CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES HON. Louis CODERRE, MINISTER; R W. BROCK, DEPUTY MINISTER. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY California Regional 'acility MEMOIR 46 No. 7, ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES Classification of Iroquoian Radicals with Subjective Pronominal Prefixes BY C. M. Barbeau OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1915 No. 1322 CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES HON. Louis CODERRE, MINISTER; R W. BROCK, DEPUTY MINISTER. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MEMOIR 46 No. 7, ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES Classification of Iroquoian Radicals with Subjective Pronominal Prefixes BY C. M. Barbeau OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1915 CONTENTS. Introduction 1 Wyandot paradigms A and B 2,3 Determining factor in the classification of Iroquoian noun and verb stems into several conjugations 4 Structure of the subjective pronominal prefixes in Wyandot, Mohawk, and Oneida 17 List of general Iroquoian phonetic laws 23 Phonetic rules special to Oneida 24 Phonetic rules special to Wyandot 24 Hypothetical original Iroquoian sounds and their derived Mohawk, Oneida, and Wyandot equivalents 25 APPENDIX List of Wyandot phonetic signs 26 Oneida paradigms (Boas) 28, 29 Mohawk paradigms (Cuoq) 30 50138 2 Classification of Iroquoian Radicals with Subjective Pronominal Prefixes. INTRODUCTION. Philologists have long been aware of the characteristic class- ification of Iroquoian noun and verb stems into several conjuga- tions, as a result of their combination with pronominal prefixes. Fairly complete tables, now available on a few of the Iroquoian dialects, uniformly include two classes of paradigms, each of which has five sets of pronominal prefixes, distinctive of as many conjugations. While several other tables may, presumably, be found in manuscripts, the only ones here referred to are that of Father J. A. Cuoq 1 on the Mohawk dialect, and that of Dr. Franz Boas 2 on the Oneida dialect. It may be stated, moreover, that Cuoq and Boas have, in this matter, followed the footsteps of Rev. Joseph Marcoux, the pioneer grammarian of the Iro- quoian dialects proper, and missionary among the Mohawks of Caughnawaga (1819-1855), Cuoq having rehandled and pub- lished sketches and a vocabulary based upon Marcoux' material, and Boas having prepared a brief study on the Oneida dialect along the lines suggested by Cuoq's works. 3 1 "Etude* Philologiyuet tur Quelyues Langues Sawagea de I'Amtrique," par N. O., 1866; p. 99. * "Notes on the Iroquois Language," Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909; pp. 442, 443. s "Jugement errant de M. Renan sur let Langues SauTaget," Montreal Dawson Bros., 1869; "Lexigue de la Langue Iroquoise," Montreal, 1882. i > .i 4 4 i : 1 ii i i I i E 2 i^i 'il fl ss 11 1! 1 I t i! s 1 E A J t j if A f 1 3 1 i S -(n)p u v 1 1 1 j 1 ii 1 ^, 3 i i f r s s ll S t 1 1 1 1 5. 1 l 1 f >0 A ^ d J . i ^ 1 T i 1 i iji If I i i i 1 i 1 'a S r gj E A i , . , , , 3 a s CO 3 i i _i ~ ^ > 1 V f ^ < E CO | SS | 1 A | i a i ""* "S 1 ^ jsj J , a a Q 1 i i i ^ 3 i s 3 | f .2 : a JH 3 ^ , s i if g I i I I 3 s f S 111! "e s A i 5 ii S i i t 1 ^ s IJfj i j i i ri ^ 1 2 4, ii: l|s| D i j J j ,i 3 ^^~ f | | *ol IIP! !||ii 1:0 i 8 1 fit | s 3 s 3 i s S|H - 3 3 I sss j *! ii 1 s 3 2, 3 A 3 { Illii a y 2 ~ > > 1 3 "S m i 1 3 t i 11 4, i 4, j a CO f f t | 'S * i -i I a 3 S* 4 A - g CO I * >"3 j i ? i 1 c I i 1 I II i i 3 ~s ,JU | i. i. . A I 5 1 1 4 o. i S Q i 3 . 3 s | A i 3 S i. i. Oi S 2 'S. 'S. i I , i a d co . T II 2 i i * ^ i i ^ J t t I I ^. i i M a i ^ i A A . -? 4, - li f til ii i E |i 5 S3 *" ~ ' o ^ o I _ . I c .2 y i!i iH I si: I 1?13 ^g.= o 11 ! For the preparation of the present paper, Cuoq's and Boas' Mohawk and Oneida studies have been utilized comparatively with the Wyandot linguistic data collected by myself, in the course of a season's field work among the Wyandots of Okla- homa, in 1912. To Dr. 'Edward Sapir I am indebted for his kind advice on the method followed while recording the lin- guistic data in the field, and especially for his collaboration in the study of the comparative phonetics and grammar of the Mohawk, Oneida, and Wyandot dialects. For further reference, the two original tables of Wyandot paradigms (the first with five series of fifteen, and the second with five series of eleven, pronominal forms) are given here (pages 2, 3) 1 . DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF IROQUOIAN NOUN AND VERB STEMS INTO SEVERAL CONJUGATIONS. A few preliminary remarks may not be out of place here. In the composition of Iroquoian pronouns with noun and verb stems, the fundamental rule as to the order in which these elements are combined is either to prefix the pronoun to the verb directly, or to introduce the noun stem between the pro- nominal prefix and the verb stem. In other words, we may have : pronominal prefix -f verb radical (for instance, I + give), or, pronominal prefix + noun stem + verb stem (for instance, I + apple + give, for "I give (an) apple"). The noun or verb stems fall into several sets when combined with their appropriate pronominal prefixes. A specified verb stem can be conjugated with the pronominal elements of one series only; that is, it may require either one of the series (described as 1st, Ilnd, Illrd, IVth, and Vth conjugations) of paradigm A , or one of the corresponding sets of forms included in paradigm B. A verb is likely, moreover, to pass from one conjugation of paradigm A into the corresponding conjugation of paradigm B, in certain specific circumstances. When the 1 Cuoq's and Boas' paradigms are given in the Appendix of this paper. noun stem is placed between the pronoun and the verb, the noun stem determines the conjugation of the preceding pronominal prefix, and is followed by the verb stem stripped of its prefixes. The aim of the present paper is to indicate the determining factor in this classification of radicals into several conjugations. 1 Although no explicit reason has yet apparently been advanced accounting for this rigid sorting of the stems into several con- jugations, Marcoux, Cuoq, and Boas indicate by their treatment of the pronominal prefixes that they must have found it imposs- ible to lay down the principle, whether pertaining to the history or to the phonetic requirements of the language, which is at the basis of this classification of stems. The pronominal elements, as tabulated in the paradigms published by these authors, are always immediately followed by one of several vowels standing between the pronoun and the stem. What is the nature of these vowels? Are they part of the pronominal prefixes, or of the verb or noun radicals; or, are they independent intrusive elements? The following are utterances of Cuoq, Boas, and of Father J. Gras, on this topic. Cuoq simply describes these vowels as follows: 2 "A, lettre caracte"ristique de la lere conjugaison" (A, characteristic letter of the 1st conjugation), . . . "E bref est le signe de la 2nde conjugaison" (short E is the sign of the 2nd conjugation), . . . "E long est le signe de la 3e conjugaison" (long E is the sign of the 3rd conjugation), . . . "Le plus souvent une N nasale accompagne le signe de cette conjugaison et se confond avec lui" (the nasal N generally follows, and is blended with, the sign of this conjugation), and . . "0 long est le signe invariable de la 5e conjugaison. Assez souvent il est suivi de N soit simple soit double, et alors il forme syllabe avec cette consonne, laquelle fait aussi partie du signe de cette conjugaison" (long O is the invariable sign of the 5th conjugation. Fairly often it is followed by a single or a double N, and then it blends in a syllable with this consonant, which thus becomes part of the sign of the conjugation). Mr. Boas seems to have assumed a similar point of view, and he terms these vowels "vocalic characteristics of verbs and nouns" or "vocalic character." 1 The independent question as to why some stems belong exclusively to paradigm B while others are found to pass, in certain circumstances, from one conjugation of paradigm A into the corresponding one of paradigm B, is not discussed here. 1 "Etudes Philologiyuet" , pp. 95. 96, and 97. 501383* 6 He adds: 1 "In many cases certain elements are suffixed to the nominal stem when it appears in incorporated form, that apparently give to it the character of a verbal noun expressing quality, instrumentality, and similar ideas. In this form the noun is inserted between the prefixed pronouns and the verbal stem. As soon as this composition is made, it appears that each stem, both nominal and verbal, has a certain initial vocalic character which in other forms does not necessarily appear." And further 2 , "To walk, i-(e) . . . Apparently the stem and its vocalic character form a unit here." Yet the following sentence seems to contradict the above view, "Verbs of the E class appear, when the stem begins with a consonant, without vowel" (appar- ently implying that some verbs may in the same conjugation begin with a vowel). 3 Father J. Gras, S. J., a missionary among the Mohawks of Caughnawaga, who has a speaking knowledge of Mohawk, has lately written in reply to a query on this point, "Chez nous, les dites voyelles ont toujours e"te" conside"r6es comme prefixes personnels et inde"pendants du radical. Une preuve qu'elles sont des prefixes c'est qu'elles sont mobiles et s'elident au contact du radical devant une voyelle on devant certaines con- sonnes, par euphonic. Le cas arrive assez souvent, a la 2e personne singulier, indicatif present de la 2e conjugaison, et ailleurs." ("Among us, these vowels have always been con- sidered as personal prefixes and independent of the radical. As a proof of their being prefixes may be pointed out the fact that they are movable and are elided for euphony before a vowel or certain consonants, when they are juxtaposed to a radical. This happens fairly often in the 2nd person sin- gular, indicative present, of the 2nd conjugation, and else- where"). On a close examination of the available Wyandot, Oneida, and Mohawk material, it seems obvious that this standpoint needs revision; and I will now attempt to show concisely that while these so-called vocalic elements are, in the 1st, Illrd, IVth, and Vth conjugations of paradigms A and B, an integral part of the verb or noun stems, they prove to be, in the Ilnd conjugation (made up of stems beginning with consonants and a semi- 1 "Notes on the Jroquoit Language," p. 437. Ibid., p. 454. ' Ibid., p. 451. vowel), part of the pronominal prefixes, with the exception of the first and second persons singular, in which they seem to be accidental or intrusive elements. It will be necessary for our purpose to analyse the structure of the pronominal ele- ments, and to explain the rules governing certain Iroquoian phonetic changes or contractions. Let us first confine our attention to the Wyandot paradigm A , Boas' table of Oneida 'subjective prefixes', and Cuoq's paradigm K for Mohawk personal pronouns, each of which consists of five analogous conjugations of fifteen pronouns 1 . In these dialects the vowels of the Ilnd conjugation accompanying the consonant or consonants of the pronominal prefixes, are several in number, namely, e- in the first and second persons singular, and the indefi- nite; a- in the third persons masculine and non-masculine, the first persons plural inclusive, exclusive, and the second person plural; and i- in the five persons dual and the third persons masculine and non-masculine plural. That these e-, a-, and i- vowels cannot be considered as an integral part of the stems is granted by the above-mentioned writers and is clearly borne out by the facts. Besides their being irreducible to a single vowel by means of an analysis based upon the rules of Iroquoian phonetic changes, one of these vowels is systematically dropped in certain circumstances, which could hardly happen in the case of an integral stem element. It may safely be stated, moreover although somewhat prematurely that whenever a verb stem of the Ilnd conjugation is compounded with either an immediately preceding noun stem, the reflexive prefix -at- (or -ad-), or a suffix of the incorporated noun, none of these a-, e-, and i- t vowels is retained before the verb radical. A few Wyandot and Mohawk instances are here given in support of this statement. Wyandot verbs belonging to the Ilnd conjugation incorpo- rated with noun stems or other elements: a' 2 -ye-h$m$.-dinp't I-boat-hang, a'-ye-gy&ru' u -ta 3 -di-no't I-canoe-hang, that-there it-scalp-hangs, to that of Mr. Boas' sketch, r paradigms. 1 The order of the Wyandot conjugations corresponds exactly 1 rhile the IVth conjugation of Cuoq becomes the Illrd in the otbe 1 a'- is a verbal absoluteprefix. 3 presumably a noun suffix. * l- locative prefix contracted with the pronoun. 50138 3^ 8 a'*-rpk l -ya' I-log-cut, ha- n dicrd-y$' he-the sun-sees, a'-W-aha-tedi' I-the road-change, a'- 3 np n da-te'di' I-the paint-change, -rlwa-wd'e" (to) word-hold, y-at-riwd'-dmp' I-self-news-purchase, I-self word-know how (i.e. I entreat), I-self-fight or kill, (i.e. I am fighting), a'-y-at-rihp"* I-self-office hold, k-hu m wa-nu m we's 6 I-like the boat. A few supplementary instances from Cuoq's "Lexique" will suffice for the present purpose: ke-rio-ta 7 -na'k8re I-the game-am skilful at (i.e. I am a skilful hunter), k-at-kenses I-self-see (i.e. I inspect, - look for), k-at-tats I-self-stand near (from iktats: I stand near), ke-riwa-weienhon I-the matter-know how (I am able to do it properly), ke-wenna-weienhon I-the language-know how (i.e I know the language well), k-at-sentha I-self-go down, k'- -werhons I-wrap up. The e- of the first and second persons singular of the Ilnd conjugation is, taken by itself, a meaningless intrusive vowel; for it does not appear, first, with the pronominal elements of the first and second persons singular when they are either pre- fixed to any of the stems belonging to what may be called the 'contracted sub-conjugation' of the Ilnd conjugation 8 , or second, when amalgamated with other elements in order to form 1 K + B > r (paradigm A, n, C 1 ); -rfrt- (log);-rf>'t+Ya'>rf-kya' according to the Wyan- dot phonetic rule r+yo>Jkj/o. 2 t- (locative prefix) +v>k. 3 K+if>n (paradigm A, II, C'). 4 Semi-reflexive prefix, termed 'passive' by Boas. 8 -rihp' is derived from ri'wA-WA* "function-hold:" WA-\-WA>WQ>Q, according to an Iroquoian phonetic rule. 6 From ge-nii^we's, I like (ir conj.); Mohawk instance taken down by Mr. E. Sapir, at Caughnawaga. -ta-, noun suffix. Paradigm A, II, C 1 and C*. 9 the first and second persons dual and plural (as will be seen later), or, third, as we have seen, in composition. The first two of these points will now be made more explicit. (a) This element e- is non-existent in the first and second per- sons singular of all the verb stems of the "contracted sub-conju- gation" (Wyandot, II, C 1 and C 2 ). The stems of this class, in the Wyandot dialect, are those that begin with d- or n-, r-, j- (j being derived from the original Iroquoian KY, RY and HY 2 , and original Iroquoian F). The Mohawk and Oneida stems that constitute their equivalent "contracted" sub-conju- gation seem to correspond, roughly speaking, to the Wyandot ones. From Cuoq's "Lexique" may be listed a number of verbs with n-, k-, h-, i- (imperfect phonetic spelling of Cuoq for y-) and st- stem beginnings, before which the e- does not appear in the first, and, presumably, second persons singular; for instance, kninons (I buy 3 ), kniotha (I erect), kkwitha (I move- something-), kiatons (I mark), ikiaks (I cut), khente (I lead), ikkens (I see), iksta (I use), ikkwas (I pick up), ikhawe (I hold), and so on. With regard to the Oneida, Mr. Boas gives a few similar "contracted" forms 1 , explaining that they occur in connexion with stems beginning with h-, g-, s-, d-, n- and y-. He further points out that, "In the dialects of the Iroquois the disappearance of the vowel is not always found in the same verb, and even the same dialect has varieties of forms. Thus we find in Oneida both iglius and igelius ("I kill")." (b) The intrusive e- of the first and second persons singular, moreover, does not, as a rule, follow these prefixes when they are blended with certain other elements to form the composite dual and plural pronominal forms. To anticipate, it may be stated that the first persons exclusive dual and plural pronominal prefixes, at last analysis, resolve into: somebody + 4 / + two, meaning "two of us, someone else and I" (for the first person exclusive dual), and somebody + 7 -f several, meaning "several of us, I and someone else" (for the first person exclusive plural). In the three dialects here discussed, the actual forms are the 1 Boas' "Notes . ." pp. 451, 452. 8 Small capitals are here consistently used to represent the hypothetical original Iroquoian forms. 3 Although such forms are always translated as infinitives in the "Lexique," they are first per. sing., indie, present. 4 +is consistently used in this paper with the meaning "and" or " plus." 10 following: In Oneida, yagni- and yagwa-, consisting of ya ("somebody") + g ("I") + n[i] (one of the two regular dualic particles -4- and -n-), and ya ("somebody") + g ("I") + wa (pluralic particle, meaning "several"); in Mohawk, iakeni- and iakwa-, that is ia- (better written ya, "somebody") + k ("I") -j- wa (plurality); and, in Wyandot, ai- and awa-, going back to the original Iroquoian YA + KI (contracted, according to the Wyandot phonetic rules later described, YE into a-, and KI into i), and YA-\-KWA (YA similarly contracted into a, and KWA always becoming wa). To sum up, K- (first person singular) is found but once, in the first persons exclusive dual and plural, with e-, that is in the Mohawk first person exclusive dual ia-ke-ni. Practically the same remark applies to the e- that follows, in certain verbs, the c-, s- or z- of the second person singu- lar, the e- being dropped in two out of three cases when the c-, s- or z- are combined with dualic or pluralic elements. Thus the conclusion is reached that e- is not an essential part of the pronominal elements of the first and second persons singular (the nature of the e- indefinite being uncertain, it may be left aside for the present). In the third persons masculine and non-masculine singular, the first persons inclusive and exclusive and second person plural, the a- of the Ilnd conjugation may be considered, in these three dialects, as part of the pronominal prefix. The a- in the first persons inclusive and exclusive and the second person plural is, in fact, essential to the pluralic particle wa, which is postfixed in all the conjugations to the other constituent elements of these pronouns. 1 As for the a- of the third persons masculine and non-masculine singular, although distinctly a part of the pro- nominal prefix, it is not invariably preserved. It is found, first, in the singular masculine la- (Oneida), ra- (Mohawk) 2 , and ha- (Wyandot); in the non-masculine singular ga- (On). ka- (Mo.) and ya- and wa- (Wy.) ; and, sometimes also, among the elements of the pronouns for the third persons plural mascu- line and non-masculine, for instance: ha-ti- and wa-ti- (Wy.), la-di- and gundi- 3 (On.), and ra-ti- and konti- (Mo.). It may be pointed out at once that, in the other conjugations, the 1 The Vth conjugation, as we shall see later, is no exception in this respect. * la- and ra- become ha- after prefixes. 'Presumably g AW Adi- originally; AWA> 9 (or u m ), according to the Iroquoian phonetic rule. 11 same a element reappears with these third person pronouns whenever the conditions have not been otherwise disturbed. This vowel, however, is dropped whenever it enters into composition with the dualic particles -i or -n to form the pro- nominal prefixes of the third persons dual masculine and non- masculine, as follows: h-i- and i- 1 (Wy.), h-ni- and g-ni- (On.), and h-ni- and k-e^-ni- (Mo.). The t-vowel in the dual of the Ilnd conjugation is a part of the pronoun, as it here conveys the idea of personal duality. It may, moreover, be said that the dualic particles -i- and -n- are characteristic of the dualic pronominal prefixes of all the conjugations. Thus the conclusion is now reached that, as the noun and verb stems of the Ilnd conjugation do not include the above- described e-, a- and i- which immediately precedes them, they must all be considered as beginning with the following element, that is, a consonant or the semi-vowel Y. In other words, the Ilnd conjugation consists exclusively of stems beginning with consonants. In Wyandot, these stems beginning with consonants may be classified into at least two sets, those belonging to the sub- conjugations A and B, and those belonging to the contracted sub-conjugations C 1 and C 2 . The former begin with t-, ts-, s-, Q-, gw-t Qy-, fc-i V-, j- 3 , n-, h-, m- and w-\ the latter with r-, n-, and d-, kw- f j- 4 , and the original Iroquoian Y-. The stems beginning with the Y- (paradigm A, II, C 1 and C 2 ) provide us with some interesting Wyandot phonetic changes due to con- tractions with neighbouring elements. In fact, Y- (found as y- in Boas' "Notes" and represented as i- by Cuoq and Hewitt) is lost in Wyandot, except when it contracts with a prefixed element. For the stem -yo's ("to cut"), one generally finds -a' a s; Y- reappears only when, as we shall see later, it comes into contact with the Wyandot y- ( = to Oneida g- and Mohawk k-), r-, h- and i-, where it reappears contracted with these elements as j- before a vowel, and n- before a nasalized vowel. Quite a number of these stems have already been listed for the Wyandot. 1 x/> in Wyandot. * -e- being, no doubt, the intrusive element above described. * Presumably derived, here, from the original Iroquoian jcr- and HY-. 4 Derived, here, from UY-. 12 Let us now analyse the vowels of the 1st conjugation. In the three dialects, only two distinct vowels are found immediately following the consonant of the pronoun, that is, a- and g- (g corresponds to Boas' w^-and Cuoq's on-), o- appears only in the third persons plural masculine and non-masculine, and in the indefinite. According to a general Iroquoian phonetic rule, however, o- goes back to AW A. Thus, the Oneida aorist prefix wa- combined with the following non-masculine pronoun wa- be- comes g 1 -, that is, wA+wA>wg->g- 2 ; the Wyandot verb stem wa', (Ilnd conj.) meaning "to have, to hold," when post- fixed to -riwa- (stem, meaning "word, custom, function"), becomes a'-y-at-rihg', from the original a'yat-ri* 3 wAWA' ; the compound pronouns first persons dual and plural of paradigm B (Cuoq's paradigm A and 8, and Boas' table of "Objective Prefixes" 4 ) consist of the elements YA ("else", indefinite) +WA ("it" non-masculine singular) + K ("I") + / (dualic), and, for the plural, YA+WA+K+WA (pluralic) 5 , which become, according to the same phonetic law, yu m gya- (dual) and yu m gwa- (plural) in Oneida 6 , ionkia- and ionkwd 1 - in Mohawk, and, in Wyandot, gna-* and gma- 9 . The g- of the third persons masculine and non-masculine plural, and the indefinite of the 1st conju- gation is due to the same phonetic change, produced in the following manner: "they" (plural masculine) is made up of HA ("he") + WA ("several") > h g- in Wyandot, ron- in Mo- hawk, and lu m - in Oneida; "they" (plur. non-masculine) con- sists of KA ("it") + WA ("several") >yg- in Wyandot, kon- in Mohawk, and gu m - in Oneida; the indefinite "somebody" is expressed by YA ("else") + WA ("it")>p- 10 in Wyandot, ion- in Mohawk, and iu m - in Oneida. 1 Boas' "Notes", p. 449, 6th line. * w- before o- is lost, according to a general Iroquoian phonetic rule. 1 The breathing ' seems to be a noun suffix (see Boas' "Notes," p. 453.) * Boas' "Notes", p. 443. * The meaning of which is, respectively, "it two (of us), somebody else and me," and "it several (of us), somebody else and me." Throughout the whole paradigm, wa- ("it", third person non-masculine singular) is introduced as a kind of impersonal subject while the regular subjective pronouns are objects of the verb. Boas' "Notes", p. 445. 7 Cuoq's "Etudes Phil.," p. 117. 8 KiA>ja; KIA after nasalized vowels >fi0, in Wyandot; a following >p owing to the vicinity of another nasal, in conformity with the Wyandot phonetic rule. 9 K-\-W > w, and w between two nasals >m, in Wyandot. 10 YQ> o, as Y is always lost in Wyandot, except when it is contracted with other ele- 13 p of the 1st conjugation being thus derived from the original Iroquoian AW A, we are now justified in concluding that the a-vowel is present after every one of the pronominal prefixes of this conjugation. The evidence shows satisfactorily that this a-vowel is an integral part of the radicals of the 1st conjugation, for a- is retained by the stem whenever it is incorporated after a noun stem or the -at- and -atat- reflexive prefixes. A few Wyandot instances will answer the purpose here: tl-y-[&]wc sti* thus-it- (is) fine, de'ci-sd-ng-dwd'sti* that far- (to) thee-hair- (is) fine, de t ci-c-uyd'jed-&wd"sti' 1 ' that far-thy-spots- (are) fine, a'-w&ye-c-[d\*tQ n -it me-mouth-lost (I lose my mouth), a'-wd-ntftst'ir-d'tQ' it me-head-lost, wdye-kwi'st-d'tQ' it me-money-lost, a'-ye'n$c-drt'ta' I shoulder-bite, dye'npt-dri'ta' I leg-bite, wdy-at-dm^ it me-self- water is (i.e. I swim), a'- n dat-d'e' 2 I-the village-hit, h-[a]tdtg-n$'-dteya' 3 he-to self-hair-burns, a'nst-&t'ya' I-seeds-burn, a'-y-dhg*t-dteyat I-ear-burn. Now that it has been shown that the stems beginning with a- and with a consonant belong to the 1st and Ilnd conjugations, let us proceed to the Illrd, IVth, and Vth conjugations, into which, as we shall presently see, fall the stems beginning with i- (Illrd), e- and - (IVth), and u- and p- (Vth). In the Illrd conjugation 4 , three vowels appear in different forms : i- in the first and second persons singular, the five persons dual, and the third persons masculine and non-masculine plural ; I- 5 in the third persons masculine and non-masculine singular, the first persons inclusive and exclusive plural and second person plu- ral ; and, last, e- in the indefinite. The origin of this e- vowel may be ascribed, hypothetically, to the influence of the indefinite of the Ilnd conjugation upon that of the Illrd, as its intrusion here cannot, apparently, be explained otherwise. The - vowel is the result of a general Iroquoian process transforming A + 1 into 1 A+A>a, A+s>e, after the general Iroquoian phonetic rule. s From "dot-, and -a'e'st (i conj.). * -dti'ya': to burn (i conj.). * Cuoq's IVth. i {-, in Wyandot; en- in Cuoq's Mohawk; and x"- in Boas' Oneida. 14 -. For the elucidation of this rule, some instances may now be analysed: First, to the Wyandot verb stem -4hg- ("to say") corresponds the Oneida stem i'- 1 , which becomes - (= Boas' A n ) in the regular forms of its perfect tense; e.g. VzA n ); from -ihe ("to die", Illrd conj., parad. B) is derived, in the same way, the term dyewi" c\he , "I am tired" (or, literally, "it- (to) me- strength-dies or ends"), (A+/>); and, finally, ysd' a "rib" (i.e. ya- 9 Vsa) becomes -f sa- when incorporated. 10 Second, when- ever - appears in the Illrd conjugation of the Wyandot parad- igm A (or in its Oneida and Mohawk equivalents) , an a- which is found to be part of the pronominal prefix in the other conjuga- tions, namely: ha-, la- and ra- (Wyandot, Oneida, and Mohawk, third persons singular masculine), become /i-, IA H - and ren-, in the Illrd conjugation; ya-, ga-, and ka- (third person non-mascu- line, in the same dialects) become y-, gA n - and ken-. Similarly, in the first persons inclusive and exclusive plural, and second per- son plural, wa- becomes w$-; the second person singular (Wyandot paradigm B n ) sa- becomes s-; and, among other changes, hya- of the first two Oneida conjugations 12 becomes hyA n -, in the Illrd. It is thus evident that (or A" and en) is derived from A plus another element, with which it contracts. It may safely be inferred that the latter is the same t-vowel as follows the majority of the pronouns in the same conjugation: that is, A + i becomes exactly in the same way as the above-described l'-{-ZA-\-i>i'ZA n t in Oneida. As the vowel -i- immediately follows all the pronominal forms of the Illrd conjugation, and cannot belong to these pronouns, it becomes clear that it is an integral part of the stems. The 1 Boas, Ibid, p. 453. 2 Absolute verbal prefix. 3 Compound pronoun, 2nd per. sing, of Boas' "Objective Pref.," Wyandot paradigm B , and Cuoq's paradigm A and 8. * t' "to say." 6 For other forms, see Boas, ibid., p. 454. * -j"d- noun stem, the meaning of which is not clear. 7 -u', suffix, meaning "in water." 8 -itsp't- in incorporated form. * ya-, pronominal prefix, 3rd person non-masculine, meaning "it". 10 See other instance in Boas' "Notes", p. 454, "to desire". 11 Boas, ibid., "Objective prefixes", Cuoq's parad. A and 8. l * Compound pronoun meaning "he thee"; Boas, ibid., p. 446. 15 very few stems of the Illrd conjugation being almost all neuter verbs (i.e. expressing a state of being) have not, as yet, yielded the supplementary evidence as to the retention or non-retention of the preceding vowel after an incorporated noun stem. The vowels of the IVth and Vth conjugations do not offer the same difficulties as those of the first three conjugations, as they undergo comparatively slight phonetic changes, e and in the IVth conjugation, and u or o and g in the Vth, appear quite consistently in all the forms 1 . The Wyandot sub-conjugation C (paradigm A, IV C), however, has some exceptional forms in the third persons masculine and non-masculine plural, and the indefinite; in the case of certain verbs of this sub-conjugation, it is optional to use either the regular form of the IVth conjuga- tion -h$n- or the irregular form -kg-. The only explanation for this is that the verbs of this series must have been, originally, a- stems of the 1st conjugation, which would explain the retention of the p- forms of that conjugation. The fact that goes back, in certain cases, to A + /, as shown above, is further reason for believing that these f- verb stems (IV, C) were, originally, stems beginning with AI-. These original AI~ stems, having thus become assimilated to the e- and - stems (IV, A 2 ) of the IVth, must have slipped gradually from one conjugation into the other. The Wyandot stems of sub-conjugation B (of the IVth) 1 with their i-vowel may have passed, in the same way, from the Illrd conjugation into the IVth. The retention of their respective stem vowels e-, -, u- and g- by the verbs of the IVth and Vth conjugations, when incorporat- ed after a noun stem, will be illustrated in the following Wyandot instances : (IVth conj. with e-) ye-skwir[8]'e'cre' I-switch-drag, e-w-[e]tsi" -it-long is, ay-e'st-etsi" -it me- bark-long (is), a'-y-ptar-e'tsi* -I-lake-lengthened, a'-y-at-&''-wa' 3 -I-self-am or go-away, 1 Cuoq and, after him, Boas only refer, in their paradigms, to ' and 0(0= Wyandot u) of the IVth and Vth conjugations. The available lists of stems, in these dialects, show, however, that these conjugations include also stems beginning with A*- and en- (corresponding to Wyandot 5-) and u-- and on- (Wyandot p-), as is the case in Wyandot. 1 Only two of which have, so far, been recorded. 1 From -('-, "to go". IVth conj. A. 16 ta-y-at-e-'st$ a'y-&t-i"-sku' d-ri'wd'-Zri't (iVth conj. with -) awd-du'td-fya' (Vth conj. with u-) a'-k-at(e)-nst-uwd* dy-akya't l -uri' a'-kwdr 2 -uri' te-r[s]-npc-uyu*ta' (Vth conj. with o-) a'-ye-h$ma-o*gya' d'-no'c-^gyd' a'-dd'-tarfi'^gyd' a'-ri'wd-$*gyd' a'-rt-n-$*gya' thence-I-self-am or go-down, -I-self-am or go- into water, -I-word or promise-comply with, -I-mind- (noun suffix) -set or make up, it me-magic-belongs. (with) two I-self-seeds-scatter, it me-self body-covers (i.e. "I wear a coat"), I quilt with-cover, (in) two I -log-split (i.e., I split log), there-he-house-is through (i.e., he went through the house) . a'ye-gydru' u t-p*gya' I-boat-make, I-house-make, I-bread-make, I-story-make, I-song-make, I-money-make, I-canoe-make, -it me-seed-abandon (i.e. "I abandon the seeds"), -it me-hair-abandon, -it me-bark-abandon, -it me-sand- abandon. To sum up, the stem beginning is the determining factor in the classification of Iroquoian noun and verb stems into several conjugations. Thus, the stems beginning with a- belong to the 1st conjugation; those beginning with a consonant or semi-vowel to the Ilnd; the stems beginning with i- to the Illrd; those with e- and - (or A"- and en-) to the IVth; and those with u- and o- (or o, u m - and on-) to the Vth. In other words, the stem beginning is an unmistakable sign of the con- jugation to which the stem belongs. 1 From -at ("self") + Ya'"t ("body"). 2 * (dualic or locative) +Jf("I")>k. a'-wd-n-$ti' a'-w&y-e'st-p'ti' wdye'-di'c-oti' 17 STRUCTURE OF THE SUBJECTIVE PRONOMINAL PREFIXES IN WYANDOT, MOHAWK, AND ONEIDA. So much for the stem elements. Now let us analyse the structure of the subjective pronominal prefixes, their variants and distribution through the five conjugations of paradig?n A (Wyandot), Cuoq's paradigm K, and Boas' "subjective prefixes." The pronominal prefix of the first person singular ("I") is the same throughout, and appears as g- in Oneida, k- in Mohawk, and y- in Wyandot, all of which are dialectic forms of the original Iroquoian -K. The prefix for the second person singular ("thou") is also fundamentally the same in these three dialects, that is 2- (On.), s- (Mo.), and c- (WyO- The third person singular, masculine is Za- 1 (On.), ra- 2 (Mo.), and ha- Wy.) in the first three conjugations, and ra- in the last two. In these prefixes for the third person masculine singular, however, the a-vowel is not always retained in its original form, owing to the operation of the following Iroquoian phonetic rules: ZA"- (Boas' Illrd conj.), ren- (Cuoq's IVth), and /i- (Wyandot Illrd) are, as we have already seen, developments of RSa, A-{-E>e, A-\-E>?, A-\-O>U or o, and A+p>w m , on or p. The pronominal forms in the third person non-masculine singu- lar (including feminine and inanimate) are : wa- in the 1st, IVth, 4 and Vth conjugations of the three dialects and, besides, in the Wyandot sub-conjugation B of the Ilnd conjugation; and ga- 1 These 3rd person elements are from the Iroquoian RA- and HA-, perhaps phonetically connected, originally. 1 Mohawk and Oneida ra- and la- become -ha- after a prefix, in the first three conjuga- tions. 1 Cuoq's en-. Cuoq'e Illrd. 18 (On.), ka- (Mo.), and ya- (Wy.) in the other conjugations. The phonetic changes due to the combination of -a- (part of the pronoun) and the following vowels of the stems are the same as for the third person masculine singular. The prefixes yo- (On.), ^-(Mo.), and u- and p-(Wy.), in the third person non-mas- culine singular of the Vth conjugation, are fundamentally the same as in the other conjugations, being the result of the follow- ing Iroquoian phonetic rules: WAO and WAO>YAO and YAO, through a process of phonetic dissimilation, > yo- or u-, and yon-, yu m - or Q-. In Wyandot, we find u- and o- owing to the usual loss of the original Iroquoian Y. The m-consonant, seen in the place of w- in the third person singular non-mascu- line of the Wyandot I Vth conjugation (sub-conj. C), is due to the Wyandot change of w-to m- when followed by a nasalized vowel. The indefinite consists of two combined pronominal elements to be literally translated "else it," meaning "some one else" or "somebody." Briefly stated, the first of these two elements is YA- ("else"), and the second is KA- or WA- ("it") of the third person non-masculine singular. On account of contractions and other phonetic disturbances, however, these elements can be isolated only after an analysis of the indefinite prefixes as they are actually found in the paradigms. The indefinite prefix of the 1st conjugation appears as iu ml in Boas' Oneida, ion- 2 in Cuoq's Mohawk, and g- in Wyandot. These prefixes go back to YA WA > yp 3 , according to a general Iroquoian phonetic rule, Y- being lost, as usual, in Wyandot. In the IVth and Vth conjugations, the prefixes for the indefinite are yag- (On.), tafc 4 -(Mo.), and ay- (Wy.), all three of which may be traced back to YA ("else") + KA ("it"), A of KA being contracted, as usual, with the following stem vowels. The history of the prefixes for the indefinite in the Ilnd and Illrd conjugations is not quite easy to explain. These prefixes are the following: in the Ilnd conjugation, ye- (On.), ie- (Mo.), and e- Wy.); and, in the Illrd conjugation, ye- (On.), ie- (Mo.), and both e- and ay- 6 (Wy.). In all these prefixes the characteristic 1 to- is better written yo-. a These forms are better written j/u 1 "- and yon-. 3 As above demonstrated, in connexion with the study of the stems of the 1st conjugation. 4 the prefix oft-, found in Cuoq's Illrd conjugation, is a misprint for what he usually writes iofc-. ' This last form is rather exceptional. 19 element YA ("else"), although appearing only in a contracted form, is nevertheless present, and is followed by the vowel e-, the origin of which is rather doubtful. The prefix ay$-, found, though only exceptionally, in the Wyandot Illrd conjugation, seems to point to the fact that ye- (Mo. and On.) and e- (Wy.) may be due to the influence of the Ilnd conjugation upon the Illrd, thus causing the assumed original form YAKA I + / 2 (>YAK$ > Wyandot ay$-) to be replaced by that of the Ilnd conjugation. It may further be stated that in the Oneida "objective prefixes 1 ', 3 Cuoq's paradigm A and 8 4 , and the Wyandot paradigm B, the indefinite prefix reappears practically in full, in all the conjuga- tions, aS YAKA-. The dual is characterized throughout by the introduction of one of two elements postfixed to the other pronominal prefixes. These two dualic elements, found in slightly modified dialectic forms, consist of / and N. The first person dual inclusive "we two" or "thou and I" is expressed by T- or TE-* + i or N ("both"), which may be literally interpreted as "(we) two both". These pronominal prefixes, in the Ilnd conjugation, are the following: ti- 6 (Wy.), teni- (Mo.), and dni- (On.). In the last three con- jugations, it becomes Wy. t- (T + N >t, according to a Wyandot phonetic rule), ten- (Mo.), and dn- (On.). In the 1st conjugation of the three dialects and in the Wyandot Ilnd conjugation are found the original Iroquoian T + i instead of the T + N of the last three conjugations. These elements become dy- (On.), ti- (Mo.), and ky- and ii- (Wy. 1st and Ilnd conj.) The peculiar Wyandot form ky- is the result of a Wyandot change: T + IA > TYA > kya-. The first person dual exclusive "we two" or "he and I" are ex- pressed as YA ("else") + K ("I") + / or N ("both"), to be literally translated "else I both," or, more freely, "both I and somebody else." In the 1st conjugation these prefixes are: yagy(a)- (On.), iaky(a 1 )- (Mo.), and dj(a)- (Wy.), all of which are derived from YAKY(A)-. The Wyandot dj(a)- resolves 1 Indefinite prefix. 2 Stem vowel. Boas, ibid., p. 443. 4 Cuoq's "Etudes Philologiques," p. 99. There are two Iroquoian T- prefixes, one of which means "here" and the other expresses the idea of duality. The equivalents of T- being t- in Wyandot and Mohawk, and a- in Oneida. 7 (a) is stem vowel. 20 itself, when analysed, into YA (Y- always being lost in Wyandot unless protected by a preceding element) + KY (A) (KYA > ja- in Wyandot). In the last three conjugations, the same prefixes are: yagn- 1 (On.), iaken- (Mo.), and dd- or dn- (Wy.), YI > i 4 ), the equivalent Oneida and Mohawk prefixes yagni- and iakeni- are historically connected with YAKNI-. It may be stated, in this connexion, that, throughout the dual, the distribution of the dualic elements / and N is not quite the same in the three dialects, as we have already noticed. While the dualic elements are / in the first two Wyandot conjugations, and forms derived from original AT in the last three, / is used only in the 1st conjugation of the Mohawk and Oneida dialects, and N in the other four conjuga- tions. It seems plausible that the use of / in the Wyandot Ilnd conjugation is more archaic than that of ra- in the other dialects; the n- of ni- being apparently due to the analogical Dfluence of the last three conjugations. The second person dual "you two" is expressed ass-f /and s + N, that is, literally, "thou both". These si and SN appear in slightly different forms in the several conjugations of the many dialects, namely: in the 1st conjugation, ts-(Wy. : s + i (A) > SY(A)> ts(a) 6 -), Mo. tsi- (s + i (A) > SY(A) > tsi(a)-, and a- (On. 6 ); in the last three conjugations, the same prefix is Wy. st- (s + N > st-), sen- (Mo.) (-e- being perhaps an intrusive element), and zn- (On. 7 ); in the Ilnd conjugation, the same Wyandot prefix is tsi- (s/(c.) > SY(C.) > tsi-), and the Mohawk and Oneida equivalent forms are seni- and zni- (with intrusive n, as above). 1 The stem vowel being omitted here. 1 The contractions found in the first person singular. (Wyandot Ilnd conj., eub-conj. C 1 ) are due to the same Wyandot phonetic rule. * See table of Wyandot specialized phonetic rules, at the end of the paper. 4 The same Wyandot phonetic rule applies to the prefix for the first person singular of the Illrd conjugation, where t is found as reflex of KI. 6 See table of general Iroquoian phonetic laws, at the end of the paper. * Boas, ibid., p. 442; this disappearance of si is rather difficult to explain here. 7 See table of compared phonetic values in the three dialects, at the end of the paper. 21 The third person masculine dual "they both (masculine)" con- sists of H + / or H + N meaning, literally, "he both". They appear as follows: in the 1st conjugation, hi(a 1 -) (Mo.), On. hy(a)- (written as *ya by Boas), and Wy. [v.] j(d)- (v. + HY(O) > v. ja 2 -); in the last three conjugations hn- (Boas' 'n-) in Mohawk and Oneida, and [v.]d(v.) and [v.]n(y.) in Wyandot. The third person non-masculine dual "they both (non- masculine)" is expressed as K + i and K + N, i.e., "it both." Its actual forms are: ki(a?)- (Mo.), gy(a)- (On.), and j(d)- (KI+(V.)> Wy. j(v.) 4 )-, in the 1st conjugation; ken- (Mo.), gn- (On.), and d- and n- (x+jv>Wy. d(v.) and n(y) in the last three conjugations; and, in the Ilnd conjugation, keni- (Mo.), Wy. i). One of the two original Iroquoian elements WA and TI or N is used in connexion with other pronominal elements, through- out the plural, to denote the plural persons, as we shall see. The first person plural inclusive consists of T+WA "both several," meaning "we several (including you and me, or us)." The actual forms are: dwa- (On.), tewa- (Mo.), and kwa- (Wy.), a- of wa- being contracted with the following stem vowels of the 1st, Illrd, and IVth conjugations. In the Vth conjugation, the corresponding prefixes are: dy(o)- (On.), ti{o}- or ti(ori)- (Mo.), and ky(u)- or ky(o)- (Wy.) 5 , which are also derived from the same original forms T+WAO>T+YAO>TYO, and T+WAQ> TYQ. The first person plural exclusive "we several excepting you," is YAKWA-; that is, YA ("else") + K ("I") + WA ("several"), to be literally translated "else I several," meaning "I and several others (excluding you)". This prefix is actually, for the first four conjugations, idkwa- (Mo.), yagwa- (On.), and Wy. dwa- (Y being lost, and Kw(v.)>w(v.) 6 ; the a- of wa- contracting with the following stem vowels in the 1st, Illrd, and IVth conjugations. In the Vth conjugation, the same prefix becomes idhi(o)- (Mo.), yagy(o}- (On.), and dj(u)- or dn(p)- (Wy.), owing to the general Iroquoian process of dissimilation, above 1 fa) being stem vowel. * Cf. table of special Wyandot phonetic rules; n followed by F, being lost as such, transforms the preceding vowel into the corresponding long vowel. * (a) is stem vowel. 4 See table of Wyandot phonetic rules. 6 dy-, ti- and Jfcy- followed by the vowels of the Vth conjugation are the reflexes, in the three dialects, of TY (v.)-. ' See special Wyandot phonetic rules, at the end of this paper. 22 discussed, and to other phonetic rules special to the dialects, the Wyandot forms &j(u)- and aj(u}-, and YA+ The second person plural consists of the elements s ('thou")+jFA ("several,"); that is, literally, "thou several," or "you several." It appears in the first four conjugations, as zwa- (On.), sewa- (Mo.), and Wy. skwa- (s+wA>skwa-), and, in the Vth con- jugation, as tsi(o)- (Mo.), J(o)- (On.), and Wy. ts(u- or Q-}- (WAO being regularly dissimilated into YAO, causes the trans- formation of the preceding s into ts, according to the general Iroquoian phonetic law: SY>TS). The elements entering into the formation of the third person plural masculine are: la- (On.), ra- (Mo.), and ha- (Wy.) 2 +WA in the 1st conjugation, and r/ 3 and A" 4 in the other conjugations; the meaning of which is "he several" or, less literally, "they several (masculine) ." In the 1st conjugation, the Mohawk prefix is ron-, the Oneida lu m -, and the Wyandot hp(on-, u m - and Q-KQ). In the Ilnd conjugation, we find On. gadi- and Mo. kati- (corresponding respectively to masculine ladi- and rati-), and Wy. wati- (cor- responding to the masculine halt-). In the other Wyandot conjugations, we have m n d(v.)- and n d(v.)- or w?n(y.)-, and n (y.)- (h$n- being related to mgna; A+E>e; <4+#>; A+O<<>; A+Q>Q; A+/>; A+WA>O. i+A>ya. WAO>YAO (dissimilation) >yo. wo>o\ wg>o. s/(v.) >SY (v.) >ts(v.). >ky(v.). 1 Meaning "many" or "all". * The following lists do not claim to be exhaustive. 24 (ID Phonetic rules special to Oneida: 1 ; sr(v.) sometimes > R>1; R is replaced by h in certain circumstances 2 . K+H > &V K+K > kg; K+S > ks; K+T* > kd 4 . s+s>ts. (HI) List of phonetic rules special to Wyandot: Vowels and Semivowels: A- generally becomes nasalized when preceded or followed by a nasalized vowel, even when a consonant stands between them; the same tendency is noticed in the cases of /- and, possibly, E- and u-. Y is always lost in Wyandot unless protected by a preceding consonant with which it appears combined: x+y(v.)>j(v.); (v.]+HY(v.)>[v.]jM; r +r(v.)>*lKv.); (/My.)>m(y.)l I+Y (v.)>y(v.); s+y(v.) >s(v.); U+Y(V.)>UW(V.)', K+Y (y.); (YO+KF(vO>(yOff(v.); *F(V.)>J(V.); (Y.)+*F(V.) Y is lost notwithstanding the presence of a preceding consonant in the case of: C+Y>C. w: w+E>m$ in some cases, and w in others; (y.)+w>(y.) m > S+JF(V.) >skw(v.). Consonants: K.(>y) is always lost before d- or n-, r- and )>W(V.); KH>k; (v); (v.)ff+^(v.)>(v.)d(v.), or (v.)n(y.). - or n-): T+N>t; or n(y.); s+N>st; (v.)JH-Jv>(v.)d(v.) or (v.)n(y.). sand c: c+^v>s<; c+y>c; /c+y(v.)>^s(v.), only one in 1 Boas, ibid., pp. 442, 443, 449. * Boas, ibid., p. 449. ' Boas', d is the equivalent of t in other dialects. 4 Transcribed from Boas' list, ibid., p. 452. * Boas' z is equivalent to S. * (c.) indicates "consonant." 7 This does not include f. 25 stance of which is known, so far; S+K(V.)>*S(V.); S+AT(V.)> st(v.); s+w(v.)>skw(v.); s+/f(v.)>s(v.); s+K>sk; s+s or c>s. t: T+K>k; T+w(v.)>kw(v.)', r+r(v.)>fcy(v.); r+c>s; r+#(v.)>i(v.); T+R>tr; r+T>tet or tit" T+N>L (IV) Hypothetical original Iroquoian sounds and their derived Mohawk, Oneida, and Wyandot equivalents: Vowels: A>a; E>e; i>i or y according to circumstances; o > o (Mohawk and Oneida) and u (Wyandot') ; Wy. e is some- times derived from YE. Nasalized Vowels: o>on(Mo.), w m (On.), and p(Wy.), often derived from AW A; E>A* (On.), en (Mo.), and g (Wy.), often derived from AI; a, and j are special to Wyandot and are due to the influence of a neighbouring nasalized vowel. Semi-vowels: Y>y l in Oneida, also in Mohawk 2 , and is lost in Wyandot unless protected by a preceding element. w>w (Mo., On., and Wy.), and Wyandot m when followed by a nasalized vowel. Consonants: K>g (On.), k (Mo.), and y (Wy.). H and R are used in place of one another, in the several dialects, their phonetic relation, however, being doubtful. H is lost in Wyandot, after t, k, and s. Before Y it transforms the preceding brief vowel into a long one. KH>kh (Mo.), k (On.), and Wy. k. N>n (On. and Mo.), and Wy. n(y.) and d or n d(v.). R>r (Mo. and Wy.) and I (On.), being in many cases re- placed by h, in the three dialects. s>s (Mo. and Wy.), and z (On.), Wy. c of the second person singular (paradigm A) being another reflex of s. SH>sh (Mo.), s (On.), and Wy. s. c>c (Wy.) and $ (On.) in the adverb of location d (Wy.) and# (On.). T>t (Wy. and Mo.), and d (On.) 3 . TH>t (Wy.), t (On.), and th (Mo.). 1 Boas writes V for y in the 1st conj. indef. * Cuoq and Hewitt both write \ and y as '. 1 Wyandot t and k are unaspirated surds, thus differing from Boaa' aspirated t and t in Oneida. 26 APPENDIX. I. LIST OF WYANDOT PHONETIC SIGNS. NOTE. The following explanation of the signs used in this paper is merely provisional and not intended as an explicit description of the sounds. Vowels : a, a vowel closely resembling those in English mat and French parade. e, French e, and English a in cave. e, French e, and English e in pet. i, French i, and English i in fit. u, French ou, and English o in lose. Nasalized Vowels: a, g, and j, above vowels nasalized; nasalized a resembles an of French marchawd, and nasalized e is approximately like French in in vin. p, open o nasalized, as, in French, bon. Semivowels: w, as, in English, wine. y, as, in English, yes. Consonants: c, English sh and French ch of cftat. .;', closely resembling that of French j (as in jamais), followed by a very brief y. s, English s of sit. t, approximately as in English and French. d f approximately as in English o'one, often with a preceding weak n. k, approximately English k. gy, sonant g immediately followed by y, often with a pre- ceding weak n. m, and n, as in English and French. n, as n, in Spanish. r, roughly corresponding to English r. h, aspiration followed by a vowel. Superior letters indicate extremely brief, and sometimes unvoiced, consonants and vowels, as in n ddtrd' a skwiju" un di'. 27 Diacritical Marks: ' glottal stop or catch as in *gya' a wc. ' breathing after a vowel and before a consonant, as in a'c"fc. ' (over a vowel) indicates the place of the main stress in a word, which generally corresponds to rising pitch of the voice. ' denotes minor or secondary stress. ' (inverted period) placed after a letter indicates preceding long sounds, as in fa/p'fe'. " indicates a short vowel, as in t&hdt. Unmarked vowels are intermediate in length. Small capitals are used for original Iroquoian hypothetical sounds. 28 II. Dr. F. Boas' "Subjective Prefixes." Vocalic character a e i o dy<*- dni- dni- dne- dno- dwa- dwa- dwA*- dwe- dyo- 1st per. sing ga- ge- ffi- ge- go- Exclusive plur yagwa- yagwa- yagwA*- yagwe- yagyo- 2nd per. sing za- a- ze- zni- zi- zni- ze- zne- zo- zwA- }0- 3rd per. masc. sing la- la- IA- le- lo- 3rd per. masc. dual 3rd per. masc. plur 'ya- lu"- nf- ladi- *ni- ladi- 'ne- lAne- 'no- lA*no- 3rd per. non-masc. sing 3rd per. non-masc. dual 3rd per. non-masc. plur wa- gya- gum. ga- gni- gundi- ,*.- gnv- gundi- we- gne- gune- yo- gno- guno- Indefinite 29 Dr. F. Boas' "Objective Prefixes." Vocalic character. a e i e o 1st per. dual 1st per. plur yu"gya- ]fu m gwa- yu m gni- yu"gnc- l/u"Vno- 2nd per. sing 2nd per. dual za- )a- za- ze- zo- 2nd per. plur zwa- zwa- zwe- )o- 3rd per. masc. sing 3rd per. masc. dual, plur. . . Zo- Zono- Zo- lodi- lawe- lone- lao- lono- 3rd per. non-masc. sing 3rd per. non-masc. dual, plur yo- yona- yo- yodi- yawe- yone- yao- yono- Indefinite 1 The forms agree with the e forms, except that in the 1st person singular the ending is t; in the 1st person plural, 2nd person singular, and plural, the ending is A*. 2 / originates from zy. 501381* 30 III. Cuoq's Paradigm K. lere Conj . 2meConj. 3me Conj. 4me Conj. 5me Conj. lep. sing ka ke ke ki ko 3e m. sing 3e fern, sing Ind ra 8a ton ra ka ie re Se ake ren ken TO iako tia tent (correct to iake) lent teni le p. d. ei 2ep. duel iakia tit* iakeni sent iakene tene iakeni seni iakeno seno hia Ant hue hni hno Sep. d. f kia keni keni keno teSa teSa teSe teSen tio 3e p. pi. ex 2e p. pi iakSa te8a iakSa teSa iakSe se&e iak&en teSen tsio rati rati Sep.f.pl kon konti kone konti kono Cuoq's Paradigms A and 8. lere Conj. 2meConj. 3me Conj. 4me Conj. 5me Conj. le p. sing 2e p sing 8a/ta Sake Sake Saki 8ako raSe 3e p. f. Ind. to iako io iako iaSe iakaSe io iako too iakao lep. duel 2e p. duel ionkia Ma ionkeni ionkene ionkeni ionkeno le p. pi ionkSa ionkSa ionkSe ionk&en ionkio 2ep pi se8a seSa seSe tsio 3ep. m. pi 3e p. f. pi rona iona roti rone roti ioti rono UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL 000992690 8 Univer Sou Lil