail firmly about the pole. At the bottom of the pole clamp is riveted the prop bracket, into which an eye of the limber prop swivels. The prop consists of steel tubing with a bronze foot, and is held in the traveling position by means of a chain passing through a perforation in the foot rest with a prop chain handle fitting over a prop chain button riveted to the foot rest. A seat for the doubletree is formed on top of the pole clamp. The doubletree bolt, the upper end of which is threaded for a nut, projects up through this seat and the doubletree and is braced back to the middle rail by the doubletree strap. The rear end of the middle rail is a seat for the bronze pintle bear- ing, which is made in halves and bored out to take the pintle shank. The two halves of the bearing, with the pintle in its seat, are assem- bled and held in thp reat end of the middle rail by two pintle-bearing bolts. The pintle h'as a swiveling motion of 360 upon its shank, but is kept in its normal position by the pintle spring contained in the pintle bearing and bearing upon a flattened seat on the front end of the shank. The lunette is retained upon the pintle hook by a pintle latch. The latter is pivoted by the latch pin upon the end of the pintle horn and is arranged to be held in either the open or closed position by the pintle-latch spring. The latch is opened by the lunette in entering it upon the pintle hook, but must be closed by hand. The spring is peened in its seat, but may readily be driven out and a new one inserted, if required. Tie-rods are pinned to lugs on the front and rear of the tie-rod clamps, seated on the axle body and to the pole socket at the front and the pintle bearing at the rear of the middle rail. The tie-rods are assembled under , tension and rigidly brace the pole and pintle seats. . The doubletree and singletrees are formed of flange steel. The hole in the former for the doubletree bolt is bushed with a bronze nipple held in place by a steel nut, and may be replaced when worn. Two doubletree rods reach from the ends of the doubletree to the tie-rod clamps on the axle to which they are pinned. The neck yoke is now made of stcd with steel sleeves and rings. 77 The pole is now made of steel and is prevented from turning in its seat by a pole pin. To the front end of the pole is riveted a pole plug and a neck-yoke stop. Just forward of the neck-yoke stop is the neck-yoke counterstop, which, with its spring, is hinged to the pole body and works through a slot cut in the underside of the pole. A folding pole prop of flange steel is furnished with each limber and when not in use is carried in fastenings on the chest in the rear of the blanket holder. A name plate is attached to the middle rail of each limber near the pintle seat, giving number, name of carriage, model, name of manufacturer, year of completion, and initials of inspector. In all reports and correspondence the limber should be designated by the num- ber, name, etc., as given thereon. As repairs to implement attach- ments and other parts of limbers may from time to time be required, the parts needed should be referred to by the names given on the drawings or in the nomenclature of parts herein. Brackets, with necessary leather straps, are provided for carrying .a lantern, an ax, and picket rope on the chest front, a short-handled shovel underneath at the front, a pickax on the foot rest, a hatchet on the left side of the chest, shot tongs on the right door, and a paulin on the blanket holder. Three grip straps are provided for the connoneers in the front, at the top of the chest. THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER CAISSON, MODEL, OF 1915. [Plate XI.] WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight, empty, without implements and ammunition pounds. . 1, 175. Weight of tools, equipment, and spare pole bcdy do 102. 5 Weight of ammunition carried do 819. Weight, complete, equipped and loaded do 2, 096. 5 Rounds of ammunition carried number. . 24 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track do. ... 60 Turning angle degrees. . 74 Distance from center of limber axle to center of caisson axle when limbered (wheel base) inches . . 117. 5 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS. No. 2 2 1 1 1 Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Wheels Same as on carriage . IV 3 Wheel fastenings. . . do Axle .. Ammunition chest, complete, consist- ing of A mmunition-chest plate, bottom. . A mmunition-chest plate, top Ax-handle support. . . Forms bottom of chest Forms top of chest Riveted to front plate. . . 78 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. Name of part. Property clas- sification. Location, etc. Class. Section. Ammunition chest, complete, consist- ing of Continued. Ax-head pocket Riveted to front plate Bucket-holder lid Seat, of armor plate Bucket-holder rear plate Riveted to top plate Bucket-holder transom, inner On top of chest (right). Bucket-holder transom, inner do (!> Buc've f -holder transom, outer do . (riirht). Bucket-holder transom, outer do I (left). Che^t frame ' Angle inside front of chest Chest gussets Brace front plate over side rails ' Diaphragm brace, right Between front and rear diaphragms Diaphragm brace, left do Door hinge, female, right (with Riveted to sides of chest body Door hinge, female, right (without do : lug). Door hinge, female, left (with lug) do Door hinge, female, left (without ! do lug). Door hinges, male Riveted to bucket-holder lid Door hinges, female Riveted to chest front plate 0.37 x 4.5 pins Hinge t>ins of bucket holder Door-prop rivets ; Riveted to lid prop (guide end) Front diaphragm ! In chest Front plate j Armor plate front of chest Handrails Riveted to lugs of hinges and handrail brackets. Handrail bracket (right) Riveted to right side of chest Hanlrail bracket (left) Riveted to left-side of chest Latch-pin plate (upper) Under top plate and on bottom plate Lid props Assembled in lid-prop brackets and guides. Lid-prop brackets (right) i Riveted to bucket -holder lid Lid-prop bracket (left) do Lid-prop guide (right) : On right side of chest Lid-prop guide (left) ! On left side of chest Tv Lid-prop pins Secure lid props to brackets Pick-mattock blade guard On left side of chest Projectile tubes Connect front find rear diaphragms Reinforce piece, long j On projectile tube Reinforce piece, short do Rear diaphragm In chest Shot bolt, riirht In shot-bolt brackets Shot bolt, lefr j do Shot-bolt bracket (right) On bucket-holder rear plate Shot-bolt bracket (left) ! do Shot-bolt stops i Assembled with brackets Shot -bolt fastenings Riveted to bucket -holder lid Sp inner holder j Riveted to front plate Wronr-h holder i On front plate ' Ammunition chest doors, com- plete, consisting of Cartridge c^se tubes (right) .... Connect door diaphragms Car ridge-case tubes (left) do Reinforce pieces, long <>n ''art ridge-case tubes Reinforce pieces, short do Door-beoring plate : Riveted to right-door diaphragm, front. . Door-diaphragm, front (right). In door Door diaphragm, front (left) . . .i do Door diaphragm, rear (right) .. ' do Door diaphragm, rear (left) ... I do 2 Door handles On doorplates 8 Door-handle reinforces Washers under door-handle rivets, inside 2 Door hinges, male (right) Riveted to door frames and end plates... 2 !><> T him es, male (left) do 4 Door-hinge pins In hinges 2 Door end plates | On ends of doors Doorplate, right . Rear plate of door I >o irplate, left do - Du>t shield On top of right door Ming eye On doorplate, left Lock I) u In bearings on left door 1'adlock. h>li Miip, chain. 2 \ ttarhed to lock bar by chain chain rings, and chain rivet. 1 Lock-bar bearing, right Riveted one left door 79 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. 1 \ 4 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ammunition chest, complete, consist- ing of Continued. Ammunition-chest doors, com- plete, consisting of Continued. Lock-bar bearing left Riveted on left door IV 3 0.125 x 0.796 (iJ) Inch pins Look-bar hflaring naps In studs.. . On bAarinps Lock-bar bearing studs Secure lock-bar bearing caps Lock-bar pivots In lock-bar bearings " * Lock links A!SATnhlH in Iftft. rinnr Projectile stops, long (right)... Projectile stops long (left) Riveted to door diaphragm, front do Projectile stop, medium (right) Projectile stop medium (left) ... do... . ...do.... Projectile stop, short (right) do Projectile stop short (left) - do Shot-tongs handle fastening . . . Shot-tongs pocket On right door ...do Shot-tongs stop do Wing nut . . . Secures lock bar to doorplate (right) Wing-nut pin and washer Wrench holders . . On right door On left door Apron complete, consisting of Apron In hinges under ammunition chest. Apron-latch staples Riveted to apron Center hinge (right) do Center hinge (left) do Center-hinge pins In center hinges End hinge (right) Riveted to apron End hinge (left) do. . End-hinge pins' In end hinges Apron latches, complete, consisting of Apron-latch washers On latch base pins Handle pins Secure latch handles to bodies 0.368 x 1 55 pins Secure latch bodies Latch bodies Latch handles Pinned to latch bodies . Latch plungers In latch bodies Latch springs Around plungers . .. Brake beams Hinged in brake-beam brackets Brake-beam guides Riveted to front channel Brake-beam pins Secure brake beams in brake brackets Riveted to front channel and side rail do . .. Brake bracket (right) Brake bracket (left) Flange steel plates Fillers between brackets and channel Brake cranks Keyed to brake shaft Brake lever On end of brake shaft Brake-lever catch Riveted to brake lever A . Brake rods, complete, consisting of Brake covers Over brake-rod springs Brake rods Screwed into brake-rod, ends Brake-rod ends Pinned to brake beams Brake-rod springs On brake rods Brake-spring cover ends Pinned to brake cranks Brake-spring cover heads On brake rods, screwed into brake covers. . Secure brake rods to cranks and brake beams. Riveted to brake segment bracket Brake-rod pins Brake segment Brake-segment bracket Clamped on axle Brake-segment bracket bolt In bracket Brake-segment bracket bushing In brake-segment bracket Brake-segment guard Bolted to brake segment Brake shait In brake-shaft bearings Brake-shaft bearings Riveted to axle Brake-shalt bearing bushings In brake-shaft bearings Brake shoes On brake beams Brake-shoe tap bolts Secure shoes to brake beams Chain hook Inside of left side rail Chest shims Between side rails and chest bottom plate. On either side of lunette bracket Frame handle (right) Frame handle (left) . do Frame reinforce plate Near front ends of side rails Front channel Riveted to side rails Foot rest . In front of chest Foot-rest stiffener Braces foot rest to front channel Foot-rest support Riveted to foot rest and middle rails Latch base (right) For apron latch on side rail Latch base (lejt) Lunette. . . In lunette bracket... 80 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Name of part. I/ocation, etc. Pro per tv clas- sification. Class. Section 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 4 1 6 4 3 2 5 1 2 Lunette nut On lunette IV 3 Lunette bracket . . At front ends of side rails Middle rail Under axle Name plate Near rear end of side rail lelt Pick-handle fastener Riveted to foot rest Pick-head fastener On foot rest Pick-mattock point guard do Pintle, complete Same as for limber Pintle bearing (in 2 sections) In rear ends of side rails Pintle-bearing bolts Secure pintle bearing Prop, complete, consisting of Fastening pin. Washer nut On pin Prop-chain clamps Pinned to prop tubes Prop eye (right) At upper end of prop tube Prop eye (left) Prop foot On prop tubes Prop tubes Connect prop eyes and foot Prop chain On prop-chain clamps Prop-chain guides Rivftt.p.rl tn vfil sifnnnrt Segment rack " Riveted to brake segment Separa tors Between brake segment and guard . 0.5 X 2 bolts Thrnnjrh tiAnarftt.nrR Shovel support Between side rails opposite wheel guards. . "Fnrms framA nf Tmhinln Side rail (right) Side rail (left) do . .. Spare-pole bracket Riveted to middle rail under axle Spare-pole fastening Assembled on fastening pin of prop Fastening nut . .do Fastening washer do Strap fasteners Riveted to vehicle Ax.. do Grip do Pick mattock . do Shot tongs do Shovel handle do . Spanner do Wrench do Wheel guards On side rails Crown nuts (standard). 0.375-inch 0.525-inch... 0.625-inch 0.75-inch 1-inch... Split pins. 0. 125 x 0.75-inch... 0.125 x 0.8-inch 0.125 x 1-inch 0.125 x 1.75-inch ' 0.156 (-ft) x 1-inch.. 0.206 (2) x 2-inch 0.312 (A) x 1.625-inch ... ... DESCRIPTION OF THE CAISSON. [Plate XL] The caisson is built up of metal throughout excepting the spokes and felloes of the wheels. The principal parts are the wheels, axle, ammunition chest, frame, pintle, foot rest, prop, apron, and brake. The wheels and wheel fastenings are the same as and interchange- able with those on the limber and carriage. The axle is hollow, square in section, and is made from a single piece of forged steel. 1419917 7 81 The ammunition chest is built up of flange steel, having a top >late and bottom plate, joined at the sides of the chest. The chest front, made of armor plate, is riveted to the vertical flanges of the chest frame and extends up to form the front of the bucket holder. This frame is a steel angle formed into a rectangle and is riveted through its flanges to the top and bottom plates of the chest. Two gussets over the side rails brace the front plate to the bottom plate. The bottom plate is reinforced at the points of riveting to the side rails of the frame at the front by means of the flanges on these gussets and at the rear by means of the flanges on the two diaphragm braces, which connect front and rear diaphragms. Inside the chest are located two vertical diaphragms flanged all around and riveted to the chest. They are perforated with 24 holes, designed for projectiles. Corresponding holes in the front and rear diaphragms are con- nected by brass projectile pockets to guide the projectiles in and stiffen the diaphragms. The perforations in the rear diaphragm are made conical, and, after the projectile pockets are seated, these cones fit the taper of the rotating bands of the projectiles, forming stops for the same. Each tube or pocket in the caisson chest has its ends crimped over the flanges of the perforations and has beads expanding against both diaphragms, thereby securing it in position. A bucket holder or seat is riveted to the chest top and supported by four transoms and a rear plate forming three compartments. The bucket-holder lid is of 0.15 armor plate, hinged in four places, being held in an open position by lid props on each side which slide in slots of the lid-prop guides riveted to the sides of the chest and to the outer transoms of the bucket holder. The slots of the lid-prop guides are enlarged at the ends to allow the sliding ends of the prop to drop in and hold the lid open. Shot bolts in brackets riveted to the bucket-holder rear plate engage in fasteners on the lid to secure the same in the closed position. The handrail brackets riveted to the top plate of the chest support handrails at either side of the vehicle. The chest doors are similar to those on the limber chest in con- struction and operation with the exception that the flange-steel frame has inserted in its end a door end plate of 0.15-inch armor plate. The frame consists of two side rails, a middle rail, and a front channel. The side rails are of flange-steel channel section with their flanges 'turned inward. They are parallel under the chest and forward to the front channel, to which they are riveted. The front ends of the rails converge and are riveted together and to the frame 82 reinforce plate and also to the lunette bracket. The lunette is bolted in its seat on the lunette bracket. Two frame handles are riveted to. the side rails at the lunette bracket. The roar ends of the rails also converge and are riveted together and to the middle rail, forming a seat for the pintle bearing, in which the pintle is assembled. The pintle is identical with that used on the limber. The middle rail of channel section extends under and to the front of the axle from the pintle bearing and is divided into two angles, which are riveted to side rails at their junction with the front channel. The front channel stiffens the frame at a point opposite the tires of the wheels. Brake brackets form extensions of the front ch.ann.el outside of the side rails and are seats for the brake beams. Inter- posed between the side rails and the chest are chest shims which serve to increase the bearing of the chest on the frame. The foot rest is a perforated flange-steel plate riveted to the web of the front channel and to the side rails. A stiffener and a support of flanged steel extend down the middle and along the rear end of the foot rest, respectively. The rear end of the stiffener is riveted to the support and the ends of the support to the middle rails. The prop, formed of steel tubes connected at the lower end by a bronze foot, is hinged on the fastening pin which passes through the lunette bracket and side rails. When not in use the prop is swung up and held by the prop chain, leading from the prop legs, through guide holes in the shovel support and engaging a chain hook riveted in the left side rail. An apron of armor plate 0.15 inch thick is hinged from the bottom of the axle. Two end hinges and two center hinges are riveted to the top edge of apron and engage lugs formed on the axle. The apron extends to within, a short distance of the ground, the armor plate of this, the bucket holder lid, the chest front and the door end plates being needed for the protection of the ammunition servers in the rear from small-arms and shrapnel fire. To clear obstructions in traveling, the apron is made to swing to the rear, in which position it is held by apron latches attached to apron-latch bases, riveted to the side rails. The brake beams of forged steel are pivoted in the brake brackets at the ends of the front channel and pass under the side rails. Cast- iron brake shoes are bolted to the beams and bear against the wheel tires when operated. The inner ends of the brake beams are supported by brake-beam guides riveted to the front channel and secured by the brake-rod pins and brake-rod ends to the brake rods. The front end of the brake rod is screwed into the brake-rod end, while the brake-rod spring slips over the rear end of the rod and abuts against a shoulder upon it. 83 The spring is covered by a tubular brake cover inclosed at each end by bronze pieces, called the spring-cover head and the spring- cover end. The spring is compressed between the spring cover and the shoulder on the brake rod, while the rod is arranged to have a short longitudinal movement against the pressure of the spring. The spring-cover end is pinned to a crank on the brake shaft. The shaft rotates in two brake shaft bearings pinned to lugs on the axle and in a brake segment bracket bolted about the right end of the axle. The brake segment, with the segment rack riveted thereto, is attached to this bracket. On a square on the right end of the shaft is pinned the brake lever which engages the segment rack. The brake guard is bolted to the brake segment and limits the lateral movement of the lever and furnishes a stop for the released position of the lever. The action of the brake is similar to that on the carriage. The shovel support is riveted to the side rails, and strengthens the frame at the point of contact with the wheels in turning. Cast- iron wheel guards are provided to protect the frame at this point. The shovel is supported at its rear end by means of a flanged hole in the front channel through which the handle projects. Three grip straps and attachments for carrying an ax and a spanner on the chest front and a pick mattock on the foot rest are provided, while on the top of the left door are fasteners for a wrench. On the right door are attachments for the shot tongs. Straps for a paulin are provided on the bucket holder lid. A name plate is riveted on the left side rail on the rear and gives the number, name of carriage, model, name of manufacturer, year of completion, and initials of inspector. In aU reports and correspondence the caisson should be designated by the number, name, model, etc., given on this name plate. In all requests for spare parts for repairs, etc., the parts should be asked for by the names given on the plates or in the paragraph giving nomenclature of parts in this handbook. 3-INCH GUN AND 3.8-INCH HOWITZER, FORGE LIMBER, MODEL, OF 1902. WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight, empty, without equipment pounds . . 958 Weight, complete, equipped and loaded do 1, 577 Weight of forge limber and battery wagon, both complete, equipped and loaded pounds. . 4, 324 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track do 60 Free height under limber do 26. 5 Turning angle with battery wagon degrees. . 75 84 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. 2 1 IV 9 Axle Middle rail (upper and lower half) Consisting of Pole clamp Riveted to axle. Riveted to middle rail Pole-prop bracket Riveted to pole clamp and middle rail with limber prop in place. In pole clamp Pole-clamp bolt Pole-clamp nut Pole pin Secures pole in seat Pole-pin reinforce Riveted to lower half of middle rail Pole stop Riveted between upper and lower half of middle rail. Riveted to middle rail with side rails Riveted to middle r?il Separating pieces Doubletree strap Doubletree bolt In bolt clamp and doubletree strap Doubletree nut Side rail (right) Riveted to axle and middle rail. . . Consisting of Reinforce plate, front Riveted to side rail.. Reinforce plates, rear do Sleeves do Step do Pole-prop pocket do Side rail (left) Riveted to axle and middle rail . . Consisting of Reinforce plate, front Riveted to side rail Reinforce plates rear do Sleeves . .. do Step do Pole-prop support do Name plate Riveted to middle rail Limber prop Assembled to middle rail by means of pole-clamp eye. Pinned to bottom of prop Consisting of Limber-prop foot Limber-prop eye Pinned to top of prop Chain Secured to prop foot Chain handle On chain Prop tube Hinged to pole by prop eye. . Prop-chain fastening Riveted to chain " Prop-chain e r e . . * Riveted to prop tube Tie-rod rear (right) Brace middle rail from axle Tie-rod, rear (left) do Tie-rods front do Tie-rod clamp (right) On axle arms. . . Tie-rod clamp (left) .do ... Tie-rod pins Fasten ends of tie-rods Doubletree rods . .... From doubletree to axle Doubletree rod pins Secure rods to tie-rod clamps Foot rest: Consisting of \ngle piece (right) Riveted to foot rest Angle piece (left) . . do Foot-rest liners do Pick-handle rest, large end do Pick-handle rest small end do Pick pocket, needle end do Prop-chain button do Prop-chain rivet do Ax-nandle bracket . ....do . Pintle with bearing, complete, consist- ing of Pintle Seated in pintle bearing 1'intlo latch On pintle ' Pintle-latch pin Forms pivot of latch Pintle-latch strip" On pintle Pintle bearing (in two parts) Pintle spring nd of middle rail I n pintle bearing Pintle-spring pin do Pintle-bearing bolts Secures bearing to middle rail Doubletree On doubletree bolt Consisting of Doubletree body with reinforce Separators Riveted together Nipple separator Doubletree hook (right) Doubletree hook (left)... 85 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. S T O. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ] Doubletree, consisting of Continued. Doubletree nipple Renewable. IV 9 Nipple nut Pole, complete, consisting of Pole body. . Pole plug Riveted in bodv Neck-yoke counter stop spring Neck-voke counter stop pin Bears on neck-voke counter stop Riveted in bod'y Neck-yoke counter stop Hinges on counter stop pin. . Neck-voke stop Riveted to body Neck-yoke chafing plate Riveted to upper side of body. Neck-yoke stop separator Inside of body Neck-voke stop rivet separator * do Pole-pin bushing .... do Butt reinforce Riveted to inside of bodv Forge limber chest, complete, consist- ing of Back and left end Part of body... Front and right end. do Bottom do Lid Hinged to bodv Lid stifTener Onlid Chest-rail filler pieces . Riveted to body and chest rail Outer left-hand partition Part of body Inner left-hand partition do Inner right-hand partition do Outer right-hand partition .... do.... Longitudinal partition (right) do Longitudinal partition (left) .... do I eft rear corner angle do Right front corner angle.. . .... do Bottom stiffening angles do Corner-tie pieces .... do.... . Filler pieces Part of bodv under hand-rail brackets Riveted to body Shot-bolt stops Shot-bolt bracket (right) . do Shot-bolt bracket (left) .... do Shot-bolt filler pieces do Hasp do Hasp hinge Riveted to lid Hasp-hinge pin. In hinge Pad lock-chain rivet . . Riveted to body Chest rail (right) do Chest rail (left).. . .... do.... Chest-rail connections . . . Riveted to chest Pins Join chest to side rails Shot bolt (rieht) In brackets on chest body Shot bolt (left) do Shot-bolt hasp (right) Riveted to lid Shot-bolt hasp (left) do Wing-nut pin Riveted to chest body Wingnut Riveted on pin . Wing-nut pin washer. . On pin Wing-nut pin washer, large Between pin and chest body Padlock, with chain and bolt snap. Hinges, male Eve rivet on chest body Riveted to chest Hinges, female .... do.... I id-hinge pins Hand-rail brackets Riveted to body of chest Hand-rail tubes onnect hand-rail brackets Bucket holder Riveted to top of chest I id-prop bracket.. Riveted to lid T id-prop guide (left) Riveted to chest partition I id prop Riveted on lid-prop bracket I id-prop rivet Rivets lid prop to bracket T id-prop sliding rivet Riveted on lid prop . Ratchet-drill fastening, No. 1 Riveted to outer right-hand partition Riveted to inside of chest back Riveted to inner right-hand partition Ratchet-drill fastening, No. 2 Forge-legs fastening, No. 1 Forge-legs fastening No 2 do Screw-wrench fastening, No. 1 Screw-wrench fastening, No. 2 Riveted to outer right-hand partition do Chisel (cold iron ) fastening Chisel (hot iron) fastening. Riveted to inside of right end ... do.... Flatter fastening do Hand-hammer fastening Riveted to outer right-hand partition Riveted to inside of lelt end Fore punch and creaser fastenings. Shoeing-rasp fastening, No. 1 Riveted to inner right-hand partition 1 The components are for the steel pole, which will be issued to replace the becomes unserviceable and the present supply of wooden poles ?s exhausted. lace the wooden pole when the latter 86 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Property clas- sification. Class. Section. Forge limber chest, complete, consist- ing of Continued. 1 Shoeing-rasp fastening, No. 2 Riveted to inner right-hand partition Flat bastard file fastening Riveted to inner left-hand partition Taps and dies fastening, No. 1 Riveted to inside of back of chest near left end. Taps and dies fastening, No. 2 Riveted to inside of front of chest near left end. Square fastening, No. 1 Riveted to underside of lid near center, front. Square fastening, No. 2 Riveted to undersideof lid nearcenter, rear. Square fastening, No. 3 Riveted to underside of lid near right end, rear. Riveting hammer fastening Riveted to outer right-hand partition Shoeing hammer fastening do Clinching iron fastening ! do Hardie fastening j Riveted to inside of right end Oiler fastening Screwed to anvil block Portable forge fastenings j Riveted to underside of lid Forge gear wheel fastening, No. 1 . . Riveted to inner left-hand partition Forge gear wheel fastening, No. 2. J Riveted to lid prop bracket and lid Anvil fastenings Riveted to lid Sledge handle bracket Riveted to bottom of chest Sledge holder Riveted to foot rest Ax-head bracket Riveted to bottom of chest 2 Front oil-can supports | do 2 Middle oil-can supports do 2 Rear oil-can supports do 2 Oil-can covers Hinged to rear oil-can supports 2 Oil-can support latches On covers. 2 Latch pins 2 Oil-can support latch springs On latches Wooden packing for forge In chest 1 Wooden packing for anvil do Wooden packing for small tools . . . : do 1 Wooden packing for rivet sets \ do Wooden linings for horseshoe com- do partmentj bottom. 4 Wooden linings for horseshoe com- do partment, side. IV 4 Wooden linings for horseshoe com- do partment, end. 1 Packing strap, rivet set On packing for rivet sets 2 Oil-can support hinges Riveted to rear oil-can supports 2 Cover hinge pins Connects hinge and cover Hatchet-blade bracket Riveted to chest Hatchet-handle fastener do Pick pocket, chisel end do Ax-head bracket do Shovel-blade bracket do Lantern bracket, consisting of 1 Lantern-bracket body do 1 Lantern-bracket bottom Riveted to body 2 Lantern-strap fasteners do Shovel-handJe bracket Riveted to foot rest and middle rail Strap fasteners. 1 Ax . Riveted to chest 3 Grip do 1 Hatchet handle do Limber blanket do 1 Paulin strap do 2 Pick head j Riveted to foot rest 8 Picket rope Riveted on chest 1 Pole prop Riveted to side rail 1 Shovel handle Riveted to foot rest 2 Sledge strap do Crown nuts. 1 0.625-inch . Doubletree bolt 2 0.75-inc-h Pintle bearing bolts Split pins. 9 0.156 (A)X1 inch 4 0.25Xl.5inch 87 DESCRIPTION OF THE 3-INCH GUN AND 3.8-INCH HOWITZER FORGE LIMBER, MODEL OF 1902. The forge-limber chest is a rectangular flange steel box with chest lid on top. The lid is flanged all around, fitting over the body of the chest to make it water-tight. It is secured in front to the body of the chest by four hinges, and in rear it is held in its closed position by a shot bolt at each corner and by a hasp and wing nut in the middle. The shot bolts are seated in brackets riveted to the chest, while the shot-bolt eyes are riveted to the lid; the hasp is hinged to a hasp-hinge plate riveted to the lid, and the wing nut is attached to the wing-nut pin, riveted to the body of the chest. A spring pad- lock, fastened by chain and staple to the chest, may be passed through the eye of the wing nut to lock the chest lid when closed. Outside on top is a raised seat, fastened to the chest lid, with spaces under- neath for carrying three watering buckets. The seat has a handrail at each end riveted to the chest body. Various strap fasteners for paulin straps, grip straps, picket-rope straps, etc., and brackets for carrying all the implements carried on other limbers are provided. Arrangements are also provided for carrying on each forge-limber chest one sledge and two oil cans. The sledge rests in a sledge holder riveted on the right end of the foot rest, with the handle projecting to the rear through a sledge-handle bracket riveted to the bottom of the chest. The oil cans are carried one under each end of the chest. For this purpose, for each can three flange steel brackets, called the front, middle, and rear oil-can supports, are riveted to the bottom of the chest. The can is placed in the supports from the rear, and is retained in place. by a bronze cover on the rear bracket. This cover is hinged at the bottom and held in close position -by a spring latch. If desired, the latch may be more firmly secured in locking position by a split pin. Inside, the forge chest is divided into five compartments by four vertical partitions reaching from front to rear. The end compart- ments are comparatively narrow and are fitted with fastenings for carrying smith's and machinist's tools, each so that it can be taken out without removing any other. The compartments next to the tool compartments are wider and are subdivided by lateral partitions forming two compartments for horseshoes and two for horseshoe nails, with a total capacity for 300 pounds of horseshoes and 50 pounds of nails. The horseshoes are carried loose in the compart- ment, which is wood lined: the horseshoe nails may also be carried loose, though the nail compartments are made of the proper size to take the 25-pound box of nails as issued. All of the partitions in the chest are made of flange steel, flanged on three sides and riveted through the flanges to the chest. The middle compartment is fitted to take the field forge in front, the anvil in rear, and several small tools in brackets on the walls. The anvil is bedded in a wooden seat 88 on the bottom of the chest, and with the forge is held in place by cleats on the chest lid. The latter is held in its open position by a lid prop, which is hinged to a lid-prop bracket riveted to the under- side of the lid and having at its other end a button running in a lid-prop guide riveted to one of the chest partitions. 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY WAGON, MODEL, OF 1902. WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight of battery wagon, empty pounds. . 1, 244 Weight of battery wagon, completely equipped and loaded do 2, 747 Weight of forge limber and battery wagon, both completely equipped and loaded pounds. . 4, 324 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track .do. ... 60 Free height under battery wagon do 26 Turning angle degrees. . 75 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS. No. 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 Name of part. Location, etc. Propertv clas- sification. Class. Section. Wheels Same as on carriage 1 IV 9 Wheel fastenings, complete ... . do Axle Axle block center Between axle and body Axle-block end (right) do Axle-block end (left) .. do Middle brace (right) Riveted to axle and rail Middle brace (left) ... .do Side rail (right) Riveted to axle lugs Side rail (left) do Name plate Riveted on left side rail Foot-rest On foot-rest brackets Foot-rest brackets, outer (right and left). Foot-rest brackets, inner, with 4 bolts and nuts. Foot-rest supports (right and left) Foot-rest bracket fillers Bolted to front of body do ... Tie outer corner of foot rest to end stiff- eners. Between foot-rest brackets, outer and body Fastened to side rails Brake channel Channel support do Outer channel support do Box bottom (right) Riveted to ends of brake channel Box bottom (left) do Brake-box fillers do Brake-beam guide (right) Riveted to brake channel . . Brake-beam guide (left) . . do Front brake brace (right) Braces channel to side rail Front brake brace (left) do Rear brake brace (right) do Rear brake brace (left) do. Cross brace Riveted to side rails Cover Over top of body Front end of side rail Frame reinforce plate Frame handle right do Lunette bracket do Lunette bracket filler plate Riveted to bracket Lunette In lunette bracket Lunette nut On lunette Prop, complete, consisting of Fastening pin. Washer niit On pin Prop chain clamps Pinned to prop tubes Prop eye, right. At upper end of prop tube Prop eye, left Prop foot do On prop tubes Prop tubes. Connect prop eves and foot Prop-chain guide Kiveted to cross brace... 89 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. No. Name of part. Location, etc. Prop-chain button Prop-head pin Brake beams Brake shoes Brake-shoe tap bolts Brake-beam pins Brake-rod ends Brake rods Brake-rod springs Brake-spring covers Brake-spring cover heads Brake-spring cover ends Brake-rod pins Brake cranks Brake-crank bolts and nuts Brake-shaft bearings Brake-shaft bushings Brake-shaft bearing, right Brake shaft Brake-shaft crank Brake lever Lever rod Handrail brackets Handrails Brake-lever catch Brake-lever pivot Brake-lever pivot backing Brake-pivot washer Brake bolts Brake segment Segment rack Brake-segment bolt and washer . Riveted to lunette bracket Attaches prop to lunette bracket . Hinged in brake box On ends of brake beams Connect shoe to beam Property clas- sification. Class. Section Brake guard Brake-segment separator, upper Brake-segment separator, lower Oil-can front support Oil-can middle support. . : Oil-can rear support Oil-can support bolts Oil-can bar Oil-can bar buffer Oil-can bar bracket Oil-can bar staple Oil-can locking plates Oil-can bar catch Padlock, chain and bolt snap Filler plate Oil-can slats, wooden Oil-can slats, wooden Oil-can slat, wooden Oil-can slat, wooden (left) Wagon body, woodwork Washers, square Center tie rod Top tie rod Vertical tie rod, with 4 nuts and 2 washers. Side strap (right) Side strap (left) Cqrner iron, rear end (right) Corner iron, rear end (left) Corner iron, rear end (right) Corner iron, rear end (left) Corner iron (right) Corner iron (left) Body fastening plates, with nuts Lid stiffeners End stiffeners, with nuts and washe.s. Vert ical t ie-rod washer , Floor plate (spare breech mechanism chest). 1 1 irises for rear door , 1 I in gos, 12-inch, steel, strap 1 1 asps Hasp rivets Hasp Hasp staples On brake shaft Joins cranks to brake rods On brake shaft In bearings Riveted to axle lug In bearings on axle On right end of break shaft On pivot on wagon body Connects brake-shaft crank and brake lever Riveted to forward lid On handrail brackets On brake lever Riveted on wagon body do On pivot Fasten pivot to side of chest Attached to wagon body Riveted to brake segment Through brake segment, guard, upper sep- arator, and body. Attached to segment Between segment and guard .do. Riveted to side rails, rear of axle . ....do ....do Tie supports to wagon body Hinged to left side rail On oil-can bar Riveted to left side rail In bracket On oil-can bar Riveted to right side rail For locking bar on catch Riveted to right side rail On oil-can supports ....do : ....do ...do.... Under heads of oil,can support bolts Horizontally through center of body Horizontally across top of body Vertically through center of body Vertically on sides of body I Rear corners of body, wagons Nos. 1 to 95, I inclusive. L Rear corners of body, wagons after No. r 95. Front comers of body .do.... Fasten to side rails Tee irons riveted to lids : Riveted to ends and extends through sides on new work; end tie-rods on repair work. V-shaped washer near lower end of rod Screwed to upper floor Hi For lids. For securing lids . For securing rear door For securing lids and rear door . IV 90 NOMENCLATURE OF P ARTS -Continued. Property clas- sification. N:i mo of nart . Location, otc. ("lass. ?tion. Hasp-staple plates Screwed to chest Lock-chain staples For attaching padlock Lock-chain staple plates Riveted to chest Bolt snaps ', For lids Pallocks, with clevises and rivets ; For locking lids and rear door 3-inch chains for padlocks For lids 5-inch chain for padlock i For rear door Shot bolt (right) At corners of rear door Shot bolt (left) ! do Shot-bolt bracket (right) ; Screwed to rear door Shot-bolt bracket (left) ! do Shot-bolt eyes ; Screwed to wagon body Shot-bolt stops i Screwed to rear door Chains 'For rear door Chain fastening door (right) | Riveted to rear door Chain fastening for door (left) I do Chain fastening for body (right) i Attached to body Chain fastening for body (left) !..:.. do Spare-pole fastening | In spare-pole support (front) Fastening washer i On spare-pole fastening 0.625 crown nut j do Spare-pole rest j Riveted to brake channel Spare-pole support (front) | Riveted to front of frame Spare-pole support (rear) Riveted and bolted to axle Pin, type A 0.866 x 2.75 | Pins support, rear and support cap to- gether. Spare-pole support bolts Bolts support (rear) to axle Spare-pole support cap (rear) Pinned to support (rear) Swing bolt In support (rear) 0.625 crown nut ! On swing bolt. . . 7 t Spare-wheel supports Bolted on top of body Spare-wbeel support caps On support Cap-hinge pins j For support Spare-wheel-support bolts, washers, Secure supports to body 1 IV and nuts. Lock pins for spare-wheel supports In spare-whee Jsupports Spare-wheel fastenings : Fastened to body Consisting of Spare-wheel fastening staples Spare- wheel fastening hinges (male) : Spare-wheel fastening hinges (fe- male). Spare- wheel fastening hooks Spare-wheel fastening pins Thongs For spare- wheel fastenings Reinforce poates Under wheel-cleat fastenings Reinforce plate, right, lower rear do Wheel-cleat fastenings Secure cleats to side of body Wheel-cleat strap bolts Bolt straps to body Wheel cleats, wooden On sides of body Lid-prop plates (right) Screwed to inside of body Lid-prop plates (left) do Lid props Hold top lids open Lid-prop lugs Screwed to under side of lid Lid-prop lug screws Secure prop to lug Grindstone upper packing On under side of rear lid Grindstone lower packing ' On upper floor of body Grindstone frame pedestal , On lower packing Grindstone leg bracket, right end i On rear end of body Grindstone leg bracket, left end do < ri ndstone packing nut On packing stud Packing stud < In lower packing Jackscrew base packing On upper floor of body Jackscrew handle packings do Strap fasteners do Grip-strap fasteners j On body Pai ilin-strap fasteners do DESCRIPTION OF THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY WAGON, MODEL OF 1902. Tlio principal parts of the battery wagon are the wheels, wheel fastenings, axle, frame, wagon, body, and brake. The wheels and wheel fastenings are interchangeable with those of the carriage. 91 axle is hollow, square, and finished from a single piece of forged steel. The frame consists of two side rails riveted to the axle and con- verging at the front ends in a bracket for a lunette. In front of the wheels the side rails are connected by a brake channel which forms a support for the brake beams of the road brake. The middle braces are fastened to lugs near' the center of the axle and to the side rails at the brake channel connection. The front ends of the side rails are riveted to each other, to the frame reinforce plate, and to a lunette bracket. To the latter a lunette, interchangeable with the one on the carriage, is assembled by a lunette nut. A strong cross brace is riveted to and strengthens the side rails at their point of contact with the limber wheels in making short turns. A frame handle is attached to the right side of the frame at the lunette bracket for use in limbering, the handle on the left side being omitted to permit the permanent attachment of a forge vise, which is securely fastened and remains in place in traveling. The frame prop is pivoted on a pin through the lunette bracket and is A-shaped to afford greater steadiness to the unlimbered frame when the vise is used. For traveling, the prop is drawn under the side rails by means of a chain attached to the prop crossbar and leading through a chain guide on the cross brace to a button on the lunette bracket. The ends of the brake channel are braced front and rear to the side rails and on the lower side are formed boxes in which the brake beams are pivoted. The brake box bottoms project to the front and form steps for mounting the vehicle. The outer ends of the brake beams carry brake shoes attached by the brake-shoe tap bolts, while the inner ends are supported by brake-beam guides, riveted to the brake channel. The brake shaft is assembled in brake-shaft bear- ings, and the brake-shaft bearing, right, riveted to the front lugs of the axle and carries two brake cranks, which are connected to the inner ends of the brake beams by brake rods similar to those on the caisson. The brake-shaft crank is mounted on the right end of the brake shaft and is connected by the lever rod with the brake lever, which is mounted upon a brake-lever pivot firmly attached to the right side on a diagonal side brace, front, near the front end of the wagon body. Here also is fastened the brake segment, having a segment rack with ratchet teeth. The brake is set by raising the brake lever and engaging it in the segment rack. When released, the weight of the lever holds the brakes off. A sheet-metal brake guard upon the brake segment guides the brake lever in its motion. The spare pole is carried under the frame by the spare pole sup- ports, front and rear, and the spare pole rest. The large end of the pole is secured to the spare pole support, front, by the spare pole fastening, while the small end is held in position in the spare pole 92 support, rear, by the spare pole support cap, rear. The spare pole rest bears against the pole and keeps it from wear due to vibration. The wagon body is of wood and is attached to the side rails of the frame by four bolts and nuts. The interior of the body is divided into four compartments, of which the largest is entered from either end on top, the openings being covered by hinged lids. The other three compartments are in the lower rear 'portion of the body, and are entered by a door at the rear end opening downward. Of the three compartments, the right one is for the saddler's chest, the left one for the carpenter's chest, and the middle one is for the cleaning materials and small-stores chest. The door to these compartments is held in closed position by a shot bolt at each corner and by a hasp hinged to the door at the center, secured over a staple riveted to the wagon body. The lids on top of the body are similarly secured by hasp and staple, and each is provided with a spring padlock attached by a chain to the body. The door in the rear has two door chains to hold it in a horizontal position when open; the lids on top are pro- vided with lid props, one at each end of each lid. These lid props are hinged to lid-prop lugs fastened to the lid and having at their other ends buttons which work in guides fastened to the inner walls of the body. The sides of the body are framed and braced to the bottom, and are cross braced within by means of side straps, a ver- tical and a horizontal tie rod, and two transverse braces, to give sufficient strength for carrying two spare wheels. These are secured in an upright position, one at each side, over the axle. The inner end of the wheel hub rests in a bronze spare- wheel support on top of the wagon body, and the wheel is further secured by two spare- wheel fastenings attached to the sides. Axle blocks are added between the chest bottom and the axle for additional support under the spare wheels. A perforated foot rest is bolted to the front end of the chest and supported by two foot-rest brackets, inner, two foot-rest brackets, outer, and tie rods at each end called foot-rest supports. Two handrail brackets with hand- rails are riveted on each end of the front lid and two grip straps are provided on the front of the chest. Two paulin -straps are secured in fasteners to the front lid of the body. Two grip straps are secured in fasteners to the front of the wagon body. The grindstone and frame, the jackscrew, and the packing chest containing the spare breech mechanism, are carried in suitable fas- tenings inside of the wagon body and over the compartments for saddler's and carpenter's chests. In rear of the axle under the wagon body are carried three oil cans, each of a capacity of 5 gallons. For this purpose transverse metal straps are riveted to the side rails and support longitudinal wooden slats upon which the cans rest. The cans are made of heavy 93 sheet brass. Each is provided with a filling hole on top and with a special stopcock closed by a nozzle screw plug at the rear end. The stopcock is placed so that oil may be conveniently drawn from the can without removing the latter, from the wagon. A steel bar with a wooden face bears against the rear end of the cans and holds them in place. The carpenter's chest is an iron-bound wooden chest and contains a complete assortment of carpenter's tools, so arranged that each tool can be taken from its place in the box without removing any other. The saddler's chest is a combined tool chest and stitching horse. For the latter purpose the box forming the seat rests upon four hinged legs, cross braced to each other. The stitching clamp is secured in a socket on one end of the chest, while the door swinging open on the left side brings the tools into convenient reach of the saddler. For transportation the clamp is removed from its seat and placed within the chest, the legs are folded over against each end and held by the leg braces, permitting the chest to be carried in a small compartment. Both the carpenter's and the saddler's chests are provided with handles and locks. The middle compartment at the rear of the wagon body takes a wooden chest with a hinged lid containing perishable material and various small stores for the artificer's use. Included in these items are sal soda, thread, wax, nails, buckles, screws, tacks, rivets, burrs, etc. One chest for spare sights is issued to each battery and is trans- ported in the battery or store wagon. This chest provides for the safe packing of one sight, complete; one panoramic sight; one range quadrant; one combined teat wrench and screw driver; one bore sight, breech, and one bore sight, muzzle, complete. 3-INCH GUN AND 3.8-INCH HOWITZER, STORE LIMBER, MODEL, OF 1902. WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight of store limber, empty pounds. . 955 Weight of store limber, completely equipped and loaded do 1, 106 Weight of store limber and store wagon, both completely equipped and loaded pounds. . 4, 008 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track do 60 Free height under limber do 26. 5 Turning angle with store wagon degrees. . 75 The store limber, model of 1902 is substantially the same as the forge limber, model of 1902, except that the chest is fitted with com- partments for carrying the following battery fire-control equipment: 10 battery commanders' rulers, wooden. 1 1 battery commander's telescope and mount in case. 1 Metal B.C. rulers with cases may be retained. 94 1 battery commander's telescope tripod in case. 5 flash lights with hoods. 16 flash lights without hoods. 1 steel tape, 100 feet. 2 time-interval recorders with chains. Fire-control equipment furnished by the Signal Corps. The compartments for telephones, field glasses, battery comman- der's telescope, and battery case are padded to protect the contents from injury. THE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER STORE WAGON, MODEL, OF 1902. WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, ETC. Weight of store wagon, empty pounds . . 1, 190 Weight of store wagon, completely equipped and loaded do 2, 902 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track do 60 Free height under store wagon do 26 Turning angle degrees. . 75 The store wagon, model of 1902, is the same as the battery wagon, model of 1902, with these exceptions: The vise is omitted, and a frame handle is attached in its place; the store-wagon body forms a single compartment, with two doors on top, the tool-box compartments of the battery-wagon body and the door opening into them being omitted. A crowbar support, front, takes the two left inside rivets for the cross brace, and a crowbar support, rear, is riveted to the chest bottom in front of the axle. A strap fastener with a strap on the left side rail secures the crowbar in the supports. Arrangements similar to those of the battery wagon are made for carrying two spare wheels and three oil cans. The store wagon is intended primarily for carry- ing such stores, spare parts, and materials as can not be carried in the battery wagon, and in addition, such stores as may be designated by proper authority. The battery and store wagons, model of 1902, which are now in serv- ice are being modified as they are tunied in to an arsenal for repair or alteration. The main modifications are the addition of a foot rest at the front of the chest, transferring the brake system from the rear to the front of the vehicle, and adding handrails, grip and paulin straps to the chest. Axle blocks are added to support the chest under the spare wheels. 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY AND STORE WAGONS, MODELS OF 1902MI. [Plate XII (battery wagon).] WEIGHTS, DIMENSIONS, l.TC. Weight of battery wagon, empty pounds. . 1, 444 Weight of battery wagon, completely equipped and loaded do 2, 947 Weight of forge limber and battery wagon, both completely equipped and loaded pounds. . 4, 524 95 Weight of store wagon, empty pounds. . 1, 390 Weight of store wagon, completely equipped and loaded do 3, 102 Weight of store limber and store wagon, both completely equipped and loaded pounds. . 4, 208 Diameter of wheels inches. . 56 Width of track do 60 Free height under wagons do 24. 5 Turning angle with limbers degrees. . 75 Weight (approximate) at lunette of both wagons, loaded pounds. . 112 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS. Name of part. Location, etc. classification Class. tion. Arbor-bearing cover Axle Bearing plate (transverse brace) . Brake-beam guide, right Brake-beam guide, left Brake-beam pin Brake beam Brake bolt Brake-bolt nuts Brake-box filler Brake channel Brake crank Brake guard Brake lever Brake-lever catch Brake-lever pivot , Brake-lever pivot backing Brake-pivot lower filler Brake-pivot side filler Brake rod Brake-rod end In grinstone packing "A". At upper ends of transverse braces . Riveted to brake channel ...do... Hinged in brake box In brake-lever pivot backing On bolts Riveted to end of brake channel. Fastened to side rail On brake shaft Attached to segment On brake-lever pivot On brake lever Riveted on wagon body do. Brake-rod pin Brake-rod spring Brake segment Brake-segment brace Brake shaft.. Brake-shaft bearing Brake-shaft bearing, right . Brake-shaft crank Brake-shaft bushing Brake-shaft bushing, right. Brake shoe Brake shoe tap bolts Brake spring cover Between pivot and box body do I Connects brake beam and brake crank. On end of brake rods and connecting rod. Inside of brake-spring cover Upper end bolted to box body Supports lower end of brake segment. In bearings on axle On brake shaft... .do. 2 2 Brake-spring cover end . . 2 2 Brake-spring cover head . Box bottom, left Box bottom, right Box front Cap screw, flat head ( ap screw, hex. head Chain (door) Chain fastenings (body), 1 right, 1 left. C hain fastening (door) < ham-fastening filler Channel support Cleat, inner Cleat, outer Connecting rod . On right end of brake shaft In brake-shaft bearing In brake-shaft bearing, right On outer end of brake beam Fasten brake shoe to beam C onnects brake-spring cover head and end. Screwed into brake-spring cover On brake rod and screwed into brake- spring cover. Riveted to end of brake channel ...do... Front of battery wagon body Attach spare- wheel fastenings do ,.... In chain fastenings Bolted to corner irons, rear Ri\ eted to door Hetween door and fastening Fastened to side rails On cover board, locate chests for spare breech mechanism, do Connecting-rod end Corner iron, inner (rear), right. . Corner iron, inner (rear), left Corner iron, inner (front), right. Corner iron, inner (front), left... Corner iron, outer (rear), right. . Connects brake shaft crank and brake lever. On front end of connecting rod On box body ...do... .do. .do. Bolted through box body to corner irons, inner. IV 1419917 8 96 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. Number on store wagon. Number on battery wagon. Name of part. Location, etc. Property classification. - 3Z. 2 2 1 .... 1 2 1 1 4 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4* 2 "2" 2 2 2 2 1 1 "e" 8 2 2 "io 6 6 4 1 3 1 1 1 Corner iron, outer (rear), left Bolted through box body to corner irons, inner, do IV 1 Corner iron, outer (front) right Corner iron, outer (front), left ... do Cover Over top of box body Cover board Over partitions Cross brace Riveted to side rails Cross rail front Under front of floor body Cross rail, intermediate Under middle of floor body Cross rail, rear Under rear of floor body Crow-bar support, rear Riveted to floor (underneath) Door boards In door body . Door hinge plate A ttached to floor of battery wagon Riveted to door of battery wagon do Door hinge strap, center Door hinge, strap, outer, right Door hinge strap, outer, left ....do End strap On box front of battery wagon and front and tail boards of store wagon. In floor body . . .. Floor board, right ... Floor board, intermediate do. . Floor board, left, .... do Floor cleat, right Screwed to floor Floor cleat left do Floor cleat, front, right . .. do Floor cleat, front, left .... do Floor cleat, rear, right do ... Floor cleat, rear, left .... do Floor plate 1 in cover board at chest for spare breech mechanism; 2 in sideboards at packing chest for supplies. Between brake guard and sideboard. . . Riveted to right side rail at lock bar . . . On brackets . Filler block filler plate Foot rest Foot-rest bracket, inner, right Bolted to front of body Foot-rest bracket, inner, left do Foot-rest bracket, outer, right do Foot-rest bracket, outer, left .... do Foot-rest support, right Tie outer corner of foot rest to end stiffener. . .. do Foot-rest support, left Frame handle, right On front end of side rail . . Frame handle, left .... do Frame reinforce plate .... do Front board Front of store wagon body 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 6 8 2 2 1 2 10 6 6 4 Front brake brace right Front brake brace, left . .... do Grindstone-leg bracket, right end. Riveted to tailboard .... do Grindstone lower packing Screwed to cover board Grindstone packing " A " . .... Bolted to forward lid do Grindstone packing "C" do On packing stud Grindstone packing stud On lid Handrail tube On brackets Hasp plate (door) Riveted to door Hasp plate (lid) Riveted to lid Hasp Assembled to hasp plates . . Hasp rail . In lid body Hasp staple Riveted to staple nlate - . Hasp-staple plate Hinge board front Top of box do Hinge rivet (door) Hinge rivet (lid) Joins plate and strap Hinge rivet(spare wheel fastening bar) Hinge rivet (spare wheel support swing bolts). Hinge rivet(spare wheel support stud.) In hinge . . do .. ..d On cover board .... do Lid boards In lid body On top rail Lid hinge strap On lid Lid proD . . . Hinged to lid.. 97 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS Continued. Sri J J Pro] classif aerty cation. SJ 01 ! Numbe battery Name of part. Location, etc. Class. Sec- tion. 4 4 Lid prop pin Screwed into lid hinge straps 2 2 Screwed to sideboard 9 9 Lid prop plate left do 4 4 In lid prop 1 1 Lock chain For locking oil-can bar on catch 2 2 Lock-chain ring On lock chain 2 3 Riveted to staple plate . . . 2 3 Lock-chain staple plate Screwed to front and tail boards and 9 9 Lock washer door of battery wagon. On tie-rod vertical - 1 Lunette In lunette bracket 1 Lunette bracket Front end of side rail 2 Lunette-bracket filler plate Riveted to bracket 1 On lunette Middle brace right Riveted to axle and rail Middle brace, left do Name plate Riveted on left side rail I I Nut plate Attach spare wheel fastenings Oil-can bar Hinged to left side rail Oil-can bar catch Riveted to right side rail Oil-can bar bracket On oil-can bar Oil-can bar buffer do Oil-can bar staple In bracket s Oil-can locking plate On oil-can bar T Oil-can slats (rectangular) On oil-can supports 9 Oil-can slats (T shaped) .do 1 Oil-can slat, right (L shaped) ...do.... 1 Oil-can slat, left (L shaped) ... .do 1 Oil-can staple Riveted to bracket fi Oil-can support bolt Tie supports to wagon body 1 Oil-can support front Riveted to side rails, rear of axle 1 Oil-can support, middle do 1 Oil-can support^ rear do 3 Padlock with 1 bolt snap 1 chain On chest for lids and for lock bar and 1 chain ring. Padlock with 2 chain rings and 1 chain On chest for door Partition, front. Transversely in box Partition, right Longitudinally in box Partition, left do rv a 1 1 Prop, complete, consisting of Fastening pin Holds prop in position 1 Washer nut On fastening pin ?. Prop-chain clamps Pinned to prop tubes 1 Prop eye, right . . At upper end of prop tube 1 Prop eye, left do 1 Prop foot On prop tubes. ... ?, ? Prop tubes . . Connect prop eyes and foot ?. ?, Prop chains On tubes and hook . . 7, ? Prop-chain buttons On body of frame 2 ?, Prop-chain guide Guide chains 1 1 Prop hook On ends of chains 8 8 Rail bolts Fasten to side rails 6 6 Rail-bolt brackets Riveted to side rails 1 Rear board Rear of box i 1 Rear-brake brace, right Braces channel to side rail i 1 Rear-brake brace, left do i 1 Reinforce (brake segment brace). . . Inside front board (box front) 7 7 Reinforce plate Under wheel-cleat fastenings 1 1 Reinforce plate, right lower rear do 1 1 Segment rack Riveted to brake segment ?, ?, Separator Between brake segment and brake 1 Shot bolt, left .. guard. At corner of door 1 Shot bolt, right do 1 Shot-bolt bracket, left Screwed to rear door .... 1 Shot-bolt bracket right do 2 Shot-bolt bracket filler.. . Under shot-bolt brackets ? Shot-bolt eye. On corner iron rear 9 Shot-boltstop Screwed to rear door 1 1 Side brace, front, left On sideboard 1 1 Side brace, front, right do 1 1 Side brace rear left do 1 1 Side brace, rear, right .do 1 1 Side-brace front clip At lower end of side brace 1 1 Side-brace rear clip, left ...do 1 1 Side-brace rear clip, right do 1 1 Sideboard, left... Side of box... 98 NOMENCLATURE OF PARTS-Contimicd. O r fe t .1 Proj classifl >erty cation. If S3 a-tg fc" I! 12 Name of part. Location, etc. Class. Sec- tion. 1 Sideboard right Side of box 1 Side rail, left Riveted to axle lugs. . . 1 Side rail right do 4 Side strap Inside of sideboards 3 Slip tongues (door) In door boards . . 7 Slip tongues (floor) In floor boards 5 Slip tongues (hinge boards) In hinge boards . . 1 10 Slip tongues (lid). ... . In lid boards Slip tongues (sideboard) In sideboards Spare-pole fastening In spare-pole support, front . . Fastening washer . . On spare-pole fastening 0.625 crown nut .do Spare-pole rest Spare-pole support, front . Riveted to front of frame . Spare-pole support, rear .... Riveted and bolted to axle Pin, type A, 866 x 2 75. Pins support, rear, and support cap Spare-pole support bolts together. Bolts support, rear to axle Spare-pole support cap rear Pinned to support rear ... Swing bolt In support, rear. 625 crown nut On swing l>olt Spare-wheel fastening bar . . On side braces, front and rear . . . 4 Spare-wheel fastening base do . . 4 Spare-wheel fastening clip ...do.... 4 Spare-wheel fastening swing bolt do . 4 Spare- wheel fastening stud ...do.... 4 Spare- wheel fastening nut . .do 2 2 Spare- wheel support On top rail of box 2 2 Spare-wheel support cap .do.... 9 2 Spare- wheel support clip do 2 2 Spare-wheel support stud .do.... 2 2 Spare-wheel support swing bolt do 2 2 Spare-wheel support nut " .do IV 9 1 1 Strap fastener crowbar On leftside rail 2 2 On box body 2 Strap fastener jackscrew 4 4 Strap fastener paulin On box body 2 2 Stiff ener Riveted to front and tail boards. 2 Supply-chest supports Screwed on sideboards .... .... 1 Tailboard Rear of box ... .. . j Tie-rod end (front) At upper edge of front board . . 1 Tie-rod end (rear) At upper edge of tailboard 1 Tie-rod center Horizontal rod through center of box. . 2 Tie-rod upper Under top rail " 1 Tie-rod vertical . Vertical rod through middle of box 1 Top rail Top of box T. 1 Transverse brace left Inside, from middle of floor to spare- I Transverse brace, right . . . wheel supports. do I Vertical tie-rod washer At transverse braces I Washer (brake)... Under head of upper brake segment I Washer (brake lever) . bolt. On brake-lever pivot . ... g Washer (oil-can bolt) . Under heads of oil-can bolts 2 2 Wheels On axle . 9 g Wheel-cleat fastening. 1 1 Wheel rest On wheel-rest supports 2 2 Wheel-rest support On axle . 2 1 Wheel-support strap, front, left. From spare- wheel supports to wheel- 2 1 Wheel-support strap, front, right support tie-plates, .do 1 1 do 1 1 Wheel-support strap rear right do 2 Under axle In replacements of wooden parts of these wagons it will be neces- sary to change locations of hasps slightly in certain cases, as well as make necessary fittings, due to the fact that wooden parts warp and shrink in service and in store and cannot be made completely interchangeable. 99 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY WAGON, MODEL OF 1902 Mi. [Plate XII.] DESCRIPTION OF PARTS WHICH DIFFER FROM THE BATTERY WAGON, MODEL OF 1902. The chest, with attachments, is much stronger, braced better, and is secured more satisfactorily .to the frame. The weight of the spare wheels is carried directly by the axle instead of at the top of the chest. The parts of the chest are bolted and screwed together, so that they may be readily disassembled if necessary. The floor is made of matched poplar boards instead of paneling, and is raised and supported above the frame by means of a channel steel wheel rest above the axle and two parallel oak cross rails in front and two cross rails in the rear. Angles are riveted to the frame to take the eight rail bolts which secure the chest to the frame. The ends of the wheel rest project beyond the sides of the body and lie on bronze wheel-rest supports above the axle. Wheel-sup- port straps, front and rear, extend from the spare-wheel supports, and they are bolted to the inside of the body and pass below the axle, to which they are clamped by the wheel-support tie-plates. Two additional tie-rods are across the center of the chest at the top. The corners of the chest are not dovetailed but reinforced by corner irons, inner and outer. Side straps are bolted through the inter- mediate cross rails. The door and lids are made of matched poplar boards, except the hasp rail of the lids, which is of oak. In the forward part of the wagon on the floor are cleats which locate the chest for spare sights and the packing chest for spare parts. By means of supply-chest supports, which serve as guides on the inside of the sideboards of the wagon, the packing chest for supplies may be drawn to the front as an open drawer when it clears the lid of the wagon and then slid back under the top of the wagon in the closed position. It is held in the latter place by means of barrel bolts locking in two floor plates. A list of contents is on the inside of the supply chest at the rear. 3.8-INCH HOWITZER STORE WAGON, MODEL, OF 1902 Ml. The store wagon, model of 1902 Mi, is the same as the battery wagon, model of 1902 Mi, with the exceptions noted under the dif- ferences between the store and battery wagons, model of 1902. CYCLOMETER. The store limber of each 3.8-inch howitzer battery is fitted with a device which registers the number of miles traveled. This instrument, called a cyclometer, is mounted on the left tie-rod clamp at the rear 100 of the axle and is composed of a star wheel and shaft actuating a train of gears which bring figures representing 0.1 mile to 9,999.9 miles before a glass window in the usual manner of such meters. A tally pin riveted to the wheel hub strikes the star wheel and moves it one tooth at each revolution of the wheel. A special tie-rod clamp is issued with the cyclometer for all batteries. NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLOMETER PARTS. 1 bracket (on special tie-rod clamp). 1 cover. 1 stop. 1 spring. 1 tally shaft. 1 washer (felt). 1 counter. 1 case (for counter). 4 case screws. 3 bracket screws. 4 cover bolts with nuts and split pins. 1 tally pin. PADLOCKS AND BOLT SNAPS. The padlocks furnished for each separate vehicle, as carriage, forge limber, battery wagon, store limber, or store wagon, excepting the Umbers and caissons, will have keys interchangeable for all locks of that particular vehicle, but differing from all others. Limbers and caissons are furnished with a lock, marked "AMMU- MITIOJs," which has only one key, these being universally inter- changeable. Bolt snaps for temporarily securing doors, etc., are placed where no shot bolts are provided. THE ARTILLERY HARNESS. [Plate XIII.] The component parts of the artillery harness are given in the table below. Plate XIII shows the harness for the off wheel and off lead horses. The nomenclature corresponding to the numbers on the plate will be found in the table. No. on Plate XIII. Component parts. Wheel. Lead. Property classification. Near horse. Off horse. Near horse. Off horse. Class. Sec- tion. 1-4 2 3 4 o,9 8 9 2-7 5 i, 2 3 7 4 Backstrap and crupper complete 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 IV s Consisting of Body and hip straps Crupper dock T Loin strap . .... Trace loops Backstrap hook Breast strap complete 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 Consisting of Breast strap Breast-strap hooks Breeching complete. . . Consisting of Backstrap (1) and hip straps (4) 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 Body < 'nipper dock I'.ncksirup hook >i'i'lc straps Trace loops... :::::::: I 101 No. on Plate XIII. Component parts. "*-''| "'- i'c^E'L. Near horse. oil- horse. Near horse. Off horse. Class. Sec- tion. 10-19 10 11 12 13 19 13 14 16 17 10 11 13 18 14 16 45 20 21 40 22,2? 22 23 24,25 24 25 26-33 27 15 28 29 42 43 44 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 Bridle, complete (old model) 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 IV 8 Consisting of Brow band Brow-band ornaments Check pieces Connecting strap i 1 1 1 1 2 1 ...... 1 1 1 ( rownpiece 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Snaffle bit l Reins (pairs) Throatlatch Bridle, complete (new model), consisting of Brow band . Brow-band ornaments Crownpiece ( oupling strap Snaffle bit' 1 1 1 1 Roins < rownpiece strap ollar, steel Hame tug (part of the collar) Collar strap 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Halter, complete < onsisting of Headstall Tie rope . . : Martingale, complete onsisting of Martingale incha strap Saddle, complete 1 ..... 1 1 ..... 1 1 Consisting of ( inchas, with reinforces and loops ( inchas without reinforces and loops I ead-rr in roller and strap 1 Quarter straps, including rings, safes, and cincha straps 1 C incha strap , a part of the saddle quarter strap ( oat strap, 33-inch (pommel) 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 1 ..... 2 2 "2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Coat strap, 45-inch (cantle). Coat strap, 60-inch Saddletree, leather-covered . . : 1 2 2 Stirrups (nic] el steel) Stirrup straps Saddlebags, pairs Saddlebags side straps Traces lead model of 1908 onsisting of 1 trace body 1 trace cover 3 lin 7 s 1 chain . . 1 toggle 2socl ets 2 cones 2 filler pieces Traces, wheel, model of 1908 2 2 Consisting of 1 trace body 1 trace cover 1 ring 2 sockets 2 lints 2 chains 2 toggles 2 cones . . . 2 filler pieces Mogul spring 1 loop hook 1 ring 1 Mogul spring loop . 1 locking strap Trace chains.. m / i fj 2 Whip... 1 2 1 Sweat leathers Blanket 2 1 i 1 1 Twenty curb bits with chains are issued for use in place of snaffle bits on fractious draft horses. 8 In submitting and in filling requisitions, unless it is specifically stated that saddle blankets are wanted, they will not be included. 102 STEEL COLLARS. SIZES AND DIRECTION FOR FITTING. Steel collars are made in the following sizes: 2 A, 2 B, 4 A, 4 B, 5, 5 A, 5 B, 6, 6 A, 6 B, 7, 7 A, 7 B, and 8 A. The number and shape of the collar are stamped on the front side under the extension bolt. The A and B shapes have straighter sides than the numbers without letters. When issued with harness, unless otherwise ordered, 20 per] cent of the collars are No. 4 A, 30 per cent No. 5, and 40 per cent No. 5 A, and 10 per cent No. 6. In requisitions the size of collars desired should be given. The steel collar pads are made in seven different sizes: No. is 4 inches wide, No. 1 is 4.5 inches, No. 2 is 5 inches, etc., to No. 6, which is 7 inches wide. The pad connections are also furnished in seven sizes, from No. to No. 6. For the plain number of collar (5, 6, or 7) the regular adjustment requires a pad connection of the same number as the pad. The A and B shapes have straighter sides and take a pad connection two sizes larger than the pad that is, it would take a No. 3 connection with a No. 1 pad, etc., for the regular adjustment in these shapes. When the collar is very wide at the top and narrow at the bottom the size of the pad connection must be increased one or two numbers to allow the collar to close easily at the bottom. In the reverse case a smaller pad connection should be used. The collar pads are numbered on the front inner side. The pad connections are numbered on the side having the round holes, which side must be kept to the front on the collar. In requisitions for collar pads and pad connections the sizes desired must be stated. The buckle is made in two sizes. No. 2 is 1 inch longer than No. 1, and is used with the larger sizes of collar pad. The correct adjustment and fitting of collars is of the utmost importance. The variety of sizes and shapes of collars, pads, pad connections, and buckles issued by the Ordnance Department is sufficient to enable any horse to be correctly fitted. Efficient super- vision by officers of the fitting of collars and of the adjustment of the point of draft (trace plate) is required to secure proper results. Table of dimensions. SIZE OF COLLARS FITTED WITH NO. 3 PADS. 1 Number Ifgj^ Width C, inohi-s down from top. Width 8 inches down from top. Width at draft. Number of collar. 1 I'llUtll of collar Inside. Width 6 inches down from top. down flJjL from top. Inches. 2 A Lg Inches. P 61 Inches. 7; 7 7 IncKet, 6 Inches. 22A 22* 24" Jl _M Inches^. 7| 7 7 Inch(*. 1 < '< : ; 21'. 1^ GA . >; i'. 4 15. .. 5 .... f>A... 21 "> 1? 21 t iL 103 Table of dimensions Continued. SIZE OF COLLAR FITTED WITH NO. 1 PADS. Number of collar. Length of collar inside. Width 6 inches down from top. Width i inches down from top \ . Width at draft. Number of collar. Length of collar inside. Width 6 niches down from top. Width * inches down from top < . Width at draft. 2 A.. Inches. 16* Inches. Inches. 6i Inches. 7 6 Inches. 21 Inches. At Inches. 1\ Inches. 8$ 2B 16i M$ 5; (U 6 A 21 6 Qj g 4 A.. 18 5J ft 3 6 B 21 $ 8 4 B 18 el 7 fil 7: g 5 19i 6i T 8| 7 A 221 si & 8 5 A... 19J 6j n 7B 22i gf 6 8 5B.. 19J C3 5 1 7} 8 A 24 rf 6 3 The table of dimensions gives the largest and smallest size that each collar can be made with the No. 3 and No. 1 pads. Adding one-half inch in length and width to the smallest dimensions given in the table will give the size of the collars when fitted with the No. 2 pads. These examples are given to show the three regular adjustments in each size of collar, but these dimensions can be varied to suit the different shapes of necks. The largest pad can be put in the top of the collar and the bottom taken in to its smallest dimen- sions, or the smallest pad can be put in the top and the bottom left out. While each collar can be lengthened or shortened and taken in or let out at the bottom by means of the adjustments provided, the width at the top can not be changed without using a larger or smaller pad. In fitting irregular shapes none of the connections may give just the proper tension on the pad. In such a case use fche one that comes nearest and straighten or bend the extension at the top. When the collar requires to be widened at top to relieve the pressure on the pad and make it lock easily at the bottom, open the collar wide and place a round piece of hard wood or iron, 1 inch in diameter and 2 inches long, between the connection and collar side close up to the hinge; then press the sides together and bend both sides alike so that they will be the same length at the bottom. Do not let the fulcrum rest on the pad, for it will bend it. If the collar sides require straightening to close them tighter on the pad and give more tension on the latch at the bottom, open the collar at the bottom, hook the wrench over the top of collar side, and press down the lever, treating both sides alike. Both of these operations can be performed with the collar put together. Parts furnished for the repair of the collars with the correct names of the parts are shown on Plate XIV. Canvas collar pads are not part of the artillery harness, but are furnished upon requisition. They are made in sizes Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, as called for; if no size is called for they are made in equal proportions of Nos. 4,5, and 6. 104 Harness issued for service in tropical countries has the metal parts which come in contact with the leather made of bronze where prac- ticable, and steel parts covered with brass rollers or copper plated to prevent disintegration of the leather due to chemical action. COLLAR-LIFTING DEVICE. ] Plate XV. ] This is a simple device for lifting the steel collar from the horse's neck, when, for any reason, the neck becomes sore. The straps securing it to the hame tugs afford easy attachments to or removal from the collar. By supporting the collar by canvas pads in front and in rear of the collar the pressure is removed from the surface of the neck directly beneath the collar and the weight is more evenly distributed along the neck. In case of necessity such a device, made by the organization mechanic, will allow working a horse when suffering with a sore neck. THE ADJUSTMENT OF HARNESS. The bridle. The throat latch should be kept loose enough to admit the flat of the hand between it and the throat of the animal. The snaffle and curb bits should be placed low enough not to crease the corners of the mouth and not so low as to strike the tusks. The curb chain should be adjusted so as to allow two fingers to pass be- tween the chain and the chin when the branches of the bit are in prolongation of the cheek pieces. The collar. The bearing surface of the collar should be tted to suit the conformation of the horse at the bearing area of the shoulder. After measuring the length and width of the neck at the shoulder, reference to the tables of dimensions and explanations above will enable the selection of approximately the size of the collar, collar pad, and connections required. The attachment of the buckle latch, etc., should then be varied until a proper fit is obtained. The collar should not be too large or too small in length or width. To test for a proper fit, let the collar rest of its own weight against the shoulder, pull the side of the collar with one hand halfway down against the neck and mane; the fingers of the other hand should then have a snug, even fit up to the knuckles between the collar and the neck free from the mane, from the collar pad at the top around toe the throat at the bottom. The proof of the fit is in the way the collar works. It is well to tag a properly fitted collar with the name of the horse to which it belongs. The trace. It is apparent that the point and direction of applica- tion of the draft should be at the center of the bearing area of the shoulder, where the motion of the shoulder blade is the least, and in a direction perpendicular to the shoulder. When these condi- PLATE XV Collar Lifting Device. 1419917 9 105 tions exist, the collar will have no tendency to choke the horse or bear down on its neck. The highest adjustment of the trace plates will be best adapted for all horses. The saddle and breeching. The saddle should have the greatest earing area possible over the middle of the horse's back. The addles are generally placed too far forward, and with most horses will be found that the back strap should be buckled in its shortest djustment with the crupper resting closely but not tightly against dock, so as to keep the saddle from being placed dangerously ear the withers. For ordinary work, the cincha when fastened lould admit the flat of the fingers easily under the quarter strap nd ring safe. Pressure should not be brought on the trace loops ith the horses in draft, but the bottom of the loop should be 1 or 2 inches below the traces. The body of the breeching performs the ame office in holding the vehicle back that the collar does in moving forward and the same principles of direction and point of applica- .011 of force apply. The place of least motion of the thigh bone is t its pivot or the joint of the hip. The bod}' of the breeching should lerefore rest against the thigh at the joint of the hip, and the hip }raps should be adjusted to hold it in this position. The side straps should be of such length that the body of the reeching will check the carriage before the singletree touches the ocks. A satisfactory adjustment can be made by hitching the orse to the carriage and having him put his weight into the collar, lien insert the width of the hand and extended thumb between the ody strap and the thigh and buckle the side straps to this length. THE CARE AND PRESERVATION OF LEATHER. Attention is invited to the following : "It is forbidden to use any dressing or polishing material on the rather accouterments or equipments of the soldier, the horse equip- lents for cavalry, or the artillery harness except the preparations applied by the Ordnance Department for that purpose." (A. R. 93 of 1913.) REASON FOR OILIXG LEATHER. Leather, as it comes from the tannery in manufacture, is hard, ough, inflexible, and readily absorbs water. To remove these ndesirable qualities and render the leather soft, pliable, flexible, nd impervious to water, to increase the strength and toughness of le fiber, and to give the leather such a surface color and finish as make it most sightly and suitable for the purpose for which ntended, the manufacture is continued by hand stuffing it with a ubbing made of pure cod-liver oil and beef tallow, which the expe- ience of carriers has shown to be the best material for this purpose. Oiis dubbing is thoroughly absorbed by the leather, penetrating it ompletely, and is not merely limited to the surface. 106 The russet leather now used by the Ordnance Department in thJ manufacture of all leather equipments is pure oak tanned, of No. 1 tannage and finish, hand stuffed with a light dubbing made of pure] cod-liver oil and beef tallow to preserve the leather. This leather as it comes from the manufacturer contains enough oil to materially] improve its quality and prolong its life, but not enough to soil the clothing if the equipment is properly cared for. No oil whatever is] added to the leather in the manufacture of the equipments at thei Government arsenals. CARE OF RUSSET LEATHER. Leather equipments which have become wet should be dried in the shade. Wet leather exposed to the direct rays of the sun or to the] heat of a stove or radiator becomes hard and brittle. Only cool or] lukewarm water should be used on leather; the use of hot water isj prohibited. When russet-leather equipments become soiled in service they] should be cleaned by carefully washing the leather with a sponge! moistened with a heavy lather made of clean water and Castile or' Frank Miller's soap, and then rubbing vigorously with a dry cloth] until the leather is completely dr}^. If the leather becomes harsh and dry from exposure to water on other causes, clean as above described, and while the leather is >t ill slightly moist apply a light coat of neat's-foot oil by rubbing with a] soft cloth moistened (not saturated) with the oil. If it is found that; too much oil has been used the surplus can be readily removed byj rubbing with a sponge moistened with naphtha or gasoline. But! these oils are not issued for this purpose. Where a polish is desired, the leather should first be thoroughly! cleaned and then the leather polish or dressing supplied by the Ord-j nance Department should be applied sparingly and thoroughly] rubbed in with a soft, dry cloth. Scars, cuts, or abrasions of the! leather may be improved in appearance but not obliterated by similar use of the leather polish. Russet leather may be cleaned, oiled, and polished as descril above, but it should be noted that if more than a light coat of oil given the leather will be greatly darkened and will quickly soil the clothing. No method of cleaning will restore the original light coloi of the leather or remove stains or discoloration-. CARE OF BLACK LEATHER. To clean and dress black leather wash it in water (lukewarm pn f erred) with Castile soap. An old horse brush will be found vei satisfactory for applying the soap and water. Dry in the shade: when almost dry, apply the blacking, rubbing it in thoroughly. 1 in 22 CD o p. 06 Loll 107 Dry in the shade and then apply iieat's-foot oil with a sponge or ag, rubbing in well until the leather is soft and pliable. When dry, a certain amount of oil and blacking will exude from he leather: this should be rubbed off with a dry cloth. SIGHTS. FRONT AND REAR SIGHTS. The arrangements for sighting and laying the piece include a jeep sight in the rear with a corresponding front sight carrying iross wires, and a panoramic sight. (Plate XVII.) The front sight consists of two cross wires set at an angle of 45 ;b the horizontal in the circular bore of the cross-wire holder and leld in place by the cross-wire ring and the cross-wire retainer. The jhank of the holder is threaded with 32 threads per inch, which illows it vertical movement in the holder sleeve. The outside of holder sleeve is threaded with 30 threads per inch, which allows t a vertical" movement in the cross-wire holder bracket. This oracket is keyed and attached by studs to the trunnion cap, left. A one-eighth inch split pin passes through the bracket and through dots in the cross- wire holder and holder sleeve, and fixes the cross-wire lolder in a plane normal to the line of sight, the slots allowing vertical adjustment by the differential threads of the sleeve. A sight bar s keyed to the left trunnion bushing of the rocker and secured by a nut. This bar extends to the rear and supports the peep and >anoramic sights. The rear end or head of the sight bar is provided with circular guides cut with the line of sight, howitzer at elevation, as an axis, and upon these guides a socket for the sight shank is mounted. A clip formed on the front of the lower end of the shank socket brms a bearing for a leveling screw, whose threads engage worm-gear ;eeth cut in the lower guide of the sight bar. On the rear of the ower end of the shank socket is a seat for the cross level. Turning the leveling screw rotates the sight shank socket about the line of sight and in a plane perpendicular to it. This permits the sight shank to be brought vertical, thereby correcting for any difference n the level of the wheels. The sight shank is an arm curved to the arc of a circle, the center of which lies in the axis of the trunnions; it slides in guides in the shank socket and is moved up and down in elevation by a scroll gear seated in a boss upon the shank socket and engaging in a rack cut upon the left side of the shank. The scroll gear is held in mesh with the rack by the scroll-gear spring. The sight shank may be dismounted from the sight shank socket, or a considerable change in elevation may be quickly effected by 108 pulling the scroll-gear handle to compress the spring and disengage* the scroll gear from the rack, and then sliding the sight shank through jj the shank socket by hand. A German silver range strip fits in a dovetailed seat cut in the rear! face of the sight shank, and is divided into three range scales, each graduated in yards to correspond to the ranges of the particular zone! used. Mounted upon a boss on the rear face of the sight shank socket and held in place by a shutter trunnion is a notched zone shutter, the notches being so arranged that only the range scale to be used is exposed. The knurled knob is used for turning the zone shutter to the desired zone, in which position it is held by a tooth of the shutter spring engaging a notch in the shutter. Kaised fig- ures on the shutter indicate the number of the zone of the range being read. A shank-socket cover is provided to close the inner side of the shank socket. A spring plate attached to the front of the shank recess in the socket supports two plungers which are actuated by springs to force the shank against the front wall of 'the socket, thus taking up the play of the parts. The upper part of the sight shank is fashioned into a deflection guide and mounting for the peep sight and is prolonged to form a support for the panoramic sight. The peep-sight guide is located in an opening in the sight shank and is perpendicular to the line of sight. The peep sight is secured by clips to this guide and is trav- ersed along it by the peep-sight screw. The latter passes through a tapped hole in the peep sight and is supported at each end in bear- ings in the sight shank. The screw is turned by a knurled head at its left end. The peephole is 0.125 inch in diameter. The deflection scale is attached to the rear face of the peep-sight guide and the index for the scale is on the peep sight. The gradua- tions are in milliemes, or points equivalent to one one- thousandth part of the range. There are 45 mils upon each side of the zero, and the scale is marked from left to right as follows : 40 20 80 60 the actual mils being 40 20 6380 6360 thus making deflection readings on this sight uniform with those of the panoramic sight and the battery commander's telescope. The scale has a short longitudinal adjustment by which the zero of the scale may be located so as to bring the line of sight parallel to the plane containing the axes of the howitzer and cradle. The sides of the upper sight shank converge above the peep sight and form a support for the panoramic sight. This support has a vertical T slot into which the guide lug of the panoramic sight fits. A damp -crew with a ratchet head is seated in the support and holds I $ \ SJ rt! 109 the panoramic sight in position by forcing it against the ways of the support. A small spring plunger detent seated in the sight shank bears against the ratchet head of the clamp screw and fixes it in position. Upon the left side of the upper sight shank is attached a level holder in which is mounted an elevation level. In firing, the sight is left in its seat. In operating the quick return mechanism the cradle and howitzer are shifted, but the rocker and sight settings are not disturbed. THE PANORAMIC SIGHT, MODEL OF 1904. [Plate XVII.] The panoramic sight is a vertical telescope so fitted with reflecting prisms that the gunner with his eye at the eyepiece, which is fixed in a horizontal position, may bring into the field of view an object situated at any point in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the telescope. The details of the optical part of the instrument are shown in Plate XVII, and comprise the rotating head prism A, the rotating prism B ; the objective lens C, the lower reflecting prism D, and the eyepiece E. The rays coming from the object are reflected down- ward from the prism A into prism B, which rectifies them: after their passage through the objective lens C, the prism D reflects them in such a way that there is presented to the eyepiece E a rectified image, which the eyepiece magnifies. The prism B is of rectangular cross section. Its peculiarity is that on rotation about its longi- tudinal axis the image of an object seen through it turns with twice the angular velocity of the prism. As, therefore, the prisms A and B are so mounted as to rotate about this axis, prism B following A with one-half the angular velocity of the latter, the image always remains as it would appear to one observing it directly with an ordinary terrestrial telescope. The image formed by the objective lens would naturally be re- versed and inverted. The lower inclined faces of the prism D by cross, reflection transfer the rays to opposite sides of the axis, thus correcting the reversal. The correction of the inversion is accom- plished by the combined action of the three prisms A, B, and D, the nature of the action varying with the different positions of the prisms. In the position shown on Plate XVII prisms A and D act as parallel reflectors, and they without the lens system would present and erect image. Prism B, however, inverts the rays and corrects the inversion produced by the objective lens. It will be noted the effect would be the same whether the prism B occupies the position shown on the plate or be revolved 180 from that position. This latter position is the one it would assume if the prism A were rotated through 360. If the prism A be now rotated through 180 the 110 prisms A and D would form two reflectors set at right angles, and would give, without the lens system an inverted image, and in con- junction with the lens system an erect image. Prism B in this case will occupy a position 90 from that shown on the plate, in which position it causes no inversion, but counteracts the inversion pro- duced by prism D. A glass reticule marked with cross lines is located in the focal plane of the instrument, with the intersection of the cross lines coincident with its optical axis. No provision is made for changing the focus of eyepiece or objective lens. As issued, the instrument is focused for the usual range and the average eye. The magnifying power of the instrument is four; the field of view is 10. The mechanical construction of the instrument is as follows: The body consists of a shank, provided on its front surface with a T lug which fits into a corresponding slot in the head of the shank of the rear sights and is held in that position by a clamp screw, which is locked by a detent and ratchet, thus firmly securing the instrument in place. To the low r er end of the shank is screwed the eyepiece elbow, forming a housing for the prism D and the eyepiece E. The latter projects to the rear just above the peep sight of the rear sight. To the upper end of the shank is screwed the azimuth-circle support, to which is screwed the hood for the azimuth circle, forming a seat for the rotating mechanism of the sight. The opening in the rotat- ing head is closed by the rotating head window, which forms a dust guard. The rotating head prism A is mounted opposite this opening. The lower end of the rotating head is seated in the azimuth circle hub and gear. A worm located in bearings in the hood for azimuth circle engages in a worm rack cut on the azimuth circle. The rotating prism B is secured in the upper end, and the objective C in the lower end, of the supporting sleeve for rotating prism resting in the azimuth circle hub and gear. The upper end of the supporting sleeve for the rotating prism and the lower end of the azimuth circle hub and gear have gears which engage in a double pinion seated in the azimuth- circle support. The gears and pinions are calculated so that the angu- lar velocity of the rotating head is twice that of the rotating prism B and is in the same direction. The motion of rotation is transmitted from the worm to the azimuth circle, thence to the azimuth-circle hub and gear, thence to the pinion, and through it to the supporting sleeve for rotating prism. The amount of motion of the rotating head prism is indicated by a graduated scale on the perimeter of the azimuth circle, visible through the glass azimuth-circle window in the rear face of the hood for the azimuth circle. The zero of the scale and the movable index cover on the hood for azimuth circle are located so that the line of sight of the panoramic sight is parallel to that of the rear sight, and consequently to the axis of the gun, when both sights are set at elevation and deflection. Ill The scale is formed by dividing the circumference ink) 64 equal parts. One complete turn of the worm moves the rotating head prism through one of these divisions, or ^ of a circle. The rear end of the worm carries the worm index with circumference graduated into 100 equal parts to form a micrometer scale. One of these sub- divisions, therefore, equals -^^ of a division of the main scale, or marks a movement of the rotating head prism and line of sight through -g^Vii of a circle. An angular movement of the line of sight through ^tW f a circle corresponds very closely to a lateral displace- ment of 10 1 00 of the range. Practically, the subdivisions of the deflec- tion scale on the panoramic sight are considered as points equal to roW f kh e range and are called milliemes or mils. The reading of the deflection scale or the size of an angle is given in the units of the worm index as 2763, 1521, etc., meaning fjj$, JfiB'j e ^c., of 360. The alternate divisions of the main scale are numbered in a clockwise direction 0, 2, 4, etc., to 62, inclusive. In reading the deflection scale, therefore, hundreds are read directly from the main scales and tens and units from the worm index. At the line of sight is parallel to the vertical plane through the axis of the gun; at 16 (or 1,600 mils) it is perpendicular to that plane and pointing directly to the right, etc. The worm index forming the micrometer scale is secured on a coned seat on the end of the worm by a nut and is held against rotation on its seat by friction. This arrangement permits the of the worm index to be set opposite the index mark on the casing without move- ment of the worm in adjusting the sight. The worm is held in contact with the worm gear on the azimuth circle by a spring, and is arranged so that it may be disengaged from the worm gear by movement of a worm-box eccentric lever. When disengaged, the line of sight may be rapidly oriented to approxi- mately the desired direction, the worm then thrown into gear, and finer adjustments made by turning the worm knob. All panoramic sights have been made interchangeable, so as to fit in seats. The following device for illumination of the cross lines of the reti- cule of panoramic sights is used : A small slit is cut in the eyepiece elbow and the reticule cell on the side of the sight next the gun. A shutter is provided which encircles the eyepiece elbow opposite the slit, affording means for closing. On some sights this shutter is provided with a transparent celluloid window to prevent the entrance of dust. On the later sights a glass window is fitted in the side of the eyepiece. For illumination at night electric flash lights are used. They should be held close to the illuminating slot or window. 112 PANORAMIC SIGHT, MODEL OF 1915. Panoramic sights of this model have been adopted for future manufacture. This sight is practically the same as the panoramic sight, model of 1904, except for certain improvements in its con- struction and in the following details : (a) The rotating head is provided with an elevating mechanism consisting of a worm meshing in a worm segment, by means of which the line of sight may be moved 300 mils up or down in a vertical plane. A micrometer head is provided on the elevation worm, by means of which the variation from a horizontal position may be read off in mils. In using this sight for direct fire, care must be taken that the rotating head be set at 300 mils. (b) An open sight is located on the right side of the rotating head to assist in giving general direction to the gun. (c) The throwout for the azimuth worm is of different construc- tion from the model of 1904 sight, the mechanism being nearly dust proof. (d) An additional mechanism, called the deflection mechanism, has been provided for laying off deflection independent of the set- ting of the large azimuth circle. This additional means for setting deflection is provided so that the main deflection, correct for the first gun, may be set off on the large azimuth circle, the same for all guns. The correction necessary for the individual guns, whether it be the ordinary deflection difference or any other correction, is set off on the shorter deflection scale. Abbreviations for " Increase," "Dimin- ish," "Left," or "Right" are added to facilitate using this scale, the abbreviations "Inc." and "Dim." referring to the changes in the reading of the azimuth scale, while "L" or "R" refers to resultant changes in the direction of the sheaf of fire. In using this sight for direct fire, care must be taken that the deflection mechanism be set at 0. THE RANGE QUADRANT. [Plate XVIII.] The range quadrant consists of the quadrant bracket, rocker, body, scroll gear, range drum with range scales, range and cross levels with suitable leveling screws. A quadrant bar, keyed to the right trunnion, has dovetailed guides, into which the quadrant bracket fits and is held by a spring catch. Two bracket fulcrums screwed into the arms on the bracket project into bearings in the ends of the rocker, assembling the latter 113 to the bracket and at the s.-une time permitting rotation of the rocker about an axis joining the centers of the bracket fulcrums. As ,-i rinbled. the axis of motion is parallel to the axis of the howitzer. A projection below the rear end of the rocker forms a seat for a level- ing screw, the axis of which is in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the piece. The knurled head of this sterew projects to the right and it- threads mesh in the segment of a worm wheel cut on the quadrant bracket. This leveling screw is thus arranged to rotate the rocker on its trunnions and, in connection with the transverse level men- tioned below, enables the quadrant to be brought into a vertical plane parallel to the axis of the howitzer, and consequently to correct for difference of level of wheels and to give true quadrant elevations. At the front end of the rocker is a seat for a fulcrum pin, which forms the center of motion of the quadrant body. At the rear end of the rocker a curved arm projects upward and has circular racks cut on its front and rear edges." This curved arm passes through a slot in the body and the centers of the racks coincide with its center of motion. The body, as stated above, is pivoted on the rocker. Its rear end affords a housing for the quadrant-elevating gear and a seat for the range drum. The elevating gear consists of a scroll gear, meshing with the rear circular rack of the rocker. The scroll gear is actuated by a knurled scroll gear handle which projects upward and to the rear. Turning the handle rotates the body on its fulcrum pin, moving its rear end up or down on the curved arm of the rocker. The scroll gear is pressed against its rack by a spring, and an extensive change of posi- tion of the quadrant body may be rapidly made by pulling on the handle to disengage the gear from the rack and then moving the body by hand to the desired position. The range drum is assembled on the steel shaft seated in the quad- rant body: this shaft carries a pinion which meshes with the front circular rack on the curved arm of the quadrant rocker. The range drum is held on the shaft between two steel friction disks. A nut screwed on the shaft clamps the disks in position, and a lock screw in the end of the shaft prevents the nut from unscrewing. The outer friction disk is saucer shaped, having a milled edge and is split radially to give a spring action. The inner friction disk is connected to the shaft by lugs projecting into a slotted collar. This construction forms an adjustable lock for the range drum. A spiral spring, the tension of which serves to take up any lost motion in the arrangement, is con- nected at one end to the inner friction disk by a pin. It is wound around the hub of the body and secured to the hub in a slot cut to receive it. Should the range drum get out of adjustment, it is merely necessary to remove the lock screw and nut and readjust the range 1419917 10 114 drum between the friction disks. A range quadrant wrench for use on the lock screw and nut is issued with each carriage. Special care should be taken to obtain the proper adjustment to prevent the range drum from slipping during firing. The face of the range drum for the third zone, which is visible onj the right side of the quadrant, is graduated up to 6,600 yards. The least division is 50 yards, and the scale is dimensioned at each: 200 yards. Divisions smaller than 50 yards may be readily made with the eye. The range drum is always in gear through its shaft and pinion with the rack on the curved arm of the rocker, and any change in position of the quadrant body with reference to the rocker arm is registered by the scales. On the periphery of the drum are two other scales for the first and second zones. The zone shutter operated by the shutter screw has an index on a beveled surface for the third zone range scale men- tioned above, and a straight-edge index for the first and second' zones. The shutter is so designed that when the index is in position for one zone scale the others may not be read accidentally. The elevation level holder is seated on the forward part of the- body, with its front end pivoted on the fulcrum pin of the latter, i Its rear end is finished with a segment of a worm wheel, cut with the fulcrum pin axis as a center, which meshes with a vertical micrometer screw seated in the body. The level holder is given a rotation on its fulcrum pin relative to the body by this micrometer screw. The amount of this relative motion is measured by a level scale, consisting of an ordinary circular scale dovetailed in the body with an index on the level holder supplemented by a level micrometer disk on the upper end of the micrometer screw. The level scale is graduated in sixty-fourths of the circumference, and one complete turn of the; screw moves the level holder through one of these divisions. The level micrometer disk on the head of the micrometer screw has 100; divisions, so that one of these divisions corresponds to the mil (1/1000 of the range) usual on sight scales. The divisions of the circular scale are marked "2," "3," "4," and "5," and in connection with the level micrometer disk are read 200, 300, etc.. plus the indica- tion of the latter. The "3" or 300 mark corresponds to the mean or "zero" position of the level holder. The actual angle of site is the angle made with a horizontal plane by the right line joining the howitzer and the target : it is the differ- ence between the reading on the scale and 300. The level holder is^ fitted with two spirit levels, sensitive to 0.1 of an inch or 5 minutes of an arc. The longitudinal or range quadrant level is located so that its axis is parallel to the axis of the howitzer \\ hen the level scale is set at 3 and the range disk at /ero. 115 The axis of the transverse or cross level is perpendicular to that of the range level and also to the plane of motion of the quadrant body. The cross level in connection with the leveling screw enables the quad- rant to be kept vertical, correcting for difference of level of carriage wheels. The range level in connection with the elevation holder and its level screw is used as a clinometer to correct the range scale readings for angle of site; in connection with the quadrant body it is used as the quadrant level. For purposes of reference, these levels are designated as cross level and the range level, and their respective screws as the leveling screw and the micrometer screw; the scale per- taining to the latter screw is called the level scale; the range level is also referred to at times as a quadrant or angle of site level. USE OF SIGHTS AND QUADRANT. The powder charges and sighting arrangements are prepared so that firings may be carried on in three different zones. The ranges for each zone extend from to maximum range for the particular zone. As far as the sights and quadrants are concerned they are used the same for each zone, the only precaution necessary being that the zone shutters for the rear sight and range quadrant must be set so as to permit reading the proper scale. USE OF THE REAR SIGHT. When used in connection with the front sight its use is ordinarily limited to direct fire only. For this purpose set the sight scale at the ordered range and the peep sight at the ordered deflection and cor- rect for difference of level of wheels. Elevate and traverse until line of sight through peep and front sights is on the target. When used in connection with the panoramic sight it may be used for direct or indirect firing. USE OF THE PANORAMIC SIGHTS, MODELS OF 1914 AND 1915. For direct aiming. Set the rear sight at the required elevation and correct for difference of level of wheels; set off the desired deflection on the azimuth circle of the panoramic sight; bring the crosslines of the sight upon the target by means of the elevating and traversing devices of the carriage. In using the model of 191 5 sight for direct fire, care must ~be taken that tlu rotating head he set at 300 mils and the deflection mechanism at 0. For indirect aiming. Set the rear sight at the required elevation and make correction for difference of level of wheels ; set the azimuth circle of the panoramic sight at the deflection ordered. Lay the how- itzer for deflection by directing the vertical line of the panoramic sight at the auxiliary aiming point, the elevation of the howitzer being given by using the range quadrant. The angle of deflection to be set off on the azimuth circle of the panoramic sight is the same 116 as the angle made by joining, the target and the auxiliary aiming point with the sight. For nti'iiNiiring ranges. Distances or ranges may be roughly calcu- lated from readings made by two panoramic sights mounted on their howitzers, as follows: Direct the howitzers on the target; then sight the panoramic sights on each other. The angle at the target subtended by the line con- necting the two howitzers is then 3,200 mils minus the sum of the actual angles in mils measured at the howitzers. If B is the distance between the howitzers in yards, then range equals B multiplied by 1,000 divided by the number of mils in the angle at the target. The accuracy of this method increases as B becomes smaller so long as the instruments can be read correctly. USE OF THE RANGE QUADRANT. To measure the angle of site. Lay the howitzer upon the target by means of the tangent sight or panoramic sight when these are set at zero elevation and deflection; set the range scale at zero; bring the bubble of the cross level to the center by means of the leveling screw: bring the bubble of the range level to the center by means of the micrometer screw; the reading of the level scale less 300 is the angle of site in units of the scale. If the target is below the piece, the angle of site is negative; if above, it is positive. To give quadrant elevations with the range quadrant. Measure the angle of site as above; the index of the zone shutter should be placed opposite the proper zone scale and the range scale set to the desired range by actuating the scroll gear handle; bring the bubble of the range level (level scale indicating angle of site) to the center by turning the elevating handwheel of the carriage. The howitzer will then have the elevation (corrected for angle of site) corresponding to the range. Where the target can not be seen from the carriage, the angle of site must be measured by auxiliary means as with the B. C. telescope. CARE OF SIGHTS AND QUADRANT. Whenever convenient, and especially when in garrison and not in use, the front and rear sights with the range quadrants and pano- ramic sights should be removed from the carriages and kept in some dry place, as in the barracks storeroom or office. CARE OF THE FRONT AND REAR SIGHTS. For traveling the sight shank is withdrawn from the shank socket, covered with the cover for the sight shank, and placed in its packing in the rear trail box. Covers are provided to protect the surfaces of the shank socket and the front sight and should be slipped over these when the sight is removed. 117 All parts of the sight shanks and shank sockets should !>< kept dean, free from rust, and lightly oiled. When stored or not used for short periods they should be thoroughly cleaned and well coated with light slushing oil. Should any part become rusted, it should be carefully cleaned by softening the rust with kerosene oil and rub- bing with a soft pi no stick. In handling all parts of sights care must be exercised to avoid injuring them by dropping, striking them upon or with other parts. For instructions for the replacement of level vials see instructions given under the heading "Care of the range quadrant." CARE OF THE PANORAMIC SIGHT, MODELS OF 1904 AND 1915. These sights are delicate instruments and must not be subjected to any rough usage, jars, or strains. In firing they remain in position on the carriage: in the field, when not in use, they are kept in the padded leather cases prepared for them on the rear of the main shield. To obtain satisfactory vision, the glasses must be perfectly clean and dry. The T lug on the sight and the slot forming its seat should be kept lightly oiled as a preventive of rust. The worm and worm rack should be oiled with vaseline. When dust accumulates on the pointers it should be removed by a fine camel's-hair brush in the hands of an experienced person. To disassemble the worm mechanism of the model of 1904 sight for cleaning, throw out the worm-box eccentric lever, disengaging the worm from the worm gear of the azimuth circle. Insert a pin in the radial hole in the spring-box pin. Throw the worm-box eccentric lever back and engage the worm in the azimuth circle. Push the spring box toward the worm knob about three-eighths inch and then lift it straight out. Take out the eccentric-lever stud and remove the worm-box eccentric lever. Pull out the dowel in the worm-box pin with a pair of pliers and drive out the worm-box pin. Then pull out the worm box and worm complete. The worm may be cleaned without further disassembling. Assemble in reverse order. The teeth of the worm wheel may be cleaned without disassembling the hood. To clean the rotating-head window and the front face of the rotating-head prism, unscrew the window cell in the rotating head. Do not remove the rotating-head window from the window coll. To clean the reticule and eyepiece lenses, remove the screw holding the eyepiece to the eyepiece elbow and unscrew the eyepiece. To disassemble the lenses, remove the set screw on the underside of the eyepiece and unscrew the eye-lens cell. The field lens is held in place by a retaining spring, both of which may drop out as snon as the eye-lens cell is disassembled. In assembling note that the flat surface of the field lens of the eyepiece is placed next to the reticule. .Do not remove or change 118 the adjustment of the reticule. Its rear surface may be cleaned with a earners-hair brush after the eyepiece has been removed. In panoramic sights of serial numbers after No. 752 the exposed optical elements and all nonmoving joints are sealed and no attempt should be made to remove them. For serial numbers 873 and up, the slight change in the appearance and construction of the elbow and rotating head is made for the purpose of making these parts dust and moisture proof. CARE OF THE RANGE QUADRANT. The directions for the care of the range quadrant are practically the same as those for the care of the different sights. The parts should be kept clean, free from rust, and bearings lightly oiled. When stored they should be coated with light slushing oil. To clean the micrometer screw, unscrew about two turns the small screw in the center of the level micrometer disk; drive out the taper pin holding the screw bushing from the rear; tap the screw in the thread of the disk. This forces the micrometer screw down and loosens the disk. Remove the small screw, pull out the micrometer screw and bushing; clean, oil with heavy oil, and assemble in the reverse order. Then adjust the level scale at 300, micrometer scale atO. Extra glass level vials assembled in brass tubes, to replace broken vials in sights and range quadrants, except for the range levels of quadrants, will be issued on requisition. In case the range level of the rarige quadrant requires replacement the range quadrant will be turned in to an arsenal designated by the armament officer. Only ordinary tools, such as a hammer, and a punch or a piece of wire are required for the removal of pins from level caps in order to replace vials. All pins on level caps are driven in toward the center of the instrument. They should be driven out in the opposite direc- tion. Four adjusting screws in the vial tubes are used for adjusting the tubes in their holders. ADJUSTMENT OF SIGHTS AND QUADRANT. The sights are correctly adjusted when, at zero elevation and deflec- tion, the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore. The range quadrant is correctly adjusted when, with the range disk set at zero, level scale set at 300, and axis of howitzer horizontal and corrected for difference of level of wheels, the level bubble of the range level stands in the center of its vial. In adjusting sights, the panoramic sight should first be corrected. If the rear sight is ad- justed first, it will require readjustment if the subsequent adjustment of the panoramic sight causes a change in position of the rear-sight range strip. 119 TO AUjrsT THE PANORAMIC SIGHT. MODELS OF 1904 AND 191.3. Direct the panoramic sight by means of the worm knob and scroll gear handle until its line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore. The method of determining when this condition of parallelism exists is described hereafter. Without disturbing the direction of this line of sight, move the worm index of panoramic sight and the range strip of the rear sight until the zero marks come opposite their respective indices. The worm index may be moved after loosening the nut on the end of the worm. This nut may be loosened by the combined teat wrench and screw driver issued for the purpose. If the worm index can not be readily removed, grasp the sight by the worm index, release the worm from the worm gear of the azimuth circle, and gently tap the exposed end of the worm with a small piece of wood or soft metal. To locate the index of the panoramic sight opposite the zero of the scale, loosen the four screws that hold the movable index cover in place and move this cover until the index is properly located; then tighten the screws. Movement of the range strip of the rear sight is made possible by a dovetail slot in the shank in which the range-strip screw can be moved when the nut has been loosened. The principle for adjustment of the 1915 panoramic sight is the same as for the 1904 model. The actual method used is slightly different, due to the different construction used. TO ADJUST THE FRONT AND REAR SIGHTS. The rear-sight shank is set at zero elevation and the direction of the line of sight is changed by means of the peep-sight screw and by altering the front sight until the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore. The method of determining when this condition exists is given below. The deflection scale on the sight shank is then shifted until its zero registers with the index on the peep sight. This movement of the deflection scale is provided for by elongated holes in the scale, through which pass the screws which clamp it in position on the sight shank. Movement of the front sight is accom- plished by turning the crosswire holder sleeve after first removing the split pin. TO ADJUST THE RANGE QUADRANT. Elevate or depress howitzer until its axis is horizontal, correct for difference of level of wheels, set the level scale of the quadrant at 300, then turn the scroll gear handle until the range-level bubble is centered. Now turn the range disk of the quadrant until its zero coincides with the range index. The range disk is held between two friction disks secured by a nut and lock screw and it is only neces- sary to unscrew these to release the disk and correct its position. 120 .To test the horizon! ality of the howitzer use the testing level i>^ for that purpose. This level has two arms perpendicular to each other, and a level vial is inserted in each arm. As the faces of the breech and the muzzle are perpendicular to the axis of the bore, the horizont ality of the axis of the bore may be determined by placing one of the arms of the testing level against the face of the breech or muzzle and elevating or depressing the howitzer until the bubble in the level of the other arm is in the center. Then apply the other arm to the same face and the bubble in the first arm should also be in the center of its vial. If not, the testing level requires adjustment. VERIFICATION OF PARALLELISM OF LINES OF SIGHT AND AXIS OF BORE. By construction the vertical plane of the lines of sight at zero deflection is distant 14.125 inches from the vertical plane of the axis of the bore; the horizontal plane of the line of sight of the rear sight at zero elevation is distant 5.875 inches from the horizontal plane of the axis of the bore; the corresponding distance for the line of sight of the panoramic sight is 13.182 inches. Therefore, when the car- riage is placed with wheels on a level platform, the howitzer with axis of bore horizontal and the sights at zero elevation and deflec- tion, the points in which the lines of sight and the axis of the bore prolonged pierce a distant plane perpendicular to the latter should be located with reference to each other as indicated above, provided the sights are correctly adjusted. The details of a method for the practical verification of this adjustment are as follows: A target of dimensions given in figure 1 is placed in a vertical position perpendicular to the line of sight at a distance of not less than 100 yards from the howitzer (and at such a height that the point "bore" is at the same height as the axis of the bore of the howitzer). The verticality of the target is assured by a plumb line attached at A, coinciding with the vertical line A B. The carriage is placed with the wheels and trail resting upon solid supports of wood or stone, the surfaces of which have been carefully leveled so as to bring the axle axis horizontal. Now direct the gun so that the prolongation of the axis of the bore, as determined by the bore sights, pierces the target at the proper point ; the lines of sight of the open and panoramic sights are then adjusted in direction by the means explained above until they pierce the targets in the point- marked, respectively, "open" and "panoramic.' 1 The axis of the bore is determined and prolonged by means of bore sights. In the absence of such means a breech-bore sight may be made from an empty cartridge case from which the primer has been removed; a piece of paper should be pasted over the primer seat ami 121 a pinliolo made in its exact center to serve as a peep sight. If the cartridge case does not completely fill the bore, it should be shimmed all around with tissue paper until it does so. For a muzzle-bore sight use should be made of the traces of the horizontal and vertical planes containing the axis of the bore, which are marked on the muzzle of the howitzer. Fine threads or hairs stretched across the muzzle to coincide with these lines form a good bore sight, and the ends of such threads may be conveniently fastened to a cloth strap buckled around the muzzle of the howitzer. In the field, where from lack of time or proper facilities the method just given can not be followed, the adjustment of the sights may be verified by bringing the lines of sight at zero elevation and deflection to bear upon some sharply defined point of a distant object. At such a range (for instance, 2,000 yards or more) the parallax may be neglected, and if the sights are correctly adjusted the lines of sight and the prolongation of the axis of the bore will sensibly pass through the selected aiming point. The adjustment of the sights is of such importance and should be verified so frequently that battery commanders will find it advan- tageous to make permanent arrangements for such verification. The leveled supports constituting the carriage emplacement should preferably be of stone. The site of the target (fig. 1) should be prepared, and the exact locations of the target and horizontal reference points permanently marked. If these arrangements are properly made, subsequent verifications of sights will become a simple matter. 122 ADDITIONAL TEST^. After the sights are adjusted they should be subjected to the following tests to insure their accuracy at extremes of elevation and azimuth : (a) With carriage level and howitzer and sights at zero elevation and deflection the lines of sight and axis of bore prolonged pierce the target (fig. 1) in the proper points. (6) The howitzer is then moved to its maximum elevation; as the sight elevation is altered the lines of sight should follow the vertical lines through the same points of the target (fig. 1). (c) With conditions as in (a) the howitzer is moved upon the carriage to its extreme positions in azimuth; as the sight deflections are now altered the lines of sight should follow the horizontal lines through the same points on the target (fig. 1). By construction and assemblage the sights, if correctly adjusted, should fulfill the above conditions with substantial accuracy. If error be noted, a report of the facts of the case, with the cause, if known, should be made to the ordnance officer charged with the repair of the material for his information and action. SPARE SIGHTS AND QUADRANT. To each battery is issued one set of spare sights, consisting of one front sight holder and sleeve, complete; one cross wire holder bracket, complete; one sight bar, sight shank, complete; and one panoramic sight. These parts are carried in a special packing chest in the battery wagon. . One set of bore sights (consisting of one breech and one muzzle bore sight) and one testing level for use in adjusting sights, etc.. and a spare quadrant, complete, are also issued to each battery. ADJUSTING INSTRUMENTS. A complete detailed description of the method of disassembling and adjusting the different instruments is given in Ordnance Office Pamphlet No. 1795, Instructions for the Care, Preservation, Repair, and Adjustment of Instruments for the Fire-Control Systems for Coast and Field Artillery. Attention is invited to General Orders No. 47, War Department, March 24, 1905, with reference to the can and repair of panoramic sights. No disassembling of instruments except as prescribed herein will be permitted. The disassembling of telescopic instruments allowed herein must be done only in the presence of a commissioned officer. Disassembling as permitted in pamphlet 1795 must be done only by officers or employees of the Ordnance Department. 123 GENERAL INFORMATION. PAINTING ARTILLERY MATERIEL. The paint issued for this purpose is of olive-drab color put up in 5-pound cans ready for use and is applied to both wood and metal parts. If the paint is too thick, turpentine should be used as a thinner but not to greater extent than 2 per cent by volume. All steel and iron nonbearing surfaces should be painted. Wear- ing and bearing surfaces, teeth of gear wheels, elevating worms, piston rods, cylinders, counter-recoil springs, and interior of cradle should not be painted. All parts to be painted should be free from dirt or grease. They may be washed in a liquid made by dissolving one-half pound sal soda in 8 quarts of warm water, then rinsed in clean water, and wiped thoroughly dry. Where the materiel is in fair condition and only marred in spots, the marred places should be primed with olive-drab paint, second coat, and permitted to dry. Then the whole surface should be sand- papered with No. 1^ sandpaper and a coat of paint applied and allowed to dry thoroughly before use. Where the materiel is in bad condition all parts should be thor- oughly sandpapered with No. 2J sandpaper, be given a coat of paint, and be permitted to dry for at least 24 hours; then sandpapered with No. 00 sandpaper, apply a finishing coat, and permit the parts to dry thoroughly before use. In general, two coats of paint per year will be sufficient to keep the materiel in good condition. After repeated painting the paint may become so thick as to scale off in places or give an unsightly appearance. It may then be removed for repainting, as follows: Dissolve 1 pound of concentrated lye, powdered form, in 6 pints of hot water, and slake in enough lime to give the solution the con- sistency of paint. Use the solution freshly mixed and apply to the parts where paint is to be removed with a brush or with waste tied to the end of a stick. When the solution begins to dry on the surface use a scraper to remove the old paint, and complete the cleaning of the surface with cloth and water. If one application is not sufficient to loosen the paint, apply a second coat. Before painting wash the surface with sal soda water, rinse with clean water, and then wipe thoroughly as described above. Articles which can be easily cleaned and repainted may be immersed in the solution. It is forbidden to immerse articles whicli can not be entirely repainted; for example, ammunition chests, the joints, and some parts of the interior of which it would be impracticable to repaint. L24 OILS l-nli AKT1LLKKY MA TKli 1 !, ],. For the service, cleaning, and preservation of this materiel the Ordnance Department is- sues hydrolino oil, lubricat'ng oil, clock oil. sperm oil, coal oil, neat's-foot oil, and light slushing oil. Each of those oils is suited for the particular purpose for which it is issued, as stated below, and care should be taken that it is not used for other purposes. The hydroline oil is for use in the recoil cylinders of the carriages (Did for no other purpose. The lubricating oil will be used exclusively in all oil holes of the materiel, and in lubricating such parts as wheels and axles, gun and cradle slides, pintle socket, elevating and traversing mechanisms, exterior of cylinders, brake bearings, hinges, different surfaces of breechblocks, threads of breech recess, etc. Clock oil should be used on the spindle and all bearings of the battery commander's telescope, bearings of the panoramic sight, range quadrant, and fuze setters, and on the observation telescope, field artillery plotter, sextant telemeter, and worms of the rear sight. In all cases clock oil should only be used when the instruments men- tioned are disassembled for cleaning. When used it should be applied by dropping from the end of the dropper attached to the end of the cork. The sperm oil is a lighter lubricant than the lubricating oil and may be used on the gears of sights, fuze setters, range quadrants, parts of pistols, etc.; lubricating oil may also be used on such parts. Coal oil is used by the Ordnance Department for cleaning purpose>. In the field it may be used for lanterns. Coal oil for general illumi- nating purposes is furnished by the Quartermaster's Department. Neat's-foot oil is used for the care and preservation of all leather equipment.. Light slushing oil is prescribed for use in the protection and preser- vation of all bright or unpainted surfaces of steel or iron on all parts of the equipment when the materiel is to remain unused for an appreciable length of time. Its use as a lubricant for mobile artillery is forbidden. Before applying the slushing oil to any surface, the part should be thoroughly cleaned, so as to be free from rust, water, coal oil. lubri- cating oil, etc., as their presence will cause rusting under the slushing oil. The slushing oil should then be applied in a thin, uniform cnvw<'enches.spanner. cylinder head and do gland. 4 Wrenches, 1.25 socket, and 1 and 0.75 do 4 3-pound spool, No. 20, annealed, bare do copper wire. 134 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- Proi classif >erty cation. itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. "Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. 1 SPARE PARTS FOR HOWITZERS AND CARRIAGES. For howitzers, models of 1908 and 1908 ML Breech mechanism complete In chest in battery wagon 4 Block latches In leather pouches for spare parts 4 Block latch springs do 4 do 4 Firing pin springs do.. . 4 do 2 Handy oilers do.. . 4 do 4 Lever fatch pivots . . . do.. . 4 do 4 Locking bolt * nuts and pins do.. . 4 do g Lever pivot detents . .do.. 4 Sears do 4 Trigger forks . .do. g Trigger shaft detents do 6 For hand fuze setters, model of 1913. do 12 Guide plate screws .do 4 Index plungers .... ...do... 4 Index springs do 8 Index bar screws . ... do 4 Oil-hole screws do 4 Range indexes . do 16 Range ring screws do 3 Stop-pin screws . . .do 1 1 For carnages. Apron latch complete, consisting of Body In store wagon 1 Handle do 1 Handle pin do . 1 Plunger do 2 Springs In chest for miscellaneous spare parts IV 3 1 Split pin do 1 Apron-latch washer .do.. . 6 Screws for handwheel shaft bearing do 2 Bolts for handwheel shaft bracket . .do g Screws for elevating worm bearing do 1 Brake lever, with catch In store wagon . 4 Brake shoes do 8 Brake-shoe tap bolts In chest for miscellaneous spare parts 1 Brake-segment rack with rivets do 2 Brake-rod pins ... .do 1 Brake-rod spring do 2 Counter-recoil springs, outer... In store wagon . 2 CouHter-recoil springs inner* do 5 Cradle clip pins, with split pins In chest for miscellaneous spare parts 1 Gland lock with split pin do 2 Drain plugs (cylinder) . . ....do 16 Filistef head steel screws with nuts do 1 1 Firing mechanism, complete, consist- ing of Adjusting screw do 2 Bracket studs, with nuts .do.. do Firing-handle bracket. .do.. . Firing-handle hub do Firing-handle pin .do Firing-handle plunger do do Firing links do Firing-link pins do Firing pallet do . - Firing-pallet collar do Firing-pallet collar pin do . . Firing shaft do Handle return spring. do. . . Shaft return spring... ...do... 135 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- itzers. 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Property classification. Class. Sec- tion. 2 20 2 24 10 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 50 1 5 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 SPARE PARTS FOR HOWITZERS AND CARRIAGES continued. For carriages Continued. Firing mechanism, complete, consist- ing of Continued. Shaft trip collar In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . IV 3 Trip latch do Trip-latch pin do Trip-latch plunger do do Filling plugs do Oarlock's waterproof packing, J-inch rings. Handspikes complete each 5 in each pouch for spare parts In store wagon Consisting of 2 handspike bodies, with riv- ets, and washers. 1 handspike bolt, with nut do In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . 1 handspike web 1 tip with pins 1 middle band, with pin Handy oilers, 0.312 (-&) inch In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . do - Handy oilers, 0.375-inch Lunette, with nut In store wagon Quick-return pawls, complete, con- sisting of Bushings . . In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . do Fulcrum pin Latch do Link do Link pins do Pawl right do Pawl left do do do Pawl shaft with nut do do do do Spade edge do do Sponge and staff, complete, consist- ing of End staff In store wagon do Rammer head screws rin do do do Staff coupling (female) do do Sponge-tube support do Spring covers No 2, with screw In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . do Spring covers No 3 do do do do Trunnion cap swing bolts with nuts do do -.- Valve-turning gear collar do Valve-turning gear connecting rod and nut. Valve-turning gears connecting rod pins do do do Wheel fastenings complete In store wagon in spare wheel hub caps. In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . ...do... Hub liners Lock washer... 136 TATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- itzers, 12 Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. SPARE PARTS FOR HOWITZERS AND CARRIAGES continued . Far carriages Continued. Crown nuts (special). 4 0.25 x 20 threads In chest for miscellaneous spare parts 16 0.375 x 16 threads do 0.5 x 13 threads do 2 0.625 x 11 threads do 4 0.625 x 11 threads j do 4 0.75x16 threads do 0.875 x 9 threads do 2 0.875 x 12 threads do 4 1x12 threads do 2 1.25 x 7 threads do Crown nuts (standard). 14 0.25 x 20 threads do 0.312 (A) x 18 threads do 70 0.375 x 16 threads ! do 16 0.5 x 13 threads do 32 0.625 x 11 threads do 30 0.75 x 10 threads do Plain nuts (special). 2 0.19 x 30 threads ... . . .do 2 0.242 x 24 threads do Rivets (button head). 4 0.187 (A) xl.375inch do 0.25 x 1.125 inch I do 25 0.312 (A) x 1.625 inch ! do 7 0.375 x 1.25 inch do 2 0.5 x 1.75 inch I do IV Rivets (countersunk head, 60). 0.312 (A) x 0.75 do Split pins. 8 0.046 (A) x 0.312 (A) inch In leather pouches for spare parts 3 0.062 (A) x 0.375 inch do 4 0.062 (A) x 0.562 (A) inch do 25 0.062 () x 0.75 inch ! do 4 0.078 A) x 0.437 (A) inch do 5 0.093 A) x 0.5 inch do 15 0.093 A) x 0.75 inch do 130 0.093 AJxlinch do 4 0.125 x 0.75 inch do 10 0.125x1 inch .....do 50 0.125 x 1.25 inch do 10 0.125 x 1.5 inch do 10 0.125 x 1.75 inch do 2 0.156 (A) x 1 inch do 50 0.156 (A) x 1.5 inch do 20 0.156 (A) x 1.75 inch i do 20 0.156 (A) x 2 inch do 2 0.203 (H)x 1.5 inch do 2 0.203 (H) x 2 inch do 2 0.203 (H) x 2.25 inch do 10 0.203 (H) x 2.5 inch do 4 0.25 x 1.25 inch do Taper pins. 2 0.162x1.75 inch.... ...do 2 ! 0.135 x 1.562 (1A) inch do 137 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR LIMBERS. 16 Axes On limber in fastenings 16 Hatchets do } IV 16 Lanterns Inbracket 16 Lantern straps Infasteners -.. IV 16 Lantern bracket pads Inbracket IV 32 Oilcans In limber chests ] IV 16 Paulins On limber chest 16 Pickaxes On limber in fastenings 16 Picketropes Onlimber : IV 16 Pole props On limber in fastenings 16 Short-handled shovels do 16 Shot tongs ! do 32 Dust guards for 56-inch wheels I On wheel n 16 Neck yokes, complete < On pole 32 Singletrees, complete i On doubletree Straps.... i 16 Ax In fasteners 48 Grip do 16 Hatchet handle do 48 Paulin ! do 16 Pick head do 64 Picket rope ! do 16 Pole prop I do 16 Shot tongs do 16 Shovel handle do SPARE PARTS FOR LIMBERS. 2 Doubletrees In store wagon 3 D oubletree bolts and nuts In chest for miscellaneous spare parts 2 Doubletree hooks I In store wagon 3 Hub liners | do 3 Limber propchain, withhandle j do 2 Lock bar bearing caps with studs and In chest for miscellaneous spare parts . . Iv nuts. 2 Lock links In store wagon 2 Latch-pin plates do 3 Lock washers In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. 1 Lock bar pivot do 2 Neck yokes In store wagon 4 Oil-can nozzles j In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. 2 Oil cans, tubular In store wagon 1 Picket rope ; do 2 Padlocks, chains, clevises, and bolt In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. snap. 1 Pintle, with bearing, complete Instore wagon 1 Pintle spring In chest for miscellaneous spare parts . 1 Pintle latch In store wagon 2 Pintle latch spring In chest for miscellaneous spare parts . 2 Pintle bearing bolts with nuts do 2 Poles, complete Under caisson 2 I Pole props In store wagon 1 Shottong do 4 Singletree do 3 Wheel fastenings, complete In store wagon, in spare hub caps .... 1 Wing nut pin with nut and washer. . . In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR CAISSONS. 12 Long-handled shovels On caisson in fastenings 12 I Paulins ... On caisson 12 Pickmattocks On caisson in fastenings 12 Spanners do 36 I Watering buckets, canvas In bucket holder 12 Wrenches, 0.625 x 0.75 On caisson in fastenings 12 Axes do 12 Shot tongs do 24 Dust guards for 56-inch wheel On wheels IV 138 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing ^how- itzers. 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Property classification. Class. Sec- tion. 12 36 36 12 12 12 12 12 2 4 1 2 2 2 12 24 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 i i i 2 2 1 6 3 1 5 45 5 10 15 100 18 95 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOE CAISSONS continued. Straps: Ax . In fasteners . . . IV IV )> } IV IV IV IV IV IV IV X IV X 3 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 9 5 9 5 Grip do Paulin.. ..do.... Pick mattock do. ... Shot tongs do Shovel handle .do do Wrench .do SPARE PARTS FOR CAISSONS. In store wagon Apron hinge pins TH hingft In store wagon Apron latch springs In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . In store wagon Brake levers with catches . . .do do Brake shoe tap bolts ... In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . In store wagon . . Caisson prop, with chain and hook Caisson prop chain and hook . . .do.... do Lock bar bearing caps with studs and nuts. Locklinks do .do.... Latch pin plates do .... do Lunette with nut do . .. . . Lock-bar pivot. ... In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . .do Padlocks, chains, clevises, and bolt snaps. Pintle with bearing complete In store wagon Pintle spring . In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . In store wagon Pintle latch Pintle latch springs In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . In store wagon Pintle bearing bolts with nuts Shot tongs do Wheels complete ... 2 in spare wheel fastening on battery wagon, rest in store. In spare hub caps . Wheel fastenings complete Wing nut pin with nut and washer Split pins. 093 (A) x 75 inch In chest for miscellaneous spare parts. . In pouches for spare parts. 093 (&) x 875 inch .do.... 125 x 75 inch do 125 x 1 inch .do.... 125 x 1 25 inch do 125 x 1 75 inch do 156 (^) x 1 inch.. .do.... 156 (&) x 1 5 inch do 203 (f}) x 2 25 inch .do TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR BATTERY WAGON. Carpenters' chest with tools set In battery wagon Chest for cleaning material and small stores. Chest for spare breech mechanism. do . .do Chest for spare sights, containing .do.... 1 bore sight muzzle do. .. Double-tackle block. do Dust guards On wheels On battery wagon In battery wagon Grindstone with frame complete .do do Marking outfit for stamping leather. . . In cleaning-material and small-stores chest. do. Oil cans 5-gallon In oil-can supports Ordnance Department insignia stencil. In cleaning-material and small-store chest. 139 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE .38-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing ^how- Prop classin erty cation. itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. I TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR BATTERY WAGON continued. Packing chest for supplies (1902 Mi In batterv wagon I only). Packing chest for spare parts (1902 Mi do IV 3 1 only). Paulin On battery wagon 1 Rope for block and tackle In battery wagon . IV 9 1 do X 9 1 Seal stamp In cleaning-material and small-stores x 5 1 Single-tackle block chest. In battery wagon IV 9 2 On spare wheels IV 3 2 Spring compressors No 2 do X 9 1 Stenc 1 '! outfit . In cleaning-material and small-stores X 5 2 Straps: Grip chest . In strap fasteners 2 do IV 3 2 Paulin do 1 Testing level and chest IV 9 1 Vise Attached to lunette frame X 9 2 In battery wagon rv 9 1 Wrench grindstone and recoil-spring do IV 3 20 assembling. TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR STORE WAGON. Bolos In store wagon 20 Bolo scabbards do | VII 5 1 do 1 Crowbar * " On store wagon under body 2 On wheels f IV 3 1 3 Oil cans, 5-gallon On store wagon in oil-can supports 1 Paulin 12 by 12 feet do \ TV 6 do / 1 Slush brush do IV 3 1 Straps: In strap fasteners 2 Grip do 2 Paulin do IV 2 In store wagon 1 TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR FORGE LIMBER. Ax On limber under chest \ TV 3 On limber in bucket holder / IV 2 IV 3 1 Hatchet In bracket on left of chest IV 9 } IV 3 1 Lantern.. On limber, in bracket on front of chest . IV 9 1 Lantern-bracket pad In lantern bracket 1 In strap fasteners . 1 Neck yoke TV IV 2 Oil cans, tubular On limber, in supports under chest 1 Paulin 12 by 12 feet On limber chest as cushion I TV 1 Pick ax On limber foot rest . / J 1 Picket rope On limber, in front of chest IV 9 1 Pole prop On limber, in fastenings under frame.. IV 3 1 On limber under chest IV 9 2 Attached to doublet ree , 1 Straps: \x In strap fasteners 3 Grip do 1 Hatchet do... 4 do . 4 Limber-blanket rear .. do 3 do IV 3 I Pick-handle do 1 Pick-head do 4 Picket-rope, upper ...do 4 Picket-rope lower do 1 do 1 Shovel-handle . do 1 Sledee... In fastener... 140 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Property classification. Class. Sec- tion. 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 4 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 11 11 il 11 210 1 1 1 1 2 TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOE STORE LIMBER. Ax . . On limber, under chest ... i IV IV \ 'V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV h IV V 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 3 1 Buckets watering canvas Cyclometer for 56-inch wheel On axle of limber Dust guards On wheel"' Hatchet On limber in bracket Lantern On limber, in bracket on chest front... In brackets Lantern-bracket pad Lantern strap In strap fasteners Neckyoke On pole Oil cans tubular . . On limber in supports . -| Paulin 12 by 12 feet Pickax On limber foot rest Picket rope Pole prop In fastening under frame Shovel short-handled Singletrees Attached to doubletrees Straps: Ax In strap fasteners Grip do Hatchet do Limber blanket, front do do Paulin do Pick-handle do Pick-head .. . do do Picket-rope, lower do do do SPARE PARTS OF ACCESSORIES. Ax helves In store wagon do do do do Padlocks with chains, clevises, and bolt snaps. SIGHTS AND QUADRANTS. In battery wagon On carriage do k Teat wrenches (for panoramic sight, model of 1904 only). SPARE SIGHTS AND QUADRANTS. Sight complete do In spare sight chest in battery wagon, do do RANGE-FINDING AND FIRE-CONTROL EQUIPMENT. (Furnished by Ordnance Department.) On nfirsrm nr in st.nrfi limber Battery commander's telescope and mount, model of 1905 or 1915. Battery commander's telescope case... Accessories carried in case In cases, on the saddle or in store limber In store limber dn ._ 1 Battery commander's telescope tripod case. Chains for time-interval recorders. . . do ...do.... i Will be issued when available. * Metal B. C. rulers with cases are no longer part of the equipment. Those on hand may be retained. 141 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- Prop classim :ation. itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. il 1 RANGE-FINDING AND FIRE-CONTROL EQUIPMENT continued. Field Artillery range finder, 1-meter base. Field Artillery range-finder case . On wheel horse or on saddle of mount., .do.... 1 Field Artillery range-finder tripod do 1 Field Artillery range-finder tripod case .do 1 V 5 Flash lights with hoods In store limber . . 16 Flash liehts without hoods .do.... 1 Tape, steel, 100 feet do 2 Time-interval recorders do 337 (Furnished by Signal Corps. 2 ) HARNESS. Harness, lead, sets On horses 319 Harness, wheel, sets do 56 Harness sacks.. Not carried in field I j 1 Stirrup, hooded, with guidon socket. . . On saddle | 6 SPARE PARTS OF HARNESS. Breast straps In battery wagon 1 Bridle, Artillery, off do. 1 Bridle, Artillery, near do 12 Cinchas, lead..!. do . IV 6 Cinchas, wheel do 45 Collar pads, canyas. . do 8 Collar straps do 420 Curb bits . do .. <2fl Curb chains, with hooks do 8 Feed bags do . T-O- 8 Grain bags do 6 Halter headstalls. do 20 Halter tie rope^ do 6 Martingales with cincha strap do 4 Mogul springs, 320 pounds do 6 Side straps for breeching do 4 Steel collars, with 2 hame tugs each do 12 Stirrup straps do g Traces, lead, with chain do . 4 Traces, wheel do 4 Whips, Artillery do 6 SPARE PARTS OF COLLARS. Bolts for bottom of collar In miscellaneous spare parts chest, 6 Bolts for extension . . store wagon. . do 6 Bolts for top connection do 6 Bolts for trace plate do 2 Buckle latches. . do 6 Buckle springs do , 4 Draft springs. . . Carried loose 6 Pad bolts In miscellaneous spare parts chest, 6 Pad hooks, with collar back strap con- store wagon. Carried loose IV 6 nection. Nuts for bottom bolt In miscellaneous spare parts chest, 6 Nuts for extension bolt.. store wagon. .. .do.. 6 Nuts for top connection bolt do 6 Nuts for pad bolt do ^ 6 Nuts for trace plate bolt So": :::::::::::::::::;:;:; 2 Trace plate and loops do 6 Washers for trace plate bolt do 1 INSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. Sectionalized shell Not carried in field I xr 1 Sectionalized shrapnel.. . ...do... 1 * 1 Field Artillery range finders will be issued as soon as a supply is available. When issued, the sextant telemeter now on hand in some of the organizations will be turned in. 2 For list of these parts see Unit Accountability Equipment Manual. 3 One set is spare. 4 Not part of harness. 142 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd, War footing (4 how- itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Property classification. Class. Sec- tion. 75 8 8 1 1 2 672 504 168 1 11 U 21 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT. Cartridge cases, saluting 1 V X X V IX VII IX VII IX VII ! - } IX IX } K IX IX IX IX 5 5 9 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 5 2 5 5 2 1 Cartridge cases for drill Drill projectiles Reloading and cleaning outfit consist- ing of 1 bushing In chest for reloading and cleaning out- fit in store wagon. . . do . 1 cleaning brush (16. 75 inches long). 1 case holder do 1 case-holder stand ... do . 1 decapping tool (17.9 inches long). . 1 hammer do ... do .. 1 primer inserting press, large 1 saluting powder measure do ... do . 1 storage chest do Pistol-cleaning kit Where convenient Arm racks for automatic pistols (For targets, see O. O. Pamphlet No. 1994.) AMMUNITION. Shrapnel H E. rounds or In ammunition chests Shrapnel, common rounds, and do Shell rounds do PERSONAL EQUIPMENT. The equipment of the enlisted men of Field Artillery is as follows: (a) For each enlisted man- Can bacon Carried on man . . Canteen model of 1910 .. do do Cartridges, ball, pistol, or 20 car- tridges, ball, revolver. Cup model of 1910 . do . do Fork do Knife . do . Magazines, pistol, extra if pistol is used. Meat can do ...do... Pistol or revolver . do . Pistol belt or revolver cartridge belt without saber ring. Pistol holster or revolver holster do ...do... .... do.. do Packet, first-aid (Medical Depart- ment.) Furnished by Quartermaster Corps- Identification tag do... ...do... Shelter tent half . do Shelter-tent pole . . do Shelter-tent pegs . do . (&) For each enlisted man individually mounted, in addition to (a) Carried on horse Horse brush .. do Link do Saddle McClellan Field Artillery do Saddlebags pairs do Spurs pair Carried on man Spur straps set do Bridle, Field Artillery (c) For each driver, in addition to (a) Carried on horse do Horse brush ...do Carried on man . . Spur straps set . do (d) For each cannoneer, not mounted, in addition to (a) . do... Haversack, model of 1910... ...do... 'Until these articles are supplied, the canteen, cavalry, and canteen strap, cavalry, may be used. Saddles to be equipped with 1 stirrup guidon socket per battery. a Until the model of 1910 haversack is supplied, the haversack, old model, and two canteen haversack straps may be used. 143 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- Prop classifi ierty cation. itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. i i HORSE EQUIPMENT FOR EACH HORSE. Halter tie rope Carried on horse i 2 Halter headstall ....do..., 1 Feed bag ...do.... 1 Grain bag. . .do TV i i Saddle blanket ...do.... 5 Surcingle .do 1 Horse cover Not carried in field 12 SADDLER'S TOOLS. Awl blades, harness, assorted . . . In saddler's chest in battery wagon Awl, pegging ... .do Awl, seat, handled do Carriage, pricking, 3 wheels do.... Compass, (> inch . ... do Creaser, double, lignum-vitae do. Claw tool do Edge tool No 1 -. .. .do. Edge tool No 2 . do Extra blades, with followers, for draw ... do gage Gage, draw, brass do Hammer, No 3, riveting do Handle, peg, awl, with wrench . do Hafts, patent, awl, with wrench do Knife, round do Knife, splitting, 6-inch do Needle case, leather do Needle, glover's No 3, paper do 2 Needles, harness, No 4, papers.. do 2 Needles, harness, No 5, papers do . 2 Needles, harness, No 6, papers. do 12 Needles, sacking, assorted do ... 1 Nipper, cutting, 10-inch do 1 Oilstone, unmounted .. do 1 Pliers, 6-inch ...do... 4 Punches, hand, round, assorted do 1 Punch revolving do 1 Rivet set do 1 Rule boxwood 2-foot, 4 fold do . . 1 Screw driver 3-inch blade do 1 Sewing palm, leather.. do x g 1 Shears 10-inch bent trimmers do 1 Shoe knife square point . . do 1 Shoe knife broad point do 1 Slicker, steel . do 2 Thimbles aluminum-lined, steel do 1 CARPENTER'S TOOLS. Bench ax In carpenter's chest in battery wagon 2 Bags canvas for small stores do 1 Bevel, 8-inch. do 6 Bits auger do 1 Bit, wood, countersink do 1 Bit expansive 2 cutters do 3 Bits, screw driver do 1 Brace ratchet, 10-inch sweep do i Chisels, socket, framing do i Dividers wing, 10-inch.. do 4 Drills, twist ...do 1 File 10-inch, flat, bastard . . . do 6 Files saw 4 and 6 inch (3 of each ) do 1 2 Gage, marking, brass, thumbscrew shoe and face Gouges, socket firmer do... 1 Hammer claw, adze eye do Handle tool containing 10 tools do 2 Handles, file, aluminum alloy do 1 Knife drawing, 9-inch blade do 1 1 Mallet, 2? by 5 inches, maple, hickory handled. Nail set do 1 Oiler... ...do... 1 Part of harness for all draft horses. 144 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. War footing (4 how- Pror classic >erty cation. itzers, 12 cais- sons). Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. CARPENTER'S TOOLS continued. Oilstone unmounted In carpenter's chest in battery wagon.. 1 Pincers small 8-inch do 1 Plane jack wood ...do I do 1 Plate ' auger handle do 1 Rasp wood 10-inch do 1 Reamer half round for wood or soft .do I metal. Rule boxwood 2-foot 4 fold do 1 Saw crosscut 24-inch do .... I Saw' rip 24-inch ... . . .do 1 Saw set do 1 Screw driver 5-inch blade 10-inch do 1 Spokeshave adjustable do .... 1 Square steel 12-inch body, 8-inch do 1 tongue. .do 1 Vise table 2V-inch do .... 1 do BLACKSMITH'S TOOLS. Anvil, 100-pound In forge limber chest . Aprons, blacksmith's do. Bags, canvas, for nails ! do. Box, shoeing, leather do. .do. .do. Chisel, cold. 4-inch Chisel, handled, for cold iron, 2 pounds . Chisel, handled, for hot iron, 1.5 pounds do Clinching iron do Cutting nipper, 14-inch do Drills, flat . . . . I do .do. .do. .do. File, flat, 12-inch, bastard Fire rake Fire shovel Flatter, handled, 1.5-inch, square face do Fore punch and crease do Forge, Empire, portable \ do Hammer, hand. 2 pounds do Hammer, riveting, 1 pound 2 ounces. do Hammer, shoeing, 10 ounces do Handle, file, aluminum do Hardie, 0.75 square shank, 1.25 bit ' do Oiler do Pritchel, 0.75 flats, 9-inch do Punch, round, 0.375-inch do Punch, round, 0.312 (-ft) inch do Punch, nail do Punch, square do Ratchet drill for square-shank drill do Rivet sets, 5 sizes do Rule, boxwood, 2-foot, 4 fold do Screw plates, taps and dies, with tap do wrench, including chest. Shoeing knives do Shoeing pincers do Shoeing rasp, 16-inch do Sledge, 11-pound In fasteners on foot rest . Square In forge limber chest . . . Toe knife do Tongs, horseshoer's do Tongs for 0.25 iron do Tongs for 0.5 iron do Whetstone, farriers', 10-inch do Wrench, forge do Wrench, screw, 12-inch do MATERIALS FOR CLEANING AND PRES- ERVATION (6 MONTHS' SUPPLY, ALL EXPENDABLE). Borax, pounds, lump In store wagon Brush, camel's hair, No. 1, round In chest for cleaning materialiand small stores. Brushes, sash, No. 3 do Brushes, sash, No. 5 do X 10 145 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. No. Article. Where carried. Class. tion. MATERIALS FOR CLEANING AND PRES- ERVATION (6 MONTHS' SUPPLY, ALL EXPENDABLE) continued. 1 Brush, varnish, No. 4-0 In store wagon . 2 Brushes, varnish, No. 5-0 do. 2 j Brushes, varnish, No. 6-0 do. 2 Burners, lantern, Dietz, Vesta In chest for cleaning material and small stores. 2 Cloth, crocus, quires I 1 quire in cleaning-material chest ; the rest in store. 1 Cloth, emery, No. A, quire t In chest for cleaning material and small | stores. 1 Cloth, emery, No. 0, quire do 1 Cloth, emery, No. 00, quire do 2 Cosmic, No. 80, soft, quarts (1 quart In store wagon. cans). 2 Chamois skins In chest for cleaning material and small stores. 3 Dressing, russet leather, boxes do... 21 E veready tungsten battery No. 793 \In cleaning-material and small-stores 6 Eveready 2.7V. Mazda bulb No. 1197.. / chest. 2 Globes , lantern In chest for cleaning material and small stores. J 7 Lavaline, 16-ounce cans In store wagon . 25 Lye, powdered, cans, 1-pound 5 pounds in store wagon; rest in store . 15 Naphthaline , pounds Not carried in field 1 Oil, clock, ounce, 1-ounce bottles I In cleaning-material and small-stores chest. 5 Oil , hydroline , gallons, 5-gallon cans ... In cans on store limber . 6 Oil, linseed, boiled, gallons In store wagon 1 Oil, linseed, raw, pints In cleaning-material- and small-stores chest. -v 15 Oil , lubricating, gallons In store limbers . 20 Oil, neat's-foot, gallons do 5 Oil, slushing, light, gallons do 5 Oil, coal, gallons do 2 Oil, sperm, gallons do 75 Paint , olive-drab , second coat , pounds . | In store wagon . . 75 Paint, olive-drab, third coat, pounds. .1 do 5 Paint , rubberine , gallons, 1-gallon cans . i do 5J Petrolatum (vaseline), ounces (in tin In cleaning-material and small-stores box). chest. 1 7 Polish, Gibson's soap, 16-ounce cans..-! In store wagon. 6 Primer, brown enamel , quarts In store at post . 75 Sal soda, pounds, bulk 20 pounds in cleaning-material and small-stores chest. 1 Sandpaper, No. 2J, quires In cleaning-material and small-stores chest. 1 Sandpaper, No. 1$, quires do 1 Sandpaper, No. i, quires do 1 Sandpaper, No. 00, quires do 52 Soap, castile, pounds In store wagon 4 | Soap, Hand H, cakes or Paco do 80 Soap, saddle. Frank Miller's, pounds, do 1-pound tins. 65 Sponges, 5-inch '. In store wagon, in hub liners.. 10 Sponges, large size, 5 J or 6 inch do 8 Turpentine, gallons In store wagon 40 Waste, cotton, pounds, white do 5 Wicks, lantern, size In cleaning-material and small-stores chest. SADDLER'S MATERIAL (6 MONTHS' SUP- PLY, ALL EXPENDABLE). 6 Awl blades, harness, assorted i In saddler's chest i ^ 1 Awl haft, patent, No. 146, with wrench. do * 2 Buckles, bar, 1-inch Saalbach, bronze. . In canvas bag for small stores, battery wagon. 8 Buckles, bar, tongueless, f-inch, bronze do. . . 13 Buckles, bar, tongueless, 1-inch, bronze do. . . 5 Buckles, bar, tongueless, iHnch, bronze do x 30 Buckles, center-bar, f-inch, bronze do 6 Buckles, center-bar, f-inch, bronze do 9 Buckles, center-bar, I-inch, bronze do 2 Buckles, center-bar, 1-inch, bronze do 10 Buckles, center-bar, H-inch, M. I i do 1 Only one of these items will be issued to an organization. 1419917 12 146 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY-Contd. No. Article. Where carried. Property classification. Class. Sec- tion. 10 7 2 15 4 46 3 6 3 1 24 3 3 11 20 12 22 12 21 9 18 9 4 2 4 10 10 2 2 4 5 150 1 8 1 1 1 1 8 8 3 1 6 4 18 3 5 3 10 6 8 6 3 3 1 1 3 600 10 SADDLERS' MATERIAL (6 MONTHS' SUP- PLY, ALL EXPENDABLE) COntd. Buckles, center-bar, 1 f-inch, M. I In canvas bag for small stores, battery wagon. do X IX IV IX IX IV IV X X IX X X IX X IV } 10 5 8 1 5 8 5 10 9 5 10 5 5 10 8 M Buckles, roller, f-inch, M. I Buckles, roller, 3-inch, M. I do Buckles, roller, f-inch, M. I ...do.... Buckles, roller, 1-inch, M. I do Buckles, roller, IJ-mch, M. I ...do.... Buckles, roller, 1^-inch, M. I do.. Buckles, satchel, -mch, M. I.. ...do.... Buckles, wire, -inch, bronze ... do... Buckles^ wire^ f-inch. ...do.... Buckles, wire, ^-inch . do... Buckles roller Royal 11-inch M I do Cheek "D"...' '. .' do Conway loop |-inch do Duck, cotton, olive drab, 22-inch. No. 1 . End buckle 1-inch bronze with clip . . .do.. do End clip, f-inch, bronze do. . . End clip 1-inch bronze do End clip, 1^-inch, bronze do... Foot staple, high, bronze. . . In saddler's chest... Foot staple, low, bronze do.... Foot staple, semicircular . . do Hook, back strap, steel In canvas bag for small stores, battery wagon. do Hook, breast strap, steel Hook collar strap steel do Hook, double, brass wire In saddler's chest Hook end brass wire do Hook, side strap In canvas bag for small stores, battery wagon. do . Hook, wire (for link), bronze Leath'er bridle back's In battery wagon Leather, collar, backs do Leather, harness, backs, pounds... do.... Leather, latigo, sides do . Nails saddle In saddler's chest Needles, Glover's, No. 3, papers do Needles harness No 4 papers do Needles, harness, No. 5, papers do Needles harness No 6 papers .do Ornaments, brow band, copper ...do.... Ovals saddle . .do Ovals, saddlebag ...do.... Pins, screw, brass, j-inch, No. 2, 1- gross packages. Ring J-inch diameter (saddlebag) do.... ...do.... Ring (rifle scabbard) 1 inch diameter do Ring 1} inches diameter (saddle) do... Ring, If inches diameter (back strap), M . I. Ring, 1 J inches diameter (throat strap), M. I. Ring, if inches diameter (breeching), Ring, 2 inches diameter (halter), M. I. . Ring, 4 inches diameter (quarter strap) Ring D,l inch diameter (feed bag), M.I. Ring D, 1 & inches diameter, with clasp, steel. Ring D 1-j inches diameter steel do do .do Small-stores bag battery wagon do..... . . In saddler's chest do do Ring D, 2 inches diameter (special), steel. Rivets and burs, brass, |-inch, No. 12, pounds. Rivets and burs, brass, J-mch, No. 10, pounds. Rivets and burs, brass, |-inch, No. 10, pounds. Rivets and burs, brass, 1-inch, No. 8, oval heads, pounds. Rollers lead rein steel do... do do do do do Rope, i-inch (halter), feet, maniia hemp. Screws, brass, 1-inch, No. 6, wood, gross . SheeD skins, with wool on.. . In battery wagon In saddler's chest In battery wagon.... 147 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY Contd. Proj classic arty cation. No. Article. Where carried. Class. Sec- tion. 1 SADDLERS' MATERIAL (e MONTHS' SUP- PLY, ALL EXPENDABLE) COntd. Shield, saddle, 11-inch In saddler's chest ... 1 Shield, saddle, 11^-inch -do 3 Shields, saddle, 12-inch do 3 Snap hook, canteen, Cavalry .do 5 2 Snap hooks, coverts, |-inch, M. I do 2 Snap, covert, 1-inch, M I do 2 Snap, German, |-inch, M. I . .do X 10 Snap hook haversack 1-inch do IX 1 j Snap swivel, 1-inch, No. 16 do I Y g Snap German 1-inch M I do / 10 28 Square, halter, M.I .... In canvas bag for small stores, battery 2 Strap loop coupling f-inch (for bridle) wagon. IX 5 g Strap loop' feed bags do 3 Stud hook do g Studs saddlebag In saddler's chest IX 5 j Tacks copper No 12, lb., paper do 1 1 Tacks, copper, No. 20, | lb., paper Thimble, aluminum lined, steel, size do .. ..do 1 5 inch. Thread, carpet, No. 18, olive-drab, .. do j pound. Thread shoe No 3 brown pounds do 1 Thread shoe No. 10, brown, pounds. . do 2 Wax, stitching, brown, winter, pounds. 16 Webbing, olive-drab, cotton, heavy, do oc |-inch, yards. Webbing olive-drab cotton heavy do 1-inch, yards. Webbing olive-drab halter IJ-inch do 14 yards. Webbing, jute, 3-inch, yards do X 10 2 FOR POLO EQUIPMENT. Buckles wire, -inch In saddler's chest 2 Buckles, wire, f-inch do 12 Buckles wire $-inch do 4 Buckles, wire, |-inch do 2 Buckle nickel plated, stirrup strap, do g IjJ-inch.' Buckle nickel plated, girth, 1-inch do 4 Ring |-inch diameter do c Web 'linen straining 3^-inch, yards In battery wagon 7 Webb, linen, straining, 5-inch, yards . . do 3 RESERVE SUPPLIES FOR WAR SERVICE. 1 Ammunition. 2 Buckles, bar, tongueless, f-inch . In store 5 Buckles, bar, tongueless, 1-inch do .. 10 Buckles, center bar, f-inch. . do 3 Buckles, center bar, f-inch do 3 Buckles center bar, |-inch. . do 3 Buckles center bar IJ-inch do 3 Buckles center bar, 1 f-inch do 2 Buckles roller f-inch do 5 Buckle^ roller , f-inch do 12 Buckles roller 1^-inch do X 10 Buckles wire ^-inch do 2 Burners lantern do Cheek "D" do j do 4 Conwav loops J-inch . do 3 Dressing russet leather do 4 End buckles do 2 Globes lantern do do \ TV 2 Hooks collar strap do / IV 8 3 do IX 1 3 Hooks end brass wire do IX 5 2 Leather bridle backs do 1 V 9 leather, collar, backs . . . ...do... 1 X 1 No material will be drawn from this supply for making repairs and replacements except in sudden calls for field service, if necessary to replace missing items of the regular supplies. To avoid deterioration, all perishable articles should be replaced by similar ones received with the regular 6 months' allowance. 2 See general orders pertaining to annual allowance of. 148 STATEMENT OF TOTAL EQUIPMENT OF ONE 3.8-INCH HOWITZER BATTERY-Contd. Nn Proc classin erty nation. Class. Sec- tion. 30 RESERVE SUPPLIES FOR WAR SERV- ICE cont inued . Leather, harness, pounds In store . . 1 -v 1 Leather, latigo, side do r x 10 3 Nails, saddle do.... IX 5 1 Oil, clock, ounce do 4 Oil, coal, gallons do 4 Oil, hydroline gallon do 12 Oil, lubricating, gallons do x 10 16 Oil', neat's-foot 'gallons do 2 Oil, slushing, light, gallons do 1 Oil' sperm gallon ' " do 3 Ornaments, brow band do IX 5 2 Rings f-inch diameter saddlebag do 8 Rings, 1 J-inch diameter, saddle do 4 Rings' 2-inch diameter nalter do 3 Rings, 4-inch diameter cincha strap... do.... IV 8 3 Rings' 4-inch diameter' quarter strap do 3 Rings "D," 1-inch diameter feed bag do 1 Rivets and burs brass J-inch No 10 do 1 pound. Rivets and burs brass f-inch No 10 do x 10 18 pound. Sal soda pounds do 2 snap hooks haversack 1-inch do IX j 3 Snap hook feed bag do IV g 12 Squares halter " do ... IX 5 40 do 3 Soap H and H cakes or "Paco" do... . 60 X 10 25 Sponges 5-in'ch . do . 2 ...do IV 8 2 Studs saddlebag do IX 5 1 do 1 Tacks' copper' 20-ounce' paper do . 1 Thread carpet No 18 olive-drab do 1 pound. do x 10 1 Thread' shoe' No 10 brown* pound do .. . 25 . do 1 Wax stitching brown pound do 2 Wicks lantern .. do INDEX. A. Page. Accessories for battery wagon, list of 138-139 Accessories for caisson, list of 137 Accessories for forge limber, list of 139 Accessories for howitzer and carriage, list of 133 Accessories for limber, list of 136-137 Accessories for store limber, list of 140 Accessories for store wagon, list of 139 Action of mechanism during recoil 49-50 Adjusting instruments 122 Adjustments of sights and range quadrant Additional tests 122 Panoramic sight, model of 1904 119 Panoramic sight, model of 1915 119 Range quadrant 119-120 Front and rear sights 119 Verification of parallelism of lines of sight and axis of bore 120-121 Allowance of supplies (6 months). 145-147 Ammunition, allowance of 34 Ammunition 20-21 Cartridge case 20 Description '. 9,0 Primer 20-21 Powder charge 22 Ammunition, blank 34-36 Cartridge case 34 Care of cartridge case 36 Charge..... 35 Precautions 35-36 Preparation 35 Primer 34 Ammunition chest, caisson 81 Ammunition chest, limber 74-75 Ammunition, list of 142 Apron, caisson 82 Apron, carriage 58 ApYon latch body, caisson 79 Apron latch body, carriage 43 Axle, caisson 80 Axle, carriage 53-54 Axle, limber 74 Axle blocks, battery wagon 92 Axle reinforce plates, carriage 53 Axle seats 55 Azimuth scale, location 55 (149) 150 B. Battery wagon, model of 1902, description 90-93 Battery wagon, model of 1902, nomenclature 88-90 Battery wagon, model of 1902, weights, dimensions, etc 88 Battery wagon, model of 1902Mi, description 99 Battery wagon, model of 1902Mi, nomenclature 95-98 Battery wagon, model of 1902Mi, weights, dimensions, etc 94-95 Blacksmith's tools, set 144 Blanket holder, limber 74 Block carrier 15-16 Block latch 16 Brake, caisson, description 82-83 Brake, carriage, description 56-57 Brake, carriage, operation 57 Brake, carriage, to adjust 57 Brake guard 83 Brake segment, for battery wagon 91 Brake segment, for carriage 57 Brake segment, for caisson 83 Brake shoes, location 56 Breech mechanism, action of 16-17 Breech mechanism, description 12-13 Breech mechaniam, to dismantle 19 C. Caisson, description 80-83 Caisson, nomenclature 77-80 Caisson, weights, dimensions, etc 77 Caisson prop 82 Care and cleaning of recoil cylinder and other parts of carriage 68-70 Care and maintenance of materiel 126-130 Carpenter's chest 93 Carpenter's tools, list of , 143-144 Carriage, action of 50-51 Carriage, description 45-59 Carriage, nomenclature 38-45 Carriage, weights, dimensions, etc 37-38 Chest, forge limber 87 Chest doors, caisson 81 Chest doors, limber 75 Collar lifting device 104 Collars, steel, description 102-103 Collars, steel, table of dimensions 102-103 Contents 5-7 Cradle, complete, description 45-49 Cradle, to dismount 66 Cradle bottom plate 45 Cradle head, front 48 Cradle head, front, to dismount 59-60 Cradle head, rear 46 Cradle plate 46 Cyclometer Description ... 99-100 Nomenclature 100 151 Cylinder liner 47 Cylinder liner lock 47 D. Diaphragms, caisson 81 Diaphragms, limber 75 Diaphragm brace, caisson 81 Diaphragm brace, limber 74 Dismounting and assembling howitzer and carriage 59-68 Doubletree 76 Drill cartridge 33-34 E. Elevating mechanism, to assemble 66-67 Elevating mechanism, to dismount 66 Elevating mechanism, description 52 Equipment, list of 10 Equipment, horse, list of 143 Equipment, instruction, list of 141 Equipment, miscellaneous 142 Equipment, personal, list of 142 Equipment, polo, list of 147 Equipment, statement of total 133-148 Extractor 16 F. Filling plug 47 Firing device, description 17-18 Firing device, action of 51 Firing mechanism, description 13 Firing mechanism, to dismantle 18-19 Firing mechanism, to dismount 67 Firing lock case 15 Firing pin 13 Firing spring 13 Flasks ." 53 Foot rest, caisson 82 Foot rest, carriage 55 Foot rest, limber 76 Forge limber, description 87-^88 Forge limber, nomenclature 84-86 Forge limber, weights, dimensions, etc 83 Frame, battery wagon 91 Frame, caisson 81-^82 Frame, limber 75-76 Fuzes, combination 23-27 Fuze setters, hand 27-30 Description 27-28 Adjustment 30 Disassembling and assembling 29-30 Nomenclature 30 Operation 28-29 G. General information. . 123-130 152 H. Page. Handrail, caisson 81 Handrail, limber 74 Handrail brackets, caisson 81 Handrail brackets, limber 74 Handspike 54 Harness, artillery, nomenclature 100-101 Harness, list of 141 Harness, spare, list of 141 Harness, adjustment of 104-105 Hinge pin 16 Howitzer, care of 19 Howitzer, description 11-19 Howitzer, to dismount 5.9 Howitzer, to mount 59 Howitzer, weights, dimensions, etc 11 Hub liner, to remove 67-68 L. Lantern bracket, location. 71 Leather, black, care of 106-107 Leather, care and preservation 105-107 Leather, reasons for oiling 105-106 Leather, russet, care of 106 Limber, description 73-77 Limber, nomenclature 71-73 Limber, weights, dimensions, etc 70-71 List of plates 9 Lock bar, limber 75 Lunette, for battery wagon, caisson, and carriage 88, 79, 38 Lunette bracket, for battery wagon, and caisson 88, 80 Lunette, for carriage, description 54 M. Marking on ammunition boxes 33 Marking outfit 138 Material, cleaning and preserving, 6 months' allowance 145' Material, saddler's, 6 months' allowance 145-147 Method of loading a battery for transportation by rail 130-132 Middle rail, limber 76 Misfires and hangfires 34 N. Name plate, caisson 83 Name plate, carriage 55 Name plate, limber 77 0. Oil cans, location 92-93 Oils for artillery materiel 124-125 Operating lever 15 Operating lever latch 16 158 P - Page. Padlocks and bolt snaps 100 Packing, Garlock's 41-47 Painting artillery materiel 123 Panoramic sight, model of 1904 Care . 117-118 Description 109-111 Use 115-116 Panoramic sight, model of 1915: Care 117-118 Description 112 Use , 115-116 Panoramic sight case, location 43 Panoramic sight case bracket, location 43 Pawls, location 53 Pintle, for caisson and limber 80, 76 Pintle, for carriage 53 Pintle bearing, for limber and caisson 73, 80 Piston and piston rod. to dismount 63-64 Piston liner 48 Plates, list of 9 Pole 77 Pole prop, folding 77 Projectiles 22-23 Prop, battery wagon 91 Prop, caisson 82 Prop, limber 76 Q. Quick return mechanism 53 R. Range quadrant: Care 118 Description 112-115 Use 116 Range finding and fire control equipment 140-141 Range quadrant case, location 43 Range quadrant case bracket, location 43 Range quadrant, spare 122, 140 Range tables 31-32 Recoil cylinder, to assemble 60 Recoil cylinder, to dismount 60 Recoil cylinder, to drain 60-61 Recoil cylinder, to fill 61-62 Recoil cylinder, location 47 Recoil valve 48 Reloading and cleaning outfit, parts in. 37 Reloading and cleaning outfit, use of 37 Repairs for artillery, field materiel 125 Riveting, instructions for 125-126 Road brake, to remove 67 Road brake, to adjust 67 154 S - Page. Saddler's chest, description 93 Saddler's tools, list of 143 Safety depression stops 53 Sear, description 14 Seats 54 Seat arm 55-56 Seat brackets 55-56 Seat brackets, to dismount 65-66 Seat supports 56 Shell, common steel 22-23 Shield, to dismount 65-66 Shield braces 56 Shield, main 57-58 Shield, top 58 Shrapnel, common 23 Shot bolts 74 Shoulder guard 46 Sights and quadrants, list of 140 Sight, front: Description 107-109 Care 116-117 Use 115 Sight, rear: Description 107-109 Care 116-117 Use 115 Sight shank 44 Singletree 76 Spade 54 Spare parts for caisson, list of 138 Spare parts for carriage, list of 134-136 Spare parts for hand fuze-setters 134 Spare parts for howitzer, list of 134 Spare parts for limber, list of 137 Spare parts of accessories, list of -. 140 Spare parts of collars, list of 141 Spare sights chest 93 Spare sights, list of 122, 140 Springs, to assemble 62-63 Springs, to dismount 62 Spring follower 42 Spring stirrup 46 Spring retainer, location 47 Store limber, model of 1902, description 93-94 Store limber, model of 1902, weights, dimensions, etc 93 Store wagon, model of 1902, description 94 Store wagon, model of 1902, weights, dimensions, etc 94 Store wagon, model of 1902Mi, description 99 Store wagon, model of 1902Mi, nomenclature 95-98 Store wagon, model of 1902Mi, weights, dimensions, etc 94-95 Stuffing box, to pack 64-65 Supplies in general '. 130 Supplies kept in reserve, list of 147-148 155 T - Page. Targets 37 Tie-rods, limber '. 76 Tool box, ^ocation 54 Tools, for battery wagon, list of 138-139 Tools, for caisson, list of 137 Tools, for forge limber, list of 139 Tools, for howitzer and carriage, list of 133 Tools, for limber, list of 136-137 Tools, for store limber, list of 140 Tools, for store wagon, list of 139 Top carriage, description 51 Top carriage, to dismount 66 Trail, description 53-55 Trail handles 54 Traveling lock 58 Traveling lock support, location 54 Traversing mechanism 55 Traversing mechanism, to dismount 65 Traversing nut - 40 Traversing pivot 40 Trigger fork 14 Trigger shaft , 15 Trunnion band 46 V. Valve, to remove 64 Valve turning mechanism, to assemble 65 Valve turning mechanism, to disassemble 65 Valve turning mechanism, description 48-49 Valve turning pinion 48 Vent plug 47 W. Wheels, description 58-59 Wheels, to remove 67 Wheel fastening, description 59 Wheel fastening, to remove 67 Wheel guard 58, 83 Wheel oil valve 58 WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, Washington, January 27, 1916. FORM No. 1781. Ed. Jan. 27-16400. O HOME USE CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT MAIN LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below. 1-month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405. 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk. Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. ALL BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL 7 DAYS AFTER DATE CHECKED OUT. -T EEC. CIS, MAY 2 5 78 LD21 A-40m -8, '75 General Library (87737L) University of California Berkeley YC 64313 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY