iiliiiiil! iaffliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir: < X H U Greater Indianapolis The History^ the Industries^ the Institutions^ and the People of a City of Homes BY Jacob Piatt Dunn Secretary of the Indiana Historical Society VOLUME I ILLUSTRATED THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY CHICAGO 1910 Copyright. 1910, by THE LEWIS PUBLISHING CO. PREFACE If any a])<rlogy were lUH'dod for tlu' apiJi'urance of a history of Indian- apolis at this time, a sufficient one wonld he found in the fact that no sueli history has lieen published for more tliaii a quarter of a century; and in that period Indianapolis has de\elop(d from an overgrown town to one of the leading cities of the country, tlie material growth being acconi- ])anied by a development in government and institutions that is perhaps the most interesting feature of the history of the city as it now is. But there are other considerali<ins tliat made a new history desirable. The first history of Indianapolis was prepared by Ignatius Brown, and published as part of the citv directory of 18.57'. Mr. Brown was a patient delver in historical material, and in tlie course of tlie next decade he found so many errors in his first publication, and acquired so much additional informa- tion, that he revised and enlarged his work and republished it in the city directory of 1S()8. This second publication was more than four times as large as the first, and lias been the basis of all the history that has since been published, being closely followed by others, errors and all, with the exception of J. H. B. Xowland, whose two books, Early Reminis- cences (18T0), and Skctdies of I'romiiiciit CHIzens (1870), were on a wholly independent basis. ^Ir. Brown's history was moi-e ]>n)perly a chronology, the events being grouped by years. In 1870 ilr. ^^'m. K. llolloway published his Historical and Statistical Sketch, juade an effort at topical treatment, but was still largely chronological, and tlii-refore disconnected. In 1884, Berry R. Sulgrovc, who wrote a large ])art of the llolloway publication, issued his Historti of Indianapolis and Marion Countij. This made a still further effort at topical treatment, but it was also biographical, and the biographies are so mixed with the historical text that it is difficult to get trace of any special subject. In both of these 'Wr. Brown's work is closely followed. In the present history, the method followed is strictly topical, the chapters being ari'anged as nearly iji chronological order as was prac- ticable. The entire ground has been gone over from the beginning, with consultation of original authorities, a number of which were not in reach of previous writers. Especially full treatment has been given to disputed questions; and free citation of authorities has been made to facilitate research by those who may care to investigate any question more fully. Effort has been made to secure not only full illustration, but illustration of a historical character. The biographical matter, while essential to the history, has been placed in a separate volume where it will not obstruct the general reader. It would be extraordinary if some errors had not crept into a work of this size: but the publishers and the author feel that they are offering the public a history that is accurate, "accessible", and com- prehensive. CONTENTS CPTAPTER I. In the negiiiiiing 1 CHAPTER IL Tlie Lay of the Land 7 CHAPTER III. The Xaviga1)le Stream 10 CHAPTER IV. Phmning tlio City 26 CHAPTER V. Tlie First Settlers 36 CHAPTER VI. The R(>giiiiiini;-: of CDvernnient 47 CHAPTER Vll. Tlie Primordial Life 61 (TIAPTER VIII. The Coming of the Capital 7-1 CHART Kl{ l.\. The floral Foundation 82 CI! Ai'TFR X. Development of the Town 9;! cjiAr'i'Ki; XL The State Build.< 101 CIl.M'TLI! .\I1. 'I'he Town (love rnments 112 (■ir\l"i'Ki; .XIII. The iviiiy SchiHils 121 {'lIVrTKI! .XIV. Thr McNiran War 13-1 vi COT^^TENTS : I CILM'TER XV. I Advent of ilio Kaili-oads 1-12 CHAPTER XVI. Becoming n Pity 1-5-1 i CHAPTER XVII. i 'The Volunteer Fire Com]wnie^: 167 j CHAPTER XVIII. Some Old-'l'ime Religion 177 CHAPTER XIX. As Others Saw Us ISC, CHAPTER XX. The Germans in Indianapolis 302 CHAPTER XXI. Civil War Times 217 CPIAPTER XXII. The Colored Brotlier 2,10 ; 1 CHAPTRR XXIII. ' Railroad Development 2.")4 i CHAPTE1£ XXIV. < The Pul)lie Schools 2GS '] CHAPTER XXA^ The Paid Fiiv Department 2S1 CHAPTER XXVr. .\ Political Epoch 292 i CHAPTER XXVII. The City Charter 300 CHAPTER XXVIII. ; Public Utilities 322 CHAP'I'ER XXIX. i Business Di>velopment . 340 i CHAPTER XXX. Insnranee Companies 3f;0 1 fllAI'TF.i; XXXI, Fraternal Organiza'. i n* 3^1 ^ CONTENTS vii CHAPTER XXXII. The rro>? :588 CHAPTER XXXIII. Tender the Charter 41G CHAPTER XXXIV. 'I'lie Suburban 'I'owns 434 CHAPTER XXXY. "The Demon Rum" 445 CllAl'TKR XXXVI. 1"lie Tlioater and Theatricals 4.58 CHAPTKi; XXXVII. The Fine Arts 4T3 CTFAPTER XXXVIII. The .Social Swirl 490 CHAPTER XXXIX. Tlie Eiterary .Vtmo^jibere 504 CFIAPTKR XL. The Soul of Mu-^ie 521 CIlAl'TKi; XiJ. Tlie ^fcdioal Profession 541 r||\r'l'i!:H XLll. Courts, Renoh and Piar 554 CHAPTER X I.I 1 1. The Churclies riG7 CHAPTER XEIV. The CJiurohe.'^ (Continued) 591 CHAPTKH XLV. The Churches (Continued) (51.-, Ill AI'TKI! .XI.Vl. Roster of City Officials, 1847-1909 634 INDEX Abundance of Game, 65. Academy of Music, 468. Act for Removal of Capital. 75. Adams. H. Alden. 765. Advance in Commerce. 350. Advent of Railroads, 142. Adventists. 6.'50. African Methodist Church. fiOn. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 603. .Agiiculture. 96. Agricultural Papers, 396. Air Line 2'>B. Allison. William D., 967. All Souls Unitarian Church. 622. Amendment to State Constitution, 159. American Manufacturers Mutual Insurance Com- pany, 362. Amusements, 490; Early, 84. Ancient Order of Druids, 384. Ancient Order of Hibernians. 385. Ancient Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, 376. Annexation of Irvington. 428. Annual Report of Public Schools. 1S66. 268. Anti-Masonic Movements, 373. Arrivals in 1820. 46; in 1821. 46. Artists, 473. Art Publications. 486. Asbury Chapel, 598. Ashby. Samuel, 1061. As Others Saw Us, 186. Atkins, Ellas C. 1054. Atkins. Henry C. 1058. "Aunt Cheney." 239. Australian Ballot Law, 307. Automatic Electric Alarm System, 288. Averill, Charles E.. 780. Ayres, Alexander C, 755. Ayres, Levi. 755. Bachman. Valentine, 1077. Racon. Hiram. 250. Rad Roads. 75. Raggs. Mrs. Anna C. 177. Bailey. Francis P., 740. Bailey, ,Tames F.. 1125. ' Baker, Albert, 1095. Baker. Conrad, 1093. Baker. .Tames P., 979. Baker. .John E., 121. Baker, Milledge A., 1028. Ballenger, Walter S., 947. Bals. Henry C. C. 1016. Banking Facilities, 350. Banks. 351. Bank of Commerce, 353. Baptists, 86, 122, 567. Barbour, Lucian, 1159. Barnes Chapel, 575. Barnhill, John F., 1095. Barnhill, Robert, 36. Barrett, Charles E., 1126. Barrett, Thomas F., 901. Bartholomew, Pliny W., 734. Bass, George F., 1119. Bass, William H., 1152. Bassett. Edward W., 1115. Bates, Harvey, 49. Bauer, George, 1070. Beck, Frank A., 1227. Becoming a City, 154. Beech Grove, 441. Beecher, Henrv Ward, Rev.. 110, 149, 170. 24:1 396, 582. Beecher's Church, 1893, 277. Beecher's Home. 195. "Bee Line," 150. Beginnings of Government. 47. Bell. Eliza C, 1230. Bell. William A.. 274, 398. 1228. Bellis. William K., 989. Belt Railroad and Stockyards Company. 256. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, 382. Bennett, Henry W., 851. Bennett. William H., 1242. Berry. David F., 663. Berryhill. James M., 749. Berryhill, John S., 964. Beveridge, Albert J., 704. Big Four R. R., 1.50, 255. Birdseye View of Indianapolis. 1854. 138. 191. Birdseye View, Indiana|)olis. 1907, 315. Blackford Street Church. fiOI. Black Hawk War. 135. Black. .Joshua. 781. Blackwell. John J.. 1113. Blaine Avenue Methodist Cb\irch. 598. Blair. Willet B.. 893. Board of Park Commissioners, 637. Boards of Aldermen. 640. Boards of Health. 637. Boards of Public Health and Charities. 637. Boards of Public Safety, 635. Boards of Public Works. 635. Board of Trade Map, 1853. 355. Bobbs, John S., 982. Boice, Augustin. 1028. INDEX Bolton, Mrs. Sarah T., 504. Books Scarce in Early Days, 507. Bookwalter, Charles A., 1103. Bowen-Merrill Fire, 284. Boyfl. Linnaes C, 766. Bradford, Chester, 1122. Brenneke, David B., 1215. Breiuiig, George T., 1163. Brigham, Edwin B., 1134. Brightwood 438. Brightwood Methodist Church, 602. Bristor, William A., 717. Broadway Methodist Episcopal Church, 601. Brown, Arthur V., 1182. Brown, Demarchus C, 1193. Brown, George P., 279. Brown, Hilton U., 757. Brown, Parker. 1177. Brown, William T., 688. Browning, Eliza G., 953. Broyles, Moses, 574. Bruce, James A., 973. Bruce, Margaret T., 973. Bruett, Jean Baptiste, 541. Bryson, Robert H., 959. •'Buck Town," 434. Buennegal. Jacob, 1160. Building Inspectors, 635. Bull. Ole, 529. Bullitt Law, 313. Bunting, George W., Sr., 1216. Burckhardt. Louis, 1182. Burford. William B., 711. Buschmann, Charles L., 876. Buschmann, William, 877. Bush, Rev. George, 576, 579. Business Development, 342. Butler. Amos W.. 1239. Butler. Ovid. 131. 116.5. Butler University, 131. Cahier, Madame, 540. Cahier. Madame, as "Orpheus," 535. Canals, 20. Cannon, William T.. 1048. Capitol, 107. Capitol, First, 105; Second, 111. Capitol Avenue Methodist Church, 602. Capitol Building, Vincennes. Erected 1806, 3. Captains of the Watch, 635. Carey, Ada M., 1043. Carey, Jason S., 1042. Carey, John N., 972. Carr, Carroll B., 1099. Carter, Vinson, 834. Catching Fish, 67. "Caterpillar Deadening." 15. Catholic Knights of America, 386. Catholic Order of Foresters, 386. Catholics. 132. 615. Caven. John, 164. Center Township, 51. Central Bank, 352. Central Canal, 20, 23. Central Art Association, 486. Central Avenue Methodist Church, 599. Central Christian Church, 608. Central Medical Society, 545. Central Trust Company, 356. Chamber of Commerce, 234. Chambers, Dr. John, 550. Change in Theater, 234. Changes in Street Names, 31. Chanticleer. The, 394. Chapman, George A., 388. Chapman, Jacob P., 388. Charter. City, 156. 309. Chase, William Merritt, 480. Chase, William M., First "Pot-Boiler," 479. Cheyne, Frederick H., 695. Chicago. Indianapolis, & Louisville R. R.. 255. Chief Anderson, 38. Chief Fire Engineers, 635. Chiefs of Assessment Bureau, 637. Chiefs of Police, 635. Childhood Home of Mrs. Robert Louis Steven- son, 516. Chipman, John W^., 1165. Chislett, John, 1131. Choral Union, 530. Christ Church. 609. 611. Christian Church, 606. Christian Church Union. 610. Christian Scientists, 623. Christian. Wilmer, 783. Churches, 567-633. Church of Christ. 610. Church of God, 631. Church of the Assumption, 619. Church of the Holy Innocents, 613. Church of the Holy Trinity, 620. Church of Our Lady of Lourdes. 620. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis R. R., 255. Cincinnati. Indianapolis & Western R. R., 255. Cincinnati & Indianapolis Short Line, 254. Citizens Company, 336. Citizens Gas Light and Coke Company. 323. Citizens National Bank, 351. Citizens Trust Company, 356. Cily Attorneys. 634. City Charter. 156. 309. City Clerks, 634. City Common Councils, 638. City Commissioners, 636. City Comptrollers. 634. City Gas Inspectors. 636. City Government, 154. City Gravs, 219. City Guards. 219. City Judges, 634. City Hospital. 551. City Library. 512. City Marshals, 635. City Officials. 634. City Regiment, 232. City Sanitarians, 6:'.7. City Seal, 157. City Solicitors, 634. City Weigh Masters, 636. Civil Engineers. 634. INDEX SI Civil War Times. 217. Clark, Edmund D., 993. Clark, Salem D., 687. Cla.v, Joseph T.. 1137. Claypool, .Jefferson H., 713. Cla.vpool. John W., 1066. Claypool. Solomon, 1063. Clerk of Park Board. 638. Clerks, Board of Aldermen, 641. Coburn, Henry, 1237. Coburn. Heniy P., 1235. Cocknim. .Tohn B., 658. Coe. Dr. Isaac, 542, 577. 579. Coffin, Charles F., 1218. Coffin. Charles E., 703. Coffin. David W., 939. Coffin. Orlando S., 914. Coldest Day on Record, 234. "Cold Spring," 59. Coleman, Christopher B.. 649. Coleman. Lewis A.. 1187. Collins. James A.. 1162. Colonial Theater, 472. Colored Brother. The. 239. Colored Methodist Episcopal Chtirch. 603. Cohimhia Club. 1192. Coming of the Capital. 74. Commercial Club. 311. 358. 416. Commissioners. First Meeting of. 4: Report of. 7. Conduitt. Allen W., 809. Cones, Constantine. 1071. Congregationalists. 604. Conner. William, 4. Cook. George J.. 948. Cool. Dr. Jonathan. 541. Cooper, Charles M., 701. Cooper. John J.. 699. Corbaley. Jeremiah. 36. Corporation Counsels, 635. Corydon. 74. Cost of War to the Town, 238. Cotton. Fassett A.. 1026. "Cotton Town." 434. Coulnn. Charles. 162. Council Men. 1832-1847. 120. Councilmen-atl.arge. 639. County Divided into Townships. 51. County Jail. 57; First, 58: Second, 59: New. .59. County Library. 511. County Seal Adopted. 51. County Seal Now in Use. 51. Court House. First. 61. Court House. 560. Court Proceedings, 555. Courts. Bench and Bar. 554. Cowan. John. 36. Cox. Jacob. 474. Cox, T-inton A.. 1024. Coy. Sim. 293. Craig, Charles W.. 1077. Cross, Charles M.. 828. Cruse, James S., 688. "Da Capo," 525. Daily Evening Republican. 394. Daily. Thomas A.. 1105. Daniels. Edward, 772. Dark, Charles E , 761. Dark, Wilbur W., 763. Davis. Frederick A. W., 912. Davis, Henry. 36. Davis. Samuel, 36. Day, Thomas C, 986. Decatur Township, 51. Delawares, 64. Democrat, 71. Denny, Caleb S., 166, 675. Depots, 151. Deschler, Louis G., 738. Deterding Missionar,v Training School, 437. Deutsche Haus, Das, 215. Deutsche Klub, Der, 215. Development of Town, 93. Disciples, 130. District Councilmen. 641. District Schools, 123. Dodds. William T. S.. 716. Dorsey. Francis O., 1196. Dorsey, Robert S.. 1194. Dowd. Frank T., 1171. Downey. Brandt C, 1120. Downing, Michael A., 857. Dougherty, Hugh, 829. Drake. Mrs. Alexander, 458. Dress of Early Settlers, 69. Duncan. John S., 59, 698. Dudley Letter. The. 299. Dunlap, James Boliver. 475. Dunlap. James E.. Work of, 476. Dunn, Jacob P., 1255. Dunn, John G., 474. Dye. William H.. 1112. Dyer, Sidney, 569. Eaglesfield. Caleb S.. 1014. Eaglesfield. James T.. 1013. Eaglesfield, William. 1012. Early Amusements, 73, 84. Early Criminal History, 59. Early Fires, 282. Early Fourth of July Celebrations, 88. Early Mails, 71. Early Manufactures. 94. Earlv Reminiscences, 99. Early Social Life. 490. Early Sunday Schools, 87. Early Wearing Apparel, 69. Earnshaw, Emeline C, ^243. Earnshaw, Joseph, 1242. East Washington Street Presbyterian Church, 588, Eastman, Joseph, 1106, Eastman, Joseph R.. 1110. Eastman, Thomas B.. 662. Edenharter. Frank T.. 1146. Edenharter. George F., 975. Edwin Ray Methodist Church. 601. Egbert. James. 1046. Elani. John B.. 850. Elder, John R.. 1011. Elder, William L., 1012. xu INDEX Elections, Early, 74. Election, 1862, 230. Electric Lighting, Gas Heating and Illuminating Company. 328. Elevation of Tracks, 430. Eleventh Presbyterian Church, 588. Eleventh Regiment, 219. Elliott, Byron K., 665. Elliott. David M.. 711. Elliott, George B., 874. Elliott. Joseph T.. 990. Elliott. William F., 665. Emmanuel Baptist Church, 573. Emmaus Lutheran Church, 614. Emrich, John H., 1046. End of Early Steamboat Navigation, 19. English, William E., 887. English. William H., 159, 880. English's Opera House, 470. Episcopalians. 129, 611. Erdelmeyer, Frank, 807. Evangelical Association. 633. Ewing, Calvin K.. 899. "Ezra House," 518. Fahnley. Frederick, 763. Fairbanks, Charles W., 1183. Family Visitor, The, 394. Farmers Trust Company. 356. Fauvre. Frank M., 697. Federal Building. 305. Feuerlicht, Rabbi Morris M.. 629. 1102. Fidelity Trust Company. 356. Fifth Christian Church, 608. Fifth Presbyterian Church, 586. Financial Conditions Improve, 102. Finch, Fabius M.. 44. Fine Arts, The, 473. Fire Association, 171. Fire Companies. Volunteer. 167. Fire Department Headquarters, 290. Fire Department Paid. 281. First Adventist Church, 631. First Baptist Church. 571. First Child Born on Donation, 36; First Born on Original Townsite. 36. F^rst Church, Evangelical Association. 633. First Church of Christ, Scientist, 623. First Church Organization. 86. First Congregational Church, 605. First County Treasurer, 50. First Election, 49. First English Lutheran Church. 614. First Exposition, The. 483. First Fire, 167. First Friends Church, 626. First Free Methodist Church, 604. First Free Will Baptist Church. 575. First German Baptist Church, 572. First German Methodist Eniscopal Church. 597. First Indiana Regiment. 139. First Justices of the Peace, 53. First Masonic Temple. 1848-50, 375. First Mayor, 160. First Medical College, 547. First Military Execution. 232. First Musical Festival, 533. First Musical Instruction, 521. First National Bank, 351. First Negro on Site, 239. First Odd Fellows Hall. 380. First Physicians, 36, 541. First Presbyterian Meetinghouse, 575. First Presbyterian Church, 586. First Presbyterian Church and School, 1823, 86. First Railroads, 14, 142. First Recorded Fire, 176. First Reformed Church. 632. First Religious Organization, 591. First Roads, 78. First Sale of Lots. 32. First School Exhibition, 92; School House, 90; School Teachers, 91. First Schools. 90. First Settlers. The. 36. First State Fair Grounds. 347. First Step to Increase Funds. 101. First Street Railway, 335. First Surveyors, 28. First Theater, 464. First United Presbyterian Church, 589. First Universalist Church, 622. First Water Works. 330. First White Child Born in County. 36. First Woman Librarian. 108. Fishback, Frank S., 993. Fitton. Bertha B., 1017. Flack. Joseph F., 938. Flanner. Francis W.. 1053. Flat Boat Trade, 346. Fletcher. Calvin. 49. 423. 562. 643. Fletcher's. Dr. W. B. Sanatorium, 955. Fletcher Place Methodist Church, 595. Fletcher, Stoughton A. II, 1129. Fletcher, Stoughton A. Jr., 647. Fletcher. Stoughton A. Sr., 1128. Flood of June. 1875, 13. Floods of 1904. 430. Fordham. Ellas P., 28. Fort Benjamin Harrison, 443. Fortune, William. 685. Foster, Captain Wallace, 479. Foster. Chapin C. 1207. Fourth Christian Church, 608. Fourth National Bank. 351. Fourth of July Celebrations. 88. Fourth Presbyterian Church, 585. Fox, William H., 960,' Francis, J. Richard, 742. Francis, Joseph M., 651. Frank. Henry, 1091. Frank. Johanna S.. 1092. Franklin Fire Insurance Company. 363. Franklin Institute. 127. Franklin Township. 51. Fraternal Organizations, 371. Freeman, John, Case. 244. Freeman. The. 394. Freemen's League. 207. Free Methodists, 604. INDEX Xlll Free Soil Banner, 395. Free Will Baptist, 575. Freie Presse. 204, 395. Freight Bii.siness, 357. Friends, 130, 62C. "Fundamental School." Furnas, ,Iohn H., 1230. Furs and Hides, 342. 126. 136, 480, 1174. Gall, Alois D., 931. Garden Baptist Church. 572 Gardner. Fred C, 1024. Gas, 322. Gates, Harry B., 974. Gavin. Frank E.. 1125. Gavisk. Francis H.. 838. Ga.v, George A.. 926. Gazette. 71. 588. General Lew Wallace, General Tijjton, 4. German-American Trust Company, 356. German American Veterans Club, 215. German Evangelical Church, 633. German Fire Insurance Company, 360. Germans in Indianapolis, 202. German House, The. 213. German Mutual Fire Insurance Company, German Newspapers, 395. German Population in 1850, 202. Gillette. Doctor. 177. Gladding, Nelson A.. 1254. Glossbrenner, Alfred M., 987. Goar, Charles S., 706. Golt, Walter F. C, 847. Goss. David K., 279. Government, City, 154. Governor .Jennings. 4. Governor Morton, 226. Governor's Mansion in the Circle, 103, Grace Episcopal Church, 612. Grace Methodist Church. 601. Grace Presbyterian Church. 589, Graf. Carl H., 1137. Graham. Edward F.. 868. Grain Dealers National Company, 362. Greeley, Horace, 225. Greenfield, Miss, 529. Gregg, Harvey. 388. Greiner, Louis A.. 746. William A,. 1127. Claude T.. 824. Humphrey. 1009. Theodore E.. 822. Gristmill, First, 72. Grout. Charies S., 654. Growth of Town. 99. Grubhs, Daniel W., 166. Hack. Oren S., 848. Hiulley, Oscar. 784. Haines. Matthias L.. 581. H.ill Place Methodist Church, Hammond, Rev. Resin. 85. Ilanna, Charles T., 938. 361. Mutual Fire Insurance Greyer, Griflflth, Griffith, Grifl^th, 599. Handel and Haydn Society, The, 526. Hanson, Josiah, 242. Harding, George C, 401. Harding, Robert, 36. Harding. William N., 1220.- Harlan, Isaac N., 1062. Harlan, Levi P., 1138. Harold, Cyrus N.. 805. Harris, Addison C, 1179. Harris. Charles O.. 747. Harrison, Benjamin, 227. Harrison, General Benjamin, 1192. Harrison, Russell B., 1192. Harugari, 384. Harvey Gregg Library. 508. Harvey, Lawson M., 1005. Haughville, 440, Hawkins, Edward. 1075. Hawkins. Roscoe O., 1097. Hays, Bartin S., 478. Heath. Frederic C, 922. Heeb. Emmett ,1.. 1172. Hempstead, Harry N., 1106. Henderson, John O., 1181. Henderson, Samuel, 160. Hendrickson, Alonzo P,, 1087. Herald. The, 392. Herron Bequest, 487. Herron, John, 487. Hesperian Club, 506. Highest Price in First Sale of Lots, 32. Hill, Albert A.. 1145. Hiileary, Mary C, 1066. Hilleary. Ridgely B.. 1065. Hillside Avenue Christian Church, 610, Hines, Cyrus C, 849. Hines, Fletcher S.. 849. Hodges. Mrs. Edward F., 648. Hoffmeister. August, 202. Hollett. John E,, 694. Holliday, John H.. 196, 217, 1O06, Holliday. Rev. William. 127. Hollowell. Amos K., 936. Holmes. Ira M., 1209. Holt, Steriing R., 1154. Holt. William A.. 1105. Holtzman. John W., 1123. Holy Angels Catholic Church, 620. Holy Cross Catholic Church, 619. Home Heating and Lighting Ciuniiany, 330. Home Presbyterian Church. 589, Hood. Arthur. M., 941. Hood, Harrison P.. 941. Hooton. Elliott R., 681. Hoosier City, 394. Hospitals of Indianapolis, 549. Hospital Square, 34. House Built by Henry Ward Beecher, 583. Howe, Aaron B., 900. Howe, Daniel W., 753. Howe, Mary S., 901. Howe, Thomas C. 683. Hugg, Martin M.. 861. Hume, James M., 724. Hume, George E., 726. XIV INDEX Humorous Journals. 407. Hungarian Ohev Zedek Congregation, 630. Hunt, Phineas G. C, 844. Hunt, George E., 844. Hurst, Charles F., S54. Hurty, .John N., 741. Immanuel Church, 633. Important Legislation, 159. Impressions of Town on Visitors, 186. Improved Order of Red Men, 379. Improvement of Fire Department, 286. Improvement of Town. 70. Inadequate School Buildings, 272. Inaugurating the Government. 416. Independent Order of B'nai B'rith. 387. Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 377. Independent Relief Company. 169. Independent Zouaves. 219. Indiana American, 395. Indiana Banking Company, 352. Indiana Admitted to the Union, 1. Indiana and Marine Fire Insurance Company. 360. Indiana Central University, 442. Indiana Democrat. 388, 394. Indiana During War Years. 225. Indiana Female College, 130. Indiana Journal. 71, 388. Indiana Lumbermen's Mutual Insurance Com- pany. 362. Indiana Millers Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 362. Indiana National Bank. 351. Indiana Pythian Building. 381. Indiana State Library, 1193. Indiana State Sentinel, 388. Indiana Trust Company, 356. Indiana Volksblatt, 204. Indianapolis, Birdseye View. 1907, 315; Birdseye View of, 1908, 429; in 1820. 68: in 1854, 138 in 1871. 365; Banks, 351; Churches, 1854 600; Description by John H. HoUiday, 196 Description by Madame Pulszky, 186; First Case Heard in, 559; First Law School in, 564 First Library in, 509; Hospitals, 549; Legis lature Organized, 81; Impressions on Visitors 186; Map of, 1855. 271; Material Progress of 237; Mayors. 160. Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western R. R.. 254. Indianapolis & Cincinnati Junction R. R.. 255. Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad. 152. Indianapolis and I^afayette Railroad. 153. Indianapolis & Vincennes Road, 254. Indianapolis Branch Bank. 351. Indianapolis Daily Citizen, 394. Indianapolis Daily Herald. 388. Indianapolis Daily Sentinel, 388. Indianapolis. Decatur & Western R. R., 255. Indianapolis Depots, 151. Indianapolis Dramatic Society. 470. Indianapolis Female Institute. 128. "Indianapolis Female School." 121. Indianapolis Fire Company, 167. Indianapolis Fire Force. 288. Indianapolis Fire Insurance Company. 360. Indianapolis Gas Company, 328. Indianapolis Gas Light and Coke Company, 322. Indianapolis Handelian Society, 521. "Indianapolis High School," 127. Indiana Historical Society, 510. Indianapolis Horticultural Society, 225. Indianapolis Maennerchor, 206. Indianapolis National Bank, 351. 353. Indianapolis Natural Gas Company, 324. Indianapolis News, The. 757. Indianapolis Opera Company, 532. Indianapolis, Pittsburg and Cleveland Railroad, 150. Indianapolis Public Library. 953. Indianapolis Sabbath School Union. 87. Indianapolis Savings Bank, 351. Indianapolis Socialer Turnverein. 215. Indianapolis Southern R. R., 255. Indianapolis Street Railroad Company, 336. Indianapolis Times. 410. Indianapolis Traction and Terminal Company, 339. Indianapolis Turngemeinde. 202. Indians, 64. "Inductive School," 126. Inspectors of Scales. Weights and Measures. 636. Insurance Business. 360. Insurance Companies, 360. Interior of a Filter Bed, 333. Interior of St. John's Church, 618. Interurban Railroads, 338. In the Beginning, 1. Invincible Company. 169. Irvington, 434. Irvington Presbyterian Church. 589. Jackson. Gustavus B., 788. Jacobs. Harry A., 1177. Jacoby, Elias J., 966. Jameson. Ovid B.. 1061. Jameson. Patrick H., 1058. Jeffersonville Railroad, 153. Jerry Collins and Doctor Cool, 450. Jessup. Roscoe C, 812. Jeup. Bernard J. T., 777. Jewish Temple, 630. Jews. 628. Johnson, Emsley W.. 794. Johnson. Eudorus N.. 1199. Johnson, .Joseph T., 1039. Johnson, Minnie L., 1201. Johnson. Richard O., 895. .Johnson. William F., 1043. Johnston. Eliza A.. 1004. Johnston. Samuel A.. 1003. Jones. Aquilla. 866. Jones, Aquilla Q., 866. Jones. Lewis Henry, 279. Jones, Homer I., 1164. Jordan. Arthur, 1155. Joss, Frederick A.. 1017. Journal. 388. Journal Cartoon. November. 18SG. 296. Judges. Early. 554. Judge Harrison, 28. iNi>i-:x .Iiine, George W.. 1088. .rune. William H.. 1088. .Justices of the Peace, First, 53. .luvenile Court. 321. .Juvenile Prodigy, 536. Kelly. Walter F.. 854. Kenasses Israel Congregation. 630. Kendall. Calvin N.. 279. Kennedy. Bernays. 1004. Kenyon. Clarence A., 1210. Kern, .John W., 783. Kes.sler. Walter. 1115. Ketcham. John L., 1191. Ketcham, William A., 1143. Kiefer. Augustus. 1147. Kimball. Howard. 750. "Kinderhook." 434. King .Avenue Methodist Church. 602. Kiser, Sol S., 809. Kitchen. John M., 796. Klausmann. Henry W.. 1025. Knabe. Hclene E. H., 852. Knight. William W., 1044. Knights and I^adies of Honor, 382. Knights of Columbus. 386. Knights of Father Mathew. 386. Knights of the Maccabees of the World. 385. Knights of Pythias. 379. Knights of Pythias. Colored. 381. Knights Templars, 376. Koehne. Armin C, 1039. Kolmer. .John, 932. Korbly. Charles A.. 817. Krauss. Paul H., 1021. Kregelo, Charles E., 962. Kregelo. Laura J., 964. Kring, ,Iohn L., 946. Kuhn. August M.. 1158. Kurtz, .John A., 942. Kyle, John J.. 752. Lack of Mills. 72. Ladies' Fair. 234. Ladies' Protective Association, 229. "Lake McCarty," 14. Landers, Jackson, 759. Landers, William F.. 761. Landes, Joseph Jr.. 905. Landes, William F., 905. Landon. Hugh McK., 914. Latta. Will H., 665. Law Journals, 408. T^aw Librarv and Bar Association. 565. Lawyers, 554. Lawrence. Ann. 91. Lawrence. Henry W.. 872. Lawrence, Rice B.. 91. Lawrence Township, .'il. I^ayoock. Thomas B.. 1117. Laycock, William H.. 1117. Layman. James T.. 1089. Lay of the Land. 7. Leathers, Douglas A.. 910. Leathers, James M.. 1166. Lemcke. Julius A., 702. Lemon, Marguerite, 538, 539. Lemon, Marguerite, as "Eva" in Die Meister- singer, 539. Lesh, Charles P., 1032. Lieber. Albert, 944. Lieber, Carl H., 866. Lieber, Herman, 864. Lieber, Peter, 943. Lieber, Richard. 980. Light, Robert C, 870. Lilly, Charles, 1102. Lilly, Eli, 689. Lilly. James E., 826. Lilly, James W., 903. Lilly, John O. D., 1100. Lilly, Josiah K., 693. Lindenmuth, E. Oscar, 793. Linseed Oil, 344. Literary Atmosphere. The, 504. Little Sisters of the Poor, 621. I^ittleton. Frank L,, 1147. Locomotive. The, 394, 514. Log Rollings. 73. Long. John B., 739. Loomis, Frederic M., 1103. Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R. R.. 255. Lukenbill, Orestes C, 1153. Lutherans. 129, 613. Macauley, General Dan., 165. Macadamizing, 117. Mack, Frederick J., 816. Macy. David, 1149. Madison Avenue Methodi^-t Church. 601. Madison Railroad, 142. Maennerchor, 210. Maennerchor Hall, 206. Magruder. Uncle Tom. 243, Magruder, Louisa and Daughter, Last Home of, 243. Maguire, Douglass. 388. Mail Service Poor. 80. Maintenance of Order. 115. Majestic. The, 472. Malarial Diseases, 9. Malott. Volney T., 1048. Manner of Organizing a New County, 49. Mansfield. Henry A., 827. Mansur. Isaiah, 980. Manual Training, 276. Manufactures of Early Period, 343. Map of Indianapolis, 1855, 271. Mapleton. 441. Maplelon Methodist Chnrch, .598. Marion County Agricultural Society, 96. Marion County Seminary. 122, 125. Marion Fire Engine Coniiiany. 167. Marion Guards, 136. Marion Rifle Men, 136. Marion Trust Company. 356. Market Masters (East Market). 636. Market Masters (Southside Market), 636. Market Masters rW'est Market), 636. Marmon. Daniel W.. 1186. INDEX Marmon, Walter C, 1187. Marraon-Perry Company, 329. Marott, George J., 917. Marott. John R., 959. Marott, Rebecca C, 959. Marshall, Augustus L., 1130. Marshall, Thomas R., 681. Martin, Henry C, 369, 1035. Martin, Paul F., 650. Martintlale. Elijah B., 1221. Mason, Augustus L.. 767. Masons, Colored, 377. Masonic Hall, 374. Masonic Lodges, 376. Masonry, 371. Masson, Woodburn, 780. Masters, John L., 1136. Matson, Frederick E., 1207. Maus, Casper, 697. Maxwell, John, 36. Maxwell, Samuel D., 163. Mayer, Charles, 806. Mayer, Ferdinand L., 1112. Mayflower Congregational Church, 605. Mayors of Indianapolis, 160, 634. M. & I. R. R., Opening of, 148. McAllister. Frank, 1073. McBride, Bert, 1127. McBride, Robert W., 789. McCarty, Nicholas Sr., 668. McCartney, William, 48, McClung, Rev. John, 85. McClure, Robert G.. 773. McCormick, Amos, 37, 42. McCormick, James, 36. McCormick, John. 36, McCoy, Isaac, 38. McCready, James, 161. McCulloch, Carleton B., 1162. McCulloch, Oscar C. M., 606. McCullough, James E., 715. McDonald. Joseph E., 706. McDonald, Josephine F., 710. McFadyen, John, 945. McGowan, Hugh J.. 1188. McGuire, Newton J., 843. Mcintosh, Andrew J., 1121. Mcintosh, James M., 791. McLean Seminary, 129. McKee. Edward L., 797. McMaster, .John L., 166. McMichael, Henry S., 1068. McPherson, Carey, 927. Mechanic, The, 389. Mechanic Rifles, 219. Medical Journals, 407. Medical Pioneers, 543. Medical Profession, The, 541. Mercantile Banking Company, 357. Merchants National Bank, 351. Merchants' Exchange. 234. Merchants Heat and Light Company, 330. Meridian Street Methodist Church, 594. Merrill, Catherine, 506. Merrill, Charles W., 1038. Merrill, Samuel, 1037. Merrill, Samuel, Jr., 1038. Merritt, George, 1197. Messing, Rabbi Mayer, 629. Methodists, 85. 178. 591. Methodist Hospital, 552. Methodist Hymns, ISO. Methodist Protestant Church, 604. Metropolitan Hall, 464. Metzger, Albert E., 721. Mexican War. 134. Meyer, August B., 795. Military Funerals, 234. Military Park, 348. Military School, 121. Military Uniforms. 136. Miller, Blaine H., 1117. Miller, Samuel D., 1234. Miller, William H. H., 1231. Miller, Winfield, 811. Millikan. Lynn B., 978. Mills, 344. Mission Hall, 623. "Miss Hooker's Female School," 121. Mitchell, Major James L., 165. Mitchell. Dr. Samuel G., 36, 542. Modern Art, 486. Modern Woodmen of .America, 385. Moffitt, Charles F., 921. Money Appropriated to Build State House, 104. Monon R. R., 255. Montgomery Guards, 219. Mooney, William J., 1171, Moore, DeWitt V., 665. Moral Foundation, 82. Moravian Church, 631. Moriarty, John A.. 661. Morrison, John I., 940. Morrow. Joseph E., 667. Morss, Samuel E., 264. Most Exciting Day in Indianapolis, 237. Mount Jackson, 441. Mt. Zion Baptist Church, 574. Mueller, J. George, 1068. Municipal Improvements, 417. Munsell's Map of Indianapolis, 1830, 52. Murat Temple, 469, 472. Murphy, Augustus, 652. Murphy, Charles S., 652. Musical Festival, First, 533. Myers, Charles R., 934, Names First Suggested, 26. National Guards, 219. Natural Gas, 324. Negley. Harry E., 996. New Albany & Salem R. R., 255. New Bethel Baptist Church, 575. New Charter, 116. Newcomb, Horatio C, 160. Newcomb, John R., 1217. New Jail, 59. "New Lights," 85. Newspapers, Early, 71. New Purchase, The. 2, 47. INDEX New Union Depot. 263. .Nicholson, Mereditli. 652. .Nintli Piesb.vterian Church, 587. .\ippert Memorial Church, 602. .Voel, James W., 862. Xordyke. Addison H.. 673. Xorth Baptist Church. 572. -N'orth Indianapolis. 440. -North Street Methodist Episcopal Church. 599. .Northwestern Christian University, 131, 435. .Northwestern Fire Company, 170. Notable Incidents, 231. O'Donaghue, Rt. Rev. Denis. 615. Odd Fellows. Colored. 378. Offices of City Treasurer & City Assessor Abol- ished. 160. "O. K. Bucket Company." 170. Old Bacon Home, 248. Old Bates House. 221. Old Blake Home, 390. ■Old Buckhart," 114. Old Fire Alarm Tower, 285. Old Indiana Medical College, 544. Old Lion Guard, 394. Old National Bridge, 21. Old National Hoad Bridge over White River, 118. Old Supreme Court, 110. Old Watch Tower System, 288. Oldest Brick Building. 38. Oldest Brick House, 97. Oldest Frame House, 83. (H.l.st Living Settler, 42. Order of B'rith Abraham. 387. Order of the Eastern Star. 377. Oren, Mrs.. 108. Original Methodists, 604. Original Wesley Chapel, 1829, 178. Orlopp. Jeannette, 537. Osenbach, William, 818. Other Benefit Associations, 385. Other Insurance Companies. 367. Outline Map. Indianapolis, 1857, 168. Packet "Governor Morton," 21. Page. Lafayette F., 1034. Paid Fire Department, 281. Paine. Dan. 525. Panic of 1893. 420. Parker. Harry C. 860. Parvin. Theophilus. 995. Park Purchases, 422. Parry. David M., 819. Patrick, Katheryn C. 1071. Patten. William T., 855. Patterson Homestead, 82. Patli. Adelina. 529. Pattison. .Joseph H.. 902. Pautzer. Hugo C. 1161. Payne. Gavin L., 786. Pearsall. Professor Peter Roebuck. 529. "Peedee," 434. Peirce. .lames D., 1015. Pennsylvania Street. 1856, 183. Pentecost Bands of the World, 625. Pentecost Tabernacle, 624. Permanent Seat of Government, 4. Perrin, .John, 1251. Perry, Charles C, 751. Perry Township, 51. Peru and Indianapolis Railroad. 150. Pfaff. Orange G., 1001. Physicians. 541. Physicians, Early, 9. Pickens, Samuel O.. 850. Pickens, William A., 676. Pierce, Oliver W., 720. Pierson, John C, 879. Pierson, Samuel D., 1178. Pike Township, 51. Pioneer Table, A, 42. Plan for the City Adopted, 29. Planning the City, 26. Plymouth Congregational Church, 604. Pogue, George. 36. Political Epoch. A. 292. Political Journals, 4(l9. Political Parties, 119. Politics, Town, 113. Poor Mail Service, 80. Pork Packing. 344, 348. Portteus, Theodore. 854. Post Office. The. 357. Potter. Merritt A., 935. Potts, Alfred F., 1121. Price. C. Lawrence, 869. Price of Manufactured Articles, 65. Primordial Life, 64. Pritchard, James A., 693. Presbyterians. 86, 127, 575. Present Fire Department. 288. Presidents Board of Aldermen. 641. Press, The, 388. Professor FoUansbee's Grand Ball, 497. Propylaeum. The. 506. Protestant Deaconess Society, 552. Public Schools, 268. "Pulilic Squares," 33. Public Utilities, ,322. Pugh, Edwin B., 804. Pulszky, Madame Theresa, 186. Quakers, 130. Quill, Leonard M.. 758. Railroad Development. 254. Railroads. First, 142. Raising Tobacco. 96. Raising Troops. 222. Ralston. Alexander. 28. 239. Ralston Plat of 1821, 30. Rappaport, Leo M., 933. Rates of Forria.ge, 53. Rattlesnakes, 69. Rauh. Samuel E.. 814. Reardon. Michael H.. 1163. Reasons for Location of Capital. 7. Record of Adjusted Losses. 288. Record of Fire Alarms, 288. Recruiting Active, 228. IXDEX Reed, Jefferson H.. Iii74. Reformed Methodists. 604. Reformed Cburch. 632. Relics of 1S47. 147. Religious .Journals. 405. Religious Jleetings. 85. Reminiscences, 99. Remster, Charles, 661. Remy, Charles F.. 664. Report of Commissioners, 7. Richards. William J., 12;i9. Richardson. Benjamin A., 836. Richardson. Daniel A., 923. Richardson, Sarah C, 924. Richie. Isaac N., 907. Riley. James Whitcomb. 1211. Ritter. Eli F., 774. Ritzinger's Bank, 353. River Avenue Baptist Church, 573 Roads. First, 78. Roberts. George H., 1086. Roberts, John, 911. Roberts Chapel. 177, 595. Roberts Park Church. 597. Robison. Edward J.. 988. Ross. David. 956. Roster of City Officials, 634. "Rough Notes," 369. Royal Arcanum, 382. Royal Arch Masons, 376. Royal and Select Masters, 376. Rubush. Preston C, 903. Ruckelshaus, John C. 667. Ruddell, Almus G.. 804. Ruick. Samuel K.. Jr., 1146. Runnels, Orange S., 969. Russe, Henry, 824. Rush. Fred.erick P., 929. St. Anthony's Church, 619. St. Brigid's Catholic Church, 618. St. Catherine's Church. 620. St. David's Episcopal Church. 613. St. Francis de Sales Church. 619. St. George Episcopal Church. 614. St. John's Catholic Church, 616. St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church. 597 St. Joseph's Church, 617. St. Mary's Catholic Church, 610. St. Patrick's Church. 617. St. Paul's Episcopal Church. 612. St. Paul's Evangelical Church, 614. St. Paul's German Reformed Church, 632. St. Peter's Lutheran Church, 614. St. Peter and Paul Cathedral, 616. St. Philip's Episcopal. Colored, 613. St. Philip Neri's Church. 620. St. Vincent's Hospital. 552. , St. Vincent's Infirmary. 621. Sacred Heart Church. 618. Sacrifices of the War. 230. "Salt Water Wells." 331. Salvation Army, 623. Samuel McCormick's Home, 97. Sanitary Fair, 348. Laws. 269 : Journals, Sarah Davis Deterding Missionary Training ] School. 437. ' Sawmill. First, 72. < Saxe Horn Band, 524. : Schmidt. Lorenz, 1079. School Days. 122. School Expenditures. 279; 398; Statistics, 280. Schools. Early. 121; Grading of, 273. Schroeder, Henry C, 801. Scott, John E., 772. Scott, William, 1133. Scudder. Caleb. 95, 161. 1014. Seal. City, 157. Sealers of Weights and Measures, G36. Second Adventist Church. 631. Second Baptist Church. Colored, 573. Second Christian Church. 608. Second Church of Christ. Scientist, 623. Second Church. Evangelical Association. 633. Second Evangelical Lutheran Church. 614. Second German Methodist Church, 601. Second Jail. 59. Second Masonic Temple. 386. Second Presbyterian Church, 582. Second Reformed Church. 632. Second United Brethren Church. 632. Secretaries Board of Public Safety, 635. Secretaries Board of Public Works, 635. Security Trust Company, 356. Sedwick, Charles W., 1041. Sedwick. James B.. 1040. Seidensticker, Adolph, 1223. Seidensticker. Adolph, 1226. Seidensticker, George. 1225. Selection of Name "Indianapolis," 27. Sentinel. 71. 388. Sentinel Office. 1850. 409. Seventh Christian Church. 608. Seventh Day Adventists. 630. Seventh Presbyterian Church, 587. Severin. Henry Jr., 875. Severin, Henry Sr., 875. Sewall. Mrs. May Wright. 506. Sewer Tax. 14. Shaare Tefila Congregation. 630. Sharpe, Ebenezer. 1080. Sharpe. Joseph K.. Jr.. 776. Sharpe. Thomas H., 1082. Shideler. John E., 660. Shiel, Roger R.. 1201. Shirley, Cassius C. 696. Shiriey, Foster C. 1131. Shortridge, Abraham C. 273. Shute. Hamlin L.. 859. Sigler, George A., 842. Sipe, Jacob C, 719. Sisters of Charity. 621. Sisters of the Good Shepherd. 621. Site of Union Railway Station. 1838. 12. Sixth Christian Church, 608. Sixth Presbyterian Church, 586. "Sleigho," 434. Smith. Charles W., 676. Smith. Sol, 458. Ni)i:x Smith, Theresa H., 969. Smock. William C. 778. .-Socialistic Turnverein, 203. Social Swirl. 490. Sccial Turnverein. 202. s. i. Illy for the Cultivation of Church Music. .521. Sm. i( ty .Totirnals. 409. Sucii'ty of Friends, 625. Soldiers and Sailors Monument. 487. Some Old Time Religion, 177. Sons of Hermann, 384. Sons of Temperance, 452. Soul of Music. 521. Southerland Presbyterian Church. 589. Southern Drivin.a; Park Association. 348. South Street Baptist Church, 572. Sowder, Charles R., 679. Spaan. Henry N.. 1135. Spades. Michael H., 1205. Spahr, William H., 894. Spann. .John S., 363, 389, 1213. Spann, Thomas H., 1214. Spears Case. 241. Spencer, M. J., 920. Spink. Mary A., 955. Stalnaker, Frank D., 957, Stanton. Ambrose P., 1176. State Bank. 342. State Bank of Indiana, 350. State Board of AKriculture, 98, 348. State Capitol. 107. State Fair, 229. 348. State Guard, 392. State House and XJ. S. S. Kearsarge. 424. State House, April, 1865, 233. State House at Corydon, Built 1811, 77. Stale Institutions, 109. Stale lournal Building. 1850, 397. State Library. 106. 509. State Librarian. 106. State Savings Bank, 352. State vs. Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company. 263. Steam Mill Company, 104. Steele, Theodore C. 791. Steffen. Andrew, 952. Stein. Theodot-e. 756. Stempfel. Theodore. 860. Stephenson. .John C. 878. Sterne. Albert E.. 802. Stevenson, iMrs. Robert L.. 515. Stevenson. William E., 856. Stewart, Alexaniler M.. 726. Stewart. Daniel M.. 924. Stewart, Martha. 925. Stewart. William K., 1044. Stock Yards. 257. Stone. Charles S., 1201. • Strange Chaijel. 596. Strange. .Tohn. 591. Street Commissioners. 636. Street Imiirovemcnt, 117. Street Imiirovements, 309. Street Lighting. 322. Street Railroad System, 235. I •'Strin.etown," 434. Suburl)an Towns. 434. Sugar Grove Methodist Church. 598. Sulgrove, Berr>- R., 171. Sulgrove, Berr.v. 527. Sullivan. George R.. 1072. Sullivan. .Jeremiah. 67S. Sullivan, Thomas L., 160, 677. Sun, The, 410. Superintendents City Dispensary, 637. Superintendents City Hospital, 637. Supreme Court. Old. 110. Surgical Institute. Burning of, 286. Sw-amps, 11. Swain, Mrs. Harold. 537. Taggart. Alexander, 1170. Taggart, .Joseph, 1000. Taggart. Thomas, 1204. Talge, John H.. 1002. Tally Sheet Forgeries, 292. Tanner. George G.. 1021. Tarbell, Horace S., 279. Taylor, Dr. H. W., 10. Taylor, James H., 1175. Taylor, Major, 1142. Taverns, Early, 32. Tavern Rates, 53. Tax Rates, Early, 54. Telegraph, The, 346. 395. Telegraph and Tiibune, 395. Telephone, First, 339. Temperance Chart. 394. Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, 152. Terre Haute, Indianapolis and Hlastern Company, 339. Thalia-verein. 208. "The Aig.ger," 10. Theater and Theatricals, 458. Theater, Change in, 234. -The Baby of Uncle Tom's Cabin," 242. "The Capital in the Wilderness," 101. "The Demon Rum." 445. The Freeman. 394. The Indiananian, 399. "The .Teff," 153. The name "Indianapolis" in other Slates, 27. The Navigable Stream, 16, The State Builds, 101. "The Soldier's Friend," 226. Thespian Corps. The, 460. "The West Market," 34. "The Wigwam." 63. Third Christian Church. 608. Third Presbyterian Church. 584. Third Reformed Church. 632. Third Wesley Chaiiel, 593. Thomas, Edwin C 1116. Thomas, William H.. 655. Thompson, Charles N., 1140. Thompson, James L., 765. Times. 388. Town, Development of, 93. Town Governments. 112. Town Incorporated, 112. INDEX Town Officers, First, 112. Town Politics, 113. Township Library, .511. Tr.iiie .Tournals, 395. Transfer and Belt Railway Compaay, 258. Treat, Edward R. L., 1252. Treasurer, First Annual Report of, 56. Tribe of Ben Hur, 383. Tribune, 395. Trinity Danish Church, 614. Trinity Lutheran Church. 614. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church. 599. Troub Memorial Church, 588. Trustees. 1832-1847, 120. Tuck, Claude T., 1044. Tutewiler, Harry D., 1086. Tutewiler. Henry W., 1084. Tuxedo Methodist Church. 602. Tuxedo Park Baptist Church, 573. Twelfth Presbyterian Church, 588. Tyler, S. E., in Uniform of Indianapolis Band, 523. "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 242. Under the Charter, 416. Underground Railroads. 250. Underground Railroad Lines ia Indiana, 250. Union Company, 170. Union Depot and American Hotel, 1854, 256. Union Fire Insurance Company, 361. Union Literary Society, 103, 513. Union Railway Company. 263. Union Traction Company. 339. Union Trust Company, 356. United Brethren, 631. United Brothers of Friendship, 385. United Hebrew Congregation, 630. United Presbyterians, 589. Unitarians. 622. Universalists, 622. University Heights, 444. University Place Baptist Church, 573. University Square, 34. Van Arsdel, William C. 831. Van Camp. Cortland, 907. Van Camp. Frank, 935. Van Camp. George, 1010. Van Vorhis. Flavius J.. 718. "Virginia River," 14. Volksblatt, 395. Volunteer Fire Companies, 167. Volunteers of America, 623. Vonnegut. Bernard, 965. Vonnegut. Nannie S., 966. Voss, Gustavus H., 968. Wales. Ernest DeW., 815. Walk, ,Tulius C, 727. Walker. Lewis C, 771. Walker, Merle N. A., 906. Walker. Sarah Layton, 535, 540. Wallace, General Lew, 136, 480, 1174. Wallace, Harry R., 1020. Wallace, Henry L., 1175. Wallace, Lew, 1000. Wallace, William, 998. Wallace, William J., 162, 1019. Wallace, Mrs. Zerelda G., 505. Wallick. John F., 928. Wallingford. Charles A.. 961. Ward, Marion, 1098. Ward Councilmen, 640. Warren Township, 51. Warman, Enoch, 912. Warrum, Henry, 985. Washington Hall Tavern. 445. Washington Street, 1862, 158. Washington Street Views, 1854. 173. Washington Township, 51. "Waterloo," 114. Water Works Company of Indianapolis, 332. Waugh, Henry W., 474. Wayne Township, 51. Welch, John R., 833. Wesley Chapel, 593. Wesley Chapel, Present, 602. West, Henry F., 161. West Indianapolis, 440. West Park Church, 610. West Washington Street Presbyterian Church. 587. Westbrook, Adjutant Emma. 623. Western Censor and Emigrants Guide, 71, 388. Western Liberties Company, 169. Western Presage, 395. Whallon. Thomas C, 950. Wheatcraft, Charles O., 1181. Whetzell, Jacob, 39. Whetzell. Lewis, 39. White River, 16; First Large Boat on, 18: Im- provement of, 17. White Water Valley Canal. 20. Whitehead, Herbert L., 1008. Whitfredge. Thomas Worthington, 477. Wholesale Trade, 345. Wick, William Watson, 48. Wicks, Frank S. C, 1078. Wiegand, Antoine, 710. Wild, John F., 1111. Wilkins, John A., 1034. Wilkinson, Philip. 1141. Williams, Charles N., 740. Willis. Frank B., 1069. Wilson, George S., 1092. Wilson, Isaac, 36. Winter, Carl G.. 919. Wilson, Medford B., 748. Wishard, Dr. Milton M., 550. Wishard, William H., 65, 1244. Wishard, William N., 1248. Wood, Edson T., 842. Wood, Horace F., 813. Wood, Samuel F., 839. Wood. William A., 841. Woodruff Place, 439. Woodruff Place Baptist Church, 573. Woodruff Avenue United Presbyterian Church, 589. Woodbury. Herbert L., 1169. Wolf, George, 723. INDEX XXI Woolen Manufactures, 344. Woollen. Greenly V.. 867. Woollen, Leonard. 781. Woollen, Milton A., 782. Worrall, .Josephus Cicero, 12G, 177. Wright. Anna Haugh, 658. Wright, Charles E., 657. Wulschner, Emil, 1132. Wvnn, Wilbur £f., 769. Yandes, Daniel. 50, 555, 728. Yandes, Simon, 555, 731. Year of Donations, 1907, 432. Youngest Prosecutor, 59. Young Men's Library Association, 512. Young Men's Institute, 386. Zion's Church, 633. Zouave Guards, 217. History of Greater Indianapolis. CHAPTER 1. IX THF. BEGINNING. The time had come when ludiana had need of a new capital — not, indeed, that there had been any lack of capitals, for they had been iiuniorous and varied. The first seat of govern- iiicnt was Paris, France, — shifting to Aler- saillcs — with tiie provincial capital for the northern ]iart of the state at (^ncliec, and inter- mediate authority at Detroit ; while the ^oiitli- ern end of the state had its provincial capital at Xew Orleans, with intermediate authority at Fort Chartres, in Illinois. This continued until the close of the Seven Years War, when, by the 'J'reaty of Paris, in 1763, the capital became T^ondon, and the provincial govcrn- nipnt was centered at Quebec, with intermedi- ate authority at Detroit. This, in turn, con- tinued until Gen. George Kogers Clark took forcible possession of the region for Virginia, in HTS, and the capital came over to Rich- mond. Virginia acted promptly, and. in October, 1TT8, establislied the (!i)unty of Illinois, includ- ing all of her territory ''west of the Ohio river."' On December 12. Col. .Tohn Todd was appointed ('ounty Lieutenant, with power to appoint subordinate ollicials, except that, by the law, "all the civil otncers to which the said inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the ])reservation of ])pace and the adminis- tration of justice, shall be chosen by a major- itv of the citizens of their res])ective district*.""" 'i'odd came West in ITTfl. and called an ^IfrnitHi's Sliilx. Ill Lnnjr. Vol. I— 1 \'(ii. :i. election for the "general court"" of \"in- cennes, wdiich was the first election ever held in Indiana. The persons then elected were commissioned by Todd, excepting one known as Cardinal, who "refused to serve." It is not recorded whether this uniq\ie action was due to modesty, or to fear of being led into temp- tation in an American ofiice. The A^irginia rule continued until the organization of the Northwest Territory, when the capital w-as transferred to Marietta, Ohio. It tarried there until 1800, when, on the organization of In- diana Territory, it came to Vincennes. Here it remained until 1813, when it was removed to Corydon. But now Indiana had left the territorial status, and had been admitted as a sovereign state of the Union in 1810. It was putting away the things of childhood. It must have a permanent capital, and not merely one suited to the temp(n-ary convenience of the existing population. This involved its location near the center of the state, for no ]U'inciple was nioi'e firmly fixed in the minds of the early settlers than that "equality is equity,"' so far as dis- tance from the seat of government is con- cerned. Travel, at that time, w-as tedious and difficult, and from the time the Americans be- gan settling in the Northwest there had Iteen complaint on this subject. And Congress had recognized the justice of the complaint. In the report of 1800, on the division of North- west Territory, the House Committee said : "The actual distance of traveling from the HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. places of holding courts the most remote from each other is thirteen hundred miles, and in a countrj' so sparsely settled, and so little re- claimed from its native wildness. this distance alone seems to present ijarriers almost insuper- aljle against the exercise of the functions of government." hi the debate of 1804, on the separation of ilichigan, it was urged that "it was unjust to deprive the citizens of Detroit of the benefits resulting from the administra- tion of justice;'" and that Michilimackinac, '"exporting annuallv produce of the value of $->00,000, from which the United States had a revenue of $1T,000. was more than 800 miles from the present seat of government." Mich- igan had the best ground for complaint, and was separated in 1805, but other sections were also clamorous. In 180.5 the people of Dear- born County — then all of Indiana east of the Greenville Treaty Line — ])etitioned for reun- ion to Ohio, on the ground that they were "at a Distance of Xearly Two Hundred Miles from the Seat of Government ; that the Interme- diate Space is a Wilderness oecupy'd only by Indians, and likely for many years to Remain Unoccupied by any Other persons." In the same year, the ]X'op]e of the Illinois settle- ments asked for separation on the ground that they were separated from Vincennes by "about one hundred and eighty miles, through a dreary and inhospitable wilderness, uninhab- ited, and which, during one part of the year, can scarcely afford water to sustain nature, and that of the most indifferent quality, be- sides presenting other hardship!^ equally se- vere, while in another it is in part imder water, and in places to the extent of some miles, by which the road is rendered almost impassable." Congress refused these petitions, but after others to the same effect in 1806 and 1807, provided for the separation of Illinois in 1809; one of the chief reasons given being that, "The great difficulty of traveling through an ex- tensive and loathsome wilderness, the want of food and other necessary accommodations of the road, often presents an unsurmountable barrier to the attendance of witnesses;" and that when witnesses did attend, the expense was "a cause of much embarrassment to a due and impartial distriliution of justice. "- These considerations wt're uppermost in the -Ind. Hist. Soi: I'nhs.. \\ No. M. minds of everybody in connection with tlie establishment of the permanent capital, and it was a matter of common consent that the capital must be in the central part of the state, which was then an unsettled wilderness, held by the Indians. It was equally understood that it should be located on the West Fork of White River — properly the main stream — which was the only stream in the central part of the state that was considered navigable. After the admission of the state. Congress, by resolution of December 11, ISKi, made a dona- tion of four sections of land for a capital, to be selected by the state legislature from "such lands as may hereafter be acquired by the United States, from the Indian tribes witiiin the said territory ;" and all of these lands lay to the north of the existing settlements. The original title to this region was in the iliamis, with a special claim in the l'iaid<e- shaw tribe of that nation; but about 1T5() tlic Piankeshaws had sold the right of occupancy, if not their full title, to the Delawares, who then formed their settlements on White River. The controversies that arose over the title, be- tween the Miamis and the Delawares, were so threatening that Governor Harrison secured ail agreement in the treaty of Ft. Wayne, in 1809, tliat the iliamis "explicitly acknowledge the equal right of the Delawares with them- selves to the country watered by White River," and that "neither party shall have the right of disposing of the same without the consent of the other." Accordingly, at the opening of Octolier, 1818, both triiies were assembled at St. Marys, Ohio, wliere Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, for the United States, made treaties with them. On October .T, the Delawares relinquished "all their claim to land in the State of Indiana." On October fi, the Miamis ceded all their lands in Indiana lying between the Wabash and the lands already acquired by the whites in the siuitbern part of the state, except a few small reservations, together with a smaller section tiuit they still held in nurtbwestern Ohio. The lands so acquired wei'e popularly known as "The Xew Purchase," and by that name have passed down in history. They covered about one-tliird of the -state — the central third, as distinguished from the north and south ends. The government surveys of them were begun in 1819, and continiu'd for several vears after. HiSTOKV or (;i;i:atki{ Indianapolis. o m < c la E- o H K 02 H Z H Q o 5 ~> Q ; Z .= d - z ■; Q 3 = J < o Plh < HISTOKY OF (JKKATER INDIANAPOLIS. All thf jjifliniiiiarios being: now anangcd, the legislaturi', which repR'sunted the southern end of the :<tate. and which was in no hurry for the actual removal of the capital, passed an act on January 11, 1820, appointing ten com- missioners to locate the capital. The men named by the law were George Hunt, of Wayne County; John Conner, of Fayette; Stephen Ludlow, of Dearborn: John Gilliland, of Switzerland; J ose]ih Bartholomew, of Clark; John Tipton, of Harrison: Jesse B. Durham, of Jackson; Frederick Kapp, of Posey; Will- iam Prince, of Gibson: and Thomas Kmmer- son, of Knox. They were all men of promi- nence in their several communities: and all except William Prince accepted the appoint- ment and served. By the law they were re- quired to meet "at the house of William Con- ner, on the West Fork of White River, on a day to be named in the proclamation"' (it was May 22). and proceed to select "a site which, in their opinion, shall be most eligible and ad- vantageous for the permanent seat of govern- ment of Indiana." The house of William Con- ner was at what was known as Conner's Sta- tion, or Conner's Prairie, some four miles below Noblesville. Conner and his brother John, who founded Connersville, had been captured by the Indians when children, and had been brought up by them. William Con- ner had served as an interpreter and as Indian agent for a number of years, and had estab- lished his trading station at this point in 180-2.^ The law required the commission- ers to employ a clerk, who was to make a record of their proceedings, and sub- mit it to the next legislature. This report was prepared, signed by the nine members who served, and submitted, but it is merely a sum- mary statement of the final action of the com- mission.* But General Tipton kept a journal of his trip which is comparatively full. The original is now in the possession of John H. Hollidny of Indianapolis, and it has l)con print- ed twice.'' Tipton started from Corydon on ilay 17, in compan)' with Governor Jennings, who was with 'Obitnarv sketch in Jndinnapolis Journal. Au- gust 23, 18.5.5. *U(iu.sp Journal, 1821, p. 2.5. '••Xcu-s, April IT, 1879; Indiana QuarlcrUi Ma;/, of Hist., Vol. 1. p]). !»-I5; ', \-:'.K the party during the trip. They took with them a negro boy named Bill. On the next day they reached Colonel Durham's, at Val- lonia, where Durham and General Bartholo- mew were awaiting them, and they were also joined here by Gen. John Carr, and Ca])tain ])ueson, of Charlestown, who were going up to look at the country. The party traveled north in quite a direct line, passing about a mile east of Irvington, directly through Castleton, strik- ing and crossing White Kiver at the Hamilton County line, and reaching Conner's at 1 o'clock on the 22nd. Here they found Himt, Conner. Ludlow, Gilliland, and Emmerson : and that evening they met and w'ere sworn in. Eapp ar- rived on the following day, and the commis- sion organized by electing Hunt chairman and Benj. I. Blythe clerk. They then adjourned to meet on the 24th at "the mouth of Fall Creek." The next three days were spent in exploration, the commissioners going down the river as far as the Bluffs. On the 27th the commissioners met at the mouth of Fall Creek and definitely "agreed to select and locate the site Township 15 north of K. 3 E., which town- ship was not divided into sections." But the surveyors were working on it; and. in reply to a note of inquiry. Judge Wm. B. Loughlin of Brookville, who was in charge of the survey- ing party, informed the commissioners on the morning of the 28th that the work would be sufficiently advanced in ten daj-s to allow tlie location by sections. The main point — the lf)cation at the mouth of Fall Creek — being now disposed of, two of the commissioners, .Tohn Conner and George Hunt, returned home and the other seven, with Governor Jennings, went up to Conner's Station. The time was passed in various ways until June 5, Tipton, Bartholomew and Durham examining the lands as far down the river as Spencer. They recon- vened on June 5, and the section lines lutving been run, passed the Gth "in reading and walk- ing aroinid the lines of the sections that wo intend to locate." On June 7. Ti])ton savs: ■■\Ve met at McCormick's. and on my motion the commissioners came to a resolution to select and locate sections numbered 1 and 12, and east and west fractional sections num- bered 2, and east fractional section 11, and so much off the east side of west fractional section number .3, to be divided by a north and south line running parallel to the west bound- THSTOItY OF m^EATEi; IXDIAXAPOLTS. ary of said sectiou, as will equal in amount 4 I'litiro sections in tp. 13 >.'. of IJ. 3 li. \\\; left our clerk making out his minutes and our leport, and went to cam]) to dine. Keturned after dinner. Our paper (not) being ready H.(artholomew), D.(urliam) and myself re- turned to camp at 4. They went to sleep and me to writing. At 5 we decamped and went over to JlcCormick's. Our clerk having his writing ready the commissioners met and signed their report, and certified the service of the clerk. At 6:45 the first boat landed that was ever seen at the seat of government. It was a small ferry flat with a canoe tied alongside, both loaded with the liousehold ^■oods of two families moving to the mouth of [•"all Creek. They came up in a keel lioat as far as they could get it up the river, then re- loaded the boat and brought up their goods in the flat and canoe. I paid for some corn and w(hiskey) 621X>- The clerk of the commission. Benjamin 1. Blythe, was a Pennsylvanian of Scotch de- scent, who afterwards located at Indianapolis. lie was also clerk of the surveyors who laid off the city, and for a time the state agent for the sale of lots. He was captain of the first artillery company, which welcomed the steamer "Robert Tlanna"" with a national salute when she arrived here A])ril 11, 1831. i^atei- he was well-known and successfvil in the bus- ini'ss of the city, especially as a dealer in hides and leather, and as one of the pioneer pork- packers. Mc(!'ormick'"s, where the commission- ers lield their meetings and took their meals, was an ordinary double log cabin that stood on the triangle now made by Wgihington street. Xaticnal avenue, and the river. It fronted the river. Alost of the time the commission- ers camped on the west side of the river just al)Ove the mouth of Fall Creek, which was then about 200 yards north of the National iJoad l)ridge. They named the bank where they camped "Bartholomew's i'lulT," but the name did not last. The lands they selected, and which were duly confirmed by the legis- lature, are bounded, east of the river, on the norlh by Tenth street; on the east by Shelby •street extended north to the L. E. & \V. tracks above Massachusetts avenue; on the south by Morris street: and on tlie west hv the river lielow Washington street, and by Hiawatha slriTt above \Vashin<;ton street. West of the river they are bounded on tln' north by Ver- mont street: on the east by the river; on the south by Maryland street; and on the west by Lynn street. Outside of these lines the lands were sold by the United Stales to individuals, and those that have since been added to the city were laid out as "additions" by individ- uals. On June 8th, Tipton records that he started home "in company with Ludlow, Gilliland, Blythe, Bartholomew, Durham, Governor Jen- nings and two Virginians.'"'" Who the Virgin- ians were is not mentioned, but probably they were JIatthias R. Xowland and .\ndrew Byrne, brothers-in-law from Kentucky, who had been looking at lands in Illinois, and who had come up from Vincennes \rith a ])art of the com- missioners. There were several others at- tracted to this point at the time, among them John and Absalom Dollarhide, who coiTie up with a f)art of the commissioners from their farms rn-,n- the southern line of Marion County. John H. B. Xowland, son of Matthias R., says that their party came up White River from Vincennes, past the Bluti's, where they found "about a half-dozen families settled, in- cluding that of Jacob Whetzell." At the mouth of Fall Creek they stopped for a day, and "inost of them were favorably impressed." N'owiand told the commissioners that if they located here he would move out in the fall, and try to induce other Kentuekians to join lum. This mention of the favorable impres- sion is of interest in connection with a vener- able tradition of a strong conflict of opinion among the commissioners as to the location, which is stated by Brown as I'ollow^s: "They met as directed at Conner's, where, after very serious disputes between them as to sites at the Blutt's, at the mouth of Fall Creek, and at Conner's, the present hication was chosen by three votes against two for the Blufl's." This has commonly been followed by other writers, but it is manifestly incorrect, for Tipton ex- plicitly states that the choice was made at McCormiek's, on M;iy 'i'l. and there were then nine commissioners present. It is incredible that four of them did not vote, and there is no contem])orary mention of material disagree- ment in Tipton's journal or elsewhere. Tlie Indiana Sentinel. iiul)lished at Vincennes, said on .lune :5 : "We understand from a gentle- man who has been some time in company with G llLsruliY or GKEATER INDIAXAPOLIS. tlie comiiiissioiicr!;. tliat it is most probable the permanent Seat of Government of Indiana will be fixed inunediately Ijelow the mouth of Fall Creek, that empties into the West Fork of White River, on tiie east side" On June 17, the same paper announeed the location by sections, and added : "It is just below the mouth of Fall Creek, which is in full view from the town scite. Fall Creek is a beautiful stream, at this season forty yards wide at its mouth, witli a rapid current and deep water. We are happy, also, to say that the business of the commissioners proceeded with ]3erfect concert and harmony, and that they suffered no interest but the public's to guide them in the selection." The presence of Governor Jennings with the commissioners, who were not only his ap- ]K)intees but also his personal and political friends, would naturally tend towards una- nimity of sentiment, and there was no show of (piestioniug tjie locatuin afterwards. In fact the press of the state treated the action of the commissioners as settling the location, and the legi.elatiire adopted their decision without any recorded question or debate. When the exact surveys were made, it was found that section 1 contained 6.58.2 acres; section 2, 61]..5.'5 acres; section 12, G40 acres; and east fractional section 11, 448.2 acres; leaving 202.07 acres to be taken from section 3, west of.the river, to make the full donation of four sections, or 2, .560 acres. The lands were so platted, falling between now existing streets as mentioned nl)ove. I CHAPTER 11. THE LAY OF THE LAND. 'rhv report nl' llir (•(iiiniii^siniuTs tn tlu' k'f;- islature makes no stali'iiiciit of their rca50ii>^ for the location chosen beyond the following: "The nnilersigned have endeavored to connect with an eligible •^ite the advantages of a naviga- ble stream and fertility of soil, while they have not been unmindful of the geographical situation of the various portions of the state ; to its political center as it regards both the jiresent and future population, as well as the inesent and future interest of the citizens."' Among tiie features that went to make ii|i the "eligible site," tradition records the consideration that the banks of the river at this ])oint afforded a good boat landing, and that Fall Creek and Eagle Creek were good mill streams. - But there were other considerations that no doulit had weight. At this time the TJ. S. Commissioners to locate the National Road had finished their work in central Indiana, and had located the inad abotit fifteen miles south of Indianapolis, 'i'his was brought to the attention of the legislature at this same ses- sion, and on January S, 182L it adopted a me- morial to (jongress asking for a change in the lim^ of the road, so that it wcndd come to the new ca])ital. Hi this memorial the legislature urged that the site of the capital was not only nearer the center of the state, but that it had "many other advantages," among which was the fact that at this point there were '■'elevated banks on both .=ides of the west branch of White lliver ;" and that this condi- tion insured "in time of hish water a certain passage, and that a similar advantage is not to be found on the said river at less than thirty miles sonth of the location aforesaid."' This was also true of the river for some ten miles above — to the head of the backwater above Broad Ripple — there being bottom-land on one side or the other when not on both. Of course in those days a heavy fill was a much more seri- ous undertaking than at present, and there was no point near here that afforded as great natural advantages for a crossing .as the pres- ent Washington street crossing of the river. Indeed, it is almost certain that the commis- sioners gave weight to this consideration, for they located on both sides of the river and the only place where the lands selected come to the river on both sides is from a block below Washington street to abo\it the same dis- tance above. Congress, however, did not change the location of the road until ISi."), when Jonathan Jennings secured an anu'nd- ment, bringing the line to Lidianapolis.'' But there was another reason for the selec- tion. Tipton says: "The bank of the river on which McCormick lives is from '2') to 30 feet above the water at this time — the country back is high, dry and good soil ;" which (lemon- strates that 1S20 was not a wet year. Hut at an<ither jilace he speaks of the site as being "level and rich;" and his objection to the HhifFs is recorded in these words: "Back of the bluff runs a beautiful creek; they front oit the river near 1 mile — if they were level on top it would be the most beautiful site for a town that T have ever seen." It is certain that the other commissioners also ijave weight ''Ilniisr ./oiiniitl. IS-iJl, p. ■>:>: Iiiil. Ilisl. Soc. I'lihs.. Vi>l. 1, p. ].■>;!. -//((/. Ilisl. Soc. Pubs.. Vol, -2, p. :i8(): \'ol. ■J. p. :!i:. ■\Acfx of is:i. p. ] ;■:.. *Stah. (ll Liirijr. \',,|. -I. pn. I'.'S. :i.^>l : Cun,;. Pchates, Jan. i: and 1S. IS-.'."), pp. -MO. -Jl.-,. ' 8 IIISTOKV OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. to the fact that at this point tln-iv was an abundance of level ground for a town. When Stephen Ludlow, tlie Dearborn county com- missioner, returned to Lawreneeburg, he was met l)_v William Tate, a young mechanic from Boston, wlu) inquired how they had succeeded. "Oh. splendidly," was the reply, "l tell you. Billy, we have got the finest piece of land you ever .<aw. It's as level as a barn Hoor."" "Oh pshaw!" said Tate, '"what did vou do that for?"" '■And why not?" "Why, what will tliey over do for drainage?'"' Stephen scratched his head for a moment, and then responded, "Well, I'll lie d d. A'ol)ody but a Yankee would ever have thought of tliai." It was natural eno\igh that the commission- ers should be attracted by this feature of the site, for they were all from the south end of the state where the alternation of knobs and channels of streams makes it difficult to place more than two houses on a common level, but its effects on the future city were somewhat serious, and they are not yet wholly overcome. The plain on which the city stands has an average elevation of about 720 feet above sea level, and is quite flat, with somewhat higher ground on all sides. Jt has been conjectured by geologists tliat it was in some past age the bed of a lake, .\cross it runs the valley of Pogue"s Run, which has lost much of its origi- nal breadtli liy filling, and which was formerly ratlier swampy in character. Xortheast of the city — north of the Atlas Works — was an extensive swam]), later known as Fletchers Swanij), which in wet seasons dis- charged its overflow through the site of the city in what were called "the ravines;" and in time of floods Fall Creek also discharged much of its surplus water through this swamp and the same channels. From the swamp the water ran south past the Atlas Works, then ■westerly, crossing the L. E. & W. tracks in the low ground still seen about Fifteenth street. Below there it divided, one ravine go- ing a little west of southerly, and crossing New Jersey street at Walnut ; from there it ran southerly between Alabama and New Jersey streets, crossing Washington street at Xew Jer- sey, where there was a culvert for it in Xa- (ional Road days, and emptying into Pogue":- Run. The other ran a little south of westerlv. crossing Penn>ylvania street at the big elm, which still stands in front of X^o. I'il'y, and which is sometimes called "the McC'ulloch elm,'" on account of Rev. Oscar McCulloch"s devotion to it. From there it veered to the south, crossing ileridian street at Eleventh and Illinois at St. Clair; then between Illinois and Capital avenue across Vermont ; then southwesterly past the corner of the State Cap- itol grounds to-the old canal bed on Missouri street, and down it, and across, emptying into the river just above Kiugan's packing-house through what was called "the big ravine," or sometimes "the River Styx,"" and which, when subsequently dammed uj), became the lower basin of the canal. In these ravines tliere were a number of deep places where the water stood most of the year; and outside of them, scattered through the dense forest, were many low places whert' the water stood for weeks, especially in wet seasons. Southfl-est of Oreenlawn Cemetery was a body of stagnant water known as "Grave- yard Pond,"' of wliicli was said: "In the sum- mer it is covered with a green, filthy scum, and is the habitation of various kinds of rej)- tiles and bull-frogs. At the lower part of this pond is a bridge, supposed to have been built by Governor Scott's army, to get to the ford of the river, about the year lTi)0.""" These conditions made a natural field for malarial dis- eases, whatever the direct cause of those dis- eases. The favorite theory, until quite recently, was that they were the jiroduct of miasma' and there was certainly ami)le cause for miasma in the dam)) soil and the de- caying vegetation. But some, esiieiially in later years, held to the theory that malarial diseases were caused by alternations of heat and cold. Dr. Tlios. 15. Harvey, one of the best physicians Indianapolis, or any other eitv, ever had, was a warm champion of this theory, and there was ample basis for it here, ilore recently the mosquito theory has been gener- 4(5. ''N^oirhnnf's Tlriiiiniscrnces. ]i "Locomotive. M»y 27, 1848. ~Ind. Hist. Soc. Piihs.. Vol. ?. p. 400; ('Jkuh- hrrlaiii's Gazetteer, p. 41 ; Bejioi-t.-i Stale Jleallli Comm.. 1880, p. 339. ally accepted, though there are a few old doc- tors who scoff at jt, and declare that they have known people to be "almost eaten up by mos- lIISTOIiV OF (MtKATKi; 1 XDI A \ Al'OLlS. 9 iiitos" without liaviiifi' malarial iliscasui^. I'os- - bly I'lirther scientiiic invt':^tigation may dera- astrate that, on the germ theory, tiie germs iiay be introduced into the blood otherwise lian througli mosquitos, and that there is a "issibility of acclimation or inoculation, by A hich the individual may develop an anti- "xin that makes him to some extent immune, '.lit doctors disagree as to everything, except '■rhaps the number of bones in the human u'ldy, and the writer has no desire for a medi- cal controversy. Suffice it to say that, whatever the causes of malarial diseases, they were here in abundance and so were the diseases, especially in wet . years. Old settlers maintained that it rained much more in the earlier years of the settlc- mejit of Indianajiolis than later"* and tliis is ])robable enough because the conditions were peculiarly favorable to local evap- oration and reprecipitation. Brown says: "The summer of 1S21 was distinguished by the general sickness resulting, it was thought, from the lieavy fall of rain. It is said that storms occurred every day in June, July and Augu.st. Clouds would suddenly gather and send a deluge of water, tlien as quickly break aw*y, while tiie sun's rays fairly scorched the drenched herbage, generating miasmatic va- pors with no wind to carry them oil. Sicknes.s began in July, but did not become general till after the lOtii of August, on which day .Mat- thias Xowland had a raising, all the men in the settlement assisting. Kemittent and inter- mittent fevers, of a jieculiar type, then began, and in three weeks the community was pros- trated. Thomas Chinn, Enoch Banks and Nancy Hemh-icks were the only persons who escaped. Though so general, tlii' disease was not deadly, about twenty-five cases only, most- ly cliildren who had been too much ex])osed, dying out of several iumdrcd cases. The few wlio cduld go about devoted their time to the sick, anil many inslances of generous, devoted friendship occurred. Their mutual suffering at this time bound tiie early settlers together in after life, and none recur to this period witliout emotion. Xew comers were disheart- ened at till' prospect, and some left the coun- try, c-ircuhiting extravagant repm-ts alioiit the health of the town, greatly retarding its sub- sc(pient growth.""' In fact tiie conditions here were not much worse than at iiiany other places in the state, and the year was noted foi- the ])revalent sickness.'" The doctors fared no l)ctter than the rest of the community. Dr. ^litchell and all of his family were prostrated with ague, as was Dr. Livingston Dunlap, who was then living with them. These two physicians were not only unable to minister to others, but were in so helpless a state that Matthias Xowland took Dunlap on his back and carried him to his caliin to care for him.'^ Xowland and his fam- ily were soon in as bad a plight. His son vividly portrays their situation by recording tliat one day '"my father was suffering for water, and no one able to draw a bucket. He crept to the door of the cabin and saw a man passing. He beckoned to him and requested him to draw a bucket of water. 'Wiere is your friend Blake?' the man inquired. 'He. too, was taken sick this morning,' was the answer. 'What on earth are the people to do now?" said (lie man; 'God had spared him to take care of the people; they would now suf- fi'r as they never had before." ""'- Indeed "riule Jimmy"" Blake was a guardian angel. He w^as then a bachelor, and though he was having chills every other day the malady was not bad enough to disable him, and Xowland says: "He would employ the well days in gathering the new corn and grating it on a horse-radish grater into meal to make mush for the con- valescent. Indeed our family, as well as the others, would havi' suffered for food had it not been for his kind offices in this way, not only because the mush made from the new corn was more i)alatable, but the old could not be got, as there were no mills nearer than (lood Landers", on the Whitewater IJiver." '■ |)i-. ('oe was the only physician able to altenil to patients, and he was kept going night and dav. comliating the disease single-handed iiniil |)r. Jonathan Cool arrived in the fall. In fact the ague was so ])rominent a feature of earlv Indianapolis, that it calls fur special ''Hroini's I iiiliiiiiiiiiiills. |i. 'i : Juiiniiil . .June 7, °ffis:f. of lililidliiliiolis, p. .'>. ^"Chauibt'rlaiu'x Gnzctircr. j) ^^Novhiiid's ririniiiisrciiccx. p ^-Nnirltnid's Rcmiiiiscrnrcx. p. (il. ^"fiJarli/ UrminiKcences, p. (II. lit. 4.5. 10 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. notii-c as one of the institutions of lliu jilacu; not that it was worse than elsewhere, but the natural conditions were favorable to it. and th()ii<;]i it becanie le.ss common as the land was cleared, it continued to some extent for many years, csijecially in wet reasons. The writer passed the summer of 1870 with it, having six recurrent attacks after the disease was sup- posed to be "broken" in each case. Most nf the early settlers could say as Demas Mc- Farland did, that he "served a regular appren- ticeship at the ague, and worked at journey work at the chills and fever, and thought he had gi'aduated.""''' T'sually the disease was not fatal, unless complicated with sometliing else, although Mrs. Beecher portrays it as vcrv (laii- gerous in her "F'rom Dawn to Daylight." but it was decidedly annoying. The popular view of it was never better expressed than in tlie fol- lowing dialect poem by Dr. H. W. Taylor, wjiich a])|icared in The Ciinriit. in ISS."): THE AIGGER. Em folks at thess moved thrum the East Haint gut the least Idee of Aigger, thess a-tall I Haint no Aigger hee-yur ess Fall, Haint seed Aigger anywhawr Thess sencc the War. Now-days, feller gits the chills Thess well quit payun boardun bills, Yusen to be. ef Aigger tuck Holds on a feller, it thess ud whet His ap-tite up — harder he shuck The more he et. A feller ats ben Round hee-yur when Terry Hut wair thess in the bresh. Hez seed the right Aigger, thess ])linn fresh, .\pt to feel thess ornery mean Time the pawnds uz tnrnun green. Thess along when Dawg-days come Ef a feller swum Thess en the Wabash. Git kivvered uth at-air yeller scum, Fn et thess, thess, a mess a trash. He gut ut, shore! Cawn-trairyest Aigger to kee-yore. ^^Loroiiiollfc. .Tune 1:3, 1S.")!1. Thess git out un set en the sun Lack a torkle on eend of a log, Caillestest theng yevver done I Feel too ornery fur a dog ! Thurreckly the theng has taken its track Streekun un streakun up yer back Zef a slice Thess plum ice Thess a-meltun long the sken T'n freezun en I Draw a feller euto a knot I After a spell, he gits so hot. Rasslun roun un makun a furss, Tho-un the kivvers evvurwhurs ! Feller"d thenk He's thess a fish, to see him drenk; Long's UTver kin hold the cup — Un en turn roun un tho ut up! Thess when the theng hcz gut you het Thess hot enough to thess about bile. Hit starts a dad-burned ornery sweat. Smells zef yous bout to spile Worse un a key-yarn ! Smells fur's thrum hee-yur to the barn I That air sweat that usen to pour Clur throo un throo ar feather-bed • Thess onto the floor ! Run en a stream j)!uni outen the door I At is, a-peerntly hit did, Ez the feller said. ************ Third-day Aigger, sometimes, brung Enfurmation en strifFen of the lung. Take the feller's maidjur thess long down Ez you brlmg the doctor u]) thrum town. Curn-jestuff chills uz thess the same ; .\irry a defPerunce. thess en tlie nami'. I hed the second un, wunst cumun on. Thinl un. a feller az good az gone. ************ Shake? thess dad-lnmi my hide Ef I haint thess tried un tried Shake the clabljoards offen the ruff! Tliess ast Sniiryniuss ef she haint hilt ^le thrum sliakun ofTen the bed By settin on the end of the quilt. Shuck the teeth right outtm inv head. Leave it to pa]). Woosli I may drap Right en my tracks Ef them haint facks. IITSJTOnV OF (IKKATRK IXDIAXAPOLTS. 11 This dialect was broader than was often heard in Indiana, but it might be heard in some regions where the popuhition was South- ern in origin, for most of the so-called "Hoo- sier dialect" came to us from the South, and especially from the mountain districts.'"' A few- explanations may aid tlie uninitiated, "Thess"' is just; "Thrum" is from: "Key-yam" is car- rion, and in words like this, "Hee-yur,"" "Kee- yore," etc.. the first syllable is very short — in fact would be better represented by the in- itial consonant alone. "Curn-jestuff" is con- gestive; "Knfurmation"' is inflammation; and "Striffen" is a detached membrane, especially the diaphragm. Hon. John E. Wilson used to tell of a woe-begone Virginia neigliljor who complained of his health, and. when asked wliat was the trouble, replied: "Obi my strif- fen hez rotted out, and my lungs hev dropped down into my stummik."" This description of the symptoms and the course of the malady is excellent. l)ut neither the afflicted nor their doctors had any idea of what caused it, according to the present accej)ted mosquito theory, which has been de- veloped almost wholly since 1898; and a state- ment of it, in plain language, is ai)rt)pos here, even at the risk of incurring medical criti- cism, ilalaria is a germ disease of the mos- quito, which does not appear to bother the nios()uito, but one stage of the life-cycle of the jiarasite is passed in the blood of man, and possiV)ly some other animals. There are three common genera of mosijuitos. cidex, stegomyia. and ano])lieles. The first and second are not germ-carriers, and are easily distinguished in the larva state by the fact tluit their "wiggle- tails" appear '"with flowing mane and tail erect" — or, in other words, rest witli their tails at tlie to)) of the water and their heads and whiskers below. But a "wiggle-tail"" that lies flat at the surface of the water belongs to the anopheles, and these are the ones that make the tro(d)le. Various s])ecies of anopheles carry different germs, which cause respectively three t^-pes of malarial disease. The first two are known as tertian and quartan, according to the period of re[)rodnetion of the germs, every other day or every third day. and the attend- ant convulsion. When two or more alternat- ing shifts of germs are working on the victim ■7»'/. //I'v/. S(h: I'lihs.. Vol. X. he will have a chill every day. Those of the third type are the aestivo-autumnal fevers which are commonly known as bilious remittent and typho-malarial. These are the dangerous ones. A patient may get over them without treatment, but he is much more apt to die if not intelligently treated. How the experience of Indianapolis hinges with the recent theory, developed since we exterminated yellow-fever in Cuba, that malaria is a cause of physical and mental deterioration, and was responsible for the decadence of Greece and Rome, I leave to the mosquito experts and historians of those countries. In addition to the sii-kiiess which was an in- direct result of the topography, there was con- siderable annoyance from floods. When the swamp northeast of the city overflowed, and Fall Creek overflowed through it, the "ra- vines" became raging torrents. They did little damage in the early years, because the cabins were out of their reach, but they obstructed travel. Where the east ravine crossed Wash- ington street there was ((uite a broad valley, reaching from Xew Jersey stri-et well over to- wards Alabama, and so deep that after Wash- ington street was graded for the National Road the property owners there did not have to dig cellars, but had to fill their lots. Before that time' old settlers say that in flood time the water at this p)int "would swim a horse." With this ravine and l'ogue"s Kun on the east and south, and Fall Creek on the north and west, with the river occupying the same valley or bottom as the creek, the city was in flood time almost on an island; and when the streams were all flooded at once, as often happened, the jilaie was almost isolated, for there were no bridges for several years. In April and May, 1821, the publication of the Gazette was sus]>endcd for a month, because the edi- tors ba(l gone out of town and could not get back through the floods. On May 10, 1824. the W'steni Censor apologized for its limited amount of outside' news for the reason thai the mail carriers had been unable to get out of or into the town. In Manh and April. 1820, the mails were slopped for some <lays. The worst of these early floods were in 1824 and 1828, and of these the latter did the greater damage, becauM' farmers had begun to cultivate the hottom-hinds. and fences were HISTOKV OF (iKK.Vl'Ki; 1 XDIAXAPOUS. z « 'fl O Oh c z < .9 K K g "3 ■^ Z =• Z .-a O z o JilS'JUUY Ui" UREATEK INDIANAPOLIS. 13 washed away, and fertile fields were envered with sand and gravel. The '"ravines"' also made some tnnible liy the seejjage of water, which made it dithcult to get dry cellars along their liiu's. When David V. Culley, liegister of the Lai\d Otlice, moved his family here in 1838, they lived for a time in a honse on the point between In- diana avenue and Tennessee street (now Capi- tol avenne) just above New York street. The west ravine crossed Tennessee street liack of liis house, and was furnished with a foot- l)ridge for the accommodation of jiedestrians. One day, in a wet season, his daughter (Mrs. Hannah Mansur) went down cellar for some peaches and while there the cellar «all caved in, burying her to the neck. When her mother came in response to her calls for help, she cried: "Send .some one to dig me out. Tve saved the peaches." Possibly there is a con- nection between this and the fact that Mr. Culley later made the first stone-walled cellar in the city.'" Altogether the "ravines" became such uui- sances that the legislature, by ail <>( l-'i lnuaiy 4, 1837, appointed Calvin Fletcher and Tbouia-; Johnson "commissioners to superintend the drainage of the swamps aiul lowlands immedi- ately northeast of Indianaixdis, the outlet of which overllows the grounds wes-t, northeast and north of the State House square." The state engineer was directed to make the neces- sary surveys, and the coinmissionei-s to take subscriptions for the work, and |)i'oseeute it '"as they may deem most expedient."" rejjorting their proceedings to the county commissioners. They didy proceeded to cut "the state ditch"' from near the present crossing of Twentieth street and the L. E. & W. tracks, in a direction slightly south of west, to Nineteenth and CVn- I tral avenue; thence west along the south linf of ^lorton i)lace to Delaware street: thence, north to the Fall Creek bottom ; thence west- erly, along tlu' south line of the bottom-land to Fall Creek at Twenty-second street. For some ten years this disposed of ti-oulde with the "ravines," but in December, 184G, there were heavy rains on a hard frozen sur- face, and on January 1, 1847, all the streams wore running over. 'I'he bank of the ditch gave way, and the water came down its old channels in volume that startled those wlio had invaded them. For exanii)le, Israel Jennings, who had been living peacefully at the northwest corner of Walnut and New Jersey streets, was awak- ened by a noise in the night, and on rising from his high-post bed to investigate went into water almost to his waist. He managed to get ashore with his family ; and in the morn- ing rescued his belongings by aid of a wagon and team. The Hood of 184? was quite gen- eral throughout the state, and did so mucli damage that the legislature ])rovided foi' the reappraiscment of real property that had been injured, and for change of the' tax duplicates to the extent of the in- jury.'" The state diteli was repaired, and no further trouble was ex])erienced until the peo- ple had almost forgotten the "ravines," when in June, 18.58, the bank of the state ditch either broke, or was cut by uuschief-makers, near Central avenue, at a time of very high water in the creek and river; and the water sought its ancient channels, making its way as far down the west ravine as Illinois and St. Clair streets, where it was stopped by the street fills.'" Fortunately the break was discovered and stopped before any great damage was done. Again the ditch was repaired, and a long period of immunity followed in which there grew up a generation that knew not the "ra- vines," except as the youth of their neighbor- hoods utilized the remains of their cdd chan- nels for coasting and skating places. But on .June 1, 187."), the city was visited by a severe electric and wind storm, followed by a deluge 1)1' rain. After nightfall on June 2, the bank III' the state ditch broke again, and the waters surged down through what was then becoming the fashionable residence district of the city. The merchant police displayed their utility liy waking the residents and warning them nf danger, and hundreds of ])ec)|>le turned out to see the unusual sight, and pre])are for any emergency. The water playetl havoc with the new block pavement on Delaware street — the first laid in the city — and covered several other streets for some blocks. The Kaufman and Caylor residences (then 618 and 620 N. Penn. street — now about 1210) were flooded on the first floors, and so were several othei-s northeast '"Locomollrc. Jlav 12, 184!). 'Mr/.t /,"?.'/ 7, p. nC. "•■/niirnal. .lune 11. 1S,-)8. H iiisi(ii;v OF (;i!L-:ateh ixdiaxatolis. ol' thiit point.''' At this tiiiii' tiiree vouiig laeii. George Curry, Charles Culley, and Louis New- burger, rowed iu a boat from near Eleventh street, on Pennsylvania, to beyond Eighteenth and Alabama. This was the last time the state ditch broke its bounds, and the old "ravines"' have been so completely tilled that there is little trace of their course now except in the slope of some street grades and lots towards their old loca- tions. After they were filled there was quite a i)revalent impression that there were "ty- phoid belts'" along their old channels and trib- utary swales. The medical profession did not seem to attach much importance to this, but very generally held that they affected the wells, wliich were then commonly sunk only to the first level. Dr. Samuel E. Earp, the first city sanitarian, expressed his opinion that "the dug- well supply of a greater portion of this city is none too good, becaijse it is drawn from a swampy source, which formerlj' extended from al)ovc the Atlas Works to somewhere near the State buildings.""-" I'ntil the coming of the first railroad, in 1847, the region south of Pogue"s Eun was "country," and its flood conditions were of little importance. The city made its first rapid growth in that direction between 1860 and 18"0, and it was then that the topography of that section first demanded serious atten- tion. There were two natural features that made trouble. "Lake McCarty"' and "Virginia Eivcr."' Lake ilcCarty was a pond in the low ground in the vicinity of the J. M. & I. tracks, between Eay and ilorris streets. It was partly natural and partiv due to the excavations and fills for the road! In 1866 the City Council ordered Nicholas ^fcCarty to cut a ditch through his land to White River and drain the pond. He complied, but notified the coun- cil that this was for temporary accommoda- tion only, and that a different arrangement would have to be made. In 1868, the city fathers having become convinced that under- ground sewers would have to be adopted, a s])ecial sewer tax of 1.5 cents on ^100 was levied, which produced about $-'50.000 ; and one of the first appropriations from this was for a sewer throuirh Hav street to the river. draining Lake McL'arty. It is still in use. When it was finished ilr. McCarty was given leave to fill the pond.-' The decision for sewers was hastened by the j)erformances of "A'irginia Eiver," which was described by the Committee on Sewers, in a re- port to the council in 1869, as follows: "The so-called Virginia Eiver rises in a wet tract southeast of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and after a winding course of about two miles, tlu'ough Fletcher"s pasture and Fletcher and Stevens" addition, ]iassing down East street and Airginia avenue to Pogue's Eun. In former days when entirely unobstructed, it was. after heavy rains, a swiftly flowing stream, from lo to 100 feet wide, and deep enough iu places to swim a horse. It drains a territory half as large as the city plat, and now, when obstruct- ed by street grades and culverts, forms many deep ponds along its course ; but its channel is deep and rapid, carrying a formidable body of water after long-continued heavy rains. It has already cost the city many thinisands of dollars in culverts and embankments and tliere have also been large sums claimed as damages from its overflow." The committee urged that these evils would increase with future street im- provements, and recommended a sewer through Virginia avenue from the corner of Pine and Elm streets to Pogue"s Eun."-' Instead of this the "river"'" was lodged in the South street arul Kentucky avenue sewer. The chief source of the trouble, and the im- mediate cause of final action was the eidvert under Virginia avenue, for the other culverts did their work fairly well. When Virginia ave- nue was a country road there was at this point a wooden culvert or bridge 10 feet wide with a waterway of 4 feet under it. But when it was improved as a street in 18.59, there was sub- stituted for this a culvert of masonry "214 feet wide and 3 feet high. This worked very well in dry weather, but in floods the water could not get out fast enough, and backed up like a reservoir. By the statements of several wit- nesses, Herman Huffer, whose property was a short distance above it. "had to swim out'" repeatedly, and after the heavy flood of 1866 he sued the eitv for his accumulated immer- "City papers, .lu)u> ;i and 4. 1ST ^"AVh'.s-. .laniiarv 2.5. ISST. H'niniril I'm,-.. isiKI-T. p. 68:5: 1867-8. n. 160. --('oiiikH I'nii.. ISCil-Tll. pp. 1.57-8. HISTOUY OF G1;EATJ:U lM)lANAi'ULlS. 1." sions. He iveovered dainajji's, and the city appealed to the Supreme Court, wliieh attirnied the city's liability for the insutticient culvert. Further consideration of the drainage will be found in a later chapter on the city irovcrn- ment under the new charter. There was another natural feature of the site that may be mentioned here. When the pioneer .settler located in the forest lands of the New Purchase, he prepared for his tirst years crop by makinji a "deadening." In other words he killed the larger trees by gir- dling them with an a.\, and, having cleared out the underbrush, planted his crop between the deadened trees. Fortunately for the first set- tlers at Indianapolis, nature had done this work for them, for there was in tiie northwestern part of the city an irregular strip of land, variously estimated at from 100 to 200 acres, on which the large timber Mas dead. Tipton passed through it twice, coniing from and go- ing to Conner's Station, and describes it thus: "The most of the timber tor some distance from the river having beuit sugar tree has been killed abt 2 years since by the worms, and is now thickly set with ]irickly ash — near tlie creek the timber is better. "-■' This tract began a short distance north of ililitary Park, and extended irregularly northeast towards Fall Creek in the vicinity of Senate avenue. It was sometimes called "'the Caterpillar Deaden- ing," and is said to have been the work of "locusts or caterpillars,"' but locusts and cater- pillars do not kill sugar trees, and it was no doulit caused by maple-borers.-* The first settlers united in making a cominon lield of the soutliern end of this, by clearing out thi' underbrush, wliich W'as used for a fence to keep out their cattle. Their crops were in and well started before the sick- ness of 1831 became prevalent, and this fact saved them from the danger of starvation. This tract was cultivated by the settlers for several years, while the clearing of other land was in ])rogress, and was notable for the fine vegetables it produced.-'' -■'Iiul. Miui. of Hid.. \'i)l. 1. pp. 12, 1.".. -*Fifih Bcpl. of U. S. Kiiluiiioliii/ii'dl Com., pp. 3T4-90. -'-Xew.i. ^rarch 29. 1S79. CHAPTER 111. thp: xayigable steeam. I doubt that any other watercourse ever had White Kiver's experience of being a navigable stream for nearly a century, and then losing its character. Tliis was due to a manifest change in the legal meaning given to the word "navi- gable," and is an illustration of "judge-made law"' that may possibly result in somewhat serious consequences in connection with future movements to improve the river. The ordin- ance of 1787 provided: "The navigable waters leading into the ilississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other states that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty therefor." It is beyond question that "navi- gable" in this provision means navigable by canoes and bateaux, for no other craft were used on these streams at the time, nor could any other be used in approaching "the carry- ing places between the same." The United States courts have always recognized this pro- vision of the Ordinance as continuing in force, and, in one of the cases, as to the Wabash at Terre Haute.' By the act of Congress of 17 9(). for the survey and sale of the public lands, it was expressly declared tliat "all navigable streams within the territory to be disposed of by virtue of this act shall be deemed to be and remain public highways." As such their beds were always excluded from the lands surveyed and .sold. The United States surveyors were governed by these provisions in Clarion County, and did not include the bed of White River in tlic sur- veys, but "meandered" the stream, and the land was sold onlv to the meander lines. Xever- theless, when the question of the navigability of White Eiver came before the Indiana Su- preme Court in 1876, the court, by Judge Per- kins, said: "The court knows judicially, a-; a matter of fact, that White River, in Marion County, Indiana, is neither a navigated nor a navigable stream;" and as to the bed not Ijcing surveyed and sold, he said: "The idea that tbe j)ower was given to a surveyor or his deput}', upon casual observation, to determine the ques- tion of the navigability of rivers, and thereby conclude vast public and private rights, is an absurdity.""- Hence he held that tliere were no "vast pulilic rights,"" and the whole stream be- longed to the owners of the banks. The reasoning of this case, at least, was abandoned by the same court in 1878, when it held that the Wabash in Warren county was "a navigable stream, the bed of which has neither been surveyed nor sold.""-' This put the court in line with the legislature which had always recognized the action of the United States in its surveys and sales as conclusive. Thus the act of Janu- ary 23, 1829, "relative to navigable streams de- clared highways by the ordinance of Congress of 1787," prohibits any obstruction to "any stream or river which is navigable, and the bed or channel of which has not been surveyed and sold as land by the United States."' And so the law of 18.32 provides a penalty for obstruct- ing "any navigable stream, the bed or chaniud whereof may not have been surveyed and sold as land by the United States."'' Tlie survey and sale were not mere acts of a surveyor or his deputy. Their work was ratified and eontirmed by their superiors, and was as much the action 'G McLean, p. 237. =.i4 Incl. -J:1. ="64 Ind., p. 162. *Rei: Siafs.. 18.V2. Vol. ]). t:?2. 16 I!IS'|-()|;V OF (illKATKI! IXDIAX.VroUS. 17 i>f the T'nitod StatL':^, being in pursiuiiu-L' of a ilirt'ct requirciiiciit of law, as any otlit-ial action • ould be. Mo;it of the states have been more fortunate than Indiana in the attitude taken as to i)ublic- rights in such streams, and the general rule is that any stream that will carry commerce, even by floating logs, is a navigable stream.^ The decision in the Marion County case was quite imnecessary. The (luestion in the case was the right of a riparian owner to gravel in the bed of the stream ; and while the decisions are conflicting there are a number that sustain that riglit without regard to the navigability of the stream, subject, of course, to the easement for navigation." Rut the most important jioint in the (|uestion of navigability was not raist'd in the Marion Cotintv case, and was not considered by the court at all. It is the well established law ill this country that a state has plenary power over navigable streams completely within its borders, at least, until Congress acts.' This power is to be exercised by the legisla- ture and the legislature of Indiana had acted repeatedly and consistently as to thi- miviKability of White h'iver. The act of January 17, "[f^-iO. declared '•Wliite River from its mouth to the main forks; the west fork from thence to the Delaware towns," and certain other streams, to I)e "public liigh- ways"' and made it a ))enal offense to obstniet "any stream declared navigable i)y this act," the only e.\ce])tion being the erection of dams undei' certain conditions, by any person who has "pur- chased from the Tnited States the bed of any stream by this act declared navigalde." This law has never been repealed, hut was slightly modified by the act of February 10. 1831. which declared the West Fork of White ll'wrv na\i- gablc as high as Yorktown, in Delaware County. This law was notable for r'eeognizing that a navigable stream need not be navigal)le at all seasons, for it i)rohil)ited any obstruction that would "injure or impede the navigation of any stream, reserved by the ordinance of Congress of 1787 as a public highway, at a stage of water when if wnuld Dlherwise be naviirable." ■■2 Mich.. 21!) ; 1!) Oregon, .3:.',; 3.-5 \V. \\v- ginia, I.T: W liorhoiii: X. W.. 0; 14 Kentuckv Law, r,-2] : 87 Wisconsin, ^:U. " ol 111.. ?fif, : 42 W'is., 20.3. M2.5 TT. S., 1 : 148 I'. S., 320. Vol, 1—2 If this law was not repealed by the Supreme Court, it is still in effect. As has been note<l the .'^eat of government was located at this point on the understanding that the river here was navigable. On ac<'ount of the ]wor roads, the peo])le here, and inde<'d throughout the state, gave much more thought to navigai)le streams then than they did later on. A j)ublic meeting held at Cruml)augh''s Tavern on September 26, 1822, ])etitioned the legislature for the improvement of White River, but the legislature was then using its avail- able means for the improvement of the Wabash, and nothing was done at the time. But on February 12, 182.5, the legislature made Alexan- der Ralston a commissioner to survey White River and report the probaiile expense of keep- ing it clear from obstriu-tions. He nuule the sur- vey that summer, and reported tiie distance from Sample's Mills, in Randolph County, to this point, 130 miles: from here to the forks, 28.5 miles; from there to the Wabash, 40 miles; and that for this distance of 4.5.5 miles the stream could be made navigable for three months in the year by an ex|)eiiditure of $1,.50(). lie found two falls, or ra])ids. one of IS imlies, eight miles above ^Martinsville, and one of !) feet in 100 yards about 10 miles above the forks. There was also a great drift at the line between Daviess and Greene counties. On this report, the legislature, on January 21, 182(), passed a law "to improve the navigation of the Fast and West Forks of White Ri\'er," a,s high u]) as Saiuide's ^lills in Randol]ih County. It ilirected the county boards of the counties on these streams to appoint supervisoi-s for them, as for highways, and to call out all persons' liable for road work within two miles of the streams, and im|)rove the streams as hinhways. It sei'ms rather startling to contemplate navigat- ing White River 130 miles above Indianapolis, but it was actually done in the spring, and a number of loaded flatboats. usually about fortv feet in length, came down the ri\(i- fi-oin Ran- dolph County in an early <\:\\^ Tins law was niaile general by the act nl' M.i\ 31. 1S.52, which empowered all county boai-d< to declare streams navigable, and to work them a< higb- wavs." The act of January 28, 1828. appropriated "[[isl. lldiiiluljjh ('(Jiiiih/. p. Virv. Slafs., 1852, Vol.' I. p. 3::!. 18 ISTOlii' OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. $1,000 for "tliL' purposo of improving the navi- gation of tlic We^it Fork of White River, from Andersontown in' the eounty of Madison to the junction of the same with the East Fork of said river."' These appropriations, like those for state roads, were made from "the three per cent, fund." which was derived from the sale of pulili'^ lands. When Congress provitied for their sale it reserved five per cent of the net proceeds for roads and canals, and provided that three-fifths of this should be expended under direction of the legislatures of the states in which the lands were located. This was "the three per cent, fund;" and in 1828 it lic- gan to be used for canals, the first appropria- tion for that purpose being then made to the Wabash and Miami — later the Wabash and Erie — canal. In a few years the entire ener- gies of the people were turned in that line, under the delusion that they could make new watercourses better than they could improve natural ones. But they did not wholly forget the streams, for when the general law was adopted in 1843 putting the authorization of mill-dams in the courts, it required the court to inquire whether by the proposed dam '"or- dinary navigation will be oljstructed."'" While the legislature retained this power, it looked after navigation. Thus the act of June 13. 1826, granting John W. Cox power to construct a dam across White River, in Morgan Countv. required him to put "a good and sufficient lock or slope in said dam at least sixty feet wide and tliirty-six feet long, so as in no^'i.^e to ob- struct the passage of water-craft, either in ascending or descending the said stream." Moreover, White River was not only offi- cially recognized as a navigable stream but also was actually navigated by boats of con- siderable size. Hundreds of flatboats went out over it. loaded with the produce of the country and several came up tlie river in the early times when there were no roads, or only very bad ones. In the spring of 1821, Matthias R. Xowland and Elisha Herndon loaded a keel boat at Frankfort, Kentucky, witli flour, bacon, whiskey and other necessaries of life and brouglit it up to this point. It was on this boat that A. W. Russell came to Indianapolis, and on it the picnic party went to .Vnderson's s])ring on the Fourth of July, 1821." In May. 1822, the keel-boat, "Eagle"' of fifteen tons bur- then, arrived here from Kanawha, loaded with salt and whiskey ; and the same month the keel- l)oat "Boxer." of thirty-three tons, arrived here from Zanesville, loaded with merchandise. The same j'ear Luke Walpole came up the river with two large keel-boats bringing his family, household goods, and a large stock of assorted merchandise. In May, 1824, the "Dandy", of twenty-eight tons, came up with a load of salt and whiskey, and Mr. Brown says that "many other boats arrived from the lower river, and departed loaded with produce."' '- The flat-boat commerce down the river increa.«ed in importance as agriculture developed, and continued until the first railroad furnished a more expeditious exit. But Governor Xoble was convinced that the river was capable of still more extensive naviga- tion, and in 1828-9 he offered a reward of $200 to the first captain who would bring a steamlioat up to this point, and also to sell his cargo free of charge. This induced two attempts in April. 1830. Captain Saunders came up to Spencer with the "Traveller,"' and the steamer ""\'ic- tory" came within fifty-five miles of this point, but the river began to fall rapidly and both soTight safety down the river. But this did not discourage Indianapolis. Gen. Robert Hanna and several others, who had taken contracts on the Xational Road, determined to bring xip a boat to haul stone and timbers for bridges. They invested in a medium-sized boat, and after some difficulty she arrived here on April 11, 1831. loaded and towing a loaded barge. This event was hailed with joy by the whole population. A public meeting was called, and Lsaac Blackford, James Morrison. James P. Drake. Alfred Harrison. Samuel Henderson. John H. Sanders. Samuel G. "Mitchell. A. W. IJussell, Nicholas ilcCarty. ^forris Jlorris. Homer Johnson. John ^filroy. Daniel Yandes and Eivingston Dunlap. were ajipointed a com- mittee "to make arrangements to demonstrate, in some appropriate manner, the high gratifi- cation which is and should be felt by all who feel interested in our commercial and agricul- tural prosperity."' The committee met and adopted resolutions, the chief one l)ein'g that. ">Rrr. Stiil.<.. \K '.n: "A'oH'/((//(/\- tt'i'iii Itiisci'iicrs, 11. 2^ ^"Hisfdri/ /)itliaii(iiiolix. ]i. 20. IIISTOUY Ub' liUEATKii IMUlAXAi'OJ.lS. 19 •"The arrival of tlie stcainboat 'Gen. llaniia/ from Cincinnati, at tliis plat-c. should be vie wed bv the citizens of the Wliite Kiver countrv, and of our state at large, as a proud triumph, and as a fair aud unanswerable ilenionstration of the fact that our beautiful river is susceptible of safe navigation for steam vessels of a much larger class than was anticipated by the most sanguine." The committee also resolved "that Captain Blythe's company of artillery be in- vited to parade on this day at 2 oVloek near the boat to fire a salute in honor of the occasion," whicii was duly done. It also extended an in- vitation to the proprietors and officers of the boat to a public dinner, but this was declined by General Hanna, because "our arrangements make it necessary that she should leave this place for the BiutTs early tomorrow morning." However, the boat made two excursions up the river on the Tith with large loails of passen- gers. In one of these she ran into an over- hanging tree, knocking down her pilot-house and chimneys, greatly frightening the passen- gers, a number of whom took to the water. Tlie boat started down the river on the 13th but grounded on a bar at Hog Island, and did not get oil' for six weeks; and went out of the river in the fall. This ended steanilioai navigation in this jiart of White River until 1865, when the Indian- njiolis and White River Steamboat Company Iniill and launched the "Governor Morton"'. Slie was a sidc-wheeler, 100 feet long, '2\. feet beam, and 'i feet 4 inches deep. Her regis- tered capacity was l.")0.87 tons, and tlie in- spector permitted her to carry 'iOO passengers. but she carried more if more desired to ride. She was laimclied on July 1, and made her trial trip on August 25, 1865, running up the river ])ast tlie mouth of Fall Creek, as far as Crowder's IoimI. successfully going over all ripples, though with some bum[)ing. She was licensed at the port of Cinciniuiti, on October 1 1. "to carry on tlie coasting trade" between In- (liana])olis and points unnamed, 'i'he highest point up the riMT she ever made was Cold Spring, (111 .V|)ril 'i'.K ISdi;. In an ctl'ort to repeat this achievement in I lie latter part of July she grounded, and was liadly strained in getting off. f)n .\ugust (I. 1cS(;(;, she sank at her luniirings below the .N'ational bridge, with no one aboard but the watchman, and he as!e(>p. It wa- l)clic\ccl that she was scuttled, whirli would not have been difficult, as she was built of soft ])ine. Sli(! was raised and dismantled, the hull being sold for $1,200 to Levi Comcgys, who used it for some time to haul bowlders for paving pnriioses. The "Governor Morton" was a source of much joy to the people of Indianapolis, both those who cared for boat riding, and those who constructed jests on nav- i<ration. Henry M. Socwell was captain. He came here from Vevay in 1859, and had ac- cumulated much steamboat experience on the Ohio and Mississippi before coming. He was dubbed "A'ice Admiral," and other sea-faring terms were introduced into the Indianaijolis vocabularv. Michael R. Scudder and Hiram Minick acted as pilots. As a financial venture the boat was a failure. It was alleged that her most profitable trip was one when she stuck on a sandbar for several hours, and the bar took in •$168 for drinks, at 25 cents per quench. It was expected that governmental aid would be obtained for the removal of ob- structions from the river, and memorials were made for that ])urpose, but nothing came of them. It was really surprising that the boat went as far as she did, with the accumulated drifts and bars of forty years to contend against. rn((uesfionably White liivor is not so easily navigalile now as it was ninety years ago, though probably as much water passes out through its channel in the course of a year as there did then. The flow is not so steady be- cause the clearing of the land and improved drainage make the surface water pass off more rajiidlv. .\iid this has increased the obstruc- tions in the streams, for the soil, sand and gravel wash much more easily from cleared Tand. Moreover, in the natural state, most of I 111' timber that got into the river came from the undermining of banks on which it stood, and this usually did not float away but hung bv the roots where it fell. But after the ax- men got to work, every freshet brought down logs and rails which formed drifts at some places. Some logs stranded as the water went down, decayed, became water-logged, and made bases for sand and gravel bars. The wash of the sand and gravel is the worst source of ob- struction to navigation, for the timber can be easilv removed — much of it could l)e burned at low water in a dry season. The early work diuic on the liars was wasted, for it usually 20 HISTORY OF GREATEE INDIANAPOLIS. eonsis-tcd ol' ciittiiii;' rhaniicls iln-dugh tlu'iii. and the channels would till in the eourse of a year or two. Tims the act of January 31, \S:H, for tlie improvement of the Wabash, called for cutting, "at tlie riyiples and rapids channels at least two and oni'-half feet deep from the surface of the olistruction. and tliirty feet wide." The first cause of the neglect of naviga- tion of our streams was the internal improve- ment system, which was largely one of canals. Xoliody seemed to realize the practical impos- sihility of high-line canals with retaining walls of loose earth, and the numher iniilt and abandoned is astounding. In ISSO the total of aiiandoned canals in the Fniled States was i;>.")o miles, which cost $44,0i;i,l(!{;. and of this Indiana had 4.53 miles that cost $r,72.5.2Gv'. The Whitewater Valley canal, the first com- pleted in the state, washed out twice before it was finished, and the damage was estimated at $n(),000. The small amount constructed at and near Indianapolis — about seven miles of the Central canal — was little used for com- merce, liut is still in use for water-jiowcr. It has been put out of commission repeate<lly by breaks at the points where it was built up in- stead of dug out. An energetic miiskrat would dig a hole through the bank, and, unless the opening was very quickly di,<covered, that was an end of the canal for weeks.''' The company paid a bounty on muskrat scalps for years, on this account, and it never made a more profit- able investment. But with all this experience it is doubtfnl if the American people have yet learned that if you want to make a |icrma- nent waterway yon must dig it out and not build it U]) — indeed \lc have already started on a re|)etition of the same old absurdity with the L'anaina Canal. In fact White River does not present a dif- ficult i)roblem in practical connnereial naviga- tion. The elevation above sea level of the tracks at the Union Depot in Indianapolis is 707 fent, which is about 33 feet above low wa- ter level in White River at this jioint. The relative level of the river below here will not vary materially fnun the relative level of rail- road tracks at towns on its bank, which are as follows: Brooklyn. <i58 feet, Martinsville, ."iOil, (ios])ort, .j!)(). Spencer. .5.58. Bloomfield, •5 ■.'!». Wortbingt<in, .5 "25, Sandy Hook, Rogers and Blackburn (stations nearest the forks on both sides), each 44ts feet. The railroad at lUack- burn is 43 feet above low-water level. In other words the total fall in the 285 miles from here to the forks, where the river is now navigated, is 260 feet, or an average of less than one foot to the mile. The low-water flow at this point was estimated at 840 cubic feet l)er second by Rudolph Hering, when he re- IKjrted on a sewer system for Indianapolis:'* i)ut Prof. Sackett, of Purdue, in 1905, re- ported the average flow at Indianapolis 103,- 000,000 feet in 24 hours, or 1,200 cubic feet |)L'r second; and the Indianapolis Water Works report for l!)0(i, which is based on weir meas- urement, makes it 117,000,000 feet in 24 hours, or 1,350 cubic feet per second. This last is the most reliable, and is for the low-water flow at a point above the mouth of Fall Creek and the discharge of the canal.'"' There is a rock outcrop at ilartinsville, and several below Spencer, but none that would present a serious obstacle to imjirovement. Indeed, they would afford advantagecnis sites for dams, of which several would be needed, as they would furnish .solid bottoms and solid abut- ting sides. The lower one-third of the channel between here and the forks is outside of the "Drift" area, and contains practically no gravel, though there are a number of sand- bars. The solution of the problem is the con- struction of a few dams and locks, and the deepening of the. channel at ])oints by the re- moval of sand and gravel. It is a singular fact that more real progress towards making the river iiractically naviga- Ide has been made in the last ten years than ever before, and W'ithmit any intention of it. For years people have been taking sand and gravel from the bars for various n.ses, but in 18i)7 was begun the business of pumping them from the bottom of the stream, where they could not be reached by the old process of shovel and wagon. Tliis business has devel- oped until now there arc si.\ steam pumps working on the river at Indianapolis, and sev- eral at otlu'r )ioints. These jiumps arc set on scow boats, averaging from 50 to Go feet in '■f.ocoiiioiiri'. Septend)i'r ;!0. ISIS. "('1(1/ li'i-jils. Tinnnl <i{ Worh<. 1S!I2. ''■/'roccedinf/a first ('(iiirciil ion /mliiniii Ili'inrh iif L'irrrx mid llarliors CoiKjresg, p. 104. iiisToKV OF (;i;k.\'ii:i! ixni.WAPoi.is. 21 Q 5 ffil < o < z a z o z OS > o c E- a o <: 22 HISTORY OP GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. length and --'O to 25 in width, and by centrif- ugal suction power draw up a mixture of water, sand and gravel through 8-inch pipes. The pipe entrance is protected from tlie admis- sion of stones over four or five inches in diame- ter, to avoid clogging. The stream passes out over screens that separate the material into two grades of sand and two of gravel. The prod- uct is used for plastering, locomotive sand, concrete work, asphalt mixture, rooting and street improvement. Formerly Lake Michigan sand used to be shipped here in considerable amount, but now its place is filled by this prod- uct. The capacity of a pump is about loO cubic yards a day, and the actual product about 30,000 yards in a working year. In otlier words these six pumps now at Indian- apolis are taking about 180,000 cubic yards of obstruction out of the river annually, and mak- ing money at it. They are shipping by rail over 30,0b0 cubic yards to the suburbs and to outside points, and the balance of their prod- uct is used in the city. They take out the material to an average depth of fifteen feet, and in the eleven years that this work has been in jirogress over three miles of Indian- apolis river front has been made actually navi- gable for any kind of river craft. In addi- tion to these pumps there have been two steam dredges working at Indianapolis on Fall Creek. They operate from the shore, and have taken out large quantities of gravel. Either system is easily applicable at almost any point on the river, and of course it would be needed only at intervals for improving nav- igation for there are now long stretches of deep water, and there are few localities on the river where sand and gravel are not in de- mand for highway and other purposes. In fact thousands of dollars have been paid to riparian owners for gravel from the river bed for public uses, when the river bed shouUl justly belong to the state. The American peo- ple have shown a fearful lack of foresight in the exhaustion of the natural resources of the country. They have seemed to exert them- selves to put mineral lands and forest lands into private hands. They have taxed them- selves to encourage the exhaustion of our for- ests and coal mines by tariff laws, when they could have got timber and coal from abroad cheaper than they could be produced at home. But of all stupid aberrations of public policy. none ever was more absurd than this aban- donment of public right by a hasty and ill- considered Supreme Court decision. We have now reached the point where the "good roads" movement — and it is a very important move- ment to Indiana — is handicapped by this dona- tion to private parties of the best road material found in many localities, and which can be taken from the river by the pumping process at a cost of 20 to 25 cents a cubic yard. And by taking it out the work would be promoted of luaking practical highways of streams that would be of immense commercial value to the state. It is practically certain that the "Lakes to Gulf Canal" movement is going to result in a vast improvement of the Mississippi and its tributaries, and Indiana approaches partic- ipation in that result with an impediment to reaping its benefits that should never have been created. Can it be removed? That is a question for the courts. They can reverse the decision if they wish, and there is ample authority for the position that the beds of streams not sold by the government belong to the state. It is not easy to conceive where any court obtained the jiower to annul the declared policy of the United States and the expressed legislative will of the State of Indiana, as was done in thi: case. Can the Supreme Court repeal a law that is consistent with the Constitution, ap- plying to a matter over which the legislature has unquestionable power, merely because tlu judges differ from the legislators in opinion; That is not commonly understood to be a pre rogative of the courts. It may be irrged that the decision has become "a rule of property," hut this is hardly tenable in fact. Discreel conveyors of property bordering on White River in Marion County do not warrant titlt to the center of the stream, but only to the, meander line, and quit-claim from there to the center. It may be thought by some that this property right would be of little value to the state, but a moment's reflection on the amount of gravel taken out now should dispel this delusion. In fact the state fovnid it worth while to maintain an agent for years to sell gravel from the frontage of the old ferry sitt on the west side of the river (Outlot 1), and old residents remember when ''Bill Aleck" IMorrison used to superintend the taking of gravel from the bar there prior to the sale of HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 23 the property iu 1889, under authority of the aet of ^farch 9, of that year. The United State;; authorities liave always treated the river as navigahle. In fact, in 18!)!l. when a controversy arose? over the dam at Riversiile Park, Cajit. Geo, A. Zinii of the Euf^ineers Corps, informed the Park Super- intendent that they could pay no attention to state decision.*, so long as U. S. laws and de- cisions made a stream navigable, as they did White River.'" In connection with this con- troversy the Xeirs sent an "expedition" down the river, consisting of F. D. Xorviel and two other men, on a house-boat 22 feet by 8, It went to the forks of the river, and Norviel reported that the river was navigable for that distance, which he estimated at 218 miles, and ought to be improved.'' This e.xpedition was made in a very dry season when the river was "abnormally low." In 189.5 the engineering corps of the War Department made a survey of lower White River, and reported that the navi- gation could be improved to the forks, and 14 miles up the West Fork without dams and locks, but that these would be needed on the West Fork above that point for "slack water naviga- tion." This is leased on an estimate of a flow of only .'i.'JO cubic feet |>er second near the mnutli <if the West Fork, which is not reconcilable with the estimates at this ])oint. Inasmuch as the commerce on the lower river could not lieconie imjiortant until the Wabash was improved, the engineers recommended that work on White River be deferred until then."* In this connection may be mentioned the canal, which was made for navigation, and which originally had a flow of about 20{) cubic feet per second — it now does well when it has half that amount. The Central Canal was one branch of the "internal improvement sys- tem'' of 183G. It was to start at a conven- ient point on the Wabash & Erie Canal, thence south to iliincie. theiU'C down the vallev of the West Fork of White River to the forks, ami thence by the most practicable route to Evans- ville. (!onsi(lernble excavation was done at various ))oints, but the only yjart ever put in operation was some seven miles, frcuii Itroad '"Netvs. November 7. 1899. "Xfirs. December 2.5. 1899. ^'Ifoiisr Donimnil No. .j:. Vol. •.'•). Session .")lth CdUKress. Ripple to Indianapolis. The line of the canal iu Indianapolis was as at present, except that there was a stone lock at the IxMid above .Market street, and the canal continued on a lower level from there down the line of Missiouri street to the edge of the river bottom near Kansas street, where there were two wooden locks, and thence across the bottom. This lower part was abandoned in 1870, and a sewer laid in the channel from Market to Kentucky avenue, where it connects with the main sewer; and the whole channel has since been filled and restored to its original street use. At the west end of the arm that runs south of Military Park there were two basins, one extending north and one south, on the line of Bright street. At the north end of the north basin was a grist mill which operated by an overshot wheel, the waste water from which ran north to about New York street, past the old Burton cooper shop, then west to Geisendorf street, then south to the lower level of the canal. The "tumbles'' were as at present, and the lower level. At the corner of ilarket and the south basin was the Caledonia paper mill, and at the lower end of the basin, half-way to Washington street, were the Gibson mill on the east side and the Carlisie mill on the west, both front- ing on Washington street. Just west of the Carlisle mill was the Chandler & Taylor plant which also used water ])ower. At the lock at Missouri street were the Sheets paper mill on the west, now occupied by Balke & Kraus as a store room, and a flour mill on the east, now covered by the store room of the Deere agri- cultural implement company. These were all the mills on the upper level, or "hydraulic." On the lower level there was Merritt's woolen mill at the corner of Washington street, and the W'ater Works Pumping StatioiL and the paper mill south of it as at present. The Mer- ritt mill is now occupied by the Sandstrom Short-Turn Buijgy Co. ; the Gibson mill is replaced by the .\cme i\rilling Co.: the Cale- donia Paper Mill by the Johnson-Smith Ex- celsior factory, and the site of Carlisle's mill is covered by an extension of the ChaniUer & Taylor plant. The basins or arms nf the "hydrdaulic" were filled u]) years ago, ami the whole of the water power is concentrated at the old or low(-r pumping station, where there ai'e fdU'- tui-liiTic>. but sometimes not water enou'di to run one. Tiic liu-k nl' water is due •ii HISTOEY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. to tlie smaller low-wator flow above Broad Ripple, where the level now is often below the top of the dam, but forty years ago the com- pany commonly used "splash-boards"' on top of the dam in low-water, and had at least a foot more of water in the canal than at pres- ent. It was naturally cxpegted that there would be considerable traffic on the canal, especially as everybody expected it to be soon opened to Xo^lesville on the north and ^lartinsville on the south, and considerable preparation was made for it. As soon as it was opened to Broad Ripple an effort was made to utilize it on an outing basis, and the following ad- vertisement appeared in the local papers in July, 1839: THE CANAL BOAT. "iSi"ow running on the canal between Indian- apolis and the Broad Ripple will ply daily. The boat leaves Indianapolis at ten o'clock in the morning, and retui'us at six o'clock in the evening. Good order will at all times be maintained on the boat, and every attention paid to render those comfortable who nuiy take passage. Fare $1. Persons visiting the Broad Ripple are assured that good entertain- ment will be found by those desiring eat- ables, etc. "Robert Karl." Alluring as the triji miglit seem, there were few persons in Indiuajjolis at that time, when .50 cents was the legal allowance fnr a day's \vork on the roads, that could indulije in such luxuries very often, and as there was very slight occasion for travel over this line on busi- ness the canal boat was soon found an unprof- itable venture, and was drop|)ed altogether. At a later day the com])aiiy used boats \vitli .scythes attached to the stern to cut the moss and grass, which almost stopped the flow of water at times, but in the early period they got rid of it by .'ihutting off the water jiiiil raking it out. So for twenty-five years theic was no navigation oxc( pt a limited and inter- mittent use of skiff's. T'ractically all of the "commerce" that oc- curred on the canal was the work of Aldrich & Gay. Frank .\ldrich. and his father-in- law, Alfred (iay, came here in 1858, and started a saw-mill with George D. Stevens un- der tlie firm name of Gay i^- Stevens. It was located on the iladison tracks one S(|uare south of the old iladison depot on South street, and used the first circular saw^ operated in Indianapolis. Mr. Aldrich was with the Army of the Tennessee during the war, and after it he and ;\[r. Gay started a wood yard, first at the corner of Michigan street and the canal, but later moving north of North street, where the yards of the Western Construction Co. now are. They bought the timber on a lot of land above Broad Ri]:)ple, and established a camp of ref- ugee negroes to cut it. It was brought down the canal in two scow boats, 8.5 feet long, 25 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, each of which car- ried about 25 cords of wood. They also brought down considerable C(uantities of corn, bowlders for street paving, and flour from the mill at Broad Ripple. There were formerly locks at Broad Ripple through which boats could be taken into the river, and a fair tow-path up the south side as far as "the big slough," opposite what is now known as "the rip-rap." These boats were also quite popular for Sunday school and other picnic parties which were towed up to (Jolden Hill (D. :\r. Parry's grounds) or the site of Fairview Park. The canal was a great disappointment to tlie people of Indianapolis, who had been warm supporters of the internal improvement system. When the bill passed the senate, on January 1(3, 183(i, there was a general illumination of the town, and in the summer of 1839, when the canal was open(Hl from here to Broad Ripple, there was an excursion by boats to that place. But the crash of that year put an end to the work that had cost so much. There had been Jfl.nOO.OOO expended on the (V'utral Canal, and comparatively little more would have put it in o|)eration from Xoblesville to ilartins- \ille. 'I he state operated what there was of it until 1850, but not very satisfactorily. The ehnnnel was much impeded by moss, and the 1)1(1 plan was to turn off the water to clean it <iut. which naturally' caused complaint from the lessees of water-power. The flood of 1847 washed out the banks and the aqueduct over Fall Creek, and the canal was dry for months. Lessees refused to pay rent and stiits were brought. lly tlie acts of January 19 and 21. 1S50. the governor was au- thorized to com]ii'omise the suits and sell the whole ]jro])erty to the highest bid- der. He reporlecl tii the next .session that he liisTouv OF (;i;i:atei£ ixDi.vxAi'ou.s. liail rokl all of the canal north of Morgan Coiiiity to George G. Shoup, James h'ariilen ami John 8. Xewman, for $2, "^4.3, anil that in Morgan County, which was simply laud with partial excavation, to Aaron Alldredge, lor •$()(»().''•' These purchasers assigned to the Central Canal Manufacturing. HydrauTu- and Water Works Company, under which name were incori)orated Francis Conwell, Henry Von Bergess, Wm. Jiurnett, Luther G. Bingham, and David F. Woi'cester, on Fehruary i:i. 1S.J4. They did not find it profitahle, and the title became somewhat involved by sheriffs" sales, _but in 1859 it was transferred to the Indiana Central Canal Company, which cleared \\p the title, and rented water power for some years, finally transferring the property to the In- dianapolis ^\'ater Works Company, the pres- ent owners. 'Ifotisc JiiiiniitJ. lS.-)()-l. .'W. Since the Water Works Company has owned the canal it has broken several times at built- up points, especially at the aqueduct over Fall Creek, and near F'airview Park. One of the most disastrous breaks was during the iiood of 1904, when the creek was already high, the added flood carrying it over the levee at "Cerealine town" and causing large damage there. A number of the breaks have been due to the burrowing of niuskrats, and the canal patrol — the company has for years had the bank patrolled daily by two men — is specially charged with the duty of watching for and killing these animals. It has also paid a bounty of five cents for tail tips, and distributed traps free of charge to farmers along the line. One would naturally expect fur-bearing ani- mals to be almost extinct in this vicinity, but for the past five years there have been over one hundred muskrats killed annually in this little stretch of canal. CHAPTER IV. PLAXNIXG THE CITY. By the act of January fi. 1821, by whicli the legislature ratified the scleetion of the site for the capital that had been made by the com- missioners, it was also provided that the house and senate should elect by joint ballot three commissioners to lay out a town on the site, and an agent for the sale of lots. These com- missioners, "or a majority of them", were di- rected to meet on the site on the first Monday in April, 1821, and "proceed to lay out a town on such part of the land selected and hereby established as the seat of government as they may deem most proper, and on such plan as they may conceive will be advantageous to the state and to the prosperity of said town, having specially in view the health, utility and beauty of the place." They were authorized to em- ploy a surveyor and such assistants as were needed; and after the survey was completed .were to advertise the sale of lots, and sell as many as they deemed expedient, "reserving \m- sold every second odd number commencing at number one." Purchasers of lots were to pay one-tifth down, and the balance in four an- nual installments, with forfeiture if payment were not completed "within three months after the last installment beconu's due." At any time prior to advertisenu'nt and sale on forfeiture, the purchaser could redeem by ])aying arrear- ages and costs. The agent was to keep his office at the town, and within nine months of the passage of the act to fix his permanent residence there. The money received from the sale of lots was to be kept as a separate fund by the State Treasurer, and to be used for "erecting the necessary public buildings of the state." No sale of lots was to carry any right of ferriage to the purchaser, but this right was permanently vested in the city. By the same law the new capital was nanicd Indianapolis, after a prolonged discussion by the House, in Committee of the Whole. The circumstances of the naming were stated by Judge Jeremiah Sullivan, of the Supreme Court, who was a member of the legislature at the time, as follows: "The bill (if 1 re- member aright) was reported by Judge Polk, and was in the main very acceptable. A blank of course, was left for the lunne of the town that was to become the seat of government, and during the two or three days we spent iu endeavoring to fill the blank there was iu the debate some sharpness and much amusement. General Marston G. Clark, of Washington County, proposed Tecumseh as the name, and very earnestly insisted upon its adoption. When it failed he suggested other Indian names, whicli 1 have forgotten. They all were rejected. A member ])roposed 'Suwarrow,' which met with no favor. Other names were proposed, discussed, laughed at, and voted down, and the house without coming to any agreement adjourned until the ne.xt day.. There were many amusing things said, but my re- uuuid)rance of them is not sufficiently distinct to state them with accuracy. "I had gone to Corydon with the intention of proposing Indianapolis as the name of the town, and on the evening of the adjournment above mentioned, or the next morning, I sug- gested to Mr. Samuel Merrill, the representa- tive from Switzerland County, the name I pro- posed. He at once adopted it and said he would support it. We, together, called on Governor .Jennings, who had been a witness of the amus- ing proceedings of the day previous, and told him what conclusion we had come to, and asked him what he thought of the name. He gave us to iinderstand that he favored it, and that he would not hesitate to so express himself. iriSTORV OF GURATER INDIANAPOLIS. 27 When the House met and uoiit into loiiveu- tioii on the bill, 1 moved to fill the blank with Indianapolis. The name created quite a laugh. Mr. Merrill, however, seconded the motion. We discussed the matter fully; gave our reasons in support of the proposition ; the members conversed with each other inform- ally in regard to it, and the name gradually commended itself to the committee, and was accepted. The ])rincipal reason given in favor of adopting the name proposed, towit: that the Greek termination would indicate to all the world the locality of the town, was, I am sure, the reason that overcame the opposition to the name. The town was finally named Indiana- polis, with but little, if any, o|i]i()sition.""' The tradition in the Merrill family is that the name was originally suggested by Mr. Mer- rill himself, but he never cared to insist on his claim. Indeed there was no great in- diicement to do so, for the name was not re- ceived with universal applause. The Indiana Ccntinel. publislied at Yinccnncs, which had favored the name "Tecumseh,'" announced the new name on January 15, 1821, in the fol- lowing passage: "One of the most ludicrous act';, however, of the sojourners at Corydon. was their naming the new seat of state government. Such a name, kind readers, you would never tind by searching from Dan to Beershelia; nor in all the libraries, museums, and pat<'nt of- fices in the world. It is like nothing in heaven, nor on earth, nor in the waters under the earth. It is not a name for man, woman, or child ; for empire, city, mountain or morass; for bird, beast, fish nor creeping thing; and nothing mortal or immortal could have thought of it, except the wise men of the East who were congregated at Corydon. It is composed of the following letters: "1— X-D— I— A— N— A— P-O-I— l-S. "Pronounce it as you please, gentle readers — you can do it as yon wish — there is no dan- ger of violating any system or riile, either in accent, cadence or emphasis — suit your <iun convenience and be thankful you are enabled to do it. by this rare effect of the scholastic genius of the age. For this title your future capital will be greatly indeiitcd, either to some learned Ifrhniist. some veneraiile Grecian, some sage and sentimental Bnilimin, or some pro- found and academic Faullowatlumie." A weeJv later the Ccntinel gave the name an editorial broadside in similar vein, and also |)ublished a communication which closed with these words: "Or should you require the ety- nwloqif of the word itself, I beg leave to refer you to the P A T A P H R E A Z E L Y (a new work and very rare) under the head "S I L." (This work serves as a Lexicon to the ancient Hindoo language!) and reversing the letters you have SILOPANA IDNI which signifies "A HEAD WITHOUT HHAINS."- There has been more or less facetiousness evoked by the name ever since, but really, «hen one becomes accustomed to it, it is no more stilted than "Philadelphia." Its inven- tors had precedents not only in ancient names, but also in "Annapolis" and "Gallipolis" in this country: and they have had successors in "Cassopolis," "Minneapolis," "Iliopolis," "Ten- toiiolis,'" "Lithopolis" and "Kanopolis." Jlore- o\er "Indianapolis"'" itself, has four times been appropriated, once by Te.xas; once by Colorado; once by Iowa, and once by Oklahoma, without the slightest regard to its meaning — City of Indiana— -but solely for its melody and dig- nity; and in consequence our postotiSce author- ities were subjected to much annoyance by the miscarriage of mails and finally succeeded in having all but the Oklahoma town aliolished. And, really, why is not the (Ireek ending just as rational as the German "burg,"" or the l-'rench "ville," or the .\nglo-Saxon "wick," or any of the common Indian endings that sig- nify "town" or "place"? "Indianapolis" may not be so suggestive as the old Miami name of "Clianktunoongi," or "Makes-a-Noise-Place", but it at least serves to command attention, (•\(n if some occasioind, sensitive barbarian mav — "Shriek To arms! they conic! the (Jreek, the Greek." I'.ut. to resume the story; on January 6, l^'.M. the same day that the law was approved. the Hc)use and Senate met in joint session and elected (Jen. John Carr agent for the sale of lots, and James W. .fones, Samuel P. Booker and Christopher Ifarri~<in, commissioners to ' 11 ijll(iiriii/'s 1 11(1 iitiDi imlis-. p. 111. -luiliiina Crnhnrl. .lanuarx' 22, 1821. ■v'S H18T0KY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. lay out tliu town. Ol tlivsc liarrijiou alone ap- peared at the site at the time fixed, Init he was not a man to be disturbed by a little thing like that. Judge Jlairisou, as he was called, wa.< one of the most interesting characters that ever reached Indiana. He was not oi the Har- risons of Virginia, but a ilarylander, of some wealth, fine education, and a taste for art. Dis- appointed in love, it is said with Elizabeth Patterson who married Jerome Bonaparte, afterwards King of Westphalia, Harrison came to Indiana and for seven years lived a her- mit near Hanover, on a blutt' overlooking the Ohio River. In 181.5 he decided that he had served full time for his Rachel, and went to Salem and, opened a store. In ISKS he was put on the ticket \fith Jonathan Jennings, and elected lieutenant governor of the new state. He followed the uneventful life appertaining to this office until 1818, when Governor Jen- nings was appointed a commissioner to make treaties with various Indian tribes, and ac- cepted the appointment.- Inasmuch as the con- stitution of the state provided that "no per- son holding any office under the United States shall exercise the office of governor or lieuten- ant governor," Harrison declared that Jennings had vacated his office, and thereupon proceeded to act as governor. But Jennings dissented; and, when he had finished tlie treaties, re- sumi'd governing, and the legislature recog- nized him. Then Harrison resigned, and the legislature adopted a resolution that his con- duct had been "both dignified and correct dur- ing the late investigation of the differences existing in the executive department." In 1819 he ran for governor against Jennings, and was badly beaten, but that did not inter- fere with the public appreciation of liis talents; and so he was chosen commissioner by a legis- lature that would not have done anything dis- pleasing to Jennings.' When he found that the other members of the commission were not coming he decided himself "a majority thereof,'" organized him- self, and proceeded to business. His maiuige- ment of the survey and sale of lots was legal- ized by act of Xovemlier 28. 1S21. He em- ployed Alexander Ralston and Elias P. Ford- ham as surveyors, and Benjamin 1. Hlytlie. who iiad been clerk to the site commissioners, as clerk. Ralston was a Scotchman, of good abil- ity, who as a young man had been intrusted with important engineering work on the estate of Lord Roslin. After coming to this country lie assisted ilajor L'Enfant in the survey of Washington City until that eccentric genius got angry and resigned, and for some time after- wards was employed by the government. Later lie removed to Louisville, and after some years" residence there, to Salem, Indiana. In 1823 he removed to Indianapolis, and there built a ([uaint little brick house on the north side of .Slaryland street, west of Capitol avemu' — a square story-and-a-half in the center, with a one-story ell on each side, well supplied with doors and windows — where he lived with his colored housekeeper, "Aunt Chaney" Lively, until his death on January .5, 1827. While here he served as county surveyor. Ralston was thought by some to have been implicated in Aaron Burr"s consjjiracy, but so was every- body that was known to speak to Burr; and it is not probable that Ralstou"s conspiracy ex- tended beyond surveying some property on the Washita River, in Arkansas, known as "the Bastrop lands."'" which Burr had purchased. He was held in high esteem here — he fed the birds in severe winters, and all the children doved him — what higher certificate of character could one have ?* Fordham dropped so completely out of local record and tradition that Sulgrove says of him: "Of Mr. Fordliam little appears to have been known at the time, and nothing can be learned tiow.""^ He deserved iietter. Elias Pym Ford- ham was a young man from one of the oldest families of the east of England, who came to this country in ISIT with ^lorris Birkbei-k and ids family, ami went to the celebrated Illinois colony, where he located land on "English Prairie." He was well educated, and of keen intellect, as appears from Ids writings. He was considered an excellent engineer, having been a pupil of George Stephenson, the inven- tor of the locomotive steam engine. He trav- eled in southern Indiana in 1818, and at other times — in fact Birkbeck"s c(donv was in pretty close touch with southern Indiana — and quite ■■'Woollen's Sl-t'tclifs. |). Kid; 'rhmiipxnrs !^t<irii's (if liiiliniHi. ]i. 128. KToiiniiil. Jaiinarv 9. 1827 ; .Vr/,'.v. March 22. 187 9. ''Illsl. f llllllllHI jlollS, p. 2."). H18TU1;Y of laiKATEK INDIA.N Arol.lS. 29 probably formed the acMjuaiutancc of Kaliitoii and Harris^oii Ix'fore loiiiing here." The plan for the city which was adopted was largely influenced by the plan of the city of Washington, which Halston had assisted in sur- veying, and which had nunu'rous admirers throughout the country. It had been taken as a basis for the rebuilding of Detroit, after the great tire of 180.5, by (Ihief Justice Augustus ]•?. Woodward, who was jn-actical dictator there at the time." "The Federal City" wa^ modeled on Versailles, cither at the suggestion of Presi- dent Washington, or with his approval, and so the plan of the final capital of Indiana was based in ])art on the capital built in France for the first ruler of Indiaiui. But it was not wholly so. When the plan of '"The Federal City'" was under consideration, Thomas Jefferson favored a city of regular s(|uares made by streets inter- secting at right angles, but L"Enf'ant preferred tlie "spider- web" idea of Versailles, with its principal avenues i-entering at the royal palaces, and Washington agreed with him. The plan adopted for Indianapolis was a rational com- bination of the two. The original plat, now commonly known as "the mile squai'e". be- tween North, South, East and West streets, was divided ])riniarily l)y nine north and south streets, and nine east and west streets into 100 squares, with certain modifications — but the streets do not run direct to the points of the compass, as commonly supposed; they bear about two and one-half degrees east of iKirtli. and south of east, owing to variation in ilic magnetic needle. Most of the streets in the additions, outside of "the donation", follow the Section lines, which were run on the basis of the true meridian, and are tJiercfore more nearly with the points of the compass. The four central .squares or blocks of the city, taken to- gether, were called "the Governor's Square", and at their center was jdaced a circle, nearly four acres in extent, surrounded by a street 80 feet wide, which was designed for tlie governor's residence, but is now ^Monument Place. From the four corners of the Governor's Square there were four diagonal streets, now called avenues, running to the four corners of the plat, each of which cut four of the primarv s(pKircs into "See Fordhams I'itsohuI .Xdrral Iri- : ('Irve- land, inofi. ' Lit nihil II rl-!< of Di'lrnil. p. ■^'.'!. two triangles. Each diagonal street afforded a "short cut"" to the center of the city, and on this account these have all become po])ular thoroughfares and business streets; they have been adopted for street-car lines, and arc real conveniences to the public. All of these streets were 90 feet wide except Washington street, which was 120 feet. The boundary streets, Xorth, South, East and West, were not in- cluded in the original plat, but were added afterwards by Harrison, at the suggestion of James Blake, who urged that "fifty years later they would make a fine four-mile drive around the city". In fact no one then contemplated the city's growth beyond "the mile square.'"' Xo subdivision of the donation lands outside the plat was made at the time, and Ralston, gazing proudly on the map, declared that "it would make a beautiful city, if it were ever built"". The only departure from the regularity of the i)lan was in the southeastern part of the city, and was caused by Pogue's Run. South of it. a street called South Carolina street was run from the corner of Meridian and South streets diagonally to the corner of Georgia and East streets. A block and a half north of this — north of Pogue's Run — Xorth Carolina street was run, ])arallel to Soutii Carolina street, from .Meridian street, at the alley between Georgia and Louisiana streets, to East street, at the alley between Washington aiul ^Maryland streets. Xorth Carolina and Soutli Carolina streets were each (JO feet wide. The I ract between tliem was divided into three huge irregular blocks, which were given s(|uare numbers 80, 84 and 8."). Of the jirincipal city streets. A'ir- ginia street (now \'ii'ginia avenue) alone crossed this tract but there was a small street across it from flic corner of Delaware and South Carolina streets, at right angles with the lal- ter, which was named Short street. The ac- companying cut of the plat is from I he copy used as an original in the otlice of the audi- tor of state, worn with age, and bearing the inscription: "St;i1e nf Inili.ina. I. .lobn Can-, -Vgent for the town of hulianapolis, do hercliy certify that the above is a true plat of the Town of Indiana])olis. John' Cahh. July 9. 1822." This arrangement contin\ied until 18:!1. wlien part of the donati(ni lands having been subdivided into "outlots"" in pursuance of acts iif the leiiislalure in 182 1 and 182."). a com- 30 ISTOI.'V OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. t.\ -J J-DglLj. A. — I ' '/^^'■^ 1^'lrv- HI f''~ .\«*'"' ,-<-^ r — II — n r — ir — t'" ^Ji — i<i >^y>i\ 1 1 ' ir : , I L — IIJ — I LUJL — i 1 \* •■ itj £.:^/^-. OF THE town: ;^A^^tf hlM&U- ».^k" ''•''"< l.y H.Tl.n.Col'" 3 •»^'^v < tiTTie tha^fi yaanf Ai ' i :. " arf Ttnrvtd JiS rriifitm< jnrjm. J Sqaawj t.S. t^S.'3. TO, aj|_ nrJ J iffliXft, "ileMtRerr SftanV ' ' '^ H''. //. ■ift'^'i Photo Compan}!.) THE RALSTON PLAT OF 1821. 11 IS TORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. 31 plc'tu ."-urvey ol' the doiiatiuii was ordered, with two maps, which Avere to be filed as "otlieial records". This survey and these maps were made bv Bet Intel F. Morris, aud in them North Carolina, South Carolina and Short streets were dropped; the north and south streets — Pennsylvania, Delaware, Xew Jersey and Ala- bama — were extended across I'ogue's Hun ; and blocks 80, 84 and 8o. thus cut up, were added to former fractional squares. In the orifiina! plat this Pogue's Run tract had made a break in the square numbers, whicli bejran with NO. 1, in the northeast corner of the phit and num- bered to the left to 10; then drop])ed a tier and numbered back to the right to 20, and so on. until Xorth Carolina street was struck: an<l there the fractional and irreguhir squares introduced an extra square numbei'. so that the soutlieastern square of the phit wa* num- bered 101 instead of 100. and still retains that number. But, in the readjustment of 1831, square numbers 83 and 85 were dropped, so that now there are only 99 squares, or square numbers, in the original plat, or ■•mile square". After IS.'il no changes were made in the original street names until 1894-."), when the City Council changed the name of Mississippi street to Senate avenue, and Tennessee street to Capitol avenue." The former was due to the efforts of John Puryear, a well-known and enterprising col- ored ]nan, who rejiresented the Fourth Ward in the Council for six years. 'I'he reason he ga\c for it was that he "hateil the name of Jlississippi". Various roads which originally came to the mile square have taken street names within the extended city limits. The Blulf Road is Meridian street. The Madison Road is Mad- ison avenue. The Brnokville Road is Brook- ville avenue. Tiie Michigan Road is Southeast- ern avenue below the old city line, while at the north it is called West street as far as Sixteenth, and beyond tlial Xorthwesteni ave- nue. Th(^ l-afayette Road is Indiana avenue. I'ndcr an act of 1827, the alleys in squares nmubered 1 to '^O, and 78 to 101 were vacated, " Thi' Capitol avenue ordinance was intro- duced liv Wni. II. Cooper, and ])asseil May 'i\. l.'^iM. The Senate avenue ordinance was intro- duced bv Henrv Magel, and |)assed Sei)tember 23, ISO.';. and those squares were sold as ■"oatlots". Hence no alleys appear in them in the map of 1831, but in it the principal alleys remaining were named. The names of the Xorth and South alleys, or streets as they are now commonly called, beginning in the west tier of squares aud proceeding east, were Columbia, Osage, Huron, iluskingum. Severn, Scioto, Susque- hanna, Hudson, Erie and Choptank. The east and west alleys, between Vermont and Georgia streets, were Tippecanoe, Miami. Wabash, Po- tomac, Cumberland and Cliesa])eake. Most of these names are still retained, but there have been the following changes: Columbia is now Toledo. Huron is now Roanoke. Severn is now Bird. Erie is now Ogden. Choptank is now Adelaide. Potomac is now Court. Cumberland is now Pearl. In the original plat there were no alleys in tlict sqiuires that were intersected by diagonal streets, and the alleys now existing in these, and also in the squares where the alleys were vacated in 1827, were usually made by the vol- untary donation of the owners. In each of the full, regular squares there were two alleys, one fifteen feet wide, and one thirty feet wide, intersecting each other at right angles, and di- viding the square into four equal parts. As each square contained 4.05 acres, inclusive of alleys, there was nearly an acre in each (piarter thus made, and each quarter was divided into three ecjual lots. The lots fronted in various directions, according to the supposed import- ance of streets. Those abutting on the large alleys were (i7 feet 6 indies wide and 195 feet deep. Those abutting on the smaller alleys were t!5 feet front, and 202 feet G inches deep. The center of the original plat is about 200 yards northeast of the center of the donation, and was selected because the circle was a nat- ural knoll, covered with fiiu' sugar trees, and because of the relative ])osition of Washington street. There is no question that Washington street was expected to be the principal street, on account of its extra width and the fact that the Govi'rnor's Square, the Court House S(|uare, and the State tlouse St]uare all fronted on it. The obvious rea,-;on for its preeminence was the natural crossing jilace where it struck the river, which was certain to make it the 32 HISTOKV OF (il! EATER INDIANAPOLIS. I main tlutroughfarc of the new town. In fact, it Mas for years more commonly known as "Main street'' tiian as Washington street. The general understanding of this is very evident from the prices paid at the sale of lots, which began on October 8, IS'il. The survey had been completed some time befin-e, notwithstanding that the surveyors had been much impeded by the bayous, whicli the wet season had kept flooded. It has been said that the sale was delayed on account of the prevalent sickness, and that Harrison left the place for some time on account of the sickness, but, whether this was true or not, the time fixed for the sale was fortunate. October brought clear weather, and a general improvement of health. Many per- sons came to attend the sale : business became brisk : and everything took on a hopeful and cheerful air. By this time there were three "taverns" at Indianapolis, besides McCormick"s. ^latthias R. Xowland had opeiied one in his cabin "on the west bank of the ravine" (i. e., ^fissouri street), between Washington and Maryland streets. .Judge Harrison had made this his headquarters during the survey, and Nowland had built an addition to the cabin for an of- fice. It was here that the sale was held. Maj. Thos. Carter had built a log tavern north of Wa.shington street and east of Illinois — just west of the present Ncir.i office. John Haw- kins had opened "The Eagle Tavern" in a double log house north of Washington street, between Meridian and Pennsylvania streets, about where the Ijombard Building now stands. The attendance at tlie sales was so large that all these were crowded, and many found lodging in private houses or camped out. Nowland says: "This sale continued one week, during which time there was not the least disturbance of any kind. Although the woods were filled with moneyed people, there was no robbery or attempt at the same, nor was there the least appreliension or fear. There were no confidence men to pray upon the credulity of the peo])le ; although strangers, tliey looked upon each other as their neighbor and friend. Their money was almost entirely gold and silver, and was left in their leather bags where best they could procure a shelter, and was considered as safe as it now would be in the vaults of our banks". r'unouslv enoiigli. all of our loial histor- ians but Sulgrove say the sale began on Octo- ber 10, and he says it was October 'J. In reality, it began on October 8 — "The second Monday in October", as advertised, but for some reason only one lot was sold on that <lay. Brown says: "The first day was cold and raw with a high wind, and a man at the sale came near being killed by a falling limb." Possibly that may have been the cause of it. but at any rate the sale was adjourned to the next day after the selling of lot 3 in square TO, Just back of Rowland's house, where the sale was held. It went to Jesse ilcKay for $152.' -"i, but he did not seem to a]i]>reciate his bargain, for he assigned his certilicate, which finally came to Nicholas ^[ct'arty, who forfeited the lot and applied the money already paid to payment on other lots. After this one trans- action the sale was adjourned to the following morning when it was resumed in earnest, with Maj. Thos. Carter as auctioneer, and James M. Ray as clerk. The bulk of the selling was from the 9th to the 12th. and there were four- teen sales on Saturday, the l.'ith, when the sale closed. The highest price received was for lot 12 in square 57 — the northwest corner of Delaware and Washington streets — which brought $5<i0. The next highest was lot (J in square 52 — the nortliwest corner of Senate and Wasliington, which brought $500. The third was the north- east corner of Capitol avenue and Washington, which brought $450. These high prices were due both to the location and the lay of the lots. The last two fronted the State House Square, and had each a half-square depth on Washington street, which would naturally be expected to become the actual frontage, as it since has. The one to the west was considei-ed the more valuable because tlie most of the settlement was at that time west of Senate avenue. The first fronted Washington street, but had its depth facing the Court House Square, which was the conuuon business center in county seats : and it was purcha.-;ed by Gen- eral Carr, the state agent, who ]u-nmptly started business in that direction by establishing his office on the north end of the lot. The estimates of comparative value wrre ra- tional eno\igh at the time, but they have been u]iset in the development of the city. General Carr"s high-priced lot now has an as.«essed ground tax value of $128,830, but lot 7 in the HISTORY OF GREATER INDIA>fAPOLIS. 33 same block, the northeast corner of Pennsyl- vania and Washington is now taxed for $330,- 000 on the land, and it brought only $300 at the sale. All the lots fronting on Washington street between the State House and Court House Squares sold at from $200 to $300. Lot 6 in square 66, the southeast corner of Hlinois and Washington, brought $325, while the one diag- onally opposite, where the Claypool Hotel stands, sold for $243.7.5. The latter is now assessed for taxation at more than ten times that amount per front foot for land value. The second highest in the sale — lot 6 in square 52 — is now assessed on the land for onlv $61,630. In all, 314 lots were sold, at a total price of $3.5,596.25, of which $7,119.25 was paid in cash. But of the total, 161 lots were after- wards forfeited, or relinquished under the re- lief act of January 20, 1826, which permitted this, with the application of the payments al- ready made on other lots, provided that these lots to which such payments were applied should then at once be paid for in full. As specula- tive investments for immediate returns the Indianapolis lots were not successes. The town grew slowly for several years, business was comparatively small in extent, and sickness was prevalent long enough to give the place a bad name: besides all which the actual transfer of the capital did not take place until 1825. Con- sequently few lots advanced in value, and many declined. The total cash receipts from sales up to 1831 were less than $35,000. In 1831 an effort was made to close out all of the dona- tion lands, the sale of outlots being authorized at a minimum price of $10 per acre, and the receipts for the next five years aggregated nearly $40,000. The total receipts, up to and including 1S44, when the agency business was wound up and turned over to the auditor of state, were less than $100,000. There were a number of transactions after that date, mostly with forfeitures and delinquencies, the last recorded receipts being in 1871. The entire receipts for the donation lands were less than $125,000. But the money that was received came op[ioi-tunely. and served to construct the court house, the "executive mansion" in the Gover- nor's Circle, the clerk's oflice, which stood on the west side of the Court House Square, and the house and office of the treasurer of state, which were opposite the State House Square on Vol. 1—3 Washington street, and finally the first state house. Part of it was also applied to the con- •struction of the state prison at Jetfersonville. General Carr had been appointed at a salary of $600, but it was reduced the next year to $300, and in September, 1822, he resigned. He was followed in the office successively by James Milroy, Bethuol F. Morris (December 24, 1822)", Benjamin I. Blythe (February 1, 1825), Ebenezer Sharpe (April 8, 1828), John G. Brown (September, 1833), Thomas II. Sharpe (January, 1835), and John Cook (1843). There is a difference in the two plats of 1821 and 1831 in the "public squares" des- ignated. On the former three full squares are set apart for "religious purposes." They are the ones adjoining, diagonally, the corner squares at the northeast, northwest and south- west corners of the plat, i. e., square 12, bounded by Senate avenue, Missouri, Michigan and Ver- mont streets; square 19, bounded by Alabama, N"ew Jersey, ^Michigan and Vermont streets; and square 90, bounded by Senate avenue, Mis- souri, Georgia and Louisiana streets. Exactly what was contemplated in this reservation is not known. Possibly it was meant for a com- pliance with the indefinite provision of the law directing the survey which requires the commissioners to designate on the plat each square intended "as public ground, and for what intended, whether for civil or religious purposes." Wliatever the original purpose, they were dropped in 1831, and no peculiarly re- ligious character has attached to tlicni since then. Their disappearance was doulitlcss acceler- ated by a petition from the Baptists of Indian- apolis for a donation of part of one of them, commenting on the church record of which, Sulgrove says: "The church petitioned the leg- islature in November, 1824, for a lot to build a house of worship upon, but failed. The order says: On motion, agreed that the church petition the present General Assembly for a site to build a meeting-house upon, and that the southeast half of the shaded block 90 be se- lected, and that Brothers J. Hobarl, H. Brad- ley and the clerk (J. W. Reding), be ap- pointed a committee to bear the jjctition Sat- urday in February. What is meant by a 'sliaded block' can only be conjectured, but it probably referred to a grove that made a pleasant shel- 34 HlS'l'oltV Of GlIEATEK J XDJAXAPOLIS. tcr/"" The real n'fcreiRi- is to tlif faft that the ■"rt'ligimis jmrpost'"" lilofks were shaded on Ralston's phit, and they were at the time eoiiimonly called "the shad- ed hk)eks." The petition was presented by Senator Milton Stajjp, on January 17, 1825, and a bill granting the petition passed the Sen- ate, with the amendment : "Provided that the ground donated under this act shall never be converted to any other use or purpose than that of erecting Iniildings for religious worship and education ; nor shall any jKirtion of it Ije used or appropriated for a burying ground under and pretext whatever.'"'" The house committee to which it was referred reported it with "sun- dry amendments,*' not set out, and on January "1, the following amendment was offered, and defeated: "Provided, nevertheless, that noth- ing herein c(Uitained shall be construed to ])re- vent any regular preacher of the gospel, in good standing in his own society, from preaching in such houses, when the society' to which they belong are not using them for that purpose. "'' The legislators now began to realize that they were confronting a large problem, and on the next day the ])iil was indefinitely postponed. Thus ended the nearest approach to a connec- tion of church and state ever known, in Indiana. On the plat of 1831 there were two public squares that did not appear on the plat of 1821, and which were reserved by the act of Janu- ary 26, 182T. The.se wvvv the University Square, No. 2.5 — now commonly known as Uni- versity Park — and Hospital Square, Xo. 22, bounded by Alabanui. New Jersey, Vermont and Xew York streets. The latter was set apart for a state hospital and insane asylum, and a row of log cabins located there was used for that purpose until the building of the central part of the present Insane Hospital in 1846-7. After th(! removal of the insane the cabins were rented for a few months to some German families, and on July 12, 1849, the whole prop- erty was sold in lots by the state.'- On both the plats of 1821 and 1831 are two half-.squares reserved for markets, one at the present market .«ite. and one on the north side of Market street, between ^lissouri and West streets — the south half of S(juarc 50. This was held by the city until the era of internal improvement arriveil, when the state wanted it for "watcr-])ower" in connection with the canal, and proposed by act of l-"el)ruary, 1837, to exchange for it the north half of Square 48, i. e., the north quarter of the present state capitol grounds. To this the city assented and made a deed for the land on Jan- uary 24, 1838. •■ The new site was u.sed for a- market until 1872, commonly known as "the West Market'", when the ground was wanted for the new capitol, and on Xoveniber 25. 1872, the City Council adopted a resolu- tion relinquishing all claim to Square 48 to the state, and consenting to the vacation of Market and Wabash streets, between Tennes- see and ilississippi streets.'* After extended consideration the attorney-general decided that this w^as not a sutHcient transfer, and on August 6. 18' 7, the state house commissioners asked the city government for deeds to the property, which request was promptly complied with.''^ It is the uniform tradition, with all known facts tending to support it, that Indianapolis owes its distinctive plan, its radiating avenues and broad streets, to Alexander Ralston, and there has always been a sentiment that he should be publicly cDUimemorated. In 1827, shortly after his death Samuel Jlerrill called attention to the fact that Kalston had advocated the early establishment of a city park, and urged the citizens to follow his advice. There was no general interot taken in this at the time, but in 1879, Rev. J. C. Fletcher recalled the fact and proposed that University Square be called Ralston Park."' but no action was taken. In 1890 a movement was started for a sul)scription fund for a monument to Ralston, and $325 was collected, which was deposited in Fletcher's bank, and still re- mains there in trust. In 1907, E. B. ilartin- dale and E. F. Claypool. two of the contributors and representing all. offered to turn this over to the Park Board if the city would add $675 to it and erect a statue. They had a model for a statue prepared by Rudolph Schwartz, who agreed to execute the work for $1,000. The model met general criticism on account of the "//I'.S/. IlKlitllKI/KlUs. p. .390. ^"Senafr Journal. ]>. 73. ^^Ifoiixp JoiiniaJ. p. 140. '=.A>;rs. Julv 25. 1908. *^See Record Board nf Int. Imps., pp. 65. 95. '*Counril Frocrrdini/.i, ]>. 746. '■•Cnuitril Prorceiliiif/s. pp. 311. 554. '"Netvs, August 2, 1879. iiis-i'()i;v ()|- (;i;i-;a'I'Ki: i xiuanai'oi.is. 35 ilrc.-s, anil till' I'ai'k Roiird (leolincd i(j MccL'pt on (i recti lawn Ci'iiielerv, and ivr^ted there for the gnjuntl that Ilie faee did not jxirporl to be nearly half a century. On Seiiternlier "^l. a likeness of KaUton, but sugirested future ac- ]8'4. Calvin Darnell made a motion in tion in the line of a memorial fountain, with the City Couneil for a committee to remove a tablet of bronze acknowledging Kalstou's the remains of Alexander Kalston to Crown service.'' Jialston"s renuiins were liuried in Hill. It carried, and Messrs. Darnell, Gimber and Ballman were named as the committee. On September 30, the remains were escorted to ".Vcic.s. June H. 1!I(I7 ; Slur, November 2'i, Crown Hill bv half a dozen old citizens, and 23, 24, IDOT: X'-irs. November 22, 2(i, 30, De- buried in the' "Teacher's Lot" by the side of ceinber i:!. lim:. John B. Dillon. CHAPTER V. THE FIRST SETTLEES. Although Tipton mentions no settler near the mouth of Fall Creek, when the commissioners came to make the location, except John McCor- mick, there were some fifteen families here, including those of James McCormick (John's brother); George Pogue; John Maxwell and John Cowan, who came early in March, 1820, and located near the present city hospital ; Isaac \Yilson who came on April 6 and located on what is now the State House Square, build- ing the first house on the town plat; Henry and Samuel Davis, chair-makers, who located in the Fall Creek bottom near where Walnut street crosses; the widow Harding and her married son, Robert Harding, both of whom located near John McCormick's; Robert Barnhill and his son-in-law, Jeremiah Corbaley, who came on March 6, and located on Fall Creek, above In- diana avenue; and probably two or three others whose names are not preserved. Richard Cor- baley, born August 7, 1820, was the first white child born in the county; and Mordecai Hard- ing, second son of Robert, was the first child born on the donation. James ilorrow, son of Samuel Morrow, was the first child born oi^ the original town site.' For many years there has been a controversy as to whether the first of these settlers was John McCormick or George Pogue — or rather a difference of opinion, for, curiously enough, it never took the form of a direct controversy, as such things usually do. The most notable champion of Pogue was Ignatius Brown, while McCormick's most stalwart defender was John H. B. Nowland, and these two were the most careful of the early historians, though both trusted too much to unverified tradition. Mr. Brown declared Pogue's priority in his origi- nal history of the city, published in the city directory of 1857, and reiterated it in his re- vised history, published in the city directory of 1S68. On February 25, 1870, in the Sentinel. Mr. Nowland proposed a celebration of the semi- centennial of the coming of John McCormick, whom he asserted to be the first settler. In his "Early Reminiscences," published in the same year, he renews his statement that John iEcCormick was the first settler. In his "Prom- inent Citizens/' published in 1884, he refers to liis statement of 1870, and says: "This fact had been patent up to that time, and had never been denied, biit I was surprised that some person had informed one of the city editors that I was in error, and that George Pogue was the first settler, and had come here in March, 1819." = On August 17, 1898, after it had been pro- posed to demolish the old National Road bridge, a sort of old settlers' indignation meeting was held on the bridge, and here, for the first time, the McCormicks got their story before the public in such a way that its essential features went into print. On September 9, 1899, ^Ir. Brown printed in the News a review of the wliole matter, in w-hich he said that for "more than fifty years" after Pogue's arrival "the tradition in his favor was universal and un- questioned, not only by those who had come liere shortly after him, but all their descend- ants ; and all the later comers had heard and believed the story." To this he made but one exception, which he had himself discovered, that in 1822, Dr. S. G. Mitchell, the first physi- cian at Indianapolis, had published an article in the Gazette — the one Indianapolis paper at that time — in which he denied the Pojnie storv. 'News, March 22, 1879. -'p. 14. 36 lllSrOKY OF GREATER IXDIAXAi'UJ.l.S. aud stated tliat John MeCormick was the first settler. He found the copj' of this number of the Gazette in the possession of Calvin Fletcher, but it has now disappeared, ilr. Fletcher's bound files of newspapers were presented to the City Library, but the Gazette goes back only to June 1, 1824, though an earlier volume of this paper was evidently in existence.-' However, ^[r. Brown's statement as to this, or any other matter of fact in his knowledge, is entirely reliable. In the light of all the evidence, the statements <if both Nowland and Brown are too sweeping, and the case is one of the co-existence of two conflicting traditions, the holders of which for many j-ears either ignored, or were not aware of, the opposing claims. And after these claims were made jiublie none of the historians re- corded a simple statement of the story of either the I'ogue family or the ^IcCormick family, as they are preserved today : nor have I found any newspaper record of their full stories. Tho Pogiio story is that George Pogue and his family, excepting his three older children, started from Connersville in February, 1819, and arrived hero on starch 2. The party con- sisted of Poo\ie and his wife :* Joseph — an adjilt son ; John — then aged 1 ', : lieiinett — aged l.j : and two yoxinger cliildiiii. James and Stincy. They came in wagons, and cut their own road through the woods, following the general line of the Brookville road. Pogue had intended going farther, but found White River too high to cross, and turned back and located on the high ground east of Pogue's Run, near where Michigan street crosses it. The exact location was on the premises now known as 420 Highland avenue, and there was a fine spring some three rods west of the cabin, which long since disappeared. The McCormicks did not come till February, 1820, and stopped at the Pogue cabin while building their own. The year after the Pogues came, two of the boys went back to Connersville and helped move out Hains Tyner, one of the old residents of War- ren Township. The clearest living witness to ''■Jouninl, .Tune 7, IS.").'). * Her name is given Cassa Ann in the land roiords and the census returns of 1S;!(). Miss Xaney Pogne savs that her niai<len name was Pavne. this story is Miss Nancy Pogue, daughter of Bennett Pogue, now 65 years of age, who lives with her brother, James Pogue, northeast of Brightwood. She says that her grandmother lived until she was sixteen j-ears of age; that she was with her much of the time; and that she has often heard her tell the story as above. The same tradition is given by Thomas Pogue, of Sullivan County, and other members of the Pogne family." The MeCormick story is that John MeCor- mick started from Connersville for the mouth of Fall Creek, with his family, in February, 1820. He was accompanied by his family, his two brothers — James and Samuel — and nine employes who served as teamsters and axmen. They followed Whetzell's trace to a point near Rushville, and cut their own road from that point. When they reached Buck Creek, some twelve miles east of White River, they were de^ layed for several days by a heavy snow. They started on again on the morning of February 25, and arrived at White River on the 26th at 10 o'clock in the morning. The twelve men at once set to work on a cabin, and had it up and covered by night, so that John McCormick's family occupied it. Pogue and his family ar- rived in March, and did not build a cabin, but moved into one that had been built and aban- doned in 1819 by Ute Perkins, of Rush County, on Pogue's Run, which was known as Perkin's Creek until the time of Pogue's disa])])earance in 1821, when it began to be called Pogue's Run. The oldest living witness to this is Amos MeCormick, a son of Samuel, who was brought here a baby, one year old, in the fall of 1820. He lived at Indianapolis until he was si.xteen years old and now lives on his farm near Car- te rsburg. The accompanying cut shows him seated at the table at which the commissioners ate, when they were selecting the site for the capital in 1820. It is a solid cherry table, and originally had balls at the ends of the legs; but it has been slid over rough floors until these are all worn away except a small disc on one leg. The same story is told by descendants of all three of the JlcCormick brothers. They have been holding annual family reunions since 1901, on August 23, which is the birthday of '■' See also N'eir.'<. JainiMry ■.'; .iml Aiigusi IS, 1 !)()()■, Star, Se])teinber 1.'). l!Hi:. 38 mSTOltV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. Amos >rc('oriiiiik. and tlicso liavo liecn duly noticed in the citv |)ii])ei's.'' After gcttinj; John McCorniifk settled James and Samuel returned to (^'oniiersvilie, James came back with his family on March T, and Samuel with his family on October 4. They located northwest of Military Park, Samuel's cabin standinfi about wliere the ilaus brewery is located. In liS"^:> they moved farther north, .fohn built a sawmill on the ea.st side of White River at the upper end of Riverside Park, op- posite "Sycamore Island", where the remains of the dam are to be seen at low water to this day. Samuel located just below Emmerichs- ville, on what was later known as the Garner farm, and in 188~ erected the brick lunise which still stands Just west of the Riverside dam. The brick for it were made on the place, and it is now the oldest brick building standing iu In- dianapolis. At this point he operated a ferry for a number of years, and his account book, in which he entered the names of all who crossed and the toll paid, is still preserved by his grand- son, Louis ilcCormick, of Cartersburg. In tliis ])eculiar conflict of the two families for precedence there have been occasional charges of misrepresentation and bad faith, but none of the members of either family that I have met have shown any inclination to mis- represent the facts as they understand them, and all declare that the statements above given are as told to them by their parents and grand- )iarents. Of necessity one of the traditions has become distorted — possibly both to some e.xtent — and as a preliminary to their consideration it will be well to take a glance at the condition of the region at the time. It was well known to the Indians, and fairly well known to the whites, (^onner had been at his trading-post sinci' 18()'2. and a number of white men had ])assed through the region at intervals. Tipton and Bartholomew identified several ])laces where they had stopped on an ex])edition against the Indians in 1813. Among other white visitors are recorded Dr. Douglass, who came up the river as far as the Blutfs in the fall of 1818; Isaac JlcCoy, the missionary, who went ut) the river and visited Thief .Vnderson in 1818, and again in hSllt; and James Pa.\ton, who came down the river from the head-waters in the winter of 1819-21). To the whites the place was known as "the mouth of Fall Creek", which was virtually the Indian name, for they designated it simply by the name of the creek. Chamberlain gives the Delaware name of the creek as "Soo-sooc-pa-hal-loc", and says it means "S])ilt Water." This is fanciful. "Sook-pe- liel-luk", or "Sokpehellak" is the Delaware word for a waterfall, and the name refers to the falls at Pendleton. The Miami name is Chank-tun-oon-gi, or "Makes a Noise Place", which also refers to the falls; but they also applied this name to the site of Indianapolis, and to the town itself in its earlier years. There was no Indian village at this point. The nearest one. some twelve miles north, was what Tipton calls "the Lower Delaware Town", but it was not inuih of a town. On the east side of the river, a Delaware known as "The Owl" had a clearing of about \'i acres, whicli hi' cultivated ill a way, and he also raised souie pigs and chickens. On the west side was a l-'rench half-breed doctor, named Brouett ( yBrouillette)— often called Pruitt — who had a white wife that had been captured and brought up by the Indians.' He practiced medicine after the Indian fashion, and had considerable l)atronage. Both of these were just north of the Hamilton County line, and they constituted the "town". Just south of the line, on an ele- vation on the east side, were ti'aces of Indian occupancy, and the old settlers called that i)oint "the old Indian town". The place was com- mon! v called "Brouettstown". and was some- what noti'd for the wild ])lnni thicket there.'' The Delaware's had a sugar camp within the present confiiu's of the city where they com- nionlv made sugar in the spring, and sometimes eamjK'd when hunting. It was not far from the end of Virginia avenue, on what was know n a> the Sander's place, later the Birkenniayer |jlace, and still later the Weghorst ])lace.'' The whole county at that time was covered with a dense forest, with more or less under- growth, and the few ojien spaces were .still more "See also Strir. August 2(i, li)0-i and Deeeni- her 31. 1!)0.-): Sun. ?ilay M. li)()(i; Xms. Jan- uarv 27. IDoc. Aui;ust is. 1 !)()(;, August li). ]S9!1. "Broirii's llisl., p. 1. "Xnirlniid's Eurlij Urntiiilsccnces, ji. loT. •' The northeast quarter of section 13 : i. e., east of East street and south of Morris street. See Xoirland's Bcininixrrnrrx. pp. Tt'l. 4(11. 40.5. iii.sToKY UK (;i;i;atku i.xdiaxai'uljs. ;?!) (leiiisely oovt-rod with undercrowtli. It was im- [Mifsible t(i taki' a waf;on aiiywluTO without euttiiifT a road, but there were several Indiau trails that eould he followed on horseback. The i)rinei]ial trail from Coiiuer's to the Bluffs crossed to the east side of the river at Brouetts- town, and from Indianapolis down the river followed quite closely the line of the Blutf road. In the summer of liSlS Jncoij Wlu-tzell visited Chief Anilerson. and obtained |)ermission to out a road from Connersville to the Bhitfs on White Hiver. He was the eelel)rated Indian fighter— brother of Lewis Whetzell. the still more celebrated Indian fi^diter. Tlieir father, John Whetzell, a "Pennsylvania Dutchman", settled near Wheeling. West Virginia, in KliSl, and in KTi liis house was attacked by Indians. John Whetzell was killed, and his two sons, Lewis, aged Hi, and Jacob, aged 11, were taken captive. Young as they were, the boys made their eseajK' on the fir.st night out, evaded pur- suit, and returned to the settlements, where they vowed eternal vengeance against the red man : and most fearfully they ke()t their vnw. But the Delawares had long been friendly, and Whetzell who had been living on the White- water since l.sil, desired to ))ush farther into the wilds — in fact it is said that he urged the commissioners to locate the capital at the mouth of Fall Creek, rather than at the Bluffs, as he did not desire to he crowded by a town. Hav- ing obtained Chief Anderson's consent, he be gan cutting iiis trace in July, ISIS, aideil by his son Cyrus and four men. Its general course was slightly south of west. ])assing aliout si.\ miles south of l{ushvillc, and about four miles north of Shelhyvillc. In Man-h. ISli), the Wliotzells moved to the Bluffs over this trail,' and located aiiout a quarter of a mile below Waverlv, arriving llicrr nn March !!•. This trace was mucli used by early immigrauls.'" \t practically the -auv time the fii'st wagon road was o]iened to the Delaware towns. It ran west of north from Connersville to Bucktown. a few miles above Anderson, where it crossed the river and went down it to .\nder- son, Strawtown and Conner's. .\ number of settlers went in over that road in March and Ajiril, 1S1!I. including George Shirts. Charles Lacey, George Bush, Solomon Finch (uncle of Judge Fal>ius .M. Finch) and Israel Finch." These located northeast of Conner's Prairie, and the settlers there rai.sed an abundant corn crop in 1820, which was a godsend to the people at Indianapolis and the scattered settlers else- where. In fact, Conner's Prairie was a granary for the whole region for several years. In IS'^'i Benjamin Thornburgh of Morgan County, bought a boat load of corn there and floated it down White River to a ])oint near Mooresville.'" In IS'M and 1S25 c-orn was brought from Con- ner's to Johnson County when squirrels and raccoons had destroyed the crops there.''' If Pogue came to Indianajwlis on March 2, 1819, he started from Connersville only a few days before the Whetzells started to the Bluffs, and the other families to C'onner's Prairie, from the same point : and in that case they would certainly have known of it. But the Finches and their associates claimed to be tlu' first fanulies that located in the New Purchase ex- cept the Whetzells.'* and it seems improbable that they would have gone by their cir- cuitous route, which took them two weeks, if Pogue had o])ened an almost direct road to the mouth of Fall Creek. The Whetzells were in e(|ual ignorance, for on March Id, 1870, Cyrus Whetzell wrote to Xowland: "T'lie sub- ject to which you call my attention I thought was settled many years since, i. e., that John McCormick built the first house in Indianapolis in February, 1820, and that George Pogue set- tled on the bank of the creek that takes its luune from liim the following ^larcb. 1 am con- fident that there was not a whiti' man living in Marion County in 1S19. My father and self settled where I now live in the spring of 181S), when I was in my nineteenth year, and at an age calculated to retain any impression niailc iin my iiiiiul." '' -Vt first blush this would seem to bear as strongly against the Perkins story as against the Pogue story, but it does not. .V solitary man might have come into this region, and have '"Judge I ». I), r.aiita. ill llisl. ./iilnisiiii Co. tip. •.'!i:i-(;. "Sliirt.s' Hist, (if Ildiiiillijii ('('.. p. !>. '-Hist. Morgan Co.. pp. 101-'.'. "'Johnson Co.. pp. 331-2, 3 11. '*Sul!/rorc's I ndiannpolis jip. -.'1. "-Ml I); 1 ii- diamipolis papers, Mai-cli I'.'. llHio -death n|' Judge Finch. ^^Nowldnil's I'rdnniiriit ('ili;rns. p. II. 40 HISTOKV OF GREATEll IXDIAXAI'OLIS. built a cabin in llie dense forest, more thau a mile from any known trail, without even the Indians knowing it. But it is not possible that the Pognes could have cut a wagon road branch- ing off from Whetzell's trace, without the knowledge of the Whetzells, when they moved in over the trace two weeks later. The Ute Perkins story has very strong contirmation out- side of the McCormick family. His grand- daughter, ]ilrs. Laura A'ewman, and his great- grandson, Mr. Orville Bartlett, both of Eush- ville, inform me that it has always been the Perkins family tradition that Ute Perkins came to the site of Indianapolis in 1819 and built a cabin, but became dissatisfied and re- turned to Rushville. Ellsbury Perkins, a well- known old-time printer of Indianapolis, and a grand-nephew of Ute Perkins, says he has al- ways heard the story in the several branches of the Perkins family. Hon. John F. Moses, the historian of Kush County, furnishes me the following statement from Jefferson Carr, 75 years of age, a native of Rushville. and a son of one of the first settlers there : "He knew the Ute Perkins in question well, is familiar with the tradition of his having built a cabin on the site of Indianapolis, and says that in early days it was a matter of common report locally, and generally accepted as true. After quitting his cabin, Ute Perkins came back here and spent the remainder of his life in this neighbor- hood. His home was a cabin on the Brookville road, about one mile southeast of Rushville. He supported himself and family by making hickory baskets. Ho was a large man, five feet ten inches or more in height, and quite corpu- lent. He had keen, black eyes and even when well advanced in years his jet black hair was almost unmixed with gray. He possessed pe- culiarities which made him a well-known char- acter in his lifetime."" Perkins was a native of Xorth Carolina. His descendants do not know why he was called "Ute", but say that was his proper name. He died at Rushville in ^larch, 1S.")S, aged 75 years. Of equal, if not higher rank as evidence than these traditions is the recorded statement of Dr. S. G. Mitchell, which is presented by Brown as follows: "Pogue's claim as the first settler has been contested, and in a published article by Dr. S. d. ;Mitchell, in the Indian- apolis Gazette, in the summer of 1822, it is stated that the ^rcCormicks were the first emi- grants in February, 18:20, and that Pogue ar- rived with others in March, 1820, a month later. It is singular that this statement, if ill founded, should not have been contradicted publicly in the paper at the time, but the weight of tra- dition is against it and concurs in fixing Pogue's arrival in 1819.'"' This is all that is now known concerning Dr. Mitchell's article, for the paper containing it has disappeared, but so far as it goes Mr. Brown's statement may be accepted without question. It is much to be regretted that the article itself is not pre- served, for it would probably give some clue as to why it was published. And why was it pub- lished? If the Pogue tradition were correct it is not only singular that this article was not denied, but it is at least equally singular that it should be published at all. Dr. Mitchell had no conceivable personal interest in the matter, and was an intelligent and reliable ■ man. He got his information on the subject from others. The Pogues, McCormicks and others familiar with the facts were here at the time. No possible explanation can be given for such a publication if it were not true. But, on the other hand, if the McCormick story be true the cause of the publication is i[uite obvious. Pogue had disappeared in the spring of 1821. The little stream, formerly kno\\Ti as Perkins Creek, was beginning to be known as Pogue's Run. It would be natural for newcomers to inquire the reason of the name, and for the information to be given that it was named for the first settler on that stream. Like- wise, if a newcomer should inquire whose was the first cabin built here, the answer would be ■"Pogue's"; because both traditions agree on that point. From these conditions the impres- sion would naturally develop among the later arrivals that Pogue was the first settler and Dr. Mitchell, meeting this growing error in his pro- fessional rounds, was moved to correct it, in the village newspaper, and settle it permanently. It is hardly possible that such a publication would be made at that early day unless there was some difference of opinion to call for it. .\.fter it had been made, those who had taken up the Pogue theory, and might he disposed to question the article, found on investigation no basis for questioning it among the then living witnesses. On this basis the incident is nat- ural enoujrh. but on the thoorv that the Posiie HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 41 irailitiou is correct it is wholly incoinprehen- >ible from begiuuing to end. One other item that might be classed as primary evidence is Mr. Brown's quotation of Gen. John Colmrn as saying that "iiis father- in-law, Judge Charles H. Test, was a chairman in the surveying jjarty under Judge Laughliu ; that the party camped for a long time in 1819 on the river l)ank where Kingan's packing-house now stands" ; and that Judge Test spoke fre- quently of repeated visits to Pogue's cabin while there. This is clearly erroneous, for Laughlin did not do any surveying here in 1819. The township lines were run in 1819, those for Township 15 being completed on August 10, but that would not have called for any lengthy stay, and, as shown by the field notes on file in the office of the Auditor of State, that work was done by John McDonald. Tlie subdivisions, or section lines, were run by Judge Wm. B. Laughlin's ])arty in the summer of 1820, as shown by Ti]iton's Journal and by the field notes. This Coburn statement, which Mr. Brown treats as conclusive, is simply an error of one year. Passing to what may be called secondary evi- dence, Mr. Brown states that, when he was preparing his original publication of 1857, he found so much of coiillict in the statements of old-timers on various points that he called a meeting of a number of old settlers at his office, and those wlio attended w^ere "Sidney D. Max- well (son of John), James Vanblaricum, An- drew Wilson, Calvin Fletcher, James M. Ray, George Norwood, James Blake, Douglas Ma- guire, and Daniel Yandes." As 'Sir. Brown justly observes, "their united testimony would settle questions of property or life in any court in the country"', and yet he furnishes conchi- sive evidence of their united fallibility in tra- ditional matters by the statement that when he mentioned Dr. Mit^^hell's article to them, they unanimously denied that any such publication had ever been made. On being convinced that it had been, thoy explained the fact that it had never been denied on the inferential basis that "it was so generally known to be untrue tliat nil one ihouglit it necessary to denv it". But they all agreed that the common tradition was that Pogue was the first settlor. Maxwell, who was the first to come of those ])resent, having arrived with his father earlv in ^rarch. 1S-3II. .aid tlint ■■he iiersonallv knew MilcheH's story to be false, for Pogue's cabin had evi- dently been built for a considerable time, prob- ably a year, while the McCormick cabins were not then completed.'" '" Vanblaricum aiul Wil- son confirmed this; and, according to J[r. Brown, they came "about two months after the McCormicks"', which is probably correct, al- though Nowland places both of them in 1821.^' This argumentative conclusion, however, is not well founded, for the facts would apply quite as w'ell to a cabin built by Ute Perkins as to one built by George Pogue. But evi- dently none of those present had heard of Ute Perkins ; and, indeed, it is singular how little had been heard of him generally. It is certain that Mr. Brown never heard the Perkins story until the old bridge meeting in 1898, and Mr. Xowland's daughter, who did all of his writing in his later years, informs me that her father had never heard it until then. Nevertheless this idea that a cabin was built here in 1819, and tenii)orarily abandonded, crops out repeat- edly in the confused traditions of the early settlers. At the semi-centennial celebration which was held at "the Crown Hill picnic ground" on Jime 7, 1870, this story was told, i)ut the builder was said to be "Samuel Hard- ing, of Connersville,"' and some denied this story and ascribed ]n-iority to the ^[cCormicks.'*' On "May IC, 1870. ^Irs. Beriah King, widow of, John ^rcCorniick, was reported by tiie Journal as saying in an interview that Pogue, the Mc- Cormicks. and others, twelve in all, came here in 1S19 and built a cabin into which her hus- band witli herself and family moved in the fol- lowing spring. In this interview. iMrs. King, M'ho was tlien seventy-five years of age, was either woefully confused or sadly misrepresent- ed by the reporter: and the latter is not im- probable, for he calls her "Xlrs. Bethiar King'", and avers that she said she was "the first ])erson that ever wore a bonnet in this neck of woods". While Mr. Brown's assembly of old settlers agreed in the tradition that Pogue was the first comer, there were others who did not. The Nowland family held to tlie ^IcCormick tradition, and ^fattjiias R. Nowland and his brother-in-law. .\nilrew Bvrne, were hen> with '"See al-ii sanif statenieiit in uliiniiii'v sketch of Saniuei 1). ^laxwell, Xrirs. Jiih "i. Is;:!. '' l-!iirh/ Ii'riiiiinsrcnrcx. p]i. 80. 1 1 1. ^''.Jiiiiniiil. June 8. 1870. 42 HISTORY OF GHEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. a J CQ < z o H H Q < H H O z H Q _! O o o s I I I } HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAl'OIJS. 43 the commissioners in 1820. Xowiand returned with his family on Xovember 4. 1820, and Byrne in Mareli, 1821. Lsaac Wilson arrived on April 6. 1820, and ilrs. Frank Riley, who is a jrranddaughter, lioth of Isaac Wilson and of Robert Patterson, who came in 1821, informs iiie that her family always put the McCormicks lirst, and that her mother, Mrs. Patsy Patter- son, and her aunt. ilrs. Betsy Harris, both daujrhters of Isaac Wilson would wax indignant if anyone claimed that the Pogues were the first settlers. It must he l)orne in mind, however, that tradition is an uncertain guide — more un- certain than is commonly realized. To ilhis- trate. Sarah T. Bolton would naturally he sup- posed to be informed on this subject, as her hus- band's family were among the earliest settlers, and she had live(l here from the vear 1831 ; and yet in her poem "The Last Adventure and Death of (Jeorge Pogue." written for the meet-, ing of llie Pioneer Association, on October 2, 1878, .she says: "It chanced one year in autumn, that a liardy pioneer. From bis Iiome in obi Kentucky, came and made his cam]i fire here ; Witli Ills wealth on two stout horses, he had threaded the pathless woods. One bearing his wife and children, the otlier bis JiouseJiold goods. * * ;(c While the wild birds sang aliovc him. and the free waves sang below. He built the first log cabin six and lifty years ilf-'o. It was built of Inickeye sa]dings, with mmlar and chunks between. But it led the van of our city, the beautiful Railroa<l Queen". It is unipu'stionabb' tbat I'nguc canir in ^farch, instead of autvimii: and tliat be lanie from Rushville, and not from Kentncky. It is ('([uaJly certain that his wife and children were not on one horse, for there were five of the children, and two of them were grown boys. "Six and fifty years ago" would make 1822, and no one questions that Pogue came at least two years earlier than that. Xo pioneer ever built a cabin of "saplings"": and it is not prob- able that there was ever a cabin built of "buck- eye"" logs in Indiana, altbcmgh it has been tlie literary fashion to sav so ever since John Fin- ley introduced it in "The Hoosiers Xest"'. Buckeyes were not so plentiful as that, and there was an abundance of l)etter limber. In all this traditional conflict, tlie real ques- tion is whether the Pogues came in 1819 or in 1820 ; for all agree that they came in the month of March, and all agree that the ilcCormicks came in February, 1820. Aside from the rela- tive question of priority tjiere is considerable direct evidence that the Pogues came in 1820, and it includes nearly everything in the natitre of documentary evidence. The original Pres- byterian church records jiut the first settlement in 1820, the historical entry, made by Dr. Isaac Coe, in 1823, mentioning the sale of lots in 1821, and adding, "a few families, however, settled in and around the town the year pre- vious"'. In 184(i, Rev. .1. ('. I'letcher wrote a series of articles for tbe ■Imtninl on "Indian- apolis a Quarter of a Centui-y Ago", in which he made this statement: "As early as February, 1820, Samuel and James ^IcCormick erected a cabin near the spot now occupied by the steam mill. Soon other cabins crowded the banks of White River near the place where now stands Scudder and Hannaman's Carding ]klachine. In ^larch, ilessrs. Harding, Wilson, ^laxwell, Cowen and Pogue made ini])rovements near the town."" '" These articles, as Mr. Fletcher stat- ed, were based on the diaries of his father and mother, reinforced by inquiries of them, and of other old settlers. The earliest historical pub- lication in book form relating to this region, that mentions the subject is Chambi'rlaiii'a Gazetteer-" and it states that Pogue came in 1820. Tliis statement is entitb'd to weight, liccause wliile the ])ook was jmblished over ('haniberlain's name,-' most of tbe historical matter was prepared by Samuel Merrill, who came here in 1824, as Treasurer of State, lie was a very careful and methodical man, nmcli interested in liistorieal matters: and by bis labors contributed materially to tbe preservation of tbe early bistm'v of tbe state. It may be taken as assured that his statenu'iit was made on tes- timonv tbat was at least satisfying to him. '"■/(jiiniiil. Xovemln'r 2i), IS 1(1. -"184<)-r)0, p. 2.55. -'Chamberlain was a bookseller, who bad a little store at what was then 2(! Fast Washing- Inn street — now in tbe neiLibborbodd <if Xo. .-)2. 44 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. Sulgrove quolus Robert Duncan as stating that he heard George Rogue's widow say at an old settlers' meeting, in 1854 he thought, that they came on llarch 3, 1820.-- As to this Miss Nancy Pogue says that her grandmother was liere in 1854. but that if she ever attended an old settlers' meeting she never heard of it; and she feels certain that she never said they came in 1820, because she hoard her say repeatedly tliat they came in 1819. Nevertheless, Mr. Dun- can was a very accurate man, and there was an old settlers' meeting here on June 6, 1854, at the house of Jlorris Morris, where an association was formed, limited to those who were here prior to 1826, which was to meet annually OJi the first Tuesday in June. This was a very early meeting of the kind, and the JoxLrnal, some months later, said that if the idea of such meetings did not originate here, this meeting at least "gave an impulse to the formation of such companies." Meetings were hold there- after, at Calvin Fletcher's in 1855 ; at James Blake's, in 1856; and at the Fair Grounds in 1857 and 1858. In 1859 the meeting was post- poned to September,-^ but was not held. There is no mention of Mrs. Pogue in the reports of the meeting of 1854, nor indeed of others, though there were more than fifty present who came before 1826. Neither were there lists of those in attendance at any of the meetings pub- lished in any of the newspaper reports. And in none of the reports of any of the meetings is there any reference to the Pogue-McCormick question, except, constructively, in the fact that in 1856 Mrs. King (widow of John McCor- mick) claimed and received a bouquet as "the fir-^t lady settler," "* But Mrs. Pogue was at the meeting of 1855, for Calvin Fletcher kept a diary, which is still preserved, and in his record of this meeting, at his house, he speaks of the presence of "Old Mrs. Pogue, one of the first settlers, whose hus- band was killed by the Indians in 1820 or 1821. He went to an Indian camp for his horses but never returned. She is now about 90 vears of "TTist. of Iinlianapolis, ]>. 22. -"Locomotive, June 18, 1859. -'' The best reports are JounuiJ. June 12, 1854; June 7, 1855; June 10, 1857; Locomo- tive. June 11, 1856: June 13, 1857: June 26, 18.58. age. ]\[r. Hiser-^ and wife brought her in"". And again he mentions, "Old Father Mat- thews, 84, and Mrs. Pogue, 90, the old- est present." In his account of the meeting of 1854, Mr. Fletcher says: "The 55 present registered their names and the time of arrival in Indianapolis from its settlement in 1820 till 1825". This registration was continued at the later meetings, and in 1855 !Mr. Fletcher again speaks of "the first settlement in 1820". But on this day Mrs. Pogue was his guest, and attracting his especial notice, and if she had registered as coming in 1819 he would hardly have made this error. Further, in the Journal's account of the meeting of 185G, at James Blake's, Berry Sulgrove, the editor, .says: "Be- fore the meeting was called to order, we spent some time in looking over the register of names, which contains the date of arrival of each Old Settler and his place of birth. The earliest arrival that wc noticed, was that of Fabius M. Finch, who came (to Conner's Station) in Sep- tember, 1819"".-" Mr. Fletcher includes this in liis diary, and it is very conclusive proof that ^Irs. Pogue did not register as of ilanli 2, 1819. at the meeting of 1855. Probably 1855 is the meeting to which Mr. Duncan referred, for ]\Ir. Fletcher would have been apt to mention Mrs. Pogue if she had been at the meeting of 1854, and he did not. Considering Mrs. Rogue's advanced age, a divergence of one year in her story of this and later years woiild not be at all sur- prising. W In 1884 Elijah Hackleman published a series of "Reminiscences" in the RushviJle Republi- can, in one of which was the following sketch of George Pogue, apparently obtained chiefly from his oldest .son. William Pogue :-^ "George Pogue cuiigrated fmni South Caro- lina in the year 1841. and settled at tlie 'Block-house' at William Wilson's, on the west fork of Whitewater, six miles above the town of Brookville, Franklin County. At that time it was necessary for all immigrants to settle near some military post, for protection against Indian invasions. In the spring of 1816 he -^Samuel IToizor, a neighbor and friend of ^[rs. Pogue. -'■Journal. June 11. 1856. -" Republislicd in Ilisl. Fai/i'th' Citiiiil i/. jip. 19J-5. IIISTOT^V OF GIIKATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. 45 moved to Fayette County, about live miles >outliwest of Conuertville, and in 1818 he moved to the town of Counersville, remaining there until 1S20, when he fitted up a team, and with two or three of his sons started to locate a home on White River. Mr. Pogue was ac- loiiipauicd by John McCormack and family (a wife and two children) wlio had resided for many years in the vicinity of Conuersville. Mr. McCormack went out with the douljle pur- pose, hrst of boarding Mr. Pogue's hands while engaged in building a cabin and clearing a few acres of ground; and secondly of locating a home for himself. * * * (His (Pogue's) famil_v, after the cabin was built, immediately moved from Counersville to their new home. The next year (1821) Mr. Pogue's ncigiibors were John Willson, Thomas Chinn and Harris Tyner. * * * The land on which the cabin stood was bought by Governor Noble, and the only time I ever visited the site was on the occa- sion when the Great Commoner from Kentucky, Jlenry Clay, made his first and only visit to the capital of our state, in October, 1842, and made his celebrated speech to 30,000 persons assembled in tlie beautiful grove near the resi- dence of Governor Noble. » * * After the speech, William Pogue invited me to take a walk with him, a few rods north from the speak- er's stand, and visit the site where he. twenty- two years before, had helped his father erect the first cabin in all that country, on the banks of a beautiful little creek that still bears the name of Pogue's Run. * * * After the erection of Pogue's cabin, ^Ir. McCormack located and built up a home somewhere in the vicinity, probably on what was aflcrwards the 'Donation', but of the e.\act site neither history nor tradi- tion affords any satisfactory information at this late day. Mr. McCormack died a little over fifty years ago, and part of his large family found homes in Rush County. * * * ]y{j.g_ McCormack always claimed to be the first white woman that lived within the limits of Indian- apolis, and her claim was probably correct. She died, abo\it the year 1878, having lived a num- ber of vcars with a second husband, a Mr. King, near tlie Ttlufi's of White River." -^ It will be noted that this version of the Pogue story varies in several respects from that given by the Pogue's of Marion County, as is very commonly the case with family traditions when the branches of the family are separated. But they agree in several respects, and one note- worthy point of agreement is that Harris Tyner came "the next year" after the Pogues. This was impressed on the Marion County branch of the family because two of the boys went back to move him out, and because he was here when Pogue disappeared, in the spring of 1821. They preserve a story of Mrs. Pogue going to Tyner's house for aid and counsel after Pogue's dog came back alone. But Hackleman states that Tyner came in 1821, and this is confirmed by Tyner himself, for he went on record to that effect at the old settlers' meeting in 1857. ^'■' On the whole evidence, the conclusion seems irresistible that Ute Perkins came here in 1819, and built the first cabin ; that Johir McCor- inick was the first permanent settler; and that George Pogue came on March 2, 1820, and oc- cupied the Perkins cabin. The JlcCormick and Perkins traditions, with their coufinnatory evi- dence, cann<it be explained away on any rational l)asis. The Pogue tradition is readily explained as an error of one year in date which probably developed after the tradition had been started l)y the facts that Pogue was the first settler on Pogue's Run. and that his cabin was the first one built at Indianapolis. Dozens of erroneous traditions have growoi up on slighter founda- tion. Its persistence is largely due to Pogue's Hun which has been a permanent and obtru- sive memorial to Pogue, while I'erkins and Mc- Cormick have had no monuments to keep their memories alive. Moreover Pogue was a center of romantic interest, for he was the one man in all the settlement that was killed, or supposed to be killed by the Indians. In the spring of 1821 he missed his horses. One story is that 111- was told by a straggling Indian, known as "Wyandotte John", that he had seen horses "with iron hoofs" at the camp of a party of Delawares on Buck Creek, and went there alone in search of them.'''" Another is that he went to Conuersville in his search, and on his return sto]iped at the house of his relative Rieliard 'I'yner, on Blue River, near Morristown. Here lie heard of some horses at an Indian town on Sugar Creek, aiul wi'ut after them. All the ■'Hist. Fayette Co., pp. 194-5. -''Locomotive, June l.'i, 18.-(7. See also Sid grove, p. 614. ■"'Nowl(ind'.<< Early liemiuiscrincx. p. 2il. 4(i lIlSTOliV ol' (MfEATEli INDIAXAPOLIS. stories agree that he never returned, and the mystery of liis fate was naturally a common topic in early times, giving rise to several somewhat conflicting stories.''' Of his children, Joseph died here in 1855, John in 1858, and Bennett in ]85"i. The yonnger children, John and Stincy, died earlier, the latter soon after her marriage to James Sailors. Pogne had three older children who never lived here, ac- cording to Jliss Xancy Pogne. Of these, 'J'hoinas died at Cumberland, William at Ensh- villc, and Anna (Airs. Fuller) at Crawfords- ville. Ill addition to iliss Xancy Pogue and her brother Joseph there are two grandchildren now living at Indianapolis — Mrs. A. L. Mar- shall, of 151 r Yandes street, and A. W. Pogue, of 15 X. Tacoma avenue. In addition to the very early settlers of In- dianapolis that have been named, the following may be mentioned among the arrivals in 1820 and 1821: 182(i: Samuel Morrow, William Townsend (miller). Thomas Anderson (wagon- maker), Conrad Brassell (baker), Henry Brad- ley, James B. Hall (carpenter), Milo E. Davis (plasterer), Robert Wilmot (merchant), Thom- as Johnson (farmer), Jacob E. Crumbaugh (justice of the peace), Michael Ingalls (team- '■"Nowland's Jlfiiiliiisrences, pp. 20-22: Uol- loway, p. 9 ; Brown, p. 2 ; Sulgrove, [i. 2^5. .-ter). 1^21: Daniel Shatter (January — mer- chant), Daniel Yandes (January — tanner). Dr. S. G. Mitchell (April), Dr. Isaac Coe (Jlay), Alexander Eussell (May — merchant), Caleb Scudder (cabinet maker), Jos. C. Eeed (tirst teacher), David ilallory (barber), John G. Osborn, ilaj. Thos. L'arter (tavern keeper), Dr. Livingston Dunlap (July), James Blake (July 25), Dr. K. A. Scudder, Rice B. Law- rence (teacher), Daniel Larkins (grocer), Lis- mund Basye (Justice of the peace), James Kit- tleman (shoemaker), Wilkes Reagan (butcher), Obed Foote (lawyer), Amos Hanway (cooper). James iL Ray (first county clerk), Samuel Rooker (painter), James Linton (millwright), John \A'ilkins (tanner), Enoch Banks. Demas L. JIcFarland (farmer), Calvin Fletcher (lawyer), George Smith (printer), James Scott (Methodist preacher). James Paxtoit (October 9), George Myers (potter), Xathaniel C. Bol- ton (editor), John Sluink (hatter), Isaac Lynch (shoemaker), Robert Patterson (farmer), Sam- uel Henderson (first postmaster), Harvey Gregg (lawyer), Xathaniel Cox (carpenter), Morris Morris (October), Dr. Jonathan Cool, Hugh O'Xeal (lawyer), James and Jolin Givan (mer- chants), John Wyant, Samuel ilcGeorge, John Hawkins, David Wood, Xicholas McCarty, Aaron Drake, John McClung (Campbellite preacher) James Loucks (carpenter). CHAPTER VI THH BKCIXMNCS OF GOVERNMENT. After the acquisitidii of 'Flic New I'ui-chaso, the legif^hiture added small traets of it to the counties of Fayette, .lackson and Wayne. By the aet of January ''O. 1S30, it also added sniail traet.-i to the eounties of Franklin. Handolpli and Jennings, and divided all the remainder into Wabash and Delaware eounties. A map of the state published in Cary and Lea's American Atlas in IS'i'i purports to show these new eoun- ties, and it was rc]iroduecd in the t^iatc Legisla- tive Miiiniiil for lUO.i.' Ii\it the boundaries shown arc wholly erroni'iiu>. In ccality the two counties were divided by the Second Prin- cipal .Meridian, all the region east of it being Delaware County, and all west Wa- bash County. To insure immediate govern- ment, the circuit courts of all the counties bor- dering on The N'ew Purchase were given con- current jurisdiction in it in civil cases; that is to say, the courts of V'igo, Owen and Monroe were given concurrent jurisdiction in Wahasli Countv. and those of Jackson, .Jennings, Ripley, Franklin, Fayette, Wayne and Randoljih were given concurrent jurisdiction in Delaware County. But these counties of Wabash and Delawai'c were never organized, an<l by the ne.xt session of the legislature it was felt necessary to make some provision for government at Indianapoli.-. Accordingly, by aet of January H, IS-.'I, the Governor was authorized "to appoint and com- mission two or more persons to act as justices of the peace, at Indianapolis, who shall continue in otlice until the county of Delaware is organ- ized, and justices of the ])eace shall be elected and (|ualifleil." Provision was made for ap|ieal from their <lecisions to the circuit court of Bar- tholoiiiew Countv, which was created at the same session, and added to tlie second judicial circuit. I'nder this law, Governor Jennings on January !) commissioned .John .Maxwell, and on February '■}, Jacob R. Crumbaugh. as justices of the jjcace for Indianapolis. Maxwell re- signed in June, and his place was vacant for some time. On Septeiuber 24 William Vande- griff was eommi.ssionod ; but this was "recalled", and on October 2, a commission was issued to James Mcllvain, who served until justices were elected for Marion County. Mcllvain seems to have had most of the iiusiness, and Brown says of him: "His twelve-foot cabin stood on the north-west corner of Penn.sylvania and Michi- gan streets,- where he held court, pipe in mouth, in bis cabin door, the jury ranged in front on a fallen tree, and the first constable, Corbaley. standing guard over the culprits, who nevertheless often esca|)ed through the woods". But escapes were not mourned. There was no jail here, and none nearer than Connersvillc .\t that time the criminal jurisdiction of a justici' extended only to the imposition of a line not exceeding $3 for jietty offenses. For anything more serious all he could do was to bind the prisoner over to the circuit court. For this reason criminal business was largely dis])osed of on a basis of "bluff". Brown records a characteristic instance. Ivirly on Christmas morning, lS-^1, four tough Ken- tucky boatmen, who had strayed to the Bluffs, and had come up from there for a Christmas spree, undertook to break into the grocery of Daniel Larkins. where tlu're was a barrel of ')>. I K - His grandson. S. II. Mcllvain, informs me that it was at the southwest corner of Ohio and Meridian, where the City Library stands: and this is confirmed bv Rev. J. C. Fletcher. .Yews, May 31, 1879. 47 48 lIlsroKY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. whisky. The alarm was spread, and citizens gathered at the scene. When asked to desist the Kentuckians showed fight. But Indian- apolis did not lack nerve. A consultation was held, and James Blake offered to grapple the leader if the rest of the citizens would take the other three, and this program was speedily exe- cuted. The prisoners were taken before Mcll- vain who bound them over to the Fayette cir- cuit court, and, in default of bail committed them to jail at Connersville. But getting the prisoners to Connersville would have been a greater hardship on the community than the punishment would have been to the prisoners, so while ostentatious preparations were made by a posse for the journey on the following day, the guard was cautioned not to be too watchful that night, and under cover of darkness the broilers softly and silently vanished away, to the great relief of the settlement. But the sitiuition involvi?d more serious con- siderations than mere inconvenience. The legal power of a justice was to bind an offender over to the circuit court of his county, but there was no county in fact and no court. The courts of the bordering counties had been given con- current jurisdiction in civil cases, but the law said nothing about criminal cases, and in gen- eral a criminal case had to be heard in the county where the offense was committed. More- over the constitution provided that "justices shall be elected in each township in the several counties", and said nothing about their ap- pointment, even where there were townships for them to serve in. In the fall of 1821 a meet- ing was held at Hawkins' Tavern to consider the situation, and it was decided to ask the legislat\iro for the organization of a new county. James Blake and Dr. S. G. Mitchell were se- lected to go to Corydon to secure the passage of the law. They were successful in their mission, and on December 31, 1821, the law creating Marion County was approved. The county was unique in two respects. It was surrounded entirely by unorganized territory — not touching any other organized county, although cut out of what had been set off as Delaware County ;, but it was touched at the southwest by Morgan County, and at the southeast by Shelby County, both of which were created at the same session. It was made twenty miles square, with its present boundaries, but for the time being there was added to it, for governmental purposes, a tract of land larger than itself lying to the northeast. This tract began at the first section corner east of White River on the north line of the county, the boundary running thence north 20 miles to the present north line of Hamilton County ; thence east 24 miles to a point two miles west of the present east boundary of Madison County; thence south 18 miles to the present south line of Madison County; thence west 21 miles; thence south 2 miles; thence west 3 miles to the place of beginning. The object of this addition was to provide government for the settlements forming at Anderson, Pendle- ton, Strawtown, and near Xoblesville and Con- ner's Station ; and tlie law provided that '"the inhabitants of the said district of coimtry shall i)e entitled to all the privileges of citizens of said county of Marion, and shall be subject to ilie same taxation and other regulations and re- strictions". The "privileges" were construed to include office-holding, and one of the first county commissioners of Clarion County was Wm. McCartney, who lived at Pendleton. For judicial purposes the new county was added to the Fifth Judicial Circuit, including also the coimties of Lawrence, Monroe, Morgan. Green, Owen, Henry, Rush, Decatur, Bartholo- mew, Shelby and Jennings. The court was to sit "in the county of Morgan on the fourth ^londays in March and September, and shall sit three days if the business require it; in the county of Marion on the Thursdays succeeding the rising of the courts in Morgan, and shall sit three days if the business require it". At that time the circuit court consisted of a "presi- dent judge" who was appointed by the Governor for the whole circuit, and two "associate judges" Avho were elected by the people in each county. On January 3, Governor Jennings appointed William Watson Wick president judge of the Fifth Jtidicial Circuit. He was a young Pennsylvanian who had settled at Con- nersville in 1810, and had for some time served as a clerk in the State Senate. He was after- wards prominent at Indianapolis, and in the state. The act creating the county established square 58 as "the seat of justice", and provided that the courts should be held at the house of John Carr "until a court house or other house more suitable can be had". It gave to the new cciunty $8,000 from the proceeds of the sale of isToin' OK (;i;i;ati XDI.WArol.lS. 49 lots to build a court liou.su, wIulIi w;i- to be "in eizo at least lil'ty feet squaiv. to lie Iniilt of brick of the bust <[uality and two stories hiuli, to be completed in a workmanlike manni'r, which shall be coniiiunced within one year from the taking eti'ect of this act, and be completed within tlireo years thercal'tcr, and when the said court house shall be completed it shall be lor the use of the CJeneral Assembly, the Supreme and federal court, until a state house shall lie completed at the seat of Government"". The act furtlier reserved 'i per cent of the receipts from the sale of lots for a county library; and pro- vided that "the .said new county of ilarion siiall form and after the first day of April next, en- joy all the rights, privileges and jurisdictions which to separate counties do. or may properly appertain and belong'". The manner in which a new county should organize "as prescribed by the general law of January '2. 1818, which directed the Governor to issue a writ of election to some resident of the county whom lie should appoint as sheritf, until a sheriff should be elected at the next general election. This appointed sheriff was to call a special election, on the day set in the writ, at sucli ]daces as he misjlit designate, for choos- ing two associate circuit judges, a clerk of the circuit court, a recorder, and throe county com- missioners. The election was by ballot, and was managed wholly by the sherifC, who gave 10 days notice by posting three notices in each election district or precinct. He a])pointed the elect inn ollicers, administered the necessary natlis, received the returns, canvassed the vote, issut'd certilicates to the successful candidates, and Sent co])ies to the Secretary cd' Slate, who issued their commissions. On January 1, 1822, Harvey Bates was com- missioned sheriff — an excellent man for tiu' place, though not a resident of the county at the time. He was born in ^7^5 at Fort Wash- ington (later Ciiuiiuiati). his father being a master of transportation during the Indian wars that ended in that year. He ha<l a fair Knglish education, and, on attaining manhood, moved to Brookville, Indiana, where he married Miss Sidney Sedwick, a cousin of Senator James >Joble. Soon afterward he moved to Connersville, where he lived until after his ap- pointment, and then came to Tndianajiolis, ar- riving here on February 22. On the same day he issued his proi-lainalion foi- the I'lrelioii In be Vol. 1—4 held on A]iril 1, fixing the \oting places at (icneral John Carrs house in Indianapolis, at John FiuclTs above Conner's Station, John l*aige"s at Strawtown, John Berry's at Ander- son, and W'm. AicCartney's at Pendleton. The campaign hail l)egun in fact before the law for the creation of tlie county was passed; and Galvin Fletcher notes in his diary that on Christmas, 1821, he found the candidates a.s- sembled at ^IcGeorge's store, treating promiscu- ously. Mctieorge had the oidy barrel of cider in town, and it had frozen on to[); so a hole was bored through the ice with a red hot poker and the concentrated Huid was disilt out to the crowd, after which, says ^Ir. Fletcher, ■"they took brandy, which soon produced intoxica- tion"". At least it did with some, for ]Mr. Fletcher thought it best to guide one of his overloaded friends home, leaving the crowd, as to which he adds: "The candidates led the con- course from one place to another until sun- down"".'' He also mentions a [lart of the can- didates, as follows: "For associate judges James JIcMllvain and .\lr. I'atti'rson; county clerk James M. Ray, ^lorri> Morris, .Milo K'. Davis, J. Hawkins, et al.; for inunty coinini>- sioners Messrs. Hogdeii, (Jsborii and .Morrow". l>ut, as the campaign warmed up, more candi- ilates came out, there being a total of li.'i an- nounced in the Gazelle, and Mr. Fletcher men- tions several others, making in all lU'ar -40. Theoretically there were no parties, no con- ventions, no caucuses, but the election was a free fight for all comers. Yet Rev. J. C. Fletcher writes: ".Vlthough caucuses we're not known in the first political canvass in Indian- apolis, yet there was a great deal of free inde- l>endent campaigning and there were cliques and inner circles. The divisions were not ac- cording to the political ]iarties of the day. They •\vere local, or rather geographical divi- sions. My father informed me that the combat- ants Were ranged under the titles of 'White- water' and 'Kentucky". The emigration from these two sections was simultaneous. The peo- ple fnuii Whitewater were as clannish as those from Kentucky. Each wished to have the dis- tribution of the ])ublic loaves and fishes. The Whitewater paity had some advantages over Kentucky in that it had received some acces- sions from people from Ohio and Pennsvlvania, Sews. A|n-il i:. is: It. 50 HISTORY OF (IIJKATKR I XDIAXAP* )LIS. who had re^idi'il \in\g enou<ih in tlio casteru part of the state to qualify them as voters. Here the Keiitueiviaiis were at a ilisailvautage for many of them had not resided a year in the state. The Whitewater peo()le were eonsum- mate politicians; they had been led and disci- ])lined by such men as Governor Jennings, the two Xohles, and Jesse 1?. Tlionias, ])revious to their arrival in the 'Xew Fureliase". My father informed me that they were men of talent, and that greati'r adepts at political warfai'e never lived"".'' But in reality this contest was one of the state political organizations. Whitewater was not merely clannish from local prejudice. Jt had been molded in the old Territorial struggle over the slavery question into a \erv com])act mass. In the race of Jennings with Randolph for Congress, in 1807, the upper Whitewater district had given Jennings every vote but one. and as politics developed that solidarity had been nourished and preserved. The organiza- tion Ijecame as compact as any political organi- zation of today, and any one who doubts it may profitably read Oliver H. Smith"s account of the manner in which Seiuitor Xoljle. (Jovernor Jennings, and William Hendricks controlled legislation, ami divided patronage."' The contest centered principally on the otfice of clerk, which was considered the most im- portant county office at the time. Whitewater put forward James M. Ray, an excellent young man from X'ew Jersey, who had studied at C'o- luml)ia College and had had jn-actical experi- ence as a deputy clerk at Lawrenceburgh and Connersville. Kentucky's candidate was Morris Morris, a strong and able man, who fired the first gun by issuing a campaign i)ami)hlet on January 30, — the first literary ])roduct of the city outside of the newspaper. Calvin Fletcher had alhliated with Whitewater, and was evi- dently put in ciiarge of the literary bureau, for on January ;iO Mrs. Fletcher entered in her diary: "Mr. Morris has written a pami)hlet and had it put in print. Mr. Fletcher has just left me to write an answer to it, and I am all alone this evening". On February 2, she noted that Mr. Osborn. Whitewater candidate for county commissioner, "canu' and staid all night"": and on Sundav, Fcbruarv .'!: "The handiiills canu' *Xewg. A])ril -.'(i, is:!i. ''Knrhj Iiiilidiiii Trials, p. 84. out in opposition to what Mr. Morris wrote" . On February 1"). ilorris came back with an- other handbill and that next night Mrs. Fletcher wrote: "1 went to bed early, i)Ut ilr. F. was writing an answer to the handbill ami did not go to bed that night. Sunday, Mr. F. went to bed early in the afternoon and sle]it until after 8 p. m. when I aw^akened him, and we both went to the printing office and stayed until two o'clock in the morning"". And so the war progressed. ^Irs. Fletcher mentions nu- merous long consultations, and threats of libel suits; and probably grew weary of the whole business, for on May 31, the day before the election, she wrote: "I spent the day very un- satisfactorily, for there were so many candidates coming in that I could lU'ither read nor write, nor do anything else"". The election was a lan<lslide for Whitewater. Bars were not closed on election days then, aiuJ any man who went thirsty neglected the privi- leges of a freeman. Mr. Fletcher says that "Whitewater and whisky carried the day against Kentucky and whisky"", and it is probalile that whisky did not much affect the result, for both sides supplied it in almost unlimited quantity. James M. Ray received the highest vote — 217 out of 33G votes cast in the county. There were 22-1 votes cast in Indianapolis. James Mcllvain and Eliakim Harding were elected associate judges; Joseph C. Reed recorder, and John McCormick, John T. Osborn and Wm. McCartney County ccunmissioners. Among those who went down in defeat was Alexander Ralston, who hail been a candidate for recorder. The newly elected commissioners met on .Vpril 15, but McCormick not being present they ailjourned to the next day, at .lohn Carr's hou.^e, where their first business was the ap- pointment of Daniel Yamles as county treasurer and the approval of his bond. He was a Penn- sylvanian who had served in the war of 1812, attaining the rank of major at the age of 21. He came to Indiana in 1818 and located near Connersville till the spring of 1821, when he came to Indianapolis, and built him a log- cabin at the northeast corner of Washington and Illinois streets. He brought with him about $4,000, which made him the ranking capitalist of the ))lace for some years. His service as Treasurer was so satisfactory that he was reappointed every year until 1829, when he withdrew to give his attention to his j)crsoual HISTORY OK C .VVVAl INDIAXAl'OI.lS. 51 atfairs. The next business oi' the eoniiiiissioiiers was (lividins; tlic c-ouiity proper into nint' towii- sliips, practieally as they still exist — Pike, Washiiiirton ami Lawrence at the north; Wayne, Centre and Warren aeross the center of the county; and Decatur, I'erry and Franklin at the south. The principal change since made in tlieni is in the line between Decatur and Perry, which was originally an extension of the west line of (.'enter townshi]), but later was made White Hiver — the part of Decatur east of the river being added to I'erry. On March ;!, l!-i".i.S, three sections of Pike townsiiip — o, !l and Ki — were added to Washington. Otherwise the townsiiips stand as originally made. But as the population did not justify tJie immediate establishment of nine separate township gov- ernments, they were consolidated for the time being into four, known as "Washington-Law- rence", ''Cent re- Warren". "Decatur-Perry- Franklin", and "Pike-Wayne". These combi- nations were continued only until population and |)ul)lic convenience called for separation. Decatur first was made a separate township on August 12, 182;!. Pike and Wayne were sep- arated on May 10, 1S24; Centre and Warren on .May 1, 182(1; Washington and Lawrence on Octoijer (i, 182(i : and l-'rankjin and Perry on Septendier :i, 1827. The tract to tiie north, which was a<lded for temporary governmental purposes, was divided as nearly as possible into four equal parts. The northeastern (piarter was made Antlerson Town- ship, and included the settlement at Anderson. Till- southeastern was named Fall Creek Town- ship, and included the settlement at Pendleton. 'I'he southwestern was named Delaware Town- ship, and included the settlements at Conner's Station and near .Noblesville. The northwest- ern was named White Uiver Township, and in- cluded the settlement at Strawtown. This con- nection of this territory lasted onlv about a year, as both Hamilton and Madison counties Were established by tiie legislature in January, lM2;i, and were organizeil a few months later. .\ similar adilition to the county was nuule li\' the act of February 12, 182."), of a tract of ter- ritory eight miles wide and twelve miles broad (east and west) in the southeast cornt'r of Hoono County, it was ailded to i'ike Townsiiip bv the countv eninnn>-inners'' iiiul mi i-eniameil till the creation of Uoone County iiy the act of January 2!), 18;i(i. Xext came provision for the election of justices of the ])eace for the townships, of which two were assigneil to each of tlie eombiuation townships exce)it Centre-Warren, which was to have three. For the outside district one justice was assigned to each township. The election was set for May 11, and the voting-places and the election ins])ectors were specified as follows: Washington-Lawrence, house of Klijah Fox, with Joel Wright as inspector; Centre- Warren, house of John Carr, with Thomas Carter as in- spector ; J)ecatur-l'erry-Franklin, house of Peter Harmonson, with Peter llarmonson as in- spector ; Pike-Wayne, house of Mrs. Barnhill, with Jeremiah J. Corbaley as inspector; Fall Creek, house of Wm. ilcCartney, with Adam Winsell (Wincbell) as inspector; Anderson, bouse of John Berry, with John Berry as in- spector; Wliite Kiver, house of John Paige, with John Paige as inspector; and Delaware, house of John Finch, with Solomon Finch as inspector. On Ai)ril IT, the c(unmissioners adopted a comity seal, desci-ilied as follows: ".V star in til. centre, with the letters 'M. C. C." around the same, with inverted carved stripes tending to the centre of the star and "Marion County Seal" written thereon". This si'al did not come inlo actual use, for on May 1 I the commission- ers adopted another described thus: "The words '.Marion County Seal, Indiana" around the out- side, with a pair of scales in the centre emblem- atical of justice, under which is a |)loiigli anil sheaf (d' wheat in representation of agricul- lure"". This seal was continued in use until Dec. 8, 1811, when the commissioners adopted the one now in use, described as follows: "On the margin of the eirch' the woi'ds ■Commis- sioners Seal of Marion County" and inside of this marginal engraving the engraving of a P.asket of fruit and likewise the representation (d' a Berkshire pig"".' 'I'radition ascribes this ch.-uige to the intluence (d' John W. Hamilton, who was llien county auditor. It doubth'ss ri'presenti'd an advancing] senti- ment in farming, for Henry Ward Beecher and his allies were jusi then preaching fruit culture and the improvement in stock in In- diaiia])olis, and llie "l!erk-liii-e pig" deliniMled, ''•Pifvord. p. l!i;. '•Record, p. Kii. 53 MISTOKV OF (iltHA'I'Kli IXDIAXAPOUS. 13 o < z < Q Z c a. CO Z HISTOEY OF GKEATEl!. I M )1 AX APOLIS. 53 was a maniic'st iinprovenient on the "razor- back", which had hekl exclusive possession in this region, both in quality and in disposition. On September '27, 1832, the Circuit Court adopted the same seal as tlie commissioners — the scales, sheaf and plough — but at a later date the sheaf and plough were dropped, and the seal now appears with the scales only. When the court adopted the seal it also entered an order to "ratify, confirm and approve all legal \ises of the same by tiie Clerk since the organization of this county of JIarion, as the seal of this court". Inasmuch as the clerk originally pro- cured ibe seal for the commissioners, under their direction to get a differing one, it is ob- vious tluit the responsibility for the first seal devolves on James .M. Eay. Following the adoption of the seal came two ri'gulations of rates that seem odd now, but M liich were reasonable enough then : when many persons were forced to travel, and when fer- ries and taverns along the roads were in the nature of monojiolies. Many things were left to local control tlicn that are not now, and often the powers of control in one county differed from those in others, for it was an era of spe- cial legislation — the special laws of a legisla- ture being usually more voluminous than the general laws. The first of these regulations was of the rates of ferriage over White l{iver at Washington street, which were fi.xed as follows: For each wagon and four horses or o.\en.$.C3i4 For each wagon and two horses or oxen. . .37V-> For each wagon (small) and one horse or ox 311/4 For each extra horse or ox l^^^ For each man or woman and horse f2i/o For each head of neat cattle 03 For each head of swine 02 For each head of slieep 03 For each footman 0(ji/4 The "tavern rates" were lixcd as I'dllnus: Fncb half-pint of whiskey $.l'2i'o iviih hair-]iiiit of imported rum. brandy gin. or wine 25 Kach ([uart of cider or beer 12i/> Kaeb i|uart of porter, cider wine or cider oil 25 Each half-pint of ])eaeh brandy, cordial, country gin, or apple brandy 18% l']acli nu'al 25 Ka.-h iiiglit's bidixing ^•>^U Each gallon of corn or oats 12V^ liach horse to hay per niglit 25 These tavern rates were revised on February 11, 1S23, 'but the only change made was to in- crease the price of a half-pint of imported goods from 25 to 50 cents. Possibly this may have been because somebody had actually made an importation, or was thinking of it. llaving now disposed of the most pressing affairs of government, the commissioners adjourned for that session. The people now proceeded to the election of justices of the peace, which resulted in the se- lection of Wm. D. liooker and Joel Wright for Washington-Lawrence; Abraham Hendricks and Isaac Stephens for Pike- Wayne ; Peter Harmonson for Decattir-Perry-Franklin — there was no other chosen then, or, at least, none commissioned; and Wilkes Reagan, Lismund Basye and Obed Foote for Centre-Warren. For the district outside the county proper, Wm. C. Blackmore and Wm. Bush were chosen for White Kiver and Delaware townships ; and Judah Learning and Abel Ginney for Ander- son and Fall Creek. This election was not so exciting as tlie former, but the result in Cen- tre-Warren was contested by Moses Cox. His objeeUoiis are not set out specifically in the record, but the decision of the commissioners is to the effect that votes had been received that were "evidently and constitutionally il- legal, although received unintentionally", and therefore they held the election "null and void"", and ordered another on May 25." At this election tlie same justices were again chosen, and on Juiu' G and 7 all of the justices elected were commissioned by the Governor. Aside from the county oilicials, the justices were the only local officials for the next ten years, and therefore filled important places in the commtinity. Keagan was the village butcher with a .shoj) at (he northwest corner of Dela- ware and Washington strec^ts, and a little slaughter-bouse on Pogue"s Run, between New Jersey and East streets. His supplies of jus- tice and meat were both very satisfactory. Basye was a Swede, who was not very learned in the law, but is credited with having usually decided for the plaintiff, wliich secured him business, and was quite as apt to be right as ^Urronl. pp. ;')0-3-.'. iiisToKv OF <;i;eater Indianapolis. wrong, if mil inni-c sci; inr. as one of tlie old- tiiiu' jii:<titt's argued: "It stands to reason that a man would not bring a lawsuit against an- other unless there was some eause for it.'"'" Now- lantl says that Nathaniel Cox, wlio was the recognized village joker, approached Basye dur- ing the campaign and asked: "Should you be elected, ^Ir. Basye, and a jjerson was brought before you charged with ijurghiry, and jiroved guilty beyond the shadow of a doubt, what would you do with hiin ?"" Basye studied the case for a moment, raised his spectacles, looked wise, and replied, "I would fine him one hun- dred dollars, and compel him to marry the woman"". Possibly this was au early effort at fiction, but it is recorded that Squire Basye was at one time going to send a man to the peni- tentiary, who had been brought before him on a charge of larceny, and Prosecuting Attorney Fletcher had some difficulty in convincing him that his power extended only to binding him over to the Circuit Court. The justice who had most of the business, and far outranked the others, was Obed Foote. He was a native of Delaware, a man of nat- ural abilit}' and well-informed, but quite er- ratic. He had read law and practiced some. He was at the time of his election a bachelor, and had acquired some characteristic bachelor habits while keeping "bachelor"s hall"" with his brother. He made a fad of French, and read a chapter in his French bible every day to keep in practice. He affected a brusqueness in speech, but in reality was a very kindly man, and a friend of the children. But he had no tolerance for cither ignorance or con- ceit, and was very outspoken in his views ; so much so that he incurred the displeasure of Basye's friends by his criticisms of his colleague. All of his peculiarities cropped out in his administration of justice. He was fond of roasting potatoes in the ashes of the open fire- place in his office, and when he settled down for a hearing he would cock his feet on the table, extract a potato from the ashes, and observe: "Now, Messieurs Pettifoggers, you can pro- ceed with your arguments while 1 eat my pota- toes."'" But his decisions were pretty sound, and he was re-elected to the ol!ice up to the time of his death in May, 1833. He was indicted for malfeasance in otlico in 1823. but was tri- ■■fn,l. Hist. Sor. Piihs.. Vol I. umphantly accpiittcd. and the Court ordered the indictment erased from the record.'" Basye also sued him for slander, but after some legal fencing it was dis- missed, on a written agreement, entered of record, as follows: "This eause is to be dis- missed at defendant's cost, and indemnifying ]ilaintiif against his attorney's fees, and de- fendant stati's and acknowledges that whatever he stated against plaintitt' in the premises he stated in a passion and in heat of })lood, antl that the foundation of the charge he is now convinced originated in a mistake of himself or jilaintift' on a law question."" '' In all his ail- vertisements. and both lawyers and doctors advertised then, Foote announced that he would "attend to any business in his profession, not coming under the dciiominatiim of jicttifog- .iiing"'. On May 13, 1822, the county commissioners met again in regular session, and. the tax listers having finished their work, the fir.-t action was the approval of their reports. This was the necessary legal preliminary to estab- lishing the tax-rate, which was fixed on the next day as follows: For every horse, mare, gelding, mule or ass, over three years old $ -37'/^ For stallions (once' their rate for the season) For taverns, each 1 <>.()() For every ferry . 00 For every $100 of appraised valuation of town lots .50 For each and every pleasure carriage of two wheels . 1 . 0( t For each pleasure carriage of four wheels \ .'ir, For every silver watch 2.") l"or every gold watch .jO For every head of work-oxen over three years old, and upwards, per head 2.J On each male person over the age of twenty-one years .50 Provided that persons over the age of fifty years and not free holders, and such as are not able from bodily disability to follow any useful occupation, and all idiots and paupers shall be exempt from said last naiutvl tax. '"Order Bool-. Mav 9, 1823. ''Order linnl- 1. p" 12(5. mSTOEY OF OKKATKR TXHIAXAPOLTS. These taxes were for eouuty purjxises oiiJy, and in reality were nearly all fixed by law, the diseretionary powers of the commissioners ex- tending only to ferries, which were "not less than five nor more than twenty-five dollars"', and taverns, which were "not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars'", as the commis- sioners might determine. There was no such thing as a general ])roperty tax in Indiana, un- til established by the act of February ",. ISlio, but the property subject to taxation, and the rates, were specified by the legislature. At this time the state was experimenting with the principle of the separation of the sources of state and nuinici|>al revenue, a ])i'inciple that might be adoj)ted now with manifest ad- vantages. Hy the acts of January '^1, 1820,'- and .lannai-y 8, 18".il,''' the state tax was levied exclusively on lands, not including town lots, at rates from $1 to $1.50 per 100 acres, ac- cording to quality fixed in three grades, to- gether with 'io cents on each $100 of bank stock-, and these Avere not taxable for county jmrposes; while the objects above named as taxed for county purposes were not taxable for state purposes. The "tavern license" was practically a retail licjuor license, for at that time, in order to get a retailer's license, it was necessary to give l)on<l "to keep constantly on hand the bed- ding and stabling, with the other acci)mnio<la- tiohs necessary for the comfort and convenience of travellers"', and also to produce a certificate of "4^velve respectable householders that such l)er.<on is of good moral character, and that it would be of lienefit and convenienc(! to travel- lers for such person to be licensed'". The ap- ]ilicant had also to give bond to prevent gam- bling and disorder, and not to sell on Sundays "exce])t to travi'llers"".''' This continued until the act of January 24, 1828 authorized dro])ping the "bedding and stabling"" ipiali- fieation wheir llie licensee was not a tav- ern-keeper. ;ind aniliorized such licenses to sell "foreign and domestic groceries."" Fur some years afterward the two forms of retail license were known as "tavern license"" and "grocery license"'. In 1831 it was provided that '-Arts p. 1,-iO. '■'Arts. pp. 8, 9. '*Arl i,f Jdinian/ .'S. ISIS: Rrr. Sluts.. ISJJ,, p. ioT. incorporated towns Tuiglit impose a license tax, equal to and in addition to the county tax. on "what is commonly called a tijipling house".''' I'nder all these laws the retailer was rc- ipiired to keep the legal rates |)osted, and could not sell to children, apprentice oi" servants without tlu' consent of tbi' pai-- ent or master, nor to anyone "in a state of in- ' toxication'". There was an interval, from the act of January, 1821 to the act of January, 1824, when the licenses were granted by the Circuit Court instead of the commissioners, but the commissioners fixed the I'atc during that ])eriod. After the a])i)roval of the reiiorts of the tax listers the sheriff was directed to let the "clear- ing"" of the court house yard to the lowest bid- der, and in due time the contract was let to Earl Pearce and Samuel Hyde, who on August 14, were awarded $59 for their services. At the suggestion of James Blakt', two hundred sugar trees were reserved for a grove, but when the surrounding forest was gone these were so readily damaged by wind that within a few years they were all cut down and removed. On April 12, 18:58, the county commissioners turned the square over to the common council of Indianapolis "for ornamentation"", authoriz- ing it to .set out "a ])roper number of shade tni's with necessary shrubbery""'" and a num- ber of young trees were planted, lint in Jan- uary, 1843, Henry Ward Beecbcr wrote that they were promptly destroyed by llu' jailor"s cow, which was pastured on the sipiare : and "a gentleman not without a taste for horticulture, from day to day, saw, from his office door, this destruction, as he infoiiiicd me with great iwi- vr.ir, as though it were a sin to interfere and save the trees"".'' But this is not so shocking when it is remembered that the |)lanting oc- curred while the horrible delusion of planting evergreens and black locusts prevailed in the west, and Mr. Heecher says these court house trees were cbielly locusts. Since- llieii there have been no shade trees on the sepuire, l)nt some young ones are now planted, and may eventually produce shade if some change of official |)olicv does not call for their removal. 1'he board next took up petitions for ojiening '■■Her. St<ils.. p. 527. "7iV'c. ;). 11. 2(i5. ''fii/I. MiUj. of llisl.. \. 56 HISTOKV 01-' Ch'i'lA'I'l'. Mil.W.Vrol.IS. new roads. Win. TDWuseud, the lirst Quaker in the settlement wanted two — one to "the Mills at the Falls of Fall Creek", and the other from the north end of Pennsylvania street to Strawtown. Viewers were appointed for both. The first, as established was the continuation .of Massachu.setts avenue beyond East street, and the old Pendleton road. The second has now become l"t. Wayne avenue. Central ave- nue, Sutherland avenue in part — the old Xobles- villo road. Eliakim Harding asked for a road west of the rivei-, on the future line of the Na- tional road. John ilcCormiek wanted a road from the end of Indiana avenue to his mill on ■Wliite Kiver — about the line of the old La- fayette road. Demas JIcFarland wanted a road to the southwest — the line of the old iloores- ville road. All of these were ordered "viewed", and in due time "cut out"', so that in dn' weather a driver had no difUeulty in getting through, if he could steer around stumps. On the 14th the commissioners divided the county into road districts and appointed road supervisors. The "donation" was made a sepa- rate district, with John Yanblaricum as super- visor. The board then appointed constables as follows: in the outlying districts — for Fall Creek Township, Isaac Jones ; for Anderson, Allen Makepeace; for White Kiver, Levi Dick- son ; for Delaware, Chapel W. Brown and Ed- ward M. Dryer: in the county proper — for Washington-Lawrence, Wm. Cris and John Small ; for Pike-Wayne, Joel A. Crane and Charles Eckard; for Centre- Warren, Israel Harding, Josejih Duval, Francis Davis, George Harlan, Wm. Phillips, Caleb Eeynolds, Daniel Lakin, Lewis Ogle, Samuel Eoberts, Joseph Cat- terlin, Henry Cline, Joshua Glover and Pat- rick Kerr. Later in the day Elias Stallcop was appointed for Dt>catur-Perry-Franklin. The large number appointed for Centre- Warren may have been in view of probable calls on them for police duty in the town. The preponderating element in the settlement was determined to preserve order, and indictments for "assault and Ijattery" and "affray" were quite common in the early days. On May 15 the commissioners made np their lists of petit and grand jnrurs — 72 of the for- mer and 54 of the latter — from which the sheriff was to take his venires. As the treas- urer. Daniel Yandcs, declined to take cliarge of the tax duplii-atr. Harris Tyner was a])p(>inted collector of taxes, as provided by law. At that time there was no treasurer's office, and the collector usually gave public notice "to all who have any taxes to pay" to call on the collector at some specified place and pay. And this they were in no greater hurry to do in those days than at present, as appears from the first an- nual report of the treasurer, which was made on Xovember 13, 1822, as follows: DANIia YAXDES, COIM'V TltKASLlilCll. Uli. To amount of receipts up to this date, for store licenses, tavern licenses, and taxes on certificates and sales and writs $169.93% To certified amount of county revenue assessed for 1822 726. TO To the balance in vour favor on set- tlement this day 79 . 11^4 $975.81 TREASURER CR. By payment to grand jurors to this "date" '. 2.25 By payment to county commission- ers ' ." 36.00 Bv pavment to listing, appraisers, "etc. ". 70.50 By payment to prosecuting attorney 15.25 By payment to expenses of the courts and juries 40 .30 By payment to returning judges of of elections 9 . 50 By payment to building county jail ^ account 140 . 50 By payment to Mork on court house "square 59.00 Bv pavment to viewers and survevors of roads ."... S.lSi/o P.y payment on poor account 5.00 By payment on school section ac- count 1 . 50 By payment for printing 32.871/^ $421.00 To treasurers per cent, on $421.00 at 5 i)er cent 21 .00 By amount of county revenue yet due from Harris Tvner, collector, for the year 1822 490.841/2 Bv amount deducted from revenue 'by delinquents 42 . 871/2 $975.84 insTORV OF (; AT IXDl.WAI'OI.IS. The "county jail"' iiiuutioiiud in tliis state- ment was ordered ou ilay 15. IS'i'i. when Har- vey Bates, sheriff was directed to take bids for a log structure, fourteen feet cquare inside, and two stories higli. The lower story, or dungeon, was to be of hewed logs at least 12 inches square, with two rounds of oak or walnut logs under- ground. The sides and second floor were of logs of the same size, '"of walnut, oak, ash, beech or sugar tree"". The third floor, or more properly the ceiling of the second story, was of logs six inches thick and at least one foot wide, .\bove this was a roof covered witli jointed shingles. There was no door in the lower story, and but one window, which was one foot square and furnished with grate liars of iron 11^4 inches thick, let 3 inches into the logs. There was a similar window, two feet b}' six inches in the second story, and also a door four feet by two, by which the jai! was en- tered. This door was reached by "a carpenter's ladder" on tlie outside, and the prisoners were put into the dungeon over another ladder from a traj) two feet .square in the center of the second floor. Both doors were of double thick- ness of two-inch oak iilank and furnished with heavy strap hinges and locks. The contract was awarded to Xoah Leverton. on a bid of $312, and the jail was built on the northwest corner of tlie Court House Square, and accepted liy the commissioners on August 12. But liie grand jury was more critical than the commissioners, and six wi^eks later, on Se]i- tember 28, it reported that it found "the lower room in the jail of said county insuflicient to hold criminals for want of sealing the inside and boxing the corner.s". and further "the said lower room in said jail at this time needs cleansing" ; from which it would appear that Jeremiah Jolinson, the first jailor, set the pace for his successors in oflice, for there have been few jail examinations since that time that did not result in some criticism. The Grand Jury was quite right as to the insecurity of the jail, for though such a structure might seem impreg- nable to the uninitiated it was far from secure to people wiio were aeeuslonied to jirying up a log in a cal)in wall and throwing out the cross log under it for an entrance when they did not want to take time to cut a door. .Vnd experi- ence convinced tlie commissioners of this, for in July, 1825, they ordered the jail rebuilt, or rather reinforced by building a second log struc- ture around it, leaving nine inches between the two all around, which space was filled by logs set on end. This looked safe, but they had over- looked the to]), and the prisoners did not. On January 19, 1831, the aroused commissioners ordered the sheriff "to have a new log put in the upper loft of the jail, and have the said loft of logs closely spiked over with two-inch plank, and all other necessary repairs requisite to make the jail secure for prisoners, as well debt- ors as criminals" ; also to "have chains and bars to secure any prisoner safel}' in the criminal room, so as to render confinement entirely se- cure therein, and also to employ a sutlicient guard", if deemed necessary. This brought peace to the commissioners for a few months, but on September 24, 1831, the Journal contained this discouraging item: "The fall term of the Marion Circuit Court com- mences on ]\Ionday next. Those persons who were confined in jail on suspicion of criminal offences have made their escape." After ma- ture deliberation, on Xovember 9, 1831, the commissioners ordered "the upper log to be spiked up, and the jail made as secure as it was before the late General Jail Delivery". These precautions sufliced for a time, presum- ably because the county had a less ingenious class of prisoners, but in the summer of 1833 a new nightmare arose before the commissioners. The original "Buffalo J^ill"' came to town — a strolling negro, wearing a black cap with a red leather band, and leading or riding at jileasure a ijuffalo, from the exhibition of which he eked out a precarious existence. For offense against the peace and dignity of the state he was locked up in the dungeon, and, whether inspired by the spirit of the youth "who fired the Ephesian dome", or that of Samson in the tenqile of the Philistines, he set fire to the building. He did it so efi'ectually that he narrowly escaped death, and left nothing of the jail but the Imle- where the underground logs had lain, which re- mained many years to mark the spot. The commissioners took some time to devise a system of imprisonment that would imprison, and on January (i, 1834. ordered a new jail "built of brick principally", that was at least ingenious. It was 4fix20 feet and two- stories high, with a hall G feet wide across the middle, making two rooms 20 feet square on each side, on both floors. One side was occupied by the jailor, and on the (itliev I he upstairs room was 58 HISTORY OF HEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. THE FIRST JAIL. (From a sketch by James B. Dunlap.) ]I1ST()|;V OF (iREATEi; IXDIANAI'Ol.lS. .".!» for ili'blur.- anil thai iluwn.-tairs i'or (jrunioals. Tlie walls of the criminal room rested on a brick foundation 32 inches thick, and were made with it inches of brick outside, then 10 in- ches of log, and inside 1.'5 inches of brick. He- tween each two layers of logs there were three courses of brick the width of the wall. On the inside, at intervals of 3 feet, were scantling, ''ironed into the timber between the two walls", and over these a sheath of two-inch oak plank, fastened with (j-inch spikes. The floor was on a base of 8-inch timliers laid close together, above which were two courses of brick laiil in mortar; then scantling l(i inches apart and "levelled u|i between with bricks and mortar", to which was spikeil the floor proper of "-i-inch oak plank. The ceiling was of brick, set on edge and archeil, with a spring of 18 inches. And finally, the walls and floors were covered with "thick sheet iron'', nailed on with 8-penny nails which were not more than 4 inches apart in any direc- tion. The contract for this jail was let to Jacob Turner, for $2,500, and it served to hold the prisoners thereafter. The only reinforce- ment it received was a cover of weather-board- ing which was put on in IS-H).'" Sulgrove states that "a hewed-log addition" was ' made on the north side of the jail in !m4.") "fni- the confinement of the \\ih>\ [irisoners", but there is no mention of this in the commissioners' records. .\ singular fatality j occurred in this jail on .\ngnst .'!, lS5;i. (ieorge Lingcnfelter was arrested and confined in the u])per room for into.xication. He fell through the hatchway to the lower room, and as he fell caught the open trap door with his hand, pulling it to on his head. Jt wa.< of honvy onk, cased with iron, and crushed his skull, killing him instantly. By 18.);} this jail bad liccmiie ant iipuitrd. It was too small, and there was no provision for separation of prisoners. It was decided to build an up-to-date jail, and on February 12 of that year a new jail was ordered, with walls of <-ut stone, 18 inches thick. It was 24 feet high, including 2 feet of hard limestone underground, and till' floors were of flagstones .'! inches thick, laid on 2 feet (d' concrete. Within were twd rows of cut-stone cells, set back to back, if, in all, se])arated by walls of cast or hoiler iron. For the building of this jail $10,000 of ccnnity '"/.Vc. .">, pp. i; I. 111.",. bonds wci-e issued, and a spi'cial tax of 15 cents on each $100 of jjroperty, and 25 cents poll, was levied to meet the bonds and jiay interest. Jnchuled with the jail was a jailor's house of brick, 45x20 and two stories high. There were rooms in this that were used by some jailors for the confinement of favori'd prisoners, who were willing to pay for .separation from the common run. These buildings stood at the northeast corner of the square, and were fairly serviceable, though there were occasional es- cajH's, one ])ai-ty resorting to the ungentlemanly mode of pulling up a flagstone in the floor and crawling out through the sewer. The citv out- grew the jail and the additions that were made to it, and when the Hoard of State Charities was organized in 1889, the jail fell under its condemnation. It had been overcrowded for several years, and the ventilation and sewerage were wholly inadecpiate. There was no suHi- cient provision for (deanliness of either the prisoners or their clothing. In 1891 a new jail was decided on, and $15(1,000 of bonds were issued for its construction. Over consid- erable protest it was located half-a-scpiare south of the Court IIou,se Square, and, on its com- pletion the old jail was removed and the Court lIou.se alone left on the s([uare. In taking leave of the old jail it is worthy of note that it was the scene of the only judicial executions that ever occurred in Marion ('(uinty. Marion County had hecm singularly free from cold-blooded homicide, until, on Se|)tember 13, 18()8, the community was startled and shocked by "the Cold Spring murder", the most cele- brated in its annals. The dead bodies of Jacob 'I'oung and his wife were found in a chun]) of willows on a gravel-bar, now in Riverside Park, just above "the Cold S])ring", which is at the west cml of the foot bridge over White I{iver just at the north of Emmerich's (irove. The ease was puzzling at first, but investigation soon wove a web of circumstantial evidence about Xancv E. Clem, her brother Silas W. Hartman, and \Vm. J. .\brams, who was proved to have bought the gun found on the ground. They were indicted on October 20, and on the elec- tion of the defense to try Mrs. Clem first slu- was brought to trial on Decend)er 21. (ien. !'>' nj. Harrison, W'ni. P. Fishhack and John T. ! )ye were employetl to assist in the prosecu- tion of the case. The prosecutor, John S. Dun- can, was the voungest that I'ver hrld the office — CO ISToi;^- OF GREATER IXDIAXAl'OMS. not yet 22 — but he won his spurs in the trial. The defense was ecjndiicted by John Hanna, (ien. Fred Knefler, and W. W. Leathers — Jon- atlian W. Gordon was added at the second trial. The evidence was wholly circumstantial. On the night that the State finished its case the defense held a consultation and Leathers, who was i^erhaps the best criminal lawyer at the bar, desired to i;o to tlie jury on the State's case, as the defense had nothing to otfer but a weak alibi ; but he was overruled. The jury dis- agreed, eleven for acquittal and one for con- viction, and that one, Anton Wiese, stood on the gi'ound that if Jlrs. Clem was not at the scene of the murder she could prove where she was, and she had tried it and failed. A second trial soon followed, and in it the State had some additional evidence in the statements of two witnesses who had seen Mrs. Clem and Hartnum driving in a buggy from the direction of the tragedy on the afternoon when it occurred. On iMareh 2, the jury returned a verdict of murder in the second degree — prob- ably a compromise verdict. A few days later Hnrtman made a confession, which nobody be- lieved, intended to exculpate his sister, but merely establishing his own guilt. It was pub- lished with critical comment on March 10, and that night Hartman committed suicide by cut- ting his throat, or, as some believed, was killed by Abrams, who was his cell-mate. ]\Irs. Clem's case went to the Supreme Covirt and was re- versed.^" It then went to Boone County on cliange of venue, and the trial resulted in an- other conviction of murder in the second de- gree; but it was likewise reversed by the Su- preme Court.-" Following this the case was dismissed by Prosecutor Wall, of Boone County. There was much jiublic dissatisfaction at the result, and some urging of a now indictment, l)ut some important, witnesses had left the state, and it was thought impossible to make a case. On :\rarch IS, 1874. the Board of County Com- missioners recorded a declaration that they "would incur no further expense in the prose- cution of Nancy E. Clem".-' IMeanwliile Ab- rams was convicted and sentenced to life ini- ]irisonment, but he was pardoned by Governor AVilliams, on .Tulv -T. 1878. There was evidence "33 Ind., 418. ="42 Ind.. 420. -']'rrnr/l 12. p. ().")•"). adduced in the cases tending to show that Mrs. Clem was operating a system of inter- changeable loans, like the more recent Cassie Chadwick system, and at a certain point fright- ening her duped creditors into silence by threats of exposure of participation in the profits of counterfeiting, or some other illegal business. It was commonly believed that the Youngs were involved with her in the business, and that they were killed to get possession of a large sum of money that was in their possession. The theory of the character of the business was .-trengthened a few years later by the disclos- ures in a case where Mrs. Clem was convicted of perjury, for which she served a term of four years in tlie Women's Prison. The next shocking crime after the Cold Spring murder was Wm. Cluck's murder of his wife, on April 2.'), 1872. He was a natural brute, made unnatural by liquor, in which he indulged freely. He habitually mistreated his wife, and one day, after snapping a gun at her, informed her that he would pour coal oil on her and her child while they slept, and burn them up. The terrified woman left him at the first opportunity and took refuge with a friendly family. On the day mentioned, Cluck came there and undertook to drag her to his house. She broke away from him and he shot her — shot her a second and a third time as she was on her knees begging for life. He w-as con- victed and sentenced to be hanged on December 20, 1872. His case was taken to the Supreme Court and aflirmed.^^ Some well-meaning ]ieo- ple became active in his l)e]iall', jn-obably influenced most by tlie idea that an execu- tion would be a disgrace to the county. Governor Baker declined to commute the sen- tence, hut gave the man a respite to January 3. to make preparation for death. He prepared by issuing a letter in which he denounced his lawyers, the press, and the ]nibiic in genci-al,-''' and securing a sufficient amount of morphine which he took on the night of December 31, lie ended his existence. On December 24, 1877, William Greenley, a negro, killed Ida Kersey, a married woman with whom he was maintaining illicit relations. He was indicted at the January term, 1878, con- victed and sentenced to death. The case was "40 Ind.. 2r>3. -•'Jnunifil. Deceinber 30. 1872. IIISTOKY OF CltEATKIJ IXDI ANArOT.IS. 61 appealed to the Supreme Cuurt and allinuod,-' but Governor Williams commuted the sen- tence to imprisonment for life on May 15, 1S78. On July 3, came the pardon of Abranis, and following it came a carnival of blood. On July 16, John Achey, a gambler, killed (Jeorge Leggett, a supposed partner whom he charged with robbing him, and who probably did. On September 16, Wra. Merrick, a livery-stable keeper, killed his wife under peculiarly atrocious circumstances — a woman whom he had seduced, robbed, and married to secure the dismissal of bastardy pro- ceedings ; and who sued for divorce before her child was born on account of bad treat- ment. On Se])tomber 19, Louis Guetig killed Mary Mc(ilrw. a waitress at his uncle's hotel. who had declined to accept his attentions. Achey might have escaped the death penalty but for the state of public mind caused by the combination. He was convicted on Xovember 7 and sentenced to death. Guetig was con- victed on Xovember 28 and sentenced to death. Merrick was convicted on December 13 and sen- tenced to death, the jury being out only eleven minutes. They were all sentenced to be hanged on January 29, 18T9, but Guetig's case was appealed to the Supreme Court which reversed it on a small technicality in an instruction. Achey and Merrick were hanged at the same time, on one scaffold, in the jail yard, on Jan- uary 29. Guetig was tried again, convicted, and sentenced to death. The Supreme Court af- firmed this decision-"' and he was hanged on September 29, 18'<9, at the same place. After these executions there was a lull in capital offenses until 1885. On June 24 of that year Kobert Phillips, a negro, killed his wife, in a fit of insane jealousy, and cut his own throat. Tlie doctors patched him up sufli- ciently to allow of his conviction on December 14, and his execution on April 8, 1886. These four cases were the only executions that ever occurred within the county limits, and as on March 6, 1889, an act was passed requiring all future executions to be made at the state pris- ons,-" it is probable that they will be the last. But the death penalty has been pronounced sev- eral times. On .Vugust 24, 1889, Edward Az- nian murdered Bertha Eltf and then cut Iiis (jwn throat. He was rescued by the surgeon, convicted, and sentenced to death; but the Su- preme Court reversed the case-^ and on change of venue to Johnson County he was allowed to plead giiilty to murder in the sec- ond degree and take a life sentence. On April 14, 1893, Parker and McAfee, two young negro toughs, murdered Chas. Eyster, a druggist on North Senate avenue. They were convicted and sentenced to death, but the Supreme Court reversed the decision-'' and on change of venue to Johnson County they received life sentences. On September 9, 1902, Orie Coppenhaver mur- dered his wife, and his sentence to death was affirmed bv the Supreme Court-" and he was hanged at":Michigan City. On May 12, 1903. Edward Hoover murdered his father-in-law. Frank Sutton. Hoover's wife had left him, and he sent word to her father to come and get her things or he would sell them; when he came Hoover shot him. The Supreme Court affirnicil the death sentence^'' and he was hanged at :\Iichigan City. On January 26, 1905. Bei'kely Smith was convicted and sentenced to death for murdering his wife; and he was executed at ilichigan Citv on June 3(1. On September 30, 1906, Patrolman Chas. J. Russell and I'>dward J. Petticord were killed by Jesse Coe and George Williams, two negro desperadoes, while resisting arrest. Williams was captured, convicted and sentenced to death on Octol)cr 12, and banged at .Michigan City. Coe escaped, and liafllcd pui-suit for nearly two years, but was betrayed by a cousin, lured into a trap and killed by officers on August 25, 1908, in Kentucky. The act of December 31, 1821, cstablisiiing the co\inty as mentioned, bad donated $8,000 for a court bouse, suitalile for use as a state house until a state bouse should be built, wjiich was to be commenced within one year after the taking effect of the act, and to.be completed within three years thereafter. This matter was given prompt attention, and by August 15, 1822, satisfactory plans luid been prepared by Jolni E. Bak(>r and James Paxton, which were adopted by tlie commissioners, and on that ='60 Ind.. 1 11. "' 66 Ind., 94. -\icix ISSO, p. 192. " 123 Ind., 3-11. "136 Ind., 284. =M60 Ind., .540. ■"•161 Ind., 318. (;•> IIISTOIJV (»!•' (IKKATEU IXDIAXAI'OI.IS. date the clerk was iiistriiuted to advertise for bids for the erection of the building. It was to be forty-live feet front, facing Washington street, by sixty feet deep, and '•ninety-four feet high", but of this last dimension forty-nine feet six inches was cupola, dome, belfry, spire and vane. The building was two stories liigh, the first story "K; feet between joists"' and the second lo. It stood on a foundation 3 feet thick and j feet high, of which 1.S inches was under ground. The walls were of brick, "-iT inches thick in the lower story, and 'i'i inches in the second. The specifications called for a roof of jjoplar shingles, five inches to the wea- ther, and "a Doric cornice gutter on the roof, and four tin conductors with capitals". The entrance from the front was into a hall 13 14 feet wide running across the building, east and west, except that a room I0I4 feet square was cut oflE the west end. Back of these was the main court room, or house of representatives, which was 40^/0 feet square. From the hall a stairway led to the second story, to a similar hall with a similar room cut oil' the west end. Back of these, on each side, was a room 1(> feet square, and lietween them a hall led to the second court room, or senate chamber, which was 411/4 feet by 'i'>. At a special meeting on September 3, the commissioners awarded the contract to the architects John E. Baker and James Paxton, for $13,990. This was a stiff advance on the legislative appropriation of $8,000, but by act of January -i. 1824, the legislature appropriated the additional $.5,991). This was with a jiroviso that the commissioners should provide a gallery across the south end of the representative hall, ■"surticient and suitable for the accommodation of spectators and others, with at least two rows of seats therein"' ; and should furnish the two legislative chambers with "good, suitable, suthcient and complete seats, with good, substantial, sufficient and complete tables in front of the same, for the accom- modation of one hundred persons: ami the said tables sliall have in them one hundred drawers, of a large and convenient size, with good locks and keys thereto for the use of sena- tors and representatives, and the said seats and tables shall he made substantial, firm, sulfi- eient and suitable and be finished in good and complete, plain, workmanlike manner"", other- wise the agent of state >lioul(l "pay over none of the a])pro|)riation." The conditions were jironiptly accepted; in fact the commissioners Went beyond them, and on February 11, 1824, called for a contract to furnish "eighty Windsor chairs of a plain, substantial kind, to be suit- ably painted and finished.""-" But, to return to 1822, the commissioners proceeded on their march of improvement <<[ the Court House Square by providing, on No- vember 13, for a public well, "to be dug so deep that there will be at least three feet of water therein"", to be curbed with a good, strong and sufficient frame, as customary, with fit boards"", and also with "a strong and suitable sweep". On February 11, 1823, they provided further for a pound, at the northeast corner of the square, to be made 50 feet square and se- curely fenced — the posts to be made of walnut and the rails of oak — and with a strong gate, fastened by a heavy lock. These were the only additional structures on the square for some years. The court house was completed and accepted on January T, 1825, by the com- missioners, although they were not then in office for other purposes. By the act of Jan- uary 31, 1824. boards of county commissioners were discontinued in Indiana, and the county business was transacted by boards coni])osed of the justices of the peace of the county. Part of the counties were put hack under the old system by special acts — Clarion County by act of January 19, 1831 — and the commissioner system was restored. By special act of Feb- ruary 7, 1835. Marion County again went back to the Board of Justices. This act was re- pealed on February 7, 1837, and the Commis- sioners were permanently restored. The court house was tlie only public building in Indianapolis for some years, and the only one suitable for public meetings. In addi- tion to its use as a state house and a court house for federal, supreme and local courts, the Board of Justices on March ',, 1825, provided that "the Representative Hall shall be appro- priated for religious worshij) on particular occasions"", and put the buihling in charge of the sheriff with an evident understanding that others might use it. for they "provided, that each society or other person using any of the rooms shall leave such room in as clean and >rood order a> tlir >.-nrii' mav lii' in when rc- ■■'L'rronl. p. 12!. HISTUIJV OF Clv'KATKi; 1 XDIAXAI'OLIS. ti;! ceivi'd by tliclii""."- Tlu' public, liowcvur, did not cxiTfisr as jtrcat can' of tbe i)uibling as Ava? aiiticipatfd. Toi- on September 4, IS'.i'i, as the eierk bad ottered to provide rooms for bis and the recorders" oHices "in a good brick buihl- ing, in a ])ublic |iart of Indianapolis, at his own expense, it i.- m-dci-ed that the said ((uii't house be kept closed bv the sheriff of the county excej)! at courts or sessions of the Hoard or Legislature, after the clerk's otlice is rc- niove<r'.''"'' The c(Hnmissioners paid $;],U()1.-II for repair- tn the liuilding on Ai)i'il 'i'i, 1S4(I, and tliere i> no i-ci-di-d of tlie building being opened to the public till September 8. 184"^, when it was ordered that it might be used by "any iteligious society, or any Horticultural or Agricultui-al society, or the Washington or other temj)erance society", the occupants to be res])onsible for any damages and to ])ay the sherilf foi- extra work occa- sioned. From that time on it was the chief assembling ]ilace for all sorts of meetings and entertainments until private halls wcie built. On January 'iii. lS-.'7, the legislalure appro- priated !f;.")()0 to build an ollice for tbe (dcrk of the Supreme Court, on the Court House Sipuirc. This wa.s a one-story brick building, l!(ixl8, and stood next to Delaware street, opposite Court street. It stood until 1855, when it was tmii down, and the otlice moved to the state house. On June 7, 1844, the commissioners ordered a building for the county ollicers, which was built on the west side of the square, east of the little otlice of the clerk of the Supreme Court. It was a onc-.story brick (il '/-.'x;?!. di- vided int« three offices, each of which hail a fire-proof vault. .\ second story was ;idded to it in 1805, and it was used unlil tlu^ prcs- ^^Record, p. 182. "■'■Rcronl. p. -'I!). cut court house was completed. In preparation for tile building of the present court house. a temporary court house was constructed in 18U8 north of the county oflices. It was at first intended to rent quarters for the courts, but the lawyers were of opinion that the courts were legally l)ound to sit on the Court House Sipiare, and so it was built there. It was a two-story brick, 'i'he contract was let to ^lil- liT \' Schaaf on .May .">. for •$()..■>■; <l, and it was completed and accepted on Scptendn'r ■;. When the Superior Court was created in 1871, more room was needed, and an addition 44x50 was built on the west side, reaching to Delaware stre(>t. The contract for this was let to George I'arkci- for $;!,lll(l. These were the only offi- cial buildings erected on the Court Honso Square. in 18G4 the rcjiublicans put up a rough Iranic structure, HOxlO on the south side of the sijuare, for political meetings. It was "dedicated" Septendjcr 21 by Senator Henry S. Lane, and the Journal tried to chris- ten it "the Union Tabernacle", but everybody i-alled it "The Wigwam". It stood for a year' or so and was ust'd for other meetings after tbe campaign. In 18t)7 a temporary building was ])ut uj) in the southeast corner of the square for the saengerfest. This closed on September (J, and the Y. M. ('. A., with com- mendable enterprise secured the building for "big meetings" on September 7 and 8 ; after which it was also used for a short time for other meetings. In 187'^ another "Wigwam"' was built by the republicans on the northwest corner of the square. It was here that Henry Wilson, candidate for Vice President, spoke on .Vugust 5, but that is not so well remembered as the speech by Hen Hntler at the same place, in which, incensed by some s\iggestion of "spoons" in tbe Scniuii'l. he paid his respects to J. .1. Hiiigham ami also lt> Thos. A. llen- di'icks in his most caustic style. CHAPTER VII. Till-; IMJLMORDIAL LIFE. On Decembur 1, 1823, Calvin Fletcher wrote: "Seven Indians in with venison and bear's meat. Vouison hams arc I2V2 t-ents a piece, Captain John, a Wyandotte chief, is among the number."" Tliis serves to introihiee tliree not- able classes of denizens of this region when the settlement began, the Indians, the deer, and the bears. Altliough one occasionally finds a statement from some old settler that "the Indians were very bad"" in the early times, it is unquestionable that they were not. The Del- awares, under their treaty of 1818. were al- lowed to occupy their lands for three years, and after their removal the Indians of the north- ern part of the state occupied part of their villages, and hunted throughout the region for several years. As a rule they were very well behaved, but they were fond of the white man's firewater, and occasionally made some small disturbance under its intiueuce. The Wyan- dotte Jolin mentioned above was considered a dangerous man because he had left his tribe on account of some oJl'ense ; but no charges of any kind are recorded against him, although he lived about the settlement for some time, oc- cupying a liollow sycamore log on the east bank of the river, just above' Washington street. It was quite commonly believed that George I'ogue was killed Ijy Indians, but there were many who did not believe it. The only real Indian tragedy anywhere near Indianapolis was the brutal murder by white men of an inoffensive party of Indians, east of Pendleton in 1824. This caused some alarm lest the Indians should retaliate, but they were entirely satisfied bv the prompt execution of the chief offenders, Hiul- son. Bridges and Sawvi'r.' \Siiiit]i'K Indiana Trinja. pp. .SI-' ; Diuin' True Indian Stories, p. 1!)7. Uut there were many people who were afraid of Indians, and sensible people took some pre- cautions to prevent pilfering by them. Con- sequently an occasional Indian, with an ab- original development of the bump of humor, would undertake to scare somebody. Xowland records a case of a drianken Delaware, called Big Bottle, who started to chop down John McCormick"s door, in 1821, because Mrs. ilcCormick had refused to ferry him over the river; but he promptly tiesisted when her cries brouglit several white men to the scene, and explained that he merely wished to "scare white squaw". He was put across the river with the admonition that any further jesting would probably result in his being shot by her hus- band. Complaint was also made to Chief Anderson \\ho took measures to prevent any similar annoyance thereafter. In 1822, a small party of Indians passing Samuel McCornuck"s house, about where the ^laus brewery st^inds, picked up Amos ilcCormick. aged three years, and started off with him. His mother's cries brought some men who were working in "the deadening", and the Indians dropped him wWen they saw that the joke was getting serious. Some wliite men were similarly facetious. Nat Cox iunl an Indian costume, and it was a favorite diversion of his to dress in it, and sit scowling on a log, to see people shy away from him. These were as near Indian hostilities as ever occurred at tins ]ioint. Berry Sulgi-ove re- lates an incident of his grandfather being alarmed by an Indian following him in the woods where West Indianapolis is. He was on a horse, with a child before him. and whipped up to avoid his pursuer, but t]u> Indian in- creased his speed also. Seeing that ho would be overtaken, Mr. Sulgrove stopped, and when the Indian came up he held out a shoe which (U HISTORY OF GKEATEK lM>iA.\ Ai'ULlS. 05 the child had lost aud which he desired to return. - So far as the abundance of game was con- cerned, this might be called a hunter's para- dise. There were plenty of bears and wolves, and an occasional panther, or catamount as they were commonly called, but the chief trouble the settlers had with them was in pro- tecting their stock from them. Probably Elisha Reddick, the first settler in Lawrence Township, had the most varied experience in this line. He was the first settler there, and brought in with him twenty-five hogs and a dozen sheep. Soon after his arrival he had a lively fight with a predacious panther that weighed about a hun- dred pounds, and finally succeeded in killing it with an ax. He also killed three bears and fifty wild cats before he got peaceably settled.'' The venerable Dr. AVm. H. Wishard had an un- pleasant experience with wolves, in 1826, when a boy of twelve. His parents lived at the edge of Morgan County and ho had come up to get some meal ground at the old bayou mill. It was nearly dark when he got started home, and in the darkness of night, in the dense forest, he found his path obstructed by a pack of wolves that had pulled down a deer on the trail. But he was "nervy"', aud with considerable effort he succeeded in making his way around them, through the thick underbrush, and got safely home. Amos Hanway aud Cloudsberrj' Jones (older brother of Wm. Jones, of Cobum & Jones) when boys, saw a black bear on Gov- ernor's Island, which was opposite Greenlawn Cemetery before the river shifted its channel ; and some years later a large bear was chased out of the corn fields near Xorth street. Row- land mentions a bear being killed near where Morton place now is, about 1846.'' Deer were very abundant, and not very shy. Robert Duncan said he had killed many of them, but never shot at one running, because powder and lead were expensive and he could get all he wanted standing. Owing to the dense underbrush, the larger part of the deer- liunting was done on the river. Says Mr. Duncan : "As an evidence of the great abund- ance of wild game in this section of the coun- try at that early day, and the easy manner of 'Hist. Iiidianapolis. p. G9. 'Sulr/rnve Hist., p. .537. *Rem{niscences, p. 42. Vol. 1—5 capturing the same, it is only necessary for lue to state that Robert Harding, one of the very early settlers named in my former sketch, during the summer of the year 1820, on one occasion pushed his canoe containing his hunt- ing material from the mouth of Fall Creek (near which he was living) up the river to a jioint about the fourth of a mile below where the bridge across While Eiver on the Michigan road is situated, being about five miles north of Fall Creek, from which point he started home- ward about 10 o'clock p. m., and on his way home killed nine deer, all bucks, having de- termined that night to kill nothing but bucks. On another occasion, during the fall of the same year, he and his brother Eliakim, who had by this time joined him, at a point near where the pork-houses of Kingan and Ferguson now stand, killed thirty-seven turkeys out of one dock, Robert killing twenty-five and Eliakim twelve. Tills kind of slaughter was not fre- quent but the killing of three or four deer, a half dozen to a dozen turkeys, and fifteen or twenty pheasants by a single person in a single day or night hunt (deer being mostly killed in the night time) was not unfrequent." ■' Rev. J. C. Fletcher bears testimony to the abundance of game at a later date. He says that one day, in 1834, when walking with lus father, he saw a flock of turkeys light in a tree in what is now Military Park. Soon ;Mr. Pulliam, partner of Samuel, Henderson in the tavern, and Jacob Cox, the early artist, who were pursuing them, came up, and Pulliam killed nine and Cox three out of the flock. Mr. Fletclier also makes the following statement: "In the first week of January, 1831, I was with my uncles James and John Hill, who were on their way to the farm of the former (which was very near where Brightwood is now) and I saw a large herd of deer bound across the road into the woods not far from the present locality of Fletcher & Thomas's brick yard. Wild 'turkeys in 1821 were \-2\'.> cents apiece, but if several were bought there was a large discount. In the spring of 1822, wild pigeons were sold at 25 cents by the bushel. In marked contrast to this were the prices of all manufactured or imported ar- ticles. There were two stores, if sucli little two- penny shops could be dignified by that name. '"hid. Hist. Soc. Pubs.. Vol. ].. 387. (Hi HISTOEY OF GlJEATErw INDIANAPOLIS. Thesi' wcro kc[)t liy .1. iS; J. (iivan ami by •!. '1". Of^ljonu-. The lattur alturwards weut to Nuw Orleans. The roads rroui this place ti) the Ohio Were almost impassable, and most of the importation came from the Whitewater coun- trv. I'oor coffee was 50 cents per pound, tea $1.50 ditto, while coarse, thin, shabby muslin for shirting was from 43% to io cents per yard. 1 do not find the price of flour in my mother's journal in 18-.il, but 1 learn that, in 1822, good flour, brought from 'Goodlander's mill, in yonder on Whitewater" was from $7 to $8 per Ijarrel : a coarser flour brought $3 per hundred pounds. Corn meal was 75 cents per bushel and corn was 50 cents per bushel; jiork was from $2 to $2.50 per hundred, and beef \v:is from $2.50 to $3 per hundred"." Turkeys often came into the town. Xow- land mentions one being killed at the corner of Washington and Missouri streets on Decem- ber 24, 1820, that weighed twenty-three pounds, and was so fat that it burst open when it fell from the tree ; also one being shot from the top of Hawkins" tavern in 1825, during the session of the legislature; and adds that "it was no uncommon thing, about the years 184(i- T for turkeys to be killed on the northern ])art of the Donation"".' .\aron D. Olir caught one in the (i()\i'rnor"s Circle in 1841. it bad been frightened by hunters from the woods about the present Blind Asylum and on being pursued took refuge in the base- ment of the old mansion house. Waterfowl of all kinds were abundant, especially ducks and geese, in the fall and s])ring. Swans were rare. Amos Ilanway saw Hocks on the river at three times, but the only one killed, of which there is any record, was bagged by George Smith, the pioneer ]iublisher, in the spring of 1822. The smaller fur-bearing animals were very numerous, especially raccoons and squir- rels, which occasionally did very serious dam- age to the crops. At the same time many a settler was enabled to hold out while he cloareil his farm, and got a start by the sale of 'coon skins, which always had a cash value. In fact this advantage of the abundance of game ranks next in importance to its increase of the supply of food, and that was almost vital to some. Robert Brown wlio li\cd for eiijht vears cm ^Xrirs. :Marcli 2!i. 18:!). ''Remniisii'iii-i's. pp. Ki. 42. the site of the Blind Asylum, would kill enough game to last his family for a week or two, and then go out and work on his farm, south of Irvington, until he got it cleared, and a house built. The last Indianapolis man who made any business of hunting was George W. Pitts, who said of his experience: "I commenced trapping about this town with my father in 1838. as a boy only fourteen years old, and made a business until 1849 of hunting and trapping. 1 u.sed to take my traps and float down White I\iver, staying out until the stream froze up. I knew all the hollow sycamores along the river, and many a night have I slept in them with a big fire blazing out in front. I trapped muskrat, mink, "coon, otter and fox. "Coon skins paid the best. I gave a cow and a calf to old Josh. Hinesly for a "coon dog. He was a good "un. Many a time in one night I got enough "coons with him to pay for that cow and calf. * * * j always went alone * * * and nuide my living trapping. ^Yhen 1 was going to school to the old Clarion County .seminary I kept up my tr<ipping on Fall Creek and the river as far as iIcCarty"s farm. I made enough money outside of school hours to ])ay for my schooling and something over. Dur- ing the winter, while going to school, I caught one night in Pogue's Run, near its mouth, three otters at one slide, and one about wliere the Belt crosses the run. Along in "45 I cleared as high as $(50 a week, trapping between this town and Waverly. * * * I think I caught the last otter ever trapped in Clarion County. That was in 184!), upon Fall Creek a mile north of the Fair (irounds. (i. e., ilorton Place.) I got twelve dollars for the skin. * * * In tliose days wild turkeys wero plenty all "round town, esjjecially north of town in the Fall Creek bottoms. I have sliot goliblers weighing twenty-two pounds when cleaned. I used turkey for bait for "coon and mink; jiarsnip is best for muskrat. In 1847 I killed a deer, a big buck, on the river, twelve miles below town. Around Crown Hill used to be, along about '40, a splendid place foi turkeys and .squirrels ; some deer there too. Any man who could shoot at all could calculate on getting fifteen oi' twenty squirrels in an hour or so in the afternoon. I used them to bait with. They were a great pest to the farmers, in '44 or "45 thev came travelling through here HlSTOliY UV CKKATKi; I.\ DIAXAI'OIJS. from tilt' iiortli : st-oivs and scores of tiiousamls of tlu'iii. 1 haw si'iMi tht'iii swiiniiiing the river iu great clrovi's, anil stood on the bank witli a eluh and killed them. They were verv lean and seemed to have been starved out. They were the old fashioned gray squirrel. Fox gquirrels were rarely seen then, but about 'i-j they began to appear, and soon drove the gray squirrels out. * * * There was no end of fish in the streams in those days. I went up to ^Ie('ormick"s dam (just above the Country Club) four miles above town on the river one day and sat down at a chute that had broken out and where the fish were running through. * * * There were wagon loads of fish, and I threw out with my hands eighty-seven bass, ranging in size from one pound up to five. * * * The boys used to shoot fish Indian fashion with bow and arrow, the arrow being seeureil with a string so that it would not be lost." * There was no dillieulty about catching fish in the early times. Xowland says that his father introduced hook and line fishing hero in June. 1820, and that, after finishing his day's work, he would often "catch enough to sup- ply our family for several days"." But there were others, for on ^lay '2'), ]S2(l. Tipton re- cords: "Bartholomew. Durham and myself went fishing — caught plenty of fine, large fish. Amos Hallway's favorite mode of lisliiiig was with a gig, at night, befin'e be tmik to seining, but Xowland says: "He was ei|ually successful with hook and line, and his favorite bait was a worm which he called helgramite, which be ])rocured under old logs." " This demonstrates that there was good founda- tion for his reputation for knowledge of lish and their ways, hut there was little need of skill or cunning in the early days. The fish were numerous, hungry, and not shy. Almost any bait was good for a bite, and a bite was usually gootl for a fish, for minnows were not usciv and tlierc was no "letting a bass run". Hook and line was too slow a process for most pi iipli'. mid the popular methods were the spear nr gig when the river was ojien and clear, and stumiiiig them by striking the ire above them ^■hiiiniiil. Octiilirr n. issn. "Uriiiinisrciiccx. pp. 40, 41. "7/1-/. ^f^(|. of Ifisl.. Vol. 1. p. 12 ' ' L'l IllillisCCIICI'S. |1. 0" . with a club or a.'i when it was frozen. John .McCormick was verv skilful with a gig, and used not only to sui)i)ly his tavern table with choice lish, but occasionally to take a canoe- load of gars and other worthless varieties to feed his hogs. Perhaps the most notable of the early fishermen was the Kev. Amos Hanway, before he became a fisher of men. He was a son of Amos Hanway, the cooper, who came here in 1.S2], and enjoyed the distinction of living in the first shingled house — the shingles split out and shaved by himself. Young Amos jneferred fishing to coopering, and probably did better at it, for he says: "for years 1 supplied the family with coffee, sugar and tea, to say nothing of many other things, hy fishing". The varieties of fish taken, he says, were '"bass, sal- mon, red horse, ordinary suckers, quillbacks, or as they were sometimes called s})earbacks, perch, pike, catfish, etc. * * * The big- gest salmon I ever caught weighed sixteen potmds. I once catight a pike that measured four feet and two inches ; at another time a gar-fish that measured over three feet, and a blue catfish that weighed sixteen and a quarter pounds. The finest rock bass I ever took was one which weighed eight and a quarter pounds, and that was near Waverly ; while the liiggcsi river bass 1 ever lifted from the water weighed six and luii'-rniirtb pounds." '- By "rock bass" lu' means the big-moulhcil, black bass: by "river bass"' the little-mouthed, black bass: bv "perch" the rock bass or redeye; by "salmon" the wall-eyed pike or pike-percli. The "(piilliiack" is the carp-sucker. .\s the market for lish develo|>eil, young Hanway pro- cured a good-sized seine, with which he used to take fish by wholesale. He says that once in Morgan County, above the Cox dam, when the fish were running, he and his brother Sam "at one haul seined twelve barrels of fish, and thei-c were thirty fish that averaged, undressed, ten ])ounds each. They were mostly bass and salmon, but there were also large redhorse. white i)erch, (piillbacks and ordinary suckers". Koberl Duncan tells of seeing a haul with a seine at "(!onner"s Hole", near ('onner's Sla- tinn at which a large wagon-load of lish was taken, and the fishermen threw away a ])ile of gars as large as a haycock.' ' It i> a pity thai tlif '-Xnrs. .\ugus( !l, IS^!). '■'./(iiinnil . Septelliber ".'."). 1S^ 68 HISTORY OP GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. HISTOEY OF GKEA'IEU i.NDlAXAPOLIS. C9 gars were not cxtenninatod, but tlicre are still a few in the river. On a bright day they may often be seen in Riverside Pari<, liasking at the top of the water below the bluU' ;it Eniniericlrs grove. Some of the other varieties that were common in the river then are seldom taken at Indianapolis or higher up the river now, and have not been for thirty years or more, prob- ably on aceount of the pollution of the river by sewage at this point. One of these is the white perch — commonly known as the sheeps- head or fresh-water drum on the great lakes, and as the croaker, or crocus in northern In- diana — but it is still common below Waverly. Another is the pike-perch, or wall-eyed pike, which is found in the river below, and in the Wabash and its other tributaries. In 190-4, there were 900,000 of the fry of this fish placed in the river at Riverside Park, in the hope that this would permanently stock the stream, at least from that point up. The expense of manufactured goods had a marked effect on the clothing of the early set- tlers. In summer, home-made tow-linen was widely worn, and in winter, home-made linsey- woolsey by the women and jeans by the older and more sedentary men. But, says Mr. Dun- can. "The outer apparel of the male population, particularly the younger and more active, soon became buckskin. This material was fre- quently procured already tanned by purchase from the Indians, but more frequently by tlie party killing the deer, dressing and tanning the skin himself, and thus making it ready for the tailor. Usually the only articles of cloth- ing made of this material were pantaloons and coats, called in these times 'hunting-shirts', be- ing much in the shape and style, barring the neat fit, of the sack coat so much in use among the gentlemen of the present time". The owner was usually his own tailor, "the thread used in the manufacture being the sinews taken from the legs -of the deer, or a thread called 'wliang', ])repared by cutting a long strip, as small as possible so as not to make it too weak for the purpose intended ; a large needle and a shoemaker's awl being used in the sew- ing process. * * * jj. ^j,g gQQjj found that tliis l)uckskin apparel was the very best that could have been devised for the country and times. It resisted the sting of the nettles, the scratch of the briers, the bite of the rattlesnake, and the pcnetratiou of the cold, lileak winds of winter, and at that time was cheap and within leaeh of all. * * * Indian-made moc- casins, which were abundant and cheap, were much worn by both sexes (particularly the younger and more active classes) in dry weather both winter and summer, being very comfortable and pleasant to the feet, and pre- senting a rather neat appearance. For wet weather strong, well made leather shoes were used. Bare feet were quite as seldom seen then as now. The head dress for the male population for winter use consisted mostly of a strong, well made wool hat with a low, broad brim something in the style of the hat in use by the elder of the Quakers at this time. A rather unsightly but very warm kind of fur cap was used by some, made out of a well- preserved 'coon skin. For summer wear, a rather rough home made straw hat was made out of the straw of rye, which was consider- ably grown for that purpose — the hat being very much in appearance and style of similar hats now in use. The female head-dress con- sisted in part of a straw bonnet made of the .same kind of straw, and in part of a sunbonnet generally made out of some kind of fancy colored calico worked over a stiff pasteboard; both straw and sunbonnets being of a style then in use, and of such shape and construc- tion as to protect both the face and neck from the hot rays of the summer sun and the cold blasts of the winter winds".'* The mention by Mr. Duncan of "the bite of the rattlesnake", is a reminder of this the one venomous reptile found in this region. It was not uncommon in the very early days, one species in stony places, and another in swampy or prairie lands. The most notable "den" of them was discovered in the winter of 1835-6 on the farm of Isaac Hawkins, about half a mile east of Valley Mills Station, and in the spring a number of the neighbors assembled and dug them out. There were 120 snakes of various kinds, over 100 of them rattlesnakes, that were coiled u|) togi'tlier in a ball, and all were killed. Dcmas McFarland gave a vera- cious account of this to the Gazette, but Mr. Bolton improved the story by making it "150 snakes from 10 to 3 feet long", and in reply to McFarland's protest blandly desired to Icnow '*r>i,l. Hist. Soc. I'lilis., \'(,1 •.'. pp. ;590-393. ro HISTORY OF (iUHATEU mDIAN^APOl.IS. wliMt Uii< the ditt'creiu-t' in a snake .-torv.'' TIh' stoiy IS antlicntic-, howuxur."' ami rat- tlesnakes were at least eoniniun enough to call for the following advertisement in July anil Augu>t. lS->: : •■ RATTLE SN'AKE OIL.'' "The suhseriher is authorized to purchase a quantity of pure RATTLE !5^XAKE OIL at his store in Indianapolis. The mode of saving it is, after taking off the pieces of fat, put them into a ghiss, pewter or tin vessel, and expose it to the heat of the sun one day, then pour it into a glass bottle and cork it tight — if any pieces of the fat are not melted squeeze them through a rag. JEg'^lf the snake bites itself the oil must not be saved. John Givan". But rattlesnakes, and all other kinds of sn;d\es. disaiqieared very rapidly as hogs, tame and wild, multiplied in the woods. They were fond of snakes, and an old-fashioned razor- hack could and would kill any snake, and eat it. ilany years have ])assed since a rattlesnake was heard of in Clarion County. Buckskin continued to be more or less worn for a number of years, and in evidence of its recognized cheapness and durability may be iu)ted the fact that on June 8, 1843, the County Commis.sioners allowed Hervey Hindman "$'l, for making buckskin pants for pau]>ers"".'' ( )f ciiurse the clothing here described means that of the masses. There wa,< always a class that used manufactured textile fabrics, as is evident from the advertisements of such goods. (4ivan and Oshoi'iie did not hold the monopoly of "stores" very long. Luke Waljxjle arrived in tlie summer of IS'i'i. coming uj) the river in a keel boat, in wliich, in addition to his family of thirteen and a coloreil servant girl, with their baggage and household furniture, he lirought a general stock of goods, a large part of which he sold at airction in the fall of 1S23. In .March, 1823, Robert Siddill advertised "a neat assortment of dry-goods, queensware, hardware and groceries, consisting of calicoes, ])laids, '"GilzHtr. April 1 . lS-.'( IS.-).-). "''Su1,l:i'ii\c . ///.-•/.. p. .Mi: ^'('oiiirx. 1 •>;:. 1. , 1. 132. Irish linen, steam loom and power shirtings, Hag handkerchiefs, etc., knives, spoons, Ijutts, hinges, screws, nails, etc., tea, coffee, loaf sugar, tobacco, scgars, pejjper, allspice, nutmegs, etc.", at his store on Washington street. In June John Hawkins advertised "an assortment of <lry goods, groceries and medicines""; and on July 2, Conner, Tyner k Co. announce the opening of their store with a detailed list of dry goods, hardware, ([ueensware, groceries, tinware, etc., too lengthy for reproduction. In- dianapolis had a hatter from 1821. when John Shunk. the pioneer in that line, came and es- tablished himself in a cabin near Kingan"s jiork-house, where he manufactured old-fash- ioned beaver, or "plug"" hats, as well as other kinds, until he roasted to death, in a drunken stu])or, at his own fireside. And he soon had rivals and successors. XoY was the town with- out a tailor after Andrew Byrne returned in March. 11S21, following liis visit with the com- missioners in ]82(). In fact the arts and crafts were creditably represented in Indianapolis at a very early date. On February 25, 1822, the Gazette said: "Tlie improvement of this town since the sale of lots in October last, has surpassed the e.x- ])ectations of those wlio entertained the great- est hopes of its future prosperity. There have been erected 40 dwelling houses and several workshops since that period, and many otiier buildings are now in contemplation. One grist and (one) saw inill are now in operation with- in one mile of the centre of the tow'n, and sev- eral others are nearly ready to be put into operation equally as near. Business is com- ])nratively lively at this time. We liavc al- leadv mechanics and professional men of the following description and number, to wit.: thirteen carpenters and joiners, four cabinet makers, eight blacksmiths, four boot and shoe nuikers, two tailors, one hatter, two tanners, one saddler, one cooper, four bi'ickhiyers, two merchants, seven houses of entertainment, three groceries, one school master, four jihysicians, one ministci' <if the gospel, and three counsel- lois at law"'.'"' TJiis, it will be noted, mod- estly overlooks the press, which was early on hand. Oeorge Smith, a Pennsylvania printer, married the widow Xancy Bolton, who had one son, Xatbanicl, born Julv 2.-). 1803. She was "Ouotcd in ]'iiiii'iiiii'y Sim. Mai'cb '.I. 1S22. insTOlfV OF CKKATKh' IX Dl AXAPOT.IS. 1 a sister of Xathaniel Cox, ht'ttiT kimwii as "I'ncle Nat. Cox", a pioneer par))entei', iuinter, and all-roiiiid iiieelianical sieniiis of liuliaii- apolis. In 18"2() tliey were all seizeil witli the fever of emigration, ami floated down the Allcjilieny and Ohio IJivcrs to Jetfersom iile on a timl)erl)oat. Here they o|)ened a printing oftice with a Mr. IJrandon, wliile awaiting the sale of lots at Indianapolis, to whieh .Mr. Smith went on foot. lie lionght two lots, on one of which was a cabin Iniilt by a Kentucky .squat- ter who had become homesick and deserted it. It was at the corner of Maryland and Missouri streets. Smith trudged back to Jeifcrsonville and packed back with his belongings and fam- ily, except Bolton wlio remained tem|iorarily for some state ])rinting work, arriving at In- dianapolis aliout the middle of December. The cal)in Avas (piickly tittetl up for a joint resi- dence and ])rinting otfiee. Iik le Nat Cox and a journeynnin printer wiio had been hii-ed for a time, being lodged in tlu' neighboring cabin of Dr. Ivenneth A. Scudder. On January 28, the lirst number of ilie Gazette apjieared. It was printed on an old- fashioned, two-pull, Ramage hand jjress. The forms were inked by hand with buckskin balls stuffed with wool, which wiic kept soft when I not in use by being greased with "coon oil. ! The two outside ])ages were usually printed early in the week, and the two inside on Fri- ilay, the paper being circulated on Saturday. Mr. Smith became one of the associate judges of the circuit court on August S, 18"^."). and re- tired from active managi'ment. lea\ing Xa- thaniel Holton in exclusive charge. Tlir '/"- zelti' was the only pajx'r until March ". 18-^;i, when the first number of the Wi'strni Crnxur and Einujranls' Guide ai)])eared. It was jjub- lished by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire. Mr. Gregg was the chief editor until October 2!l, when he retired and was succeeded by .lohn Douglass, Mr. Maguire taking on the editorial work. On January 11, 18-J."), the i)a])er was enlarged and the name changed to The Indiana Journal. Later on the Dcmoerat, and still later the Sentinel, were successors to the Gazelle, 'j'he oTiginal office of the Censor was on Washington street. o[)|iosite the New York store. Both pajiers were fairly regular in tbeii' i.=sues after getting well started, though there was an occasional failure of an issue on arcmint of inaliility to get paper, or a suspension of tlte mails. The relation of the neusjiapers and rlie mails was close and important. Tlieie had lx;en no |iost-office at the place, and no regidar mail up to the start of the daielle, but a news|)aper could not be published withinit "disiiatches"', especially at a time when local news was "all over town" by the time it got to the editor. So Mr. Smith got busy with an agitation for mail I'eform. On January 'M) a citizens" meet- ing was ht'ld at Hawkins' tavern lo make ar- rangements for a ""private mail'", which was not uncommon at the time, i. c. to have all the mail for this point gathered at one post- ottice, and brought here by a private carrier. The meeting selected Aaron Drake as carrier and postmaster, and made an agreement with him to bring the mail from Connersville once a month. Drake at once issued a circular to the postmasters, whom Indianapolis mail was likely to reach, asking them to forward it to Connersville. Says Brown: "\\v returned fi-om his first trij) after nightfall, his horn sounding far through the woods, arousing the people who tumetl out in the bright moonlight to greet him and learn the news"". By uu'ans of this enterprise, the message of President ilonroe, delivered December 3, 1821, came to hand in Februarv% 1822. and began to appear in our homo paper — it took two or threi' issues to print a message, though Moni"oe"s messages were mere epigrams as compared with those of recent years. Meanwhile the congressional dehgation was laboring in Washington, and in l-'ebruai'y lndiana])olis was made a postotlice, and Samuel Henderson was ap])ointed post- master, lie began business on March " , and showed his diligence by ])id)lishing a list of live letters '"not calle<l for"", on .Vpril .'!. .Vt first all the mail canu' from Connersville, but nn ()ctol)er ."). 1822, Wetum Jonathiin Meigs, jr., I'oslmasti'r (ieneral, advertised in the Vin- cennes Sun for proposals for carrying the mails to Indianapolis from two other points. "l'''rom Washington, by Burlington, Spencer ill Owen County, and ^lartinsville in M(U"gan 1(1 I iidiaiia])olis, oikc in two week.-, r.'."i miles, heave Washington I'very other Tuesdav at li a. 111. iind arrive at Indianapolis on Friday by Ki a. m. Ijcave Indiaiutpolis every other I'riday at 2 p. m. and arrive at Washington on Monday by (i ]). m."' HISTOKY OF GREATER liVDIANAPOLIS. "From Liuvreiicfburgli by Xapoleon to In- dianapolis, once in two weeks, 89 miles. Leave Lawrenceburgh every other Friday at 6 a. m. and arrive at Indianapolis on Sunday by 10 a. m. Leave Indianapolis on Sunday at 2 p. m. and arrive at Lawrenceburgh on Tuesday by (j p. m." From this time on there was a constant im- provement in the mail service, but the Censor evidently started in "agin the government" for it promptly registered a complaint on June 1 1, 1823. It admitted: "We believe there is no town in the state, of the same age and popula- tion, which is better supplied with mails than Indianapolis. We have regular weekly mails from Madison and Brookville, and semi-weekly (it means fortnightly) mails from Centreville, Lawrenceburgh and Washington'". But the system was bad. Most of the eastern mail was sent "by the Lawrenceburgh mail, which ar- rives here but once in two weeks", while it might just as well come by Brookville or Madi- son, and thus the public was deprived of the latest news. The public was not apparently much disturbed, for correspondence at the time was rather expensive, and the charges were based on distance as well as matter. A letter from New England cost 37i?^ cents postage; one from Xew York 25 cents; and one from Ohio 12i/2 cents. It was perhaps not wholly due to oversight that within a year the regular advertised list of unclaimed letters at the In- dianapolis postoflice often numbered one hun- dred or more. But even at the high rates of postage the Indianapolis office was decidedly a luxury to the national government. The total postage receipts here for the year ending March 31, 1827, were onlv $372.36'; for 1828, $379.- 23; and for 1830, $.359.12. And yet the state- ment of the Postmaster General on January 14, 1825, showed the character and cost of the service to this point as follows: Route — Dayton, 0., to Indianniwlis Corydon to Indianapoiis. . . Indianapolis to Washingrton. Indianapolis to Lawrenceburgli. f'tnightly Indianapolis to Terre Haute. . f'tnightly Indianapolis to HrooUnJlc. . Pieces Time. Miles, carried. Cost. . weekly 7il 13.832 $ 560 . weekly lOfi 11,024 1.042 f'tnightly 103 5,356 260 90 4,680 204 91 4,732 500 weekly 06 6.864 300 One of the worst drawbacks to Indianapolis life in 1821 was the lack of mills. Man may not live by bread alone, but he seldom enjoys hini-self without it, no matter how plentiful fish, game and vegetables mav be; and grating corn on a piece of tin with holes jjunched iu it is monotonous, to »ay the least. But this evil was soon to disappear. In the summer of 1821 came James Linton, millwright; and by November he had completed the first grist mill for Isaac Wilson on Fall Creek, where Walnut street crosses the old bed of the stream, and also a saw mill for himself on Fall Creek just above Indiana avenue. Tliese are the mills re- ferred to by the Gazette on February 25, 1822, as quoted above. They were quickly followed by the saw mill of Daniel Yandes and Andrew Wilson on the bayou west of the river, and in the summer by the saw mills of William Foster and John McCorraick on the river. Linton also added a grist mill to his establishment on Fall Creek. On March 7, 1823, its first issue, the Censor said: "The town now contains about ninety families, among which are me- chanics of almost every description, and men of all professions. * * * There are at this time four saw mills in operation in the county, three of which are within less than a mile and a half of the town. There are also two grist mills wdthin the same distance, and several more grist and saw mills are now building, together with carding machines, etc." In fact the town was sufficiently advanced in civiliza- tion to admit of the formation of a trades union, for, on April 23, the Censor gave notice i)f a meeting of master -carpenters, at the school house, on the 26th at 2 p. m., to consider "'the propriety of organizing a society and regulat- ing the prices of work". There had been an evident anticipation of much carpenter work, for the Yandes & Wilson saw mill started in on a large scale. On April 13, 1822, Mrs. Fletcher records: "The waters are very high at this time, and have been for a week back. .Mr. Levington and many other men have been ten miles up the river, on the public lands, cut- ting saw-logs for several weeks. They have made a contract with Daniel Yandes to deliver him 2,000 logs at one dollar per piece, and since the rain the saw-logs are coming down tbe river"'.'" This performance, of going ten miles up tlie river to cut logs on the public lands, was de- lightfully American, for at this time there were hundreds of thousands of feet of fine tim- ber on the town site that evervbodv wanted ''■'Xcws. June 2. 1879. HISTORY OF GKEATER INDJAxVAPOLlS. 73 ivinovfd. Ill tlie ])i-«:-c(ling Fall the State AjU'ut had oflVred tho timber in ihe streets to anvone who would cut it, aud Lisiimiid Basye, tempted by the cheapness of it, undertook to dear Waslunjitim street. After getting a large amount of the timber cut he concluded that there would be no profit in it, either because the saw mill was not yet in operation or because of the trouble of getting it to the mill, and aban- doned his nndertaking, leaving the trees where they were felled. The street, which was the one thoroughfare of the place, was completely blocked by the logs, stumps and brush, and the whole community joined in clearing it by fire.-" This occurrence was long a favorite topic of ■ the old-timers, and gave rise to Uncle Jimmy Blake's justly celebrated joke: "The early set- tlers spent their evenings one winter in cutting and rolling logs in Wa.shington street. They employed two or three hundred negroes to cut the logs in two and keep the heaps burning".-^ This really needs a diagram, for there is no dictionary or glossary, that I know of. that gives the exact meaning of the word '"nigger"' in backwoods parlance. As a noun it means a small log, rail or chunk of wood, that is set well ablaze and used to fire log heaps, brush heaps, etc. By laying a hraiid or two of this kind across a large log and re- ]ilacing them if the fire dies, or keeping it u|) with brush, the log is burned through: and this is what is meant by "niggering off" a log. One man can keep twenty or thirty of such fires going and cut as many logs in less time than he could do it with an ax. At the same time the "nigger" did all the work, and the employer, like the Irish hod-carrier, had nothing at all to do but carry it to the place. This was prob- ably the idea that gave origin to the term, for "nigger" was the common expression for any- one who had to do drudgery: hut ])ossibly it might Jiave come from tli(* thought that this was a lazy man's way of working, or it may even have come from the old Xorthumberland dialect in which "nigger' is used for an andiron or fire-dog. It may he added that "nigger" is used in this backwoods sense in the expression "a nigger in Ihe wood pile", i. e., something that destroys the jmrpose of the wood pile, and not that an African is despoiling the wood pile, as is verv eommnnlv supposiMJ, Hut. to ■" Bni«ir> llisl.. p. (I. -'J'lKI-Udl. .luilc 111. IS.-)'. get back to the subject, these logs that were Imrned up, and thousands of others not cut in other streets, could have been used at the Vandes & Wilson mill just as well as those ten miles up the river. Even in the absence of heavy wagons, they could easily have been sledded to the river while the snow was on the ground. . Notwithstanding the improvement of local conditions of living, the growth of the town was not as rapid as had been expected by some. There was no advance in real estate as had been anticipated. The capital did not come in fact. More or less people were coming in, but others were moving to the country. Why invest in a town lot when you could get a farm for the same money? Others sought more rapidly developing localities. On Sep- tember 22, i823, the Censor declared that the ])lace contained between 600 and TOO souls, and the estimate was probably liberal. A cen- sus in April, 1824, by the Sunday school visi- tors showed 100 families, with 172 voters and 45 unmarried women between the ages of fif- teen and forty-five years. The number of chil- dren is not stated but it was presumably not far from the number of voters, for a census in February, 1826, showed a loin I nf 730 souls, 209 of whom were children of school age. Aloney was not very plentiful, but that did not cause much inconvenience, except in the pay- ments for lots and lands, as business was al- most universally conducted on a basis of barter, with money prices as the measure of value. Hides and furs were always practical legal tenders. The newspapers advertised from time to time that they would accept "country sxigar", "corn", "poultry", "clean linen and cotton rags", "furs and tallow-", and other commodi- ties. Tn April, 1824, James Givan advertised that for general merchandise he would accept "ginseng, beeswax, honey, sugar, deer and fur skins, or almost anything else in preference to ]iromises", but cash only would be taken for "powder, shot, whisky and salt". The prices of agricultural iiroducts decreased somewhat as farms were cleared. On January 12. 1824, Amos Grilfith. cabinet maker, advertised that he would accept corn at 37i/> cents per liushel, ]iotatoes at the same price, and pork at $2. .'50 ])er hnndicd. On Pecember 2(i. 1820, the Jouninl staled lliat one could purchase here "corn at l-"i lo 20 cents a bu-lu'l and ])ork and bee!' ill $!..■>(• iier hundred". CHAPTER Vlll. TIIK l()MlX<i OF THE CAPITAL. For its first five years. Inilianapolis was an answer to tlie conuutlriini, "WlK'n is a capital not a capital ?"" The one essential jnirijose of its existence was to Iw the seat of state gov- ernment, but the legislature showed little dis- position to make it that in fact. By the con- stitution of 181t), Corydon was made "the seat of government of the State of Indiana until the year eighteen hundred and twenty-live, and until removed by law".' The important point was to secure the removal as soon as the consti- tution permitted it. Of course it was useless to talk about moving the state offices here until there were buildings for the transaction of state business, but there was no haste about getting the buildings. The people early realized that they must have representation if they wanted their interests cared for. and on Septendjcr 2t), iJS'-^'i. a meeting was held at C'rumiiaugh"s which petitioned for representation. The peti- tion was successful and, by act of January T, 1823, .^[arion County was included in a reju'c!- sentative district with Madison, Johnson and Hamilton counties, and in a senatorial district with Decatur. Kush, Henry, Shelby. .Madison, Hamilton and Johnson counties. The election came on August 4. There were oidy two can- didates for representative, .James Pax ton and John W. Ueding, and Paxton carried every county in the district, being elected l)y :{T4 votes to 13(). For the senate there were foni' candidates. James (iregory of Shelby County, Dr. S. (J. Mitchell of >Iarion. John Hryson of Decatur, and Wni. B. i>aughlin of Hush. The votes received bv them were Uregorv. I'^M; :Mitchel!, 291 ; Bryson, 299 ; Laughlin, 2S9. A bill was introduced at the next session, mak- ing Indianapolis "the ))erniancnt seat of gov- ernment of this state upon. from, and after the second .Monday in January (January 10) in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five", and recpiiring all state officials to be established there at that time. The bill was warmly contested, and would have been lost but that "Whitewater" stood loyally by the New Purchase. It was passed by the House, but was amended in the Senate and then ])assed only by the narrow margin of 9 to 8. H came back to the House and on Janu- ary 1. Dennis Pennington, of Harrison, moved to amend by striking out the words ""second Monday in January in the year one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five", and inserting "first ^londay in Decendwr one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five": luit the jirevious ipicstion was demanded, and the amended bill par-scd by a vote of 2.") to \',.- On January 23, Pennington introduced a bill to suspend the operation of this act until 182G, but it was laid on the table until the following Tuesday, and remained there ])ermanently. The act was approved on January 20.-' It was hailed with joy by Hulianapolis, and on February 2lt a sn|)per was given in honor of Paxton and Greg- ory at Washington Hall, at which some thirty gentlemen were present. After the edibles were disposed of Dr. S. G. ^[itchell was chostMi presi- dent, and Judge Wick vice-president, and "nu- merous toasts and sentiments were proposed and dnmk", beginning with one by the presi- dent: "The Representation from the Xew Pur- chase — Our thanks are due to them for their industry and .zeal in jiromoting our welfare and prosperity". This was drunk standing, and "Colonel Gregory in behalf of Colonel Paxton An. II. Sei (inn I 1. -Si'll. ■Jiiiinifll, ]l. 188; House .Iniininl, |i. 1 ".';!. ■■Hvr. L'liry IS'J,. i). 3:0. IIISTOKV OF CKKA'I'Hi: IXDIAXAPOLIS. 75 and himsolf. n-tunicd thanks in :i very ^lll)I•t, but feeling and appropriate manner". \\'e are told that '"Great Iiarniony and good feeling prevailed during the festivities of the evening". The act for removal provided: "And Samuel Merrill esqr. is iu'rel)y apixiinted on lielialf of the state, to superintend, generally, the re- moval of the reeords. dociuuenis and ]>uldi(: projjerty of every description, as well those above referred to as all and e\eiy other article or species of ))roperty, which now is or here- after may be ri-maining at ('(u-ydiin. the picsciit temporary seat of government, which may be- long to the state, U) Indiamipolis, aforesaid. previous to tiie said second ilonday in .lanu- ary, in the said year one thousand eight hun- dred and t wenty-fivi' : and he is i^ecpiired to keep a fair and exact a<-connt of the expenses neces- sarilv iticurri'(l in the said transportation and renu)val. to be submitted to the gi'iu'ral as- sembly at their ne.xt regular session". This was modified by a joint resolution of January 30, which authorized Mr. Merrill "to sell at public vendue, to the highest bidder, all the chairs, tables and other fnrnitui'e lielonging to the state, which, in his opinion, cannot be ad- vantageously removed to lndiana|)olis", giving twenty days notice of the lime ami place of sale in the Indiana Giizrllc, a))proi)riating the proceeds to the expense of the removal, and rendering "a just account" to the next general assembly.* Samuel Merrill was an ideal man for such a task, thoughtful and jiainstaking. lie made a two weeks' trip to Indianajiolis in Septendter, 1824, to arrange for ])laces for his fandly and the state property,'' and in Ndvcndier disposed of the state's surplus funiilni'i' at auction, and started for Indiana|iolis. aciiiin|)<inied by .Inlm Douglass, the state |)rinter, and Ids fandly. Says Colonel Merrill. "The joui'ney of about one hundreil and si.xty miles occu|)ied two weeks. The best day's travel was eleven miles. One day the wagons accomplished hut two ndles, passages through the woods having to he cut on account of the imjiassable character i>( the TiM\i\. Four four-horse wagons and one or two saddle horses fornu'd the means of conveyance for the two families, consisting of about a dozen persons, and for a printing press and 'Sl,frl,ll Arts. IS-.M. p. 1 i:l. "Jldllsr ■hiiinidl. IS'.'C. p. IS I. the state treasury of silver in .strong wooden boxes. The gentlemen slept in the wagons or im the ground to protect the silver, the families found shelter at night in log cabins which stood along the road at rare though not incon- venient intervals. The country people were, nnuiy of them, as ru<le as their dwellings, which usually consisted of but oiu^ room, serv- ing for all the pur))oses of domestic life. — cooking, eating, sleejiing, spinning and weav- ing, and the entertainment of company. At one place a young man, who perhaps had come miles to visit his sweetheart, sat up with her all night on the (mly vacant space in the room, the hearth of the big fireplace. He kept on his cap, which was of coonskin, the tail hang- ing down behind, and gave the children tlv im|)ression that he was a bear''. It was the venerable .Mi-s. Ketcham, then one id' Samuel ilerrill's tots, who awoke in the night to see the coonskin cap in the flickering light of the dying fire, and dropped asleep again thinking she had seen a bear. The one other vivid impression of the trip on her in- fantile mind was the memory of how their "am- bitious teamster would ])ut on all his bells in honor of the Treasurer of State and the State Printer, so that every man, wonutn and cliibl would run to the frimt to see", whenevci- I bey apjjroachcd a \illagc on the road. But the feature that made the most lasting impression on Samuel Merrill was the bad roads, and. twenty years aftcrwai-ds, he wrote: "Though the <li>tani-c was only l"^.") ndles, such was the stall' wf the roads that it rc- i(\dred about ten days Id pcrroiin the journey in a wagon. Specimens of bad roads that it is thought cannot well 'be beat", nuiy still be found ai some season- of the year: but the xctcran- of those days, unless their memories deceive them, have seen ami experienced of the depth and width of iniul-h(des that cannot wcdl be coiu-eivcd in this 'degenerale age.' " The writer of this article, on two dccasions. after bmii-s of weary travel, fiuind bimsclf. vcrv unwill- ingly, at his starting place in llic moi-ning. ami his good friends the jn-escnt Postmaster al Indianapolis and I be .\iiditoi- id' States, after a day's travel, as they thought, towards Cin- cinnati. ])aused in wonder at evening, at their own town, which al lir<l they su]i|)osed was some unknown .-ctlleincnl in the wilderness. .\ res])ectahlc cilizen of Ohio having tra\iTsc>d re HISTOKY OF GREATER IXDIAIiAPOLlS. this state about that time, was asked, on his return home, about his travels, and whether he had been pretty much tlirough the state. He said he could not tell with certainty, but lie thought he had been pretty nearly through, in some places." The closing jest was ilr. Merrill's favorite story in later life. The get- ting lost did not occur on the journey to In- dianapolis, but is illustrative of another fea- ture of the difficulties of early travel. The Indianapolis trip was made at the best season, for if an Indiana mud road is ever dry, it should be so in Xovember. What it must have been in the spring can be left only to the im- agination, with no danger tliat any imagina- tion will picture the road worse than it actually was. Of course this tedious removal of all the state's belongings over these appalling roads was an expensive aifair. Here is the bill that Samuel Merrill rendered to the next legisla- ture for the cxjiense of it:' To Messrs. Posey and Wilson for boxes $ 7.56 To Mr. Lefler for one box .50 To Seybert & Likens for transporta- tion of 3,945 lbs. at $1.90 per hun- dred 74.95 To Jacob & Samuel Kenoyer for trans- portation of one load 35.06 Deduct for proceeds of sale of fur- niture at Corvdon, Xovember 23nd, 1824 ■. ' $118.07 52.53 $65.55 One is moved to wonder if there is not a typo- graphical error in the specific appropriation act of February 12, 1825, which allowed to Samuel Merrill, "sixty dollars and fiftj'-five cents for cash advanced by him for expenses incurred in removing the property of the state from Corydon to Indianapolis". There is surely a need for some explanation of that cut of five dollars. However, the legislature was generous, and allowed Mr. Merrill ''also one hundred dollars for his personal trouble and expendi- ture in packing and moving the property of the "Chnmhfirlniit's Gazetteer, p. 'Sen. Jonrnal, 1825. p. 7. 125. state". And all future generations must acknowledge that this was not a case of "graft", for evidently he must have done most of the work himself or have exercised an ability in getting it done that could hardly be measured in mone}^ And this covered also a two-weeks' trip to Indianapolis to prepare there for the re- moval ! Yerily, we shall not soon see his like again. Arrived at Indianapolis, the clerk of the Su- preme Court was installed temporarily in the 13x13 room in the southwest corner of the sec- ond floor of the court house, and the Secretary of State in the similar room immediately below it. The Auditor and Treasurer went into rented rooms until the state provided a building for them, and rents were not exorbitant at that time, for they were each allowed $20 a year for office rent— the Agent of State had only $16. The Governor was the only official who was allowed house rent, and the appropriation for that purpose was $200 annually. ^Ir. Mer- rill's family moved into James Ijlake's pala- tial tenement with Calvin Fletcher, evidently displacing Mr. Blake, who had been boarding there. Mrs. Ketcham recalls the residence thus : "It was on Washington street, south side, half way between Tennessee and Illinois streets, — a small one-story, red frame ; two rooms, two doors in front and two windows ; occupied by two families. Calvin Fletcher had the west side. I cannot remember how thev managed, except in each room was a big bedstead and a trundle one that wheeled out at night and under in the daytime. A door opened into Mrs. Fletcher's apartment from our room, and from hers out on to a rough porch or covered space that led to a large log kitchen. I suppose tjoth cooked by the same large fireplace and prob- ably ate on this porch, and I remember the wind taking our dining-table over clear to the fence — a half square." Even these restricted quarters were diminished later, for the log kitch- en burned down during the joint tenancy. But people in those days had not acquired the delusion that thev needed residences so large that all their time and strength would be ex- pended in caring for them — a condition to which, in our higher civilization, the flat-dwell- ers are rapidly returning. Bad roads were not a matter of concern to Samuel IMerrill alone. They weighed on every- body. The necessity of roads to the capital mSTORV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. (M'. ;/. «.!»» rhol'i Compan:/.) "8 iiis'|-()i;v OK (;i;i:.vi"i;i; indiaxaj'oi.is. had boeii ivalizi'd Irimi tlif lir>t and tht- legis- lature of 1821 hail ordcTt'd t^tate road^ to lii- iliaiuipolis, and made appropriations for thcni. as follows : From the Hi-h Bank- of White RivLT '. $7,U2-2.UU From the Horse Shoe Bend, via Pa- oli, Palestine and Bloomington. . S,4"?().00 From Mauk's Ferrv, via Salem and Brownstown . . .' 8/J8S.0()' From Bethlehem, Clark County, via Xew Washington and Lexington o.O.'kxOO From Madison, via Vernon and Co- lumbus (i.:{.-):.(H) From liawrenceburgh (i, :!:>;). 00 From Ohio line, via Brookville. . . . 4,:i()"2.4-t From Ohio line, via Connersville. . 4,-.'4!).Oi) From Ohio line, via Sali^l)urv. . . 4.1S-^.00 From Ohio line, via Winchester... ■.',tM'2..J(l Total $.5r),(;-M.!14 It also ordered a state road from Indian- apolis to Terre Haute, hut made no api>ro)iria- tion for it. The road from Indianapolis to Fort Wayne was ordered by act of February 10. 1825 ; the road to Crawfordsville by act of January 23, 1828 ; the ^lichigan Road by act of January 24, 1828; and the road to Lafayette by act of January !), 1829. For the improve- ment of all these roads additional a])pri)pria- tions were made from time to time. The Mich- igan Road was a special undertaking, and was cut 100 feet wide. All the others were 48 feet wide. The "cutting"' of a road meant the re- moval of the timber, the law requiring that the smaller trees should bo cut even with the ground, while "such as are eighteen inches and upwards shall be cut at the usual height of twelve inches,"' Supervisors were appointed for each five miles of state road to be cut, in the several counties, and after they were cut they were cared for as county roads, with the addition of an occasional state appropriation for improvement. .\t the same time that these state roads were under construction, the county authorities were jnisliing the work on local roads. At their first session, as mentioned, the county commissioners ordered roads to Con- ner's Station ; to the western county line on about the line of the National Road ; to ifc- Oormick's mill, just above the Country Club: an<l soutlnvest to the county line. At the Au- gust session it ordered a road "commencing at or near the Indian Camp, where the county road prayed for by I'^liakim Harding and others crosses Eagle Creek"", northwest ]«ist Tiiomas ^Iartin"s farm to the county line, i. e., the gen- eral line of the present Eagle Creek and White Ijick Road: also on petition of Joel Wright, a continuation of the road to ^IcCorniick"s mill to the north : al.~o on petition of Jeremiah Cor- baley, a road from the west end of Ohio street to Isaac Wilson "s mill, on Fall Creek, thence imrth and "across AVhite River at the Big Rif- He"", thence northwest to the county line. Ad- ditional roads and extensions were ordered at nearly every future session for several years. The tii'st step in the construction of either a state or a county road was the ai)]iointment of "viewers"' to select and mark tlu' line of the i-oad, and on their reports the roads were established, subject to future changes if the lines selected were not found the most desir- able. In the imsettled state of the country these reports weie not always in terms that are readily intelligiiile now, as may be judged from the following official record of the report of the viewers of the road to Conner"s Sta- tion, before mentioned : "John Smock and Za- dock Smith, two of the viewers of the Fall Creek Road now report that they have laid out and marked by two eho]is with a tomahawk on the trees aiijacent to the said road, and recommend the route and ground running thus: Beginning at the north end of Pennsylvania street (i. e.. the corner of Pennsylvania and Xorth streets) thence to the half mile stake dividing Section 3(), Township Ki. Range 3 east (i, e,, up Fort Wayne avenue to the corner of Central avenue), and north with the dividing line until it intersects with the road leading to Reagan's brick yard (i, e. about Twenty-tiftii street), in Section 2.") in said Townsliip and Range, thence, north three degrees and fifteen minutes east, with said road until it strikes Fall Creek, thence with said Creek to Wm. Rooker's, thence with the Indian trace crossing said Creek at the Rocky Ford in Section 9, Township Ui, Range 4 east (i. e., Millersville). thence with said trace on the west side of said Creek to MoClearin's improvement. Section 3, said last mentioned Townsliip and Range, thence leaving the trace on the west in a north- east direction until it strikes Fall Creek at IllSTUKY OF GKKAl'Ki; IXDlA.XAl'Ol.lS. 79 tliu Indian Camp in Section 2 said Eange and Township, thonte north oU degrees east until it intersects the Indian trace at the hill, tlicncu with said traic to the county line tlividiug Sections 16 and '.K Township K. itauge .5 east, determining at a hackberry marked with the letters M C J.."" Or, as we would ])ut it now, the general lines of the Millersville Road and the Fall Creek and .Mud Creek Free Gravel Koad. Tlie next step was cutting the road, and mak- ing the worst jilaces passable. The means lor this were supplied by a road tax payable in work, or its ecpiivalent in money at the rate of dO cents a day. Each male, between 'i\ and 50 years of age, whether living in town or country, and owning real estate or not, was required to do three days of road work an- nually, excepting only "preachers of the gospel" and |)ersons excused for cause by the county board. The owiu>r of from 40 to 80 acres of land was required to do one day's work addi- tional; the owner of 80 to KiO acres two days' additional; and one day additional for each IGO acres above that, up to ten days, whieh was the maximum tax. Owners of town lots were required to do one day's work additional for each lot owned, up to a maximum of six days. The ''owner of a wagon and team of two or more horses or oxen used as a road wagon" was required to do two days" work additional. .\ licensed tavern keeper, store keeper or gro- cery keeper was reipiired to do a total of six days' work, if not an owner of real estate. If the work and money thus siijiplied were not sutlicient to ]uit the roads in re]iair, it was the duty of the supervisor to call out the hands assigned to liini and ])ut them in repair. In all this work the supervisors were author- ized to go upon any adjoining land, cut any ditches that might be necessary to drain a rojul, take any sand, gravel or stone needed, and eu( timber adjacent or near to the road. In addi- tion to all this there was a s])ecial ])rovision that road supervisors in the New I'urchase "shall ha\e a right to call out the hands, allottt'i! to them severally, six days in each year, in order to put and keep the roads assigned to them respectively in re|)air." .Vnv unexpended bal- ance of the road tax could be used for bridges, for which the county commissioners were also auliiorized to acce|it donations or order a tax, or, if a tax were considered linrdensotne, they might authorize loll bridges. This was the road law of 1824. By the law of 1831 the universal tax was reduced to two days' work, the tax on nonresidents was made one-half of the state tax on their lauds, and the tax on owners of town lots was made one- half of the county tax on their lots; this to he applied to work on the streets, and with the privilege of paying the tax in work at 50 cents a day. A person furnishing a plough or wagon with team and driver, at the request of the supervisor, received credit for three days' work for each day of the team's use. There was also a provision for "'cart ways'' from "a plan- tation or dwelling-house to a public highway''. These were made on special petition, and were made 18 feet wide. If one that was ordered crossed the unimproved land of anyone who objected to it, the land was vahied by ap|)rais- ers and paid for, after which the road was pn.i- ceeded with. Koads made as these were necessarily went out of repair cjuickly. Every stum[) at the surface, and every root, made a jolt which sank the opposite wheel into the ground and started a chuck-hole which was helped on by standing water, more jolts, and occasional wal- lowing hogs. The more the road was traveled the worse it hei-ame. The roads in the central part of the state were usually worse, so far as mud was concerned, than those in the south part, for the surface soil here was conuuonly a .soft loam with a coating of mold and dead leaves. Almost the only improvement at- tem[)ted to the natural surface was coriluroy- ing, or as it was more commonly called "cross- laying'' or ''cross-waying" in s|)ecially swampy places. 'I'liis was done by laying small logs, close togethei', ci'osswis(> the road, and cover- ing them with dirt. II' badly laid, or out of repair, this const I'Uction was sometimes worse than nothing, for a horse was liable lo break his leg in it. Mven where there were t'ewfr chuck-holes the roads were very bail. ('apt. Basil Hall, who crossed the southern part of the state in 182T-8, savs: "The country is hilly nearly all the way, the roads execrable, and the carriages maile as rigid as if they had been cast in one piece of metal. This is (piite necessary, 1 admit, considering the duty thev have to go through. Oni' other refiueniciii in these ve- hicles 1 must mention. In ex'cry othei- part of tlie Union we found at least one door, tliougb there were I'arely tun. in any stage coach. But upon this occasion, wlieie so large an o|)ening 80 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. was a weakness that could not be afforded, the passengers had nothing left for it — females as well as males — but literally to mount the coach- man's seat by aid of -the wheel, and then scram- ble in at the front as well as they might." * As soon as the capital was moved, the south- ern part of the state began to experience the disadvantages of the bad roads leading to it and the poor mail service ; and their woes found expression.. On Friday, January 14, 18'<25, the Lawrenceburgh Palladium said: "On Monday last the legislature met at Indianapolis, but owing to the present arrangement of the mail to that place, it will be impossible to have any information from the legislature before the middle of next week, nine days from the com- mencement of the session! (We can have in- formation from the City of Washington in 11 days, which is more than five times the dis- tance to Indianapolis.) But this isn't all — it will be (after the mail arrives next Wednes- day) the 2nd of February before we have an- other return of the mail, nearly the close of the session, should it not continue longer than 4 or 5 weeks, as is expected. It is an old adage, and may be a true one, that 'every evil has its good', but we can't see this connexion here, unless the legislature was wanting to have a place unconnected with the stir and bustle of the world, where they might digest and make laws and regulations for the 'good of their constituents, in peace and quietness; where they might vote as they pleased, and no person know anything about it — just abridge the Journals a little. They have found just such a place we guess as Cowper was wishing for, when he said — 'Oh, for a lodge in some vast wilderness ! Some boundless contiguity of shade.'" And yet Lawrenceburgh was an early bird as compared with Vincennes, for the account of the opening of the session did not get into print there until January 29. But the condi- tions gradually improved, and communication with the outside world became comparatively rapid. On September 8, 1833, the Journal published the advertisements of four lines of stages then in operation from the capital: that of A. L. & W. L. Ross to Brookville, leaving and returning twice a week ; Johnson's two lines of "mail stages" to Lawrenceburgh and Madi- ^Travds in North America, Vol. 3, p. 38(). son, each three times a week; and the line of P. Beers to Dayton, also three times a week. In those days of rapid transit one could go from the capital to the Ohio River, or return, in two days, and there was little improvement on that until the railroad came. Judge C. P. Ferguson, as a small boy, made the trip up from Madison in 1836. His father had been elected to the legislature, and arranged for the boy to go with Judge Dewey from Cliarles- town, by way of JIadison, while he rode through horseback. Says Judge Ferguson: "The pro- gramme was carried out, and the judge and myself took passage on the steamboat Roches- ter, at the Charlestown landing. * * * q^ the boat the judge met several friends, among whom was Randall Crawford, a great lawyer and father of the now distinguished Harr}', who was also on his way to Indianapolis. At ]\radison we three took lodgings at Pugh's Hotel and occupied the same room. Next morn- ing, before it was light, the stage drove up to the door agd we got in, after which the driver picked up a few passengers at private residences, one of whom, upon entering was addressed as judge, and I got to learn that he was Stephen C. Stevens, who had been a sii- jireme judge, and, having resigned. Judge Dewey had been appointed to fill his place. "From Madison to Columbus made one day's journey, and there we expected to meet an Indianapolis stage, that would take us on. We passed the night at the Jones hotel, and the Indianapolis stage failing to meet us, a pri- vate conveyance was provided— a common farm wagon — and in that way we were sent on to Franklin. At Franklin, late in the next morn- ing, the stage was on hand ready to take us im. It was not a coach, but a large, covered spring wagon, drawn by four horses. Getting so late a start, we trudged the balance of the day and into the night through mud and chuck-holes and over corduroy roads. * * * A little after dark on this last day's journey, while perched upon my seat, drowsy and worn- out, Mr. Crawford aroused me and said, in his ]ieculiar tone of voice, which those who knew liirn will recollect, "Now you can see the lights of Injprtnapolis'', and shortly afterward?; we were in the town. What a contrast with the present! There were no brilliant lights, no jingling of bells and shrieking of whistles; no yelling of the names of different hotels, but in darkness and quiet the stage drew up in HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. 81 front of tlie ilansion lloust', kopt by Bai^il ]5ro\vn, and there emerged therefrom and en- tered the hotel, eohl and tired — a supreme judge, an ex-supreme judge, a great lawyer, anil a little countrv boy.'" " 'J'he coniiiifT of the capital did not have any immediate and marked effect on the fortunes of the town. There was no boom in town lots, and no rapid increase of population, though there was a general stiffening of prices and a feeling of stal)ility that had formerly been wanting. The condition was cjuite similar to that of a college town. The sessions, which were then annual, brought a nundjer of people to town, and business of all kinds livened up. Considerable money was put in circulation, and very soon the session marked the common fiscal year. People made bills payable when the legislature was in session, and there was a general settlement of accounts at that time. But the most notable effect was social. There were usually a number of persons of more or less prominence here besides the legislators, and a great many families took one or more boarders in their liomes. In anticipation of the coming, a number of young men of the place met at the Land Office one evening in the Tall of 1824 and organized the Indianapolis Legislature, with jurisdiction over all known subjects, and especially over such as came be- fore the real legislature. Among the early members were William Quarles, Dr. K. A. Scudder, Austin W. Morris, John Frazee, Is- rael Griffith, Alexander W. Russell, William Xew, Joseph K. Fvooney, Douglass ^laguire, John Cain, Jose|)h M. Moore, Thomas H. Sharpe, Thomas A. ^[orris, William 1'. Br\ant, Xewton S. Ileylin, Andrew W. Ingram. Hugh CXeal, George W. Kindierly, r.enjamin S. Xoble, Fahiu.s ^1. Finch, Simon ^'an(les. and Xathaniel P. Bolton. Benjamin I. Blythe, who had been a mend)er of the legislature from Dearborn County, was chosen the first speaker, and the organization was launched. It was popular from the lirst. and soon many other young men joined, and also a num- ber of the older citizens, including Judge Wick, Tliram Brown, Morris ^Forris, Calvin Fletcher, and later Governor Xoble and General Hanna. It held its sessions in the senate chamber of the old court house, on Salurdav ni"lits. ami during the sessions was very generally attended l)y the members of the state legislature. Much interest was taken in the discussions, and it is said that many of the ]n-oblenis of the real leg- islature were settled by its debates. The ladies of the town were quite regular attendants, and were always welcomed. This organization met weekly, winter and summer, for over ten years, and was a source of both amusement and education to the community. It elected a governor at intervals, and his "message" was always an elaborate, and often humorous docu- ment, which was generally printed by the local jiapers. But according to ^Ir. Bolton the legislative inffuence was still more extensive, for he says: "After the removal of the seat of government to Indianapolis, the social intercourse of the ))eople seemed to partake more or less of a legislative character, particularly amongst the young of both sexes. At a wedding party a society was instituted, consisting of young la- dies and gentlemen, on the legislative prin- ciple ; yet not quite so democratic, in one of its departments, as that of our state government. The aristocratic branch consisted of four young ladies, who constituted a council, or board of directors, having a strong veto power on all matters brought before the society. The other branch was purely democratic, and consisted of ladies and gentlemen. The subjects brought before the society were generally such as tended to matrimony. There was a marshal or sergeant-at-arms ap- i)ointed, whose special business it was to carry out the decrees of the council or board of di- rectors. James Blake, the Indianapidis mar- shal of thirty years standing, was first elected. Moonlight excursions on a large ferry boat on the river were projected; and the society, on fine evenings, would proceed to the boat, where, l)y the light of the soft silver moon, as nur bark floated over the waters, to the sound nf sweet music, many a tale of love was told. .V grave charge was made against several of the lirst directory of ladies, who instead of atteml- ing to the interests of the society at large, were file first to form matrimonial alliances for themselves. When their wedding jiarties cauK! on, these charges were a source nl' much amusc- nienf'.'" "hid. lllsl. Snr. I'lihs.. \n\. Vol. 1—6 1' "•/■«(/. Hist. Sor. Pi(h.<.. Vdl. 1, |i. 1 CHAPTER IX. Till-: MolIAh FOUXDATION". In its beginnings Indianiipolis had most of the characteristics of an American frontier settlement, varied by the fact that it was not on any line of travel. They were not so marked as usual in the matter of lawlessness, as has been noted, and they were more marked than usual in the physical conditions and the social relations because the place was isolated — set down in the primeval forest, with almost no roads, and very limited waterways. The settlers were thrown on their own resources for almost everything, and there was a very slow advance towards those social distinctions that are found in older communities. There was practically no help to hire — the only way to get it was to get into troul:)le and trust to sympathy. People did their own work when jjossible, and helped each other when necessary or mutually desirable. The following entries from the diary of Mrs. Calvin Fletcher in 1821, will illustrate the condition: "November 5, 1821. Mr. Fletcher has been helping ]\Ir. Blake husk corn." (Mr. Blake — James — (jwned the house in which the Fletchers lived, and boarded with them.) '•December T. We killed a l)eef. Mr. Paxton and Mr. Blake hei])ed to butcher it." "November 22, 1821, 1 spun some candle wicking." "November 24, 1821, Mrs. Nowland was making a bonnet. She came to me to know whether I could make it. I did not understand it, but gave her all tlie instruction I possibly could.'" There are nu- merous references in this journal to visits, small dinner parties, teas, quiltings, etc., and evidence that general fellowship and good feel- ing pervaded the community. And the first settlers evidently nuide the most of their lim- ited opportunities for amusement. On Decem- ber 2?, 1821, Mrs. Fletcher notes the return of Mr. P)lakc fi'iim ('(irvdoii, and sa\s. "Mr. F. has gone to see him, and when 1 write a few more lines I will go also, although 1 feel very much fatigued, for it is a long time since I have heard the fiddle played. (Mr. Blake was a performer.) I thiidv it will seem very melodious, and I am just about to start to hear it"". A few days later she writes: "I visited ilrs. Nowland, and Mr. Russell played a few tunes on the fiddle, and we also danced a few reels'". The crowning dissipation of the sec- ond year was the New Years ball at Wyant's tavern, which may be regarded as the opening of "society" in Indianapolis. They had writ- ten invitations, the following one being pre- served : "The company of Mr. and Mrs. Fletcher is requested to a party at J. Wyant's, Tuesday the 1st of January, 1822, at 3 o'clock p. m. Indianapolis, December 28th, 1821. Managers, A. W. Russell, K. A. 8cudder.'" Calvin Fletcher records in his diarv for New Years 1822, "About 3 of the clock, "Mr. Hog- den called with a carriage and carried Mrs. F. and myself to Mr. Wyant's, on the river, where we met about twenty couple. We enjoyed our- selves very much and returned about twelve, and not fatigued"".' ilrs. Martin — daughter nf (ieorge Smith, the first iniblisher — then thirteen vears of age, also went to this iiall in Ilogdcn's "carriage"", which she describes as "a great lumbering thing" similar to the "mud wagons"' that were used iii stage-coach days \\hen an or- dinary stage could not navigate the flooded roads. The refreshments were elaborate. Rev. J. C. Fletcher records Mrs. Martin's account Wars. April 12. is:!l. 82 TFISTOKY OF GHKATKr! TXDTAXAPOLTS. 83 a w oo \=> 1-^ o ^ X = -^ H S " < "" K -^ fc c5 H cc "^ Ed C Q c OJ O 1 O 1 d w <»: Q a <D H i; tB m a »>; c^ o X c y. — o 2 ^ rt pi Cd "a* H H X < rt Cl, S 84 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. of them tliiiii: "Aofording to Mrs. Martin there was in the great open fire place an im- mense kettle or cauldron, which contained no less than sixteen gallons of coffee; and there were pans, skillets and other cooking and bak- ing vessels, in which were biscuits, sweet bread, ginger bread, and that best of all cakes which is a lost art among the modems. I refer to the real, old-fashioned pound cake, which has given way to a lot of insipid and indigestible sweetnesses under the names of marble, cocoa- nut, chocolate, mountain and icing cakes, to say nothing of ribbon, fig and I do not loiow how many other combinations of cakes. That Xew Year's party was composed of every grade in society, so that the candidates had an ex- cellent opportunity to see the people, for mv father told me that invitations were extended to everybodv. froni the Helvey neighborhood on the school section down to the humblest in- habitant of the meanest log cabin nn the dona- tion."" - There was dancing as well as eating. The music was furnished by Col. Alexander W. Russell, who enjoyed the distinction of coming to Indianapolis on the first keel boat that came up this far, in May. 1821. He was also a brother of John W. Russell, the steam- boat ca]itain. celebrated in Western annals for an achievement at Xatchez. One of his passengers had been robbed in one of the gam- bling dens that lined the river. Russell de- manded the return of the money: and when re- fused had a gang of hands fasten a hawser around the house, and started the boat. The ganil)lers tossed the poeket-book out of tl^o win- dow, and cried "enough". Alexander W. was a TCentuckian. notable later as county sheriff, militia officer, merchant and postmaster. He was a "fiddler"" of note, and was in demand at all of the early entertainments. On this oc- casion, under his inspiring strains 'Mattbias R. Xowland invited ^frs. Wyant to open the dance with him. Others followed, and all was goins merry as a wedding bell when Mr. Wyant en- tered and ordered the music to stop. Accord- ing to J. H. B. Rowland: "Mr. Wyant said that 'as far as himself and his wife were con- cerned, they were capable of and able to do their own dancing, and that he thought it would look better for every man to dance with his own wife; those that had no wife could dance with the gals'". This order, as far as Mr. and ilrs. Wyant were concerned, was strictly adhered to and faithfully carried out the bal- ance of the night. ■■ •' Tliis numifestation of re- ligious or moral scruples on the ]>art of the tav- ern keeper was characteristic of the time. ^Ir. Fletcher records: "On December ;?!, 1823, visit- ed, or rather attended, a theatrical performance at Thomas Carter"s tavern. The jierformers were Jfr. and ilrs. Smith purporting to be directly from the Xew York theaters. They both were not less than 50 years of age, representing the ■Jealous Lovers' and 'Lord What a Snow Storm in May and June". Admittance 2.5 cents. No music at first; fiddle strings broke. Russell and Bolton were requested by our host. Thomas Carter, to play nothing but 'note tunes or ]>salms" as he called them." Carter, who was a strict Baptist, always insisted on this form of ])ropriety in his house, and Xowland records a similar instance in the winter of 1825-(3. in which a ilr. Crampton was the trou]je and Bill Bagwell was the orchestra.* Just who "Mr. and Mrs. Smith"", the first players, were, is not known. Their entertain- ment was exactly like those given by "Old Sol Smith"" — uncle of Sol Smith Russell, and a theatrical pioneer of the Ohio valley — and liis wife, when "touring the provinces", and they were at a Cincinnati theater that winter, but they were much under fifty years of age then, and Smith makes no mention of any visit to Indianapolis in his reminiscences. Crampton was a well-known player in the west, and Smith mentions playing with him elsewhere.' Whoever they were, they seem to have done well, for they came back the following sum- mer, when they made the awful mistake of ad- vertising in the Gazette, and not in the Censor, and on June 22, the Censor observed: "Mr. and Mrs. Smith whose performances were treated with so much contempt and ridicule last winter, arrived in town a few days ago, and c(mimenced their performance last night, with what cjicouragement we have not yet been informed. We have not the same objection which exists in the minds of many people -Neirs. A]iril 2n. 1S?0. ^liniiiitiscenci'x. p. 12S. 'nrmiilisci'iicrs. p. Gfi. ''7'lii'iilrirnl 'Mannfjcmnit in Soiilli fur Thirl 1/ Yrar^. N". Y., ////' Wi'sl iind.i 1 SiiS. ', IsroiiV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 85 ngaiii?t the ])frlormaiiLe, by regular and re- speetaljle companies, ol' tragedies and eoniedies; but the eneouragenuMit of thin conipanij, whose exhibitions we understand (for we have never witnesseil them ) alt'ord neither instruction nor rational entertainment, would be a reproach upon our understandings, and would evince a want of taste and discrimination in our citizens, which we are proud to believe does not exist." This seems to have reached the public con- science, for, on June 29, the Censor said: '"Mr. Smith and his cotnitamj, we understand, have absconded, without taking from us any of our cash." Bolton also attended the first Smith entertainment, and says "a musical so- ciety had just been established, of which I was a member, whicli was invited to be pres- ent", lie puts Smith's age at 55, and Mrs. Smith's at (iO, and states that the latter, in addition to the plays, sang the Star Spangled Banner, and danced "a Imrnpipe, Ijlindfolded, amongst eggs"." Indianapolis was unquestionably more moral and religious than the average frontier town, and presumably so because it was out of the line of travel, and because there was nothing here for some years to attract the vicious or even the speculative element. There was quite an influx of si)eculators at the sale of lots in October, 1821, but that was of short duration, and as the town gave no evidence of becoming a "boom town", and had nothing to make it such, the speculative element sought other fielils. and the town was left to those who had come to make homes. These were naturally sober-minded, and mostly religious people: and there were religious meetings held in the cabins of the settlers by representatives of all the leading sects long before any of them could afford a meeting-house. There is some ques- tion as to who ])reached the fir.«t sermon here, .some claiming the record for Rev. Resin Ham- mond, of Charlestown, a ^lethodist. who preached at Isaac Wilson's cabin in the spring of 1K21. and some for Rev. John ^IcClung, a "New Light"' who addresseil an open-air mecl- ■/»-'/. Il'isl. Soc. Fub.i., Vol. 1. p. 107. ' '•N'l'W light" is a rather indefinite term. At ill'' time of the founding of Indianapolis it was nifpsl commonly applied in the West to the fol- lowers of Barton W. Stone, of Kentuckv. Their tcMcIs wei-e almost the same as those of llu' fol- ing about the same time, with the probabilities favoring JlcClung. He was at least the first preacher who settled liere, locating on Fall Creek, not far from the present State Fair Grounds, where he died on August 18, 1823. He was originally a Presbyterian, but joined the re- form movement, and for seventeen years was one of their most active preachers in the Ohio Val- ley. His obituary sketch says: "About two years ago he moved to this, then commencing .settle- ment, and continued to preach to verv general acceptance until about the 1st of April last, when he called together the church he had formed, and informed them that having, after careful and prayerful examination, become sat- isfied that the distinguishing doctrines of the society were not scriptural, it became liis duty as an honest man to withdraw his member- ship from the church. * * * por his labors in our infancy as a settlement, and be- fore any other regular preaching was estab- lished in this place, we are under much obli- gation." » Some doubts as to points of doctrine prevented his joining any other church until a short time before his death, when he returned to the Presbyterian fold. Rev. Resin Hammond was only a visitor, but in the summer of 1821 the :\Iet'hodists formed a class which met at Isaac Wilson's, and which was the nucleus of the first church. In the fall of 1821 Rev. Wm. (.'ravens was sent here by the i\Iissouri Conference, in which Indiana was then located, to organize a circuit, and In- dianapolis was made a station in his circuit for the year following. Ci'avens was a forcible speaker, with special antiiiathy to slavery and to the sale or use of intoxicating liquors, and he preached at them straiglit and hard." \Wv. James Scott, a Methodist minister, located here on November 28, 1822, being in charge of a cir- cuit that included the northern part of ^Marion, with Hamilton and Madison counties; though he was in charge of tlie camp-meeting held here in September, 1822, and performed various lowers of Alexander Campbell, but udl (piite sd damp — they did not consider innuersion es.sen- tial. ]\[ost of the two sects united in IS.IS, and "New Light" and "Campbellife" came In he nearly synonymous. 'Wexterii Censor. .Vugust 2.'), 1823. '•'nollidui/s Indiana ^fefhodlsm. p. 58; Smith's Indiana Miscelianif. p. 1(10. 86 11IST(»1;V OF (iHEATEE INDIAXAPOLIS. iiiinistfi-ial fuiittious; at a latiT date."' The Jlctliodists did not iindei'tako to maintain a meeting-house until ISS."), when they located in a log building on the south side of ilarvland street, west of Meridian, which they occupied for four years. The McCormicks, the first permanent set- tlers, were Baptists, and others soon followed. There were some religious meetings at private houses and in 18"22 the Baptists formed the first church organization at this point. The original minutes of the church, which are pre- served, show that a preliminary meeting was held at the school house, at the point between Kentucky avenue and Illinois street in August, and it was decided to organize on September 22. Samuel McC'ormick was directed to write to Lick Creek and Franklin churches, and John W. Reding to Little Flat Rock and Little Cedar Grove churches for "helj)s"" in organiza- tion. On the appointed day Elder Tyner from Little Cedar Grove appeared as a help, and, letters having been presented by Benjamin Barnes, Jeremiah Johnson, Thomas Carter, Otis Hobart, John Hobart, Theodore Y. Denny, John McCormick. Samuel McCormick, John Thompson, William Dodd, Jane Johnson, Xancy Carter, Nancy Thompson, Elizabeth McCormick and Polly Carter, it was decided to adjourn to October 10. On that day the parties assembled, with John W. Reding and Hannah Skinner added, and Benjamin Barnes was selected to speak for the members. "Brother Tyner went into an examination, and finding the members sound in the faith, pro- nounced them a regular Baptist church, and directed them to go into business"'. In Janu- ary, 1823, arrangements were made to secure the school house for meetings, and in June an agreement was made with Benjamin Barnes to preach once a month for the remainder of the year. In the spring of 1825 ^lajor Chinn invited the church to \ise his house, on the north side of Maryland, between Meridian and Illinois, for regular meetings, which was ac- cepted. In June. 1825, the church purchased of William Wilmuth lot 2 in square 60. where the Hebrew Synagogue on East Market street now stands, and meetings were held in a log house that stood on it, whicli was rented for a school house on week days. In 1829 the church purchased a lot on the southwest corner of ^[eridian and Maryland streets, and erected its first regular meeting-house there. The first Presbyterian who preached here was Rev. Ludwell G. Gaines, of Ohio, a mis- sionary of the General Assembly who held an open air meeting in August, 1821. Rev. David C. Proctor, under the direction of the Connec- ticut Missionary Society, visited Indianapolis for about a week in May, 1822. In February, 1822, Dr. Isaac Coe organized a bible class, and in the fall of that year arrangements were made with ]\[r. Proctor to preach three-fourths of his time at Indianapolis for the year begin- "See Gazette. June 15, 1824; Western Cen- sor. March 15. :\ray 24. September 14. 1824. FIRST PRESBYTERI.A.X CHURCH AND SCHOOL ERECTED. (From an olc! cut.) ning October 1, 1822. the other one-fourth be- ing given to the church at Bloomington. In the spring of 182:5 a subscription was made for a meeting-house, the first in Indianapolis, which was begim in May and completed in Julv. A formal church ortranization was made on July 5. 1823. at Caleb Scudder"s caiiinet shop. Rev. Isaac Reed, who preached at Xew Albany, and made occasional missionary tours into the back settlements, writes: "My first visit to Indianapolis was through many perils of waters by the way, in company with ilr. Proctor, the 3rd of .July. On the afternoon of the 4th. 1 ]ireached to the Presbyterian friends at ;i cal)in('t maker's sliop : and at the lllsroK'Y OF CliKATKi;, I M )1.\ \ Al'Ol.lS. same place, on iliu morning of thu .Jtli, I preached as moderator in the formation of the cliun-li of Indianapolis. The same day two other ministers arrived. The next day was the Sabbath, and there were four ministers with this new formed cluireh. The chureh was or- ganized with fifteen members. Dr. Isaac Coe and t'aleb Seudder were elected elders. A church edifice had been begun in ^lay before the organization of the church, and was so far completed that it was occupied at the sacra- ment of the I.i()rd"s Supper on the Sal)bath, the next day after the organization of the church." The early religious meetings, especially where there was preaching, were generally at- tended, without regard to denomination. Among the notes in Mrs. Fletclier's diary for her first year here are the following: "Sun- day, November 18, 1821. 1 attended prayer meeting at Mr. Ste])hens"." "Sunday. Novem- ber 2'}, 1821, 1 attended in'caching at Mr. Haw- kins' when! 1 heard a very good sermon by a Newlight minister."' "Sunday, December 30, 1821, 1 heard a sermon delivered by a Newlight minister which I did not think commendable, but w^e must allow for it as it has not been but about three months since he began to speak in public." ■^'Sunday, jWay 12, 1822, I attended jireaching at tiie (Jovernor's circle, it was the first sermon ever delivered at that |dace. Kev. ^^r. Proctor took his text from the :iOth chap- ter of Proverbs and 17tli verse. * * * '['],g preacher is a Presbyterian and a very good orator. He will speak again on Tuesday p. ni." "Tuesday, 14th. In the morning it rained, and in the afternoon was clear b\it muddy. Mr. F. attended preaching at the school house." "Sunday, !lth .luiie. Mrs. Wick and I attended Jfethodist preaching.'" "Sunday, l()th June, 1822. Mr. lUake went to Sabbath School." •'Sunday, 12th duly. This day attended Bap- tist preaching at the school house." In Se\> lemlier, 1822, is the note: "Camp meeting com- menced the l.'itb of Septendier and lield four days." The Sabbath school to which Mi-. Pilake went nn dune lO, 1822, was presumably Dr. Coe's bible class, for there is no record of any Sab- bath sdiool here until the union school was organized the next spring at Caleb Scudder's cabinet shop. Mrs. Fletcher w-rites of it: "April (i. 182.'i. Our school commenced, which I hope will be (d" .i;n'Mt benefit to the children of our town." This school organization was named the Indianapolis Sabbath School Union, and included all denominations as well as non- church members. James .\1. Kay, the first su- perintendent, and James Blake, orre of the active workers, were not then church members. Among the ,teachers were Caleb Seudder, Doug- lass JIaguire, Henry Bradley, B. F. Morris, Dr. Dunlap, the Mis.«es Coe, Mrs. Morris, Miss .McDougall, Mrs. Seudder, and ^Irs. Paxton. It followed the general plan of the American Sabbath School I'nion, and served a valuable educational purpose aside from the religious instruction. The school was divided into four "classes", or as they would now be called "grades", and each class was divided into "sections"' corresponding to modern "classes"'. Those of the first class studied the scriptures direct; the second memorized hymns, cate- chisms, etc.; the third included "those who spell in two or more syllables, and the fourth those who are learning tlie aljihabct anil mono- syllables"'. In August, 1826, the Indiana Sab- bath School Union was organized at Indian- apolis, and at its first annual meeting, August 3-6, 1827, elaborate directions for Sabbath School organization were issued, based on the work of the Indianapolis school, of which the following extract will give a comprehensive idea: "The first class should memorize Mat- thew, begiiining at the 2d chapter, John, Acts and Eomans. A selection, as given in the ap- pendix, from Genesis, Ivxodus and Deuteron- omy, with such other parts of scripture or cate- chisms as may be thought advisable. The sec- ond class should memorize catechisms and liymns — those published by the .\merican Sun- day School Fnion are prepari'd by a committee consisting of the principal religious denomina- tions in the I'nited States, and contain no doctrines in which all do not unite. In the Indianapolis school, Watts' First Catechism, Milk for Babes, Watts' Divine and Moral Songs. Doddi'idges P(x>tical Lessons, and Tav- lor's Original Hynms are learned in course, before commencing the Testament. The third class should use some spelling book. And the fourth class some spelling book or primer con- taining the alphabet and words of one syllable; and both classes should memorize their spelling lessons, 'i'hc Sunday School Spelling Rook and I'liion Primer were designed for these classes, but inii,dit, the (■iiMiniitt<'e believe, be S8 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. still better titled for the object they are in- tended to accomplish, particularly the last, — the vocabulary of monosyllables in Webster's spelling book appears better calculated, they believe, to advance the young beginner." The memorizing was the chief feature of the worlc, and to encourage it the distribution of liooks from the Sunday School library was made dependent on it. The library was com- l)osed chiefly of publications of the national Union, and of these three depositories were established in the state, at Madison, New Albany and Indianapolis. Any school joining the Union, and paying one dollar, could obtain these books at cost ; to others an advance of fifteen per cent, was charged. The books were classified by price, and the pupil could "draw a book from the library of the value of four times as many cents as the average lesson as- signed by the religious instructor to the class consists of verses, or their equivalents, which book may be kept one week and no longer". For "every dirt or grease spot, turned down or torn leaf, or week over-kept" there was a fine of from one to seven cents, according to the value of the book, which was to be paid in money or memorizing. The class record was devoted to this matter of memorizing, as ap- pears from the following model prepared and circulated bv the Union: "TEACHER'S CLASS BOOK Male. — Peter Punctual, Teacher. 1st Class. 1st Section. Ma.v B. 13. C V M C V M Israel Industry 23 SO .iO 24 41 50 Solomon Steady 20 1 50 21 17 40 Simon Sober 19 1 50 20 21 50 Abraham Active 10 23 40 11 21 45 Charles Careless 4 1 20 4 21 15 O stands for chapter. V, verse, where lesson begins. M number of versos memorized." The Sunday School was a success from the start, there being 70 in attendance on the third Sunday. On April 23, the Censor said: "It is highly flattering to witness the success that has attended the formation of the Sunday School in this town. The exertions of the Directory and Superintendent have produced the most flattering prospects. The school on the two last Sabbaths was numerously at- tended, and the order and harmony that pre- vailed, considering the inexperience of those engaged in teaching, furnish the strongest proof of the practicability of rendering such establishments emiiK'ntly useful in improving tile condition of the rising generation."' The chief promoter of the union Sunday School was Dr. Isaac Coe, who became its "clerk"; but he was warmly seconded by the press" and all public-spirited citizens. The school was dis- continued in the winter months of 1823-4, but was renewed on April 24, 182-1:, and was con- tinuous thereafter, meeting in the Presbyterian church when it was completed. It was the only Sunday School until the spring of 1828, when the ^Methodists organized a separate school, and the Baptists did likewise in 1832. An interesting feature of the early Sunday schools was their participation in the celebra- tion of the Fourth of July, which began in 1828. The glorious Fourth had not been over- looked before that time. Even in 1821 the young people of the place had celebrated by obtaining a keel-boat that had recently come up the river, aud going up to Anderson's spring for a picnic. Anderson's spring is still the finest spring in this vicinity, though it is little known because of its out-of-the-way location. It is at the foot of the bluft' south of Emmer- icli's grove, on the west side of the river, about half way between the Cold Spring and the Emmerichsville bridge. At present it is partly harnessed to a hydraulic ram. and pumps water to a tank in the garden farm of Mrs. Denke just above. It took its name from Thomas Anderson, one of the earliest settlers, who lo- cated at that point. In 1822 the citizens met at Hawkins' tavern on June 17, and made arrangements for a public celebration on the Military Reserve, which then extended south to Washington street as well as including the present Military Park. The celebration opened with a sermon from Rev. John McClung. from the text, '"Righteousness exalteth a nation but sin is a reproach to any people" ; which was followed by a brief speech and the reading of the Declaration of Independence by Judge Wick, Washington's Inaugural Address by Squire Obed Foote. Washington's Farewell Ad- dress, by John Hawkins, and a prayer and benediction by Rev. Robert Brenton. Then followed a dinner, the central feature of which was a barbecued buck that had been killed the day before by Robert Harding, with patriotic toasts, and an ample supply of the spirit of the maize. The toasts, fourteen in number, were ^Censor, ^lanh l!l and 26. HISTORY OF GEEATKR IXDIAXAPOLIS. 89 written by Calvin Fletcher, the last one being, "Indianapolis, ilay it not prove itself un- worthy the honor the state has conferred upon it by making- it her .-cat of wovcrnnK'nf.'-' .\t night there was a ball at C'nuiibaugbV immtii and justice Aw\>. at the corner of Market and .Mis.-ouri streets.''- In 18-.?3, tbe Cmisur says: "The day was ushered in by the firing of mus- kets and rifles. About ten o'clock, agreeably to a previous notice, the citizens of the town and vicinity assembled in a handsome shade on the town plat, where, after an appropriate prayer by the I?ev. Mr. Proctor, and the read- ing of the Declaration of Independence by D. B. Wick. Esq., an oration was delivered by Jlorris ilorris, Esq., and the services of the occasion -were closed by prayer from the Rev. Jlr. Reid." The dinner was at Wilkes Rca- gans with the customary toasts, and the festivi- ties closed with a ball at the same place. These celebrations increased in splendor as the militarv and civic organizations developed. In 1827 the Journal says: "The day was an- nounced by the discharge of 2-1 rounds of can- non, amid tbe cheers of the citizens. At an early hour, the artillery, commanded by Captain Morris, and the rifle company, commanded by « 'aptain Reding, paraded and placed in front of ilie procession formed by Captain ^IcFarland, who acted as marshal of the day. Then fol- lowed the committee of arrangements, the President and Vice-president, Chaplain and leader of vocal music. Orator and Reader of the Declaration of Independence, Revolutionary -oldiers and citizens." This imposing body moved to the court house where a large con- lourse, with many ladies, was waiting. The dinner, at the tavern of Mr. Hays was made memorable by 2-i regular toasts and 18 volun- teers. But in 1828 the procession was more impressive, for "the scholars of our two Sab- bath schools, attended by their superintendents and instructors, together with a large number of ladies from town and country took a con- spicuous part". The services were at the court hou.'^e, and tliere was "music from a select choir of singers, aecompanied by instrumental music from the members of the Indianapolis Han- dolian Society"''. After the services two pro- cessions were formed ; one of the niale patriots to repair to the dinner at the Sugar Grove, '"■Ncirs, June 7, 1879. '■"'See alsi) X(Jirlitiiirs }?cmiiilsrniirs, p. 131. cast of the town, and the otlier of the Sabbath .-cnoot scholars, and ladies "to return to the schools". This innovation gave such general satisfaction that the Sunday schools thence- forward became star attractions, as may be seen from the order of formation in 1829, w-hich the Gazelle gives as follows: 1. Artillery. 2. Ladies and I'emale Teaciiers. o. Four Female Teachers and Bannei' ■1, Female scholars, smallest in front 5. Music. U, Eour Male Teachers and Banner. 7. Male scholars, smallest in front. 8. Two Clergymen, Reader and Orator, 9. Superintendents, Teachers, Etc. 10. Citizens, four abreast. On this occasion the adtlress was liy J udge James Morrison, who gave a history of the Sabbath school movement. At that time he saitl there were 190 on the rolls of the Lnion school, with an average attendance of 110 scholars and 30 teachers; while the Methodist sciiool had 98 scholars and 19 teachers. The work had been prosecuted outside of town till 18 schools had been formed, and the attendance at all the schools in the county was between 1,100 and 1,200. As illustrating their bene- lit he mentioned one locality where there were only 30 children in the day schools, but 90 attended the Sunday school. The jjarticipation of the Sunday schools in the Fourth of July celebrations continued un- til 1857, and as they were shut out of the dinners it became the custom to stay the juve- nile stomachs by a distribution of rusk and water, until home and something more sub- stantial could be reached. And as tiie various denominations formed independent Sunday schools it became the custom for each school to join the procession as a separate organiza- tion. All of the schools joined, with two ex- ceptions. The Episcopalians did not join in this diversion, but just why is not recorded. The Universalists, after a brief and unsuccess- ful ell'ort at organization in the 'iOs, reorgan- ized in 18.53, and maintained a Sunday school, but it always llocked by itself on tlu' Fourth, usually holding a picnic in the woods north of the University, on College avenue, wliich Ovid Butler furnished for tlie occasion. The picnic was the microbe that destroyed the old-time celebration. In early days the tendency of the seeker for recreation was to get out of the !10 IIISTOKV OF (IliKATEU JXDIAXAPOLIS. woods and into town, but as physical conditions clianged this tendency was reversed. Occasion- ally even a Sunday school cut the parade and went to the woods for a picnic. And so it came to pass that the celebration in 1857 was a fizzle. The National Guards had gone to Lexington, Ky., to the laying of the cornerstone of the Henry Clay monument, and had taken the city band with them. The firemen had gone to a picnic near Franklin. Several of the Sunday schools had taken to the woods. The Journal lugubriously observed: "The Sun- day school children made the only display that was made, and even they fell short of their dropped entirely, and the timc-lionored jiaradc, with "Uncle Jmnny" Blakc as marshal, ha.- be- come only a fond memory of the older citizens. Although the Sunday school was organized in large part to supjjly the deficiency of day schools, the early settlers were not unmindful of the latter. In 1821 they got together and ])ut up a log school house on the edge of a large pond that was located at the corner of Kentucky avenue and Washington street, and here Joseph C. Reed was installed as the first riacher.'° Its construction was voluntary, and the school was a "pay school", for there was no otficial school organization as vet. A descHp- THB FIRST SCHOOL HOUSE. KENTUCKY A\^. AND ILLINOIS ST. (From a pencil sketch by James B. Dunlap.) usual numbers and spirit. There was no music in the city, no firemen's parade, no mili- tary displa}", no movement of any kind after an early hour in the morning. The tlnnidering of the cannon, rapidly fired by the Artillery boys, opened the day well, but the promise of a 'good time' was illy fulfilled. The remark was uni- versal that 'so dull a Fourth was never seen'. At night tliere was some compensation for the sleepiness of the day in a profusion of fire- works and bonfires, but that was all."''' In lS.-)8, tlie Fourth came on Sunday, and |)art of the communitv celebrated on Saturday. ]iir1 on Mondav. Thereafter tlie ancient cnstini was *-l()nni(il. .)iil\ is.-,r. tion of this school lio\ise is given in tlie notes left by :Mrs. ^Martin, who, as Miss Betty Smith, (hiughter of George Smith, the pioneer pub- lisher, went to school there at the ago of thir- teen. She says: "The first school house was a cabin with rough-bewinl floor and benches, and a slab of the same kind was fastened to the wall to write on; and back of tliat a log was sawed out, and sticks put in to paste paper on, and the paper was greased to make it light, so we were pretty well fi.xed. We nsed to have sing- ing school of evenings, and prayer meetings, and on Saturday and Sunday the sheep used to occupy our school room in our absence. .\nd ''Bn I iiiliii nil ji ,lis. lllsrolJV t>K (illKA'lEi; IXDI.WAI'OI.IS. 91 how do vou su]ipos(' tlicy got iu? W'ull, Hr'V got in by tliu cliiniiiov. 1 ^^iippor^e you think the fliiiniu'v \va^ not very higli — it was about four feet high, and six feet wide, so you see we could have a good tire." The occupancy by the slieep was not regular, liowever, for the school house was often used for preaching and otlicr meetings. The state law, which was very rudimentary, provided for putting the "school sections" under tlic care of superintendents, leasing them, and applying the returns to the use of schools; but no appointments could be made until after the county commissioners were elected in the following spring; and even then the j)rofits from the school lands were only nominal for several years. Tlie law also provided for the election of school tiustees l)y the ))eople, and gave these trustees power to do almost anything "not inconsistent uiih tlic constitution and the law"" for the "encourage- ment of schools."' Mr. Keed's service was evi- dently acceptable, for he was elected County Recorder the next spring, but that left the school witliout a teacher. A meeting was hehl on June '^0, 1822, and trustees were elected, but the scliool was very irreguhir, on account of the difliculty of getting a teacher. Several are said to have been tried but with -o little satisfaction that not even their names aiv pre- served. But relief was coming from another source. 8avs Kev. J. C. Fletcher: ''Jt is a noted fact that from 1822 to 1S3!> the .Methodists had the liest preaeiiers in Indianapolis and the Presby- terians the best schools.""'" It certainly was a blessing to the community that the first Presby- terian Board of Trustees included those two energetic educational cranks Dr. Isaac Coe as chairman and James Blake as secretary. The new churcli for which subscriptions were taken ill May. lS2.'i, was eom])leted that snniiiier, and it included a school room arranged for use on week days as well as Sundays. On March 1). 1S24, the trustees announced that school woiilil be opened on the first Monday in Ajn-il liy .\li-. and ifrs. Lawrence, who were certified to be f[ualified instructors in "Eeading, Writing, .Vritlimelic. I'jiglish Grammar and Geography"', in addition to which Mrs. T>awrence taught nc'cdlc-work. The tuition was $2 per quarter. and realizing that even this seeming small "'•Xcw.i. .lune 2S, IKTi). charge would be a burden, the trustees sav "It has been a matter of serious solicitude with the Trustees that the school should be of the greatest advantage to tin- public; and believ- ing that many from the largeness of their families, and the difficulties attending a re- moval to a new settlement, are but ill prepared to pay for that schooling they would wish their children to have, and which it is of high im- portance they should enjoy, the board have re- served the privilege of sending six children gratis, and provision will be made by a num- ber of young men and others to pay for the instruction of several more." They also pro- posed to "give one scholar his tuition for giv- ing the signal for school, and making the fire each morning one hour before its opening"'. The Lawrences — Kiee B. and Ann — were very competent teachers, from Xew York origi- nally, but direct from Troy, Ohio. Mr. Brown says they tauglit for a time in the log school house, but if so it was a short time, for they came here in the last of October, 1823. They were Presbyterians, and active workers in the Sunday school as well as the day school. The second cpiarter of this school was an- nounced to open on July 2(5, but Mr. Law- rence fell ill, and died on July 31; and the school, which was continued by Mrs. Lawrence,, ojicned on August 9. The third term opened Xovember 15, and this was the last one adver- tised, but Mrs. Lawrence evidently continued to teach in 182.'j, for a time, for Mrs. Ketcbam describes her attendance there in summer, and her family did not come to Indianapolis until -Xovember, 182-1. There was an interim, how- I'vcr, between her school and that of Ebenc/.i'r Sharpe, her successor, in which Samuel Merrill,. Rev. George Bush, and Mrs. Bush made rec- ords as volunteer teaehei's. On November 7, 1S2G, the trustees announced that Ebenezer Sharpe had begun school, or rather had "opened the Indianapolis .\cademy"', for it was low on a more pretentious basis. There were two assistants. Miss Isabella Sharpe and Thomas H. Sharpe, the latter "then a blonde- haired young gentleman of eighteen", and s(unething of an athlete, for he soon established a reputation as the fastest sprinter in this lo- cality. P^benezer Sharpe was a Marylander, of classical education, who was one of the earlv professors at Transylvania University, at Lex- iiij;ton, Kentucky. He remained tiiere until Ih-. Holly, of Boston, was elected president, when, on account of Dr. Hollv being a I'ni- '.)2 HISTORY OF GllEATER INDIANAPOLIS. tarian, several proiessors, including Mr. Sharpe, resigned. iMr. Sliarpe then established an academy at Paris, Kentucky, from wliich place lie came here. He raised the standard of the school and giaded the rates — •"For spelling and reading per qr., $i.UO. Writing and arithmetic, $2.50. Geography, English grammar, mathematics, the languages and philosophy, $3.00."'" This school gave the first public exhibition at the court house, on October 6, 1827, and so successfully that tlie Journal was moved to re- mark: "The original pieces that were spoken on the occasion were of a charcter well deserv- ing commendation."' And so were those not original, for tradition records that T^om Morris (later General) enacted the part of a miser so well, in his recitation, that old farmer Mc- Dowell, who had the reputation of being "a little near", took offense, and left the room with audible denunciations of the whole per- formance. In fact this may almost be called the beginning of amateur theatricals, for Thomas appeared in costume, with knee- breeches and a wig which he had himself con- structed from cows tails. About 1830 Mr. .Sharpe removed his school to a frame building at the corner of Ohio and Meridian streets, and continued it there until a short time before his death in 1835. The opening of the "old seminary"" in 1834 marked a new epoch in In- dianapolis schools, to be considered later. There were several other private schools in the early period, but little is recorded concerning them. Among the teachers were Messrs. Lambert, Fleming, Bryan, Tufts, Austin W. Morris, Wm. Daily (later president of the state uni- versity), MePherson (who was drowned by Vanblarieum), and •'Seotch'"'" Mayne. The last- named was an eccentric Scotchman, with an un- tiring devotion to snuff and the ferule, both of which went chiefly to the head. As illustrative of the homogeneous character of the settlement prior to the actual coming of the capital, may be mentioned one other dance that occurred towards the close of that period, and which was as celebrated in tradi- tion as the opening ball at Wyant's. In the summer and fall of 1823 James Blake and Samuel Henderson erected a new frame tavern on Washington street where the New York store now stands, and started out as tavern- keepers — just imagine "Uncle Jimmy" Blake taking out a retail liquor license. The new house was christened Washington Hall, and was opened with a ball on Christmas eve, con- cerning which Calvin Fletcher recorded: "De- cember 24. "We this day have had a ball at Keepers Henderson & Blake's. Mr. Foote, Mr. liaiston, Mr. Culbertson, Douglass Maguire and myself were the managers. The day was clear and cold. Our fiarty was attended by about 30 couple. Supper splendid — and every- thing surpassingly agreeable." This ball was fruitful of reminiscences in the old settlers' meetings, and Douglass Jilaguire is authority for the statement that "Mr. Blake did some very good dancing and Mr. Fletcher was the best manager in a ball room that he ever saw.""^ Of course it will be remembered that at this time these gentlemen had not become church members, and it must not be understood that there was no objection to dancing in the com- munity. The Methodists prohibited it at that time, and so did some of the other sects. On January 2(5, 1827, the Presbyterian minutes say : "It having been ascertained that the chil- dren of one of the members of this church have in two cases recently attended a dancing party in this place, resolved thereupon that Jlr. Bush lie requested to visit and converse with, and if necessary admonish that member in the name of the session on the impropriety of her con- duct." On the whole Indianapolis at the time was quite deserving of the following editorial puff which appeared in the Weittcrn Censor of October 10, 1821: "Our town is well supplied with schools and they are beginning to be estab- lished in different parts of the country; we have jDreaching in town every Sabbath, and our society is excellent. The moral and correct de- portment of our citizens is a subject of remark to every observing and intelligent traveler. And here we cannot avoid mentioning as one among the most important of the moral engines in operation for the restraint of vice and the pro- motion of virtue and religion, and as being an ornament to the town, the existence of the In- dianapolis Sabbath School, an institution in the encouragement and support of which all denominations tmite, which is attended by chil- dren of both sexes and all conditions of life, and on the rolls of which there are nearly one liundred scholars." ^'Locomotive, June 14, 1856. CHAPTER X. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN. There wns never any approach to general pri- vation and hardship in Indianapolis after the iirst two vears, though there was some incon- venience for a time on account of the isolation of the jilace. The difficulty and expense of transporting goods from the outside operated somewliat like a tariil" tax to stimulate domestic manufacture, but even that condition was im- proved by the gradual improvement of wagon roads. As early as ]\Iay 15, 1839, the editor of the Democrat (Xathaniel Bolton) was in- dulging in reminiscent articles on "Indian- apolis — the past and the present" ; and on that date he said : "We have been assured by several old settlers that our ]iei-sonal friend, the ven- erable Mr. .John ITager. now clerk of the court in Hancock County, frequently brought the latest intelligence from Cincinnati by his ox cart. Mr. Hager is well known here to our old citizens as among the most enterprising, active and industrious of the old pioneers. When an immense and almost trackless forest stretclied over the now Ijcautiful and improved country, Isir. Ilager was busy in the wilderness. It is even now a joli of some diffioilty to haul from Cincinnati with o.xen. even if the road is fine; anyone acquainted with a western wilder- ness can form some faint idea of the task of driving through a roadless, trackless, unin- habited forest, and run the risks necessarily incident to such an undertaking. Old Johnny Hager, who first by his team brought the neees- .sarics of life to the first settlers, is still alive, and long may he live to see the improvements of the country in which he spent the vigor of his life. Yes; seventeen years ago, the inhabi- tants of this part of the country anxiously flocked around the ox-cart of ;Mr. Hager to hear the latest eastern news !" As has been mentioned, the speculative class of the earliest comers did not remain here, there being so little prospect of any speedy ad- vance in real estate that they let their first ]iayments go.* On December 6, 182G, Benjamin I. Blythe, the State Agent, reported that under the relief act of January "^(i of that year, there had been transfers of payments on 25 lots, amounting to $1,857.52, but there had been relinquishments of 99 lots on which $2,619.00 had been paid. But meanwhile the country was steadily settling and improving. On Feb- ruary 20, 1827, comparing the situation with that at the sale of lots in October, 1821, the Journal said : "At that time the whole popu- lation in what was called the Xcw Purchase, embracing all the territory williin 50 miles of this place, was returned Ijy the Marshal at about 1,300. The population within the same bounds must now amount to upwards of 55,- 000 and that of this town to abotit 1,000 souls. There are now 25 brick, GO frame, and about 80 hewn log houses and cabins in town. The ptiljlie liuildings are a Court House GO feet by 45, a .lail, and Meeting Houses, belonging to the Presbyterian. Baptist and ^lethodist so- cieties. The former have a settled preacher and upwards of 30 members in their church. The Baptist church has 3G and the Methodist 93 menii)crs. .\ Sunday school, which all de- nominations join in supporting, has existed without interruption foi- more than five years. The present number of teachers is about 20 and the scholars from HH) to 200. There are weekly schools in which some of the teachers would not disoedit their calling in any part of the Union, and the same niav be said of some of the members of each of the U-arned ]irofes- sion?." These estimates were conservative. The re- [xut of the Sunday School, on .\pril 10, showed 93 D4 IIIS'IOKV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 4 superintendents, 8 religious instructors, 31 teachers and 188 scholars on the books, with an average attendance of 150. The census taken by the Sunday School visitors on Xovem- ber 27 and .28, showed a total population of 1,0(56, composed of white males, 529; white females, 479; colored males, 34; colored fe- males, 24.' The Sunday School work gave espe- cial cause for satisfaction. The Indiana Sab- bath School I'nion had established one of its de- positories of books at this point, and the local school had put in circulation a library of 152 volumes. The children seem to have been quite as well behaved as their elders. One of the teachers testified to the Journal : "I have had under my care for the last six months an aver- age number of between 70 and 80 scholars; in atl that time there has been but one complaint (and that was in the case of a new comer) against any of those children for profanity or ([uarreling. Not even a pane of glass has been Ijroken in the school room, though frequently a large part of the scholars spend their inter- mission time there.""- The women had organ- ized a Female Bilde Society on April 18, 1825, and in its second year they distributed gratui- Kmsly 50 testaments and 7 bibles, besides sell- ing 69 testaments and li bibles. The men fol- lowed by organizing the Clarion County Bil)ic Society on November 13, 1825. They did not a])]iarentlv secure so great results, but they were xcrv strong on reports and resolutions.'' Tiie Imiianapolis Tract Society was also organized in the spring of 1825, and maintained a useful existence for many years. But while moral conditions were excellent, the Journal, which already leaned to ''the .Vmerican system" of tariff, lamented the large importation of merchandise. On October 2, 1827, it stated that it had been making inves- tigations of the imports for consumption for the past year, and that, ''witliin the time men- tioned, twelve of our merchants and inn-kec])- ers have purchased f(U' home consumption from manufacturers without the coimty, 76 kegs of tobacco, 213 barrels of whisky. 200 barrels of flour, 100 kegs of powder, and 4,500 lbs. of spun cotton. The first cost of tliese articles must somewhat exceed $5,000, and wlien we ^Journal. Dccemlier 11, 1827. -Jotirnal. April 10. 1827. ■'See Jiiiiriiiil. Novcnilier 21. 1820. add what has been purchased from other sources by individuals for their private use, and what has been paid for cigars, cordage, linseed oil and hats, it is believed that the first cost of the whole will fall but little short of $10,000. Another year will no doubt lessen the importation of some of the articles men- tioned. The wheat crop was good, and it is thought to be nearly sufficient for home con- sumption. At any rate we have been supplied witli flour, with but slight exception, of our own manitfacture, in plenty and of good qual- ity since harvest. The hatting business it is expected will be carried on in future as ex- tensively as our wants require. In this article and that of flour there will be a saving of at, least $3,000. We do not learn that the manu- facture of whisky is increasing. It does not appear that more than 71 barrels of whisky, distilled in this county, have been purchased by our merchants within the year. No attempts have yet been made to manufacture tobacco, powder, linseed oil, cordage or cotton yarn."' Unquestionably this })ublieation was in aid of the steam mill project, the stock for which was being sold at this time, for on November 20 the Journal recapitulated its facts and added: "Some of the articles mentioned, it is believed, will hereafter be furnished by our own workmen, but we can hardly expect in the present age of improvement to be able to com- pete with others without the aid of steam. If no individual has the capital necessary for the purpose, let the united efforts of our citizens provide for the erection of machinery, which would not only relieve us from excessive drains of money, bvit afford employment to the indus- trious of almost every age and capacity." As mentioned elsewhere, the steam mill was duly built, and duly demonstrated that there is no advantage in doing things yourself if you can get someone else to do them cheaper for you — also that cheapness of manufacture depends largely on the anKumt produced and sold, and that involves a market for your surplus, which Indianapolis did not then have. In reality manufactures had been coming about as rapidly as they were profitable. As has been seen, saw and grist mills were early in demand, and were started as soon as possi- ble. Yandes and \\'ilkins o]x'ned their tan- nery in 1823. Israel Phillins and Isaac Lynch Were rival shoemakers in the earlv settlement. IIIS'I'OI.'Y ol' ClIKA'I'F.i; IXDI.WAI'OI.IS. !!.") but LviK-li iiiovfd til ( 'rawl'onlsville in Aiii;u>t, l.s-^i, iiiul lul'I the field to J'liillips for the tune being. Aiidi-e\v Byrne, tlie pioneer tailor, found a eonipetitor in John K. Looney in No- vember, 1853. Caleb Scudder, the first eabinet maker, seems to liave been rivalled only by Fleming T. Ln.se till April, 1824, when Amos Griffith opened a shop ; and in June, 1824, Andrew W. Eeed started another just north of Vandi's and W'ilkins" tannery. John Sliunk the first hatter eanie in 1821, and the ne.xt was Henry Knutt, who opened a shop on West Washington street in the summer of 1824. His coming and advertisement brought Sluink into the ](apers with a statement that he was en- larging his business, and desired those who had owed him "for 1, 2 or 3 years" to pay np. Cliarles J. Hand established his "hat manu- factory" on .Market street in Xovember, 182."). George Jlyers, potter, came in 1821. and opened a pottery, which apparently descended, for in 1824 Abraham Myers advertised that he "continues to carry on the potting business in all its variety on the Kentucky avenue, corner of ^[aryland and Tennessee streets". J. K. Crumbaugh also started a pottery at the ])oint between Kentucky avenue and Hlinois -treet at a very early date, but dropped out of the business, perhaps when he was appointed jus- tice of the peace. On June 1, 1821, Margaret Gibson, who seems to have been the first bii>i- ness wo7nan, outside of the hotel antl boarding- house business, advertised a new pottery at the corner of Ohio and Tennessee streets, stating that she has in her em|)loy J. R. Crumbaugli "who is perfectly master of the business". Mr. Crumbaugli resumed the pottery business nii his own account at the corner of Washington and Kentucky avenue, in .lime, 182(1. William Holmes, who came in tlu' >pring of 1822, is accounteil the first tinner, bill on July 20. 1821, "Abraham Beasly, Tinker", advertised that be had "returne(l from Cincinnati with Ihe neces- sary molds for casting ]iewt('r |ilates jind spoons according to the latest fashions", and that he Would ••attend trt mending old vessels in its varioii- branches" at hi.- .-hop on Wnshingtoii street ■"iicarlv opposite the state biiuse sciiun'e". Gi-orge Pogue. the first blacksmith, had hardly disappeared when John Vanblariciiin took his place, and was the local ^'ulcan for a year or two. when t'apt. Klani S. I'^recman opened a shop. In the fall of 1824 Tetir Har- miinson announced that he woubl serve as t)lacksmitli in Freeman's old shop, •"on Wash- ington street opposite the mouth of Kentucky avenue". There appears to have been no per- manent gunsmith here until Samuel Beck came in 1833. He was emphatically llie gunsmith of the place, for the next half century, though his brother Christian divided the business with him part of the time, and there were occasional lesser rivals. On March 22, 1825, John Van- blarieum advertised that he had "employed a first rate gunsmith for a few days"' and advised those who wanted guns mended to hasten in. The Davis brothers were very early chair- makers, and Samuel S. Hooker, the first house and sign jjainter also manufactured "Windsor chairs". On September 27, 1825, J. W. Davis announced the opening of his saddle shop ; and on the same date John Foster, blacksmith, announced that he would "make first rate Cas- teel Axes for $2.50" and edged tools of every description, ploughs, hoes, etc., to order, at his shop on Pennsylvania street, south of Wash- ington. It is sometimes said that Humphrey (Jriffith was the first clockmaker, but his first advertisement appeared on January 20. 1836, reading, "having opened a shop in the al)ove line on Washington street, opposite the Wash- ington Hall''. This was preceded nearly a year by the advertisement of John Ambrozene, on February 15, 1825, announcing his location at the northeast corner of Washington and .Meridian, in the business of watch and clock repairing. Mr. Brown says that i[rs. Matilda Sharpe, who came in October, 1827, and opened a millinery establishment at "^[r. E. Sharpe's, Meridian street, north of the Governor's Cir- rh'". was the ])ioneer in that line.'' but four iniinlhs earlier Miss Marietta Cobb (late of N'ew York) milliner and inantiia maker. aniKiuiucd her loiation '•at the I'i'sidciu-e of .Samiii'l (InhK- hiTi-\ (in I'ennsyh aiiia street nearly uppn-iir the Presbyterian church", where she pm- po.^ed to '•make and n pair I'onnel- and Dresses", and attend in ■■mn-t other drsciip- tions of neeiUe work".' Licpiid inanul'actui'es uii-c not overlooked. A distillery was erected on tlu' bayou west of the river soon after Yaiides and Wilson's «aw mill, and it furnisheil the communitv with a ■•//('.v/. (if I iiJdnii /lulls, p. III. '■(luzcllr. .luiir r.i. 1S2:. 96 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. whisky commonly known as "Bayou Blue", of whose strength no complaint is handed down. This institution furnished the "71 barrels" mentioned by the Journal. There was no brewery here until 1834, when John L. Young and William Wernwag, contractor for the Xa- tional Road Iiridge opened a small one on the south side of Maryland street between Mis- souri and West. Strange as it may seem, it was preceded by the first soda fountain, which was opened on July 2, 1831, at Dunlap & Mc- Dougal's drug store, and was largely patron- ized. In fact Indianapolis was getting into the dissipation belt. ^lacomber's animal show reached the place in July, 1830, and another in August, the latter having a "real Bactrian or two-humped camel" and a "rompo, an an- imal similar to the hj^ena". The second show was a dangerous approach to a circus, for it announced that "Captain Dick and his Shetland pony will perform many pleasing feats of horsemanship." A cow and calf elephant were with us at Henderson's tavern on August 12, 1831. But the genuine circus did not come until August, 1833, and then it stayed three days. It was Brown & Bailey's and in addi- tion to the circus it had an extensive menagerie, including the first kangaroo that ever invaded the Xew Purchase. From the earliest settlement there was an effort to put agriculture not only on a paving basis but on a pleasing basis, so far as prod- ucts were concerned, by improving qualitv and seeking variety. Dr. Coe was one of the prac- tical leaders. He had a garden-patch in Fall Creek bottom near Patterson's mill, and in 1821 he raised there, on one acre of ground, 12.") bushels of sweet potatoes.'' He also gave attention to the cultivation of Irish potatoes, and on ^^larch 22, 1824, he advertised "several choice kinds of Irish potatoes for sale, consist- ing of Earlv AMiites, Large Red, Long Pole Red, and the Large Early Blue, a verv superior kind. Also a quantity of sweet ])otatoes". Fruit was introduced early. On September 22, 1823. it was announced that "there are upwards of 1,000 thrifty young apple trees at the nurserv on the donation" which could be bousrht at ("ii/. cents each. On February 28, 182(5, .\aron All- dredge, who had a nursery two miles southeast of town, on thi^ Lawrenceburgh road, adver- tised "cultivated"' apple trees at 10 cents ; ■"iial- ural" apple trees at 4 cents, and "cultivated" pears at 121/4 cents, together with quinces, etc. On February 27, 1827, James Givan adver- tised "peach trees for sale at three cents, for Cash, Country Produce, or Labour". Xearlv everybody had a garden, and care was given to the planting, as may be judged from Isaac X. Phipps's advertisement, on March 22, 1825, of "garden seed of various kinds from the Shakers". On September 3, 1825, the Marion County Agricultural Society was organized for the special purpose of encouraging the cultivation of tobacco.^ The members ))ledged themselves each to raise 1,000 potmds of tobacco, cultivate one acre of it, or pay one dollar to the society. The money paid or subscribed was to be divided in premiums, one-half to the person who raised the most merchantable tobacco, one-fourth to the person who raised the most on one acre, and one-fourth to the person who raised the best hogshead. A number of leading citizens took part in the organization, the object being to turn attention to a crop that always had a money value, but the enterprise did not take with the farmers, and practically nothing re- sulted from it. The problem of finding some product besides furs to export was one that at- tracted no little thought, and one of the most in- teresting developments of it was the trade in ginseng. In August, 1825, Henderson and Blake advertised that they would pav (> cents a pound for all the fresh ginseng brought to them. James Blake was the inspirer of the enterjiriso, for be had come here with a suggestion from Philadel- phia friends to look after ginseng for the Clii- nesft trade. It was very common in the woods, and the business developed into one of consid- erable extent, Xicholas ^IcCartv aL^o taking an interest in it. They had a little estaljlishment for cleaning and drying the roots on Delaware street south (if Pogue's Run. A little hoe, com- monly called a "'sang-hoe'', was specially made for digging it and many a farmer's family helped out the familv income by digging gin- seng. The product plaved an important part in the winter of 1828-9. ^Ir. :McCartv had n larsc purchase of goods which he shipped from Phila- delphia to Pittsburg by wagon, expecting to "New ft. ^,\■Au■]\ 29. 1879. '■■Toiirnril. Septcriiber fi. 1825: Gnzette, Sep- tember 13. 1825. HISTORY 01' GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 97 «=1 o s w k ^-. o t-^ cq i oo as o C u o ^ J m H 2 S ^ ca < Q Kl a> •o w to S 0) o > X >*-< w o o ■a c S o C3 ■I-) w E- 1) cc ^ M Q J O W I H Vol. 1—7 98 HISTOKY OF GREATEU IXDIAXAPOLIS. take tlu'iii In- boat from there to Jladisou. Arrived at I'ittsburg they found the Ohio frozen aud navigation closed. It was important that the goods should be in Indianapolis promptly, and Mr. ilcCarty took the alternative of send- ing sixteen loaded Oonestoga wagons through from Pittsburg to Indianapolis, the first and only time such a thing was ever done. The expense would have caused a heavy loss but for one thing, — there was a return load of gin- seng for the wagons, and that made their trip a jirofitable one. The original tobacco agricultural association did not last long, and was criticised while it did last for its restriction to one kind of prod- uct. Xothing further was done until after the state created the State Board of Agriculture by act of February 7, 1835. The first members of the Board were James Blake, John Owens, Larkin Sims and Moses M. Henkle, and on May 22 tliey issued a circular urging the forma- tion of county agricultural societies and the holding of county fairs. Under this law an organization was effected on June 27, with Xa- than B. Palmer as president, Seton W. Norris, vice-president, Douglass ilagiiire, secretary, and Calvin Fletcher, treasurer. There were also two "curators"' appointed for each townshi]). The first fair was held on October 30 and 31, and curiously enough there was not a premium given for any direct agricultural product, though a total of $184 in premiums was paid, of wliicii ^'lO was contributed by the county board. Domestic animals took $13!) of the money, and the rest went to the best pieces of jeans, domestic fiannel. domestic carpeting, and domestic linen, the best ]iair of woolen socks, best home made cheese, best 10 pounds of but- ter, and best gallon of domestic wine. In addi- tion to money premiums a volume of Indiana Aurora was given for the best essay on grasses, and the best essay on the culture of the mul- berry and the production of silk. In 1S3(), agriculture was given more recognition, but on the basis of "tjie best five acres" of corn, wheat, oats and rye, while John Johnson car- ried off prizes for "tlie best cultivated farm"' and as victor in a "i)longhing match". The judges also gave prizes from "the discretionary fund" to ''M. il. Ilcnkle, for beets and car- rots: A. W. ^^orris for vegetable eggs; Rich- ard Williams for mammoth pumpkin, and Hol)- ert ^ritchell for l)eets"". Tlie mulberrv and silkworm seem to have made some progress for three ladies were awarded prizes for "do mestie sewing silk''. These fairs were held for a number of years, and very successfully, but finally succumbed to the competition of the state fair. After the first few years the Indianaiiolis people lived better, so far as eating went, than most of their successors now; or at least had the opportunity to, for choice edibles had no foreign market, and hence were cheap — in fact were home products of most families. Says ilrs. Ketcham : "ililk was plenty : every lady had her own cow or cows, and they were even milked in Washington street. Butter G cts. a pound; eggs 2 cts a dozen. So we had grid- dle cakes taken from the great round griddle before the great fire. There was no soda ; eggs made them light and the baking speedy. Bis- cuit was kneaded a great deal and baked in a hot skillet C|uickly. Waffles ! I can see the long-handled irons thrown into the blazing fire and whirled over so quickly, and out in the same way. Maple syrup was plenty and wild honey. We had good light bread made of hop yeast. Chickens were almost always broiled. It was considered a great thing to have chick- ens and new potatoes on the Fourth of July. Currants and cherries grew speedily till then. We had wild strawberries, raspberries and black- berries. In the fall wild grapes for preserves and jelly, and also wild plums. WTien out in the woods looking for these things, I have been led on by the fragrance of the plum, till walk- ing on the trunk of a huge fallen tree, I put aside with my hands the thicket, and the ground was covered with plums of large size and that peculiar beauty of color they have. White sugar w-as only in the loaf and was 25 cts. a pottnd, so our preserving was done with Xew Orleans sugar. We took extra care and they were real good. ^laple sugar w'as also plenty. * * * Wild turkey and game of all kinds abounded. Fish from White River and Fall Creek. I have never tasted such fried potatoes as my mother's. * * * These good housekeepers talked of the better ways of do- ing things and encouraged one another, and thus learned and taught. I remember how good tlip last roasting ear? tasted just before the frost, and as soon as the corn was at all hard it was grated and made rare mush. The great kettle of Ive hominv looked so good on the trreat KISTOltY OF OliEATER IXDIAXArOIJS. !)!> kitclifii ciane and siiielluil t-o api)elizing as we caiiiL' lioine from .-t-hool. It took tlie best of white Hint corn ; then boiling water was poured over the nicest ashes, and when this was set- tled clear, it was poured on the corn and stood in the isomer of the great fire place till the skin was loosened ; then it was taken to the well, in a tub. was washed with buckets of water till it was white, and then boiled slowly all day; then eaten in milk or fried, as one wished. * * * ''Our smoke-house. P^verybody had one. They were full of ham, pickled pork, bacon, dried beef, corned beef, backbones, spareribs, that were always boiled, unless in pot-pie. Bones, sausage, head-cheese. How handsome the baked pork looked. We had never heard of its not being healthy nor looked out for a head- ache after eating it. Our cellars were full of polatoes, turnips, ca))bage, cucumber pickles, and great jars of preserved fruit. Soon dried fruit grew to be plenty. * * * Deer were plenty. Their steaks were broiled and relieved of dryness by Ix'ing well buttered. .\lso wild turkeys were so aljiindant that William Ander- son l)rought down tiiree at one time with his shot-gun. The breasts of these were fried." Of course it will be remembered that Mrs. Ketcham's father, Samuel Merrill, was fairly well to do, and. what is more important, that her mother was a good housekeeper. She tells of <topping oni' night at the house of a farmer who lioasted that lie kept three hundred head of hogs, and yet there was nothing on his table but eorn l)read and ])ork. Some people would live poorly, no matter what the abundance (jf supplies. Rut while there was a basis for comfort, In- dianapolis could hardly be considered attractive. Hugh McCulloch made his first visit here in 18.'{:i, and he describes it thus: ".Vmple provi- sion had been made for ])arks to enclose the public buildings, and the ])lan of the city upon paper was attractive and artistic, but up- on ])a])er oidy. Little resendibmee, indeed, did the |ilace itsejf bear to the plat. The jjarks in wliich were the State House, just then com- pleted, and the court-bouse, had been enclosed witlt jiost and rail fences, but nothing bad been done to the streets except to remove the stum]is from two or three of tho.-ie most used. .Ml of the noble old trees — wahnits, oaks, po])- birs. tbr like of which will never be seen again — had been cut down, and around the parks young locust and other inferior but rapidly growing trees had been set out. There wera no sidewalks, and the streets most in use, after every rain, and for a good part of the yeai", were knee-deep with mud. As a director of the State Bank, I was under the necessity for many years of making quarterly trips on horseback from Fort Wayne to Indianapolis through a country almost impassable by carriages of any kind, and yet I never encountered mud deeper or more tenacious than in the streets of the capital of the state. I have seen many of the incipient towns of the West, but none so ut- terly forlorn as Indianapolis appeared to me in the spring of 1833. It had no local ad- vantages e.\cej)t the fact that it was surrounded by a very fertile country ; nothing to recommend it but its being the metropolis of the state. There were then only two bridges in Indiana, and these had been built by the United States in anticipation of the extension from Richmond to Terre Haute of the Xational road, which extension was prevented by the veto of I'resi- dent Jackson. * * * I'pon none of the roads were wagons in use, even for carrying the mails, except those from iladison ami Terre II.Mitc to the capital. l'"rom all other points it could only be readied by those who traveled on foot or on horseback. Xo one who saw Indianapolis when 1 saw it for the first lime coidd have anticiiiated its rapid growth and present condition. Xo one could have dreamed that in half a century this almost inaccessible village would become a great railroad center, with large ami varied manufactures, a popu- lation of a liundred thousand souls, one of the best built and most populous cities in the Union not situated upon navigable waters.'"' Mr. McCulloch has mixed the imi)ressions of lli^ numerous visits a trifle, but his general iin- jiression of Indianapolis ])rior to lS-l(t is no doubt very exact, at least for wet weathei-. The growth of the town up to 1S3.5 was very slow. As mentioned, in 1827 the population was 1,066. In 1835 a complete census was made by George Lockerbie, the town assessor, which showed a total population of l,(i83, com- posed of S.')!) white males, 743 white females, and SI colored of lioth sexes. The settlement ".Vc;/ find Mi'iisiirrs nf llulf a I'i'iil iinj. pp. 100 HISTOEY OF GEEATER INDIANAPOLIS. iu this period was chiefly witliin a square or two of Washington street. There were still forest trees standing within that belt, though most of the timber had been cut from the mile square. The outlots were still forest. Says Brown: "All the territory south of Maryland and east of Meridian streets was unimproved except as farms till ]845, and most of it till 1855. A fine walnut grove existed in the first and second wards north of North street and Drake's addition was a good hunting ground till 1848. Squirrels, rabbits, and turkeys were killed in sections now (1868) thickly peopled. No grading whatever had been done, and few sidewalks existed even on Washington street. Ponds along the bayous afforded skating in winter, and in summer were covered by green scum and tenanted by countless frogs. The streets were semi-fluid in thawing weather, but the drainage in many places was better than since the engineers changed it. The town was a dull country village, with no excitement be- yond the annual sessions, when a little anima- tion was given to society and to trade. It seemed to have attained its growth. Few ex- pected a brighter future, nor was there any prospect of it till the internal improvement scheme was originated."' The change in the drainage to which Jlr. Brown refers was a survey and fixing of grades by James Woods, civil engineer, in 1841, which was adopted by the council as permanently fixing the street grades, and all improvements were required to conform to his street profiles." It was after- wards found that he had uuileitaken to nuike an uniform drainage from northeast to south- west, which had to be abandoned in the in- terest of economy. For several years from 183.") prospects seemed very cheerful for Indianapolis. The work on the National Road and the canal brought many laborers here, and trade of all kinds was much stimulated. Prices of real estate began to jump, especially near the water-power of the canal. Even when the panic of 1837 came it did not have its full effect for some months, and people retained something of their good spirits. On May 30. 1838, the Democrat said: "The population of Indianapolis is now estim- ated at 4,000. In five years it will be 8.000.'" But when the internal improvement work had to be stopped permanently, and the National Road work was abandoned in 1839, the town went back very rapidly. When the census of 1840 was taken, the total population was only •.'.662, of whom 1,329 were white males, 1,211 white females, and 123 were colored — evenly divided between males and females. From 1840 to the coming of the railroad in 1847 the life of the town was quiet, but with a gradual growth of population. There are.no records of local censuses for the intervening period, but at the municipal election of 1839 there were 324 votes cast, and at that of 1846 there were 520. In proportion this would indicate a population of about 4,000 in 1846, but this is more a guess than an estimate. ^Ordinances, 1SJ,6, p. 31. CHHPTER XI. THE STATE BUILDS. Judge Howe aptly tfrms early ludianapolis "the capital in the wilderness'", and it could very properly have held that title for a long time after the seat of government was trans- ferred to this point. It was for years the capital, and nothing more. It was located, laid out, and started into existence on that basis as completely as St. Petersburg was by Peter the Great. But it did not have the advantages given to the Kussiaii capital by the unlimited power and large ix'sources of the czar. It was dependent for its public buildings on the sale of town lots, and the accumulation of funds from this source was not rapid enough to admit of immediate and e.xtensive building. Moreover a part of this fund was diverted to public buildings elsewhere, especially to the state prison at Jetfersonville. The state offi- cials were not unmindful of the obligation to Indianapolis. In his message to the first leg- islature at this place, on January 10, 1825, Governor Hendricks said: "The sales of public property at this place have been looked to for the completion of the public buildings. * * * Public faith stands pledged to the purchasers of property in various parts of the town, that the ])ublic buildings contemplated on the circle and tile state house square sliould be comitieted as soon as ])ra(tieable. In this policy will be consulted alike the interest of purchasers and of the state; for th(,> commencement of the jiublic buildings will afford a very strong inducement to the eom|)letion of payments, the jirevention of forfeitures, ami the increase of the means to finish the work." The legis- latcn's, bv meeting here. ac(|uired a personal knowledge of the situation that could not have been gained fniin an\ number of reports, and prom]itly manifested a disposition to ])roniote till' interests of the i-iipital, in a rational way. 101 Their first step was to increase the funds l>y ordering the Agent of State to sell all the re- served lots on Washington street between Merid- ian and New Jersey streets, and a number of others, together with two additional tiers of outlots, one north and one south of the town. He was also instructed to lease the ferry at Washington street for five years, with two acres of land on the east side of the river and one (Ui the west, the lessee to be bound to keep a ferry boat sufficient to carry "a loaded wagon and four horses", and also "a good canoe or skitf. By way of appropriati(Mis, the Agent was directed "to cause to bo cleared out the timber and obstructions in Pogue's IJun, so far as the same is included in the original plat of Indian- apolis,"' at an expense of not over $50. All of our local historians have made this an order to cut the timber in the valley of the run, but it was very i)lainly only a ])lan to promote the How of the stream. The legislature also appro- priated $1,000 "to build on lot number one in square number sixty-eight in Indianapolis, a substantial brick house for the residence of the ti'easurer of state, to contain the offices of the treasurer and auditor, and a (ire-proof vault for the better security of llic funds and rec- ords of the state." This house, the first state building erected in Indianapolis, stood on the southwest comer of Washington street and (Japitol avenue, with the offices on the west side, and the residence on the east and at the rear. ]\Irs. Ketcham says of it : "The house was a two-story brick, two rooms below and two al)ove, with the dining room hack of the office, and kitchen south of it. The front was set square on Washington street, as the houses were then. On Tennessee street (Ca|iit<il ave- nue) was a rather narrow long yard, then the 10-2 HISTORY OP GREATER IXDIAXAPOLLS. poix-h, oil whit^'li opened the back parlor ilooi-, the dining room door and the kitchen. (The dinincr room and kitchen were one-storv, and over the parlor was a chamber to which a stair led from the sitting room.) The otlu'r upstairs room was the auditor's office, with outside stairs on the west side. When this was removed it was cJiieHy our play room. * * * '|'ho narlor had one door and one window on the street (Washington) and another on the porch, and a window on the vard that in summer was covered with vines The pleasant porch was our time table when Pa had his watch away — we could tell the time by the shadow reaching the rows of nails on the porch. In 1820 Mr. Xowland brought here the first watch. The people all borrowed it and put lilaik marks on their south doors by which they could guess at the time. I think it must have been like the town Roljert Louis Stevenson tells of, — that but one woman in it had the time, and it was never right. * * * The porch was covered with the loveliest morning-glories, and we often ate there. Four o'clocks made the air fragrant with their perfume, that still lingers with their beauty and the variety of the balsam. The sitting-room, dining-room and bed-room were one and the same. * * * Under my father's pillow was always a ]iistol. A door just by opened into the office. * * * The office was paved with brick. Full one- third of it was covered with a vault, as we called it. It was of lirick. built u]) four feet, plastered, and witli an iron door on top. Up and down through this double-locked door went lio.xes and liags of silver." The sale of lots ordered by the legislature was held on ^lay 2. Of the reserved lots seventeen were sold for a total of $3,328, the highest price paid being $3(50. and the lowest $134. The twenty additional outlots brought $l,4fir. or a little more than $18 an acre. This legislature also petitioned Congress for the removal of tiie land office from Brookville to lndiana)iolis, and for better postal service at this jjoint, both of which were granted. The land office was removed to this point in Sep- tember, 182.T. The militia authorities, also sent a cannon here that summer, and an artillery eom]>any was formed, which shot as many arms ami legs off the members of the company and innocent tiystanders as any company in the countrv. \MK'n the icijislature convened for the session of 1820, local conditions had not improved much, and the purchasers of lots were in sore straits. Many had purchased more than they were able to pay for, expecting an advance in values that would make the profits on j)art pay for the remainder. Others iiad bougiit at high prices near the State House Square, expecting the new capitol to make their property advance in value, and it had not been built, and was not in immediate prospect. At the time of the sale in 1821 payments could be made in depreciated treasury paper, Ijut now they must be made in specie or its equivalent. In view of the whole situation the legislature adopted the law for the relief of ]nircliasers allowing them to forfeit one lot and apply what had been paid on it to the payment for an- other, provided the other was paid for in full. This proved beneficial both to purchasers and to the state. The only improvement ordered by the legislature of 182() was a contract for a ferry-house with the ferry lessee, Asahel Dunning. It was to Ite a brick building. 18 x3t), and two stories high, the cost not to ex- ceed the rents under the existing lease. It was built that summer, and though partially destroyed l)y fire on November 27, 18-5.5. was repaired, and occupied for some twenty years longer. In 182T the financial conditions were some- what improved, and the legislature was more liberal. It appropriated $,500 for building an office for the Clerk of the Supreme Court on the Court House Square, which was duly erected as heretofore mentioned. It also ap- ]iropriated $4,000 for a mansion for the gov- ernor, on Governor's ('ircle, which was ordered to be enclosed by a rail fence. The contract for this building was let on March IT. to Wm. Smith, Robert Culbertson, Austin Bishop and Wm. Speaks, and it was completed at a cost of $6, .500. It was a large, square, brick building, about 50 feet each way, with two full stories, a basement and an attic The main flixn- was alxiut six feet above the ground, with steps com- ing up to a hall door in the center of each side. From these doors two halls, ten feet wide crossed the floor at right angles, dividing it into four large rooms. The rooms on the sec- ond floor were smaller. It had a pavilion, terrace roof, with a dormer window in the center of each side, and a deck or look-out al)out twel\c feet square. >urr(iuniled l>y a bahistrade. IIISTOIJV OF CKKATKIJ IXDTAVAPOT.TS. 1 o:? The barieiucnt iwims lunc a traditional n'|)ma- tion of bcinj; dark and damp, but tiiat couu's from the memory of boys wlio pliiviMl there after the rooms were iui(H(U|>ied. 'i'luy were apparently eoml'ortaljle enou^li in ordinary use. and were occupied I'or pur]ioses not con- sonant witli dai-i\iu's.s and dampness, such as the Union Literary Society, and Miss 8ar- geantV infant scIukiI. The jiartitions on tlie main fioor were made with slidin"- panels, so that the whole Hoor could he tiirown into one room if desired, and tiiis was doni' for l)alls on a few occasions. It was early seen that the situation was too exjiosed for ordinary resi- dence pur])oses. and the li'.aislaturc of 1828 THE GOVERNORS .MANSION IN THE CIRCLE. (From an oltl cu\.) undertook to rectify this iiy resei-\inj;' lols ', and 8 of scpiare 4G — now covered hy the Hotid Enjr- lisli — for "a garden and stable-lot for the gov- ernor". But none of the governors had any desire to occupy this overgrown structure, anil indeed it was never finished for a i-esidence. iait only for oiricc pur|)oses. .\t the session of IS'.^!) a |)i'o]iiisal \\as nuid' to add wings to tliis building and make it the state house, but this met no favor. This pro- posal is referred to, in a vision of the future. in the "carrier's address" of the diizrllc for •Tanuarv 1, IS'.'i). in these words: "Tlieii I turned nie around, to see what else i could ; .\t the Governor's mansion a crowd met niy eye, < )n ihe lop was ei'ected a .-leepli' of wood. And two wings at the sides, that the (xov'nor might Hy. ■"Hut a wag at my side said Ibis bouse was design'd For the wisdom of state to asscndile to rule; That for flying the (iov'nor was nevci- iiicliiie(l ; 'Twas the State-House, ami I but a pour silly fool." The ■■mansion" wa> uirne(l o\cr t<i the state ottict'rs, who occnjiied the main Ibmi- fm- a num- ber of years. The slate library was kept llici^e until the state house was built. The state bank was there until its building was finished. The state engineers were (piartered there during the internal imi)rovenient ])criod. The Clerk of the Supreme Courl had his ollii-e Ibere for a time. The Supreme .ludges bad cliand)ers on the \ipper floor, and many of I be anecdotes preserved about Judge Blackford cluster about liis room there, where he lived his hermit life and edited his oelebratt'd law reports. .lohn Strange, the famous preacher of early limes, died in one of those up|ier rooms. The build- ing was singularly open to the ])ublic, even when ofticially oci-upi<'d. Thirty years ago .Mrs. I'riscilla Drake, widow of Col. James P. Drake, the old time proprietor of the Capitol House, excited my wonder hy telling me how, in her time, the fashionable young folk of the I own used to play at battledore and shuttlecock in the broad halls — which shows that Indianapolis Icl no fad escape, even in those early ilays. Tile Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County held its first sessions in this building. Hut gi'adnally it fell out of repair, and became a resort for disreputables, and the legislature of 18.5fi-7 ordered it sold. It was auctioned off on .\pril Hi, 1857, to David Macv, for .$(;(;.5, and pait (d' Ibe material was used m building the Macy House, at the southeast corner of Illinois and Market streets, now in use as a store and ollice building. The legislature of 18^.^7 also pnivided for ibe sale of .-jeven acres for a steam mill — a pi'ivale undertaking that was (piite as ghastly a failure as Ihe Co\ I'l'noi-'s Mansion. The 104 JllsroIJY OF GliEATKi; IXDIAXAPULIS. Steam Mill Compaiiv was chartered by the leg- islature on Jauuarv 28, with a capital of $20,000 in $50 shares, bnt the stock went off slowly, and the materials were not collected and the work of erection begim until 1831. It was a tremendous undertaking for the time and place. It stood on the east side of the river just above the National Koad bridge, and included a saw mill, a gi'ist mill, and a card- ing mill. The saw mill was on the west side, on the slope of the bluff, and the main build- ing on the high ground liack of it. It was a large frame building with three full stories and a high gambrel roof which provided two additional floors. It was put up by James Griswold, a gigantic carpenter, famed for hon- est work, and was as solid as a rock. It took one hundred men two days to raise the frame, and they did it without any whisky, which was a long approach towards a niiracle. The lioil- ers and engines, the first ever used here, were to have been brought from Cincinnati on a steamboat, but the conditions were unfavorable, and so they were brought through on wagons at great expense. In fact the only cheap thing about it was the land, which was sold on ]\Iarch 8, 1827. to George Smith and John Johnson, for $100, and the certificate was as- signed by them to Nicholas McCarty, one of the chief promoters. On account of the diffi- culties met, the legislature on January G, 1831, granted an extension of a year in the time for completing the mill, and jjaying for the land, and the deed was issued on JIarch 8, 1832, to James Blake & Co.. the company being Nicho- las McCarty and James M. Ray. The saw mill had been completed in the fall of 1830, and put in operation. The main building was completed in December, 1831, and the grist mill began operations in Jantuiry, 1832. It first gave the community honu^-made bolted flour. Prior to this time all the meal and flour made here was sifted ; and there was not much flour made because there was little wheat raised, the soil being too rich for it. But the new institution was too large for the place. After supplying all local demands there was no possibility of sliipping its surplus prod- uct. Moreover there was difficidty in getting good wood for fuel at seventy-five cents a cord, and the company could not profitably pay more for it. Within a year it was seeii that the enterprise was not going to be a fi- iiaiKial bonanza, but the company hung on until 183.5, when the mill was shut down, and the machinery offered for sale. But little of it was sold, and the plant lay idle, the build- ing becoming a haunt of the vicious and de- praved, until 1847. The coming of the rail- road improved business prospects, and the Geisendorffs took the old mill and operated it as a woolen mill until 1852, when they vacated it. On the night of November 16, 1853, some- one set it afire, and it was totally destroyed, as was also the toll-house on the National Road adjoining. The bridge over White river wa- saved by the greatest exertions of the fire- men. By 1830 there were symptoms of enough money to build a state house, and a commit- tee was appointed to investigate. It reported at the next session that a satisfactory building would cost $56,000, and the sale of the re- maining lots in the donation would bring the available funds to $58,000. It was therefore decided to proceed, and on February 10, 1831, a bill for that purpose was passed. It made James Blake a commissioner to collect ma- terials for the foundation — 210 perches of rough stone and 150 perches of cut stone — by the second Monday in ^lay, 1833; and also to advertise for plans for which he was to offer a premium of $150. For this work an appropriation of $3,000 was made. The plans tailed for were to include a Representative liall for 100 members, a Senate chamber for 50 members, quarters for the Supreme Court, Secretary of State, Auditor of State, State Library, Law Library, six committee rooms and six clerks' rooms ; and the building was to cost not more than $48,000. The plans were sub- mitted to the next legislature, and by act of .lanuary 26, 1832, the plan submitted by Ithiel Town and Andrew J. Davis was adopted. They were partners, at New York, and were prob- ably the most notable American architects of the time. They had designed the executive and postoffice buildings at Washington, the city liall at New Haven, the custom house at New York, the University of Michigan, and other ]iublic buildings. They completed the caiiitol at Springfield, 111., the same year as ours, and that at Columbus, Ohio two years later. Mr. Town was known here, having furnished the plans for the first bridge over Fall Creek at the Lafayette Road ctossing, now Indiana ave- HISTORY OF GREATER USTDIANAPOLIS. 105 nui\' By ill! (if Ft'bniary 2, 1832, CJovcriior Xoali Nol)le, -Morris ^lorris, and Samuel Mer- rill were appointed commissioners to superin- tend the construction of the building; $18,000 additional was ap[)ropriated to carry on the work ; and tlu' lot fund was pledged for the entire cost, which was limited to $60,000. Town and Davis, the architects, got the con- tract for the building and completed it in December, 1835, in time for that -winter's session of the legislature. The new capitol was considered a very fine building at the time, and it was. It was about 200 feet long and 100 feet wide, and followed the style of tlie I'arthenon in its e.xterior, ex- cept that a dome was added. This always raised the wrath of Berry Sulgrove and other critics, because it was a departure from the Greek, but it would be a sad fate if we could not improve on the '"dagoes"' of two thousand years ago, and an American cai)itol without a dome is inconceivable. In fact the dome and rotunda are tlie most important jiarts of a ia]>itol. The others are all occupied by the ])ublic servants, and the rotunda is the one place where the citizen can feel at home, and glory in the fact that he is one of the masters of all the.se hirelings, and of the building. M such a time a free-born .\.merican must have room to swell, and a dome becomes no less than a necessity. But the building was not so fine as it looked. The foundation was of soft, blue, Bhiff limestone, and the superstructure was partly of brick and partly of lath covered wood- work, all of which was coated with a bastard stucco plaster, and neither plaster nor stone would stand the weather in tiiis climate, or the friendly hammering of admiring visitors. In consequence it did not age well, and before it was replaced it acquired the appearance of a genuine Grecian ruin. In fact it was a judilic di.sgrace for fifteen or twenty years. In 18GT the ceiling of the Heprcsentative hall fell in and made a niagnilicent wreck. The writer, as a juvenile explorer, climbed over the debris and rescued the hands of the clock, which bad l)een smashed in the catastroi)he. They made ideal arrow-heads, in a])[)earance, but they were slioddy, too, and bent uji when they struck anything hard. But with all its dilapidation there was a charm about the old state house that can never be found about its more business-like successor. Indeed there was no suggestion of business about the old state house unless the legislature was in session or a crowd was assembled by some other special event. The State lloitsc Square was originally (piite low. and when the building was erected it was filled to the e.xtent of nine feet, making the central part three or four feet above the street. The newly graded grounds were planted with forest trees wdiieh in due time developed into a pleasant grove, lialf secluded in which was the capitol, quiet and restful. It was a genuine pleasure to stroll in on a warm summer day, up the woi'n steps, past the battered columns of the porticos, into the cool, musty corridor, and then nose around in the State Library and Museum, which was tbe chief attraction of tlie building, and ri- valed the asylums as the chief show place of the city. The first suggestion of a state library was made by the Constitutional Convention of f81(). which recommended the General .Vssem- bly "to appropriate the money voluntarily given by the citizens of Harrison County to the State to the jjurchase of books for a library for the use of the legislature and other officers of the government".- But unfortunately the citizens of Harrison County did not give any money. What they gave was a bond for $1,000 to be paid to the stale when the constitution was adopted — the constitution providing that Corydon, the county seat of Harrison County, should be the seat of government until 1825, and until re- moved by law. But the legislature of 1817 found it necessary to pass a joint resolution that whereas this bond had been "lost or mis- laid", demand should be made on the makers, and uidess thev ])aid suit should be brought.' The report of the Treasurer for 1817 stated that suit had l)een brought and that "when the money was ])aid it would be $1,000".'' and the same in. ISIS,"* but the money lU'ver np]K'arcd in the state's receipts. In his message of 1817 Governor Jennings said: "The commencement of a state library forms a subject of too much interest not to meet your attention", and then h(> dropped the 'Coiiiili/ ('miirs. Uiinnl. .lanuai'V .">. 1S:!2. -Journal ('(iiisl. Coiir., p. (>8. '■Ads of 1S17, p. 252. *nousr Jnitniril. 1817. ]). 28. ■'Ifiinsc ■loiiniiil . p. 7 1. ll)(i HISTORY OF OI.'KA'I'KU INDIAXAPOLIS. uii[)k'as:iiit subjft-t. 'I'lif next iiiontioii was in the message of Uoveriior Hendric-ks, of Janu- ary 10, 1825 : "Among the improvements be- fore alluded to, there is none more deserving of attention than a state library. Many valu- able books already belong to the state, and if some regulations for their use and preservation should be made with only a moderate annual allowance for their increase, they would soon eonstitute a respectable eolleetion." 'J'lie leg- islature was of like mind, and by aet of Felj- ruary 11, 1825, made the Secretary of State the State Librarian and appropriated $50 for the purchase of books, with a continuing ap- propriation dH $30 a year thereafter. 'I'he first librarian's rejiort, made by Secretary \Vm. \\"]ik the year following, stated that he had e.\- ))eii(k'd the $50 for Hume's England, witli Smollet's continuation, Johnson's Lives of tin' rods, and Mavor's Universal Histori/. but some days later he filed a supplemental report saying that he had forgotten to mention that he also purchased The Federalist.'^ The Secivtary of State continued to be ex-officio Librarian until 1841, the library being kept in his of- fice in the Governor's Circle. In that year Sulgrove says: "John Cook, a bustling, log- rolling, pushing little fellow, recently from Ohio, got himself made librarian, and the library was put in the south rooms, west side, of the State House."' There is reason to suspect that Mr. Sulgrove did 7iot admire Librarian Cook. He alluded to him elsewhere as "a recent comer here, a little, conceited, mud-headed, arrogant English- man, who made himself conspicuous as a leader of the Whig singing clubs, and thus commended himself to an office that he was about as well ([ualified for as he was for Mayor of the Xew .lerusaleiu"." Mr. Cook may have got the ap- pointment tlirougli his political vocalization, but he was not responsible for the library legisla- tion of 1841. The man that effected that was Dr. Philip Mason of Fayette County." the most enthusiastic reformer of his day, and lie wa- imi so much interested in the library as he was in the regulation of ]nil)lie busiiu'ss. At that time Tfouse JonriKil. Is2i;. pj). 22, 25.'?. 'Hist. Indianujiolis. p. 5!). "Sentinel. January K!. 1SS7. "Mason's Anlohinfiriijihii. y. Uil : llnnsc .lour val. 1840-1. p. 2;u! the Secretary of State was not oidy keeper of the state library and the legislative jjapers, l)Ut also (d' the furniture not in other state otlic-es, and he was requiri'd to keep "a liranding iron, on which shall be engraved the lioman capital letters P. S. I. (meaning the property of the State of Indiana)'' and with it to lu-and "'all movable wooden furniture". The >tate house was in the custody of the Treasurer of State. Dr. Mason's law provided for a State Librarian, elected by the legislature for three years, at a salary of $300 a year, who should be keeper of the state library, the state house, thf State House Square, and all the furniture of said house which is not in the care or keejiing of any of the public officers of the state ; he was to keep up the fence around the State Hou.se S(piare, and by way of recompense was ■•per- mitted to mow the grass plat and apply the grass to his own tise"; and he was i-eipiired to take over all the business of the .\gent of State for the sale of lots at Indianapolis, and attend to that. In 1843 the care of "the Governors Circle and public buildings thereon" was added to his sinecure.'" Dr. ilason's law made one great advance by making the annual appropriation for books and l)inding $4n(i, but unfortunately that was what it remaineil foi- nearly fifty years. It also .<ei)arated the liw library and provided a room for it adjoining the Supreme Court. From that time forward the office was ]jartly on a political and partly an t'leemosynary basis for many years, though some very creditable people held it at times. Cook was succeeded by Samuel P. Daniels, a tailor and a Democrat, 1844-5; John B. Dillon, the historian. 1845-51 ; Xathaniel Bolton, 1851-4 ; Gordon Tainier, 1854-G ; S. D. Lvons, 1856-9 : James E. Bryant, 1859-61; Robert D. Brown, 1861-3; David Stephenson, 1863-5: B. F. Foster, 1865-0; ^I. G. McClain, 1869-71: James DeSarro, 1871-3; Sarah A. Oren, 18T3-5. Librarian Bryant at- tained fame by "firing the Ephesian dome" with a catalogue that attracted the following comment in the Xntinn of February 16. 1882:" "To the Editor of the Xation : "If there is to be a bibliograjihy of bibliog- raphies, vour note of last week contributes cer- "7iV'r. Sldls. ISJi-l. ji. i:4. "V.d. :!4. |). 142. niSTOlO' OK (MtKATKi; 1 XDl AXAI'OI.IS. 107 ] OS HISTORY OF GREATEE IXDIANAPOLIS. tainlj' a curious instance toward the material for such a work. But 1 beg that the future compiler of that work may not overlook the 'Catalogue of the Indiana State Library for 18o9', which has long been my wonder and admiration. So far is it from attempting the complexity of the catalogue raisonnc that its rigorous alphabeticism sets down 'A Manchester Strike' between 'Agriculture' and 'American'. It invites us to such tours de force as 'Auto- biography of Sir Simonds D'Ewes by Halli- well', and the "^Autobiography of Sir Walter Scott, by Bart.' 'Bank's (Ranke's) History of the Popes' appears under the letter B. Strong in the historical department, it offers a choice between the "Life of John Tyler, by Harper & Brothers', 'Memoirs of Moses Henderson, by the Jewish Philosophers', 'Memoirs and Cor- respondence of Viscount Castlereach, by the ilarquis of Londonderry', and 'Memoirs of Benvenuto, by Gellini'. In fiction you may find 'Tales of mv Landlord, bv Cleishbotham', and 'The Pilot/ by the Auditor of The Pio- neers', while if your passion for plural author- ship is otherwise unappeasable — if Beaumont and Fletcher or Erckmann-Chatrian seem to you too feeble a combination of talents — you may well be captivated by the title 'Small Arms, by the United States Army'. "The State of Indiana has undoubtedly learned a good many things since 1859 ; but whoever its present librarian may be, it is hardly probable that his highest flight in bib- liography has surpassed the catalogue from which I have quoted. T. B. "Rochester. February G, 1882." r>ut there were one or two even worse ones issued in the succeeding decade, and then they stopped. It was more than a relief when Mrs. Oren came into office; it w-as a revolution. She was probably elected because she was a soldier's widow, but she had other qualifica- tions. She had been a successful teacher in the high school, and in addition to educa- tion she had common sense and a good business head that fitted her peculiarly for the some- what complex position. There is no exaggera- tion in the following tribute paid to lier in the Democratic organ fifteen years latn-: "There are many persons living in Indian- apolis who remember the n^forins instituted by Mrs. Oren, the first woman who served as Librarian, not only in the library proper but in the entire state building, of which the Li- brarian has been for many years the legal cus- todian. The whole building was cleaned and disinfected ; chimneys, ventilators and flues which had become stopped up were opened and cleaned; the grimy walls were papered: the steps and pavements of the porches were re- paired to an extent which would permit one to walk over them without becoming seasick; the dilapidated soft-coal stoves were replaced by base-burners ; water pipes were put in : the regimental colors were carefully dusted and bound up; the legislative papers that had not yet been eaten by mice were taken from the musty cupboards and packed in tin boxes. In the library the books were examined volume by volume, and it was ascertained that several hundred listed in the catalogue of 1872 were not in the library. The old records were searched, and a number of these jiiissing vol- umes were recovered from people who had bor- rowed them under the old law and never re- turned them. The duplicates, which had been scattered haphazard through the shelves, were sorted out and placed in a separate room ; ex- changes were made wdtli other libraries by which the collection was increased and many broken sets were filled. The librar)- was re- arranged on the plan of the Boston Public Library, in departments by subjects, and al- phabetically by authors' names. Labels were pasted on the books designating their places in the shelves and ranges. In the purchase of books, which has been the best test of any Librarian's merit, Mrs. Oren displaj'ed the soundest judgment. An examination of her list of purchases will show this, and will show the truth of her statement that 'in the pur- chase of books a careful eye has been had to the needs of the laboring people, who cannot afford to jnirchase costly reference books'. '"- As before mentioned, the "Governor's Man- sion" was never occupied as a residence by any Governor. James Brown Ray, who succeeded when Gov. William Hendricks was elected to the Senate in 1825, and was twice thereafter elected Governor, serving till 1831, lived in his own house. He was at first allowed house rent, but as some criticism was made of it, the salary was increased and declared to cover '-SnilliirJ. .liuiuarv (5. 1887. iiis'i'dK'v ()|- (;i;i:.\rKi; ixdiaxapoijs. 10!> house rt'ut. (iovcnior Xolilo. wlio served I'roui 1831 to IS'M had a farm l.vi)ig east of Xoble street and north of Market, with a luie resi- dence on a knoll near the present corner of Market and Pine streets, where he resided. Followiug him came Governor Wallace, a non- resident, who found a tenement near the corner of Washington and ilissouri streets until the legislature was convinced that it should pro- vide a gubernatorial residence, ami on Feb- ruary IJJ, 1839, ordered the purchase of the residence of Dr. John H. Sanders, at the north- west corner of Illinois and Market streets. It was then considered the finest residence in the city, but for some reason, probaJjly a low site made worse by street grading, it was al- ways unhealthy. Governor Bigger was suj)- posed to have contracted there the fatal ill- ness from which he died soon after leaving office. The young wife of Governor \Miit-i comb died there, and so did Governor Wright's first wife. Governor Willard's wife was ill nearly all the time they occupied the house. Governor ilorton abandoned it in the fall of 1863 on account of the ill health of iiimsclf and family, and after boarding for a time pur- chased the house at the southeast corner of Pennsylvania and Jsew York streets, where he died in 1877. The residence of the governors for nearly a quarter of a century was sold in 1865, and some years later was torn down to give place to the Cyclorama Building, which in turn was succeeded by the present Union Terminal and Traction Station. By the time Indiana had completed its re((- uisite governmental buildings, the public con- science of the state was becoming aroused to the duty of care for the blind, deaf and dumb and insane, which. had been attracting atten- tion in the older states in the past decade. The proceeds of the donation tract had been exhausted, and the three per cent fund had been used up in internal improvements, but somebody was struck by a happy thought, and in January, 1839, the legislature memorialized Congress asking a further grant for these pur- poses. Having thus made a tentative jirovision of means, on February 13, 1839, it directed the assessors to ascertain and report tlie num- ber of deaf mutes in each county. But Con- gress had troubles of its own, and did not re- spond. Meanwhile members of the medical profession became interested in the treatment of the insane, which had the medical as well as the merely philanthropic side, and a special champion of state action arose in the person of Dr. John Evans of Fountain County, after- wards Governor of Colorado. On January 31, 1842, the Governor was directed to corresjwnd with the governors of other states as to the cost, construction and management of insane hospitals — or as they were then called ''lunatic asylums" — and report to the ne.xt session. This was the result of a very forcible letter from Dr. Evans and Dr. Isaac Fisher of Fountain County, pointing out the evils of the exist- ing treatment of the insane and the progress of other states, on which a favorable report had been made on January 2().''' On Decem- ber 2."). 184'2, Dr. Evans delivered a lecture be- fore the legislature on the treatment of insani- ty, and on February 13, 1843, the Governor was directed to correspond with the superintendents of hospitals and procure plans, and submit them with his suggestions at the next session. On his report, the legislature, on January 1.5, 1844, levied a tax of one cent on the hundred dol- hirs for the hospital buildings and site. On January 13, ISl."), Dr. Evans, Dr. Livingston Dunlap and James Blake were appointed com- missioners to select a site of not over 200 acres. In the spring they selected the site of the present Central Hospital for the In- sane, then known as Mount Jackson. It had beeii the pro])erty of George Smith, the founder id' the Gazette, and had been named by him in honor of "Old Hickory"'. For some years it liail been occupied by Nathaniel Bolton and his gifted wife Sarah T. Bolton, who main- tained a tavern there. At the n.ext session they reported the site and a plan for the building, and on January 19, 1846, they were directed to |)r()ceed with the building. An appropriation of $15,000 was made, and they were also in- structed to Sell "the Hospital Square"' (square .\o. 22) and appropriate the proceeds to the work. The main building was begun in the summer of 1846, and completed the year fol- lowing at a cost of about $75,000. The south wing was added in 1853-6, and the north wing in lS(i6-9. This completed the main building, and later additions will be mentioned here- after. Before the hospital for the insane got to ''Ifiiil.ie JiiiiriKil. p. 591. 110 iiis'roi.'v or (;i;k.\'1'i:i,' ixdianai'oi.is. the appropriation stagi: the luKiicati's of the t'diR-ation of the deaf aiul diunh had secured the passage of an act on February 13, 1843, levying a tax of two mill? on one hundred dollars for an asylum for the deaf and'duudi. In the spring following tliry lirought \\rvr William Willard. a teacher in the Ohu) insti- tute for the deaf and dumb and he opened a private school, in which there were sixteen pu- pils the first year. On January 15, 1844, the legislature established the institute for the deaf and dumb, and made trustees for it the Ctov- ernor. Secretary and Treasurer of State, Henr\ and thirty acres of land uei'e jiurchased. The : ame year the school was removed to the Kin- der block, a three-story brick building on the south side of Washington near Delaware. Here it remained until the completion of the new state building in 1850, at a cost of $30,000, anrt it is still being occupied while a new iiwtitution is being constructed north of the eity. ^[r. Willard was superintendent until 1S45, when James S. Brown succeeded him and M'rved until 1853. Thomas Mclntvre was then appointed and served until 1879. He was a trained instructor, and made the value of the OLD SUPREME COURT AND STATE OFFICES. (From a cut.) Ward Beecher, IMiiueas D. Gurley, Love 11. Jameson, Livingston Dunlap, and James Mor- rison, of Marion County, and ^[atthew Simp- son of Putnam County. The trustees prac- tically adopted the Willard school, under their directions to rent a room and em])loy teachers, first locating it in a large frame residence on the southeast corner of Mai-yland aiul Illinois streets. The act pi'ovided tliat nothing in it should be "construed to make any permanent location of the asylum for the deaf and dumb at Indianapolis", but in is HI a site was selected at the eorni"r of WashiiiLrtun and State streets institution ]ilain to everyone. His successor, l>r. Wm. Cilenn, served till 1885, when Eli P. Baker succeeded, and served till 1889. Mr. Richard (). Johnson, the jtresent efficient su- |ierintendent, has been in charge siiu-c 1889. Extensive additions were made to the build- ings at various dates, and the grounds were iu- creased to 105 acres. Kentucky served as an example and a spur to Indiana in the nmtter of benevolent institu- tions. Its deaf and duml) asylum was adver- tised here, ten years before we had one, as edu- (atiuii- the indigent deaf and dumb of Ken- ins'i'()i;v OF cuKATKi; indi.wai'ous. 11 1 tuckv free of charge, and outsiders at $80 per rear.'* In 18-i."i, during the session of tlie h'gi>- hituie. pupils from tlie Kentuekv Blind Asylum were hronght here and gave e.\Iiii)itions of tlieir attainnii'nts in the Seeond Presbyterian Cluiiili. of wliieh Henry Ward Beeeher was then pas- tor. Many legislators attended, and on one occasion Senator Dirk Rousseau, of (ireene County, convulsed the audience by writing out a jiroblem and holding it before the sightless pupils while lie tried to help them comprehend bv tracing the figures with his fingers. The legislature wa.s convinced and on January V-). 184."), levied a tax of two mills on $l(Hi to build an asylum for the blind, which was in- creased to one cent on January 27, 184T. On January 19, ]84(), the Secietary, Auditor ami Treasurer of State, with James il. Kay and Dr. George W. Clears, were made commissioners to provide for temporary schooling of the blind of the stale. Win. II. riiurchman, who had l)een in charge of the e.xhiliition of the Kentucky pupils the year before, was appointed to ad- dress the ])eople of the state on the subject of educating the blind, and to ascertain the num- ber of the blind in the state. On Januarv 27. lS4r. Dr. George W. Mears. Calvin Fletcher :ind James M. Kay were appointed comniis- -ioners to provide the buildings for the school, and $.'),()()(l was approiiriated for the site. ^[r. Fletcher declined to serve, and Seton W. iforris was api)oiiited in his place. The present site tiien known as '"Pratt's Walnut Grove" — be- tween North and St. Clair, Pennsylvania and Aferidian streets — was selected, and the work- shop — the three story brick building at Walnut and Pennsylvania streets which was torn away in i;iOO to niake place (in- a new wing — was lirsl erected, ^reanwhile the school was opened in the liuilding formerly occupied by the deaf and dunili at ^faryland and Illinois streets, on October 1, 1847. In September, 1S4S, it was removed to the workshop, then conii)leted, and remained there till the main building was fiu- islied in February. 1S."):i. TIk/ buildings and '*.lniiriiiil. Si.pleinljer 1 1. ls:i."). grounds cost $11U,UI)U, and the asylum proper was the most imposing state building, e.\cept- ing possibly the state house, that had been erected up to that time. It still stands, sub- stantially as built, except that large additions have been made at the rear. This was the last of the state buildings erected at Indianapolis prior to the Civil War. The old building for the State Treasurer, at the southwest corner of Capitol avenue and Washington street, was abandoned by that of- ficial in ISoT. and was rented and used for various pur])oses until ISG.j, when it was torn down. By this time the capitol was so dilapi- dated and overcrowded that an additional build- ing was needed, and in IStiT one was erected on the site of the old Treasurer's house — a two- story brick building with a l)asement reaching some five feet above ground — into wdiich the Supreme Court, with its library, and all the state officers except the Governor and the State Libi-arian removed. This arrangement con- tinued until 1877. Everyiiody realized the need of a new capitol, but neither party .would take the responsibility for the expense of erecting one. In that year the control of the houses beinw divided, the act of ilarch 4 was passed, providing for the apjiointment of four com- missioners to build a capitol costing not over $";;.0()i.),0()(i. and levying a tax of one cent on $100 to meet the expense, (ien. Jolm Love, (Jen. Thos. .\. ^lorris. Col. I. 1). G. Xelson anil John M. Collett were ap])ointed. Collctt re- signed May 3. is;!), when he was appointed State Geologist, and (Jeneral Love was later succeeded by II. Mursinna. The first jilans submitted weic all rejected as too expensive: and from a second submission of 24 plans, one by P'dwin ^lay, of Indianapolis, was chosen. The general contract was taken by the lirm of Kanmacher & Denig, and the building was com- pleted in 18SS within the cost limit fixed by the law. While it was l)eing erected, the Stale TJbrarv was housed in the (iallu|) Idock. at the southeast conu'r of Cap'tnl avenue and Market street. CHAPTER Xll. THE TOWN GOVERNMENTS. Until the year 1832 there was no municipal organization at Indianapolis, the only local government being through the state laws, en- forced by the courts and the county and town- ship officers. But town organization was wholly dependent on the will of the people, and in the fall of 1832 a movement was inau- gurated for that purpose. An act had been adopted on February 2, 1832, which changed the system of town incorporation that had been in vogue since the admission of the state. Under the new law it was necessary for two-thirds of the legal voters of the town to sign a peti- tion to the county board asking for incorpora- tion, the signatures being proved "by the oath of any reputable person", and the board was thereupon to order an election to be held within one month from that time for the election of trustees for the incorporation, of which ten days notice was to be given by written notices posted in three public places. At the meeting for the election, the voters were first to elect as president and clerk who should ''without de- lay lay off said incorporation into five dis- tricts and forthwith present the same to said voters, who shall proceed to elect one trustee for each district". In other respects the old law was to be followed. The old law provided for a public meeting on the first Monday in March or September, at which a president and secretary were to be chosen, who were to di- vide the town into five districts and hold an election for trustees on the following ilonday, certifying the result to the trustees elected, who filed their certificates with the county clerk, and then organized by electing a president. Under the old law the county board had noth- ing to do with the incorporation, but under the new law. which has since been followed, it became the authority in control of the process. On September 1, a call was published for a meeting to consider incorporation, to be held at the court house on September 3. This meet- ing prepared a petition to the Board of County Commissioners for incorporation, which was ])resented on the following day, and this record was made : "Glidden True and others presented a petition praying that the Town of Indian- apolis be incorporated, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the Board by said petition that two-thirds of the legal voters of said town are favorable to said incorporation, and have signed said petition, the signatures of whom are proved by the oath of Glidden True — "Ecsolved that said town be and the same is hereby incorporated according to law, and further ordered that an election be held at tlie Court House in Indianapolis on the twenty- ninth day of September, 1832, for the election of trustees of said incorporation, of which no- tice is ordered to be given according to law." On September 29, the voters assembled at the court house, and then elected Obed Foote. president and Josiah W. Davis, clerk, who were duly sworn in by Bethuel F. ^lorris, the Presi- dent Judge of the Fifth Circuit. The presi- dent and clerk forthwith divided the town into five districts as follows: 1st, from the eastern boundary of town to Alabama street ; 2nd, from Alabama to Pennsylvania ; 3rd. from Pennsyl- vania to ileridian ; 4th, from ileridian to Tennessee : .5th. from Tennessee to the western boundary. The election was then held, and "John Wilkins received fifty-four votes, Henry P. Coburn fifty-five votes, John G. Brown fifty- four votes, Samuel Henderson forty-one votes, Samuel Merrill fifty-one votes", and these five were elected for the five districts, in the order named. They organized by electing Samuel Henderson president, and their fir.st work was 112 iiisi()i;i ()|- (;i;i;.\i'KU iNDlAXAroiJS. the passii<;e of a geiiL-nil ordinance whicli srrvcd in part the ])urposcs of a city eliarter. It provided for tlio appointment of a clerk, an assessor, a treasurer and a marshal, who also served as tax-collector. All of these officers were appointed for one year and j;ave bond. In addition to |)rescribin<j: the duties of these officials the ordinance defined otfeuses and fixed penalties as follows: firing a gun or ]iistol, riving a kite, or running a horse within the town limits a fine of not less than $1 nor more than !f .'5 ; suffering firewood to remain on Washing- ton street more than twelve hours •%') : failing to remove shavings from the shop w here made and burn them once in two (biys $1 : maintain- ing a stove-pipe within two inches of wood- work $1 ; leaving o])en a cellar docn' on a street in the night $1; driving a horse or ve- iiicle on a sidewalk $1 ; leaving team unhitched and without trace chain unhitched .%"i ; giving show without license $3 ; exhibiting stallion within fifty yards of Washington street or of a dwelling house $1; selling liquor, less than a quart without license $'i. Special taxes and licenses M-ere fixed as follows; each male dog, more than one $..50 ; each female dog $.5 : each hog, over six, bidonging to one owner and run- ning at large ^..^O ; show or exhibition, twenty times the price of admission for each day; re- tail liquor license, same as county tax and Sa cents for issuing license; a breeding sow, or .pigs under six months old, could b(> taken up by the marshal and sold to the highest bidder. At the same time the trustees adopted an ordinance for the control of the market, pro- viding for a market nuister at a salary of $;iO a year. The market was to be o]iened on Wed- nesday and Saturdays at daylight, and anyone who sold at or adjacent to it before daylight was subject to a fine of $1 ; the market was to remain open two hours and no goods brought to town for sale could be sold elsewhere during market hours. Fceiling horses, hogs or other animals in the juarket-bouso was finable, not over $3: hitching an animal to the market- house or putting a vehicle where it woidd ob- struct passage to the market-bouse was tinaiile $1 ; buying goods in market for re-sale $.'3 ; huckster occupying ])lace in llu> niarket-hou.se $3. The market master «as required to sei/.c and destroy any unwholesome food offered for sale: to inspect weights and measures: and to confiscate any l)uttcM' or other articles id" b'ss Vol. 1—8 weight than represented. When meal was sold by measure, it was required to be ■iu'a])ed" to the satisfaction of the market master, on ]ienalty of confiscation. The market-house had been provided during the ])reccding summer by the voluntary action of the citizens. There had Ijccn a general desire for one foi- some time, but a difference of opinion as to where it should !)(' located; but on :March 38, 1832, a |inblic meeting was held at the court bouse, and it was decided to ])ut it "on tbi' market scpuire, immediately north of the court house, and })ursuant to the original design". .\c- cordingly Thmnas AfcOuat, Josiah W. Davis and John Watton, as commissioners for the erection of the market-house, were directed to take sub.scriptions and build it there, all of which was certified by C. 1. Hand, chairman, and John Givan. secretary of the meeting. On .Vugust 11. 1832. the Journal announi'cd the market-house finished and ready for occupati(ui. .\s an inducement to sellers it stated the nding priees to be, flour $<;..")(» (« $3 per cwt. : corn meal $.75 per busliel; bacon 8 cents per lb.; i)utter 10 to 12 cents per lb. ; beef cattle $2.50 ]>er cwt. on the hoof. In 1848 the experiment was tried of opening the market at noon, in- stead of at daylight, Imt it was abandoned after a iirief trial. ^ It is very evident that politics got into the town government at the start, for the Journal recommended the winning ticket for trustees, and also the division into districts as adopted, though it also published a note from "many voters"' suggesting for trustees the names of William Ilaiinaman. .1. L. ^lothershead. Jacob l.andis and William Wernwag. in aildition to •lobn Wilkins who appears to have been on bofli slates. After the (U'gauization. the or- dinances adopted were published in the Jour- nal, but not in the Democrat, whereupon the latter on November 24, 1S32, in large type, ad- vised "the very liberal, impartial and honor- able Board of Trustees of the ('or|ioration of Indiaiia))olis"' that it would pulilisb "all laws, orders and ordinances which your honorable body may pass and tliink necessary to |iublish for the good government of the town, without charge and without pay"". The editor, A. F. Morrison, added the ])ostscript : "I have been requested to inquire of your honorable body ' f.ocouiolirc. Xovcnilier I. IS I.' 114 :iS'|-()i;V OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. whether Jackson muii arc chargeable witli Cor- ])oration taxes." But the trustees "just laughed"" and went ahead. The appointive otfi- ces were not in great demand. Samuel ilerrill acted as clerk till November 27, 1832, when Isaac N. Heylin took charge. He resigned March 22, 1833, and was followed by Israel P. Griffith, who resigned December 6, 1833. Then Hugh O'Neal took it and served out a year, coming back for two years more in 1836- 38. John Wilkins served as Treasurer to No- vember 2T, 1832. when Obed Foote took the office till his death, and Harvey Bates followed him from 1833 to 1835. Josiah W. Davis served as Assessor to November 27, and re- signed. He was followed by Butler K. Smith for one year, and George Lockerbie for two. . Glidden True was marshal and collector till Februarv 8. 1833, when Edward ^IcGuire came in and lasted till :May 10, 1833. He was fol- lowed by Samuel Jennison, who resigned in 1834, and was succeeded by Dennis I. Wliite, who stuck for a year. Then came John C. Busie, who resigned October 7, 1835 i John A. Boyer, who resigned December 19, 1835, and Richard D. Mattingly who served his year. In fact the marshal's life was not a hapj)y one, especially in the later years, owing to an increase of "undesirable citizens'". In the sum- mer of 1827 Commissioner Knight passed through the state locating the National Road, arriving in Indianapolis early in July, and re- turning in September from the western end.-' The next fall the c-nntracts were let and work was soon begun. The contract for the ))ridt;e over the river was let July 2(!. IS.'M. to AYilliam Wernwag and Walter Blake for $18,000, and it was completed in 1834. This work brought a large number of hands from the outside, many of whom were of a somewhat reckless character, and the canal work, which soon followed, brought many more. Among these were many Irish immigrants, among whom there soon arose factional differences that occasioned resorts to "shillelah law"; for in addition to fighting the battles of the nations, "Kelly and Burke and Shea" are wont to take up private cau.ses, just for practice. There were other nationalities to help on, and the native American did his share as usual. There grew up two distinctively "tough" neighbor- KJounwl. Julv :!. 10, Sejitenilier -I, 1S2:. hoods, one south of town near the river, known as "Waterloo"", and the other in the northwest part. The leading spirit in the latter section was David Burkhart, more commonly called "Old Buckhart'". He came here about 1824, and seemed to have developed in depravity under the influence of whisky. In the zenith of his greatness he kept a groggery grocery at the southwest corner of New York street and Tennessee, which was headquarters for a col- lection of rough characters known as "the chain gang"". Burkhart was a square-built, red- lieaded, muscular fellow, who prided himself on his fighting abilities, and when drinking was usually hunting trouble, his pet aversions being negroes and preachers. This brought about his downfall, for in 1836, he undertook to disturb a camp-meeting that was being con- ducted by Rev. James Havens on the military reservation, after having made threats to whip "old Sorrel Top"' as Father Havens was ir- reverently termed. There are various accounts of this affair, the most plausible by Rev. J. C. Smith, wlio says he saw it. According to him Mr. Havens was notified of Burkhart"s presence In a lady who complained of his profane and obscene talk near her tent. He at once went to the place. Smith, George Norwood and sev- eral others following. After a few words Ha- vens said: "Burkhart, I wish you to walk with me a short distance", his object being to get him to a justice's office. Burkhart as- sented, and Smith says: "Having proceeded about one hundred yards Burkhart suddenly halted and said, with a l)itter oath, 'I w-ill go no further", and quickly gave three loud, shrill whistles, and cried aloud, three times, 'David Leach I' the name of one of his most desperate followers; but David not responding. Burkhart said with another bitter oath, 'The coward has forsaken me'. He then made a sudden turn on his captor and tried to throw him on the ground. In this he failed. After much struggling we all at length reached the magistrate's office, which was the objective point. The office stood at the crossing of Dela- ware street on Washington. Squire Jennison (not Scudder) soon appeared and began to fix up the papers for the trial of the case. While this was doing, Burkhart, witli quick and nerv- ous steps, continued to pace round the room, and coming in front of the chair in which Elder Havens sat, he suddenly stopped and TTTST0T7T OF GRKATEK TXDTAXAPOLIS. 11. "> pulled from his pockot a large knife with a spring back, wliich, with a sudden jerk, he threw open with a snap. This Brother Havens mistook for a pistol and in a moment, with the furv of a chafed lion, he. sprang to his feet, and catching the hand that held the knife he planted a terrible blow with his clenched list on the proboscis of his dangerous enemy. The scene that followed this beggars description. They fought desperately several times around the room, planting terrible blows on each other, till they were parted by the assembled crowd, and order was restored. The result was that Burkhart was heavily fined for breach of the peace and for carrying concealed weapons, and failing to give bond, he was committed that night to the county jail. Jiist as he entered the jail door his courage gave way, and he said with trembling voice, 'Has it come to this, that David Burkhart has been whipped bv a ^fetbodist preacher !"'^ A few days later. when doing some swaggering down town. Burk- hart met a challenge from Samuel ^Ferrill. who told him he believed he could throw him, al- though he was a smaller man ; and to Burk- hart'? astonishment and humiliation he did it. These events had a salutarv efPeet, but there were more potent agencies of reform at work. i The police powers of the trustees under the I general incor])oration law were not sunicicnt. and on February .■"), 1830, the people obtained a spct-ial charter from the legislature. The I general law gave authoritv to adopt such ordi- I nances "not inconsistent with the laws and con- stitution of this state, as they shall deem neces- sary for the good government of such corpora- tion : and to prevent and remove nuisances, to restrain and prohibit gambling or other dis- orderly conduct, to provide for licensing, regu- lating or restraining theatrical and other pub- lie shows and amusements within the corpora- tion, to regulate and establish markets, to sink and keep in repair public v>-ells. and shall have the sole and exclusive power and authority to keep in repair all necessarv streets, allevs and drains, ami to pass regulations necessarv foi- the same".'' The new charter empowered the trus- tees "'to adopt aTid jint in force such laws, or- dinances and. regulations as thev shall deem iirc- ossary for the police and good governnieni nl' ^F.nrhi Mrllmdi^m In huluina . ]\. 10. '/?')■.' I.inrs, 1S:!1. p. .".-.'I. the town", not inconsistent with the constitu- tion and laws of the state, and such laws "as may be necessary to guard against damage by fire: to organize fire companies and to govern the same; to regulate the duty and conduct of the citizens of the town in relation thereto; to regulate and govern the markets; to prevent the erection of public nuisances, and remove the same ; to declare what shall be a public nuisance, and generally to enforce, by proper l)enalties, the observance of all laws and ordi- nances relative to the police and government of the said incorporated town"."' The charter also gave authority to make the retail liquor license Jii-'ifl and made the first provision for street im- ])rovement':. On jietition of two-thirds of the owners of lots on any street or section thereof for "graduating, graveling or paving said streets or sidewalks thereof", the petition speci- fying "the improvement wanted or contem- ])lated to be made"', it was the duty of the trustees to cause it to be done as economi- cally as possible, and asses,*- the cost ratably by the front foot, the assessment being a lien upon the lots. The maintenance of order, however, was the chief thing in mind, and that the people were determined on. Notice was given of a meeting at the court house on March 19 "for the pur- pose of consulting on measures connected with the peace and safety of the town", and it was well attended. George Lockerbie was made chairman and Charles I. Hand secretary. .\ committee was appointed to select ten persons "whose duty it shall be to assist the civil officers in bringing to justice all offenders against the law", and the ten selected were Butler Smith, William Oampbell, .\ndrew Smith, John Wil- kins, John ^fcMahan. John Woollen, Samuel ^ferrill, James Kittleman. AVilliam H. Wern- wag and Daniel Yandcs. Spirited speeches were made by Herod Newland, a revolutionary soldier, and Calvin Fletcher: and. on motion of John Cain the following was adopted : "Re- solved, that this meeting will use their ende.iv- ors to have such men elected to the next board of trustees as will command the respect and confidence of the citizens of our town, and who sb:i1l appoint such town officers as will do their duty without favor or afTection. .\\\i\ this meeting ])ledges itself td aid and sii|ii)i>rt llieiii '•T.nral Liiirx. ]i>:M'<. \-i. iii; HISTORY OF CHEATER INDIANAPOLIS. ill all lawful ciulfaxors to ]jrL'.~ervc tlio [xjat-e and good order of the town, and the ]jri;scrva- tion of the persons and property of the citizens thereof.'" It was then decided to sign the re^o- lution as a jiledge, and 1'21 men came for\v-u'd and signed their names. The election was held on ilonday, April i, with a polling place in each ward, and George Loekerliie, John Foster, Samuel Merrill, Humphrey Griffith and John L. Young were chosen trustees, all law and or- der men. At the same time four constahles were chosen — J. B. Ferguson, J. P. Duvall, Daniel Baker, and K. D. ^lattingly — every one of whouT was a signer of the resolutions above.'' Another pacificatory event at this time was an opinion rendered by Judge Wick. Among the negroes who were annoyed by "the chain gang" was James Overall, a quiet but resolute man with a number of white friends. He had defended his house from an attack by several of these roughs by the free iise of a shot-gun, and on this account became involved in trouble with David Leach, one of the worst of the gang, and swore out a peace warrant. The Justice put Leach under bond, and he appealed on the ground that a negro was not a competent wit- ness. Judge Wick, in a long and elaborate opinion, held that while the statute prohibited a negro's being a witness against a white man, it did not prevent his taking legal steps for his own protection, and the altidavit for the war- rant was not evidence heard on trial, but only a step in bringing on the trial. He therefore held !>each, and both the negroes and their tor- mentors were made to know that there was some protection for the negro in the law.^ The new board of trustees ])roceeded in line with the will of the law and order ])eo])le. George Locke rljie was elected president, and William Camjjbell was made marshal for three successive years. On June 8 the trustees passed an ordinance imposing a fine of $3 on anvone who "shall be guilty of any assault, assault and battery, aiTray, rout, riot, or unlawful assem- blage within the town of Indiana])olis, or shall provoke or encourage any other person oi' per- sons to commit either of said otfen.'^es." Thev also provided a fine of $3 for anyone who "shall he guilty of using publicly any indecent oi- blas])hemous language, or who shall appear in '.lonniiil. March -.T,. April '.), ls;!(i. 'Joiiniiil. Mav 7, 183(J. the streets intoxicated, or who shall sell or gi\e any siiiritiidiis liquors to any person intoxi- cated''. 'J'liey showed a spirit of progress that was really remarkable for the time and the con- ditions by declaring all'"horse racks'" on Wash- ington street to be nuisances, and ordering their removal.'' Tlie more stringent law and its more vigorous enforcement lessened the disorders, and Ijegot favor for a stronger local government in all respects; and more power was needed, e>pi- cially as to street improvements, for these wi ic almost at the will of the property owner aside from regular road work, and he got no credit on that for any special ctfort befori' his own premises. After two years" experience under this char- ter the people wanted one granting more power, and on February 17, 1838, the town was reiu- eor])orated by the legislature. Under the new charter the council consisted of a i^resident elected by general vote, and six trustees, eacii elected by the voters of his ward, all of whom were required to be freeholders of the town. The charter fixed the wards as follows: 1st, all east of Alabama street ; 2nd, Alabama to Penn- sylvania ; 3rd, Pennsylvania to Meridian : -ith. Meridian to Illinois; .5th, Illinois to ilissis- sippi ; fith, all west of Mississippi. The act is indefinite in that it incorporates all the land "included in the bounds of the donation'", but general taxation was limited to the mile square, and the council was required to open and keep in repair "the border streets of said town, be- ing North, South, East, and West streets", or "forfeit all rights and privileges of Jurisdiction beyond the said streets which are conferj'ed on said counc-il by the 23d section of this act", which powers were licensing and regulating "taverns, groceries, tippling houses, shows, theaters and stores, within the limits of the donation". The council decided that the ])eoplc on the donation outside of the mile scpiare were entitled to vote in town elections. The presi- dent of the council was given the powers of a Justice of the peace witliin the donation, and the marshal the ])owers of a constable. The council could appoint a secretary, marshal, treasurer, asses.«or, collector, supervisor of high- ways, clerk of the market, and other subordi- nates deemed necessary, and impose a fine not exceeding $•") for refusal to aeeept an olliee. "Jotiniii! . .1 une 1 1 . 1S3(). JllSTOilY Ui" (JiJEATEU IXLHAXAi'Ul.lS. TliL' tnistcvs wiMv allowed $1 each for each regular inoiithly iiu'ctiiig, not exceeding twelve. The limit ot the retail liciiior licent^e was raiseil to $100. The trustees were empowered to adopt "siieh laws and ordinances as to them shall seem necessary relative to the regulations of streets, alleys, sidewalks and highways; to cleaning, raising, draining, turnpiking. mac- adamizing or otherwise making and keeping the same in repair : to making, causing, and re- quiring owners of in-lots to pave or gravel tiie sidewalks in front of their respective in-lots". The realty ta.\ was limited to one-half of one per cent of the valuation, and the poll tax to $1. In addition each able-bodied man be- tween 21 and 50 years of age was required to do two days' work on the streets each year, or pay $1 in lieu thereof. The town was allowed to tax dogs, and all property subject to county taxation, and also to require licenses of '"shows, exhii)itions, auctions, peddlers and amuse- ments". This charter, with its anu'ndments, coutiinied in force until the adoption of city government in 18 IT. ISy act of February 1."), IS.'U). the council was directed to open and keep in rejiair all streets and alleys running through the donation, and could tax for this purpose, and this only, outside of the mile square. By act (if Fel)ruary 22, 1840, the councilmeu or trustees were divided into two classes, those of the 1st, .'ird and -jth wards, and those of the 2nd, 4th and (Jth wards, to be elected in alter- nate years; and the qualification for member- ship was changed from freeholder to house- holder. The law as to licensing auctioneers was also changed hut the change is not very important, for all of the early laws on that suli- jecf were in violation of the United States con- stitution in that they imposed greater burdens on citizens of other states than on citizens of In- diana. Tlie act of February 13. 1841, repealed the incor]ioration law, so far as it applied to the donation hinds west of White River. By act of Kebruary 1:5, 1841, the marshal was made elective by the people; an(l the same change was made as to the assessor, collector, street supervisor, and secretary by the act of January 1">, 1844, but this latter act was repealed on January 10. ISIO. By another act of Januan' 1">. Is 11. the town was req\iired to keep the state ditch ill rc]iiiir and I'l'inoxc olist I'uctions from it. There was piactically no effort at street ini- ])rovenu'nt until 1S;](), beyond cutting out tim- ber, and a little corduroying in very wet places, and making an occasional ditch. In that year the town began the good work by filling a pond in Meridian street in front of Wesley Chapel, just south of the Circle. The council also adopted an ordinance for a "town surveyor and engineer". His principal duty was to estab- lish corners and boundaries, which he was re- quired to do on re(iuest of a citizen; but be- sides this he was to "take the proper level and grade of any of the streets, sidewalks, drains and alleys of said town, as may from time to time be deemed necessary"; and also to "make estimates of any proposed improvements in said town, and perform such other professional services as may be required by the comnuin council". For compensation he received -$3 a day for actual service ; and for part of a day $2 for not more than four hours, if called hy a jirivate individual, and $1..")0 for not more than half a day if working for the city. To this othce was called William Sullivan, a very com- petent man. He was a ilarylander, of Eng- lish descent, who came here in 1834. He was well educated, and had taught school in Ohio, and at Hanover. At Indianapolis he first o])ened a private school, and later taught at the Seminary, of which he was principal when ap- ])ointed surveyor. One of his first steps was to prepare a map of the town which was published in October of that year. Luke Munsell had also copyrighted a city map on ^lay 30, 183C; Dr. ilunsell was a man of notable attainments, but ratlier impractical, who came here from Ken- tucky, where he had been State Engineer, and had jjublished a map of Kentucky. He estab- lished one of the first Daguerrean galleries at Indianapolis. There seemed no cause for the people not knowing "where they were at", but a careful resurvey by Mr. Sullivan in 1839 re- vealed tlio fact that, in the survey and sale of out-lots in 1831, eight acres had been laid off and sold that were not in the donation. This was set out in a memorial to Congress by the legislature in 1840. and Congress corrected the error by donating the eight acres. In 1837 the macadamizing of Washington street as a part of the Xational Eoad awoke aspirations for a higher life, and there was a demand for sidewalks. \n ordinance was adopted providing tliat when ])ro])erty owners on that street, for no( less than one s(iuaiT. 118 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. 119 •'shall be desirous of paving the gutters and grading and gravelling tlie street between the same and the ilcAdamizing as made by the United States, and shall petition for the same", it should be the duty of the council to have the work done, and assess the cost by the front foot. But for the amount assessed and paid, the lot-owner was to receive an e(iual amount of town scrip, which was receivable for any street improvement tax afterwards levied on that lot, so far as the owner could make change with it, for "the collector shall in no case be required to pay in money any overplus wheie a larger amount of scrip shall be offered than will meet the amount of street tax due". Originally the sidewalks on Washington street jiad been laid oif fifteen feet wide, and those on other streets ten, but they were now made twenty feet on Washington and twelve feet on other streets. There was vigorous protest against this by lot owners, but the trustees stood firm, and also prohibited extending cellar doors more than five feet from the property line, and railings more than four feet. Con- siderable improvement was done under this ordinance, and in the year ending .March 2T, 1839, the town itself expended $1-15 for street improvements and gravel for crossings. This was not a bad start, especially in consideration of the fact that the town that year paid .t^.S.^d I'lir building a west market on Ohio street be- tween Tennessee and Mississippi — the present north end of the Capitol ground.* — and $143 for clearing and fencing the old graveyard. while the total receipts were only $7,01'^. In 1840 the town expenditure for streets and bridges was -Sl.-S.^O. and in l.S4'2 the street im- provements cost $1,138. Political lines were nui well deliiieil locally al the beginning of inuniei])al government in Indianapolis. The state was growing away from the old territorial alignments, and taking up luitional divisions, but there was no jiublie demonstration of this until the Whigs fornu-d a local organization on May 17, 1834. Although the Democrats were in the majority in the .-fate, the Whigs were a little more numi'rous in the town, for, in November, 1S32, Center Town- ship gave .")40 votes for Clay and 4(13 for Jack- son, and, as has been mentioned, the trustees elected that year showed their Whig leaning.- by giving all the town printing to the Journal. In 1836 Center Township gave the Whig na- tional ticket a majority of 920 to 634, and in 1840, one of 872 to 540. Xevertheless lU: Brown says that in 1840 '"the Whigs carried the municipal election for the first time"', and he ought to have known for his father was one of the active local organizers of the Whig party. But there were some local officials who were reputed anti-Jackson men before then, and at any rate the Whigs did not hold on from 1840, for the Democrats carried the next mu- nicipal election. Possibly ^Ir. Brown refers to this as the first victory on a recognized party basis, for it was not the custom then to non.ii- nate municipal tickets by party convention, and the elections had at least the appearance of personal contests. Tlie presidents of the Board of Trustees, while elected by the Board, were Samuel Hen- derson, October 12, 1832, to September 30, 1833; James Edgar, September 30 to DecTuber 9, 1833; Benjamin 1. BIythe, March 7, 1834, to February 14, 1835 ; Alexander F. Morri- son, February 14 to October 2, 183."); Nathan B. Palmer, October 2, 1835, to April 13. 1836; (Jeorge Lockerbie, .\pril 13, 1836, to April 4, 1837 ; Joshua Soule Jr., April 4, 1837, to April 2, 1838. In the period wlien elected by the people they were James ^lorrison, 1838-9; .Vathan B. Palmer, 1839-40; Henry P. Coburn, 1840-1; William Sullivan (resigned Xovember 12), 1841; David V. Culley, 1841-1 and 1850- 3; Lazarus B. Wilson, 1844-5; Jose))li A. fiCvy, 1845-7; Saml. S. Rooker (resigned November 1), 1847; Charles W. Cadv, 1847-8; George A. Chapman, 1848-9; Wm. Kckert, 1849-50; An- drew A. Loudon, 1850. The office of president of the council was continued under the city charter of 1847, independent of the mayor, but in March, 1853, the council adopted the gen- eral city incorporation law in place of the char- ter, and it nuide the mayor president of the council. The town treasurers were John Wil- kins (acting) and Obed Foote, in 1832; Har- vey Bates, 1833-5; Thos. H. Sharjie, 1S3.-,-<): Chas. B. Davis, 1839-40 and 1841-4; Hum- phrey Griffith, 1840-1; John L. Welshans, 1814-6; George Norwood, 184G-7. The town marshals, following William Campbell, as be- fore mentioned, were James Vanblaricum, 1839-42 and 1S44-5; Robert C. Allison. 1842- 3; Benjamin Ream, 1843-4; Xewton N. Nor- wood, 1845-6; Jacob B. Fitler, 1846-7, The as- sessors were Josiah W. Davi.s (resigned), 1832; -iW HISTORY OF GHEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. Butler K. Smith, 1833-4; George Lockerbie, lS3-L-(): John Ehler, 1836-7; Thos. :Me()vi;it, 1837-8; Albert G. Willard, 1838-40; Henry Bradley. 18-10-1; Thos. Donelhiii. 1841-2 and 1843-G; James H. Kennedy, 1842-3; John Coen, 1846-7. The office of town attorney was not formally created until September 5, 1846, when John L. Ketcham was elected for one vear; but James Morrison served as attorney for the town in 1837-8; Hngli O'Xeal, 1838- 40; and Hiram Brown, 1840-6. William Sul- livan, town surveyor from September 27, 1833, to June 18, 1838, was succeeded bv Liike Mun- sell, 1838-9, 183!i-41, 1843-4; Robert B. Hanna (resigned August 17), 1839; and James Wood Sr., 1841-3, 1844-7. The position of town supervisor of streets was held bv Thomas Lup- tou, 1838-9; James Vanblari'cum. 1839-42; Robert C. Allison. 1842-3; Thos. M. Weaver, 1843-4; William Wilkinson, 1845-6; Jacob B. Fitler, 1846-7. The clerks of the market were Thomas Chinn (resigned), November 27, 1832 to February 21, 1835 ; Fleming T. Luse (re- signed July 29), 1835; Andrew Smith, 1835- 6; Jacob Roop (died), 1836-7; James Gore (resiarned Februarv 6). 1837; Jeremiah Wor- mcgan. 1837-40. ' In 1841 'the office was cliaiigcd to market-mastei' and Wormegau was continued in it until 1845, and then as ni.irket- master of the east market until 1846. Jacob Miller was master of the west market from 1845 to 1848. The town weighmasters were Jacob J. Wiseman, October 27 to December 12, 1835; Edward Davis, 1835-6; John F. Ramsey, January 30 to April 18, 1836 ; James Edgar, 1836-7; James Gore, January 10 to Februarv 6. 1837 ; Jeremiah Wormegan, Feb- ruarv 6'to Mav 17. 1837; Isaac Harris, 1837- 8; Adam Haugh. 1838-9, 1840-7; Charles Will- iams, 1839-40. Tlic town sextons were James Cox, 1842-3; John Musgrove. 1843-4 and 1845- 7 ; Jolm O'Connor, 1844-5 ; Benjamin Lobaugh. 1847. The town also maintained a messenger of the fire department, James Yanblaricum. 1840-2, and David Cox. 1842-5. In 1845 David Cox was made messenger for the Minion Company only, and Jacob Fitler for the Good Intents, and thc-y were continued in these po- sitions until 1848. In 1847 James H. Ken- nedy was added as messenger of the hook and ladder company. As the couneilmen were elected from the wards their service can be better shown by table, the years iised indicating the ones in which their terms beerau. TRTSTEES ASD TOWN COrXCILMEN BY WWRDS. 1S.';2-1S4; 1st Ward. 2i (1 \\'ard. 3rd Ward. 4th Ward. 5th Ward. Cth Ward. 1832 John Wilkins H P. foburn John G. Brown S. Henderson Saml. Merrill 1S3S Benj. I. Blythe S. Goldsberry James Edgar J. Vanblaricum Nath. Cox 1834 Alex Morrison L. IDunlap Jos. Lefevre J. Vanblaricum Nath. Cox 1835 Jas. M. Smith Jos. Lefevre Chas. Campbell H. Griffith N. B. Palmer 1S36 Geo. Lockerbie Jc hii Foster Saml. Merrill H. Griffith J. L. Young 1837 Geo. Lockerbie Jc hn Foster Geo. W. Stipp Henry Porter Joshua Soule New Charter 1838 Geo. Lockerbie J. hn Elder John AV. Foudray John F. Ramsey Wm. J. Brown S. s. Rooker 1839 Geo. Lockerbie W m. Sullivan John E. McCluer P. W Seibert Geo. Norwood S. s. Rooker 1840 Matthew Little S. Goldsberry Jacob Cox P. W. .Seibert (ien. Norwood A. .\ Ijouden 1841 Matthew Little S. Goldsberry Jacob Cox A. A Louden (Jul. Norwood ('. H Bo.atriglit 1S42 Joshua Black s. Goldsberry Jas. R. Nowland P. W. Seibtrt T. Rickards A. .\ Louden 1843 Joshua Black s. Goldsberr.v Jas. R. Nowland A. A. L'tuden T Rickards S. S. Rooker 1844 V\'m. Montague s. Goldsberry Jas. R. Nowland A. A. Louden H. Griffith S. s. Rooker 1845 ■\Vm. Montague .s. Goldsberry Jas. R. Nowland A. .A.. Louden H. Griffith AA m. C. Vanblaricum 1S46 ■V^'m. Montague s. Goldsberr.v .\. W. Harrison A. A. Louden Chas. W. Cady W m. C. Vanblaricum CHAPTER Xlll. TiiK i:ai;ia' schools. One wlio rcadr^ the t'arly school legislation of Imliana is liable to get an exaggoratcd idea of the extent of tlie public schools. The provision for them was very full, on paper, but it did not amount to a great deal in money. The rents of the scliool lands were small. The fines were neither niunerous nor closely collected. The effort for public schools was largely cen- tered on tlie county seminary, to which was de- voted, by the constitutiou of ISIG. tlie fines for penal ofl'enses, and the money paid for ex- emption from militia duty by jieople con- scientiously opposed to war, wliicli was ]x)pu- larly known as "conscience nujney". By the law of 1824, reenacted in 1831, the seminary funds were kept by a trustee until they amounted to $400, and then the people were authorized to elect a board of trustees, one irom each county commissioner's district, who slionld erect a school building. This jjei-iiui did not arrive in Marion County until IS'S'i, and at the general election in .Viigust, of that year, Samuel Merrill, John S. Hall and William Gladden were elected trustees of the Marion County Seminary. On January 8, 183."], they reported to the county commissioners that they had settled with Dr. Tjivingston Dunlap, who liad been the trustee of the funds, and had re- ceived from liim $47.5.75; since which they had collected $4{i..")0 additional. By act of Janu- ary 26, 1832, the legislature authorized the agent of state to lease to the trustees of Marion ('"unty Seminary the University Square — No. 2.") — for a period of thirty years with iierniis- sion to erect a school building on either tlu,' southeast or southwest corner. At the expira- lion of the term the state could take the build- ing at its ajipraised value; and if it wished to use tlie sfpiare l)efore the cxi)iratiou of the term it (Miuld either sell one half acre to the countv. ineluiling the building, or permit the continued use of one half acre for the remainder of the term. On Xovember 4, 1833, the tru.stees re- ported that they had leased the square and asked tlie commissioners to approve their action which was done. On January 7, 1834, they re- ported the total receipts to date, $1,3.53.21, of which $632 was subscription, and that from this they had paid $783.44 on the building. The scliool was opened on September 1, 1834. It was obviously fortunate for the youth of Indianapolis that there were other provisions for education. Most of the schools of the earlier period have been mentioned, but there were others, of a more transient character, that gave opportunities for instruction to adults as well as the young. John E. Baker o])ened a school at his residence on December 2i), 1823, to teach "architectural draughting and draw- ing", and Major Sullinger followed close after, on January 1.3, 1,S2I, with a military school for the instruction of militia officers and men. On October 1, 1827, J. H. Ilalston ojicned a series of lectures on grammar, announcing that, "He ])ledges himself to enable those who Ijeeonie his ]ui])ils (however in commencing unac(|uaintod with the science) to advance so far in twenty- four days four hours each day as to be enabletl to parse common language", and this for oidy $3. The first school distinctively for young ladies was the "Indianapolis Female School" of Mrs. Tichenor. o])ened in ^Farch, 1830, and was not of long duration. She taught "s])elling, reading, writing, Hiiglish grammar, greogra])liy with the use of ma|)S, astroiuiniy and needle- work". On the same day that the seminary openecl "Miss Hooker's Female School"" also o])eiie(l. It olfered everything taught liy Mrs. Tithenor, and also composition, history, nat- ui'al ]ihilosoi)liy. di'auing and painting. This 121 1 •.'•.' HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. sfhool was '■limited to 30 scholars, and no in- cidi'utal expenses". At this time George H. Quigg was teaching a day school in Indian- apolis and also opened a night school for spe- cial instruction in "Penmanship, the Art of Penmaking, Arithmetic, and Bookkeeping, al- though b)' request any branch taught at the day school may be acquired". This may be con- sidered the pioneer business college. Jlr. Quigg was of a philanthropic turn of mind, and an- nounced, "Ap]M-entice Boys taught at half price, and Orphans gratis".' The Baptists had a school in their chiircli building most of the time from the start. In 1834 they put up a little frame building back of the church, abutting the alley east of the Grand Hotel, for a school building. At this time Miss Clara EUick was teaching there, and had been for two years. She continued for a j-ear longer, when a Methodist preacher per- suaded her to change her name to Smith, which happened to be his, and the school passed into the charge of iliss Laura Kise. There was a frame work bell tower built against this school house, which presented great attractions to en- terprising boy:i. One night two youths, one said to be Lew Wallace, fastened a string to the clapper and carried it across to a room in a block on Washington street, from which they sounded the alarm, to the mystification of the neighbors. It was about this time also that Miss Sargeant opened her school for small children in the basement of the Governor's Mansion, in the Circle, which has a traditional reputation for being damp and disagi'eeablc that is unjust, or that she managed to counter- act. This was the first school in the nature of a kindergarten, and the first in which object lessons were iised. She had pictures of ani- mals of various kinds, and also an orrery to illustrate the motions of the earth and the heavenly bodies. She also used the "singing method" of imparting instruction, which was popularized here some ten years later by Mr. Tibbctts for teaching geography. They used to sing the capitals of the states in the Misses McFarland"s school as late as the sixties. The Marion County Seminary ojiened under charge of Ebenezer Dumont. later known as Colonel and General Dnmont. of tlic talented Vevay family. He remained but one term, be- ing succeeded in January, 1835, by W. J. Hill, who was in charge for a year. In ilay, 1836, Thomas D. Gregg took charge of the school. He had previously been teaching school in a large frame building on Washington street, just east of the present Park Theater, known as "the Linton house", and in which Rev. Geo. Busli had lived, and where Mrs. Bush died. There are somewhat conflicting traditions as to Gregg, some holding him a severe, almost cruel, man. He was m charge of the semi- nary only one term, being succeeded in Decem- ber, 1836, by William Sullivan, the surveyor. Mr. Gregg is kept in memory by the bequest he left for the benefit of teachers in the public schools, known as the (iregg Fund. After Mr. Sullivan, Rev. Wm. A. Holliday took charge of the school in August, 1837, for one year, and he was followed in October, 1838, by James Sprigg Kemper, who was principal for seven years. In 1845. Rev. .1. I'. Satt'ord became principal for one year; and he was followed by B. L. Lang, who was principal until 1852.- This was the leading school in central Indiana at the time, and furnished education to a great many men who were later well known in In- dianapolis life. The organization of "Old Seminary Boys" continued for many years, and tliey used to hold their anniial meetings, talk, eat, and play shinny with vast enthusiasm. In fact shinny seemed to be the chief memory, and there was some cause for it as may be seen fi'oni this reminiscence of Berv}' Sulgi'(i\ i'"s : "Shinny was the great game, however, and it was no fool of a game either. It was neither easy nor harmless. At first we played with wooden balls, and we might almost as safely have played with musket balls. Then we took India-rubber balls. Sometimes we nmde bails, but they were used up nearly as fast as glass balls under Mr. Carvei-'s rifle. The wooden balls, shot out by such a blow as Mr. Kemper could give, were bad things to get in the way of. Marcus C. Smith was a terrible fellow with a club, and never would 'shinny on his own side'. Henry I. Coe was a dangerous player, too, for he was so short-sighted he could not see anybody else's club, and ran right in regardless of the chances of <;ett.ing ' Journal . 1834. October 26, 1833; August 20, - Journal, Julv tember 21. 1852.' 18. 18,8: Locomotive, Sep- iiis-|(m;v of i;i!i:atki: iMMA.NAruiJ.s. }■>■■ his head broken, and once he did get ins nose broken. General John Cobiirn onee ran into Jlr. Kemjx-r and broke the hitter's wateli. Judge Charh';^ A. Ray had liis forehead hiid open with a eluli and Ijears the scar to this day. Garriek .MaUory, who never would use anything but a straight stick, had himself laid up for several days with a blow on the head. Osborn. the -\\w Orleans baby, had some of his teeth smashed in his mouth by a IjIow from Mark Smitli that slipped up the other's c-lub and laudetl un])leasantly. 'Stars' Coburn laid the speaker low with a liek on the knee that lamed him for three weeks. Austin Kallis was knocked as flat as a flounder by a wooden ball that hit him squarely in the forehead." And yet these bald-beaded old sports talked about football being a dangerous game, and not altogether without reason. It will be noted that the seiniiuiry was not a free school. The public furnished the buiUl- ing, and the patrons of the school kept it up by tuition, and in the earlier days by con- tributions. By a special act of February T. IS.'JS, the number of trustees of this seminary was increased to ten, of whom one-hall' wore to be appointed by the circuit court, and the others elected by donors to the institution, it being provided that the giver of $20 should have one vote; $.'>0, two votes; and $100, three votes. Previous donors were allowed one vote for each $40 given, and those who had given less than $40 were allowed a credit of one-half the amount on the purchase of a vote. Even this ingenious device did not result in any ma- terial endowment of the institution, and it was kept on a tuition basis during its existence. It is also to be observed that it was strictly a boy's school. On what principle the girls should be shut out from an institution, sup- ported even in part by public funds, does not at this day seem clear. But at that time co- education was not tolerated outside of the pri- mary schools. .'Vnd there was a generally prev- alent imjiression that girls had no need for higher education, which was miiib better founded then, when the field of occupation for women was so rmich more restricted, than it is at present. In consequence the instruc- tion in the higher schools for girls was almost wholly in the line of "accomplishments'", and was the occasion of more or less jest by in- dividuals who imajrined tluit tbev took a thor- oughly practical view ol life and its reiiuire- mcuts. The distriit schools were iiitermitlenl. and held in rented rooms, at first, for short sessions. In 1842, Alexander Jameson, brother of Rev. Love Jameson, became teacher of the south district school. At that time the part of town south of Washington street was one district, and the part north was divided into two dis- tricts by Meridian street. Later the south. >\de was also divided in the same way. The trustees for the south district were James Sul- grove, Nathan B. Palmer and Isaac Roll; and .(ameson had an arrangement, as was common, to take what public funds were available, and get the balance of his pay from tuition pay- ments. His school prospered so well that he could not attend to all his pupils, and he sent i'or his brother Patrick II. to come and help him. This assistant, now our venerable citizen Di-. P. H. Jameson, recalls his experience thus: "1 was a boy of nineteen when 1 came to help my brother Alexander with his school. 1 was raised on a farm in .Jefferson County, north of Madison, and had begun reading medicine at the time. He offered me $10 a mouth and my board, and I accepted. The district had no schoolhouse, and the school was held in the old Campbellite eliurch on the south side of Kentucky avenue, just above Georgia street. It was a one-room, one-story building about 55 feet long and 35 feet wide. There were no desks, but we had boards fastened temporarily to the backs of the seats to serve as desks. I taught there one year, and then decided to (irganize a school of my own in the northwest d strict, which had none. "In the spring of 1844 1 got tlie trusiees to- gether and submitted the matter. They were !'",zekiel Boyd, Carey Boatwright and Benja- min McClure. Boyd was the only one that I ad any education. We talked the matter over a id Boatwright proposed that they build a schoolhouse. To the question, 'how ? ', he an- swered 'Call a school meeting, and levy a tax". We looked into the law and found that this Kiuld be done by giving three weeks' notice. Boyd, who wrote a beautiful hand, made out the notices, and I ]nit them up in the most pub- le phiees. Very little attention was paid to ibeni, and on the appointed day only about twenty voters appeared. They organized and levied' a tax of $(;oo. n( which" $100 was {ov a 12 + HISTOKY OF GKEATER IXDlANAroLlS. lot and $500 fur a lioiisu. It wa^ certified to the auditor and put on the tax-duplieato. Wlien tax-paying time came, there was an awful row. A number of people refused to pay and the treasurer refused to reeeive any of their taxes unless they paid the sehool tax. The matter drifted along until the legislature met, and some of the influential people of the district induced it to adopt a resolution for another election. Notice of this was given, and we had one of the warmest elections ever known in Indianapolis. People were almost fiuhting-mad. About 200 votes were cast, and the school tax won by just one vote. "The schoolhouse was then built, on the east side of West street, south of ;^[ichigan. I was teacher, and as there was not money enough to furnish desks I put them in myself. There was about $100 of public money for each district, and the balance was made up by subscription, for which I circulated a paper. It was on the basis of $3 a pupil for 13 weeks of .3 days each. Exact account of the attend- ance was kept on blanks furnished by the County Auditor, and the subscribers were cred- ited for actual attendance, but it need not be by the same pupil. At the end of the term the accounts were footed up and the balances due were collected. As the public funds were used, anybody who desired could come to school, no matter whether there had been any subscrip- tion for them or not. and I had a number of pupils that paid nothing. I furnished the fuel, cut the wood, swept the room, made the fires, and ran the school just as I pleased. "I had scholars all the way from a-b-cs up to nearly as far as T could teach, but my worst trouble was with the a-b-cs. 1 worked out a plan of putting the letters on the black board, and having my 'abecedalians', as I called them, stand in front of it for ten or fifteen minutes, four or five times a day, while I pointed out the letters and they repeated the names; and in that way made some progress. For school books I had Webster's Elementary S])elling- l)ook, ^[cGufl'cy's First, Second and Third read- ers, Ray's Practical aiul ^[ental arithmetics, and .\lonzo C. Smith's Granunar and Geog- raphy. The last two were arranged with ques- tions and answers, wiiicli made must less work for the teacher. Xol all the pupils had the same books, however, and they studied and re- cited from wbatcvci- thcv had. Therr was verv little grading or classification, and each pupil was advanced in his work according to his individual progress. I taught a few algebra and geometry, but there was very little call for anything above the common studies. Music was taught by rote. I used to have a pretty fair voice, and I would sing a song and they would join in as they learned it. I had a book of songs called The Odeon, published by ilason & Webb, that was a very good collec- tion. I taught them America, Hail Columbia, Star Spangled Banner, Bonnie Doon, Ship Ahoy, The Barcarole and, in all, probably 40 or 50 airs. I gave them a few hymns, but there was a good deal, of prejudice about teaching religion in the schools, and I was pretty care- ful about that. '•We put in the day, then. I called school at 8 o'clock in the morning, and before that I came around, swept out, and fired up. I gave them 15 minutes recess at 10 o'clock and an hour at noon, and kept them till sundown in winter, and pretty near it in stimmer. I used to send the younger children home earlier. The older pupils studied United States history. I used Grimshaw's history, which was a good text book. The boys did not care much for anything but the battles, and I had them write descriptions of all the battles of the Revolu- tionary war, from Lexington to Yorktown. 1 could not begin to recall all who went to school to me, but among them were Samuel, James and George Douglass, Alonzo Atkinson — after- wards Captain Atkinson, Samuel Xorman — whose brother was a newspaper man at Xew Albany, the Pitts boys, and the Perhams, who afterwards went to Oregon. In addition to teaching school I read medicine at night, and on Saturdays was County Librarian. The county library was not used a great deal at that time. ' It had about 200 books. Dick Fletcher, a nephew of Calvin Fletcher, was the chief patron. Teachers complain now that they do not get enough pay to live on, but they get much better pay than I did. I paid my board and other expenses out of my wages, and at the end of four years of teaching I had $600 saved up. It all depends on how you use your money. I do not recall now who taught in the other schools, excepting Levi Reynolds, the brother of Governor Whitcomb's .\djutant Gen- eral. He came here and tried to get my school, but when he found he nndd not he took the HISTORY OF (JKEATEH INDIANAPOLIS. 12.-) X < z s T. O o z o 5 •^(; HISTOKV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. school in the northeast distriet. It was hehl in a rented room, as they had no sc-hoolhouse at that time."' The seminar}- had rivals from the start, in addition to Ebenezer Sharpe's school. On June 22, 1835, Mr. Drapier opened his "Inductive School" in "the class room north of the ^leth- odist church'"'". This was undoubtedly an in- stitution of higher learning for Mr. Drapiei' said : "The design of this institution is to ac- commodate instruction, as well as may be, to the circumstances in which the people of this country are placed, with regard both to the ac- quisition and the application of knowledge. Arithmetic and algebra will be taught with clear views of their importance to the purposes of common life, and the ready comprehension of scientific theorems and formulEE. The gen- eral topics of geometry, trigonometry, conic sections, curves, mensuration, and the doctrines of mechanics, will be exhibited in a brief series, with perspicuous illustrations of their ))racti- eal utility"'. On Julv 21, IS:!.-), il. B\itter- fiehl announced his "Fundamental School"" to commence on the 27 th "a few doors west of the seminary where the subscriber will receive pupils, and bestow on them his undivided at- tention in imparting to them a critical knowl- edge of the fundamental branches of science". On September 25, 1835, E. M. Travis an- nounced that he would "commence teaching 'an English school, on reasonable terms, the 19th day of October next, in his new schoolhouse iu the eastern part of Indianapolis on Market street". One of the most celebrated teachers of this period was Josephus Cicero Worrall, who be- gan teaching here in 183(5, on Delaware street opposite the market hause. He had an ingen- ious system of putting a boy i?i chancerv bv laying him over his right leg and hodking his left leg over the otfender"s neck, while be ap- plied his ferule to the seat of educational dis- cipline. The only recorded escape from tliis hold was by Robert McOuat. wbi) fixed hi< teeth in the teacher's thigli ami (uusi'd an autd- matic opening of the human \ ise and thr re- lease of the young scajjcgrac e. But thi' chirr distinction of .Tiise])bus was in the higb-fiown circulars with which he used to startle the com- munity. In one of these, preserved in the Journal of March 11, 183;. he waiiis parents of the dangers of incompetent teachers by say- ing: "When the time comes that the infant in- stitutions which are springing up in our state, as nurseries of the future poets, philosophers and statesmen of Indiana, begin to decline, their downfall may probably be traced to an improper selection of individuals to conduct their concerns, who are not sufficiently im- pressed with the necessity of accommodating their usages to the increasing light of ages." At the same time he ingeniously appealed to the consciousness of the suffering pupils by the statement that, "They are driven into studies to which they have no attraction, but regard them as objects of mental agony, instead of in- tellectual recreations : decorated with the vari- egated hues of a glowing genius, sensible of the capacity of those unfledged eaglets, that, though they may- be destined to tower in sub- lime flight, are now restricted in taste and ability, by dispositions and powers peculiar to infantile weakness." It is not surprising that Berry Sulgrove, who was one of his pupils, and who had a tendency to air his classic ac- quirements, dubbed him '"Polyphlos-bois" (the far-resounding sea), with the approval of the generation that remembered him. The jesting at Josephus Cicero was not with- held till later days, but was indulged in by his contemporaries. Rev. J. C. Fletcher gives one of the circulars of W'orrall's "Select Academv" which his father had tiled away with the in- dorsement, "pragmatical bombast"'. The one above quoted was assailed in the Journal of March 18, 1837, by an unfeeling critic who hurled sarcasm at all of the educator's ideas. He disapproved the academy as a mixed school, saying, "By what rule or rules 'the intercourse of the sexes' in his Academy is to produce 'a thoughtful deportment" is a secret worth know- ing. In Dilworth"s days'we did not expect the ))roduction of much thoughtfulness by turning a Wvy of wild boys and girls together in the school-room, or on the common". But espe- cially severe were his reflections on the Academy oi-thography, for Josephus had gone in for re- formed spelling, and according to this critic, wrote tongue, tung ; sovereign, suvcran ; stead, sted : porpoise. ])orpess ; picturesque, picturesk ; acre, aker; cloak, cloke. etc. There is reason to rejoice that this feature of "the increasing light of ages"' was not adopted by the coinmun- |s-|()i;v OF clJKA'I'Ki; I XDI.WAI'ol.IS. 12T however, that W'oriall •rood teaclier of inathc- ity. 'I'raditioii says, wa* an exceptionally luatii!?. Worrall hail .suiue pu|iils. but a nuire .sub- stantial rival to the seminary appeared in the "Indiana]iolis High School" which was opened on October ■2.'). 18.')7. in ''school rooms on Wash- ington street opjiosite Browning's TTolel" by Oilman ^larston. This was a I'eally high gi-ade school, ilarston had graduated from Dart- mouth that spring, and in addition to all the usual English branches gave "a course of ex- perimental lectures in natural philosophy and chemistry", and taught Latin, Greek, and French. He refers in his advertisement ''to the Hon. David Wallace, Hon. Isaac Black- ford. Dr. L. Dunhi]). Eev. J. B. Britton, A. St. Clair. Esq." This school was contiiiued after- ward as the Franklin Institute, and Rev. J. C. Fletcher says of it : "About 1837 Messrs. Sweet- zer and Quarles, Lawyers, Col. A. W. Russell, Dr. G. W. Stipp. and' some others felt that all the liigher educational institutions were run by the Presbyterians, therefore Ihey formed a new school and duljbed it the 'Franklin Institute'. Their first teacher was a ^Ir. Chester, the sec- ond was Gilman Alarston, a graduate of Dart- mouth College. In 18.38 a frame sehoolhouse was erected on Circle street, occujiying a j)o- sition between ^fr. (^uarles's house and the porner of Circle and ^laikct streets (now the English Hotel). Tiiis building was removed a few years ago to the east side of Pennsylvania street. It is the third house on Pennsylvania street north of ^Massachusetts avenue. Mr. Marston was from Xew IIa!ii|)sbire, and re- turned in 18.'?9-40 to that state to jjraetiee law. He once told me at Exeter, New Hamp.shire, that he had an educational debt to pay, and a limited time to pay it in. therefore he catue to Indianapolis to teach. 1 lielieve that he had letters to Mr. Sweetser. lie afterwards be- eanie eminent as a lawye New Hampshire, district. and Portmouth. In the He reiiresenteil the southern district of Hampshire in Congress, and it max lie in the Rockingham, which includes Mxtcr war he lost an arm. N'ew -aid that no one of the many iipolis ha> lieen more succes succeeded by ;Mr. \\'heelfr. the eldest daughter of t'lc 1 do n'lt recall ubi'U tb( teachers in Indiaii- jful in life. He was who married Mary, late Dan'el Vandes. l-'ranklin liislil\ite became extinct."' (iilman ^larston went into the (^ivil War as colonel of the Second Xew iram])shire regiment, and was made a Briga- dier (ieneral in J8()"2. He was in Congress both before and after the wai-. and became gover- nor of Idaho in ISTO. Hev. Wm. Holliday taught sebnol up to 18.")(). after his service in the seminary, first in a log building where Rol)erts Park church now stands, then in the ba.sement of the Asso- ciate Reformed Presbyterian Church, which stood on the north side of Ohio street midway between Pennsylvania and Delaware, and then at his residence on North Pennsylvania street, o|)posite tTniversity Square. Rev. J. C. Fletcher says that prior to his teaching at the seminary he taught at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania and New York.* Air. Holliday was a ripe scholar and his .schools were well patronized. Mr. Brown states that Eliza Rich- mond assisted Marston in his school,'' and this was no doubt in the primary work. She kept a school for many years afterwards on New- York street between .\labama and New Jer- sey, which was jiopularly known as ''Sister Richmond's school" — she being a prominent "sister" in Roberts Chapel, and her ])atrons chierty Methodists. T'here was not a little sectarian jealousy and rivalry in early times that was notably displayed in the field of edu- cation, and that lived long in the memory of its chief actors. Rev. F. ('. Hollidav, wi-it- ing in 1873, says: "The state funds for edu- cational pur])oses in Indiana as in most of the Western States, were for nuiny years under the almost exclusive control of Presbyterians, who assumed to be the especial guardians and pa- trons of education. It is impossible, at this ilay. to comprehend the self-complacency with which their leading men in the West assumed to be the only competent e(lucators of the |)eo- ple. and the quiet unscrupulousness with which they si'ized -upon the triisl-funds of the states for school purposes, and made those schools as strictly denominational as though the funds had been exclusively contribute(l by niend)ers of their own conununion. .V young man wlio, in either the Miami I'liiversitv at Oxford, Ohio, or Lexington. Kentu(k\', oi- Piliininini.'i"n, In- •'AVm-.v. .luly 19. 18Tfi. *Xi'in'. June '28, 18:9. ■'Ilisl. flKlilllllllKllls, ]l. 10. 128 HISTORY OF (iUEATER INDIAXAPOLIS. iliana. wmikl have q\iestioned the correctness of any of the dogmas of Calvinism, woukl have been an object of unmitigated ridicule and persecution. * * * When, in 1834 and 1S35, efforts were made iu Indiana so to change the management of the State University, by amending its charter, that the trustees should be elected by the State Legislature, instead of being a self-jjerpetuating corjioration, a storm of indignation was raised among those who con- trolled the State L'niversity; and it was made the occasion of heaping all sorts of opprobrium on the Methodist church. The movement was said to be an effort on the part of the Meth- odists to get a Methodist professor in the Uni- versity : and it was tauntingly said, in the halls of the legislature, tliat 'there was not a .Methodist in America with sufficient learn- ing to fill a professor's chair, if it were ten- dered to him". Such taunts proved a whole- some stimulus to ilethodist enterprise and in- dependent church action in the department of education""." Of course this is the reminiscence of one who was in the fight, and the Presbyterians might have answered, and probably did, that the .Methodi-:ts needed ''a wholesome stimulus'" ; and also have pointed to the fact that they had established their separate collegiate institutions in order to avoid proselyting influences of other denominations. But the extract shows the feeling from which arose the fact that, when the constitutional convention of 1851 met, there were eight independent collegiate insti- tutions in the state, each controlled by a re- ligious sect. It explains the fact that the con- stitution of 1851 provides only for "a general and uniform system of public schools"", and does not mention a university. It ex]ilains the effort made in the convention for the ex- press prohibition of support by the state of a higher institution of learning.' It explains also the school conditions of Indianajwlis. The several churches had concentrated their efforts on collegiate institutions on a state basis, the Presbyterians on Hanover and Wabash, the Methodists on Asbury (now De Patiw), and the Ba]jtists on Franklin, none of them located here. It is probable that this division of en- ergy prevented, or retarded, the building up of a great central institntiou with the highest advantages for education, and caused numbers of Indiana boys to be sent to the larger institu- tions of the east; but it did what was probably better for the state by putting the opportunity for really good education within reach of hun- dreds who could not afford to go far from home. But none of these institutions were co- educational, and indeed at that time coeduca- tion inspired almost as much horror as woman's suffrage. The question arose "What siiall we do with our girls ?" The Presbyterians led olV In 183(j James Blake, Isaac Ray, and others obtained a Indianapolis Female opened in June, 1837 ill the solution. Coe, James M. charter for the Institute, which was under the management ^'Inilitiiin Mrtliodisiii. pp. 317-8. See also Ivlson's Enrhj Jndmna Prathi/tcrianisiii , p. 229. ''Boone's Histori/ of Education in Indiana. pp. 135-6. of Misses Mary J. and Harriet Axtell, of Courtlandville, Xew York, who had been teach- ers at the Geneva Female Seminary. At this school were taught "tlie mathematical and nat- ural Sciences, with history, and every branch of a thorough English education, and also music, drawing and the languages as desired."" It was at tirst held in the second story of what was known as the Sanders" building, on Washing- ton street near Meridian, and later removed to a frame building adjoining the old Presby- terian chttrch on Pennsylvania street. There were arrangements for jirivate boarding in connection with the school. It attained quite a high reputation for excellence, and was con- tinued until 1849, when the liealth of the elder Miss Axtell failed and the school was discontinited. It is said that she became de- ranged on the subject of predestination, ac- qtiiring the delusion that sbe was doomed to be lost. She died a short time afterwards wliiic on a trip to the West Indies for her healtli, Tiie blisses .Vxtell were excellent teachers, and were held in high esteem by their ])upils. After this there was an interval with no Presbyterian school for young ladies, but in 1852, Rev. C. G. McLean was induced to come here and open one. He was well educated and talented. He was prejjared by his step-father, Rev. James Gray, I). D., for many years |ias- tor of the Spruce Street Church, Philadelphia, for admission to the University of Pennsyl- vania, of which he was a graduate. He pur- sued his theological studies under tlie i-elc- HISTOifV OF (IKKATKR l.XDIAXArOIJS. 129 liratLil l)r. Johii il. ^lason, and was for twen- ty-seven years pastor of the Associate liefDrnied Church of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, anil eight years of the Dutch Eeformed Chixreh at Fort Plain, New York. He was a fine pi'eacher, liut left pastoral work on account of his health just before coming here. The school was op- ened as the Indiana Female Seminary, and was very successful for some years, the first cata- logue showing 151 pupils, nearly all from In- dianapolis. It was a boarding school and day school occupying a three-story lirick building which was erected for it, at the southwest cor- ner of New York and Meridian streets. The faculty and course of instruction were of high grade. Day scholars ])aid from $4 a quarter in the preparatory department to $8 as seniors, antl there were numerous extras, im-luding vocal music, instruction on the piano, guitar and harp, drawing and painting. The pupils were also assessed $1 per year for "'support of the gospel". Dr. McLean continued the school till his death, in I860, after which it was con- tinued 1)V his son-in-law, Charles N. Todd and Rev. Charles Sturdevant, until 1865. This school was commonly known as McLean Sem- inary. The Episcopalians were second on the iield. In 1830 Mrs. Britton, wife of the rector of Christ Church, opened a school for girls on Pennsylvania street above Michigan, which was later removed to the site of the When build- ing, and in the fall of 1843 to a frame liuild- iiig across the alley, to the north, from Christ Church, then owned by ;\Ir. Reck, the Lutheran pastor. Steps were then taken for the erection of a building especially for the school, back of Christ Church, and it was completed and occupied in 1845, the Reck property being pur- chased and used as a boarding-house for the school. On January 15, 1844, this school was chartered by the legislature as St. Clary's Seminary, with James Morrison and George 11. Dunn, wardens, and Geo. W. ilears, Cliarles Co.x, Jeremiah Foote, Wm. R. Morrison and Jose])h M. Moore, vestrymen of Christ Church, a.s directors ; the wardens and vestrymen of the church to be directors thereafter ex officio. Rev. Samuel Johnson, successor of ^Ir. Britton as rector of Ciirist (Miurch, ami his wife now took charge of the seiiool, whicli liad a very success- ful career for five years. -Vfter the discontinuance of the Axtell school, \'ol. 1—9 the Presbyterians attempted another, and a charter was obtained .January 19, 1850, for the Indiamipolis Collegiate Institute, with James Blake, James M. Ray, Wm. Sheets, Thos. H. Sharpe and Isaac Coc as trustees, their suc- cessors to be elected by the First Presbyterian Church. This movement came to nothing and the Methodists decided that this was their time to get busy. They accordingly formed a voluntary association known as the Indiana- Fe- male College, and began operations in the base- ment, or Sunday School room.s, of old Wesley Chapel in 1850, with Rev. Thos. H. Lynch as principal. This was of course temporary. The same year the Episcopalian property, where the Board of Trade building stands was purchased, and an additional Iniilding was erected next to Ohio street. Mr. Lynch himself took an active part in the erection of this building, which was intended for the school proper, a two-story frame with four rooms upstairs and four down. The south building — the old Epis- copalian school boarding house — was used as a boarding house for the school, ami in the numbering system of that time was Xo. 14 X. Meridian, while the school was Xo. 16. The school was chartered February 13, 1851, with provision that three-fourths of the directors should always be members of the Methodist Church. Mr. Lynch conducted the school till 1854, when he was called to New Albany, where the ilethodists had made the mistake of start- ing Asbury Female College in 1852, instead of centering on one institution. In 1854-5 the school here was in charge of Rev. Charles .\dams, and in 1855-(>, of G. W. Moss, who was followed in turn by Benjamin T. Hoyt. In 1859 the school suspended, but was resumed in 1860 under Rev. Oliver 'SI. Spencer. By this time competition of the McLean Seminary and Baptist Seminary were making the female col- lege business somewhat precarious, and in 1862, Rev. Thos. H. Lynch was recalled to help the in- stitution out. In 1865 the school was put in charge of W. H. DeMotte, w-ho had been a teacher at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum from 1850 to 1864, when he became for a year ^lili- tary and Sanitary Agent of the Stale at Wash- ington, D. C. And now a change was made. The McLean Seminary property had been sold to John Pyle, who wanted to open a hotel there, but concluded that it was too far out, and traded it for the Methodist school prop- 130 HISTOKV OF GItEATER INDIAjSTAPOLIS. erty. Mv put up a brick buildiiij;' butWL-on the two fraiue ones, uniting all in the Pyle House, which continued so long that everybody got tired of it. The Indiana Female College was removed to the old McLean Seminary, and Avas continued there until 1868, iu charge of Professor DeMotte. It was then determined to consolidate it with Asbury, which till then had not been coeducational, and this was done. The property was sold to the Wesley Chapel congregation, which built there, changing their church name to ileridian Street Church. This in turn gave place to the Central Telephone Ijuilding. The Baptists got along without a separate female institute until 18-58. when they organ- ized a stock company and bought the old resi- dence of Robert I'nderhill. at the northeast corner of Michigan and Pennsylvania streets. He was a j^ioneer in iron work, and had his foundry one square below, where the Second Presbyterian Church now stands. In 1859 the school was opened by Rev. Gibbon Williams, who continued iu charge imtil 1863, when he was succeeded by C. W. Hewes. He remained until 1870, and was followed liy Rev. T.ucian Hayden, the last ])rincipal. The Indianapolis Female Institute, as it was called, closed in 1872, not being able to compete with the free schools. The property was exchanged for other real estate, and passed into the hands of the City School Board. It was at that time quite an e.xtensive building, having been much enlarged while occuiiied by the school. This seminary had good standing as an educational institution. Among its teachers were Miss A. R. Boise (later Mrs. Dr. Wood), daughter of Professor Boise, of the University of ^lichigan, and Miss Rebecca J. Thompson, who was after- wards Professor of iratlicnintics at Franklin for thirty years. There were several other schools for young ladies at later dates that have since gone out of existence, in additicm to the mixed school of Mrs. Price. Mrs. A. Ashby had an excel- lent school at 78 East Xorth street (old num- ber), from 1872 to 1878. Mrs. E. R. Colwell taught at 956 K,„.tii T),,lnware from 1876 to 1880. .Teiiiiie L. Burr had a school for voungor girls at Broadwav and Cherry from 1879 to 1888. .1. H. Kaiipcs and wife conducted their Young Ladies' Institute from 1879 to 1883. Rev. .Tames Lvons liad an Institute for Younsr Ladies on Xorth Pennsylvania street in 18SS and 1889. The most notable, however, was the Girls" Classical School. T. L. Sewall started a classical school for boys, in 1879, at Home and College avenues, which was removed in 1881 to Xorth and Alabama streets, and con- tinued there till 1887. In 1882 Mrs. :May Wright Sewall opened a classical school for girls at the southeast corner of Pennsylvania and St. Joseph streets, where the Eiiiscopalians had been holding St. Anna's school for girls, under charge of Rev. J. B. Clarke. In 1885 a special building was erected for the girls' school at 821: Xorth Pennsylvania, and the school was continued there till 1907. Both the boys' and the girls" classical schools were pri- marily designed to prepare for college, and the graduates usually took Harvard. Smith. Bryn Mawr. or other examinations, whether they went to these schools or not, but the Girls' Classical covered practically all the ground of the earlier female colleges and seminaries, and did a most satisfactory educational work throughout its long existence. The Quakers were always zealous promoters of education, but they were not strong enough to do much in Indianapolis in the early years. Early in the fifties Sarah A. Smith, wifi' of Hugh Smith, opened a private school at the southeast corner of Alabama and Market streets, whicli was continued for nearly thirty years. In 1856, her daughter. .Vnna ^Fary, then fifteen years of age, became an assistant in the school, and continued till its close. This was a pri- mary, neighliorhood school, and a good one of its class. When the Friends built their meet- ing-house at the southeast corner of Delaware and St. Clair streets, in 1856. they made it two stories so that a scliool might be held in the lower room, and a very excellent graded school was maintained there for a number of years. It was attended both by Friends chil- dren and outsiders, l)nt they were all marched upstairs to Wednesday morninjr meeting. Thouias Charles, assisted liy William ^len- dcnball. both mendtcrs of the Society of Friends, opened a school called the City .\cad- emy, in 1867, on Xew York street opposite T''niversity Square. This was an excellent school, and well attended. It continued three years, after which ^[r. Charles became joint editor with G. W. Hoss of the Indiana Schnnl Journal, for a sburt time, and later removed HISTORY OF GRKATKi; I XDl.WAi'OlJS. i;ii to t'liii-ajjo. llinim llaillcy. aimtliLT pi'cniiiiKMil FrieiiJ educatur, latur ])iVf;i<lont of the I'lii- vcT.'^itv of Xew Mexico, liiul a jirivate jsfhool on Illinois street above Tentli. in 1880, and was associated in 1881-2 with Prof. Junius B. Rol)- erts in the lladley & Hobcrts -Vcaileniy. at the soutliwest corner of Meridian and Vermont streets. This si-hool was continued two years longer by Mr. Roberts, at the southeast cor- ner of Pennsylvania and Walnut streets, af- ter which he resumed work iu the High School. The Disciples, or "Campbellites" were later than the others in getting their college started, but they located it at Indianapolis. r>utler University was originally begun, anil for twenty odd years continued, as Xorthwestorn Cliristian University. It owes its existence chiefly to Ovid Butler, wlio was at the head of a committee originally appointed at the state meeting of the ciiurch at Greensburg, in 1847. He designed and formulated its plan, drafted its charter, donated tiie site and a large jiart of tlie endowment, and gave it his ijersonal at- tention through life. The Xorthwestern Chris- tian University was chartered by act of Janu- ary lo. 1850. The charter created a stock com- panv of $100 shares, the total not less than $T">;000 nor more than $.500,000, of which one-third might be used for site and l)uilding, but at least two-thirds must bo held for en- dowment. In loaning the endowment fund, ! the shareholders were to be preferred borrowers. When $T.5.000 was subscribed the directors were to be elected and proceed with the building. The charter voiced the features of ('am)ibell"s teaching that appealed most powerfully to Jlr. Butler, and the directors were to provide for "an institution of learning of the highest class. for the education of the youth of all parts of the United States, and especially of the states of the Northwest; to establish in said insti- tution ilejiartments or colleges for the instruc- tion of the students in every branch o! liberal and iirol'essional education : to educate and pre- l)are suitable teachers for the common schools of the country; to teach and ininlcate the Christian faith and Christian morality as taught in the sacred Scriptures, discarding as uninspired and without authority all writings, fornuilas, creeds, and articles of faith subse- quent thereto; and for the formaticui (pro- motion) of the sciences and arts." The charter pro\i(leil tbnl llic property should be exempt from taxation. Rev. John O'Kanc was appointed soliciting agent for the enter])rise, and by June 22, 18.52, the retpiired $75,000 was reported subscribed. On July 14, twenty-one directors were eleeti'd, with Ovid Butler as president. .Mr. Butler donated twi'iitx acres of fine woodland for the institution (at College and Home avenues) ; plans by Wm. Tiiislcy, a Cincinnati architect, wri'c ailopted. and contracts were let in Jtdy, ]8.");i, for the west wing of the building, which was designed for addition as needed. The building was erected in 1854-5, at a cost of $27,000, and was opened on Xovember 1, 1855, with services including addresses by Elder O'Kane, Prof. Renton and Elder IToshour at the college ehajjel during the day, and by Prof. Young at Masonic Hall at night.* The university opened with John Young, president and professor of natural sciences: A. K. Ben- ton, ])rofessor of ancient languages, and James R. CJhalleii, late of Somer.set Pennsylva- nia Academy, principal of the ]ire|)aratory de- partment. In 1858, Prof. Young having re- signed, Prof. S. K. Hoshour, a noted teacher of eastern Indiana, succeeded to the presidency ; 0. W. IIoss took the chair of mathetnatics ; R. T. Brown that of natural sciences, and Prof. Challen that of English. Prof. Ho.«hour ta\ight modern languages. The war caused a great falling off in students, and called for a reduction of ex])enses, so the faculty was re- organized ill isi;i uiiji A. It. Benton as presi- dent, who lii'ld the |)<isition for seven years. In 1868 Otis A. Burgess became president, but returned to the ministry in 1870 and was succeeded by W. !•'. lilack who held until 1874, when Prof, liurgess returned. During his ])residency the university was removed to Trvington in 1875, and on February 22, 1877. its name was changed to Butler University. The liberal ideas of the founders of this in- stitution were manifest in its control as well as in its charter. It was from the first a co- educational institution, giving the same ad- vantages to voung W(unen as to young men: and in this it was a ])ioneer. There was no other educational institution in the Cniteil States, at the time, on a university basis, that admitted women, though Oberlin ])recedcd it "J nil nidi. Xi and .'i. 18." 132 HlSTUUr UF CiliEATEK INDIANAPOLIS. as a college. Earlham and other "Friends' boarding schools"' had departments for both sexes, but they were esseutiallj' distinct in facul- ties and teaching, and it was only about this time that they began to move towards co- education in its present sense. In this school no distinction was made as to sexes in the privileges of education. The school also adopted the elective system of studies, in which it has been preceded only by Campbell's Col- lege at Bethany, West Virginia, and Brown University. It conferred the degrees of Bache- lor of Science, Art or Philosophy, according to the course taken, with masters degrees in regular course for post graduate work. On March 10, 18G9, ilr. Butler submitted a prop- osition to the Ijoard of directors to endow a chair of English Literature in the university, which was accepted; and nominated as the professor Miss Catharine Jilerrill, daughter of Samuel Merrill, one of the most accomplished educators of the city, who accepted the posi- tion on April 21. This gift, amounting to about $11,000 was on condition that the chair should always be held by a woman. It was named the Demia Butler chair, and was in memory of his daughter, who was the first woman graduate of the institution in the classi- cal eotirse. Miss Merrill had first had a pri- vate school at the family homestead on Mer- rill street, the site of the present Catharine Merrill school; later in the basement of the Fourth Presbyterian Church, at the southwest corner of Market and Delaware streets ; and later about where the Commercial Club build- ing stands. After the war broke out she went out as an army nurse, and after the close of the w-ar published the work, "The Soldier of Indiana in the War for the Union". Miss Merrill remained on the Butler faculty until 1885, when she resigned to take up private class work with Indianapolis women, and con- tinued this till her death in 1900. There was a law class in the university from the first, which had 4 graduates under Presi- dent Young, 18 under President Hosbour, and 30 under President Benton. In 18T1 a law department was formallv organized, with Byron K. Elliott, Charles H." Test, and Charles P. Jacobs occupying the three chairs. John Young, Judge David McDonald, Judge Sam- uel E. Perkins and Judge Horatio M. New- comb were among the instructors at various periods. The Medical College of Indiana formed the medical department of the univer- sity. The preparatory department was pre- sided over, in order of succession, by James E. Challen, Love H. Jameson. Madison Evans, Mrs. Nancy E. Bums, A. C. Shortridge, W. W. Dowling, A. Fairhurst, and H. W. Wiley, of pure food fame. A teacher in, and later at the head of the "academic department", or the preparatory, from 18.5T, was Mrs. E. J. Price, a daughter of Professor Hoshour. After leaving the university she became one of the best known private school teachers in the city. Her school was on Broadway at the corner of Alabama and St. Clair streets, and later on North street, from 18T1 to 1875, and on Ill- inois street, now Nos. 803 and 805. from 1875 to 1890. It was a mixed school for bpys and girls from twelve to twenty years of age, and was extensively patronized. There was an- other private school which might be consid- ered under Campbellite auspices, and that was the primary school kept by the Misses Laura and Charlotte McFarland, for more than twenty years, beginning about 18G0, on St. Clair street, opposite St. Clair park. This was a very popular school with northsidc youngsters, the large yard of the McFarland's making a choice playground for the girls, and the "Blind Asylum lot'' across the street, with a great hackberry tree half way between the present fountain and the north fence, being an ideal place for "black-man", which was the favorite diversion of the boys. The teachers were daughters of Demas ilcFarland, one of the earliest settlers, and their kindly natures cause them to be held in loving memory by their old pupils, of whom there are dozens in the city. It would be impossible at this time even to ascertain the names of all the private schools tiiere have been in Indianapolis, most of them of few j-ears' duration, like Miss Ellen Doug- lass' school on New York street, west of the canal, in the fifties; Miss Tousey's school on Ellsworth street in the sixties ; iliss Keating's on Dougherty .'■treet and Miss Fitzhugh's on St. Joseph street in the seventies ; Ilev. N. F. Tuck's on East ilarket street and Wm. W. Hall's in North Indianajwlis in the later sev- enties, the North Indianapolis school being continued by M. L. IJinehart in the eighties. Jt is to be remembered that the Catholics al- IIISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 133 ways liad their separate seliools, wliich are men- tioned elsewhere, as also the l^utherans. and in fact the Germans, generally, until (ierman was made a study in the public schools. And tliere have been schools of all sorts, one of the most notable lines of activity being in business colleges, which were especially prom- inent in the sixties and seventies, with Bryant & Stratton, Purdy and Southard as the lead- ing proprietors. In brief, there have always been the fullest opportunities for education in Indianapolis, even outside of the public schools, and these will be considered elsewhere. Before leaving the subject, there is one pri- vate school legend that should be recorded. Along in the fifties there was a Mr. Dorsey who had a school on the south side of Walnut street just west of New Jersey. Among the pupils was George Owings, who had an ir- resistible penchant for profanity. Nothing seemed capable of stopping the habit. Warn- ings and whippings were fruitless. Finally Dorsey told him that the next time he was caught swearing he would slit his tongue. The offense was soon committed, and George was brought up on the platform, before the school, for punishment. Dorsey made him kneel down before a chair and put out his tongue. Then he produced a big jack-knife, and began to whet it on his boot, with a conversational ac- companiment. "I am sorry to have to do this George" — whet — whet — whet — "but you know what I told you" — whet — whet — whet — "put out your tongue ! " — whet — whet — whet — "it won't do to let you grow up this way" — whet — whet — whet — "it would be a disgrace" — whet — whet — "put out your tongue !" — "if I should try you once more" — whet — whet — whet — "if I should let you oif this time" — whet — whet — whet — -"do you think yoti would ever swear again ? " "No", sobbed the terrified culprit, "no! I'll be d^— d if I would." CHAPTER XIV. THH :\IEXU'AX WAR. Oil May I.). 1S4(;, Congress declared that war cxistwl with .Muxico, and President Polk issued his prochunation of tlie fact. On May l(i, Seeretary of War Marey issued his retiui- sition to Governor Wiiitconili of Indiana f(U- "thrcf regiments of infantry or ritlenien"", wliicli reached Indianapolis on May il. On :Mav 22, Governor Whiteonib issued his call to the people "to form themselves into volun- K'er comiianies with all despatch". On June 10 the quota was tilled. On June 11, the -^'cd- tinel said: "Just as our paper is going to press the twentietli company has been rei)orted to tiie Adjutant-tienerars office over and above the complement of thirty companies called for from this state. Well done, Indiana. "Ohio, with thrice our population and four times our wealth, was called on to furnish the same number ot men and had two days the start of us. and yet our quota was made up on the 10th inst., not any longer time, we believe, than was rctiuired i)y 01ii<i. "When the I'equisition reached here on tlu' V'lst it found us with our militia system iiroken and in ruins after thirty years of peace. Xot a dollar had been appropriated by the State or the General (Jovernment for such an emergency, yet the Governor devised a system, niainlv on his own res])onsibility, in time for his proclamation for the very next day, and he and Adjutant-General Reynolds have ever since been incessantly occupied looking after everything and answering correspondence, with- out even a private secretary, which office was abolished immediately up(m the Governor com- ing into office. The (Jovernor is much indis- ])osed and fatigued by lal)or night and day. yet he will be ready to go with our troops to Xew Albany to aid in their organizaticm and to do everything foi- their comfort and wel- fare liefore they leave the state. Well done, Indiana". When Indianajxilis was founded the militia svstem was m full bloom. It was but seven v\'ars since the close of the last war, and there were still enough Indians near at haml to cause apprehension of trouble. The militia was composed of all able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 4.3, and was organized in regiments by counties, Nvhich, in turii, were grouped in brigades and divisions. As soon as Marion County was organized stejjs were taken for the organization of the militia, and on September 1, 1822, the first election of regimental officers was held. James Paxton was chosen colonel, Samuel ^lorrow, lieutenant colonel, and Alexander W. Russell, major, and on September 2(), they were commissioned. The detailed organization was completed in the following spring and on June 3, 182:!. ca]!- tain"s commissions were issued to Denias L. :\lcFarland, Asa C. Ives, John Montgomery, Xoah Flood. Thomas Anderson, Andrew W. Ingraham. John ^McFall and Geo. Smith: lieu- tenant's commissions to Eli Sulgrove, Andrew McClintock, John Jones, Alexander Ayres. Asa K. Strong, John Morris, Jacob Smock and Jacob Crone; and ensign's commissions to Jacob Bieler, James Freel, Hiram Mc- Cartv, James Williams. John Barnhill, Josejih Kirkendall, Wm. Kennick and John Foster. On July 30. commissions were issued to Hiram .M. Cuny, captain: John Hay, lieutenant, and Closes Cox, ensign, of a ninth company. On December 2, 1823, commissions were issued to Henry McGuire, captain, Elam S. Freeman, lieutenant, and Xoah Leverton, ensign, of the tenth company needed to fill the regiment. The reiiinient took number as the Fortieth, 134 HISTORY OF GREATER I \ DI AN AI'ol.IS. 135 and iliU'iou (.'(uiiitv ahvMvs lu.'lil that iiumlier , while county organization continued. In addition to tlic regular rank and lile of the militia the law provided for three spe- cial companies in each regiment, ritiemen, ar- tillery, and light dragoons. .or cavalry as they would now be called. These were intended as more permanent and better disciplined organi- zations than the regular niilitia. There was no organization of these until 18xJ6, in the spring of which an artillery company was formed, and on April 21, Rethuel F. ilorris was com- missioned as its captain, Samuel Merrill as first lieutenant. Douglass ilaguire as second lieutenant, and .\iistin Bishop as ensign. Im- mediati'ly after a company of riHcmen was organized, for which Robert Wilson was com- missioned captain, Robert Martin, lieutenant, and Sydney Wilson, ensign, on June 14. On the same day Alexander W. Russell svicceeded as colonel of the Fortieth regiment, and Geo. L. Kinnard as lieutenant colonel. On July ■"), Isaac Stevens became major, and Elani S. Freeman succeeded Robei't Wilson as ca])tain cif the ritiemen. On August 'i'.i, Judge Win. W. Wick was commissioned Brigadier (ieneral of the Seventeenth Brigade, of which the Forti- eth was then a member. James Paxton had lieen made Quarter Master General, and held that ollice until his death in 182!). when lie was followed for two years by Win. (^)uarles, and he, on December 12, 1831, by Denias L. MiFarland. Benjamin 1. Blythe became cap- tain of tiie artillery com]>any on A|)ril 10, 1828 ; and on June i;!. 1828 a cavalry com- ])any was organized with David Buchanan as captain, Edward Jleizer, first lieutenant, John .Sayior, second lieutenant, and Jacob L. Payne, cornet. The special compaiiio, particiihirly tlie ar- till<'ry ami the ritiemen, usually took part in the Fourtli of July parades, and appeared on other gala occasions. The regular militia did nothing but af)pcar on muster days and ]icrf(irin legal "•militia duty", or get fined fen' neglect, 'i'iiey were not uniformed, and were armed with anything they might fancy that Would serve the pur])osc of going through the manual of arms. .Muster day was a sort of picnic, characterized by perhaps an hour of drilling and laige quantities of frontier recre- ation, from eating and drinking to racing and fiffhting. They were very convenvnt for re- newing iihl actpiaiiitaucc and political cam- paigning. There was no appearance of actual service for the militia until the Black Hawk War, news of which reached here on June 3, 1832. On tlie ne.Nt day Colonel Russell called for 150 mounted voluntec'i'S from the Fortieth, and an equal iiuinber frour adjoining counties, which promptly appeared at the ai)pointed ren- dezvous at Indianapolis, armed with rifles, tomahawks, knives, a pound of powder each and ball in proportion, on June I). They were organized in three com])anies under captains James P. Drake. J. W. Reding, and Henry Brenton. Captain Drake had not appeared on the militia rolls before this time. He came to Posey County in 181(i, a youth of nineteen, and was soon prominent as a holder of both civil and military offices, being chosen first as colonel and in 1818 as brigadier general. In 1829 President Jackson apjiointed him re- ceiver of public moneys at Indianapolis, and he removed here. His com)iany for the Black Hawk War was organized as "rangers"' and I Make received a captain's commission on June s, with Geo. W. S. White as first lieutenant, liobert ifcHatton as second lieutenant and Douglass Maguire as ensign. The most san- guinary part of the campaign was the rendez- vous, at which, by a iiremature discharge of the cannon, William Warren lost both his arms, and qualiticd himself as the only pensioner of the war at this jioint, a special act of Con- gress for that purpose being secured by Geo. I J. Kinnard. On the day of the rendezvous, the three companies marched for Chicago, under command of Colonel Russell, with Wm. Conner fcu' a guide. At Chicago they learned that the war was over, and marching around file south end of Lake iFichigan they returned borne by way of South Bend. Here they en- countered the facile ])en of John 1). Defrees, more deadly than Indian tomahawk, for he christened them "the Bloody Three Hundred", anil tlicy never heard the last of it. Possibly the fun ])oked at them fell on the militia serv- ice for it gradually went almost out of use. Put civilized young men c-annot live with- out uniforms, and on February 22, 1S37. a meeting of the young men of the city decided to organize a military company. .\t later meet- ings constitution and by-laws were adopted, and officers elected, and on March 2* com- 13G HISTOID Y UF GlIEATEK IMJlAXAl'ULlS. mi.ssioiii< were issued to Alexander W. Rus- sell, captain; P. W. Seibert, first lieutenant; Win. Uannamau, second lieutenant; Charles Cox, third lieutenant ; and Wm. H. Morrison, ensign. They had a showy uniform of gray with black velvet facings, tall bell-crowned leather caps with brass trimmings and black pompons, and were armed with muskets. Col- onel Eussell did not have time enough to de- vote to the company to satisfy the uniform en- thusiasm of the members, and in the following year he gave way to Thomas A. Morris, a West Point graduate, who was commissioned captain of the Marion Guards on June 30, 1838 — recommissioned April 27, 1842. On September 1-3, 1S38, commissions were issued to Philip K. Landis, first lieutenant: John Mc- Dougall, second lieutenant ; Thos. Doncllan, third lieutenant, and Milton Foudray, fourth lieutenant. The company, which had been incorporated by special act on February 14, 1838, was assigned to the Fortieth regiment. Captain (later General) Morris was a fine drill master, and l)rought his company to a high state of efficiency, it being the crack com- pany of the state. Its imposing appearance on parade awakened other military ardor. A cavalry company was organized, and on No- vember 4, 1840, its officers were commissioned, Samuel Ross, captain ; Thos. A. Thomas, first lieutenant; Ephraim Law, second lieutenant; Samuel Vandaman, ensign. It did not last long. Horse soldiering involves too much trouble for popularity in times of peace. In 1842 the Marion Riflemen were organized, with Thomas MacBaker as captain; George Robinson, first lieutenant, and Reuben P. Adams, second lieutenant, the commissions is- suing April 30. This company, i)0])ularly known as the "Arabs", w-hile the Guards were called the "Grays'", or the "Graybacks", was uniformed in fringed blue hunting shirts, and armed with primitive and awkward breech - loading rifles. In August, 1842, the indepen- dent companies formed a battalion, and elected Harvey Brown lieutenant-colonel and George W. Drum, major. They had several parades and one or two encampments, but military dutv grew monotonous, and by 184.3 the companies were practically abandoned. When the call for troops for the Mexican war came, Lew Wallace was theoretically studying law in Indianapolis. The call came to him like a release to a prisoner. For years he had dreamed of military glory and es- jjecially in connection with Mexico. The romance of "The Man at Arms", unpublished to which he had devoted his juvenile talent, had been laid aside under the charm of Pres- cott, and that romantic tale "The Fair God" — the most artistic of all his stories — was now well-nigh finished. He had been a militianuin a sergeant in MacBaker's Rifles, and he gives this account of the militia conditions in In- dianapolis: "The differences between the com- panies were not of a kind to foster what the French call camaraderie. The Greys were solid men, verging, many of them, upon middle life; the enlisted of the Rifles were mostly incap- able of mustaches. The uniform of the Greys was of rich cloth ; that of the Rifles consisted of a cap, a cotton hunting-shirt, blue and yellow" fringed, and fashioned after the style bequeathed to the American people by General Daniel Morgan of Revolutionary renown. The Greys carried muskets with bayonets; the Rifles, Hall's patent breech-loaders. The Greys timed their steps to the sonorous music of a brass band ; the Rifles were contented with the fife and drum. The Rifles despised the aristocratic airs of the Greys ; the Greys laughed at the Rifles, and the good-natured contempt could have been endured had they stopped with it. Their last insult was the nickname 'Arabs'. We waited a long time for a chance to i)unish the Greys. At last a sham battle betwirn the comj)anies was hippodromed in celebration of January 8th, with Washington street for scene of action. We were posted at the intersection of Meridian street, facing eastward ; while, turning from Delaware up by the court-house, the enemy moved to the attack in column of .sections, their band plaving vociferously. Their appearance was beautiful : and it was then I first knew w-hat inspiration there is in white handkerchiefs shaken out by fair hands from overlooking windows. The Greys opened with volleys; we replied, lying down and firing at will. All went well until in the crisis of the engagement our captain forgot to order the re- treat provided for in the schedule of manoeu- vres. The melee that ensued was tremendous. Wads flew like bullets. We shot one man, took several prisoners, and were left masters of the field. At sight of the haughty foe in flisht I veiled mv throat into tatters. Tlie llisioin OK (iKEATER INDIANArOLIS. 1:5: incident is, of coiirx', trivial: 3ct it was of eonbequciicL' to me. It ])iit a final finish upon the taste for military life by turning it into u genuine passion. It was my initiation into the Ancient and Honorable Order of Sol- diers."' Wallace longed for !Me.\ico, and war. He hastened to the office of the Adjutant Gen- eral before the call was issued, seeking an interview. He says: ''David Reynolds, the incumbent, was a good-looking person, stout, rubicund, afl'able, who had not yet appeared in uniform. He knew nothing military, and, to his credit, he made no pretension to such knowledge. His appreciation of the title even needed cultivation. He was intelligent an<i willing to learn. I found him in a riustered state not unlike that of a mother hen unex- pectedly visited by a marauding hawk. There were a hundred things to do — blanks to be prepared, books to be opened — cnerything, in- deed, that ouglit to have been done long be- fore, and that would liave been done but for the lack of the needful appro]jriation. A cor- responding inexperience on the [jart of the Governor heightened tiie confusion of the staff officers. * * * I |,;„| the good fortune to know him, though at a distance. His position was too e.xalted for familiar acquaintance with so young a man. He was a lover of l>ooks. His fine liijrary was useful as well as orna- mental. It was a certificate that his re])utation for learning and scholarly altaiiuncnts was de- served. * * * i[is picture in the state librar)' is a better likeness of the war governor than the statue under the monument. If in speaking of him one confines remarks to his abilities as a statesman, the choicest terms of eulogy may be used with pniprictv : but he was not a soldier. ""- .Vnd yet these were tiie men that made In- diana's fine recoril for ])romptness in this emer- gency, (iovernor WJiitcoinb did not wait for appro))riations. He liorrowed the needed funds from the banks that were willing to loan on his ))ersonal and official 7'cs]ionsibility. One has but to glance over the coiitcni|iorary accounts cojleeted in that most a<imirable volume of Col. Oran Perry's, "Indiana in tlic Mexican \\ ar", to sec liow cpiickK ami bow I'lilh- he mastered the situation. Nor was Reynolds lacking. Says Perry: "Fortunately for the reputation of the state, the incumbent. Gen- eral David Reynolds, was a man of superior ex- ecutive ability, dauntless in all emergencies, a tireless worker, and blessed with an abun- dance of common sense, which largely offset his inexperience. His success in rapidly or- ganizing the State's quota for the war had no parallel at that time, and in 1847 a grateful legislature recognized the fact by adding $1.50 to his salary for that year."'' The addition looks better when it is remembered that liis regular salary was $100 a year, and "find him- self with office, stationery and fuel. Inex- ])erienced as he was, Adjutant-General Rey- nolds sent Wallace away with the information that a call would be made, and that anybody might raise a company, subject to acceptance by the Governor; and of his use of the knowl- edge I let him tell : "There was much talk in Indianapolis about volunteering. Other parts of the state wore showing activity. I bustled about, interview- ing members of the 'Grays' and 'Arabs'. To my argument that the term of service was short, only one year, some of them, witii an earnestness implying personal experience, re- plied that a year was ample time in which to die. Fiiuilly, in fear of the passing of the ojjportunity, I resolved to open a recruiting office myself. The town could not mort' than laugh at me. So I took a room on Washington street and hired a drummer and fifer. Out of the one front window of the building I pro- jected a flag, then a transparency inscribed on its four faces 'For ^fexico. Fall in'. I at- tacked the astonished public in the street. The first round was jirodnctive. A dozen or more young men fell into tlie procession. With- in three days the company was full. In the election of officers, .lames P. Drake was chosen ca|)tain and John McDougall, first lieutenant. The second lieutenancy was given to me. Upon acceptation by tiie Governor, we were ordered to the general rendezvous at Xcw .\ll)anv, on the Ohio Hiver."' The Indiaiia|)oiis company was not first. Its commissions were issued on JntU' I. 'I'hose of the Dearlwirn \'nl iiri1<'crs ,iiid MoMi'ne (luai'ds '.1 iitobiuf/nijilii/. -.[ iitohloi/riijiln/. fllS-!). 'fnilidiKi ill till' Mf.niini *A iili>hi<iiiriijili I/. |i. f 11. :?. i:J8 HISTOIIV OK (iRKATKli IXDlAXArOLlS. D < Q o Q-i z o 1-^ *3 C _j CC r^ o rt ai 5 'ja > H CO fl < c Cd 0) a d. E- w D O ■^' OJ 1 1 ^v irs 30 a- C a- 73 u J ;_' o 0; C u < O z (J *^ 4-> 3 a z a? Ci ^ ^ o H ^— ' > -^ H t> a >- 63 M a K 5 ca HISTOHV OK (iliKA ri:if, IXDIAXAI'OI.IS. 13!) were issuoil (III llic 1st; the Putnam IJIuo ami Cass County \'ohinteers ou the '-iud ; the Mont- gomery Volunteers and Johnson Guards on the 3d. The Clarion Volunteers went into camp near the city, and after two weeks of drill they were started on the 17th on their march, or rather on their ride, for enthusiastic farm- ers had volunteered their wagons to take them to Kdinhurg. to which point the .Madison rail- road was then opened. They marched to the door of Drake's Hotel (west of the Lombard building) and there were presented a flag by the ladies of the city. Sarah T. Bolton made the presentation address, and responses were made by Cajitain Drake for the company, John II. Bradley for the citizens, and (rovernor \\'hitcond) for the state. Then they started with the godspeeds of the multitude, for all of Marion County seemed to have gathered for the departure. To Madison by rail, and New Albany by boat, then to camp for two weeks on tlir old estate of (ieorge Rogers Clark, then called Camp Whitcomb. and be mustered in. On July ,5, the Marion Volunteeis, now Company II, of the First Regiment, marched on board the steamer (irace Darling, and started for New Orleans. The company had reorganized at New Albany. Captain Drake having been elected colonel of the regiment. John McDougall was chosen captain, and Noah Noble Campbell, first lieutenant in ]ilacc oC McDougall. If ever a military organization was I'ntitlcd to ]iromulgate a hard-luck story it was the Marion volunteers — or rather the whole First Indiana regiment. They got their first taste of real soldiering at New Orleans in their camp on (ienci-al Jackson's battlefield, wbirli was romantic but very damp. The regiment crossed the Oulf in two ships, the Flavio, of fi-10 tons, taking five comiianies, and the Sophia Walker, of ;i.")0 tons, taking thive, including the In- diana)Kilis company. Two comjianies were left behind temporarily. The voyage was fairly pleasant for those who were not seasick, and could keep out of range of those who were.'' Arrived at Point Isabel, the regiment was marched ten miles u|) llie R'io Grande and eani]ieil in a mcscpiili' chap- arral, about a mile fi-oin I be rivci-. separated by a low. wet bottom, through which all the water for the camp had to be carried. Here they began to experience the ills common to all soldiers who do not know how to take care of themselves, and whose officers do not know how to care for them. Measles and diarrluea broke out in the camp. .Many died and most of those who did not were greatly enfeelded. They were learning the lesson that with unsanitary living, disease always causes more deaths than the arms of the enemy. In the Civil War the deaths from disease were 249,23.5, while only 110,070 were killed in battle." In the Spanish War the pro- |)ortion was far greater, 4,015 by disease to 208 killed in battle, because there was so little fighting." The great stress of militia train- ing now is on the preservation of health, and every commissioned ofiicer has to pass an ex- amination in sanitation. It is as important, if not more so, to know where to place a camp as to know where to place a battery. Fortunately the supply of medicine, wlii^-h consisted in those days of opium pills and calomel, gave out about the time the sickly season ended in the fall, and the health of the troops began to improve. But there were no indications of an order to move towards the front. It became evident that the First Indiana was to be left in tliat wretched hole to guard communications. I{e(|uests to move had no effect. But finally, after weary weeks of waiting Gen. Robert Patterson came along and ordereil an advance to Walnut Springs. Then there was joy. The regiment was to get some share of the glory others were ac- quiring. It marched with alacrity. On De- cember 24, it had reached Corristos, only six miles from Walnut Springs, when it received orders fnmi (Jen. Taylor to march back. There had been a mistake. The communica- tions must be guarded. Back they must go into the pacific and jirosaic nnid-hole. .\nd that was iioi all. .Along the line of mai-ch they had been passing <ilber troops that had been left behind, and which had cursed lustily because this regiment was brought up from be- hind them. Now the First had to march back past these envious creatures, and they were idiotic enough to think it was funny. Gen. ^Indiana in the Me.riniii ]\'(ii: p. S3. '' F d.r' s li'fi/iiiiciiliil l.dssi's, p. 111. '•lie purl of A'/j'l drill.. Vol. 1, Pr. 1(111. IRI HISTOKY OF GREATEK INDIANAPOLIS. George F. lIcGiuniss was a lieutenant in the Second Ohio, stationed at the time at Punta Aguida, and he recalls with undisguised glee how they chaffed the First Indiana as it marched back again. And it stayed back till the j'ear of enlistment had expired, and it was sent home. It was a horrible blow to all of them, but worst of all to Lew Wallace. Think of a man who had been dreaming of '"the lialls of the Monteznmas"'" for years, who knew the City of Mexico by heart without having seen it, brought this near and then stopped absolutely and hopelessly. Think of a young fellow full of military ardor, a dreamer by nature, forced to hear the stories of the glorious acliievements of the others, so near at hand, while his regiment did practically nothing but take medicine and bury the dead. No wonder he hated Taylor. Xo wonder he tried to prevent his nomination for the pres- idency. No wonder he, a Whig born and bred, edited a campaign paper against the oppressor, and, when he was elected, went over bag and baggage to the Democrats. And so the ilarion Volunteers came home with hardly a smell of powder and large quan- tities of experience, but it was all the same here. They were all veterans. The first Regi- ment shared in the glories of the Third and the martyrdom of the Second under imjust criticism. Extensive preparation was made at Indianapolis for the public reception of the volunteers, but instead of coming in a body they came in squads, and spoiled the pro- gramme. And there was another event to turn attention from any celebration. There had been several Indianapolis people in other or- ganizations than the company raised here, and among them none better known or more popu- lar than Trustin B. Kinder. He had gone down to Orange Couuty to practice law, and when the war came on he volunteered there, and his company, of which he was captain went into the Second Regiment. He fell at Buena A'ista, and his body was brought home for burial, and it was the only one of the Indianapolis dead that was l)rouglit back. Luther Reck, son of the first Lutheran clergyman here, had been drowned in the Rio Grande on August 18, ia4fi,'' and Harry Cartwright. John John- son, Jerome Lutz, Wm. Green, Edward ;N[alone "Indiana in the Mrslran ^Vlll•. p. 04. and John Peyton had succumbed to disease, but their bodies had been left on Mexican soil. Captain Kinder's funeral was on July 12, 1847. His company had come from Paoli to attend the service, and acted as escort while a great concourse joined in the procession. It was by far the largest funeral ever seen in Indianapolis up to that time and for years afterwards. The remains were escorted from his father's house to the State House Square where the services were held. A prayer was offered by the Rev. Kavanaugh, a sermon de- livered by the Rev. Gillette, and an eulogv' by the Rev. Ames; after which the funeral train moved down to the old graveyard. Here an oration was pronounced by John T. Morrison, and the soldier was consigned to his grave with military honors. To the wreaths upon his grave, Sarah T. Bolton added her immortelle of song — - "Gallant soldier, farewell ; True, thy country has jjroved thee, And thy memory will dwell In the warm hearts that love thee." On April 34, 1847, Governor 'Wliitcomb is- sued a call for another regiment for the Mex- ican War, and a company was organized here with Edward Lander as captain ; Abraham B. B. Lewis, first lieutenant ; Benjamin Pill- bean, second lieutenant, and Joseph Combs, third lieutenant, by ilay 'i'i. It left on the 2fith for the rendezvous. The ladies of the city made them a banner, but as it was not ready when they left the presentation was made on their behalf by Adjutant-General Rey- nolds, at Jeffersonville, on July T. The Fourth regiment, in which they were t'onipany D, or- ganized on June 1(5. electing Willis A. Gor- man of Monroe County, colonel; Ebenezer Du- mont of Dearborn — fonner principal of the Marion County seminary — lieutenant-colonel, and William ilcCoy, of Laporte Couuty, major. On the 24th they left New Orleans for Mex- ico on the "Sophia Walker," the same boat that took the former Indianapolis company, but they had better luck than their predecessors. They were assigned to Joe Lane's brigade and went almost direct to Vera Cruz, from which they marched on September 18 for the City of Mexico. They got into some of the pret- tiest fighting of the war, at Iluamantla, Puebla, Tlascala and Atlixco. IllSKiKV (»!•■ GHEATEK 1 N JUAXAPOLIS. 141 As llitTr were ?i'\X'r;il organized coiiipaniL'S in tiie state desirous of going to tlie front, Adjutant-General Eeyuolds notified the Secre- tary of Wav of the fact, and James J I. Lane was authorized to raise another Indiana regi- ment. The call was issued by Governor Wliit- eomb on August 31. A company was raised at Jiulianapolis witii Jolui McDougall, wlio iiad served in the First regiment, as captain; Thomas iIaeBal<er, of the Kifles, as lirst lieu- tenant; Wm. C. KJse, second lieutenant, and Thomas 0'"N"eal, third lieutenant. This be- came Company F, of the Fifth Indiana. The rotriment was full on September •^;i. and on the "JTth, the Indianapolis company, then called the Center (iuards, left for Madison. The regiment organized on October 'i'i. with James Jl. Lane, colonel: Alli-ii May. ol' .Montgomery County, lieutenant-colonel, and JoJin ilyers, major. Dr. James S. Athou was surgeon of this regiment, and John M. Lord, adjutant. The regiment was hurried to tiie front, arriv- ing at Vera Cruz on }\ovember 'H. They were in time to "in at the death", and had the satisfaction of camping with the Fourth In- diana and others at En Cerro, the estate of Santa Anna, preparatory to their return home. A consideration of the troops furnished by JLarion County for llie ^lexiean War- would indicate that there was no intense interest in tiiat contlict at this ])oint, and there was not. This was a Whig stronghold and as a jiarty they were opposed to the war. though, at the same time, as citizens they felt under the necessity of supporting it after the country had got into it. Clayton and Corwin put this inconsistency at their fellow Whigs in Con- gress in a very pointed way. And liicir bigic was unanswerable. II' it were "a war of in- vasion " ; if it were an unconstitutional act for the President to declare that war "existed"', and to order the troops forward without any declaration of war by Congress; if it were "an unholy war" and "waged in the interest of slaveholders for the acquisition of slave ter- ritory", why should a conscientious Wliig sup- port it? But the people \wr{i evidently for war, as Americans usually are, and it would be suicidal politics to oppose "my country, right or wrong". And so the average Whig drifted along with the current waiting for the chance to say, "I told you so"', that never came. The feeling is cautiously expressed in the Journal's observation when the call for the Fifth regiment came: "We understand that Governor \Vhitcomb received by yesterday's mail a requisition for another regiment of vol- unteers from this state. It would appear that the President has not nuuli liopes of either purchasing or conquering a peace very soon. The end is not yet." '■' But the brilliant suc- cess of the war disposed of that horn of the dilenuna, and the Whigs certainly made the best of the situation when they nominated Taylor for president, though they said in their platform that he had gone into the war with reluctance. This political feeling probably furnishes the real explanation of why the mil- itia companies here did not volunteer as or- ganizations: and the expressions of fear of death by their members, of whicli Lew Wallace speaks above, shouKl be taken as evasions rather than sincere statements of sentiment. They were, no doubt, based on the theory of the legal aphorism that, "A bad answer is good enough answer to a bad complaint"'. '■'Jnurnal, September 7, 181^ CHAPTER XV. ADVENT OF THE EAILROADS. If ever the adjective '"pathetic'" can be properly applied to a public failure, it may rightfully be used for the breakdowu of In- diana's internal improvement system. It was of such vast consequence and so near success. Xever did a people undertake a great enter- prise on more apparently rational grounds. And they came so near to accomplishing sorae- tliing really great. Just a little dift'ei;ence of jiolicy here and there would have carried them tiirough. If they had put their money into railroads instead of high-line canals; if they had put the southern terminus of the one rail- road they did undertake at Jeffersonville in- stead of Madison : if __they had started on the high level at Madison, and put off till later the work on the "Deep Diggings" to the lowei- ground, in which so much money was sunk; if thev had taken up one tiling at a time, finished it and put it on a paying basis before beginning another ; on any of these lines they might have succeeded. But they did not, and on the face of the situation they were Justified in expecting to get through on the basis on which they started. Possildy, if the panic of 1837 had not occurred they would have suc- ceeded. As it was, the report of the State Auditor for 1840 shows that up to that time the State had expended for turnpike roads $412,32G.-2o: for the Indianapolis and :\[adi- son Railroad, $l,fi24,(i03.0r), and for canals. $8.108,543,— a total of $10,204,273,34. And for all this it had ])ractically not one cent's worth of property to show. If it had suc- ceeded it would have had valuable properties that would have been sources of revenue, in- creasing in value daily ; instead of having as now practically all of the state's transporta- tion lines owned outside the state. There were persons who advised mure wisely at the time. On Xoveniber 27, 1835, the Jour- nal jiublished a long and strong letter from S. Whitnuin, of Xew Alliany, advocating rail- roads in ])reference to canals on the substan- tial grounds that they were cheaper to con- struct ; gave more rapid transit ; could be used all the year round while canals froze up in winter; and were less liable to get out of re- pair so as to interfere with traffic. The cost of a railroad of course depends largely on the kind of country it runs through, and heavy cutting and lilling cost more then than now. The state began the road from iladison to Indianapolis in 1838, and in 1842 had com- pleted 28 miles from the start, as well as hav- ing done about half the grading and bridging for-tlie next 28 miles. It then surrendered the work to a company, being tinaiu-ially un- able to go on itself, which took jiossession in February, 1843. The inclined plane at ^ladi- son, and the heavy cuts and tills south of Ver- non, made an average cost for this part of the road, built by the state, of $40,000 a mile. The balance of the road from Six Mile Creek to Indiana]iolis, furnished by the company, and laid with iwir rail, cost less than $8,000 a mile. The branch from Edinburgh to Shel- byville, sixteen miles, cost only $800 a mile for grading and bridging. Tlu^ road could have been built from Jeft'ersonville over much more favorable ground ; in fact, the Jeiferson- ville road when built to Edinburgh, had cost for the 78 miles, only $1,185,000, or about two-thirds of what the state paitl for the 28 miles from ^ladison. And, moreover, it would, if built to Jetfersonville. have been completed much sooner, and would liave had a vastly more important terminus. There had been some effort at railroads by private ecun|)anies before the state adopted its 142 niSTOl.'V OF (lltKATF.i; 1 X I H A N A IM »1.1S. 143 internal iiii]tn)\cmL'nl sehciuL'. Inileod In- diana caught the railroad fever very early for it began chartering railroads in 183"^, and the first one in the countrv — a horse-tram, 3 miles long from the granitt' quarries at Quiuey, Massai-luisetts, had been iniilt in 18"2(i-T,, and the first steam locomotive built in the Tnited States was completed in 1830. The succe>s of sh(n't lines, chiefly in coiniection with mines, created an enthusiasm for railroads throughout the coun- try, and on Fi'liruary 2 and 3, 1832, the legis- lature of Indiana chartered eight companies. five of which were to connect Indianapolis with the Ohio l{iver. They were the T.iawrenceburg and Indianajjolis. \ia .\a|>oleon and Greens- burg: the Harrison and Indianapolis, from Harrison, Dearborn County, via Brookville and Hushville: the ^ladison and La- fayette, via Indianapolis; the Xew Al- bany, Salem and indianajiolis, via Co- lumbus; and the Ohio and Indianapolis, from Jeffersonville via Columbus. The other three were the Ohio and Lafayette, from the Falls to Lafayette; the Wabash and ]\Iichigan, fi-om Lafayette to "the mouth of Dishman,' or Trail Creek, ill Laporte County'"; and the Richmond, Eaton and Jlianii, from Richmond to Hamil- ton, Ohio. The ln(liana])olis people inter- ested in these ventures at the start were, in the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, Nicholas McCarty. Heiijaniin 1. I'.lvthi' and James niake; in the Harrison and Indianapolis, Isaac X. Phipi)s. llervey Bates and Alfred Harrison; in the Xew .\lbany, Salem and Indianapolis, A. C. Reid ; in the Ohio and Indianapolis, James >rorrison and James Blake. None of these roads were Imilt under their original charters, tliongh roads were later eonstnietecl on nearly all the lines selected. Surveys were made on several, but tlie only constriietion by any was a mile and a c|uarter of road at Shelbyvillc, made by the Lawrence- burg and liidianajiolis Company, which, as tile first in Indiana, is of ])assing interest. James Hlake, as president, i)ro tem, of the coniiiany, made a report on December 5, 1834, of the work aeconiplisbed and of the lio|ies based on it. M that time railroad-building was so much in its infanev that most of the work was ex])erimental. The most common Du Clicniin — site (d' ^MieliiLi'an Citv. mode of conslniction was lu lay cross-ties on stone at either end, and on these place heavy wooden rails, which were capped with bar- iron. This mode was not altogether satisfac- tory, as there was no stone along part of the line. The following extracts from Mr. Blake"s rej)ort will give an idea of the work: "With a view to ascertain whether long pieces of timber laid lengthwise the road, one on each side for the cro-ss ties to rest upon, might not answer in the place of broken stone foundation, the one mile and a (piarter of the road at Shelbyvillc was laid in that manner. Tindier of various kinds, si.x liy eight inches, and twenty feet long, and completely covered with earth, have been used for this purpose. * * * After the road is laid, the stone for the horse path (should one be thought neces- sary) can be readily brought upon the road from the extensive (piarries on Flat Rock, at a very litile expense. * * * There are, however, tuo alterations in the |)lan of con- struction which the Board is desirous of mak- ing. The road in every respect is calculated for the use of locomotive power — and the speed and cheapness of that power over every other, will no doubt occasion it to be adopted on this road as it has been on almost every other of any extent in the L'nited States and in Kuro])c. It would, therefore, be pro]ier at once to save the ex])ense of a horse path. This is estimated to cost three hundred dollars per mile, and supposing the road to be ninety miles long, twenty-seven thousand dollars may be saved. A sum sufficient to procure all the locomotive power necessary for a long time. And it will likewise su))ercede the outlay of capital that would otherwise be necessarily in- vested in horses. In additiim to these advan- tages, if steam alone should be used, the in- termediate space between the rails need not be so entirely filled with earth as is required by the horse path, and thus the rails, at least, mav he tnade to last many years longer than lbc\- would do were they brought into immedi- ate contact with the earth. * * * "Having foi'med and ex])ressed the intention of completing this ])iece of road by the 4th of .Inly last, umh'r the expectation of having Mr. Van De GralT to sui)erintend it, the Board found it necessary to comply with the expecta- tions of the pidilic on the subject, notwith- standing Ibev were d isa ppoii\ted in procuring 14 + HISTORY OF OKPLVTER INDIANAPOLIS. an engineer as early as was expected. This piece of road was accordingly let out in quarter- mile sections, and completed in about two months by its enterprising contractors. And when it is considered that it was built with- out tlie aid of competent engineers, — by men without experience in such works, and with the ordinary labour of the country, it is not only highly creditable to those concerned, but is also calculated to give great confidence in the ability of the country to construct the work throughout the whole route, and at a cost far below the engineer's estimate. In the course of the day (July -1) between six and eight hundred persons were passed upon tlie road by one car, a distance out and in of two and a half miles. One horse was found able to draw from forty to fifty per- sons at the rate of nineteen miles per hour, and this when all the work, both of car and road, was new and rough. Owing to the dif- ficulty of procuring an engineer, the directors superintending the work did not deem it proper to carry it into Shelbyvillc, as they could not tell where the engineer might choose to cross the river. The work was, therefore, stopped three-quarters of a mile from town. Yet it is believed that it affords a fair specimen of the cost of construction through the line of level country already spoken of. Upon it there is one cut of five feet ; one embankment of five feet, and one of ten — two curves and two bridges, already mentioned,— all in the dis- tance of one and a quarter miles, and the whole cost was one thousand five hundred dollars per mile.'' Mr. Blake states that all expenses to date, including surveys, have been $3,524.- 471/^, and the only receipts have been from passengers at Shelbyville, from which "there has been received eighty-three dollars, of which sixtv dollars was taken on the 4th of Julv last!" Under the agreement with the company which undertook to complete the iladison rail- road, in accordance with the act for the sur- render of any of the internal improvement projects,'- the company was to pay the state a rental of $1,152 per year for three years. This was later extended to ten years on condition that the road be completed to Edinburgh be- fore July, 1846, and to Indianapolis within -General Laws ISJiJ, p. 3. two years afterward. After the ten years the profits of the road were to be divided between the state and the company in proportion to the amount constructed by each, giving the state about one-third. The company com- [ilied with the construction requirements by October 1, 184'i', and entered on a career of apparent prosperity. It had a monopoly of transportation between the river and the cen- tral part of the state. Population and busi- ness were steadily increasing and the receipts of the road grew accordingly. The receipts from transportation, which had been $22,110 in 1843, with 33 miles of track, and $60,053 in 1845, with 50 miles of track, rose in 1848 (11 months, owing to a change in the fiscal year) to $212,090; in 1850 to $272,308: in 1853 to $516,414. The financial success of the road seemed assured from this point of \'iew, and yet in 1852 it was practically bank- rupt. The road had scarcely begun operation be- fore the defects of inexperience began to ap- peal'. The portion constructed by the state had been laid with light T rail, and the rest with bar plate on wooden rails. Bj' 1848, ]n-actically all of this had to be replaced. The ditching, and indeed almost every feature of tlie original work had been inadequate, and liad to be done over. In Februar_y, 1846, Pres- ident Samuel Merrill said: ''']\Iore water sta- tions must be made, and they must be better adapted to the business of the road. The turn-outs at Dupont's, Butlers, Yernon. and Scipio must be extended, so. that long trains can pass, and new ones must be made at Mid- dle Fork and Tannehill's Depot. More tracks are required at the Hill Depot, and more room for the deposit of freight. The depot in Madison must also be enlarged to double its present size. A new locomotive will be re- quired in the fall, and the mmiber of cars must be considerably increased." There were all sorts of trouble, some of which seem hardly sufficient now to seriously affect the business of a railroad, but they did then. In the fall of 1855 there was a prolonged drought, fol- lowed by extreme cold and much snow in De- cember, and President Merrill thus depicts the effects: "When frequently not less than 200 barrels of water a day were to be dipped in buckets, or hauled in wagons : when, until ap- paratus could be made for throwing steam into ( HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 14') the tank, one of the liose was usually beforu the furnace to melt the ice in it, while the other was in use; when more car wheels hroke in a month than had previously in two years: wluii the trips rcquiretl from IS to 20 hours instead of 10, the usual time, it is a matter of sur- prise that so much was done. Wells could not be dug in the region south of Rock Creek, nor suitable hands found to attend the pumps north, and it was only by great exertions of all who were cm|>loyed that no trips were lost. When one set of hands was worn down with fatigue, another took their places, and all thai could be dnnc under the circumstances was effected." The inclined plane at ifadison was a source of heavy expense from the start. On ilarch 28, 1844, when the track was wet and slippery. a loaded freight car escaped control and sped down the plane colliding with a ])assenger train, and killing live ])ersons and maiming as many more. The company undertook to escape the ditliculties and dangers of the plane hv a cog track, known as the Cathcart patent, for which it paid Cathcart $0,000. About $2,000 more was spent in defending the patent and $T."),000 for installing it. But this did not secure either safety or convenience, and when the state sold its interest to the road in 18.")2. it stipulated for a new terminus. On A|)ril 10, IM.")."). I'res- ident Ellis said: "That work was immediately connncnced. over three hundred thousand dollars expended thereon, and was fin- \ ally abandoned"'. But all these things were ' of minor importance as compared with an- other element of disaster. Tlie company ap- plied to the legislature of 18.31-2 for the pur- chase of the state's interest in the road, and by the act of ^February 28, 18.")2, the state sold, agreeing to take $600,000 in state stock. or $.300,000 in money, payable in four an- nual installments, beginning in 18.")l. Ip lo this time the state had avoided giving any opening to competing lines, but by the gen- eral law of May 11, 18.J2, it threw the door wide open to construction of railroads anv- where, by anybody. The results most barnirul to the Madison road were the construction of the JelTersonvillc road, giving direct competi- tion to Indianapolis, and a change in the line of the Eawrenceburgh and l'))])er ^Iississip])i road, giving more direct comniunicalion with Cincinnati. Says President Fllis: "The Imsiness Vol. I— 10 of the Madison road began at once to decline, at the most rapid rate, and the line, instead of being the great thoroughfare for trade and travel, became a local road, shorn of its busi- ness and profits". It made an effort to re- cover by investing half a million dollars in the Columbus and Shelby road, and buying the controlling interest in a line of steamers, but in vain. It was doomed. The gross earnings of the Madison road, which had reached $47(5,892 in 1852, dropped to $2T.5,55T in 18.54. Its stock, which sold for $l.(iO in 18o2 had dro])ped to $(l.02ii; in Jau- uar}-, 18.56. On ifarcli 1, 18.5.5, a law was passed appointing Governor Wright, Judge Thos. S. Stanfield and Elijah Newlaud com- missioners to investigate the affairs of the Madison road and comj)romise to the best ad- vantage the debt to the state. The commis- sioners reported at the next session of the legis- lature, and on its report the i-oad was a hope- less wreck. On May 1, 18G1, to raise the money needed for its terminal and other work, the company had placed a mortgage of $600,- 000 on the entire property, due in 10 years, and on this there was $46,310 of interest in arrears. The state had taken a second mort- gage for its $300,000 on August 12, 18.53. On October 1, 18.53, a third mortgage had l)een executed to secure $(iO().000 of additional bonds, and of these $261,000 had been dis- posed of. There was a domestic debt, unse- cured, of $287,286 for repair work, material, damages, etc., and in addition to this $1,647,- SOO of outstanding stock, making total liabili- ties of $3,132,396. The commissioners said: "The pecuniary condition of this company is a hopeless insolvency, and to some extent has been rendered so by the legislative policy of the state, in granting (-barters to other rail- road companies, who have made more fortu- nate locations in securing the trade and travel of the country. To maintain a successful com- jjctition with these rival roads, the company has ex])ended large amounts of money — more than the entire road is now worth, which ex- |iendilure has become almost an entire loss. Most of this money has been lost in an unsuc- cessful effort to avoid the inclined plane at ^[adison, and the building of branch roads. -And after all these prodigal ex]icnditurcs W(>re made, and business connections formed with other companies, it was still dnonied to fall 14G IIISTOKV OF (iUKATEi; IXDIAXAPOLTS. fnun its position of a trreat leading thorough- fare to a mere local road. The ex])ense and hazard in transporting over the inclined plane at Madison, and the increased distance by this route over others to the principal cities on the river, will forever prevent it from doing any considerable business, other than that in its own neig'hljorhood. "The present prospects of this road indicate the entire loss of its capital stock, one mil- lion six hundred and fortv-seven thousand and eight hundred dollars, and also the $■.'(;!. 000 of Ijonds issued under the third mortgage. and, indeed, it seems quite evident from what has already been shown, that when the first mortgage bonds become due, viz.: May 1, ISlJl, the road must from necessity fall into the hands of tlie bondliolders under that mortgage. That there is not money enough in it to justify the state or anyone else to take the road by pay- ing that debt and the other necessary o\itUtys that will be added to it by the time the bonds become due." On this situation the commis- sioners agreed to accept $75,000 in 5 per cent state bonds in full of the claim, which was dulv paid, and the mortgage released. The state also liad $31,450 of" stock of the road, which had been issued as earnings dividends. when the road was sold in 1852, and this was then exchanged to Winslow, Lanier & Co. for $59,300 of state Si/o per cent stock. These represent the state's returns from the ven- ture; and the settlement was a good one. In January, 1854, the road was consolidated with and operated with the Peru for a few moiitiis. and then this relation was dissolved. On J[arch 27, 18G2, the iladison road was sold on foreclosure by the Ignited States Marshal, for $325,000. A new company was organized and operated the road for a year of two wlien it was bought by and consolidated with the Jef- fersonville road, which later passed into tlu' Pennsylvania Pailroad system. In reality the loss to the state was not so serious as the lo.'is to the stockholders and bondholders. The state got all the advantage, of opening up the part of the country at its center, in the beginning; and by its course in 1852. although it destroved its ])rospects of getting its $300,000 from the Madison road. it produced a development that was of much greater value in income from taxation. No doubt it niiiiht iiave worked out a svstem of state-owned railroads by different management from the start ; but it is not given to mankind to use the knowledge gained by exi^erience and retrospection in the exercise of foresight as to the same affairs. The great point at the time was to get the road built at all, and the bene- fit of that was felt imnu'diately, es[iecially at Indianapolis. The jieriod of isolation of the capital was ended. A new era was opened. For the first time manufacture for other than domestic consumption became a possii)ility, and the agricultural products of the region be- came sensitive to the movement of outside markets. In a few wc^ks wheat advanced fi-om 4(1 cents a bushel to 90 cents. Tudoulitedly the railroad investment was more than re- turned to the state; and undoubtedly Indian- apolis and Marion County had value received for all they paid ; and they paid a goodly share in the subsequent extinction of the state debt by taxation. There was naturally a brisk competition for the location of the new Madison depot at Indianapolis, various parties offering liberal donations, but it was finally located on South street between Pennsylvania and Delaware, which was then a quarter of a mile outside of the Settled district, there having been no ex- tension of the town south of Pogue"s Kun. The depot, or "depot house" as it was tlun called, was built in 1846-T, and though the location caused a great deal of criticism on account of its "distance from business", Mo- hanimeil concluded to go to the mountain, and soon an embryo town sprang u]) about the depot. On September 9, 1848, the Loruniofii:e gave the following description of the progress in that vicinity : ""Tlie Depot house is brick, substantially built ; the first building is 50 feet square and two stories high. This is oc- cupied as offices, rooms for clerks, board of directors, ladies sitting room, &c. It is finely linishcd and is a handsome looking house. The ware-house extends 350 feet from the front l)uilding, and is 50 feet wide; this building is l)riek, with a covered roof — the eaves ex- tending about ten feet beyond the walls on each side, affording protection from the sun and rain. The cars run through the centre of the entire building, and in the ware-house, on either side of the cars, is amide room for storage. "On the east of the railroad, and within two •:*j HISTORY OF (MtKATER I N'I>IAXAPOLTS. 147 148 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. squares of it, there has been, and is now be- ing built, 19 liouscs this spring and summer, among which are two brick M-are-hou?e^, both two stories high, and one of which is 13(1 by 25 feet, and a large Hotel. To show the dis- patch with which business is done here, we will state that the design of the latter excellent and valuable improvement was drawn in February ; on the 15th of August the house was finished, furnished and occupied; even to the sign, on which is displaved in large gilt letters, 'THE DEPOT HOUSE By Banner LAWHE.vn.' — The hotel is of brick, 3 stories high, the front fiOxSO feet, with a wing 160 by "20 feet. — The balance of the houses erected east of the Depot are mostly one story frame dwellings. West of the Depot, and immedi- ately adjoining the railroad track, there was built this summer 13 houses, including 5 two- storv ware-houses, two brick, one of which is 25 by 136 feet."' Of course the railroad increased in useful- ness to the town as it approached, but this only whetted the public desire to have it com- pleted, ^lien it was assured that it would be opened on October 1, 1847. a citizens" meet- ing — ajiparently predigested by the officials of the road — was held on September 3.") ; and resolutions were adopted for a celebration, with a committee of seven to prepare for it. and also "that the Railroad Company ought to permit passengers, for a week at least, to travel on the road at reduced prices"'. In re- sponse to this last. Samuel ^[errill, as Presi- dent and Superintendent of the road, gra- ciously announced that, "The M. & I. R. R. Co. will on the clay the Road is completed take passengers along tlie whole or any part of the route for one-third +he usual rates, and they will continue to take families, or parts of families at the same rates for the ensuing week, with the understanding that ladies alone, if their number be sufficient for the purpose, shall occupy the covei'ed cars. If any person shall wish to take a ride on the afternoon of the day of the celebration, they may ride to Franklin and back at 25 cts. each". The regular rate to Franklin was 75 cents Diie wav. This was eminently satisfac- tory. The celebration was helped out bv the .nrrival of S|)alding's Xortli .Vmerican Circus, declared to embrace 200 people, including "35 widelv celebrated ladv and gentlemen artistes. at the acme of their profession", and Xed Kendall's brass band of "15 picked musicians in lustrious uniforms". The importance of the latter may be judged from this statement of the circus advertisement: "Led bv the ni- ^lORTAL EDWARD KENDALL whose fame as the MAGIC BUGLER has penetrated ever> circle to which music has access, (it) at once gives tone to the pure and admirable amuse ments of the ilonster Circus, whether in lead ing the immensely extended procession in the Gorgeous Colossal Music Car or awakening the echoes of the streets while ^iounted on 16 UTCTriiY ro:\rrARisoNED steeds, or metamortilio^; ing the performance into a Soiree }[w^iralr! not the least attractive feature of which will bt the never to be forgotten Solo upon his ^Tagic Silver Biigle." -Mtogether it was a red letter day. The town was thronged with people from the vi- cinity. The last rail was laid at o'clock in the morning. At 10 the circus entered the town from the ea«t and Captain Evans' com- ]iany of mounted volunteers from the west Citptain Chapman"s artillery company was al ready on hand. At 1 all moved out to the d(')iot. The Jniinifil developed so much local enter)irise on the occasion that its account is worthy of preservation. It said: "Friday, sure enough was all that was anticipated and more too. Spalding's North .\merican Circus came rolling along about 10 o'clock A. ^f.. at tended by an old-fashioned North American crowd that would have done honor to any jniblic occasion. .Vt about 3 o'clock in tht afternoon, the liclching forth of the loud- mouthed cannon announced the time for the a]iproach of the cars from Madison. Such ? collection of people as thronged the grounds adjacent to the depot has not been witnessed in these parts since Tippecanoe times. They were there by acres, stretching far out along the railroad, some upon trees, stumps, fences moiinds. and everything which tended to raise one sqxiad above another. Soon a dark spot in the distance was descried by those picketed upon the furtherest outposts; then was heard the shrill whistle of the locomotive, echoing thriuiii'h boai'v forests aiul o"er verdant fields and shout answering to shout as the two iron steeds puffing and snorting majestically turned the curve in the road a short distance from town, followed by two long trains of passen- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. U!) gov and freifrht cars, completely lillcil witli human beings, tlio ladies wavinf; their white Iiandkerchiefs anti tlie men and hoys using their lungs in answering baek the long, loud huzzas from the people awaiting their ap- proach. "Well, they came to a halt, as all things in this world must, sooner or later. Then there was such a getting out. and such a tumbling in, and such a calling for a speecJi fn)m the Governor, such a squeaking from a short sprinkling of young 'uns, then a sjirinkling of rain, which caused such another running to and fro as we never saw before. Then the Governor mounted the top of one of the cars, as did the men. women and children the long platform which flanks either side, outside and in, of the depot, for the purpose of nuiking a spi'cch to them. But the Governor couldn't govern there. Confusion was rendered worse confounded by a snort from a locomotive, and the chime of its bell, which signified a pleas- ure ride to Greenwood and back for ^r, cents a head. La me I what a scampering among the novices of railroad riding. It couldn't have , been worse if the ride was to have lieen per- j formed by steam, with the 'road' part left out, only as in that case instead of scampering \ away, they scampered right up to the convey- ance, jiell mell. as if tlio\v wasn't afraid (if the /•((i7 cars, 'bull-gine' and all. But hark I A tap of the bell — are you ready? A loud un- earthly if not unsteamly whistle — clear the track — and away went about five hundred as happy, uproarous fellows as was ever 'mixed up' — yelling like so many Indians at every thing they saw from the scampering of a pig to the wonder-struck gaze of the young hoosiers as they peered out from behind some huge forest tree or some humble cabin by the wayside. That much we will say about the ride. But we won't say anything about a sup- posed crack in one of the a.xletrees — how the train was stoppe<l — what an.xiety was all of a sudden depicted upon those hitherto happy faces — how they were eased of their ^'t cents in the interval — how they were relieved of all fear when the cars moved forward again, and how they laughed to think the cracked axle- tree was easily ])roduced sound! It was thought a Santa Anna mnneuvre to gain time to 'pass' round the hat, and lau<died over aeeordingiv. i>ut ill tiiai 'pass' as the conclusion of the whole rail road scene. "Friday was ended — and a "good Friday' it was witliout any accident to nuir the pleasure of the people — by an exhibition of fire-works after dark, the illumination of many buildings, and the performance of Spalding's equestrian troop — the latter of which, though exaggerated as all such exhibitions are upon paper, was a little superior to anything we have ever seen in these parts. And thus the day ended, at 10 o'clock P. j\I., with the public appetite for amusement and excitement satiated." Amid the enthusiasm of the day Henry Ward Beecher left Indianapolis in response to his call from Plymouth Church. Thirty years later he wrote: "I left Indianapolis for Brooklyn on the very day upon which the cars on the Madison Railroad for the first time entered the town ; and I departed on the first train that ever left the place. On a wood- car, rigged up with boards across from side to side, went I forth. * * * rpjjg ^gj. ^^^g j^^ car at all. a mere extempore wood-box, used sometimes without seats for hogs, but with seats for men, of wdiich class I (ah me miser- able!) happened to be one. And so at eleven at night I arrived in iladison, uot overproud in the glory of riding on the first train that ever went from Indianapolis to Madison."'' And yet Jlr. Beecher overlooked the fact tliat he was escaping all the dangers of the "locked - in" system of the English railroads, of which Rev. Sydney Smith's ])en ])ictures of the more or less certain horrors had caused the hair of the English public to stand on end in 1S1-.'.* And this illustrates the fact that a really great clergyman can find something to com- plain of in almost any condition. The completion of the JIadisoii road made possible the building of roads from Indian- apolis, and numerous plans for this were projected, though they were rather slow of execution. The first company to accomplish anything material was the Bellefontaine, whose ])resident, Oliver II. Smith, set a livelier pace for older companies. The company was char- tered in 1848, secured stock subscriptions and right of way in the year following, let con- ^Beecher and Scouille's Bior/. of II. TV. Beecher, pp. 207. 2ir>. *Wit and Wiadoni of Syiliiey Smith, p. ;!44. 150 HISTOKY OF GKEATEK INDIANAPOLIS. tracts for grailiiig in tlir fall ol' KS4!>, vnm- inencL'd track-laying in April, 1850, and on December 19 of that year announced daily trains to Pendleton (28 miles) from which stage lines furnished connection with the iip- ])er White Eiver valley and the Wabash. In December, 1852, it was completed to [Tnion City, at the state line, 84 miles, where it con- nected with an Ohio road to Bellefontaine. The two were consolidated in 1855, under the name of Indianapolis, Pittsburg & Cleveland Hail- road ; and in 18{j8 this became part of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indian- apolis. Originally this road was known as the "Bee Line", later as the Cleveland Division of the "Big Four", and now as the Cleveland Division of the New York Central Lines. The Bellefontaine Company built a brick depot and shops in 1851, at irassachusetts avenue, then in the extreme northeastern jiart of the city, which were used till the T'nion Depot and tracks M-ere finished, in Xovendier, 1853, a frame de))ot, and l)rick engine house and shops were l)uilt at the \'irginia avenue crossing of Pogue's Run; these were abandoned in 1864, and new ones constructed near the east ilichi- gan street crossing. The first depot and shops, with 1,100 feet of tracks and five aci'es of ground were sold for $17,500 in July, 1853, and were converted into the Indianapolis Car Shops, which were ojierated l)y Farnsworth & Barnard from 1853 to 1859. They were then vacant for three years till 1862, when the Government took the buildings for a stable and used them till they burned down in 1865. The Peru & Indianapolis Railroad was char- tered January 19, 1846. Tlie company was organized in July, 1S4T, the road surveyed and located in 1847-8, and work begun in 1849. On March 11, 1851, its completion to Xobles- ville was celebrated by an excursion to that j)oint, where there were speeches by ex-Gover- nor Wallace and others, and music by the Noblesville Brass Band. The announcement states that, "The cars will leave Indianapolis at 8 o'clock in the morning, stopping in their passage at James' contemplated warehouse. Wilson's :Mill, Castleton, Holl & Teal's ^Mill, and Big Branch. Will leave Noblesville re- turning, at half past 10, stopping only at the water station east of Allisonville. The trains, with the passenger cars, from Madison and I'rndlrtoii will leave 1 ndinii:i|i()l is at two o'clock precisely, stopping only at the water station. Returning, will leave Noblesville at 4 o'clock, the two forward trains stopping only at the water station, the others stopping at the intermediate stations." Round trip 50 cents. The Peru seemed destined to hard luck. It was compl(>ted to Peru, 73 miles, on A]>ril 3, 1854, at a total cost of $760,000. It operated at first without a regular depot at this ])oint but in August, 1856, began a frame depot at New Jersey street and Rogue's Run. After the frame work was up, the whole structure blow down on September 18, fatally injuring ^Ir. Hill, one of the contractors, and wounding Sev- eral others. It was originally laid with fiat bar. but T rail was substituted in 1855-(i. The country through which the road ran was new, and its business small until connections were made to the north. It went into the hands of a receiver in 1857 and was operated for the benefit of the bondholders for a numl>er of years. It passed into the control of the Lake Erie & Western in 1887, whose lines are now operated in the name of that company, thougli jiractically owned by the New York Central. For several years the Madison dejiot was "the depot", — unrivalled. It stood on the south side of South street, between Pennsyl- vania and Delaware, on ground now occupied by open tracks. The office building, fronting north on South street, was about 50 feet s(|uare. two stories high, with a single trackway through the center. On either side were of- fices, waiting room, etc. Back of this was the long freight depot, of brick, with a projecting roof that reached over the outside ]ilatfonns. The freight depot was about thirty feet wide, with a track through the center and raised nhitforms on both sides. The east line of the front building, and the east platform of the freight building, were the same as the east line of the present little frame office of the South street yards. The passenger trains did not run into the depot, but came u]i on the west side. Here they were met by the run- ners for the three u)itown hotels, prominent among whom were Taylor Elliott (late I're-i- dent of the Board of Public Works) for the Wright House, and Wash Little for Little's Hotel, discoursing v(dulily on the merits of t'u'ir various busses, 'i'ben came the drive through the Pogtu>'s Run bottom, where in wet weather a wauon with ni<ire than two tnudcs HISTORY OF (;HP:ATER INDIAXAPOLIS. lol ma "wa^TH H O o a. < z a 15-i HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOOS. was apt to uiire dowu. Those who did not wish to go up towu could stop at the Depot House — name soon changed to Ray House — which stood where St. Vincent's Hospital now is. A little later Jacob Gruenert built the Jefferson Hotel west of the depot, and when it was torn down to make way for the Stand- ard Paper Co.'s building the name was carried on to the hotel at the corner of Pennsylvania. At the northwest corner of South and Dela- ware in the building still standing, was a sort of restaurant saloon, where the waiters for trains used to lunch on gingerbread and "krank beer,"' if they had the money; if not they would hie down the tracks one block to Fletcher's pork-house, and fill up on "crack- lings"'. The other lines added to the importance of this depot for a time by running to it. In June, 1849, the directors of the Peru road asked permission "to straighten the Pogue's Run from ISToble's pasture north of the Na- tional Road, to the southeast diagonal".^ This was granted, and on August 18, 1819, the Locomotive noticed the progress of the rail- road work thus: "The lines of the Bellefon- taine and Peru railroads intersect exactly on the northeast corner of the donation, the Belle- fontaine coming from the northeast and the Peru from the north. From this point the Peru runs south along the donation line, one square east of Xoble street, until it strikes Pogue's Run — the gi-ading in the donation is partly finished, and hands are now at work on it; this will be a common track for the Peru and Bellefontaine to connect with the Madison and Richmond Depots. From the corner stone, tlie Bellefontaine comes down the northeast diagonal" until opposite the block on which the depot is located, where it makes a curve to the depot house, which will stand east and west." By means of this track laid by the Peru and Bellefontaine the existing roads were united before the Union was constructed. With the work that was going on at the time, not to men- tion what was being talked of, the Locomotive does not seem excessively enthusiastic when it proposed on September 22, 1849, that Indian- apolis should be known as "The City of Rail- roads". It was in fact a leading citv in that ''i. e. Virginia avenue. °i. e. Massachusetts avenue. regard, and would soon have added several more to its list of railroads but for the hard times following 1853, which caused further development in that line to be deferred for a dozen years or more. Meanwhile the Terre Haute & Richmond road was making progress. It was chartered in 1846, but the construction did not commence until 1850, and it was finished to Terre Haute in May, 1852, the reported cost of the 73 miles being $1,415,000. It put up a brick freight depot at Louisiana and Tennessee streets in 1850-1, and a wooden bridge across White River in 1851-2, whidi was replaced by an iron bridge in 1866. The depot was remodeled in 1857, and was badly damaged in 1865 by the explosion of a locomotive within the building. This was the first road that put Indianapolis in touch with the coal fields. The eastern sec- tion of this road, to Richmond, was abandoned by this company in 1851, and taken up by the Indiana Central Railway Company, which completed the line to Richmond, and on to the state line, on December 8, 1853, at a reported cost of $1,223,000 for the 72 miles. At that point it connected with an Ohio line to Colum- bus, with which it was consolidated in 1863, under the name of the Indianapolis & Colum- bus road ; and this in turn was consolidated in 1867 with the Chicago and Great Eastern. It now forms the Indianapolis division of the "Pan Handle"", owned by the Pennsylvania. The Terre Flaute road was extended on through Illinois to St. Louis, and has long been known as the Vandalia. The Indianapolis and Cincinnati Railroad was the name adopted in December, 1853, by the old Lawreneeburgh and Upper Mississippi road, which was originally begun in sections in 1850. It finally succeeded in getting a through line charter in 1851,' notwithstanding the opposition of the Madison road, and was completed to Lawreneeburgh, 90 miles, in Oc- tober, 1853. It originally ran into Cincinnati over the Ohio and Mississippi road, on which a tliird rail had been laid, but in 1854-5 it bought the old Whitewater Canal, and laid its track into Cincinnati in its bed. This company built shops at Indianapolis in 1853, southeast of the city. They were burned in 1855, but soon re- built, and continued here lantil 1865, when 'o. g. See Locomotive, January 26, 1850. HISTORY OF GREATEK' 1 M HAXAroFJS. lo:; they wore removed to Ciuciimati. It erected the brick freight depot at Louisiana and Dela- ware streets in ISoo. Geo. II. Dunn, Thos. A. Morris and Henry C. Lord were the early presidents of this company. The Indianapolis and Lafayette road was be- gun in 1849, and completed between these two points in December, 1853. It was well man- aged by its iirst president, Albert S. White, and, as the stock subscriptions were small, was constructed almost wholly by loans. The 65 miles cost $1,000,000 in round numbers. The road was profitable from the start, being the chief outlet to the northwest, and its construc- tion debt was paid from its earnings. In 1S6G President H. C. Lord, of the Cincinnati road, in order to force a sale of the Lafayette line, began the construction of a rival road to the northwest by way of Crawfordsville, which ac- conii)lisiioil the purpose and a perpetual lease of tile Lafayette line was obtained. TJie two roads were then combined as the Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette, and the Crawfords- ville line was abandoned. The consolidation, however, was too ambitious in its efforts to spread out : became financially ('ud)arrassed, and jiassed into the i!i<>' Four system; which in turn has been absorbed bv the Xew York ('en- tral. In 1852-3 the Lafayette road built a frame freight depot at Xorth street and the ■ niiai. which buriu'd down in 1864, and was rebuilt of brick in 1S6(). As the city devel- oped the line of this road through it became a source of much danger to life and limb, as well as loss of time to the road in what re- duction of speed was made. In 100.'?-4 it shortened its liiu\ and secured greater speed possibilities, by throwing its line to the west of the city, and coining in over the Belt to the line of Louisiana street. It did not get the change made quite soon enough, however, to escape the horribk' Purdue wreck of October 31, 1!)03, in which 16 lives were lost, and some forty of the young ))eople from Ijafayette who were cfimiTig here for a footliall game were maimed and injured. The Jefferson vi lie mad was cumpictiMl to Ivliiibunrli in lS."i'.' and stoppeil tluM-c. leasing the Madison line for Indianapolis connection in August, 1853, and purchasing it in 1863. They were consolidated as the J. M. & I. but the road was popularly known as "The Jeff."' This completes the list of roads that were con- structed prior to the Civil War. Several others were projected but these seven lines — eight, counting the Jellersonville and JIadison sepa- rate, all finished by 1853, were the only ones then built. And in addition to them was The Union connecting them. The desirability of this was realized before there was very much connecting to be done, for the company was organized in August, 1849, or at least a'^ joint meeting of committees from the Madison, Terre Haute, Peru and Bellefontaine roads met on August 15, and recommended the action to their companies.* The plan was indorsed, and on December 29, the Locomotive announced that the joint committee had purchased the north half of Block 96 from James Blake, for $7,000, and would erect a depot there. The tracks were laid in 1850, and the depot erected in 1852-3, being opened for use on Septem- ber 28, 1853. The depot was planned bv Gen. (then Capt.) Thos. A. Morris and was 120 .\420 feet, with live tracks, assigned respec- tively to the Madison, Terre Haute, Lawrence- burgh, Central and Bellefontaine and Peru roads, the last two using a joint line from Mas- sachusetts avenue in. William N. Jackson, fa- miliarly known to two or three generations as '■Ilncle Billy"', was made general ticket agent, and held the position for 3-ears. In 1866 the building was widened to 200 feet, the offices removed to the south side, and an eating-house added. The latter was first known as the Union Depot Dining Hall, with John W. Ilenrie as superintendent. Later it came in charge of the Ohmers, who brought Thos. Taggart here, and gave him the chance to feed his way to the hearts of the traveling epicures of South jMcridian street, and elsewhere. The old Union Depot was used till ISST, when it was torn down to make way fur the ])r('si'nt Union Pas- senger Station. ^Locotnotivc. .\ugusf 25, IS 19. CHAPTER XVI. BECOinXG A CITY. Jnst why Indianapolis passed from town to city iioveriiiiieut in 1847 is stxiiethin^- that will have to be jjuessed at from the surroiind- insjs. The legislative journals show that petv- tions for and asrainst the change were pre- sented to the legislature, but the newspapers at the time presented no argument on either side, either editorially or as communications, and did not even mention that any such change was contemplated. The petitions are not preserved. On February VA. 1847. the Sentinel printed the charter law and noted that the people would have to decide on its acceptance or rejection, adding: "But how can they decide a.s to the comparative merits of the two ? Who knows anything about the provisions of the old charter.'" Apparently somebody made some explanations to the ed- itor, for on ;\Iarch 13, publishing the call for the election on the 27th to decide between the old and the new charter, he said: "Both are bad enough no doubt, and provide for a great deal too much qovernment. But there is this merit in the new charter: It propo.ses to tax all property holders upon the basis of eiiuaUti) according to their wealth. The old charter is a perfect th urine) concern in this respect and allows some of the richest men in the comnmnity to escape from all taxa- tion whatever to support the corporation au- thorities, and at the same time to a consid- erable t'xtent to avoid county taxation. This old ordei- (if things has existed long enough, and a little too long, and if it were (mly to aid in breaking it U|>. every honest man should vote against the old charter, and in favor of the new one. It is Hobson's choice, to be sure, in some respects, but it is better than no choice at all: and we nuiy be thank- ful for it, mean as it is." The apparent source of enlightenment is a comnuniicated article in the Journal of March 1, setting forth the advantages of the new charter, under four heads. The tirst is the division of power by having a mayor to perform executive functions and have a restraining veto power on ha.sty legislation. The second was the limitation of taxes to 15 cents on -1=100, while the old charter limit wa.s 50 cents. The third was a nu)re suitable arrangement of wards than the former shoe- string type running across the city from north to south. The new charter divided the city by Washington street, and made four wards north of it divided north and south by Alabama street. ^Meridian street and Mis- sissippi sti-eet, while there wei-e three wards south, divided by Illinois street and Dela- ware street. It wa.s urged that this could give no advantage to the north side, as there were annual elections in Avhich any atiuses could be corrected by the people. The fourth argument— the one that called for capital letters and more space than all the rest com- bined was JrsT .\ND EyrAi, t.vx.vtion ! which was to l)e attained because the new charter took in all of the donation east of the river, with equal taxation on all i)arts of it. It will be remembered that the charters of 1836 and 1838 limited taxation for town purjiosi^ to the mile square, although the incorpora- tion included the donation. The opjiesitiou to the new charter was declared to come from certain rich citizens "who own large tracts of land situated out of the central part of the town, but near enough to be aft'ected in value by its proximity and fitness for resi- dence". The exemption from taxation in the old charter was by virtue of section 23, and the eonuMuniciition savs: "It wmild be ].)4 HISTORY oi'' (;i?E.\ ri;i; indi.wai'oi.is. 155 an iiiterestinti; ([uestion— if time admitted — to in<iuiiv how the peculiar iirovisioiis of the tin iitij-Hiinl section of tlie old charter came to be enacted. WIid di'cw up that act, and especially that pai-t of it'.'"' These wei-e cotrent ariiuiiients f(ir addjit- in? the charter oflVi-ed. but all of them ex- cept the first coukl have been attainetl just as easily by amendins: the old charter. They involved no necessity for advance to city form of srovernment. It is very evident that the cliaiiire of taxation from the jjrovisions of "Section "I'.i" was what carried tlie new- charter in the election. That section read: "That the powers of the eori>oration for thr puqiose of raisinjr a revenue shall extend from North to South streets, and from East to West .streets, and embracin<!: those streets. which are the present bounds of said town as appeal's from the town jtlat filed in the recorder's office in Marion County: I'nn'idcd lidin v( r. That nil blocks. |)arts of blocks, within the donation that are now or may hereafter be laid out in lots of a less size than one-half acre, a plat thereof beiiii;- filed in the recorder's office of .Marion Coiuity, and all tavei'iis. ^'roceries. ti])lini;' houses. shows, theaties. and stores within the limits of the tlonation shall be sub.ject to the siime laws and ordinances as if the .s;unc were within the bounds of the corporation, desij;- iiated for the purpose of raisins a reveinie." The evident pnr|)ose was to exempt luipiatted lands within the city limit.s from taxation. thoufih economists jrenerally asrce that these arc what should be specially taxed, in oi'der to promote municipal <;i-o\vtli. It is a notable fact that exactly the same scheme was ef- fected over thii-ty yeai-s later, by a law ex- eniptinjr from city tiixation all nn|)latti'd lands, over five acres in extent, and 'used for ajrricnltui-al purposes, or wholly unim- proved", that were included witliin city boundaries. This i-emained a law for ten yeara before the jreneral public became suffi- ciently enlightened to cause its repe;d.' Dr. Thos. Klliott i-ecords that the law was drawn by Senator Oliver 11. Smith, excejit the scIkmiI tax section, which was addi'd by S. V. H. Noel. tlK'ii editor and proprietor of the Joiinidl.- This, with the evident iprno- rance of the S( nlind coiu-erninji: the matter while in jn-oirress, shows that it was a Whiii' movement, but there is no especial political advantaee in it beyond the appointment of a few otlicers. salaries of $24 to the coum-il- nien. and justice fees to the mayor. The Wliitis no doubt expected to hold the city offices. But political schemintr of that kind, wliere the parties concerned were tax payei-s. was not vei-y probable at that date; aiul. from the character of the men connected with the movement, the chances are that it was a i-eally intelli<rent movement for better anil more adeipuite iiovei'iunent. And there was need foi' tliis. The iladison railroad was com- l)leted to p]dinburtr. and was expected to i-each Indianapolis by sununer. which was prevented only by the heavy floods.-' Already it was oiviny Indianaiiolis .some of the fea- tures of a tei-minal town, by an infliix of vicious characters that had nmsed the indiir- iiation and alarm of the moi-al citizens. As a result of this a ])ublic meetiufr was held at the court house on .Mimday evening:, .Voveniber 30, to adopt measures for the sup- pression of <raniblin<r. It adopted resolutions eondemnintr g-amblint;- and denuuidint;- en- forcement of tlie laws that were otfered by Calvin Fletcher. Henry Ward Beecher and Win. Sheets; and also one offered by Rev. Love H. Jameson calling; for a citizens' coiii- mittee of thirteen members to take the in;it- ter in hand, such action beinfr necessary "in consequence of the prevalence of gambling: in our town, especially in the winter season. I wing- to the confluence of strangers at this point durintr the sessions of the legislature". The committee appointed was comiiosed of ■ lames Blake. Calvin Fletcher. Wm. S. llub- ". M-d. Thomas Record. W. W. Wright. A. W. M. rris. K. J. Peck. D. :\Iaguire. Wm. Haiina- nian. -las. Sulurove. L. ^I. Vance. O. Butler ; nd Andrew Smith. The Journal in its re- port <if the meeting, says: "In the defer- iMiiation evinced by this meeting to carry o-:t the resolutions ado|)te(l. blacklegs may see \v-''at they may expect should they visit us tl is winter. It will have the effect, too. of inducing: resident blacklegs to change their 'Acts 1881. 1). (i!)8: Acts 18!)1, I'- :{!t8. -City School Report, 18(iH. "Jourual, April (i, 1847. !.-)(; HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. location. 'I'lic .si)cech of ]Mi'. Fletcher was listened to with iinieh interest. The facts ofiven by him as to the extent to which g:am- bling has been carried on in this city, within the past few years, were new to a great nia- .jority of the audience. :\Ir. Fletcher derived his information from an undoubted source— the records of our courts! The list of indict- ments and convictions presented by those records show a beautiful picture. Along- side of the name of an U. S. Senator stands that of a (jcntleman of color, each of whom were found guiltv of the same offense, gam- bling'"* The committee of thirteen, called "the vigilance connnittee" by its critics, reported on the 28th that they had instituted proceed- ings against two professional gamblers, but that they had fled from the town before sers'ice could be had ; the committee was mak- ing i)rogress in other cases. It had retained Hiram Brown to look after prosecutions. ^Meanwhile some complications had arisen. The council, aninuited by the general spirit of renovation, v.n December 12, had adopted an ordinance specially punishing visitors to houses of ill fame : and a member of the legis- lature had "fired the Ephesian dome" by offering a resolution that this was "a reflec- tion and an msult to the visitors of this eity".^ And in addition certain citizens had I)etitioned for the repeal of the town charter altogether, on the ground of excessive and discriminating taxation and other burdens. The meeting of the 28th explained that no re- flection was intended on the legislature, and Councilman Louden carded tlie Sentinel of December 24 to the effect that the action was demanded by moral considerations, and was not meant as an imputation on legislators. The meeting of the 28th also appointed a coiiuuittee of five, consisting of J. L. Ket- eham, Hiram Brown, Oliver H. Smith, David V. Cidley and Alidrew Bronse to wait on the legislative committee having the petition in charge, and "give all necessary informa- tion on the subject of the charter".'' There is little room foi' doubt that the new citv ^Journal. December 8, 184(5. ^House Journal. December 18, 1846; Sen- tinel. December 22. lS4(j. ''■Senfind. Dcccmlirr 24. 184(1. cluuter urew out of the work of this com- mittee, for it corrected the tax-evil of which the petitioners complained, and also strength- ened the municipal government in the lines of the sentiment i-epresented by the commit- tee. The new charter ga^■e the mayor the pow- ers of a justice of the peace, with authority to require his processes to be sei'ved by the sheriff' or by the town marshal, who wag given the powers of a constable. The limit of tlie retail liquor license was made $100. The mayor was elected for two yeara and the councilmen for one. The council was authorized to pass "ordinances, as to them shall seem necessary, relative to the regula- tion and improvement of streets, alleys, side- walks, roads and highways, to clearing, rais- ing, draining, turnpiking, macadamizing, or otherwise making and keeping the same in repair; to making, causing and requiring the owner or owners of in-lots to pave or othei'- wise improve the sidewalks in front of his or their respective in-lots ; to establish and regulate markets: to regulate the inspection of flour, beef and pork; the sale of hay and wood in the city; the cabs, hacks, omnibuses and other carriages carrying passengers, and rimning in the city for gain; the assize of bread from time to time; to restrain or regu- late swine running at large within the city. * * * To regulate buildings, public and private, planting trees for ornament or use, public or private; to cleaning of chimneys; to dogs running at large or being kept in the city; to preventing and extinguishing fires in the city; to regulate the height and extent of fences before door-yards ; and to provide by ordinances for imposing reason- able fines and penalties upon all persons vio- lating the laws and ordinances as the said city council shall deem necessary and proper for the health, safety, cleanlines.s, convenience and good government of the city". The council was also empowered to exact a licen.se from all shows and amusements; to make requirements for guarding against fire: to organize and govern fire companies: to establish and nuuntain .schools; to imjiose a poll tax of not over $1 ; and to levy general taxes not exceeding 15 cents on $100, but this might be inerea.sed by special vote of the peojde. It was given "exclusive juris- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 157 diction over all streets, roads and alleys, and water courees within the city for the pur- pose of opening and keepinfr the same in repair". It was r<'f|uired to appoint one or two .street commissioners whose duty it was "to keep the sti-cets, roads and alleys in the city in repair'". To aecomplish this "earh ablc-txHlied white man. between 21 and 50 years of ajre" was reciuired to pay $1 tax or do two days' work. Each eouneilman wa^ to receive $24 per year; "and he shall not be eligible to hohl any other office under this act in the city while he continues to be such member: nor shall he hold or make any con- tract with the city council, or become inter- ested in any job by which he shall in any way directly or indirectly receive any pay or compensation whatever, except when he shall be the lowest bidder at a public or com- petition bid; and all contracts in violation of this section shall lie void". As the new chai'tei- law was conditioned on its aeeptance by the people. .Josei)h A. Levy, iircsidcnt of the town council, issued a proclamation calling: a charter election on March 27. As before mentioned, all the newspapers favored acceptance, and the vote for it wa.s 44!) to 19. The result was certified to (iovcrnor Whitcoiid). as I'cquii'cd by law. on the 29th. and on tiic :{()th he pi-oclaimed the charter a law; and Iii(iianai)olis was a city. President Levy then dii'ccted an elec- tion on April 24 for mayor and councilmen from the several wards. The charter pro- vided that the councilmen from the fifth (Charles \V. Cady), third (Abram W. TTarri- son) and fii-st ( Win. ^Moiitauue) wards should hold over foi- one year as councilmen of th<' fifth, sixth and seventh wards. No elections for councilmen were held in the fifth and sixth. W'm. .Montagrue evidently droi)ped out. for an election was held in the seventh, and W'm. L. Winjiate was returned. The other councilmen elected were Uriah Gates from the first, Heni'y Tutewiler fi-om the second, Cornelius Kinir from the third, and S. S. Rooker from th(> fourth. Samuel Henderson Wius elected nuiyor, i'eceivin<,' 241) of the .50(1 votes cast: afrainst 195 for David V. Cullev. 54 for Nathan B. T'almer, and 2 blank. The school tax vote was 406 for and 28 against. The council organized on ^May 1, electing Samuel S. Rooker president. Mi: Roolui- i-esigned on November 1. 1847, and Charles W. Cady was elected in his jilace. The coun- cil opened its legislative career liy a salai\ ordinance on May 6, fixing annual compensa- tions as follows: Seci'etai'y, !i!l75: nun'sliai. .'t;280 and fees; trea.surer, 5 per cent on col- lections; ass(«iSor, $125; street comnnssionei'. $200; clerk East :\Iarket and West Market, each $50; messengers of Marion and (iood Intent engine companies, $20 each ; messen- ger hook and ladder com])any. $10. On .June 7, Councilman Harrison resigned, alleging that "an alliance of a most luijust and unholy character has been entered into between four of the newly-elected members rd' the council for the pui'pose of thwarting and defeating every mea.sure of imi)ortance or not, which may be introduced for the benefit of the ward I have had the honor to represent". The resignation was accepted, and ordered pub- lished, and on motion of Mr. Tutewiler, a committee of three was a])pointed to i>ro- cure from Mi-. Harrison "a report of the road moneys received and expended by him during the past year, and al.so to i-eceive from him such sum or sums of road money as is in his hands unexpended". On this .same June 7, 1847, the council adopted the city seal, which is still in use — "An eagle I)erched upon the globe, witii a pair of scales suspende(l from his beak, and surrounded by the words, 'Seal of the City of Indianap- olis' ". It was readopted under the new charter May 4, 1891, by council resolution; but this fact was lo,st sight of, and it was again adopted on November 20, 189.'5. There was little money in the treasury, but the council entered (|uite actively on the work of street improvement with what means it had. On June 21 an oi'dinance for street improvement, on petition of a majority of adjoining property owners, was adopted; and, at the same meeting, signs and sheds erected across sidewalks, or streets, were de- clared nuisances, and oi'dei-ed removed with- in three days. Improvcni(>nts were jiushcd from the central pai-t of the town outwai-d. and they went so fast that they outstripped the revenues, and by 1849 a debt o\' about $6,000 had been created. A special election Wii-s held on June 9, 1849, to vote a tax of 10 cents on $100 to pay it. Thei'e were only 258 votes cast at the election and the tax 158 HISTOKY OF GEEATER INDIANAPOLIS. iiis'i'oi.'V OF (iUKATKi; ixnrANAroLis. l.-)9 carrii'il by 11 iiuijurity. 'I'liis hnuitrht the citA- tax. incliidiiiii' si-hooi tax. uj) to -43 cents, and there wa.s no little o-runihlinii': but the march of iiiipi'ovciiieiit was on and tlierc was no stoppinu: it. The coinin).r "t the railroads put a new iiii|)i'tus in the place, and with the i;TO\\th of busines.s there came a deiuaiid for public improvements and moi-e revenues. And yet the improvement was only compara- tive. The only street improvement was g:rad- injr and gravelinu;. and that was not very well done aud was jxiorly kept up. There was not even any bowlderin<!' of streets until IS.iil. The jrutters were simply shallow ditches at the sides of the streets, crossed by wooden feot-bridKcs at the street cross- inirs. In dry weather the streets were solid but dusty. In wet weather the dust evil was removed, liul tin' mud was appalliui;. The city was conducted under tiic chai'tei- of 1847 until 18;'):?. In 18o2 the Icszislaturc adopted a frenci-al law for the incorpoi'ation of cities, which was inor(> lilici-al Ihan the charter, pai-ticularly in the nuittei- of taxa- tion, as it iiuide the iiuixinuuii limit 75 cents on ifilflO in place of the 15 cents pi-cscribed by tile charter.' T'ndei- this law. any existing city miirht adopt it as a cliai'tcr. by vote of the council, and this action was taken on March 7, 18.5:1. councilmen Oreer, Buchanan, Fitter and Culley voting- for it, and council- nicii Pitts, i.oudcn and Dcl/.cll against. This law made elections annua!, fixing thciri in May, and the term of office was made our year. This year was the first in which nom- inations by convention foi' city offices oc- curred, and that only 1),\- tin- Dei I'ats. On April 2:5 a citizens' nK'etin<;- was held for the purpose of nominatiuu' "candidates frii-ndly to temivcrance and jrood order", but owinti' to the sh(u-t time to the election it was de- cided not to name a ticket. Nevertheless the election did not <j.;> by default, and on April 29 the .JiiiiriKil announced tiuit "candidates are becominii' i)lerity as blackl)ei-r-ies": ami added: "The Democrats have seen proper \f> nonn'nate a party ticljet. but. for tlie life of us. v.e can't inuiirine what national ipies- tions of policy have to do with the jroveru- iiient of a city." The eleetion occurred on Jfay :?. thei-e bi'ini: l.<i5() votes cast, and inde- ■Rev. Stats. 1S52. \'ol. 1, p .'(i:! pendent candidates were elected to all the offices but mai-shal. Caleb Seudder, the in- dependent candidate for mayor, hiul 4:51 nui- .joritv over his Democratic competitcu'. (ieorge I'. Huell. By the act of ^[arch i). 1857, the lei,'islature i-evised the law for the incorporation of cities, enlars^infr powei-s, and I'aisinw the tax limit to $1. Section 79 of this law provided that a eit.v might adopt it as its fundamental law by resolution of the eonnnon council. It made the official tenns of the mayoi' and city .iudjre two years. The new law was adoi)1cd as a ehai-tei- by the council on .March K!. The eleetion on ]\ray 5 was preceded by a square party tight between the Republican aud Dem- ocratic parties, and resulted in the election of a pretty evenly split ticket, the Repub- licans getting the council, and electing Wm. John Wallace mayor by 150 majority. By act of i\Iarch 1, 1859, the chai-ter was amend- ed, chiefly as to its luovisions for taxation, ami making all city offices two yeai-s. The law then continued with slight amendment till 18(37, when a general revision was nmde, and two years later the city got out a more I>retentious voluiiu> of "Charter and Ordi- nances" than anything previously attempted After 1867 the general incorporation law. wiiich served as a charter, was amended at evei-y session of the legislatui'e until 1891. without any general I'evision. Most of these amenduH'nfs were comparatively unimport- ant, regulating the moiles of doing business, ami extending powers in some cases. In 1877 the legislature adopted a law providing for a boai'd of aldei'men, or upper house, in the eit.v council. This wa.s considerwl an ad- vaiu'c in city goverinuent, but it was fouml more cumbersome than useful, and in 1891 the provision was droi)]ied. In 1881 occurred by far the most import- ant legislation foi* years, afi'ecting the city government: not as an amendment to the city law. but as an amendment to the state constitution. Old Article 1:? of the consti- tution was pi'actically ignori'd and of no i-f- fect— it was an article pi'ohibiting the inuiii- gi'ation of negroes to the state, and making contracts with them void. Hon. W. II. Eng- lish desired an anu'iulment to the constitu- tion restricting mutiicipal debt, and adopted the ingenious mode of substituting it for 160 HISTOKY OF (IHKATER INDIANAPOLIS. this provision, wliifli was iiuiversally re- garded as needing removal. He and the othere he enlisted in the cause succeeded in their eflt'ort, and on March 14. 1881. the fol- lowinfj- became Article 13 of the constitu- tion: "No political or municipal corpora- tion in this state shall ever become indebted, in any manner or for any puq^ose. to an ajnount in the a^irreiiate exceeding;' two per centum of the value of the taxable property within such corporation, to be ascertained by the last assessment for state and county taxes previous to the incurring- of such in- debtedness; and all bonds or obligations in excess of such amoinit, given by such cor- poration, shall be void : Provided, that in time of war, foreign invasion, or other great public calamity, on petition of a majority of the property owners in number and value, within the limits of such coiporation, the public authorities, in their discretion, may incur obligations riecessaiy for the public protection and defense to such an amount as may be requested in such petition." This provision has been of inestimable value to Indiana cities and towns, and there was need for it at the time it was adopted. In 1873 the legislature had given cities power to borrow to the extent of not over 2 per cent., but there was soon a desire to exceed this amount, and the act of Februaiy 13, 1877, authorized exceeding it by temporary loans. It is well that the debt movement was cheeked when it was. for nothing is more demoralizing than piling up a heavy city debt, the interest on which absorbs a large part of the current city revenues. If a loan is desired for docks, water-works, or some- thing that produces a revenue that will cover the interest on the debt created, there is some excuse for it. Hut for streets, parks, and other investments that are not only non- productive, but soui-ces of additional expense, there is no .iu.stification for piling debt on future generations. It is much safer and wiser to pay as you go. It is to this pro- vision that Indiana cities and towns owe their excellent financial condition and their splen- did credit. In 1885 the offices of cit\- treasni-ei- and city assessor were abolished, and the county treasurer and assessor were required to per- form the duties of those offices. On ]\farch 8, 1889, was adopted the Bari-ett Improvement law, which has been of greater value in pro- moting public improvements in Indiana cities than any other one agency. It is simply a provision under which a city pays for street and sewer improvements by issuing Iwnds that are liens on the adjoining property. These are met bj' payments by the property owners in ten equal installments with (i per cent, interest. By means of this, thousands of property owners have been enabled to pay for improvements, who could not have Iwrne the expense if it had come in one demand. In Indianapolis, under this law, there had been, up to January 1. 1909. $5,546,061.89 of these bonds issued and .$3,696,916.86 re- deemed, leaving an outstanding balance of $1,849,145.03. This does not represent the total of public iuiprovenients in the 20 yeare, for anyone is privileged to pay his a&sess- ment in cash, and many property owners prefer this course. It will be of interest to notice here the mayors who presided over the alfairs of In- dianapolis during this period of city develop- ment. Samuel Henderson, the first mayor, was a local Wa.shington in his quality of being fii-st, for he was also the first post- master and the firet president of the firet board of town trustees. He was an old-time tavern-keeper, having joined with James Blake in building the original Washington Hall (site of the New York .store) in 1S24, and conducted the tavern after Blake dropi>o(l out. He also had an extensive farm uorfli of the town, and south of Fall Creek. When the California gold excitement came on, he sold out here and moved to California, where he died in 1883. He was a Kentuckian by birth, and an ardent Whig in polities. He was popular, and universally respected. His successor, Horatio C. Newcomb, was also a Whig, a Pennsylvanian by birth, who located in Jennings County, Indiana, in 1836, and learned the saddler's trade there. Ill health caused him to leave this, and he studied law. In 1846 he came to Indianapolis and formed a partnership with Ovid Butler. On April 28, 1849, when only 28 yeaj-s old. he was elected mayor of Indianapolis, receiving 612 out of the 775 votes cast. On April 26, 1851. he was re-elected, defeating John T. Jlorri- son by 502 to 441. The Sniliiid. in coinpli- HISTORY OF CUJEATER INDIANAPOLIS. 161 mentin<r ^lori-ison on his race, said: "It is probable that no other man in the city could have seciued as many votes in opposition to the present incumbent." Judge Newcomb was always po|iular, and deservedly so. lie was afterwards elected to the legislature sev- eral times, and when the Superior Court was organized he was one of the first .judges, and in 1874 was re-elected to this position, his name being placed on both tickets. He also served as Sinking Fund commissioner and Supreme Court conuiiissioner : edited the Journal from 18(i4 to 1868; and declined an appointment as Assistant Secretary of the Interior from President Grant. He died at Indianapolis IMay 2.3, 1882. After serving six months of his second ti'rm. Mayor Newcomb resigned and Calel) Scudder was chosen by the city council to lill his place. He is always remembered a.s the cabinet maker who achieved fame by giv- ing his shop for the use of the first Sunday School. On May 3, 1853, Mr. Scudder was re-elected, defeating (ieorge P. Buell by a vote of 992 to 559. In 1854 the Democrats hail their first inning with James McCready. who defeated Caleb Scudder 1,313 to tiod. McCready wa.s bom in New York City Feb- ruary 22, 1816. He was a tailor by trade, and came here in the fall of 1836 as a cutter for Samuel Turner, v.itli whom he had been a.ssociated in the same fire comi^any in New- York. Turner broke up, and ifcCready started a shop of his own next to ]\rrs. Now- land's boarding-house— about 9 East AVash- ingtou street. Later he moved across tin' street, just west of the Capitol house, ami ■>till later to the next block west, wliere Was- son"s store is 7iow located. In 1S52 he was I'lected justice of the peace, and was called from this to the office of mayor. He was the popular taihu- of the day, and was notable as the player of the bass tr<)nd)one in the first Indianapolis baiul, as well as one of the star performei-s of the Indianapolis Thes- pian Corps. In 1855 he was I'e-eleeted, de- feating Lawrence 'SI. Vance, the Knownoth- ing candidate, 1,469 to 1,221. :Mr. .McCready removed, in 1903, to ('alifornia and remainetl there for six years. He then returned to In- dianapolis, and made his home with his son Frank (Beiijaiiiin Franklini. where he died Vol. I— 11 on October 9, 1909, at the advanced age of 93 years. The Democrats won again at the election on ^[ay 6, 1856, their candidate, Heiu-y F. West, defeating Sims A. Colley, Republican, 1,515 to 1,183, which was practically the vote all down the ticket. Mr. ^Vest was a very interesting character, ami it is astonishing how little has been preserved concerning him llliMlY K. WEST. (Fifth Mayor of Indianapolis.) in local histories, lie was liorn at I'iltslield. .Massachusetts, ;\Iarch 14, 179t). On January 6, 1820, he married Betsey ^litchell, of South- berry. Connecticut, and .soon after removed to Maneliester. Clinton County, New York. A few- years later he went to Pulatki. Oneida County, New York, then to Kochester, New York, then to Circleville, Ohio, and then to Dayton, where the first Mi-s. West died in 1842. He came to Indianapolis about 1845. He engaged in vai'ious lines of business. He ic-,' HISTORY OF GI!KATER IXDIANAPOLIS. had conducted a newspaper for a time in Ohio, and here lie started an edneational, semi-monthly, paper called the Conuiioii School Advocate, the first of the kind in Indiana, preceding; the Indiana School Jour- nal by a decade. It was devoted to the advo- cacy of free schools, and furnished the sub- stantial aruinnents that made the Indianapo- lis school tax election of 1847 almost unani- mous for free schools.'' It must also have had great weight in the campaign for free schools, which culminated in the constitutional pro- visions of 1851, and the school law of 1852; and in pa.ssing it may be added that more exclusive credit is conunonly given to Caleb ]Mills for that result than is .just ; he did a great work, but there were others. What is preserved of ;\tr. West's writing shows him to have mastered the sub.jeet of free schools. and his heart was in. the work." He- later ren- dered great service as a member of the local school board. Mr. West also wrote for news- papers and magazines over the name "Viator'". In company with his brother, George B. West, he started the book-selling firm of Henry F. AVest & Co., at what whs then 18 W. Washington .street. Wm. Stew- art .joined the firm, which was then known as West & Stewart. In 1854 the firm dissolved, and Stewart succeeded to the business, form- ing the partnership of Stewart & Bowen. After various changes, this firm consolidated in 1S85 with the older but smaller house of Jlerrill & .Meigs, as the Bowen-AIerrill Co. ]\rr. West died in office, November 8, 1856, and was buried by the ^Masons, of whom he was a member of high standing; with a full turn-out of the firemen, militia, and civic organizations; lamented on every hand as a good man. Following the death of Alayin- West there was an interim until the special election of his successor, when the city council unani- mou.sly selected Charles Coulon as mayor. He was at the tiiiio a justice of the peace. ''Soitind, January 12, 1847. " The only copy of the Common School Ad- vocate I have foiuid is No. 2. of Vol. 1. which is bound in the i)ack of a volume of Beecher's Westirn Farmer and Gardener. originally belongiuii to Judge H. P. Biddle. and now in the Indianajxtlis Public Lil)i-ary. and an excellent one. He came of an old Huguenot family, his father being an army officer, and later a lawer at (ioettingen. Left an orphan at 14. he first ac(|uired a liberal education and then learned the trade of mak- ing mathematical instruments. In 1847 he emigrated to America, and in 1852 settled at Indianapolis. Here his health became im- paired, ami he read law with Robert L. Wal- pole, and opened a real estate and law otfice. In 1856 he was elected a justice of the peace for a term of four years. In a political way his election as mayor was a break of Demo- cratic rule. He was oi-iginally a Democrat, and having the usual liberal views of foreign- ers, he and Adolpli Seidensticker were in- dulging in a game of billiards one Sunday when the minions of the law swooped down upon them, and haled them before Alayor McCready. It was a plain ease, and the mayor imposed the statutory fine. Coulon was so angered over the aft'air that he swore he would never vote the Democratic ticket again, and he kept his vow. After his two weeks as nuiyor he resumed his service as .justice of the peace, and then resumed the law. In 1863-4 he was .school couuuissiouer from the Seventh ward; and from 1864 to 1868 he ser\ed another term as justice of the peace. The city clerk. Alfred Stephens, had died on October 14. and on November 22 a special election was held to fill the two vacancies. The Democi-ats nominated Nathaniel West for mayor, and Captain AI. North for clerk. The Republicans nominated Frederick Stein for clerk and William John Wallace for mayor. The campaign was warmer than anything preceding, and became quite personal. Wal- lace was denounced as too ignorant for the office, and West as a member of the "Codfish aristocrac.v"', who jierformeil no labor but hunting and fishing, and who had taken the l>enefit of the banki-upfey law. In reality both were verv excellent men. Wallace was the older brother of Andi-ew Wallace, and while not highly educated, was an intelligent and capable man. of many admirable qual- ities. The Wi sts were aristocratic — of one of the best families of New England, whose an- cestors came over in the Mayflower. The head of the family established the old cotton mill whei'c Sixteenth street crosses the canal HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 163 — better known to later generations as the coffin factory — and owned a faiMii runnin<r down to Tentli stri'i-t. The factory g-ave tlie name of "Cottontown"" to tlie neiirlihorhootl. Nathiinii'l West was a sportsman, and lie had been hanki'upt. Init it was for the debts of others, and he iiad iriven up all he had in settlement. He was not of the same family as the deceased mayor. But the campaign coini)liments were warm enough to have served fifty years later.'" The personal issues apparently cut little fi^ire either way. It was a party tight, ami the yoinig Kepnhlican |)arty won its fii-st vic- tory in Indianapolis in that special election. Wallace was made mayor by a vote of l.-ioO to 1,332, and Stein's majority was 150. Will- iam John Wallace was born in County Done- gal, Ireland, .March 16, 1814. He came to this country as a child with his parents, and they located at Madison, where he learned paper making with John Shi'ets, bi-othcr of William Sheets, of lndianai)olis. Wallace I came to Indianai)olis in the forties, and was engaged in conducting a grocery when elected. His service as mayor was terminated by his nomination and election as county sheritf. He had been re-elected mayor in th-.' spring of 18.")7. defeating X. H. Taylor by a vote of \.7'M> to l..")8.5. In .Xovembc-r he tendered his resignation to the council. but was pei-suaded to defer its taking effect to the next city election. May 3. 18o8." He served as sheriff to June 27. lSrt9. and was appointed to the ollice again on June H, 1860, in place of John F. riuliclc. I'csigned. He remained in the otTice till l)eccmi)ei- il. 1862. when he resigned, and resinned the grocery business on Washington street, west of Noble. He also engaged in bi-ick-making. and managed his farm. He died on Janu- ary 9. 1894. Mr. Wallace was a very active Union man, and served on several missions to soldiers in the field for (iovernor iIort(ui. He also .served as draft commissioner. '-' The election of 18.)8 was warmly contested. both parties niakini;- s|)ecial etl'oi-ts to secure '"Silitiiifl. NoveiMber 17; Jnii null . Xovem- ber 10. 22, 18afi. "Journal, May 3. 1808. '-See ohituai'v notici's and .hninud. ^Fav 3. IS.-.S. the German vote. The Republicans nom- inated Samuel D. Ma.\well, and the Demo- crats N. B. Palmer, both old citizens and highly respecte<l. The result was practically on party lines thi-oughout, .Ma.xwell wiiniing by a vdte of 1.984 to 1,696. Samuel Dunn Maxwell was one of the first settlers, coming here with his father in .March, 1820. He was b(n-n in Garrard County, Kentucky. Febru- ary 19, 1803. In 1809 liis father. John .Max- well, removed to Hanover. Indiana; and in 1813-14 served as a "ranger"" in the militia organization. On one expedition his com- mand [lenetrated to the Delaware towns on White River, and on the knowledge of the country he then obtained he determincil to settle in it as soon as it was opened. The inniiigrating party consisted of John Maxwell and his two sons, Samuel D. and Irwin B.; John Cowan and his two sons; and two negro men. Aaron Wallace and Richard ]\Iorland. They k)cated on Fall Crei'k near the present City Hospital, id the head of the bayou which was later made into a mill race; and each family cleared about seven acres of land and put it in corn. All then returned to Han- over except Sanniel I), and one of the Cowan boys, who remained to attend to the croji. When the croj) was "laid by"' they also re- turned to Hanover, and in Angiist came back with a wagonload of gootls, the family fol- lowing in -Xovember. Their residence was a cabin on Fall Creek near Indian.i avenue and Maxwell street, in that vicinity, is named for Samuel D. He is also remembered as the leadei- of the .singing at the first Pi'csbytei-ian pi-eaching ever held in Iiuliana|)olis. In 1822 he moved to Montgomery Comity, of which he was appointeil sheriff' by (iovernor Hen- dricks in April. 1823. On December 1.'), 1822, he married Sarah Cowan, of Crawfordsville. Later he removed to Clinton (^ounty, where he was the first clerk, in 1830. In" 1855 he i-eturned to Indianapolis, where he practiced law. He also had some ice-houses on the (Miial above Sixteenth street. .Mr. .Maxwell was re-elected, after another warm cam])aign. on May 3. 1859. defejitiiig James .McCready. 1.895 to 1.4(i2. The Demo- ci'ats saved only two men on their ticket. Jef- ferson Springsteen for marshal, and Byron K. Elliott for city attorney. Mr. Maxwell was renominated in 18(11. his opponent being 164 HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. James M. Bracken. The election on ]\Iay 7 of that, year was the quietest that liad been seen in Indianapolis for years. The shadow of Fort Sumter was over the city, and men spoke with bated breath. The newspapers scarcely mentioned that an election was in prospect. On ]\Iay 6, the JoHnmJ said : "In calling the attention of our readei-s to the fact that our municipal election is so close at hand, we do not intend to speak of the matter in a partizan manner. Since the at- tack on Fort Sumter political discussions in the city papers relative to city affairs have dropped, and the election will turn, in good part, on the position of the candidates rela- tive to sustaining- the general government in its elforts to put down rebellion and crush out treason. Those known to be firm Union men, who have no association with secession sympathizers, and are thereby not contam- inated in the least, are entitled to the full confidence of the public and should receive the hearty and earnest support of all pati'iots. ' ' To this ingenious non-partisan plea, the Sentinel, which was vigorously demanding the prompt .suppression of the rebellion, in- dignantly answered that the Democratic ticket was composed of honest and capable men, pledged to city reform, and that "every man upon the ticket is not only loyal to the con- stitution, but is willing to respond to every call made by the Government, either National or State, to defend its honor and maintain its integi'ity, whether by personal sei-vices or material aid and comfort, as may be required of them. It is not the men who are the loud- est in professions of patriotism that do the fighting when the hour of trial arrives, and when the country needs their services". These two articles were practically the wliolc discussion of the campaign. The Reiniblican ticket was elected throughout, ]\Iaxwell re- ceiving 2,078 votes to Bracken's 1,390. ]\Ir. Maxwell was desired to be a candidate again in 1863, but his health had failed and his doctor told him he must give up public life. He went South and settled at (irand Gulf. Mississippi, from where he was brought home to Indianapolis fatally ill in 1873. He died on July 3, 1873, at the home of his son-in- law, Lewis Jordan. ^^ "News, July 5, 1873. In 1863 both parties nominated tickets, the Republican candidate for nuiyor being John Caven, a.nd the Democratic candidate G. AV. Pitts. On May 2 the entire Demo- cratic ticket withdrew from the contest, giv- ing as reasons the refusal of the Republican authorities to allow them any representation on the electicm boards, and the mob violence at the polls at the township elections in April. The Journal denounced the charges as false, and "the withdrawal of the copper- head city ticket" a sham. It said the Demo- crats were then colonizing voters, and that if the "Union men" slacked their efforts they would be trapped. It averred that "at the present election they were tendered a fair representation of Union Democrats, though not of K. G. C.'s," and the distinc- tion was right." In other words, they were offered former Democrats who had left the part}', and were refused representation by men acting with the party. At the election 2,889 votes were east for Caven, and 8 against, the latter classed as "Butternut votes" by the Journal. In 1865 the Democrats put no ticket in the field, and Mr. Caven was again elected, receiving all of the 2,241 votes cast, as reported. It was fortunate for all concerned that the city fell under control of so excellent a man as John Caven during this period for {)artisan feeling wa.s running high and the large number of soldiers located here from time to time caused an influx of the cla.sses that prey on such gatherings of men. He was born in Alleghany County, Pennsyl- vania, April 12, 182-1, of Scotch-Irish and Scotch-English parentage, and came to In- dianapolis in 1845. In his youth he became familiar with labor, in the coal mine, the salt-works, the flatboat. His school priv- ileges were limited, but he had a desire for knowledge and a taste for reading that made him a self-educated man of much more than ordinary attairunent. In 1847 he began the study of law in the office of Oliver H. Smith and Simon Yandes. He was duly admitted to the bar and practised thereafter except '* Knights of the Golden Circle— all Dem- ocrats acting with their party were uni- formly called "copperheads." "butternuts," "Southern sympathizers," etc., bj' the Jour- nal, especially before elections. ttts;tot;y of (itjeatf.r txdiaxaitjlts. 165 one year— 1851-2— employed in cual iiiiiiini;'. His administration was admirable, and made him many friends, who were of value to him in his later contests witli the popular Major Jlitehell. ^Ir. Caven was eleeted to the state senate in 18G8 for a tci'ni of four years: and in 1875 he was bi-ou<;lit out fru- mayor ajzainst Mitchell, who had a.stounded the Kepublieans by settinu; eleeted in 1873. Caven won by only 8,805 to 8,320, while the Republican candidates for treasurer, clerk and a.ssessor had ina.ioi'ities of over 1,000. In 1877 he defeated Mitchell airain, after a very warm fisiht. in which the nci^-ro vote loomed lar-e. by a vote of 7.324 to 6,194. In 1879 he defeated Edward C. Busldrk. 7,985 to fi,001. These last three times covered the disturbed period of financial depression, 1875-80, including the so-called "bread- riots", and the iireat I'ailroad strike of 1877. which will be considered in connection with the railroad development. Caven 's successor in 1867 was (iJen. Dan ^lacauley, a man of yreat ])ersonal jiopu- larity. Handsome, dashini;, leady, Indian- apolis never had a man who ai)peared to bet- ter advantage in a parade or a public func- tion of any kind : and even his political ene- mies conceded that a.s a "general utility man"' he was unsurpaR.sed. lie defeated Col. B. C. Shaw, in 1867, bv 3,317 to 2.318; John Fishl)ack in 1869 by 2,843 to 2,797: and Fislil)aek again in 1S71 by 4.535 to 3.675, — and these wei'c formidable opponents. Daniel Maeaulev wa.s of Irish parentage, born in New York City Septend)er 8, 1839. Left an orphan at ten. he learned the book-binding business and worked at the trade in Buffalo till 1860. wlii'u he came to this city and worked for Bingham & Doughty. At the beginning of the wtir he enlisted as a private in the "Indianapolis Zouaves" which forni(»d a company of Lew Wallace's 11th Indiana. He was elected first lieutenant of his com- pany, and ajipointcd ad.iutant by Wallace befor(> the I'cgimrnt left For the field. With- in a year he was a ma.ior: in Scpti'mbi'i'. 18()2. lieutenant-colonel; in .March. 1863. eolonil. He was twice t)ri'vcftcd biigadiiT general for sei-vice in battle, and comnKUuled a brigade for a yeai-. For five years he inis,sed only 30 days of service, and in them lie saw nuu'li li.nd lighting. A bullet went through his leg at Viclcsburg, and an- other lodged in his hip at Cedar Creek, Vir- ginia, on the day of "Sheridan's Ride". After the war he engaged in the book-bind- ing business in Indianapolis until elected mayor. After liis service as mayor he was for a time superintendent of the city water company, and foi' several years manager of the Academy of Music. He left Indianapolis in 1880. He held a position in the treasury depai'tment under President Harrison, and later became connected with the Maritime Canal Company, operating in Nicaragiui. He died in Nicaragua in April. 1894: and his I'emains were brought to Washington and buried at Arlington on June 22. 1899. near the graves of two otliei' Indiana soJdiei-s, Walter Q. Gresham and lleiu-y W. Lawton. (In ]May 30 his old comrades dedicated a modest monument, at that place, to liis memory. The spring of 1873 saw the tii-st Democrat for a generation in the mayor's otifice, in tiie pei-son of ^la.i. James L. Mitchell. The campaign and election were very quiet. There was a great deal of dissatisfaction among Republicans, and he made his cam- l)aign on a nonpartisan basis. He had been nominated by the Democrats when he was absent from the city, but consented to ae- ee])t and nuike the race, 'i'he Kepublieans nominated Capt. William D. Wiles, and :\Iitchell defeateil him 5.878 to 5,100. The rest of the Republican ticket were elected. The Sentinel said of the result: "In the selection of Ma.ior IMitchell there is nothing savoring of a partisan triumph. It is not, beyond all else, a Democratic triumph. Liberalized Rej)ublicans made his calling cer- tain and his election sure." Major Mifclicll was born in Shelby Counts-. Kentucky. Sep- tember 29, 1834. His i)arents moved to .Monroe County, Indiana, when he was eight years old. He woi-ked on the farm, and at nineteen entered the State Fnivei-sity. grad- uating in 1858. He tlien read law witli his uricie, John L. Ketchaiii. with whom be later formed a pai'tnership. lie entered the army July 16, 18()2. iieing conuuissioned adjutant in the Seventieth Indiana, Cen. Henjamin Harrison's regiment: and served through the war. From November, 1W()4. lie was on the stall' of (ieii. Lovell lb liiiusseau. He re- Kifi HlSTOin' OF nHKATEll IXDIAXAl'OLIS. sullied the practice of tlie law after the war, and in 18S6 was nominated by the Democrats for proseeutiny; attorney of Marion and Hendricks Counties. He was elected, and re-elected in 18SS. After ciunpletiiis- his term he resumed the practice of law. which he continued till his death on February 21, 1894. At the close of .Mayor Caven's loui;- jieriod of service in 1881 the Republicans nomi- nated Daniel W. Grubbs for mayor, ilr. Grubbs was a native of Henry County, In- diana, and in his youth served an apprentice- ship in the office of the Xeircastle Courier. He came to Indianapolis in 1807, and took up the study of law in the ofiHce of William Henderson. After admission to the bar he was associated for a time in practice with E. B. Martindale. He went out as a private in Co. B, 132d Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in the one hundred day service. He did not appear in i)olitics until 1877 when he was elected to the I^oard of Aldenueii, and there served as president of the Police Board until 1880. The Democrats nominated Prof. J. H. Smart, who had .just finished his term as Superintendent of Public Instruction. This clever political move was probably in- spired by (iovernor Hendricks, who presided at the Democratic city convention. Profes- sor Smart was a man of hijjh character and attainments and was in jreneral esteem. However, Mr. Grubbs won out by a vote of 7,182 to 6,6ti5. After the close of his term, in 188-1, ]\Ir. Grubbs went to Parral, ilexico, where he en<rafi:ed in the baiikiu'r busines.s until 190:?, and then retired from active busi- nes". For several years |)a.st he has resided at Harrodshur^. Kentucky. In 1883 the contest for the mayoralty was between John \j. McMaster. Republican, and (iabriel Sehmuck, Democrat. McMa.ster was not seeking: the nomination, Imt was requested to allow his name to be used two or three days before the convention. He was nomi- nated without any canvass by luHi. and was elected by a vote of 8.().")7 to 8.387. John Lennox McMaster was born at Rutland, ^leisr'i County, Ohio, February 9. 1S43. He enlisted in the Second West Virginia Cav- alry, and served until November, 1864. After the war he entered Ohio University, at Athens. Ohio, from which he graduated in 18()9. He then entered Cincinnati law school, and graduated in 1870. He came here in October, 1870, with Angustin Boice. and formed the law firm of Mcilaster & Hoice, which continued until his election to the bench. He became mayor on January 1, 1884, the law of succession having been changed during the term of his predecessor. Before becoming mayor he had been a can- didate for judge of the Superior Court in 18S2. anil had been defeated by Napoleon B. Taylor, in the sweep of a general Democratic victoiy. In 1894 he was again nominated for .judge of the Superior Court and was elected. He was re-elected in 1898. 1902 and 1906. and still holds this office. There were two othei- mayors pri(M' to the adoption of the present city charter, Caleb S. Denny. Republican, and Thomas L. Sul- livan. Democrat. Mr. Denny, on October 13, 1885. defeated Thomas G. Cottrell by the narrow margin of 9.098 against 9.038. He was re-elected October 11. 1887. over Dr. (Jeoi-ge F. Edenharter. by a vote of 9.9t)(l to 9.186. (In October 8. 1889. Judge Thomas L. Sullivan was elected over Gen. John Co- burn bv a vote of 11.363 to 9.570. On Oc- tober 13. 1891. he defeated William W. Herod. 14.320 to 11.598. As both of these mayors served under the new charter, fur- ther mention of them will be made hereafter. It may be mentioned that city elections were held in April until the adoption of the gen- eral city law of 1852. and thereafter on the first Tuesday in :\Iay. until 1883, when be- gan elections on the second Tuesday in Oc- tober. Also, that during the early city period, from 1847 to 1891. the mayor was a .judicial officer, serving as police .judge, or its e(|uivalent. As the city grew, this came to be the most onerous part of the mayor's duties, for he heard iiractically all of the cases of arrests liy llie city police, for minor offenses. CHAPTER XVII THE VOI.CXTKKR FIRE COMPANIES. The first fire in Fmlinnaiiolis of whieh tliere is any reedrd was tiic liiirnini;' of Thomas Carter's new frame tavern, on WashiiiL'ton street ()]i])osite the eoui't house, on January 17. 182."). Tliere was no fire oi-^'anization at the time, but the eiti/.ens turned out en ma.sse and .saved .most of the furniture e.xeejit some beds, and a quantity of flour, wliieh were stored in the rear of thr liuildini; where the fire oriL'inatcd. Smnr of tile volunteers were so enthusiastic in the rescue that the.v cho|iped down the |)ost in fi-ont of the tavern to save the new siirn it carried, and were much abashed to see it break to splinters when it fell. .\otwithstaiidin<;- this wai-uin^' a year more passed without a fire company, but on June 20, lS2f), the Indianapolis Fire I'ompany was or^'anizt^d under the state law of 1S"31, which jiermitted forty or more citi- zens of a to\\n to form a company, and make rules and reyulafions foi- themselves, for in- fractions of which they could imj)ose fines, collectable before a justice of llie peace. This company had no apparatus but leather buckets and ladders, and alai'iris were jiiven by rinj;injr the church bell. Its president was John Hawkins, and the seci'ctar.v Jjniics II. Hay. Fortunately it was not much called on f(U" service, and its |)rotection was consid- ered satisfactory until the buildinji' of the new state hou.se introduced the new factor of a buildinf.' too hi^rh for any of tlie latlders in use, and too valuable to be left with no protect i(in. 'I'he lejiislature cousideretl the matter and on February 7, 18:!."), (lassed ati act condi- tioned (in the jicople of 1 ndiana|)olis sub- scribing "one-half the amount re(|uircil to purchase a fii'st-i'ate fir-c cuLrine and a suit- able quantity of hose for the same": if this were done, the act directed the treasurer of state to purcha.se 2.5 fire buckets and four ladders lonif enouj;h to reach to the top of the state house, to pay half the cost of the (Miixine and ho.se, and to erect a building: for the eneine. The people at ouce beg:an a movement for the acceptance of this offer by a public ineetinsr at the Methodist church on Februaiy 12, at which (iovernor Ray presided and A. W. ]\Iorris acted as secretary. It was decided to aret a list of signatures of those who were willintr to .join a company, and to ask the trustees to levy a special tax, or other- wise co-operate with the state in the |)ni'- clia.se. The matter was pushed diiriim the summer, the county board eontributinir .+100, and in August Treasurer Palmer advertiseil I'oi- bids for the engine house. It wa.s a one- story frame building. 14x20, on a brick foun- dation, with a double door at the front, and stood on the nor-th side of the Circle .just west of .Meridian street. In 18:^7 the city added a second stoi'v to it which was used for a. council chamber and city otfices. The en- gine, named the ]\Iarion, a second-hand end- brake hand engine, was bought of .Merrick i!v; Co. iif Phila(lel|)lMa for .^sLSOO, and arrived hei'e in Septendier, 18.S."). During that and the following year live (lublic wells were dug for fire protection. The old bueki't com- pan.v was merged in the new organization, which re.joiceil in the name of the Mai-ion Fifi'. lliise and I'l'oteetiou Company. t >ii .January 20, 18.'^8. this company' was incorporated undei' the name of the Marion l-'ire Engine CoMii)any by "Caleb Scuddci-, Xiehola.s .McCai-ty. Hen.). I. BIythe, Cal- \in l-'letchei'. and not more than :iOO others." Hy the incorporation act. the membei's wi're "exemjit from militia duties except in case \(;i 168 IIISTOKY OF GlIEATER IXDIAXArOLlS. ( ir. //. Bdss I'hoto Company.) OUTLINE MAP, 1857. (Showing populated districts at various periods.) lU.SToliY OF (iUKATER IxXDJAXAPULLS. 169 III' iiisiii-i'ec'tion or invasion, and from service on juries in .instiees courts, and from the payment of poll tax for county purposes, and road tax for jx'i'sonal j)rivile<;e, and they shall, after ten years' service in said com- pany, be forever thereafter exempt from the [lerforuiance of militia duties except in case of insurrection or invasion". For five years this company and its ensrine constituted the fire department. Caleb Sciidder was the first cai)tain. and he was followed by James Hlake, Dr. John L. Mothersheacl and others. The company occupied the hou.se on the Circle until it was burned down in 18.51, some people believiriE: it was fired by some incndjer of the company, which was demand- ing better (juarters. ^lost of the early town records were lost in the fire. A new and sub.stantial brick house was then built for the comiyany at the corner of Massachusetts avenue anil New York street, where the fire headquarters is now located, and the com- pany occupied this till it disbanded in 1859. It used the old ]\Iarion luitil 1858. when a fine side-brake euuine was purchased for it by the city: which, having: been little u-sed. was sold in 1800 to the town of Peru for $2.1.30. In 1840 a second engine was added to the Mai-ions' equipment. It was also a second- hand end-brake engine, but in good condi- tion, called the Good Intent. It run with the JIarion until arrangements could be made for a division of the company. An act was jia.ssed by the legislatui-e on Febi-uary 4, 1S41, extending all the i-iglits and privileges of the I\Iarion company to ''forty or more of the citizens of Indianapolis" who should fonn an additional fire company, selecting sucii name as they might desire. Under this act a part of the .Marions, under the lead of John II. "\Vi-ight. one of the leading iner- eluuits and ]iioneer pork-packers of the city, organized the Independent Relief Company, and went into business with tiie (iood In- tent. Dui'ing most of its existence this com- I)any was housed in a two-story building south of Wa.shington on Meridian street, now covered l)y the establishment of L. S. Ayres & Co. It. used the (UhuI Intent until 1849. when it was fui-nislunl witli a "i-ow-boat" engine, on wliieh the men wei'c seated, aiul worki'd the lirakes iKH'izonlallv. 'I'liis was used until 1S5S, when by tlie aid of the coun- cil and subscriptions of citizens a powerful end-brake engine was purchased and ])ut iu use. The company was chartered by special act of January 21, 1850. which gave addi- tional powers for holding property. When the company disbanded in 1859, there was difficulty with the city authorities over the ownership of the engines, but in February, 1860, the company compromised by sur- rendering everything to the city but the old "I'ow-boat", which was broken up and sold a few weeks later. There were no separate hose companies in the days of the volunteers, though there were hose reels for the several companies, but the companies divided themselves into hose men and engine men. In 1843 a hook and ladder company was organized and the neccssaiy hooks, ladders, axes, buckets and wagon were procured for it. It disbanded with the rest of the volunteer department in 1859, but was reorganized in 1860, and located in the house formerly occupied by the Invincibles on North New Jersey street. In 1849 the Western Liberties Company was organized iu the wcstei'n part of the city, taking the (iood Intent when the Keliefs got their '"row- boat." They occupied a house in the i)oint between Washington street and the National Road until 1857, when a brick house was built for them on the south side of Wash- ington, east of California street, now occu- ]>ied by engine No. G. At their fii-st loca- tion, the Westerns, as they were commonly called, were the only company that did not have a bell, but used for alarm purpo.ses a large triangle which was (piite as alarming. In April, 1857, a new hand-brake engine called the Indiana was bought for them, and used until they disbanded. In ]\Iay, 1852, the Invincible Company was organized, chief- ly by (iernuins. and a rather snudl hiuid- brake engine called the Victory was bought for them. They had a brick house on the east side of New Jersey street, half a s(|uare north of Washington, on the site made no- torious later by the establishment of "Queen Mabb". The Victory was a light and service- able engine, and was used until 1857, when the Con(|ui roi', a fin(> hand-bi"ake engine, was pui'chased for tli(> company and us(>d \uitil .Vugust, 1859. The i'iiiiii)Mn\' then disbanded. 170 HISTOKY. OF (iliKATKR IXDIANAPOLIS. but ivor^'iinizod sis yiavt of the paid de|)<irt- iiieiit. and served until the summer of 18(i(), when it disbanded permanently and the ("on- ((ueror was soon after sohl to Ft. Wayne. In 185.") the I'nion eompany was oi'^^anized on the south side, and a two-story brick house was built for it on South .street, just east of the present St. Vincent's Hospital. A larue Jeffer.s hand-brake etiiiine was purchased foi- them, and was named "Spirit of 7 and (i" because the eompany represented those twn wards, but it was more conunonly known as "the Spirit of Seventy-six". The eom]iany was disbanded in November, \Sr>9. and after some unsuccessful elfort to reoriranize it un- der the paid department, the eu^trine was given in part pay, at -$600, to the Seneca Falls Company for steam engine No. 3, which was afterwards located at the I'nion 's house. The last volunteer comi)any organized was the Northwestern Fire Company, commonly known a.s The Rovers, It had a house on Indiana avenue, and was usins- ( ne of the old enorines, after its oro-anization in Mai-ch, 1858, until a new one could be purchased, when the evidences of pending- rui)tiiie l)e- eame so stronir that the pnrcha.se pi-ocretl- inss were stopped, and the conii)auy dis- banded with the otliers in 1859. There ^hiuld be mentioned, however, two additional or- •ranizations which do not seem to have luid etpial official standino-. In December, lS41t, a number of boys, who could not uet into tiic regular companies on account of youth, oi-- •ranized tlie "(), K. Bucket Comi)any", and uot ])osse.ssion of the old buckets, ladders and wat;-on of the o!-i^inal Indianapolis P'ire Coni- I)any. What they lacked in etpiipnu'nt thi'y made up in enthusiasm, and were successful in reaching so many tires first, and puttinu out so many "inci])ient conflagrations" tliat the council bnuyht them a new wairon aiul Imcket.s ami fiu-nished them a house, which was located on .Mei-idian street above .Mary- lanil. about where Kip's notion store now is. They disbanded in 1854. reor£;anized in 1855. disbanded ajrain in 1851) to reoriranize as an eri«;ine company, takinsr the old Victory when the Invincibles jiot the Coiu|uei-or. In Jlay, 1858, the Youu<i- America Hook and Ladder CoiTii>aiiy was fonned, and was su])- plied with ajipai'atus in .Jinie, which it used until it disbanded in Xnvember, 1859, The tire companies were triven powers connnensnrate with tiie duties they were ex- pected to perform. I'y the elaborate fire ordinance of April 24, 184(1, the coiUK-il was to apjioint annually a "chief fireward", and each ortranized eomjiany an "assistant fire- ward", who were recpiired to appear prompt- ly at any fire, when alarm had been oiven, with their "badire of office, which shall be a pole five feet in len«rth, painted red." The tii-ewards and officeis of the eiiirine and hose companies were sriven authority to "com- mand all resident citizens to form into line for the purpose of con\eyin<;' water to the enirines, or to render any aid that may be deemed necessary", A citizen who refused was subject to fine of $1 to $20. They also had power to order a building pulled down, blown up, or otherwise I'emoved dui'inir the profjress of a fire if deemed necessai-y. The owners of buJldins'S haviiii;- fireplaces or stoves were reipiired to have laitdcM's reaeh- im;' to the ridse, and ti)'<' buck(4s. one to every three fireplaces or stoves. The Hrewar'ls could also reiiuire buildinijs to be re]iaired if dauoerous, seize sjunjiow 'cr if Icept in (luantities ovei' 25 pounds, and cause fires made in sti'i^ets oi- alleys to be- extin- iruished, if considered dangerous. In the early times membersbin in n tire company was almost a bad>je of tiood citizen- ship for the able-bodied. Fvei-ybody wanted to help. Ministers were i'xemi>t from duty iin call, but they oft(>n waived their priv- ilege. Henry Wai-d Beeeher was noted for fiffbtinjr tenu^oral fii'cs with as much viiror as he did the eternal kind. Theie was a spirit of fellowship in the companies that made them vers- potent political and social influences: in fact they became ultimately, as in nuiny other cities, almost dictatiu'ial in their political power. Anion<_' the members of the companies whose names are bi'st re- membered were John Coliurn. Joseph K. English. Berry Sulyreve and Thomas Bu- chanan, who Avere all captains of the Clarions; Col. N. R. Ruckle, the last ruiuiintr officer, and (ieu. Fred TCneflei-, the pipemau of the Marions, with Henry Coburu, John 1>. ^lor- ri*;. Hiram Seibert. James Feriruson. Samuel Wallace, ,\ar'-n Clem. Milton Sulgn ve and (ieorue H. West, of the same comnany: B\'roii K. Elliott. (Icoi-ge W. Sloan. James HISTORY OF (;i;i;.\- XDIAXATOLIS. in McCread.T. William Mansur, Alex (iraydon, E. S. Tyler. Paul Sherman. Taylor Elliott and Johu C. New of the Iiidepeiideiit Ke- liefs; Charles Richmaiin. Eniaimei Ilauirh and .Joseph \V. Davis of the Iiiviiieihles ; John Mai-see. Tlumias (!. Cottreli, Fi-aiik and Dan Glazier of tlie Unions; W. (). ("Deek"') Sherwood. Michael (i. Fitehey and Isaac Thalnian of the Westerns. The couiieil elected Thomas .M. Smith "chief fire warden" on S('i)tember a, 184t). and. for some unknown ivason. there was no subsequent annual election of a "chief fire- ward" as i>i'oviiled l)y tlie ordinance. On March 7. 1853. the council ahandoncd the special city chartei', anil adopted the j;en- eral city ineorporatic ii act of June 18. ISii'I. as the city charter. This provided for a chief fire enji:ineer and two assistants, and Joseph Ijittle was elected chief, with Beri'v Sulgrove and William Kintr as assistants. By this time the companies were l)ecomin<r somewhat unndy. .Many of the orijiiiuil menibei's. who represented the consen'ative sentiment of the community had dropped out tiiidcr the ■"ten years service" provision, and the ranks were tilled with younji'cr men. The council sought to curb tlie power of the compaiiies by makin<r them undci'stand that obedience to city authority would be the pi-ice of city aid. The eomjianies met the intima- tion by oriranizini; the Kire Association, which was comixised of delejrates from each company, and held montldy meetini;>; in the tipper room of the Relief eomi)any on Meridian sti-eet. Rcri\v R. Sulgrove was the first i)rtsident of this, and it was at onei! rwoijnized as the representative of the whole bod,v of firemen. From the first each com- pan.v had elected its own officers — a captain (also (ircsidcnt), seeretar.v, treasurer, enjiine directors ami hose dii-ectoi-s. the "messen- ger" beinfi fonnali.x' i-husen by the council, and paid $.")(> a year for keei)in^ the api)a- ratns in m-der. iiut icall.v beins' named by the companies. The Fire Association also came to a tacit powei- to name the elei'k of the council, and |)r;ictically to dictate the fire appropriations, and the erowth of their demands ma,v be .iud<red from the extensive pureha.se of new apparatus in 1857 and 1858. The people ob.jected to the expense, and so did the council, for it madi' a dcai'th of funds for other ptirpo.ses. There was another feature that caused a sentiment as;ainst the companies. Many of the members wei-e in the oreanization ""fur the fun of the thintr, " and they un(|ues- tionably •rot a great deal of fun out of it. Jlueh of this was ([uite harmless, and grew out of the commendable rivali-y of the com- paJiies in getting the first watei' on lii-es. This naturall.v developed contests in badinage and occasional free fights, but no lasting bitternes,s. Indeed there was rem.irkable gtod natui-e in all their horse-play. The In- vinciblcs. being lai'gely (lennans, were dubbed "the AVooden Shoes" b.v the other companies, while the Reliefs— or Good In- tents — were sninetinu^s called "Swallow Tails" and sometimes "Silk Stockings," but by the Invineibles. who i-egarded the Reliefs as s|)eeial rivals, they were called the "Shangliais". The (Jei-mans of the Invin- eibles being addicted to music had a sort of battle-h.vnni, which originated when Emanuel Ilaugh was their captain, a frag- mctit of which. <is their rivals claimed they sane- it. ran : '■]\Ian Ilaugh is our capt;iin. Vere lie leads ve go; I run mit de Wooden Shoes, Trow. Wictorv. trow." Thi'i'e was a elim iis i-unning : "Trow, Wictor,v. ti-ow. Trow, Wictorv. trow, De Shauirhais has no wasser. Trow. Wictorv. trow." And aiiotln'r I'cfi'ain tliat is handetl down, is: "Trow, Wictory. trow, ]\Ian llaueb is our president; lie makes us wax de (hxxI Intent: Trow, Wictorv. trow." With all their rivalry tlii' companies had little trouble about iK-ttini;- tog(>thcr when the,v scenteil common pre,v. and one of their diversion.s was "washing out" houses of ill fame. This was lu^t altogether pure deviltry-, for. after the railroads were opened, the 172 mSTOHV OF GItEATElf IXDIANArOLIS. river towns, ospofially Cineiiinati. used to furnish us with some very imdesirable citi- zens; and, sometimes on coniphiints of neigh- bors, and sometimes on a tip from the police tliat a resort was becomiuEr obnoxious, the department would so through it. It is won- derful that no serious affrays resulted from these affairs, but none did. A male attache of one place on Washington street once un- dertook to use a shot-gun, but he was promptly hustled out of the way before do- ing any damage. The nearest serious results \\as at a place on North New Jersey street where a Cincinnati outfit had located, much to the disgust of the neighbors. The com- l>anies decided +0 act. and had their hose laid, when the proprietress appeared at the door with a big six-barreled pepper-box and opened fire. All of the pipemen vamoosed Imt one plucky fellow who danced around to dodge bullets and yelled lustil.v for "watei'". Finall.v the water came, and when a solid stream struck the defender in the pit of the stomach she keeled over and went into the wash. They say the like of that wetting was never seen. They washed out closets, bureau drawers, everything: and when they got through there was not a dry hook and eye in the house. In Jidy, 1857. there was some resistance to visitations to a couple of places in the western part of the city which led to the arrest and fining of several firemen for riot, but this had no notable restraining ef- fect. On the contrary the Locomotive, which was the conscience-keeper of the community at the time, .iustified the oiTense, and it was followed within a month by several other af- fairs of the same kind. Rut all of this sort of reform work begot a disregard of property rights, and when, one year, some injudicious insurance men offererl two prizes, a silver trumpet and a silver pitcher, to the companies making the be.st rec- ords for getting first and second water on fires during the year, it was not surprising that there were numei-ous cli.-irges of incen- diarism. There were astduiidingly numei-ous alarms from fins in old and isolated build- iugs, to which some 'company responded with strange rapidit>'. One old timer says that whenever he saw a fii-e ca])tain step out of the house with his trumi)et he knew thei'C would be an alarm \ei-y <|uicl<ly. M this time, in preparation for the building of the Yolin Block, at the northeast corner of Washington and ^Meridian streets, the old frame building that stood there had been raised on pi-ops preparatory to removal, hav- ing been purchased by a colored citizen. This la.st feature was in the nature of a pub- lie affront, for no "airs" were tolerated from the colored population in those days, even in Indianapolis. Passing on the opposite side, after supper, a member of the Reliefs heard a crv of fire, and saw that one was starting in this building. He sped away to the en- gine-house half-a-block below, yelling "fire!'' and grabbed the tongue for the run. In a trice he was tripped up, and as he rose from the tloor a husky voice admonished him, "Keep still, yon d— d fool." He explained that he meant no offense, and after a brief wait a watehnuui called. "Here come the AVooden Shoes I" Then the ropes were manned in a .iiff'y. and the Good Intent got fii-st water — but it did not put out the fire. Nor did any other company. If it looked like it might become dangerous to ad.joining property they would smother it down ; and then they would turn the hose on each other and on the crowd, until 'they had fooled away most of the night, and there was not enough left of the burning building to be worth moving. Of course evei-ything was denied publiel.v, but there were numerous curious events, and not a little of slanderous gossip. The companies might have outlived all this if they had not fallen out among themselves. Joseph Little had lieen followed as chief en- gineer by Jacob Fitler in 1854. Charles W. Purcell in 1855. Sauniel Keeley in 1856. An- drew "Wallace in 1857, and Joseph W. Davis in 1858. Davis had been captain of the In- vincibles, and was one of these positive char- acters who make strong friends and equally strong enemies. Charges wei'e made against the fairness of his election and also of his management, and i\w dissensions in the de- partment became acrimonious. In 1859 an effort was made to restore harmony by elect- ing John E. Foudra.v chief engineer. He had not been a member of any company, but there was somi as much ob.iection made to him as to Davis. On August 13. 1859. the council added the last straw bv instructing HISTOIJV OK GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. Illi) North Side. Illinois to Meridian. ^liiimiiip^si Xmili Si. I. M.ridian to Pennsylvania. Soiitii Side. Pennsylvania to Meridian. f\y. II. Hiixa Phnlo Compamj.) Little's Hotel. State Bank Court House. WASHINGTON STREKT VIEWS IN 1854. 174 HISTORY OF GKEATER IXDlAXArOLIS. thr coiiiiiiitti'c on tirt- (lepartnH'iit ti) ascer- tain on what tci'nis a steam fire eni;ine conld be profured. The first steam fire enj>ine had been built in the United States in 1853, but they were rapidly gaining favor not only on account of efficiency bi;t also because, as ]\riles Greenwood said, they "neither draiilc whisky nor threw brickbats"". The com- panies were alarmed, and with cause. At that tinu^ Joseph K. English, of the ^larion.s, was president of tbe Fire As.sociation and also councilman from the first ward. On August 27 he introduced a resolution that "in the opinion of this council it is inex- pedient at this time to attempt any I'eoiiiani- zation of the Fire Department of this city"", which wa,s laid on the table. On August 30 it was taken up. discussed, and lost, the vote standinir. Ayes: English, Ilaughey, Kidilman, McXabb, Pratt and Wallace; Noes: Cottrell, GeiseiuloriT, Locke, Metzger, Richmann, Sei- bert, Tilley and Vandegrift. A resolution that it was expedient to reorganize the fire department, and that a connnittee of five be appointed to prepare a plan, was then inti'oduced and passed by a vote of 10 to 4, Ilaughey and Wallace joining the reorgan- izers. For this connnittee Mayor ^laxwell named Richnuinn, Geisendorff, ]\IeNabb, Van- degrift and Wallace. On motion Locke and English were added. On Septembei- 4 the ma.jority of the com- mittee repoitetl a plan to continue the pres- ent companies in active service, to purcha.se at once a third-class steam engine with hose reel and e(|nipment, and to issue bonds in payment. The minority, English and Mc.Vabb, recoMunended indefinite pestpone- nu^nt : they urged that "whilst we admit the superiority of a paid fire department in some respects, over the present volunteer system, and while we ai-e willing to admit that the present dei)artment is not a.s active in some of it.s branches as it might he", the expense was too gi'cat 1o lie luidertaken. and "wc also believe that the pi-esenf depai'tment can be made efficient and even respectable if the propel' course be taken by the citv council"". They also ofVe)-e<l a resolution "that foi- the encouragement of the ])resent volunteer de- partint>nt all trood citizen.s be requested to rebuke persons who have either wilfidly or iunorantiv abused and slandenvl the members of the fire department, by joining some of the fire companies now existing'". The nu- nority report was quickly i)ut to rest, and the majority report, after being amended to provide for a connnittee to inquire at what price an engine could be bought, and whether it could be paid for in bonds, wa.s adopted. The connnittee appointed was composed of Locke, Cottrell and Richmann. At the same meeting a connnittee composed of Vande- grift, Richnuiini and Metzger, which had been appointed to investigate the demands of the companies for new hose, reported that there was plenty of hose which needed only to be oiled and put in repair, and that they had taken the liberty of Ordering this to be done. (The couneilmen were fire wardens under the charter law.) This report was accepted, and the committee was directed to see that its orders were carried into efi'ect. The committee of inquiry proceeded to busines.s by solicitinu' both bids aiul exhibi- tions from the engine manufactui'ei-s. which met favorable responses. On September 23 and 24 a Latta engine was exhibited here at the county fair, and tried before the com- mittee at the Palmer House cistern — corner of Illinois and Washington streets. On Oc- tober 15, and again on the 22d, a Lee & Lar- ned ensrine was tried at the canal. On Oc- tober 22 the connnittee reported that city bonds could be sobl at 93 cent.s or could be u.sed at that fiirure in the purchase of an engine ; that the Latta and Lee & Earned conipanie.s had both made offers which were submitted; and recommended that a commit- tee of three be appointed with discretionaiy power to purchase an engine as socm as pos- sible. The Latta company offered to furnish an engine for .$5,500 in bonds, and the Lee & Lamed company made an oft'er for •$4.()00. On October 29 the Lee & Lai'ned offei- was accepted, and al.so a motion, offered by Coun- cilman Wallace, was adopted that the insur- ance company givins" the lamest amount, .$500 or upwards, and paying for the letter- ing on the engine, miiiht name it. It is not reeoided that this chance for advertisement was utilized. Tlu> relations of the companies and the council now became tense. On November 12 a resolution was ottered in council that "wh(>i'(>as it is repoj-fed that the volunteer TTTSToijY OF (;i!i:.\'ri;i; ixdi.wai-oi.is. 175 fire cdiiipMuii'S ai'P in a state of rebellion and refuse to render strviee at tires,'" tlie eoiuicil buy two engines and hose wagons, buy four horses, hire six men to take eharge of tlie equipment, and employ 40 men to \v<irk thr engines. Xo action was taken then, but it was eviilent that there would be. and on that day Councilman Kiiirlish resigned. On No- vendici- 14. tlie council, by an unanimous vote, suspended the rules and pa.ssed an ordinance di.sbandiug the volunteer companies. It then pa.s.sed another organizing a paid department with Joseph W. Davis as chief engineer. Then followed a resolution for two engine com- panies and a liook and ladder company, the first engine company, under Capt. Charles Richiiiann to take tlie Conqueroi- engine and the Invincible's house; the second, under Capt. W. 0. Sherwood, to take the Indiana, No. 4, engine and the Western's house: and the hook and ladder company, under Capt. W, \V. Darnall, to take the apparatus and house of the old company on the west end of the .Market S(|uare. Conncilmen Wallace. VandcL'rift and (ieisendortf were appointed a eonuiiittce to carry the resolution into ef- fect and make such contracts as might be needed. On -Xovember 19, Hichmann reported that his eompany wa.s organized and 25 men em- ployed. Daniall i-eported that he could not organize the hook anil ladder company unless a iiorse wei-e fui-iiished to haul the ti'uck. which was (piite heavy. Sherwood reported that he was unable to organize a eompany. and that the cause of the failure was ob.jec- tion to Chief Engineer Davis. ]Mr. Cotti-ell at nncp offered a motion that, inasmuch as the wester'ii part of the city had failed to oi'- ganize. the engine be located at the Xo. o hon.se, ]irovided a eompany organized there. This was lost, and the mihler course was taken of directing the chief engineer to fur- ni.sh a list of names to Captain Sherwood. and that he accept them "if sober and com- petent men". At the same meeting the com- mittee which had been appointed to buy horses reported the i)urchase of foui-. and recommended the |)nr('hase of two more, one of which should be f(u- the hook and ladder company; which recommendation was adopt- ed. On Xovember '26, Sherwood and Darnall '■eportcd their companies organized and ready i'or .service. At this meetintr the council took uj) the resignation rf Mr. Knglish. .•nd adopted luianiinously a resolution i-ecitiug that lie had resinned "for the rea.soa that he was an untiring and uncompromising friend of the ^'olunteel• Fire Department, anil preferred to i-etire rather than to a.ssist in instituting a paid fire (le]iai'tiiieiit " : that "we ap])reciate his efforts in behalf of the Volun- teer Fire Department, and rcLrret that we were deprived of his services in instituting the new department": and that the council "bear testimony that he was faithful and honest in all his otificial acts while letrislatiiur for the city, and we feel his loss from our couiu'il chamber". This oil foi- the troubled waters was introduced by Councilman Andy Wallace, who was a wise nuin in his genera- tion, even if he did later write a letter to one of the city papei's criticising the City Library because it contained "the pernicious works of Bocos", Thi' atmosphere now beuan to clear. On Di'ceiiiber 3 the Reliefs submitted a compro- mise proposition offering to surrender their new engine aiul all apparatus except the old rowboat engine if the city would pay the sum of !)>742.1o, which was still due on the engine. This was at once accepted. On Jan- uary 14, 1860, the ^Marions submitted a prop- osition to sui'i'cnder all of their property if the city would pay the amounts still iliie on the same. This was referred to a committee, which found the amount due to be $9(1. :?n, and the otfei- was accepted. With these trans- a<'tions the relations of the city and the vol- unteer companies closed, and an cixieh in the city's history ended. It is gratifying that the ending was sueli as to leave no bit- terness. There has always lieen a warm feel- inc for the men who fei- miu'c than a (luarter of a century foiiuht the city's battles against fii'c. and there have been no bettei- friends of the i)aid depai'tment than the old-time tire laddies who had learned from ex])erieiu>e what fire service meant. During the time of the volunteer depart- ment, fires were neithei- numerous nm- exten- sive as mea'jured bv the standards of today. Coal oil and gas( line were not in use, and Hues wei-(> not of intrieate construction. The framework of buildiii'.'s was heavier, and iiine was not in use. so that smne of the features nc. HISTOEY OF GIJEATER IXDIANAPOLIS. of modem "slow-burning- eonstnietion" were iu ueneral use. And people were more care- ful, p(ssibly because more of them in pro- portion occupied their own homes and did not feel the tenant's lack of responsibility. The first recorded fire was Carter's tavern in 1825, as noted, and the second is said to have been the residence of Nicholas MeCarty about 1827. Henry Brady's residence was de- stroyed by fire July 15, 1832. The next of im- portance recorded was Scudder & Ilannaman's tobacco factory on Kentucky avenue in 1838, which is said to have caused a loss of $10,000, uninsured. On February 4, 1843, Wa-shing- ton Hall was damaged to the extent of $3,000, and only saved from destruction by hard work of the eni^ine companies and hundreds of citizens who formed bucket lines. The weather was very cold, the water freezing whenever it fell away from the fire. This was the great Whig hotel, and possibly for that reason efforts were made to burn it in May, 1848.' A fire on Washington street on May 14, 1848, burned out two or three stores, and threatened others, but was finally extineuished by the combined eft'orts of the engines and tlic citizens, women aiding in the bucket lines.- Another on December 27, ^Locomotive, May 27, June 3, 1848, -Locomotive, May 20, 1848. 1848, burned Stretcher's furniture store, Cox's warehouse and Xoel «& Co. 's warehouse.' The old Hannaman mill burned in January, 1851, while occupied by ]Merritt & Coughlen. in 1853 there were some trying fires. The first was the large stables back of the Wright House, on August 10. Sevei'al other build- ings took fire from this, but by great elforts of citizens and firemen the destruction was confined to the stables. On November 16, 1853, the old Steam iMill burned, and gave most of the community an exhausting task. The bad year closed with the burning of Kel- shaw & Sinker's foundry in December. The old ferry-house was damaged by fire on No- vember 27, 1855, and Carlisle's mill was l)urned on January 18, 1856. In 1857 the foundry of Ira Davis & Co. at Delaware and Pogne's Run was destroyed by fire. The year 1858 was another bad one. witnessing the burning of Ferguson's pork house, Allen May's pork house, and the old city foundry, which was then occupied by E. C. Atkins with an inc'pient saw works. Atkins then built and occupied a small shop near the same place, which burned in June, 1859. The burning of Hill's saw mill on East street, in October, 1859, closed the era of the volun- teer companies. ''Locomoiivc. December 30, 1848, CHAPTER XVII SOMK ti|,|)/n.MH KELIGION. (By Mks. Anx.v C. Baggs.)' I cannot fcnu'inin'i- wlun I was not re- ligiously inilini'd. The bible I have read and stiulieil from childhood. I enjoyed the iarg:e family bible that lay on the stand in my mother's n oin when I was not tall enoiig:h to read it with ease. It was what we called a candle-stanil. There was always a white cover, with netted frinjie around it, on that stand, and on top the bible. I had a little green wooden stool upon which 1 stood to make me hi^h enouuh to look at the pictures. and read in the ^food book. '!"he schools were very diti'ei-ent then and now. What dititicnlt text books we had I No simplified work for us ! At eight years of age I was in the large- dictionary spelling class, where we were com- pelled to conunit a cohuiui of words with their definitions daily. .Joscpbus Cicero Worrall was our teacher; woe be unto us if we did not have our lessons. In this same school were the Wallace, Cobni'u and Dunlaji boys. I next attended a ^fethodist school for two years, taught by a ^fiss Leseur. She was not nnieh of a teacher— at least she did not a|)peal to me. She was a cranky maiden lady. When I was eleven years old. my ' Mi's. Anna ('. Haggs, who has kindly furnished this chapter, is a daughter of Obed Foote, mentioned elsewliere as one of the earliest settlers of Indianapolis, and the most prominent of its early .justices of the peace. As a luitive, and life-long resi- dent of Indianaiiolis. educated at St. .Mary's Seminary, and always in close touch with the religious lif(> of the place, her conti-ibu- tion has an cs| ial value as histoiy at first hand. Vol. 1—12 1 bi'other arrived at tin- age of twenty-one, and I chose him for my personal guai-dian, and Mr. Sanuicl Heck (an old friend of the familj^j for my property guai'dian. .My brother sent nic to St. Clary's Seminary, an Kpiseopalian school. Dr. Samuel Johason was rector of the church and also principal of the school. His wife, Julia (aftei'wards .Mrs. Stoughton A. Fletchei-i, was his a.ssist- ant. Dr. Johnson, both as rector and as teacher, was true to his pujjils. He helped us both intellectually and spiritually. I think he was disappointed that I did not choose the Episcopalian church, but I told him I could not be a true church woman, be- cau.se I believed in other denominations, and that there were other churches as good as the Kpiscopalian. In the fall of LS4« l)i-. (lillette was sent to Roberts Chapel. He was one of nature's noblemen, a thoroughly consecrated Christian uiinister, so graceful and courteous in man- ner. Having been educated in the navy, he renuiiued in the navy for two or thi-ee years after his conversion: then he felt the call to i)reach, and entered the ^lethodist itiner- acy. His sermons abounded in nautical ex|)re.s- sions. He seemed to know the bible fi'om the first verse of Genesis to the la.st verse of Revelation. His charming mannei's first at- tracted me; he was so gentle in his bearing to everyone. I was the first yoiuig person he spoke to on the sub.iect of religion, in Iinlian- apolis. He was especially interested in me liecause I was an oi'|ilian. He began pro- tracted meetings about the firsf of Jaiuiary, 1S47. It was my last year at school. I could not attend the meetings regularly. Init on the 178 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 28th (if •Tiiiiuai-\-. iii>' t'onrtrentli liirllidjiy, I went to the Thursday night nieetinu. I went to the allar, cave myself to tlie Loid; eom- mitted my way unto Him. I think it was really the beaiitifiil man- ners of Dr. and Mrs. Gillette that just at that time won me to IMethodism, for I am the only member on either my mother's or my father's side that is a ^Methodist. ^Fy mother had been a charter member of Roberts Chapel, but she died the ijth of January. 184:1 I attended the Rolieits Chajiel Sunday-sehool in the afternoon, but the Episeoi)alian Sun- day-sehool in the mornins, often staying to church with my sister, who was a couununi- cant of Christ Church. For two years be- fore I joined the church I was a member of Brothel- Tutewiler's class, and a rejrular at- tendant. I did not speak, but I attended. And whil(> I was not an acknowleds'ed mem- ber of the church until I was fourteen years old, I always received a little pink ticket for the quarterly love feast, for in those days you could not enter the love feast meetinjr with- out a ticket— otherwise the members would have been crowded out, so general was the desire to hear the experiences of these Christians. Seventy yeai's aso the (|uarterly meeting was an important event to the little connnun- ity that worshipped in the ^Methodist chni-eh at the southwest corner of ^leridian and Circle streets (now ^rouument Place). For weeks the "apiiroaching quarterly meeting'' had been a subject of prayer, not only in the congregation on Sabbath, but at the weekly prayer meeting, the family altar, and at secret prayer; "that there might be a refreshinu- from the pi'esence of the Lord, sinners convicted and converted, backslidei's reclaimed, and believers built up in theii' most holy faith". In the homes they were bu.sy making |)repai-ations to entertain the presiding elder, the district stewards, ami all visiting brethi-en. The members of the church po.ssessed the old-fa.shioned idea of hospitality and the.v deemed it a pleasure to entertain not only the elder and stewards, but other friends that came in from the surrounding' country to enjoy the ])rivileges of the meet- ings. The simple muslin curtains were freshly laundered and rehung, the andinms given an extra polish, the brick heai-tbs a fi-esh co<ir of red ])aint, and the jiantry rejjlenished with the good things so necessary to the happiness of the hostess or enteitainer. The elder generally arrived in the village Thursday m time for supper and the prayer meeting. Friday before the quarterly meet- ing was always observed as a day of fasting and prayer. A.lso on this day the elder, with "the preacher in charge", visited the homes of the aged and the sick members, in fact all the shut-ins, holding with each a sea- son of song and prayer. Friday evening there was a short service in the church. Sat- urday morning at 10 o'clock there was a preaching service. The men of the church attended, as well as the women. I have often heard the old folks sav, "what a blessed meet- ORIGINAL WESLEY CHAPEL BUILT IN 1S29. (From an old cut.) iug we had this morning : I really believe our Saturdaj' morning services are the very best of the season"'. It was no small sacrifice for some that were pi'esent to lay aside their business in the middle of the day and spend an hour or longer in worship. Satui'day evening was given over to the preparation for the Sabbath. The good housewife had everything arranged that as little cooking as possible should be done on the Sabbath day. On quarterly uu='eting occasions, knowing a crowd would be present Sabbath morning, we were all ready and stai-ted in good time to obtain comfoi-table seats. I rather liked the eai-ly ai-riva! at the church, for I could watch the people as they entered. Fathers and nuithers, brothens and sisters could walk HISTORY OF GREATER. INDIANAPOLIS. 179 to the church tog-ether, but at the door they must be separated, the boy.s goino: with the fattier on one side of the aisle, and the girls witli th'' mother on the other side. .\iiii ng the first to (>ntei-. in a very stately, dignified uiaiuu'r. were Morris Morris, wit'e. boys an<l girls. The fathi'i-. a tall, angular man. aeeoniiianied iiy the sons, Austin, Thomas and John : the mother, a stout lady, always dresseil in soft gray dresses, wool in winter aiul silk in sununer, her daughters, Aiiumda. Julia and the little girl, Bettie. Mrs. Morris oci-upied a ehair in the "aineii corner", and the girls sat near her. .Mrs. JLorris earrit'd a large white feather' fan, which was the admii'Htiou of njy young life. I resolved that when I grew to be a big lady I would have a fan like hers. But here comes Alfred flaiM-ison and his sweet-faced wife, his dauirhter Mary, a tall. (|ueenly girl, and the little iiirl. Des.sda. Down the opposite aisle w:iiki-d Mrs. Kinder with her four dauvjhters. tlie famous twins among them. Then came Mrs. Henry I'orter and Miss Pamelia nan- son; and here is brother Isaac Phipps with. his merry black-eyed wife and three mischiev- ous daiis^hters: tlien Tncle George Norwood, his daughters ^laria and Louisa following; then .Mi-s. Pa.xton and Miss Susan Luce, so dennire and saintl.v-lookinu'. Then come Henrv TIannaman and his young wife; Mrs. (iiven and her thi'ee handsome dauL'hters; Aaron Johnson and his unique- looking wife. James Drum, immaculately clad. ap]iears. James was the leader of the siniring. and occupied the very front seat. Then there weiv amonir the younirer inembeis Samuel Beck. Henr.v Tutcwiler and Jesse Jones; but now the ciuircli is filling i'ai)idl.v. I am crowded into such a snudl sjiace in the corner my view is limited, hut there come the elder and the preacher. They lay their bats on the table, go up the steps of the pul- pit, and kneel a few miinites in silent i)i-ayci'. Then the elder annoliiiei's the hymn. I'ejiils it thi-oiiL'li : "Befcre .leJKivali '-- awful tlii'one Ve luitions bow in sacred .io.v. Kiiiiw that the Lord is God alone; lie e:iii eiivile Mild lie destroy.'" Tlieii iirL'iiii;' 1li<- eoiiL;reL.';itioM to sing with the spirit and the understiiiiding. he lines the hymn, two lines at a time. Brother Drum starts the tune. The whole congregation .ioiii in singing. There are few hymn-books in the audience, so the minister alwa.vs lines the hymns that are given out fi-om the pulpit. After singing the hynui, the entire congrega- tion is requested to kneel in prayer. All, turning, kneel with faces to the backs of their l)ews. It seem.s to me now, through these sev- enty years, I can hear the dee|) tones of the elder as he revei'enflv pra.ved ; "Oh. Thou who inhnbitest eteriiit.v. Thon Ci'cator and ju'eserver of mankind. Thou who ditlst send Thine oidy begotten Son into the world, that will soever believeth on Ilim should not per- ish, but shoidd have eternal life: to Thee we come this morninu, knowing we are unworthy, but we come in the name of Jesus, our Medi- ator and Redeemer." The pra.yer of adoration, of confession, of supplication, of thanksgivitiir, was accompan- ied by the heart.v ''aniens", "hallelu.iahs". "praises to the Lord", of the earnest mem- bers of the church. At the conclusion of the prayer the congregation, being seated, led by Brother Dr>un, the.v heartil.v .joined in sing- ing some familiar hymn: "Come, Thou Fount of Every Blessing", "Jesiis "Sly All to Heaven has (ione", or "Oh, Hapi\v Day that Fixed My Choice". The morning lessons woidd be read, one fi-om the Old, the other from the New Te.stament. The inevitable col- lection would be taken, with an exhortation to give liberally to the support of the chiu'ch. .Another h.ymn lined and sunu'. and then would conu' the sei-mon. In those da.vs the jiresidimj: elders were the strong men of the confei'cnce and invai'iabl.v go'd sermonizers. The ])cople were willing to listen to a sermon an hour and fifteen or an hour aud twenty minutes long. I believe, a.s a rule, their senuons were on God's plan of saving the woi-ld. the iilau of salvation from the .\i-iiiiiiiMii pnint of view. The text would be from the Old Testa- ment, some lu'oplieey nf the coming of the .Messiah, the eflect of His coming and the results. The fii-st of th(> sermon was argu- mentative, the secoiul fulfilled pi'0])liec.v, and lastl.v the efl'ect on the wiu-ld of the coming of Christ, the api)lication to dui' own souls — the consciousness of ;i personal Savi(U'. T (d'fen wondered wli\' the Hist of the sermon 180 HISTORY OF GEEATEK INDIANAPOLIS. was not as enthusiastically delivered as the suniniint;- up at the close. ^\fter the sermon "the doors of the church were opened", an invitation given to join the church, either on probation or by letter, the long meter doxology was sung, the con- gregation was dismissed with the apostolic benediction. They slowly and reverently filed out of the church, but when out on the lawn began the buzz of the greetings of the breth- ren and sisters of the chiu'ch. The out-of- town visitoi-s were invited to the homes of the members. The sernum and church affaire were the topics of conversation ; all worldli- ness was avoided. Arriving at the homes, the dinner was soon in readiness. No expanse of fine table linen was visible, for every avail- able inch was covered. Either turkey or chiclicn (according to the season), vegetables, jellies, pickles, preserves, bread, butter, pie and cake. The viands were all placed before you. You could make your choice of the various eatables. How heartily they did eat! After dinner there was a little rest for the older people. The children went to the Sab- bath school. At 3 o'clock the members gath- ered at the cliurch to celebrate the holy com- munion. After entering the house of God there was no recognition of friends, no bow- ing and smiling, but everyone seemed engaged in silent prayer. The services were intro- duced by singing that grand old hymn: ' ' When I survey the wondrous cross On which the Prince of Glory died, ]My richest gain I count but loss. And ]>our contempt on all my pride." The ordained ministers and local preachci-s were invited to come to the altar and join in the consecration of the bread and wine. After the simy)]e ritual of the church was concluded, and the ministers had partaken of the holy emblems, all the members of the IMethodist church, and the members of any sister church that might be present, were invited to come to the table of the Lord. Brother Drum was requested to lead in singing a vei-se, while conniiunicants were coming and going, but not during the administering of the sacra- ment. He began \\ itli : ■'lb' dies, the friend of sinners dies. Lci, Sjili'in's daughters weep around; A sudden darkness veils the skies, A sudden trembling shakes the ground. Come saints and drop a tear or two For him who groaned beneath your load ; He shed a thousand drops for you— A thousand drops of riclier blood." Or- "Alas, and did my Saviour bleed? And did my Sovereign die? Would he devote that sacred head For such a worm as I?" The beginnings of the hymns were sad, but they ended with the triumph of the risen Christ. As the meeting progressed the hymns became more joyous. After all the white folks had communed, the ci)lored friends from the gallery were invited to come and i)artake of the holy conmuinion. With suppressed emotion they came down the gallery steps and down the aisle to the table, i'rostrating theiii- selves, with most reverent humility, they re- ceived the emblems of Christ's broken body and shed blood. Their joy was too great to be further restrained ; they went back to theii- seats shouting hallelujahs to God. IMonday night the love feast was held. As mentioned, no one could be admitted witiioiit a ticket. The members received their tickets when they paid their quai-terage. Outsiders could procure tickets from the pastor or some one of the class leaders, but they nuist prom- ise to conduct themselves propei-ly while pres- ent. On a table in front of the pulpit were four plates of very small squares of lijzlit- bread, and as many pitchers of water with glasses. After the singing of a hynni and prayer came the peculiar ceremony of pa.ssing this bread and water, each pei*son taking a liiece of bread and a sip of water in token of the love and fellowship existing among the members. Then the ((uarterly report was pre- sented by the pastor, telling of the niuiiber who had died, who had removed, the nuinher of probationers, the number of convei-sioiis, the present number of members in full stand- ing, and the moneys received and disbursed. The pastor would give his persoiud experi- ence, then turn the meeting over to the mem- bers to conduct according to tlieir pleasure. Father Foudray, a sweet singer in Israel, was generallv the first to speak, lie liked, he lllsroKV OK (MiKATKi; I N DlAXAl'Ol.lS. ISI Siiiil. ti> "sti'ii out from tlic h\i.sy tln-imj;- and sit ilowii by the wayside to meditate on and talk aliont the Chi-ist", who had done so niueh foi- liim. Christ had always been a present help in every time of trouble. "He walks by my side and helps me over the roush places. lie is the ( )ne in whom my soul takes delitrht.'" Sittinii- down he sintrs: "Oh. 'I'hon in whose ])resence my snul takes delight, On whom in affliction I call: My comfort by day and my song- in the night : My hope, my salvation, my all." A strange brother arises and says: ''Ten years ago at a eamp-meeting across the Ohio river, in the woods in Kanetucky. I was con- victed of sin. I went to the mourner's bench. sought forgiveness, was pardoned, and, thank the Lord, I have never backslid. Pray for me, friends, that I may always be faithful, outride the storms of life and get home to glory." Mother Little would speak. She al- ways held her hantlkei'chief over her face, and with a sobbing, muffled voice gave her experi- ence. Those near her could understand, hut I could not catch her words. There was al- ways a peculiar interest in listening to her, hecause, in the old country, she had seen and heard .lolui Wesley, and was one of his eon- verts. Brothel- l'lii|)ps was a very proud young iiiiin and ahhoi-i'ed the mourner's bench, but when ho was convicted of sin and felt the need of a Savioui-, he found him.self on his knees at the mourner's bench praying aloud for mercy. The Lord heard his prayer, and forgave his sins. .Vow he could sing: "My God is reconciled, I liis pardoning voice I hear, lie owns me for His child, I can no longer fear, (ilory to His name." A dear old lady arcse and said: "When a little girl I attended a revival meeting at old St. CJeorge's church. Philadelphia. After a stirring exhortation by the pastor, he said, 'Now, everybody tluit wants to lead a new life, that would like to be a follower of Christ, hold up your right hand'. I saw the hands going up. I felt I wanted to hold up mine. but T was sue]] a little girl no one would n< tice me. I had on a little red cloak. I held up my hand under my cloak, and made my pledge to my heavenly Father. I knew He could see me, if no one else could. I am thankful for that decisive moment, for Jesus has been my friend all my life. Amidst all its vicissitudes He has been with me to com- fort and sustain me. Thank the Lord that even a little child nuiy know Him." A brother said: "I came here this evening with a heavy heart, the cry of which is, ' Where is the blessedness I knew when firet T saw the Lord? Where is the soul-refresh- ing view of Jesus and His word?' Friends, pray for me that the clouds may be removed from my mind-sky, and that I may once moi-e be blessed with the witness of the Holy Spirit of my acceptance with Cod." A brother sings: "Oh do not be discouraged. For Jesus is your friend. And if you lack for knowledge, H(>'11 not refuse to lend: Wither will He upbraid you, Thouah ofttimes you request; He'll give you grace to conquer And take you home to rest." A sister said: '1 :ini glad salvation is free: that whosoevei- will may partake of the water of life freely." Then with a voice that iilled the house with its melody, she sang: "Long as I live I'll still be crying, Mercy's free! ]\Iercy's free! And this shall be my theme when dying, Mercy's free! ?»Iercy's free! And when the vale of death I've passed. And lodged above the stormy blast, I'll sing while endless iiges last, M erey 's f i-ee ! iMei'cy "s free. ' ' The song and the singer awakened the greatest enthusiasm. An old man. trembling with age. arose and said : "My life is nearly spent. It will not be long luitil I shall come face to face with death. He that has been with me, will still be with me, and bring me off more than conqueror. T do not doubt my admittance into the New Jerusalem. Then I shall walk its gold-iiaved streets. The soft iiand of Jesus shall \\\]io every tear from my eye. I will meet the loved ones gone before, and we shall he forevei- with the Ijord. 183 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. " 'AdcI wheu to Joi-dau's flood we are come. We are come; And when to Jordan's flood we are come: Jehovah rules the tide. And the waters he'll divide. And the ransomed host shall shout, We le ! W e are eonie And so with song and testimony no time went to waste. One would infer from the experiences given that the Christian life was a warfare: that we oould not expect to go to lieaven on flowei'v licds of ea.se. but — ■ ■']"() watch, and ti'jlit, and pray, The battle ne'er give o'er, Renew it boldly day by day. And help divine implore." The i>astor said : ■"My willing soul would stay In such a frame as this. And sit and sing herself away To everlasting bliss." "But it is time now to dismiss our meeting. We are grateful for the refreshment we have had from the Lord. Good has been done; the church has been strengthened. Now let us all sing : " 'Together let us sweetly live. Together let us die. And each a starry crown receive. And reign above the sky.' " The benediction was pronounced, and the quarterly meeting was something of the past. It was gone, leaving only pleasant memories. But not all the experiences of my childhood were so happy. I was brought up under the old-fashioned regime that children should be seen, and not heard. Being a delicate child. I was constantly thrown in contact with older people, heard much of their conversations, and drew my own conclusions. A few months of my childhood were terrorized by what was called "Millerism". I heard the people talk of the second coming of Christ. The day was set. and rapidly approaching. INIy imag- ination ran riot, depicting to my.self the hor- rors (sf what should be— the loud thunder; the lightning flashes; the rolling together of the heavens as a scroll ; the cries of the wicked as they would call upon the mountains and rocks to fall upon them, to hide them froiii the presence of the mighty God. They were not Millerites in our family, but the "ism" was discussed. I hoped they were right, yet feared they might not be. ily mother did not know the agony I suffered or she would have soothed and comforted me. Across the alley from our house, on the rear of the lot, lived Dicky Weeks and his family. There was a little girl of my age, and I used to play with this little girl. This family were ^liller- ites. They had their white robes made, ready at the second coming to fly up and meet the Lord in the air. To me that was a wonderful thing. Dicky Weeks had laid aside his daily labor, and .spent his time in prayer, praise and reading the bible. He believed God would care for his own, even with all temporal bless- ings, as he did for the widow of Zarephath. f^very village had its yoimg wags : so. here, were the Wallaces, the Dunlaps and the Co- burns. They clubbed touether and decided that they would confirm Dicky Wells in his faith. As locks to doore and windows were superfiuous— really unknown— these young fellows could easily have access to the Weeks kitchen; so every night when the family would be sleeping, some one of the boys wnnUI place there supplies for the next day. At last the morning of the great dny ar- rived. Up from the countiy came an old lady, very tall, very angular. As she and her family drove into the village, she stood up in the wagon ; she had donned her white robe; she drove through the one principal street, ringing a bell, and exhorting the look- ers-on to make ready for the coming. Hav- ing gathered the faithful together, they started toward the highest point east of the village— I think where Hilton U. Brown's house now stands f Xo. 5087 E. Washington) ; and there they spent the day in prayer, praise and exhortation. The sun kept on his liright way, and Anally went down behind the iii'eat forest trees. The stars came out one by one; the bii'ds had gone to rest, and the tjuiet niyht was settling down sweetly and peace- fully over the earth. There had been no con- vulsion of nature. The old world seemed to be going on in the even tenor of its way. The poor deluded souls took off their white robes, folded them up cai-efullv and sori-owfnlly. HISTORY OF (.'ItKATEK INDIAXArOLlS. 183 z o X m < X H a o z s o fe Z 9 < 5 Z H Z -^ 184 HISTORY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. and wcndid tlu'ir way back to the village a disappointed, unhappy band.- Tliis incident introduces one of the unique characters of our church, known in his hiter years as Father Weeks. At this time there was but the one ^Methodist church, Wesley Chapel, in the vdlage. Father Foudray was my mother's class leader. He was mucli be- loved in our family. My mother was anxious for the conversion of a young lady cousin and my sister, who was about fifteen years old. She thought if they would attend the class-meeting, Father Foudray 's persuasive powers and sweet singing would influence them to the better life. They led class dif- ferently then ; members did not speak volun- tarily, but the leader called on every one in- dividually to testify. Father Foudray would not comjiel a timid sister to speak, but with a word of advice, a text of Scripture and an appropriate hymn, would pass on. Unfor- tunately for my cousin, Dicky Weeks, then a zealous young Methodist, was leading a portion of the class that morning. AVhen he came to this young lady, in a very loud, em- phatic way, he asked her to speak a word for the Lord— "Tell your brothers and sisters what the Lord has done for you the past week." My cousin smiled and shook her head. He said: "What! Not a word for the -Miller's jtrediction, based on an extremely plausible interpretation of Scripture, was that time would end in the vear. Jlareh 21. 1843, to March 21. 184-i. After the latter date had passed, some of his followers con- cluded that the error had been made in not using the Jewish year, which extended the peridd seven months; and fixed the last day on (Jetober 22. which was generally acceiited. The boy.s mentioned as supplying Weeks were probably the victims of reputation. Weeks worked at Yandes & Wilkins" tan-yard, and his hopes and aspii-ations were fully known to Uncle John AVilkius. who was a member of the Methodist Chaiiel. and possessed of a marked vein of luuimr. Brother Henry Tutewiler. of the same church, likewise ap- preciative of a .ioke. and chunnny with Wil- kins, always said tliat Wilkins was the aiigcl that replenished tlie Weeks' meal-jar. which was set on the back porch for the conveni- ence of his siipei'iiaturnl fi-iends. Lord.'" As she did not respond, he said: "Brethren and sistei-s, let us kneel and pray that the dumb devil may be east out of this young woman'': and. fallinu' on his knees be- fore her, he prayed most vehemently that she might be released from the power of the evil spirit, and that thereafter she might be free to testify for the God that was so good to her. ]\Iy cousin, chagrined and humiliated, left the class-room never to return, but soon after, under the more gentle instruction of Henry Ward Beecher, became a good Pres- byterian: and my sister entered the Episco- palian Church. As the years passed, the old IMethodist hive became too full. The conference felt that there nnist be provision made for the increas- ing population, so. in 1842. from the little church at the southwest corner of ^leridian and Circle streets, there was an eastern charge set off, with ^Meridian street as the dividim;- line. Never was a church organized with a more devoted, self-sacrificing, practical, lov- ing, tender-hearted niembership than this "eastern charge", afterwards named Roberts Ciiapel— now Roberts Park. The motto adopted by this zealous people was, "Roberts Chapel, ail toaether". They knew that in uuion there is strength, and while there were differences of opinion, each party would yield a little to the other and thus all friction was avoided. "See how these brethren dwell to- gether in unity", was the one pride of the church. They were strongly intrenched in the old customs of men and women sitting apart : of no music but the human voice ; of plain dress — no putting on of gold and costly apparel : so it was possible in 1846 to pass the following preamble and resolutions: "Whereas, we, the uudersiirned members of the :\rethodist E. Church. Roberts Chapel (Quarterly Conference, and trustees of said Roberts Chapel, believe that instrumental music and choir singing in public worship are prejudicial to the w(u-ship of the Lord our (iod: "And whereas, we believe the Scriptures retpiii'e sacred music to be made with the human voice by sin'.;ing with the spirit and with the understanding also: therefore, "Resolved: That instrumental nnisic and choir singing in public worship shall never lIls'l'ol.'V OK CRKA'I'I be introduced into the eongregatiou attending said Chapel with our consent, while we are permitted to be members of said Chapel coii- grreijation. ■■2nd. Resolved: That we most sincerely request all our sueeessors to the offices we now occupy to adhere strictly to the prin- ciples contained in the above preambk' and resolutiou so lon<;' as it may please a kind Providence to let said Roberts Chapel stand. ■■3d. Resolved: That each of the members of the (Quarterly ileetinii' Conference, to- sietlier with tlic ti'ustees. suliscribc lii'r<'witli their names officially. ■■4th. Resolved: That the above be I'ccordcd in the church book, and a copy be foi-wardetl to the Western Cliristian Advocate for publi- cation. ■ 'Signed - "Is.\.vc Piiipps, Sec. J. ]\Iarsee, P. E. John Wilkiks Johx Louis Smith, S. P. Joiix I). TnoRi-H Abraham Koontz SaMUICI. (ioI.DSBEKRVSAilUEL BeCK Henry Tutewiler Jas. W. Hii.l William Smith Sims Colley Joiix F. II ILL \V. R. Strange .\ndre\v Brouse •■Au-ust ■_'4tli. lS4(i."" In those days Bi-ntiuy Kai-ns and lirotlier Bristor sat in the center of tiie ehui'ch. and led the singinir. The young people, both girls and yoimg men, sat near them to assist in the imisie. This lasted until about ISoO, when Brother Thomas (!. Alfoi-d was transferred from Wesley Chapel to Roberts Chapel, and became the leader. Me was most faitliful — never jiitched a hymn toct high or too low. He coidd sing thi-iPUL;h a thi'ce months' revival I and be as fresh at the close as at the begin- ning. He was most aeconnnodating, never so happy as when singing, in the gi'cat congre- gation, at the social meetings, at the funerals, and at the bedside of the sick and d\iiii;. But as the years rolled on there was an unrest among the younycr people — the same old ex- cuse— we wanted to be moi-e like other people and other churches. The organ was first brought into the Sabbath school. :uid finally. on feast days, when the children took pai-t in •the service, up into the church. Families be- ■,'an sittini: together. There were some cross Xni \\ AI'OI.I.S. 1S.^ looks from the older brethren and sisters, but we had been warned by our leaders never to discu.ss the (luestions. but to be very gentle and respectful to our elders; and so these great changes gradually came about. As we left old Roberts Chapel I noi'theast corner of i\larket and Peiuisylvauia streets) to go into our new home, we left some of the old-fash- ioned customs, but not the spirit of the old- fashioned religion. A choir was organized, with Dr. Heiskell as leader. It was a volun- teer choir: no one was paid but the organist: This faithful leader aiul choir sei-ved over twenty years, when they were e.xeu.sed. and the new order of things was inti-oduccd. In relating these incidents of the long ago, I do not mean to .speak lightly, nor to find fault with the fathers and mothers of the old- time church. They had the peculiar ideas of their time concerning chui-ch government, the form of service and the style of dress: but they were honest in their belief and fully convinced in their own minds that they were right. I give them only to present an idea of the customs of other days, veiy different from the present. For change is written everywhere. '"AVhatever lies in earth, or flits in air, or tills the skies: all suffer change, and we that air of soul and Itody mi.xed are members of the whole:" and so our program of public woi'sliip has changed — just enough of ritual to add dignity and make the service impressive. As at the Easter time I listened to Hiss Hyatt play the March to Calvary. I heard the solenni tread of the soldiers as they led the ^Messiah from Pilate's .iudgment hall, on througli the streets of the city, out through the western gate, up the Mount of Calvai-y. and there the consununation of the gi-eat tragedy. The body, by loving hands, is conveyed to the new sepulchre, laid away, guarded by Roman soldiers. Then came the sweet strains of Mendelssohn's Spring Song. Early in the soft gray of the morning, that first day of the week, I hear the birds sing- ing: the grass is green: the crocuses, the daf- fodils, the tuli])s. the hyacinths are blooming; the brown buds are opening, clothing the fruit trees in their beautiful pink and white blos- soms; ;iiiil 1li;it sr|iiilclii-c has given up it.s occui)ant; and lie. the Christ, is risen. CHAPTER XIX. AS OTIIEKS SAW US. The reader will be aided in t-ettiiig a com- prehensive view of Indianai)olis as it was by a glance at the impressions it made on some of its visitors. Among- these was Mine. The- resa Pulszky, who was here iu 18.52, in Kos- suth's party, and who published an account of their visit to the United States under the title. "White, Red. Black". She opens the second vohune with the arrival of a deputa- tion from Indianapolis, at Cincinnati, to es- cort them to the capital, in accordance with the invitation of the legislature. They all started down the rivei', on a steamboat, for Madison : but Kossuth, who was extremely I)laiu-spoken, and who apparently discom- moded himself for no one. shut himself up in his cabin 1o lest, and left his party to entertain the committee. In her diary ;\[rs. I'nlszky says : "We found most amiable persons amongst them; Senator Mitchell and his lady, plain, unassuming and kind-hearted people, inter- ested themselves wannly about our children, and when they understood that we had four, they offered us to adopt one boy, as they were childless. I took the proposal fm- a .jest, but they told me that such adoptions were not unusual here, and the,v reiterated their kind- ness, sa.ying that by trusting the child to them we should not lose him. When his edu- cation would lie completed they would send him back to us. and if we did not return to Hungary, we should all come to them : though they were not rich, they had enough likewise for our wants. "Mr. Robert Dale Owen, also a Seiuitor of Indiana, is the son of the well-known philos- opher, Robert Owen, with whom he had man- aged the large conuiiunistical establishment of 'New llariiHinv' on tiie Wabash, which has [>roved unsuccessful. We spoke about it with him, and he remarked that nothing cmdd re- place the stiuuilus of individual proprietor- ship. His brother has since become a cele- brated geologist, and has made the geological survey of the north-western country for the general government. He, himself, is a wealthy farmer in Indiana, of great influ- ence in the legislature. Some of the ideas of his father he introduced into the laws of Indiana. By his efforts the women have here more legal rights in respect to the manage- ment of their own propei'ty than in the other States where the English common law pre- vails, which considers the wives as miiuii-s, and deprives them of the control of theii- property. Accustomotl to see in Hunuai'y the \v(]men managing their own inheritance, the connnon law always appeared to me very bar- barous, and I was glad to understand that Indiana set an example, in this respect, to the other States of the Union. Mr. Owen spoke much about the new Constitution of his State. He had taken great part in fram- ing it last year, and explained to us that such a refonn was easily carried in America. When the General Assembly of a State finds it nec- essary to alter the Constitution, it submits the (|uestion to universal suff'rage, whether the jH'ople wish to elect a convention or not. If the ma.iority requires a new Constitution, the membei's of the convention are elected by the counties; a Con.stitution is drawn up. a short report marks the different i-ef(n-ms and inno- vations introduced, and the plan is submitted to the acceptance or re.iection of the people. The principal change suggested in the Consti- tution of 1851, was, that the General Assem-' bly shall not grant to any citizen privileges (ir' inmuuiities which shall nut e(|ually belong l«(i lllSI'ol.'V OF CKKATKR 1 X Dl A \ Al'OLIS. 187 to all the citizens. Tliis tendency to diseou- tiuue jirivate bills, and to establish general laws for tlie public at lartre, is a remarkable feature of the di-aft. The Seci-etai-y. Auditor and Treasurer of State, and the Su|)renie and Circuit Judiies, foi-nierly eh( sen by the Leyis- lature, are now selected by tb.e people and the Judges are appointed only for a definite term, not for life. The Lciiislatnre is pro- hibited from incurring any debt, and resti-ic- tioiis are estal)lished for Banks. These re- forms j)rove that the Democrats had the ma- jority in the Conventimi. Provisions were likewise made for a uniform system of com- mon sehiiols. where tuition sliall be free; the Institutions for the blind, tlie deaf and dumb, and the insane, ami a House of Refuge for the reformation of Juvenile offenders, have become State Institutit ns. ilost of these in- novations liad been |)i-eviously accepted In- other States. The election of the Judges b.v the pc(iple. for instance, and foi- a limited term, luis been introduceit in Xew York. Ohio, and other States. "But the most striking featuie of the Xew Constitution was, to me, that whilst it begins with tlie declaration tliat all men are created e(|ual. it contiiins an article forbidiling any ni'gro or mulatto to come into the State nf Indiana after the adoption of the Xew Con- stitution, and rccomiuends that future legis- lation should provide for the future trans- portation of the free colored inhabitants of the State to the black republic of Liberia. Of course I did not dissuise m.v surprise at this inconsistenc.v, and ^Ir. Owen remarked, that as the negro cannot obtain c(|ual social and |)olitical rights amongst whites, owing to the anli|)athy of the two races, it is greatly to be desired that the black should find a free home in other lands, whci-c |)ublic opinion imposes u|)on color no social disabilities, oi' political disfranchisement. 'Oui- children shall not have helots bcfoic tliiir eyes', said he. 'l^ut why are the.v to be helots.'' asked I. 'In Ma.ssachuselts. as far as I know, in Vei'mont and in Xew Yoi-k, they are free citi- zens of the I'nited States, if they po,ss(>ss landed f)ropert.v.' The answer was that piili lie opinion disa|)proved this in Indiana. "Another most interesting acfiuaintance for nie was Mrs. Bolton, the poetess of Indiana, distinguished bv lirr talent and her iiccom- I)lishments. \Vc spent most i)leasant hours with lier. and as her name is not yet known in Europe. I insert here one of her poems, connrnmicatcd to mc by .Mi-. Owen: 'Fi-om its home on high to a gentle flower. That bloomed in a lonel.v grove. The starlight came, at the twilight liour. And whisi)ered a tale of love. 'Then the blossom's heart, so stiff and cold, (!rew warm to its silent core, And gave out perfume, from its inmost fold. It never exhaled before. 'A.iul the blossom slept, tlil'o' the suiiuiiel' night. In tile smile of the aneel i'a,v. Hut the morn arose with its garish liijht .\nd the soft one stole awa.v. "Tlu'n the zephyr wooed, as ho wandered by Where the gentle How 'ret gi-ew. But she gave no heed to his ])laintive sigh, Her heart to its love was ti'ue. 'Ajid the sunbeam came, with a lover's art. To cai-ess the flower in vain : She folded her sweets in her thrilling lu'ai-t Till th(> starlight came again.' "It is a sweet flower of the West. "Witli the other ladies 1 spoke much of their household concerns. The.v almost all lived on fai'ins or in small country towns. where their husbands, the Senators and Rep- resentatives, were law.vers. |)liysiciaiis oi- mer- chants, and come only to Indianapi lis fni' the session. All complained ol' the great dil'li- <'ult.v to get servants: colni-ed peeple are scarce, whites work on their own account, ;ind even the blacks say often, when askeil to come as a liel]), 'l)o your business yourself. The feeling of e(|ualit.v pei'vades this State so much that people do not like to work for wages. Towards evening we ari-ived at .Madi- son. The fashionaljle pe()t)lc had as-sembled in the church, and paid for their seats, in- tending the result to be given to the Ilun- e-arian funds: but Kossuth thought that in the countr.v of e(|ualit.v such ])roceedings were too exclusive, and he addressi^d the citizens of .Mailison from the baleon.v of the hotel. ■'Todav \\r left this small citv on the rail- ]S8 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. way. It is carried over a steep aseeiit from tlu- banks of the Ohio to the high plain of Indiana. Formerly this inclined plane wa.s worked by stationary engines, but a workman, Mr. Cathcart, overcame the difficulty by plac- ing between the two rails a third rail, with cogs corresponding to a wheel in the center of the wagons. One day. rolling a heavy barrel to the railway, he iiiis.sed the train, and had to roll the cask up the hill. He repeatedly stopped to rest, patting a stone under the barrel that it might not slip down, and was suddenly struck by the idea that cogs would alleviate the a.scent, and diminish the danger of the descent. He suljmitted his i)lan to the Railway Company, they advanced him the money for the experiment, and as it succeeded they built the present line, and gave him ;t;fci,000 for his patent. With this capital he established himself as an engine builder in Indianapolis, and" is getting a wealthy man. ■'In the afternoon we reached the capital of Indiana, a very small place, whose re- sources are not yet sufficient to ]irovide for drainage and ]iavement. The aboriginal mud of the rich soil reminded me here of the streets of Debreczin. We proceeded to the hotel, whilst the gentlemen were paraded through the sti-eets, and were introduced to the Legislature. The hotel is very far from nice, and the attendants seem to be fully aware that everybody here is to do his own business. For example, when I was in a hurry to dress for the levee of Governor Wright, and asked for a light, the waiter brought two tallow candles, put them in my hands, and pointing to the mantel-piece, he said, 'There are the candle-sticks,' and left the room. "We went to the house of the Governor; it is small, and I soon perceived why it is not so comfortable as it could be. In thronged the society and people of Indianapolis, ladies and gentlemen of every description. ]\[uddy boots and torn clothes, and again desperate attemi)ts at finery: iilass jewels and French silk dresses, which, after having found no jjurchasers in .\ew York, have been sent to the West. Some of llie mothers had their babies in their arms: workmen appeared in their blouses oi' dusty coats, just as they came from the workshoii : fai-mers stepped in high boots. Once iri(U-e we saw tliat tlir house of the ( overnor is the property of the people. And yet this incongruous mass did not behave unbecomingly to a drawing-room. There was no rude elbowing, no unpleasant noise, or dis- turbing laughter. Had they but shaken hands less violently ! I yet feel Western cordiality in my stiff arm. ■■^ladame Kossuth found the heat so op- I>ressive that, accompanied by Mv. Pulszky, s!ie went to the adjoining room. A waiter was there arranging the table for supper. He looked so different from the society in the drawing-room that ^Ir. Pulszky asked him whether he did not come from the old country. "Yes, sir,' said the waiter, 'I came from Wor- cestershire.' 'Do you like this country?' 'Sir,' was the answer, 'how could I like it? 1 lived in the old country and have there served Lords. As soon as I have made here so much money that I can iive ([uietly in Worcestershire, I shall return." "ilarch 2nd. — Now we are really in the West. It rained for one day and we are confined to our room : even clogs are of no avail in the street, they stick in the mud. The wind enters our room through a crevice in the wall, large enough to pass through my hand; and the fai-e! The bell was rung, we went down to the dark dinner-room. The table was covered with pies, celeiy, mashed potatoes, sour wheat-bi-ead, tough cow-meat, and cold pork. In the bottles nuiddy water. The bell rung again, and the gentlemen burst boisterously into the rooms, rushed to the table, and pushing aside the chairs, stormed the places which were left unoccupied b.y the ladies. When the soup was handed round — I think it was an infusion of hay — soleiim silence ensued; I almost fancied we were under the rule of the Auburn system; not a single word was spoken, but foi-ks and knives worked steadily. Eating, as it seems, is here likewise a business, which unist be dispatched as quickly as possible. "Governor Wright is ;i type of the Hoosiers. and justly prtnul to be one of them. I a.sked him wherefrom his people had got this name. He told me that 'Hoosa' is the Indian name for maize ; the principal produce of the State.' The Governor is plain, eor- ' As to this eiTor. see Ind. l/ist. Soc. f'ubs.. Vol. 4. Xo. -'. p. 17. HISTORY OF r; HEATER INDIAXArOLIS. IS!) dial and practical, like a farmer, with a deep religious tinge. Yesterday we went with him to the Methodist church, and I saw that Methodism is the form of Protestantism that best suits the people of the West. No glit- tering formalities, no -working on the imagi- nation, not much of reasoning; but powerful accents and appeals to the conscience, with continuous references to the Scriptures; in- terwoven with frequent warnings, pointings to heaven and hell. The audience seemed deeply moved; they sang unmusically, but praj^ed eai-nestly. I could not doubt the deep religious conviction of the people. "After dinner the Govenior went with ^Iv. Pulszky to visit the Sunday schools, which he very often attends. They found there all ages assembled; children and old men in- structed by the clergyman and regular and voluntaiy teachers. They read the Scriptures in diti'erent groups, and the teachers took oc- casion to explain history, ancient and modern geography, and to give other useful informa- tion, but always in connection with the Bible. Mr. Pulszky had to make a speech in each of the .schools, and (iovernor Wright atl- dressed them also, explaining to them that religion was the basis of social order, and instruction the only way to preserve freedom. He illustrated the obligation to submit to tlie law of the country by several happy examples from I'eccnt events in America. Such con- stant and pers(mal intercou7-se between the Chief .Magistrate of the State and the people he governs is really patriarchal, and is in har- mony with the intellectual standard of an agriculturid population. "Mrs. Wright (she died sbortlx' after this was wi-itten) has a strongly-marked, pui'i- tanical eountenance. It seems as if a smile had hai-dly ever moved her lips, and yet there is such placid scrcnit.v in her features as only the consciousness of well-performed duty can impart. The sister of (Jovernoi- Wright, a highly accomplished lady, gave me a lively pictvire of Western life, ever busy and weary- ing for tlie ladies: she keejis a school." - Another foreiirn visitor to Tndiana])<ilis was Hon. Amelia M. IMurray. who came in ISn.'i, and published this account of her visit : "In- dianapolis, May 19.— We reached Indianap- -WJiite, Red, Black, Y pp. (i-13. olis soon after the evening closed in. As hours are early in this part of the world, I determined to go to an hotel for the night, so as not to intrude on my friends at an inconvenient time. This was acquiesced in by (iovernor Wright, who visited me soon after my arrival. "May 20.— The Governor came early, and took me to his house. At half-past ten o'clock we went to the Episcopal church, where the duty was admirably done by a Mr. Talbott. originally from Kentucky, who preached a sermon, good in matter as in manner. Din- ner was at one o'clock, and at two I aeconi- |)anied the Governor to visit two large Sun- day-schools, belonging to difHi^'cnt denomina- tions. There are about fifteen in this town. They have each a superintendent; and young men and women of the various churches in the place give them a.ssistanee. In England we might take exanqde by the wisdom hi>i-e which limits Sunday-school attendance to one hour, and leaves the place and period of Divnne worship to be regidated by the parents. If the teaching at school is not such as to induce the children to go willingly to church, a forced going will not benefit their relig-ious feelings: and too often the fatieiied. bored appearance of Sabbatb-sehoiil ebildi'cn in our churches, is a sad comirientai'v upon the want of judgment evinced by the British public in this mattei-. The Sunday is kept at In- dianapolis with Presbyterian sti'ictness. Xo trains start, letters do not go, nor are they received, so that a father, mother, hu.sband. or wife, may be in extremity, and have no means of communicating their farewells oi- la.st wishes if Sunday intervenes. Surely this is making man suboi-diiiate to the Sabbath — not the Sabbath to man. 1 have been annised at a story tokl me of an iidiabitant of this place. The Millenarian doctrine has been rife here; all throtigh Amc-ica faimtics have lately spread an idea that sublunai-y nuitters w'ere to close yesterday, ^lay lit. .\ man not usu- ally inclined to int.emi)era1e habits called at a store as the day waned, and i'C(|uested a nuig of porter to sujiport his spirits throuiib the expected catastrophe. Time wore on — still the elements looked calm. 'It won't be over yet aw'hile ; I must have another glass. 'Tis very depressing to have to wait so long: give me some drink.' This continued till 190 ll!S'|(ii;V OK (iUKATKi; I X i )I AXAI'OLIS. the poor frightened soul became dead druuk ; and he was much surprised next morning to find the world going on nnich as usual — with the exception of his aching liead. "^lay 21. — Governor Wi-ight invited me to accompany him in a morning walk at sunrise — foiir o'clock. I had some letters to write previously, lint by five we perambulated parts of the town, which is peculiarly laid out; the Court, or rather Oovernment-hoase. being in the centre (and it is said also the centre of the Union ; but that can only be a tempo- rary centre, for this place lies eastward of the middle of the continent) : and all the streets converging towards it. I occupied this moi'ning in arranging my dried speci- mens of plants, which occasionally require attention. W-e dined at one o'clock, and Mrs. Wright, at present an invalid, was sufficiently recovered to .ioin ns at table. After dinner I was happy to see Judge ]\[aclean,-' whom I knew at Wa.shington; he is come to hold a court : and Governor Powell, of Kentucln-. is also expected tomorrow. The Governor took ^Ir. ^faclean and me for a drive to see the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, and for the Blind of this State. They are both fine institutions, paid for by the people through special taxes, im- posed for the purpose, and paid ungrudg- ingly. They have sufficient ground attached for out-of-door occupations and exercise. The deaf and dumb make shoes and bonnets, farm. &c.. so as to acquire a knowledge which en- ables them to gain their future livelihood: and the girls are tauaht to be sempstresses, washerwomen, cooks, &e. Such charities should always ))e situated in the country : town life cuts off the most necessary and ad- vantageous means of training the inmates to healthful and useful pursuits. "From the cupola of the Asylum for the Blind the view is wide. These extensive plains of the West extend one thousand miles in the direction of Canada, and as far towards the Rocla' ^Mountains. There is one height or bluff about fifteen miles off, which I must go and look at. Indiana i)rodnces freestone, coal and iron. The AVabash. about sixty miles from hence, is the most eonsidei-able river. ■'Judge Joiui ;\IacLi':in. then Judge of the U. S. Sujireme Court. Before we left the asylum, some of the blind pupils sang quartettes and duets, accoinpanie 1 by one of their ninnber on the piano. They sang in tune and with good taste. ''I have heard nnich of Democracy and Equality since I came to the Ignited States, and 1 have seen more evidences of Aristoc- racy and Despotism than it has before been my fortune to meet with. The 'Knownoth- ings', and the 'Abolitionists', and the 'Alor- monites', are, in my opinion, consequent upon the mammonite, extravagant pretensions and habits which are really fashionable among Pseudo-Republicans. Two hundred thousand starving Irish have come to this countrj-, and in their ignorance they assume the airs of that equality which they have been induced to believe is really belonging to American society. They endeavor to reduce to practice the sentiment so popTdai- here— but no— that will never do. Ladies don't like their helps to say they 'choose to sit in the parlour, or they won't help them at all, for equality is the rule here'. Jlrs. So-and-So of the 'Cod- fish' aristocracy doesn't like to have Lady Anything to take precedence of her; but Betty choosing to ]ilay at equality is quite another thing! Xow at Indianapolis I have found something like consistency, for the first time since I came this side the Atlantic. I do not assert there is equality, for the simple reason that it is not in nature; and (as Lord Tavi.stock once .so well said") 'the love of lib- ei'fy is virtue, but the love of equality is pride'; but here, the (iovernoi' of the State is a man of small income; his salary is only fifteen hundred dollars: he has really put aside money-making, and his son, an amiable young man, instead of wasting his time in rioting and drunkenness (which, alas! is too nnich the case with the sons of the 'Aristoc- racy' in the Ignited States), keeps a store to make his own fortune, and. as he nobly said yesterday, to i)i-ovide for that fathei- who has tlistlained to sacrifice his country to himself. (Jovernor Wright did not think it a degrada- tion to carry a basket when I accompanied him to the market this morning, and his whole demeanour is that of a consistent Re]>ublican. I do not care what a man's ])olifie;d creed may be (thouuh I much jirefer the monarch- ical in-inci})les of old Englijnd). but I do admire consistciicv : ;ni(l 1 consider the HISTORY OF GEEATKK IXDI.WAI'OI.IS. \9] .a P J >< CO < a z a fc ^^ o ^ p- C o 2: b- o C3 X C !i. rt H *tM CO <l> H S ^ a CA H . D o o CO 1 -M 1 ^ ■* 0/ la oo c »— ( 0- CJ CO . J 0^ O c Ph o < c; Z HtaJ ^ 0* Si 5 z CO 4) 1^ ^ H i H H >< B to Q 192 HISTORY OF UUEATER INDIANAPOLIS. 'Kiiow-nothingr' movement as a eousequence of Tiiieertain principles. "^lay 22.- This day Governor Powell of Kentucky came on a visit here. He was in Canada two years since, and he spoke with admiration of Lord Elgin, and of his man- ner of eonduetinff the affairs of that Colony. The heat has siidilenly become intense ; to my feelings as hot as any day we had in Cuba. At last I conclude that winter has really given up our company, after returning to it so frequently, that I feel as if I had pas.sed three winters and three summers in America. "May 2.3. — I went at five o'clock this morn- ing to the Eastern market-place, where I first saw squirrels sold like rabbits for the table ready skinned. When dressed they are ex- actly like young chickens. I believe it is the grey squirrel. This evening the Governor had what is now in the States universally called a levee after the same fashion as the President's receptions. Governors of individ- ual States occasionally open their doors to all the citizens who choose to attend, and it is considered a compliment to stranger guests, like the Governor of Kentucky and myself, that the attendance should be good : so the rooms were filled. The Governor and his lady do not reeeive their visitors, but we all went into the room after they had assembled. No refreshments are expected on these occasions, but everyone shakes hands upon being intro- duced. The assemblage was very respectable and orderly; it concluded about eleven o'clock, having begun at nine. "May 24. — I went to see a Devonshire man and his wife, who have a vineyard; they have been settled here twenty years and are natives of Dartmouth: they look back to the old country with regret, and think they might have done as well there as here; though they have a cottage with an acre of ground their own property, and a married son and daugh- ter doing well, but poor people. Their young- est boy is an inmate of the Indiana Lunatic Asylum. ]\trs. N was brouiiht uji in the family of the lady who nursed the Duchess of (Jlducester, and remembers helping to make a cradle for the Princess Amelia. She was much delighted to find that I knew ^liss A . We spoke nnieh of England: I told her she was now adopted by this country, and that with her familv here, it was wronu' to hanker so much after that of her birth. ^Ir. N buries his vines in the ground, as soon as the wood has hardened, during the cold months of the year. I wonder whether this plan would make the vine more prolific in the open air with us. "!^Irs. Wright gave an evening partj- of in- vited acquaintances: a great many agreeable people from this and the adjoining State. One lady sang some of ^loore's ^Melodies very sweetly ; but, as yet, music is not much cul- tivated in America : either the ladies do not devote sufficient attention to it, or there are not good masters. This is almost the first time I have heard an American sing with taste and expression. This party did not con- clude before midnight. * » * x am told the thermometer stood at ninety-two degrees in the shade the day before yesterday, and the weather continues very hot, but there is now rather more air. Last night a naval gentleman told me that part of an iron fast- ening belonging to a ship had been found lialf embedded in a mass of iron, which had been supposed an aerolite, lying on a prairie in this country. From this fact a very mod- ern origin for the locality is deduced, because it is concluded that a mass of the kind in question must originally have been left by an iceberg. I mention this as it was named to me without pretending to decide upon the truth of the matter. "Thursday ^Irs. Wright gave an invited reception, with a standing supper. All went oft' well, and I saw the principal people of Indianapolis. Next morning I drove with a young lady to see what are called the Bluffs of the AVhite River, sixteen miles distance. I was suiprised to find that the road there was l)y no means what we should call a plain, it was rather a series of continued low eleva- tions, and many shoi't but steep hills mark the road. It pa.sses through a pretty country, bordered by farms, and watered by small streams, making their way to the White River, which attended our drive within a short dis- tance. 'The Bluff' in'oved to l)c a rather highei- hill than others, overlooking the river, and thickly timbered, but without a I'oek of any kind. I found the large leaved blwd- wort, theMay-apple. and a pretty red colum- bine growing plentifTilly in .soil formed by the (lead leaves of a tliousaiid autumns. The in- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. lo.-; mates of a im'tty farm near at hand gave us hospitality and a sliai-i' of their dinner, while our eoaelniian aeted as guide and entered into my botanical researches with gi'eat interest. We made our way over the hill down to the river hank, where we saw the laborious but useless work for the formation of a canal, en- tered into by the State at an outlay of hun- dreds of thousands of dollars just before rail- roads were put into action, anil abandoned in con.se(iuence. The small town of Waverly is situated a mile beyond the hill we came to visit. Our drive home wa.s a chilly one. The thermometer has again descended below 50°. These sudden changes from intense heat to cold are nuich greater than those we have in England."* Froiii these views of passing strangers let us tui-n to those of one who came earlier and remained long enough to really know the place— to become a feature of it. Those whose memories reach back as far as 1877 are im- pressed by the great change that has come since tlien ; hut here is what Henry Ward Beecher wrote in 1877 of the changes that had occurred since he first came : "I went to Indianapolis in the fall of 1839 with a sick babe in niy arms, who showed the first signs of recovery after eating blackberries whieli I gathei-ed bj^ the way. The city had then a population of four thousand. At no time during my residence did it outreach five thousand. Heboid it today with one hun- dred and ten thousand inhabitants! The Great National Koad, which at that time was of great importance, since sunk into forget- fulness, ran through the city and constituted the main street. With the exception of two or three street,s, there were no ways along which could not be seen the original stumps of the forest. 1 bumped against them iu a buggj- too often not to be assured of the fact. "Here I preached my first real sermon; here, for the first time, I strove against death in behalf of a child, and was defeated; here I built a house and jiiiinted it with my own hands; here I had my first garden, and be- came the bishop of tlowers for this diocese; 'Letters from the I'nited States. Cuba and Canada, pp. :?28-3:U. Vol. 1—13 here I first .ioined the editorial fraternity and edited the Fanner and Gardener; hei'^ I had my first full taste of chills and fever; here for the fii-st and last time I waded to chui-cii ankle-deep in mud, and preached with panta- loons tucked into my boot-tops. All is changed now. "In searching for my obscure little ten- foot cottage I got lost. So changed was everything that I groped over familiar ter- ritory like a blind man in a strange city. It is no louger mtj Indianapolis, witli the abo- riginal forest fi'inging the town, with pasture- fields lying right across from my house; with- out coal, without railroads, without a stone big enough to throw at a cat. It was a .joyful day and a precious gift when Calvin Fletcher allowed me to take from the fragments of stone used to make the foundations for the State Bank a piece large enough to put iu my pork-barrel. I left Indianapolis for Brooklyn on the very day upon which the cars on the Madison Railroad for the first time entered the town ; and I departed on the first train that ever left the place. On a wood-('ar, rigged up with boards acro.ss fi-om side to side, went I forth. It is now a mighty city, full of foundries, manufactories, whole- sale stores, a magnificent court-house, beauti- ful dwellings, noble churches, wide and fine streets, and railroads more than I ran name radiating to eveiy jioint of the compass. "The old academy where I preached for a few months is gone, but the church into which the congregation soon entered still is standing on the Governor's Circle. No one can look upon that building as I do. A father goes back to his fii-st house, though it be but a cal)in, where liis children were bcu'n, with feel- ings which can never be ti'ansfei'red to any other [ilace. As I looked long and yearningly upon that homely building the old time came back again. I .stood in the crowded lecture- room as on the night when the curi-ent of re- ligious feeling first was begiiniing to fiow. Talk of a young mother's feelings over her first babe— what is that compared with the solemnity, the enthusiasm, the imix'tuosity of gratitude, of luunility, of singing gladness, with whicli a young pastor greets the incom- ing of his first revival? He stands upon the shore to see the tide come in ! It is the move- 194 HISTORY OF GKEATEK IXDIAXAPOLIS. iiient of the infinite, ethereal tide I It is from the ether world ! There is no color like •heart color. The homeliest thinjrs dipped in that forever after glow with celestial hues. The hymns that we sang in sorrow or in joy and triuniiih in that humhle basement have nevei- lost a feather, but tiy back and forth beiweeu the soul and heaven, plumed as never was any bird-of-paradise. "I stood and looked at the homely old build- ing, and saw a procession of forms going in and out that the outward eye will never see again — Judge ]\lorr;.s. J>amuel ]\Iei'rill. Oliver H. Smith. D. V. Cully. John L. Keteham. Coburn. Fletcher. Bates, Bullard. ^lunsei, Ackley. O'Xeil. and many, many morel There have lieen hours when there was not a hand-breadth between us and the saintly host of the invisible church ! In the heat and pressure of later years the memories of those early days have been laid aside but not ef- faced. They rise as I stand, and move in a gentle procession before me. No outward his- tory is comparable to the soul's inward life-, of the souFs inward life no part is so sub- lime as its eminent religious developments. And the pastoi'. who walks with men, deliver- ing them from the thrnll. aspersing their sor- row with ti>ars, kindling his own heart as a torch to light the way for those who wouhl see the invisible, ha.s. of all men. the most tran.scendent heart-histories, I have seen nnich of life since I trod that threshold for the last time: but imthinu' has dimmed my love, noi' has any later nr riper experience taken away the bloom and sanctity of my early love. And I can ti'uly say of hun- dreds: 'For though yi' have ten thousand instructors in riii'ist. yet have ye not many fathers: for in Christ Jesus I have begotten you through the Oospel," "But othei- incidents arise— the days of sickness, chills and fever, the gardening days, my first editorial experience, my luck in horses, and i)igs. my house-building; and not a few scrapes — being stalled in mud. half- drowned in crossing rivers, long, lonely forest rides, camp-meetiu'js. preachings in cabins, sleepings in the open air. I was reminded of one comical exjvM-ience as I was seeking im Market street In (ind tlir old swale or shallow I'.'iviiii' xvhicli r.in lirtween mv cottage and -Mr. Bates's dwelling.' It had formerly been a kind of bayou in spring when the stream above town overflowed, but dried oft" in summer. To redeem it from unhealth a dike had been built to restrain the river and turn th(> superfluous freshets the other way. But one year the levee gave way in the night" and when the morning rose, behold a flood between me and my neighbor! There was sport on hand ! It wa.s too deej) for wading, but I could extemporize a boat. I brought down to the edge my wife's large washing-tub. and intended with a bit of board to paddle about. No sooner was I in than I was out. The tub refused to stand on its own bottom. Well, well, said I. two tubs are better than one. So I got its mate, and. nailing two strips across to hold thera fast together, I was sure that they were too long now to upset. So they were in the long line: but sideways they went over, carrying me with them with inci'cdible celerit.v. Tulx wei'e one thing, boats another— that I saw- plainly, "I would not be baffled. I proposed a raft. Getting rails from the fence. I scon had tacked boards across— enough of them to carry my weight. Then, with a long pole. I began my voyage, Alasl it came to a ludi- crous end. A rail fence ran across this ra\ine in the held, .just above the sti-eet. One end of the fence had loosened, and the water had floated it round enough to break its connec- tion with its hither side. A large but young dog belonging to a friend had walked along the fence, hoping to ci'oss dry-fouted. till he came to the abrupt tei'mination. and his cour- age failinij- him. he had crouched down and lay trembling and whining, afraid to go back or to venture the water. I poled my raft up to the rescue: and, getting alongside, coaxed him to .iiunp aboard, but his courage was all gone. lie looked nyi wistfidly but ■' His cottage was where the synagogue now stands, and the house of ^Ir, Bates was at the northwest corner of ^Market and New Jersey streets. The "swale" was the east ravine or bayou that cro.ssed the cit.v from the northeast. It cro.ssed Wa.shington street .just west of \ew Jei'sey, '■ He means the bi'cakitig of the State Ditch in 1S47, ■oiiv oi- (;i;i;.\TKi; iNni-WAroi.is. 195 196 HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. stirred not. 'Well, you coward, j'ou sliall eoiue aboard.' Seiziug' liiiii by the skin of the neck, I hauled hiui onto the raft, which instantly began to sink. It was buoyant enough for a man, but not for a man and a lubberly dog. There was nothing for it— as the stupid thing would not stir, I had to; and with a spring I reached the fence just abdicated by tlie dog, while he. the raft now coming to the surface again, went sailing down the pond and was safely landed be- low, while I wa.s left in the crotch of the fence. One such experiment ought to serve for a life-time, but alas ! There is no end of things gone by. They rise at every point; and one walks encompassed with memories which accompany him through the living streets like invisible spirits.'"^ And now, to the statements of casual visi- tors and the ministerial so.iourner, let us add the view of one who grew up in these sur- roundings. Mr. John H. Holliday says: "It has always been my regret that I was not born three or four years sooiiei- in order that I might have entered more fully into the life and actions of each period and have arrived at an age where greater knowledge and ex- perience would have brought clearer insight. I would then have been better qualified to paint a picture of the life of the town during the 50 's, but as it is I must give the impres- sions of a boy, modified or confirmed to some extent by the recollections of others. Let it be understood that I write as an artist nuist paint — as I saw it. It was a great place to be born in and a good place to live in, after thirty years or more had passed over its head. It seems now almost ideal. Its people were homogeneous, holding and striving for high standards and exhibiting the best traits engendered in a simple democracy. It was a place that encouraged the virtues of faith, hope, courage, kindliness and patriotism ; that brought up boys and girls to real manhood and womanhood. The fiery ordeal of the war and the terrible sacrifices the people were called upon to make, demonstrated the power of its environment and many lives of fullness and goodness have borne testimony to the ' Biography of Henry Ward Beeeher, by Beccher and" Seoville. pp. 206-209. value of the examples and ti-aining of their youth. "To begin with, life was simple as com- pared with what we now have. The com- munity was small, but while the rule in small places is still towards simplicity, it is in- fluenced by the thoughts and customs of large cities, which did not obtain fifty years ago, for there were but few such cities. The great increase of wealth, fashion and luxury af- fects even our villages now, while in that day New York and Boston seemed as far apart from Indiana as London or 8t. Petersburgh. Here the life was simple because it was the life of a new cmnitry in which wealth was small, and the opportunities for its acquisi- tion limited. Simplicity was a necessity. Thi- comnuinity was largely self-de)H'ndent still, although it had developed fi'om the pioneer stage in which it had to produce everything for itself, except a few unusual articles. Thirty years had improved conditions very much, houses were better, more comforts wei-i' olitainable. markets had been opened and there was more money to buy with. But the spirit and habits of the early days remained in great measure, unaffected by improved conditions. The population was not so large as to crush the neighborly feeling, the demo- cratic idea that one man was as good as an- other provided he behaved himself. Thei-e was little dispasition to Haunt wealth when it existed, biit people clung to the old stan- dards, the old manners and the old friends. Wealth had nothiiig to do with social posi- tion. It was an accident, the worth of the man and the woman was the best of merit. The woman who kept a girl, in the phrase of the day, had no call to look down upon her neighboi's who did not, foi' these were in the great majority. The ta.stes of the conununity frowned down any attempt at ostentation and even the family which first ventured u|ion the iise of a two-horse carriage or bai'ouche gained nothing in the esteem of their frieiuls from that apiiendage. "Almcst every one owned their own houses with more or less ground in which thei-e was usually a garden and fruit trees that con- ti-ibuted to the family living, assisted often by the ownership of a cow, a pig and chickens. .\ thousand dollars a year was a large salai'y or income. One of our )irominent citizens nTSTOTIY OF (iltKATKR IXDIANAPOLIS. 197 tells how he ovei-lioard some wdl-to-do busi- ness men talking about the salary of the I)iesiclent of the State Bank, $l,oOO, and ehar- aeterizing it as i)rineely. and one of the boys of his class, sixteen or seventeen years old, said 'no wondei- his boys can have their l)oots blacked for them.' Hundreds of fam- ilies lived well and educated their children, sometimes sending them to college, where the income was not nearly $1,000. In 1861 the bookkeeper of the Journal, a thoroughly com- petent man, had a salary of $.")00 a year and supported a family of five or six persons and maintained a respectable position. This was true of many families and can l)i' (>xplained in comparison with our ideas by the fact that their extraneous wants were few. Food, shel- ter, clothing, taxes, something for the church and sometimes for the doctor, being pi-ovided, there was little else to call for money. People (lid not travel except in i-are emergencies, many never. Such things as vacations were unknciwn. There were no sti-eet cars or daily sddas. no niatinees. indited few amusements of any kind, no lunching down town, no clubs and dues, no secret societies except the Ma- sons and Odd Fellows, no array of charities with their insistent needs, no costly enter- taining, no many things we have now clamor- ously callintr foi- the dimes and dollai-s. Then, too, the necessities of life were cheap as a i-ule, meat, bread, vegetables, fuel. Wood was universally used except in stores and school houses where coal from Clay County was generally burned after 1853 or 1854. Clothing was probably not so cheap, but near- ly all clothes wei-e made at home or by women and the chief cost wa.s for tlie material. "The houses were well furnished with sub- stantial things, hut thei'e was a notable lack' of ornaments and bric-a-brac. A whatnot with some seashells and dagueri-eotypes on it, a center table with a family Bible and a lamp on it, an occasional candelabrum with plass pendants, some ar'tificial flowei-s and a plaster east, a vas(> oi- two perhaps, a half- dozen haircloth chairs, a sofa and an occa- sional piano, constituted the array of a well furnished parlor, which was a sacred place not to be opened every day or t^ ordinary pei-sons. People did not live in their par- loi's, but in the sitting room, which sometimes was the dining room as well and (let it be whispered low) there were some ostensibly reputable people who even ate in the kitchen. There were no bath rooms or toilet facilities. The first plumber came here in 1853 to work on the Bates House, but it was not till five or six years later that a bath room was in- stalled in a residence, that of ^Mr. Vajen on South ^leridian street. There were no water- works, \\ater had to be jjumped for such use and heated on a stove. Daily baths were un- known in practice and in theory regarded as the luxury of an eflfete people, while cleanli- ness was preserved by a weekly ablution in a wash-tub. Only the houses of the very richest were lighted by gas. which was also used in the larger churches and stores. The ordinary light was from candles and lard oil lamps, followed by camphene, an explosive distillation from turpentine that made a beautiful light but was dangei-ous to use. This was succeeded about 1856 or 57 by coal oil, not petroleum but an oil distilled from coal, which was driven out by the discovery and utilization of petroleum in the early 3'ears of the war. The houses were poorly warmed as a rule. Furnaces were known but were not common. Despite the abundance of wood, most people heated only the living rooms, fires being made in bed rooms only for visitoi-s, sick or old peo[)le, while the halls were always left in riatui-al fi'igidity. Car- riages, buggies and spring wagons were not uncommon, but the man of the house or his boys took care of the horse. A hired man was a curiosity. "Xecessarilj- the making of the living was the chief thing. There wei'e not many who could live on aeeunuilated wealth. It was a woi'king community and the work was often hard and the hours long. Stores were opene<l by six o "clock generally, sometimes before. •Jfr. Va.ien tells of opening his hardware store never later than five o'clock and as a rule none closed before nine. Factories and nie- ehanies began woi'k at s(>V(>n and quit at six. with an hour's int(M'mission at noon. Doc- tors, lawyers and public officials were at work early and the banks ran from eight to foui'. Everybody ate dinner at noon and shuddered at the idea of kings and imblemen eating din- ner after dark. Dinner as a function was unknown. Supper was the gi-eat social mani- festation of liospiliility. Dinner was just foi' 198 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. the family eating', exei'iit soiiietiuifs on a Sunday when there was leisure to entertain a i)assinjz' si'Pst. But supper was the meal to invite one's friends to. It was then that the tables jii'oaned with the "rood thini^s the housewife eould i)rovide. Fried ehieken, (|uaiis, oystei's. dueks, ham, elieese. tongue, jellies, preserves, piekles, custards, eakes and even pies enriched the larder, wath tea and eotfee. " Ice cream was unknown except as bought and eaten in the ice cream saloons or ])ar!ois, and at chui-ch festivals, and its ])ui-c'hase was a sort of a wild (lissi])ation on siuimier nights to be eagerly anticipated and joyful l.v rememherctl. "The church social w;is a gi'eat event. Sometime-; the gatherings trok place at the church, but usually at a private house. It wa.s inuler the auspices of the Sewing So- ciety. The ladies met in the afteraoon and .sewed for some worthy cause. In the evening the men came and the young people, and a substantial .supper, not mere refreshments, was served, provided liy the hostess. Every two or three weeks in the winter season was the rule in some churches. Init it was not con- fined to that season, though not held so often. The church festival was more unconnnon and entirely different. That was a commercial enterprise for the benefit of the church itself. The I'efreshments were partly contributed. ])artly bought, as when the entertainment was called an oyster supper and an admission fer charged. Sometimes this was large enough to include the supper and sometimes it did not, which was not favorably regarded by some of the attendants. Sometimes articles of fancy work were for sale, and always there was ice cream as an extra at 'ten cents a sauc.ei-. ' In some churches there were 'dona- tion parties' where a body of friends wouhi swoop down upon the home of the pastor and present gifts, and eat the supper they had brought with I hem. This f miction was the source of mirth to the humorist of the day, as well as church festivals and oyster sup- ])ei-s. It was said that the guests freipiently ale ui) the presents of food they brought, that the minister was always the poorer, and that a donation party was as bad as a fire. This was an exatrgeration. for usually the oc- casion abounded in ecmd fellowsliii). kindiv rcmendjrance and real benefit, and enriched the social life of the organization. ■'Next to making- a living the two most engrossing and vital things were religion and l)olitics. It was a day of serious things. The light and trifiing manner in which many people view the affairs and influences of life now was not in favor then. The town had been under the influence of earnest people from its start, peojjle who worked and suf- fered and to whom life was no merry jest. To them religion was a solemn matter and even those who cared little for it or made no professions, were bound to respect it. The whole tone of the place was religious. There were numerous churches of various sects, hut I)robably no ]ilace in the country ever had less of the bitter, sectarian feeling that ex- isted widely and that we wonder at now. The churches here, with few exceptions, were friendly, the ministers and members fellow- shipped, and united in movements for the common good, just as they do now. The Sab- bath School parade on the fourth of July, the event of that day for over thirty years, was evidence of this, possibly a contributing cause. The Episcopalians and Catholics were the exceptions, the latter naturally enough, for the bitterness of the reformation was still in evidence against Papacy and almost every preacher felt bound to launch a thunderbolt against Rome 'that terrible menace to the Republic' at least once a year. It was nat- ural then that the Catholics should assume the historic attitude of the church aaainst 'heretics', but the Episcopalians had no such reason for exelusiveness. In the famous cele- brations of the Fourth the Catholic children actually joined once or twice, but the Epis- copalians never, and thereby their childi'en missed a lot of fun and a good lesson in toleration. "The thought of the day was altogether orthodox, and orthodox on the lines laid doxM' two hundred years before. The preaching to a considerable degree was still dixHrinal if not dogmatic. There was a fixity of opinion. Thei-e were no doubts of the fundamental truths of Christianity, no suspicion even that the Bible as a whole was not inspired in the fnllc-t sense. Moreovei-. ci'iticism was un- dreaiiii'd of in the church, though, of coui'se, the I pinions of Veltaire and Paine and Vol- lilSTOHY (IF GKliATEU I.NDIA.N Al'OLlS. 1!)9 ney were known, and these were resrai'ded as fearful examples of depravity whose punish- ment there eonld be no doubt of. Few dis- believed ill iii'll. as an aetual place of un- speakalih' and ineoneeivable tortni-e of lost souls and a depiction of its awfnl realities and the dan^'cr of the sinner who neglected or refiLsed to lie reconciled to God was a fruit- ful theme for many asonizing- sermons es- pecially at times of revival. There has been a.s great a change in the past forty years in the attitiide of jieople towards religion as in any other line of tlioiight, and while the old truths may be as true as ever, they are viewed from another point and often present a dif- ferent appearance and are better understood. The pendulum has swung away and diffei-ent doctrines or different aspects of doctrines arf eiii|)hasi/ed now. Keligioii has lost much of its somherncss. its harshness has been smoothed down, its more i)leasiug features are accentuated and it makes its most power- ful plea for the Christian life through love and aspiration for the good and not by words of fear or the hope of reward. It no longer diffei-cntiates or intimates a severance of this life fi-om the life to come. It is one in- divisible whole. "Keligi(m was. as said heretofore, a main factor in the life of Indianapolis and that not only as governing the eond\ict of the people, hut in their social relations. Church •.'(ling was piojier. rey)utahle and fashionable, whether j)co|ile wei-e members oi- not. It was a cusloui that must be ob.served by all who wished to stand well with their neighbors. One's chief friends and associates were usual- ly in the church attended and almost the first (luesfion about newcomers was 'what church will they go to?' Particular churches were often cho.sen becau.se of their attract iv(Miess in this respect. Of eoni'se the swial life was not confined to any one church for most people. There was another and jiossibly a larger circle outside, made up from other chuivhes. but om's own was the center of the whole fabric. "The ministers, too. wei'c more influential then than now, but no ablei- or wi.ser, though Indianapolis had some preachers of marked ability in that period. The church was more of an intellectual foi'ce then. Books and periodicals wen' comparatively fi'w. the min- ister was usually better educated than his dock aJid he spoke with more intellectual au- thority. Today his beai-ers are more nearly on a plane with him and his utterances are .judged more freely. The democratic spirit, tending often towards lack of reverence, is nowhere more apparent than in this. From this and other causes is due the passing of church discipline. It is obsolete. There is a looseness in the ties, a feeling of inde- l)endenee that will not brook admonition and is indiffei-ent to the bell, book and candle. In that day discipline was a powerful thing, linsiness differences wei-e brought before church tribunals. Membei-s were dealt with for breaches of rules an<l faithlessness to their vows as well as for sinfulness, and the penal- ties of suspension or exjiulsion were dreaded. They brought disgrace and shame, as well as spii'itual suifei'ing. Whether the change has been lieneficial or not, time will tell. Thei-e is a strong reason to believe that this relaxa- tion of bonds has caused deterioratien in Christian life. "Under these conditions tliere was neces- sarily a strict observance of Sunday, both in home life and business. Among the more rigid the line was closely drawn between secular and Sunday |)ursuits. Reading was confined to certain channels, riding or visit- ing were tabooed, even walking for the walk's sake was not regarded favorably. On Sun- days the business establishments wei-e shut, excei)t possibly some of the saloons 1h:it kejit a back dooi- unlocked. The ])eo]ile went to church morning and night, and many to Sun- day School besides. The latter was always held in the afternoon. Almost every prin- cipal church had a. bell to call the worshippers together. Those who did not go to church renuiined at home and the streets were al- most deserted except for the church-goers. "Roys may have had as good times in other places as in Indiana|>olis. but none bel- fei'. The town was large enough to have iul- vantaires over small ones or villages, but not large enousrh to foi-bid contact with the coun- try and rural life. There were plenty of uood swinnning holes in the riv(>r and canal, in Fall Ci-eek and Pogue's ]i\iu. TIkm-c were e(|uaily yood places for fishing. The town was surroiuided by words that affordiMl i)lcnty of (inpoi tunities for linntinLi rabbits, squirrels 200 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. and birds. There were visits of wild pigeons, nialring sport ea.sy and deliiihtful. The woods, too, were full of niit-bearing- trees, from which a winter's supply could be had, pawpaws, berries, liaws, etc. In the winter there was ice on the streams and as few streets were improved there were many ponds all over the town where the boys could slide and skate. It was not until durino: the war that the "iris took to skatincj. Tnere were so many vacant lots and commons that there never was a loss for a playsround at the proper seasons. Nowadays one must so for miles to meet most of these things and some are impossible to get at all. As fond memory recalls those events and scenes of boyhood's days it seems to have been '.just the best place' to have grown up in. "Probably there was as much regard pro- portionately for fashion in those days as there is now, but boys are not expected to notice such things. The headgear aud dresses of the day look very queerly now in old pic- tures, though well enough then, crinoline or hoops, for instance, arraying the form divine until it looked like a balloon. It seems to me that colors were worn more and were more striking, but that may be a fancy, or a difference in fabrics. Then calicoes, de- laines, nnislins, prints of various sorts were in great favor, with leghorn straw hats gaily beribboned. Thei'e were no uniforms except that of the military companies, which nnist seem sti-ange to this generation accustomed to the liveries of policemen, railway em- ployees, letter carriers, coaehmeu and porters. Some of the old fashions prevailed with both sexes. Some oldish men clung to the blue- swallow tail coat with brass buttons and butf vests, usually accompanied by a gold or silver headed cane. Tall silk hats or plugs were in every day use, no derby or other stiff one was known. The only alternative was a soft hat or a straw in sunnner. A few ruffled shirts survived and the gentleman done up in this fashion was a pretty sight. In win- ter men wore shawls almost altogether, though oecasionally an old-fashioned cloak appeared. Some more disposed tn be stylish wore a. fur collar and the furs of the women were long, reaching around the shoulders and to within eighteen inches of tlie ground. There was a coat in occasional use, called the surtout. The Century Dictionary says it was an overcoat. Every boy and man wore boots in the win- ter. I mean what are called long boots now and w-hich passed out of use hei-e over thirty years ago w'hen the streets had been paved and cleaned, so that there was no use for them. In the earlier times, however, there was deep snow sometimes and almost always depths of mud to be waded through so that their use was necessary. Consequent upon them was the boot.jack, an implement as necessary to a house as a frying pan, but whose use none of the moderns coiild guess now. Shawls, too, were worn almost uni- versally by the women. They were of all grades and price from the serviceable woolens to the costly crepes and Indias. "]\Ianners were more formal in those days. This was reflected among tlie young people. Unless they were cousins, boys of twelve oi- over always addressed the girls as ^liss and in reply were called ]\ristei'. There w'as no such familiarity as today when young people of all ages call each other by their first name, after they have been acquainted a month or even less. Neither did the young fellows take the girl's arm when walking. The young lady was set upon a pedestal, now she is on a level. "The second great interest in Indianapolis life was politics and to many it was the ab- sorbing one. Public life oft'ered prizes in that day of limited opportunity and scai-ce money, and beyond the pecuniary reward was the distinction achieved. Candidates were perhaps more numerous then than now. The community was pretty equally divided. The majority of the leading people were Whigs and Republicans, but a very consider- alile minority were Democrats, and the con- tests were .sharp and close with varying re- sults. Politics was the great subject for talk and was broached on all occasions. There was intense partisan feeling and much bitter- ness evolved. ]Men of one stripe would be- lieve anything of men on the other side. The Democrats having opposed prohibition— old Sumptuary even then was a household term — were denounced by their advei'saries as a party of whisky drinkers and the eliarge was lii'lieved by the makers. When the slavery i|uestion became prominent the Democrats denounced the opposition as 'nigger lovers' HISTORY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. 201 and 'Black Rt'piihlicaiis", a name eliiii^ to until iifter till' wai'. Everytliinu- of a ]io- litioal iiatni-f was foiifjlit for and over. A raci' for constable or councilman was con- tested as if it were the presidency itself. Wherever a chance for spoils came it was seized frrcedily. The Democrats were in pow- er at the time of the ^Mexican war and aj)- parcntly used all their power for party bene- fit, keepiny the AVhiirs out as nmcli as pos- sible. When the Republicans got on top they played much the same game. Party advan- lage was always looked after and party dis- cipline was very strict and well enforced. This led to a faith in parties that was al- most absolute and blinded men's eyes to the truth. It created such a conceit that men considered their pai-ties infallible, their wel- fare more impurtant than that of the govei'n- nient itself. Indeed myriads of Democrats believed that their party alone was fit to manage the government, and this partisan belief later led them into opposition to the war and .sympathy with the South. There was more or less corruption in the ele<'tions, chictly in crude methods of repeating and cheating in the vi'turns. l)ut this was done in party enthusiasm with the muttn "tiizlit the devil with fire' and whether lietter or worse was not on the sordid basis of buying and selling votes. 'Anything to best the enemy' was another motto, and all sorts of trickery, cheap debate and withering denunciation was indulged in on any and every oeeasion. ■'There was, however, one good thing in the politics then. ]\Ien hated to be taxed, iloney came hardly, and representatives and officials were held to strict accountability for expenditures. Economy was universally de- manded and the tax-payers were a force to be reckoned with. Once in a long while, even now, you see a card in the paper signed Tax- payer, condemning extravagance somewhei'e or .somehow. This belated wanderer crying to a generation of which two-thirds are not tax-payers and gladly vote other people's money away, is a survival of that period and does not know that he is as extinct as the Great Auk. But once he was a live wire and the politicians feared and courted him and his words had weight. Possibly in some far distant future when taxation has ground the people down and their eyes are opened, the tax-payer again may have something to sav." CHAPTER XX. THE (iERJIA.XS I.\ INDIANAPOLIS. The Germans have had a lai-irer iiitiuenee in the development of Indianapolis than any other foreisii nationality, as a nationality; but the nature and extent of this intiuenee is not jienerally undei'stood by American citizens, chietly, no douht, on account of the wall the Germans have kept about them by the maintenance of their native lanjfuage. The early settlement of Indianapolis, like that of the rest of Indiana, was chietiy of native-born Americans. At the census of 18r)0 there were only ■28.r>84 (iermans in the state, out of a total population of 988,416; and the (ierman born were over one-half of the total forei<in-born population, the Irish coming next, with 12,787. And even this population of (iermans was largel.v recent, for the revolution of 1848. with its disas- trous ending, and its vindictive punishments, had sent swarms of yoiuitr (ierman levolu- tionists 1o this coiinti-y. a number of whom located at lndianM])olis. A contemporary notice of this intiux is found in an article in the Locomotive, discu.ssing- the rapid growth of the "northeastern" part of the cit.v. especially Bates and Fletcher's Addi- tion, as follows : "This addition occupies four blocks, bounded iin the noi'th by New Voi-k, on the east by Noble, on the south by ^Market, and the west by East street; this addition is more generall.v known as Gerraantown from the fact that a ureat iTiany Gernums have bous'ht and luiilt ln-ri'. The houses are mostly snudl frames, suitable for one fam- il.y, and were l)uilt and are owned by the occupants."' It should lie understiKid also that tliei'c 'Locomofiri . Auuiist 18, 1849. was a difference between tlie (ierman imiui- Ui'ation of this period and that precedini; it. The earliei' iuimii;ratioii was chic'tiy of those who sought oidy to better their ]iers(inal condition, very largely of the farmer class, and who were fairly content with America as it was. The new imnufiration was largely of those who had to leave (iermany on ac- count of the revolution, and many if them were ready to return in case a new u|irisin^- should appear. They were people of idi'als — weltverbesserers, or world-reformers, as the (iermans ]iut it — and were (piite as ready for reform here as at home. An adiiiii-able sketch of this (ierman life and intiuenee in Indianapolis has been ])ublishe(l by Mr. Theodore Stempfel. of this cit.v. and lie ha-s kindly consented to let me present a trans- lation of a larye ])art of it here. I do this knowinsr that the reader will appreciate the advantatie of havini; it from the viewpoint of a (ierman closel\' connected with it, and re- irrettiuir oidy that my tran-^lation detracts somewhat from the literai'y merit of the oi'i<iiiud. "In Indianai)olis the (iernuin club-life ( vei-einsleben ) be«;an in 1S.">1. with the fouiidintr of the Indiana])olis TuiMiiiemeinde, ri'oiii which, in the course of years, through ■A chain of cii'cumstances. develo|)e(l the pres- ent Social Turnverein of Indianapolis. The most zealous agitator for the foundintr of the Turngemeinde wa.s August Tloffmeister. an active, energetic young man who had the talent of finding the rijiht word at the i-ight liirie. He has been a Turnei- in (iernuiny, and, befoi-e he came to Indianapolis, be- loniicd to the Gincinnati Turnverein founded in 1849. On Monday. July 28. 18r)l. the In- diana]>olis Turngemeindi> was established HISTORY OF (IREATKU IXDI.WAPOLIS. 2on with appropriate solciimities. The founders. in addition to the above named Auoiist Hotl'- lueister, were Jaeoh Metzfjfer. Alex. ^letzjier. Clemens Vonncirnt. John Ott and Karl Hill. The furniture store of John Ott. a one-story frame huildinjr opposite the State ilouse. servetl as a inectinjj- ])lace, and the yard in front of it as a j)laee for <:ymnastie prHctice. The gymnasium outfit eonsisted of a hori- zojital bar, and later money wa.s eolleeted from the members to buy parallel bars. After the course of half a yeai-. the elub rented a hotel building' on East Washintiton street- partiall>' destroyed by five, through the damaged I'oof of whieh tlie pleasjmt sun and heaven's blue peei-eil in inquisitively. In rain or sutiw. therefore, stay in the Tnrnhall was little ajjreeable. A single room in the first story wa.s spared liy fire, and remained in j)assably jjood condition for lioldinji' the weekly liieetilifis, in \vhi<'h. with iiiisto. the refoi'in of the woild was f(n-w;ir(led. "Entirely in accord with the Oernuiii n;i- tiouMl character there spi-anp' up an opposi- sitioii club — the Socialistic Turnverein com- posed chiefly of older men. Dr. Ilomhury, who had been an established jihysieian here since the close of the SiVs called the club in- to existence. Dr. Ilomburu- had. at the time, taken part in the u|)risint;- of the students. and. like many others, was obliged to Hi'e from (ici-many. He was a man of great learning, welcomed to every home, and not- withstanding his brus(|ueness he acquired a wide circle of friends in this city. An event of historical significance to Indianapolis gave incentive to the union of the two Turuvei-- eins. The then sitting legislature had in- vited Louis Kossuth to visit oui- city. .\t the close of Eebi'uaiw. 1S,")"J. the distinguislu^il Magyar cauu- hci-e from Cinciinuiti. wai-mly welcomed by the city authorities and the people. Kossuth was escorted to the ca])i- tol, and our Turners, as the only existing (ier- Jnan organization, were not a little ])roud to serve its iruards for the guest of the city, in f\dl unifonn, i. e.. in white drilling suits, red cravats, and black felt hats. As the Oerman poet, (iottfi'ied Kinkel. (m behalf of a revolutionai'y coiiimitlcc in London, had undertaken a tour lliriiiii;li .\merica in I lie =225 East Wasliinutdu. hope of obtaining a loan for the expected re- vival of the (iei-man revolution, so labored Louis Kossuth for the Hungarian cause. Two days after his ai-rival he gave, in Ma- sonic Hall, an exposition of the Hungai'ian war of revolution. The great role which the f(n-mer dictator of Hungary had played for several years in the tight against Aus- ti'ian rule, his passionate nature, his radical ideas to which he gave utterance with all the tire of his eloquence, his living picture of the existing .struggle, secured for him a sympathetic audience, and reminded oiu" Tui'ners of the old truth, 'In union there is strength". In a short time thereafter the two Turnvereins united under the name of the Socialistic Turngemeiude. "iythouirh the Turners, like most of the Gei'man innnigrants of that time, were with their thoughts and feelings in the old fathei-- land, awaiting a call for assistance from the revolutionary pal'ty there, they nevertheless gave their attention to the political move- ments of their adopted fatherland. The I'hiladelphia convention of the North Ameri- can Turnerbuiul. of which this club was a mendier. in 18.")1 ado|)ted this resolution : The Turnerbuiul fav(U's in sicneral the plat- form of the radical l-'reesoil Party, and pledges itself to support it with all its |)ower. Scarcely were 'the (ireenies' — as the new immigi-ants were called — warm in their nest, when they dai-ed tn preach emancipation from both of the existing tireat parties, to the horror and' astonishment of the earlier settled Oermans. to whom the then Demo- cratic ]>ai-ty was the aljdia aiul omega of their political faith. For .-i numb(>r of years both the Democrats and the Whius cai-efully avoided the sci'c spot of the natiotud oi-gan- ism. the slavery (|uestion. Both sides wei-e always striving to britlge over by compromises the whirl|)ools that showed themselves, often in thi'eatening nuunier. through the conflicts of the interests of the fi-ee states and the slave states. Fillecl with rid'orm ideas of all kinds, for whicii the revoln1i<inarv soil of (iermany had offered a fertile field, the new- comers pressed forwni'd: while for the old, who foi- the most part had become recoiu'iled to the conditions of their adopted land, or at least accustomed to them, the <rravest jirob- lem of the time was a imh im liniiim. 204 HISTORY OF GKEATEK I^^DIANAPOLIS. "The slavery question formed the foeus of political agitation. The ideas of the two generations lay in opposition. Here the en- thusiasm of youth, there the sedateness of a,s:e; here the boimdless pushing forward, there the sober holding to the present; here the carelessness for the future, there the ap- jirehension for the consequences of the force- ful, progressive ideas of the young. Natur- ally the pushers and stormers achieved no practical results in the beginning, but they proved themselves to be a powerful leaven to bring the masses into ferment. Here in In- dianapolis they even succeeded as early as the year 1850, in establishing a weekly Ger- man paper, the Free Press, which, wholly in- dependent of Ijoth existing parties, repre- sented the radical ideas of the 'Greenies', and therefore soon came to be called an Abo- lition sheet. The Free Press was the coun- terbalance of the Democratic Indiana Yolks- hlatt, which, founded in 1848. had a large cireulation am(tng the Germans of the city and state. The following extract from an editorial article in the Yolkshlatf of ]March 81, 1855, entitled 'The German Innnigration,' gives an excellent picture of the principal differences between the older settlers and the new immigrants in Indianapolis, differences which drew a dividing line during the entire later history of our (Germans. "Says the Volhshhift : '"With .ioy were the newcomers received by the earlier arrived Germans. « * * They .saw in the new- comers the energies, which the German popu- lation of this country still lacked, to make its influence more felt in all directions upon the development of the new home. For this purpose a niunber of as.sociations were quick- ly formed foi- the promotion of Gennan arts and German life, and everywhere all seemed to be shaping itself for our welfare. But only too soon did a bitter disillusion follow this .iubilation. The revolution had brought its leaders over from Germany; and with these a string of cliques and factions which could not possibly for any length of time be of good inflnence. Since the agitators had not succce<led in getting power over there, they expected to be leaders here in public opinion on all questions, even those which must have been beyond their comprehension on accoimt of thoii- being in this countrv so short a time ; they looked upon themselves as the exclusive representatives of the light of the world, which until their coming had shone but feebly on America and its Ger- mans. These world-reformers, and the blind crowd which followed them, we have to thank for the failure of the hopes which at that time were awakened in all Germans. A large part of the German inmiigrants followed principles that were diametrically opposed to the .spirit of the American people, and de- cidedly contrary to their character. No idea was too insane not to find fervent fol- lowers among them. The "young Germans" danced around the tree of freedom of the Abolitionists, for which they had already been disciplined on the school bench and from the pulpit in the old home ; many be- came apostles of Kabet and other world- blessing communists: women's rights found able advocates in Heinzen and his school ; the new freedom had already become too old for these heroes ; according to them it should be dumped head over heels or at least law and human rights should be remodeled to suit their own heads. For all these lunacies they soon found worthy organs in the German Press, which through their clamor contrib- uted not a little to turn the attention of the Nativistic Party to their obnoxious princi- ples, and in its hands they become weapons again.st us all.' "The Socialistic Turngemeinde had in the meantime established itself firmly and even became a landed proprietor. Through volun- tary contributions and the surplus receipts from festivities the club had accumulated a small capital that had been applied to the purchase of a building site on Noble street' and the Turners 'had built a stately man- sion', which in January, 1850, was dedicated with festivities. At the opening of this fii^st home of a Gennan club in Indianapolis, Clemens Yonnegut made the address. * * * It may well be believed that the members of the Turngemeinde made the fullest use of their hall. "Whether the beautiful song, 'We won't go home till morning,' was often sung at that time is unknown to the writer, but from the tales of the elders it might often have been sung with propriety. The ■^No. 117 North Noble. HISTORY OF (ii;F.A'l'i:i; l\|)| WAI'ol.lS. 205 larger festal gatherings were held in Wash- ington Hall (later Lyra Hall, and now the hall of the Cleveland Club). To these festivi- ties attach many happy memories of the older Germans of our city. * * * "The great eelehiation in the histoi-y of the Tiirngemeinde, almost epueh-makiug, was the banner consecration, held in April, 185-i. On April 29, 1854. the Indiana Volksblatt said: 'From far and near were the Turner brethren gathered to help in the celebration of the consecration of the banner of local Turners. Cincinnati, with its Turngesang- verein, and Louisville had sent full delega- tions, and Terre Haute, Lafayette, Madison. New Albany, Logansport and Shelbyville sent representatives or full delegations. On Wednesday the various trains of incoming Turners were greeted at the L^nion Depot by the resident Turners. They marched in pro- cession throngli the sti'eets, were welcomed at the Turnhall. and then taken to their lodgings. On Thursday morning the exei'- cises were to have taken place in the open air, but fickle April willed otherwise. Just at the time of the display, the rain poured down in streams, and it became so cold ant! unpleasant that the celebration had to be adjourned. The paraders fled before the streaming rain into the Court House, and waited there an hour for it to clear u|i. Finally it was seen necessary to change the program, and to have the presentation of the banner in Washington Hall, during the fes- tival ball, instead of in the open, as origi- nally intended. Wa.shington Hall could scarcely hold the visitoi's and resident mem- bers and friends of the Tui-ngemcinde.' Savs the Volhsblatl, 'The ball was brilliant. Early in the evening a large company was a.s.seni- bled. The banners of the Cincinnati, Loui.s- ville and ^Madison societies hung from the galleries. Finally the ladies came into the hall in charming array. The banner was brought from the gallery and a thundering, thrice repeated (iut Tleil greeted it. When all were seated, Fraulein IVFetzger (later Mrs. Hermann Lieber) pi-esented the banner in a brief, well-turned speech. Messrs. Voniiegiit and Wenderoth responded for the Turners. The hand.some banner was then unfolded and borne throuuh the hall. Soon after, the dance was opened with a Polonaise, and till eai'ly moi-ning the couples joined in the happy whirl." Among the Cincinnati guests was Hermann Lieber. who found In- ■ dianapolis so T)leasant that be decided to re- main and settle here. "The inspiration of the war of emancipa- tion had awakened in the youth of Germany the love of song. Everywhere arose societies for the cultivation of song ( Liedertaf ebi in the north— Liederkraenze in the south and in Middle Germany). ]Music became the social art of the new century, an indispensa- ble ornament of every Gennan celebration, and truly a pride of the nation. In every |ii'ovince awoke the passion for song as never since the days of the bards. One soon saw that with this nobler sociability a freer at- mosphere came into the folk-life, and gladly boasted that before the ])ower of song the I'idieulous barriers of rank fell away.'' The songs of Karl Maria von Weber, Konradin Krentzer, Methfessel, Silchei-, Mar.schner. Zoellner, Yon Kucken, Abt, Schumann and others pressed into tlie folk life; the mighty current of the time, the democratic spirit of the new century found a strong echo in nuisie, and free as the eagle's mighty i)in- ion.s, song arose to the sun. It is hardly necessary to say that the Forty-eighters, wherever, through choice or the spite of fate, they made their residences in America, took rare to make a home for song, the fairest jewel of German soul-life. The organization of song-vereins went hand in hand with the Founding of turn-vereins. In the third story of a brick building, No. 75 East Washington street, which a few years ago gave i)lace to the Pend)roke arcade, resided at the begin- ning of the fifties a (juartet of young immi- iirants, whom a freak of destiny had brought together in Indiana|)olis. An inexhaustible humor and the light heart of youth helped them over the unpleasant period of newness, and they made ac(|uaintanee of other eoun- ti-ymen and fellow-sufferers; and it was not long till the den in the third story became the tratherinir place of nuiiiiTous young im- niiurants. "Though inhosiiitable the room mikdit ap- pear, with its bare walls, giant bed, and ^Ileinrich von Ti-ietschke, German Tlisturif of the Nineteenth Centura. Vol. '2, p. 3. 200 JIiSl'()i;V OF GlIEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. ivorni-eaten furniture, yet its occupants passed many happy hours therein, of which the elders to-day have many droll stories. The room and all that pertained to it was considered the national property of the yoxinu; Germans, and — in ciMifidence — there often ruled within its four walls a spirit of bachelorship of most darinsi- significance. Edward Lonoerich. Gottfried and Hubert Recker and A. Schellschmidt were the legiti- mate rent-payino- occupants of the room; constant visitors and occasional fellow-lod?- ers were Nicholas Jose. Fi'iedrich Kusch. Karl Freese, August Viehwesi'. H. Krebs. G. Bauer, H. Schindler and othei-s. They came togrether, discussed the news of the day, reminisced of home, or listened to the de- scriptions of August Viehweg. who as sailor on a Prussian wai-ship had sei'ved in the war of the allies against Denmark. Naturally, by this assendilage, an effoi-t was also made to accustom the (ierman stomach to Ameri- can beer, through frequent practice. No one of the regular or occasional occupants of the room dreamed that their congregation would attain a historical significance for the Germans of Indianapolis. f^dward Longe- rich, a song-ioving youth, was the lucky owner of a guitar, and under his direction songs were practised. Out of the original unconstrained a.ssemblages came rehearsal evenings, for practicing vocal and instru- mental nrasic. and. in June. IS")-!, our brotherhood of the chamber adopted the name Indianajiolis ^laennerchoi'. New re- cruits were enlisted and Gernutn song was rendered in symjiathetic tones. '"In the merry month of ^lay. 1S55, ap- peared the following notice in the German newspapers of Indianapolis: 'First Concert and Ball of the ]\Iaetinerchor, on ^londav. May 28, 1855, in Washington Hall. The members of the above song-verein invite all friends of song and dance to visit the ar- ranged concert and ball. They will endeavor to give their visitoi-s a pleasant and en.ioy- able evening. Admi.ssion slil. Tickets at A. Ha.streiter's. Buehrig's Hotel, oi' from the members. Longerich. Jese. Baiu'r. Coiimiittee. ' "The modesty of the sinsers conceals the gross results of this first concert, and in- quisitive posterity must lie content with the following brief account in the Yolksbhift : 'The German Maennerchor on Monda.v held a concert and danc' at Washington Hall. We were unfortunately |)revented fi'om being witnesses of this Whitsuntide celebration, but we hear from all sides that German spirit and German nnrth prevailed, and that all visitors had a pleasant and enjoy- able evening. In place of Edward Longerich, who in the same .vear i-e- tui'ned to Gernuiny. on account of his health, E. Desjia became director, and the i-ehearsals wei'e held at his shop. No. 23 E. Washington street. .\s there was no electric light, and they could not afl'ord the luxury of gaslight, each singer brought his light with him. One pictures to himself how the Turners held their a.ssemblies weekly in the half-fallen hotel building on East Washing- ton street: how the singers met regularly in the paint-shop of their director Despa, and. with notes in one hand and tallow-candle in the other, leai-ned songs: and compare those times with today, when the Tiirners and siiigers have sumptuous quarters for prac- tice at their disposal; and then realize how far in the course of past .veai-s we have ad- vanced, and how nnich — we have lest. '"In the year 185(j the ]\Iaennerchor, which in the meantime had formally organized with constitution and by-laws, decided to admit passive members. In the same year they took part in the Saengerfest at Cincinnati. A year later they were able, througli the kind- ness of the ladies, to celebi-ate a banner con- secration. The year 1838 was notable for the holding of the Saengerfest of the In- diana Saengerbund at Indiauajjolis, in which the entire German population participated. The director of this celebration was Carl Barns, the leader of the song-verein of Cin- cinnati. The fest began on June 14. 1858; delegations from the societies of Louisville. Cincinnati. Da.vton. Lafa.vette. Terre Haute and other cities being in attendance. On the opening evening there was a great con- cert in ]\Iasonic Hall ; the Fest-president Clemen.s Vonnegut delivered an address, and Miss Henningei-. on behalf of the German ladies of Indianapolis, presented the Singers a, handsomely embr(}idered baniuM-. which liore the inscri|)tion. in u-oklen lettei's. 'The honor of i!iaidi(>od is given into voui' hands: ( ir. //, lldds I'holo (11.) MAENNERCHOR HALL HISTORY OF (;i;i:a'I'Ki; ixdi.wai-ot.is. 2or preserve it.' On the next day was a ureal parade; the pi'dccssion halteil at the C'irele and the unitetl siii>;ers saui;' several (ieriiiaii sonf.'.s amid a stoi-iii of apjilause from a thickly |)aeked crowd. In the afternoon the fest-participants aninsed themselves on the sumptuoasly ai'rani;ed Fail- Ground (Mili- tary Park), and in the evenintr thei-e was a fri-ciil hall at Washinjrton Hall. ■"Of the g'reatest InHiience on the (ipiiiimi of the immiirrants of "4S who had made their homes in Indianapolis, was, and remained, the radical oiator and writer Karl Ilein/.en. He was a man ')f iron logic. His whole life was an unending battle for freedom and trutli. Kevolutionist from ci-own to sole, he lashetl unmercifidly with tongue and pen the faults of liis enemies ;ind the wi-aknesses of his friends. lie luid. as Wendell Phillins said of him, 'the coui-age to dare to be wholly consistejit.' The (Jermaiis of In- dianapolis of tliat time found tlicmselves in the happy stage of develo[)ment : business caivs. social duties, conventional C(!n.sidera- tions and aristocratic iiai'oxysms were then unknown bacilli: the word 'so<nety' diil not exist in tlio dictionai-y of the pe riod. The nncorru|)ted (Jennan uoi d nature, with its great excellences, and possible impei'tincnces, bloonu'd in the elui) life, and the multifariousness of (iei'iiian aspii'ations declared itself through the founding of organizations of all kinds. So there arose here, as in othei- cities of the Union, at the beginnint;' of the fifties an Anti- monarchy society, tlie leading pi-inciple of whicli was that it plcdued the ii(>ople of this re|)ublic to supi)oi't tlie people of Eui'ope in their sti'usigle foi' free govei'innent. "Ijatei' through the active agitation of the editor of the Ciiu-innati fToiInrai i/itrr. Fi'ed- erick Ilassaurek. the I''reeineirs League was organized. This organization had foi- its aim "to oppose In- toniiue and iien all pi'e.ju- dices iif political, social and relitiious Lrovern- nient. and llu'outrh schools. i)ublic addi-r^sses and debates Id be active for the iMlucation of free men." .Mex. Met/wer. John V. Mayer. George Fehrlinir. Th. 1 liilsehei'. Jos. Lanir- hein and others were amoUL;- the most zeal- ous meudiers of thi' lea-jue. In ls.">4 \ho first state convention of the Freemen was held in this city. The frankness with which this convention spoke out on the subject of slav- ery wa.s indeed refreshing when compared with the caution with which statesmen ami politicians avoided it. To the Fivemen's League is credited the service of founding the first (lernian school in this city. Karl Beysehla^, editor of the Firir Prrssr, was the teacher. Moreover fortnightly plays were given in the league hall (south- ea.st corner of Washington and Alabama). The ilramatic section of the Freemen reached the climax in the production of Schiller's "Robbei's". A further undertaking was the Tract Society of the ^len of Progress, the soul of which was the then editor of the Frer Press, Th. Ilielsehei-. The literatui'e which the society circulated in tract form was di- voted to religious freedom and was directed chiefly against Puritanism and its cherished sister-. Prohibition. The idea of diffusing s[)iritual noui-isbment among the masses was in fact borrowed from the Bible societies and Methodist organizations of the East, which were pledged to welcome each innnigrant with numberless soul-saving tracts. '"The Turngcmeinde took great care for the intellectual uplift of (!ei-man life through the arrangement of lectures which accoi-diug to newspaper i-epoi-ts were enjoyed by vei-y large audiences. Frederick ^fuench, known under the name of 'l-'ar West'. Samuel Ludvigh — the ' Fackel Ludvigh', Schuenemann-Pott, Richard Solger, Judge Stallo aiul others gave addresses in the Tui-n- hall. With great satisfaction. Schuem'mann- Pott sjxike of the activity of the lii)eral minded (iermans here, in a letter by the Kx- ecutive Conuinttee of the Turnerbnnd, id' which the following- is an extract: 'in In- dianapolis there is a livini; intei-est, a.s I have found for m>'self. Hoth a.s.sociations wei-e visited, and if I ni:iy judge from lunMci-ous assurances, uttei'anccs, hand-claspings and serenades, the reception of it was as sin- cere and heai-ty as I could have wished." Historic memorial da,\'s like the Four-th of July, Washington's birthday, the aniuver- sary of the ileath of Kobei-t Blum, (>tc., were always fittingly celebrate<l. in fact, an op- poi'tunitv to celebi-ate verv seldom slipped by. ".Xi'Xl to the clubs which wci-e devoted to earnest etl'ort. the .Maetuierchor gave its best 208 HISTOKY OF GREATEE INDIAXAPOLIS. atteution to musical eutertaininents, and the Thalia-verein to draiuatie presentations. Both societies recruited their members from the same circles, and the zeal with which in- dividuals took part in the efforts of the dif- ferent societies is quite astounding- to us children of the new period. From the Thalia arose another dramatic association, the Con- cordia, which every Sunday evening gave an entertainrnent at the Athenaeum (northwest corner of ]\Ieridian and Marjland) under the discTiise of a. 'sacred concert', and on Monday evening presented more extensive plaj's. The Concordia appears to have gone out of business after a short time, and the Thalia-verein, of which Gottfried Recker, Alb. Hoening, Nicholas Jose, Charles Whitten- berg and othei-s were the high trumps, took its place. A visit to the presentations, how- ever, left something to be desired, and this hampered it somewhat from the beginning. The newspaper's were rather severe in their criticisms of the theatricals, but were more kintUy to the attractions of the Turner Hall. "The Turngemeinde had in the meantime given up its property on Noble street, and moved to the Apollo Garden (on the south- west corner of Capitol and Kentucky ave- nues). The condition of Noble street was such that the unsuspecting traveler, in wet weather, would often leave his shoes sticking in the unfathomable mire, and nuist hastily abandon his socks lest he sink full length in the bottomless. The dear days of Kentucky avenue ! How long past they seem ! If one listens to our older Germans talk of the happy hours in the Turnhall on Kentucky avenue, he can almost wish that he were old. and might have lived at that time. There gathered the German life and aspiration of Indianapolis. There were turning, singing, theatricals, music, debates, as well as politi- cal and philosophical discussions. In Apollo Garden He1ie busily administered her govern- ment, and I'oguisli Eros played his tricks with the hai>py youth. Turner exhibitions, dramatic presentations, concerts, dances, balls, and patriotic celebrations, with hair- raising fireworks, alternated in brilliant ar- ray. But also niaiiy a serious word was ut- tered there, for the Turnhall was the head- quarters of the anti-slavery agitation, and the political barometci' indicated a storm. ■'The most meritorious work that the cn- tei-prising energy of our liberal minded Ger- mans brought to consununation, and which proved to be of lasting benefit thereafter, was the founding of the German-Enulish school. AVe cannot today judge what fdrin the development of the German life of our city would have taken without this influence, but we know that the first German-American generation has taken up the ideal efforts of the older ones with zeal and intelligence, and has contributed much to their accomplish- ment. If it be a fact, as is often told us by outside acquaintances, that Indianapolis, in comparison with other cities of the country, has excellent material in its Gennan- Ameri- can citizens, then we will make no mistake in seeking the reason in the beneficial influence of the German-English school. It took to itself, in large part, the difficult task of keep- ing the growing youth (icrman in thought and sympathy, a ta.sk which today falls al- most wholly on the parents, and to which, if it be successful, constant perseverance, steady attention, and indefatigable effort are essential. "The public schools in Indianapolis in the fifties were in poor condition ; the entire tuition extended only over three or four months in -the year, and had in consequence to be restricted to instruction in the more essential rudiments. In addition there were Gei-raan private schools, for example in the Scotch church, corner of Delaware and Ohio streets, in Zion's church, in the so-called Second Ward school on Delaware street be- tween Vermont and Alichigan streets, like- wise the Freemen's verein had a school, and also Theodore Hielscher. the place of instruc- tion being on Washington street opposite the Court House. Praiseworthy as these were, there was still need for a school in which the instruction should be in English as well as in German. The practicability of this idea was often considered, especially by the members of a secret society which bore the oracular name of 'B. d. T.'.^ and definc<l the rights and duties of its membei-s in a con- stitution composed of 19 articles and 121 sections. The B. d. T. will be remembered ^Binid der virtuous. Tugendhaf ten— union of the lii.SToitY OV (iKKATEJt l.NDl A.N Al'Ul.lS. 209 as the secret soeiety of tlie students, in vopiie in Jletteriiieh's time, ti-ausplaiited to Aiiieri- can soil: aiul toda.v, after more than -tO yeai's. it wouUl jx-rhaps not be dangerous to brinij one of the seerets of tliat eirele out of the night of ot)liviou into the light of the sun. And so nia.v he revealed the names of those who in 'Ziska Zelt No. 1,' i. e., in the oflRce of the 'Z. H.'," Dr- Hombiirg, came together weekly for advising as to the pres- ent and forminir jilans for the future, viz. : Dr. llomburir. Jolin K. .NFaver, (leoi'se iMann- feld, Jacob Heeker, :\lnth. ".Aloeseh, Th. lliel- scher, Ferd AYieser, ('harles John, Herm. Weinberger. Fraz Damme, and Giistav Zscheck. The members of this secret society deluded themselves with pi'o- digious plans and liuilt the most gorgeous air turn-and-music halls, compared with which the pi-esent (iermaii House is a mere bagatelle. Nevertheless one I)eautiful dream was realized after the lapse of a few years —the founding of an independent German- English school. Opportunely, at a Thomas Paine celebration, on January 29, 1859, was pointed ont for the first time in official man- ner the need of owneishi]) of a place for a school; roiisinir communications to the news- papei's set the hall iu motion, and a week later a provisional assembly named ;in agi- tation committee composed of V, Hutsch, Alex, ^fetzger, F, (loepper, Wenderoth, Im- berey. Klotz and Th. ITielscher. At a later meeting was oi-ganiz(>d the German-English School Society h.v the election of V. Butsch as i>resident and Hermann Lieber as secre- tary. The meeting deci-eed the founding of a school which 'independent of all sectarian influences should secure the education of free, moral men, in tlie principles of human- ity.' At the same time $000 was appro()riated to a fund for building a seliool house. The pro,jeet met such universal favor that within the course of three months a site was bouglit and a two stor.v building was begun. To- ward the end of 1859 the school was opened, under the management of the teachers Th. Hielscher and Julius Schunun with a moder- ate number of pupils at the start. Soon such favorable results appeared that with each tei-m uinrc pupils were enrollrd. Addi ''•Zelt-Tlau|itiiianu— 'r<'ut captain. Vol. 1—14 tional teachers were engaged aiul the c(mrse of stud.v broadened. Thereliy the cost of management increa.sed. The unavoidable deficit was nuide up by voluntary contribu- tions and by entertainments, picnics, fairs, theatricals, concerts and balls, in which the whole German population took part, filled with couuiiendable enthusiasm. "The AVbig parl.v had in the course of .vi>ars surrendei-ed one position after an- other, but the palliative of compromise failed of effect and the presidential election of 1852 bi"oke the decadent jiart.v to pieces. New parties appeared. The universal clamor over the political distress raised, among others, a secret organization, which for its jilatform adopted the restriction of immigi'a- tion, the i)urification of the ballot, and the inti-oduction and maintenance of Ibe bible in the publif schools. The aim of this agitation was directed espeeiall.v against the Germans, nuui.v of whom had .ioined the Democratic |)art.v, attracted perhaps more by predilec- tion for the name than for the principal ten- dencies of the partv. This secret organiza- tion called itself the American Party, and the .iokers gave it the name Know-Nothing I'ai'Vy because its mendiers to all questions as to tlu>ir allegiance answered with a stereo- typed 'T don't know.' After a short period of existence the American Part.v had attained success in manj^ states of the TTnion, .vet its methods of agitation ripened characteristic fruit; the native and foreign 'Kowdies' clasped hands, and under the firm name of .\merican Party, these dirty confederates committed outrages. On election days it often came to euttine and stabbing afl'i-ays between the Know-Nothings and the Ger- mans. In neighboring Cincinnati there raged a .street fight for several da.ys in the be- uinning of April, 1855, in which Turners and Singers had opportiinit.y to show their readiness in barricade building. "The German societ.v halls bad to be guai'ded with saber and jiistol ; even at the peaceful beer-table our coiuitr,vnien were constantl.v expecting the signal 'to arms', and the skatplayers looked uji man,v times from their cards to inquii-e with a|)prehension whetbei- th(\v might pla,v another roun<l lic- forc the Rowdies came. In |ieaceablc In- dianapolis the loinv.'-nolhinL:' rcnneni did imt 210 HISTOKY OF GREATEI] TXDIAXAl'OUS. >>rl ill action. 'I'liere was a skirmish now and then with some son of the Einerald Isle, especially as introduction to or wind-up of a picnic, and the votinir in elections was often associated with dano:er, but in comparison with Cincinnati. Louisville. Columbus and others. Little ]\Iadam Iiidiana]iolis beliaved hei-self very well. The entire Know-Xotliing movement wrecked finally on the sound sense of the Anglo-American. "A new party had for some time been groping into life, the Republican Party. Under its banner collected all those who had realized the danger of the supremacy of the Democratic Party. A motley assembly in- deed found itself gathered together at the beginnino- of this new party. The Demo- cratic Indiana Volksblaft described a con- vention of the Republican Party held in In- dianapolis as follows: 'This motliest of all motley conventions of fusionists was com- posed of Know-Xothiiigs, Americans, patented progressionists and aliolitionists, noi'thern secessionists and renegade Democrats, of Catholic-eaters and Temperance hypocrites, of Mainiacs' and political priests.' Out of the conglomerate of political reform ideas and opinions crystallized the firm i-esoliition. regardless of the threats of the 'fire-eaters' of the South, to call a halt on the further spread of slavery. The day for decision ap- proached. The most exciting campaign in the history of the republic raged through the countiy. Mass meetings, parades, torch-light processions and demonstrations of all kinds increased the deep stirring-up; all other in- terests disappeared under the weight of the event. The (Jth of Xovember, 1860, holds a world 's-historic significance through the elec- tion of the candidate of the young Republi- can Party, Abraham Lincoln. "With the vietoiy of the Republican Party the conflict was here; the slave states made good their threat and seceded from the Union before Lincoln entered his office. With apprehensive anxiety all eyes turned to Fort Sumter. On the morning of April 12, 18(11, the hot-blooded Virginian, Edward Rutliii, fired the first shot at the T^nion fort ; the garrison returned the early morning greet- ing, and the bloody drama of the Civil War "Play on the .Maine lii|U(ir law. had begun. On the 15tli President Lincoln issued the first call for 75,000 volunteers; on the 18th the Inrlianapolis Journal con- tained the following: 'The Turners marched to Camp Morton yesterday morning, accom- panied by their own band, and .joined the several companies with which they have iden- tified themselves. Passing up Delaware street they stopped in front of the residence of Hon. A. G. Porter and gave him three hearty cheers, and then passed on to the resi- dence of William Wallace, where Adjutant General Wallace is temporarily residing, and cheered the general with loud hurrah. The Turners are aroused and ready for action. All unmarried Turnei-s answered the first call of Lincoln. The Turngemeinde was broken up. The Turnhall on Xoble street was turned over to one of the creditoi-s for the settlement of the more impoi"tant debts of the society. The remaining ett'ects of the Turners, consisting of banner, gymna.stic apparatus and library were turned over to Hermann Lieber for pi'eservation. "The ^laenuerchor. which under the di- rection of E. Despa had made rapid prog- ress, also went down from the beginning of the Civil War. Several of the active mem- bers had gone into the army, and moreover the harmony among the membei-s had been tottering for some time. The interests of the whole country concentrated on the battle field. The cheerfulness of the German club life was silenced. Times had come that tried men's souls. That the Germans brilliantJy stood the test is written in the book of his- tory in indelible letters. In unmeasurable higher percentage than others the German immigrants fought under the starry banner for the preservation of the Union. Of the self-sacrificing devotion to the new home, and the patriotic inspiration of the Germans of Indianapolis, the following extract from the Journal of April KJ. 1861. gives informa- tion : 'Our (Jerman fellow citizens held a meeting yesterday morning for the purpose of considering the jiropriety of offering their services to the (lovernor during the f)rescnt emergency. They announced their firm and undying devotion to the land of their adop- tion and resolved to offer their services to the Governor with the understanding that thev will not all be coiitinued in the same KISTOin nV (IKEATKR TXDT.WAPOTJS. •211 company, as they eonsiiU'i- that all nation- ality should be sunk now. save that of the American. Long live our brave axlopted citizens! They have felt and known the oppression of an aristocracy, and will never consent to ayain how theii' necks to the yoke. nor sacrifice tlieir love of liberty to save thcii- lives. ■ ■"As the 'i'ui'Hi'i's rrtiiriii'd at the close of their thi-ee months' service, a desire was urgent among them to organize a whollj' German regiment. They were inspired to this l>y the service of the (Jerman regiment from thi' East under Ludwig Blenker. and the (iermans of St.. Louis under Franz Sigel. The ulea was tiiutlly taken up actively at a roundtable which met every morning at 11 o'clock at Washington Hall, composed of Val Butsch. Dr. lIond)urg. Adolph Seidensticker, Th. Ilielscher, and August Ritzinger, and with the approval of (lovernor Morton was brought to accomplisbiiH'iit. The first com- paii\' was fi'om Indianapolis. The I'emainiiig 9 com|)anics wei'i' I'ccruited at .Madison, Auroi-a. La\vii'nc(»bui-g. 'I'erre Haute, Cincin- nati. Lafayette. Laporte and Evansvillc. The command of the regiment was given to Au- gust Willich. then :\rajor of the 9th Ohio regiment. His staff officers were, Lieut(>nant Col. IL von Trebra. .Ma.j. Wm. Hchnacken- burir. Adjutiint Karl Schmitt aiul (Quarter .Masti'r Edward .Mueller. The n'giin<'iit was enrolled as th(" ■■{2nd Lidiana Regiment, and fh parted on September (i, IStJl, for Louis- ville, whei'c the regimental colors were pre- sented to it by Jlrs. Seidensticker in the name of the German ladies. After a short stay in L(uiisville. the :V2nd mai'chcil to \cw- havcn. Ky.. and from there into the field at 'Camp Nevin'." The further history of llh' 32nd is thus continued by the ('a|)taiti of the first company, and later Lieutenant Colonel, Frank Erdelmeyer: "Under the command of AVillieh. tiie regi- ment became one of the best di-illed bodies of soldiers. We drilled undei' (Jerman eom- ina)id and Germ.in siu'uals. and thi'i'c devel- oped a spirit of fellowship, a genuine soldier spii'il. that biouiiht us victory in many a hitter fiL'liI, Durinir the latter i)art of the year our regiment was added to General R. W. .(ohnsiiti's (Ith Hi-ii;ade, of McCook's Di- vision. < )ii the advanee I here a()peared need for forming a pioneer division, which Colonel Willich forthwith organized carefully, and it w-as put xnider the capable command of Lieutenant Joseph Peitzuch. These wise pre- cautions pi'oved their benefit in a short time. On the 12th of December (1861) Johnson's Brigade advanced to the village' of .Munfordsville on (ireen River. The only bridge over the river was partially de- stroyed, and to cover its repair Willich thi-ew two companies as pickets on the south side of the river, and our pioneers worked night antl day to repair the structure. On the 17th the bi-idge was ready. It was high time, for shortly after noon the enemy's cavalry and infanti-y appeared. Our pickets gave the alarm: our com[)anics f(U'med (juiekly and went over the bridge at double (juick. Colonel Willich was absent at the tinu% and the conunand devolved on von Trebra. With a precision as on parade our companies fell into line of battle. The rebel infantiy could not withstand our well-directed fin', aiul were hurled back in wild confusion. Then the enemy advanced his cavali'y, the dreaded Te.xas l?angers. With a wild cheer they rushed from behind a hill on our extended firing line, and individual fighting com- I)anies. But we received the impact steadily; the companies formed scpiares. and let the Texas Rangei's come within a short distance; then sounded one volley after aru)ther; the wild riders were thrown back and numy a one renuuned on the field. Hut again and again they retui'ued I On the left wing Lieutenant INIax Sachs, with a i)art of the Third Company, on the open field, groui>ed about two haystacks, was suri'ounded. He i-efused to surrender-, and fought bravely till a bulli't brought his end. llel|i came (juiekly, but uiduil)l)ily too late for Sachs. The Texas Rangers now formed feu- a final charge, and oui- men hekl tlieir position. Meanwhile 1 had taken possession of a little hill on our left flank to bar the way of the cavalrj-. Coming then we saw thick before us the enemy's infantry and artillery. 1 waited now till the infantry advaneed to attack our right wing, and then advanced slowly with my com|)aiiy. Tiie enemy imagined the whole division behind us, and. fearini: <i tiaiik at- tack, turneil back in hasty HiLdit. The bat- tle was over. Cn our side we had in de.nl 212 HISTOKY OP GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. and '2\1 wouiuUhI. Tlie vietorv belonged to the (ieinian Indiana Regiment." "The troops engaged were higldy conipli- niented in the general orders of December 27, 1861, by General Fry, who commended the regiment as 'a study and example to all troo])s nnder his command, and enjoins them to emulate the discipline and instniction which insure such results. The name of Row- lett Station will be inscribed on the regi- mental Colors of the Thirty-second Indiana Volunteei-s. ' The following spring the legis- lature of Kentucky passed an act to purchase the field and notified the regiment of this recognition of its German defendants. In the further course of the war the regiment took part in the battles of Shiloh. Stone River, Chicknmauga, ^Missionary Ridge and the niarel) to .\tlanta, and maintained the good reputation it had earned in its first baptism of fire. It was AYillich's regiment that at-^ traeted wide attention by a notable perform- ance on the second day at Shiloh. It was ad- vancing on 'the Hornet's Nest' when Willich noticed the lines of a new company wavering under the awful fire. He at once halted the regiment, and (tut them through the manual of arms in that rain of death; then, steadied once more, sent them on with the charge.* There wa.s also a German battery in the 6th Indiana that was raised at Evansville. Its captain was Fredrich Behr, and after his death at Shiloh, Wm. :\Iueller. The other officers of the battery were Louis Kei'u, Wm. ^Lissman, Ed. Janke. and Peter Butsch, of Indianapclii-. ■'After the close of the Civil War a new s])irit made itself noticeable among the Ger- mans of Ameriea, perhaps this change took place unknown tn themselves. During the war, and fre(|uently on account of the war, many had worked their way up to a comfort- able condition in life. The improvement of their financial condition called for increased energy, and soon increased both their social obligations and their circumspection. Their active participation in club affaii's natin-ally lessened in proportion as their commercial interests increased. Others mav have neg- ' Lew Wallace's Auhilnnr/niiiln/, pj). r)()l-2; Willich 's modest i-eport of the occui'rence is in the Journnl of .\pril 23, 1862. lected the chance of the moment to take time liy the forelock, or have lacked energy ; be that as it may, the social relations of the Ger- mans among themselves lost their former level, and the former lack of constraint of German club life began to lose its original naturalness. ^Moreover after the war the principal differences of opinion heightened. From social and political conditions arose ani- mosities and enmities, which in turn spread in wide circles. The personal quarrels of some were carried into club life, and attained there the ruling influence. Factions were formed which finally broke out in long bick- erings, and shivered the club in pieces. Their energies were broken in fragments. Some, weary of the unending scpiabbles, drew away entirely and threw themselves into the arms of the Aniilo- America II life. New societies, new cliques and clubs were formed. The his- toric weakness of the German people, par- ticularism, broke out disastrously, also in far Amei-ica. Another influence which reacted on the German club life was the readier di- vision of the Germans in party polities. It is indeed not mere chance that in so many cities the leading spirits of two clubs, oro-an- ized for the same purposes, are in public life, known as representatives of opposing political factions. "But the chief influence in this process of transformation which slowly but irresistibly proceeded in all (ierman clubs of the country, was the meanwhile i-ipening youth. A new generation had matured. Grown up in other surroundings it brought in a different thought and feeling. The revolutionary .spirit of "48 which thrilled the fathers was strange and incompi-ehensible to the children. In the as- semblages and entertainments of the German clubs, English convei'sation. which came so much easier, attained precedence. The Ger- man club life received a different chai-acter. The process of Americanization also overtook our forty-eighters, for the events of the jiast were too powerful to pass over them without leaving traces. The affectionate care for the family, the free intercourse and expression of opinion, the business and the dollar, the social and material advantages which the new home offered so profusely frightened away the homesickness, the u'enfle longing for the old fatherland, to a hidden corner of the HISTORY OF (illKVlKi; I NDl.WAl'OLlS. 213 D < X 2U HLSTOTJy (»K CltHATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. heart. The iioble American knew liow to ap- I)reciate the noble spirit of self-sacrifice which the Germans showed in the sore crisis of the Civil War. Business, social and political points of contact in cnnse(|uence liecaiiie fre(inent, and the mutual knowledue dawned u]ion both of them that each could learn much from the other. Out of the German in America de- veloped the German American. "A stronfj bond for the liberal element was found for a number of years in the Ger- man-Eno-lish school, the hlessiuffs of which were not obstructed through the years of war. Durin>:- the war the Schulverein had bought the ad.ioiniui; lot. and doubled tlie size of the school tiuildinj;- '216 East ^lai'v- land street). The school itself, under the management of Johann Reitz and his son Heinrich Reitz ( 18t52-18().5) made excellent ]iro^ress. It reached its bloom in the years 1865 to 1871. Ry the care of the principal a fine corps of teachers was secured, viz. : Th. Dinsledey, "\Vm. ^Mueller. L. Klenuii. Miss ^late, ]Mrs. Wynn, ^liss Beman. and later Ernst Knodel and Christian Bopp. The studies tauorht were reading, writing-, gram- mar, composition, arithmetic, geometry, geog- raphy, history, nature study in both lan- guages, perspective drawing, nnisic and gym- na.stics. The snpjunt of the school re(|uired considerable money annually, and it often re- quired extraordinary effort to avoid a threat- ened deficit. Small as the tuition charge was, it exceeded the ability of many German fam- ilies. There was. therefore, general satisfac- tion when Representative J. T. Coft'roth, of Huntington, introduced a bill in the legisla- ture of 1869 to have (German included in the course of study of the public schools if the parents of twenty-five children in a school district petitioned for it. In recognition of the services of the Germans the House passed this bill on February 17, 1869, by a vote of 77 to 7, and the Senate declared itself for the same favor on April "27 by a vote of 37 to 3. Moved by an unselfish purpose to pro- mote the general welfare, the nunnbei's of the (ierman-English society were the most zeal- ous supporters of this law, though as before mentioned, the introduction of German in the public schools was the death blow to their own school. "The attendant' diniiiiislicd vcarlv; the money for the suppt)rt of the management, which amounted to $6,000 to $7,000 an- nually, grew harder to raise. Xevertheles.? the leading members of the Schulverein did not abandon agitation for the support of the school, and thanks to the devoted activity of some the school was able to keep alMve water for a decade longer. It is due first to men- tion the capable teachers who, during this time, labored in the school, among whom were G. (Jramlich, Hy. Koessly, P. Berwig, and especially R. C. Tschentcher, who was prin- cipal from 1872 to 1879, and Karl Pingpang, who served as teacher for ten .years, until 1882. During the years 1865 to 1882, the names of the following members were most frequent in the Schulverein records: Val Butseh, A. Seidensticker, C. Vonnegut. H, Lieber, Ed. Mueller, F. Schmidt, Wm. Kothe, Alex. Metzger, Louis Lang, Jacob Metzger and \Ym. Haueisen. In the early part of 1882 the society found it necessary to give up the school altogether, as all attempts to find a teacher who was willing, according to the wishes of the society, to carry it on on his own account, were unsuccessful. All of the pupils went into the public schools, where they entered older classes without difficulty. In further evidence of the thoroughness of the German-English school may be mentioned the fact that pupils of former years, after finishing the German-English school, were ad- mitted to the cit.v high school without fur- ther examination, and, moreover, were re- garded by the teachers there as model pupils. Thereby is answered the oft-repeated argu- ment that a course in two languages is of no advantage to the intellectual development of the pupil." Leaving Mr. Stempfel's account at this point, it may be ad<led tliat the (ierman move- ment from this time forward was devoted chiefiy to eharitflble undertakings and musical cidture, which will be considered elsewhere, and to the develn])ment ( f club interests. On January 1, 1865. former members of the Turngemeindc reorganized as the Indianap- olis Turnverein, which met for eighteen months at Mueller's Hall, 27 South Delaware street, a.s did also the ^laiMinerchor. The Tur- ners then built, at 280 East Maryland street, the hall being dedicated on Jlay 7, 1867. In 1868 the Boston cotivcntion of the Turner- PITSTORY OF GKEATER IXDIANAPOLIS. 21.5 bund indorsed the Republican platfoitn adopted at Chicajru. and the Indianapolis so- ciety decided to expel those nieiiibers who did not indorse the Boston action. On .Inly 17, 1868, sixty-eiiiht members were cxjtelli'd. The "free thinkers" were puttini; freedom of thoujjht behind the bars. Two years later there was another split over woman's rights, and other niembei-s withdrew. The expelled members of 1868 formed an independent or- tranization called the Social Tnrnverein. and put up a bnildinu- at 218 Kast ^laryland street, which was dedicated in May. 1872. Meanwhile the Indianapolis Tnrnverein, weak- ened by the loss of members, and embarrassed by the expen.se of the Turn-fest of Septem- ber, 1870, had to give up its building to its creditors. Various efforts to unite the two failed until the national Turnerbund ordered them to unite within three months. The union was effected on -Inly 16. 1872. luulci- the name, Indianapolis Socialer Turnvercin. On April 10, 1870, the Friedenkerverein was organized to combat the pernicious teach- ings of Christianity, which it did by lec- tures, newspaper articles and tracts. .More important, as a result of a meeting on De- cember 7. 1884. it established a (lewerbe- schnle, or industi'inl training school, in which numbers of young people received instruction, and which was a large factor in the develop- ment of the ^lanual Training High School. In 1876 the "Zukunft". the organ of the Turnerbund at this point, supported Tilden I and Hendricks, which caused a pi'otest fioTu the local society, and on account of which the Turnerlnuid in 1878 cancelled its contracl i with the i)ai)er. This brought llu' politii-al controversy to a head, and on Jannaiy 1. 1879. a iiiinority of thirt.v-three membei-s I'c- signed and founded the Fnabhaengiger or Independent Turnvercin. This society made its (|uarters in Mozart Hall for six years. On July 2it. 1884, a Turidiall Stock ('omi>any was formed, which boii-jlit the old Third Presbyterian Church pmixTt.v, at the north- east cornel- of Ohio and Illinois street, for $12.r)((0. Alterations were made in the build- ing, and on February '■]. 1885, the Society moved into the new home, which was dedi- cated on March 30. Soon after it bought, for $4.r>00, the lot to the north, which was occu- pied for several years as a summer garden; anil in 18!)7 the pi-cscnt two-story luiilding was erected. ^Meanwhile a new front was put on the building and an addition at the I'car, the total of the remodeling, additions and new building costing .'f^4o,()(l(). The so- ciety took over the property from the stock company, and has refused to consider an otter of "$150,000 for it. In October, 1891, the Soeialer Turnvercin decided to erect a building, not for itself ;done, but for the entire liberal-minded (icr- nian clement in the city, A stock company was formed that winter, and a site was jiiU'- chascd for $20,000 at the southeast corner of Michigaji and .New Jei'se.v streets. The work of building was pushed forward, and February 22, 1894, the east wing of the build- ing was occupied with api)ropriate festiv- ities. The remainder of the building was four years in completion, and on June 15. 1898, Das Deutsche Ilaus was dedicated, with music, addresses, and a pla,v; followed by other festivities on the 16th and 18th. The total cost of this tine building was $175,000. In addition to the Soeialer Turnvercin, it is occupied by Der Deutsche Klub, which in- cludes all stockholders in the house; the (Jer- mau-Atnerican Veterans Club, oi-ganized in 1S7M; the ^lusikverein, founded in 1897. Tln' hall and jxii-tions o|)encd to rent ai-e much used by outsiders for balls, plays, and gath- erings of various kinds. When the Soeialer Tnrnverein decided to move farther north, about a third ot its nu'mbers lived on the South Sitlc. and a movement arose for a new society, the most active jii'omotei- being H. W'iddekind. As a result the South Side Turn- vercin cclebrateti its foundation on Novem- ber 5. 189:5. Fiietional troubles soon came near disruf)tiiig it. but in Septendier. 1894. Henry V^ictor took charge of it. and somi brought it into prosperous condition. Its first meeting place was the Phoenix (iai-den. Iiiit a buildinu' societ.v was oi'ganized and on .ianuary 18, 1901. the handsome turnhall. on l*r<is|)eet street lu'ar iNladison avenue, was dedicated. The cost of Mic liuildini!' and grounds was .$45,000. In 1878 the J[a''nncrehor rented the old City Hall. 3:17 F^ast Washington .street; and it was dedicated to its new occupation on March 26. 27. In 1897 a fund of $10,000 was raised, and the Imildint: was renovated 216 HISTOPtY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. and aruamentt.Hl, making a hautlsoiue resi- dence for the society for the next ten years. But it aspired to something- better, and by the accession of passive members the society had taken on hirtrely the character of a gen- eral purpose elub. and also acquired power to spread out. Accordingly it purchased a .site at the northwest corner of Jlichigau and Illinois streets, for $30,000, and erected its imposing hall at a cost of $126,000. On Feb- ruary 17. 1907, the ^Maennerchor bade fare- well to its old hall with due ceremony, and a month later dedicated its new building with a series of services beginning on March 21, on which occasion the opening address was made by Mrs. Fernanda Richter (Edna Fern) of St. Louis, on "German Song". This is the latest of the German building enterprises, of a quasi-public character, and is a gratifying addition to the ornamental structures that thev have contributed to the citv. CHAPTER XXI CIVIL WAR Ti:\rES. (Ry .ToiIX II. HOLLIDAT.') The election of Lincoln had been preeeded by threats of seeession, but these met witli utter iucredidity. They wei-e considered as ante-election bliilTs. Every one believi>d the South would aeee|)t the situation after a little blustering-. The ]\r'pulil leans were not abo- litionists. Their content i(jn was that slavery should not be extended, and the far-seeinjr ones who agreed with Lincoln, that the gov- ernment could not exist half slave and half free, were few indeed in comparison with the mass who were contented to let slavery keej) what it had. The Republicans had con- demned lirown's i-aid the year befoi-e and they had no symiiathy with (iarri.son, Phil- lips and abolitionists generally. In these later days it has been claimed in many obituary notices that their subjects wei'e original abo- litionists. If they had been the South would have l)een correct in the ehariie that the Re- publican party was an abolition ])arty, but the fact is that most of the abolitionists wei-i' made such bv the necessities of the wai-. Weu- dt-11 Phillips was egged in Cincinnati in 18(i2 foi- an abolition speech. After the election the "fire-eaters", as they were called, pro- ceeded to carry their thi-eats into speedy op- eration. South Carolina s(>ceded, followed bv ' ^Ir. llolliday has kindly consented to the use of this hitherto unpublished .irticle here. Living here dui-iug the wai', and soon after its close founding the Indianapolis Ncivs, of which for many years he was editor, his per- sonal familiarity with th(» suli.ject, coupled with the extensive I'csearch given in the pi-ep- aration of tliis article, make it a contribu- tion to local liistory especially- worthy of l)i-eservation. other states. The national forts and i)r(ipi'i-ty were seized when possible and the administra- tion otl'ercd no hindrances, if it did not abet the movement. Even when the Confedei-acy was organized and the country was rushing on to wai', the northern people believed it would be averted and did nothing but talk and agree to certain peace conferences that , might hit upon a compromise. Still there was some war talk in Indianap- olis that winter. One faction of the Repub- licans, headed by Governor ]\Iorton, spoke for coercion, another, led by the Journal, thought it unnecessary and was almost i-eady for ■'peace at any price". On January 7, 1861, the Zouave Guards, a recently organized mil- itary company, offered its services to the Gov- ernor in case of war. On the 22nd the flag was publicly raised on the State House dome after a procession of the military and fire department in the jii-esence of a vast con- coui-se; a salute was fired and Cai'oline Richings, a jxtimlar actress, sang the Star Spangled Banner and aroused great enthu- siasm. P''ebruary 12 Mr. Lincoln came on his way to Washington, the first president- elect to visit here, and that was one of the great days of th(^ town. What he said was not much l)ut it ins(Mre(l confidence that there would be no yieldinii- without .a struggle. He was inaugui-ated. but the rush of onice-seek- ers almost obscured the condition of the coun- try and the rising Confederacy. Within two months, Api-il P2th, the blow fell with the attack on Ft. Sumter. Senti- ment ci-ystallized in a flash. War had com(> unprovoked. Thi> flair had been fired on and humiliated by defeat. There was l)ut one voice — sustain the goverunieiit and i)ut down 217 21. S IIISIORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. thr rebellion. The l'M\ day of April was another o;reat day in Indianapolis, the i;reat- est it had yet seen : and probably it has never been surpassed in the intense interest, anxiety and enthusiasm exhibited. Never were its people so aroused. It was Saturday. Busi- ness was praetically forgotten ; the streets were crowded ; the newspaper nei<;Iiborhoods were thi-onged: a deep solemnity was over all as they waited to hear the news, or dis- eus.sed in low tones the crisis that was upon them. In the afternoon dodgers were issued calling for a public meeting at the Coui't House at seven o'clock. Before the time the little room was packed. Ebenezer DuiiKint. a Democrat who had been an officer in the ilexican AVar, was made chairman, and im- mediately a juotion was made to adjourn to the Metropolitan theatre. The crowd, con- stantly aug-menting. hurried down Washing- ton street to the theatre, which was soon tilled and overflowing. Then iNFasonic Hall, acr(.ss the street, was opened and filled, with ^ hundreds standing in the streets. The meet- ings were full of the war spirit. Governor IMorton and othei-s .spoke. Patriotic resolu- tions M'ere adopted declaring in favor of armed resistance. ^Nfajor Gordon announced that he would organize a flying artillery com- pany, for which Governor Morton had al- ready secured six guns, and forty-five men enrolled their names for the war. At the close the surrender of Ft. Sitmter was an- nounced, and the meetings disper.sed in deep gloom but with finu purpose. Sunday was little observed in tlie usual way. There was no demonstration of excite- ment but great seriousness, fur hundreds were pondering over the future and their po.ssible part in it. The Journal published an extra with an account of the meetings Saturday night. The next day recruiting offices were oi)ened, the military com])anies volunteered in large part; volunteers were offered from many other places; and on Wednesday, the 17th, the first troops went into Camp ^lorton, then the new fair gi'oimds. covering the site of AForton Place. Then they poured in by thousands from town and country, some with flags, some with fife aiul driuns or brass band ; the streets were alive with them. It is l)e- yond my power to give any adequate idea of those davs with the buri-v and bustle. the innumerable details of the swift prepa- rations, the deepening feeling and the con- tinued excitement. The Journal of the 16th reports it in a way as follows: "There is but one feeling in Indi- ana. We are no longei- Republicans or Demo- crats. Never did party names lose their signif- icance so rapidly or completely as since the news of Saturday. Parties are forgotten and only our common danger is remembered. Here and there inveterate sympathizers with South- ei'u institutions and feelings scowl and curse the mighty tempest of patriotism they dare not encounter: but they are few, as pitiful in strength as in spirit. Even the Scntiiirl now avows its devotion to the stars and stripes, and gives ns some cause to modify if not recall the harsh censures we expressed yes- terday. Our streets are blazing with Na- tional flaws. Huge banners wave from the tops of houses and hundred of flags flutter in windows and along the walks. The drum and fife are sounding the whole day long at Military Hall, where volunteers are pouring ill to record their names and enter the sennce (if their country: and crowds are gathered constantly around the doors of Colonel Du- mont's station, whei-e he is enlisting volun- teers for a regiment of picked men. Though the news of the fight has as yet only reached towns along the lines of railroads, and no (ifficial or other notice has been published that the services of volunteers would be needed, 2,000 men, regularly organized and ready to start at the word, have already been tendered to (Jovernor Morton, and more than l'0,000 are forming with eager haste to be in time for acceiitance. By the time the news can be thoroughly circulated throut;h the state that men are needed, there will be more than 50,000 officered and ready. In the full spirit of the times Governor iMorton has sunk party distinctions and yesterday appointed to the important post of Adjutant General of the State, Cajit. Lewis Wallace of .Montgom- ery County, a prominent Democrat and wide- ly known for his military zeal and skill. Lewis H. Sands, of Putnam, another Demo- crat devoted to his country, has been ap- pointed colonel. There will be no more Re- publicans or Democrats hereafter till the countiy is at peace." A vain ])rediction was this. The S()ilin(1. thouuli f(ir the iiidiiient lIISToltV OF (IKKATKi: I XDIAXAPOI.IS. •21f> cowod iiiln liiilf-heartcd :i|i|iriival of llii- \v;ir, soon ri'vcrtcil to tho tk'iiuiiciatidii of the ;ui- iiiiiiistratioii and th(^ battles of op|)osini> pol- itits were as many and as fierce as those of the armies. i)efore tlie country was at peace. There had iieeti a lull in military spirit after the ^Fexican War. and Indianapolis had no permanent eomi)any for a decade. The City Guards were organized in 1S.")2. with (lovernor Wallace a.s captain, and the Mechanic Rifles in 1858. but botii spcmi went lo pieces. A visit of the St. Louis (luards to the city in 1856 aroused the dormant sen- timent, and the National (iuai'ds were oriran- ized. with Oen. W. J. Elliott as captain. They were uniformed in bhie, with cai)s bearing' white plumes. Some di.ssensions aro e, and in 1857 (ieneral Elliott or^ranized the City Greys, who woi-e frrcy unifoi-ms and bear-skin shakos. 'I'hesp were the only i)ei-manent companies until 18()(). when a visit from Lew Wallace's !\Iontiromery (iuards, who wei-e Zouaves, and drilled by drum beat, wakened new and)itions. The Inde|>endent Zouaves were then ortranized, on the same basis, with Francis A. Shoup as captain: and these three Indianapolis companies, with the Montgomery Gnai'ds and two Tei-re Haute companies, held a state encami)m('nt at the fair L'ronnds ( .Mili- tary Park") the week befrinniuf;- Sei)tembei- 19. In October. 18fi(l. the Zouave (iuards wei-e ortranized. with John Fahnestock as cajytain. They were {jorfjeous, in ))lue .iaekets with pold lace, basrpy scarlet trousers to the knee. orange lejrfring.s and shirts, white belts, and rimless scarlet ca()s with tassels. They also made the i-ecord of beinjr the first comi)any to tender services to the (iovei-noi- for any duty that mipht a rise. - These four companies went out in the Elev- enth regriinent in the three months' service. The Greys were Co. A., with R. S. Foster, captain; George Butler, 1st lieutenant, and Jos. H. Livesey, 2nd lieutenant. The Zouave Guards were Co. B, with John Fahnestock, captain; Orin S. Fahnestock. 1st lieutenant. and Darnel B. Cullev. lieutenant. Tin Independent Zouaves were Co. E. with l)e- witt C. Rupfr. captain; Henry Tindall. 1st lieutenant, and Nicholas Ruckle. "Jnd lii-n- tenant. The National (iuards wrrr Co. K'.. with Wni. Darnall. (■a|)Iiiin ; .biliii .McLaui:li- liii. 1st lieutenant, and Wm. Uawson. 2nd lieutenant. There was niie othei' Indianapolis company in the p]leventli. Co. H, which was organized in the spring of 1861. with W. J. 11. Robinsen. captain; Fred Knetlei-, 1st lieu- tenant, and Wallace Foster, 2nd lieutenant. The Eleventh was a Zouave regiment, but with very mild uniforms of a irreyish cloth i-esendiling blue .jeans, not made very full. and with very little color in the trinnnings. The Indejiendent Zouaves went out a tritlc warmer tlian the othei-s. Their original caj)- tain. Francis A. Shouj), was a West Pointer who had sen-ed in the artillery in the regu- lar army, and held the raid< of second lieu- tenant when he resigned, on Januai'.v 10. 1860. and located at Indianapolis. He was a good-looking fellow, ijuite talented, and a fine drill-master. The boys e.steemed him highly, and at a eoin])any meeting in the winter of 1860-1, at which patriotic si)eeches were made by several, including Shoui), they [•resented him a pair of revolvers with holsters and trappings, being under the im- [)ression that the officers would ride, in the event of war. That night he went South, and it was scon rumored that he had gone to stay. There was a meeting of the com- pany, and V^olney 'i'. ;\Ialott was delegated to correspond with him and lea)-n his intentions. Shoup, who was then visiting Cai)tain Hood— later General Hood— at Charleston, promptly replied that he had decided to cast his fortrrnes with the South in tlu' event of war-. The meeting at which this answer- was r-ead wa.s an occasion for- "thoughts that br-eathe and wor-ds that burn''. The idea that a native Iloosier-. educated by the gover'u- ment. and sent to West Point, fr-orn Wa.\rie County at that, shoidd go over to the South, was .simply appalling. However, there was irothing in the pai)er-s about it except nren- tiorr that Shoup had r-esigned. and Lieut. Dewitt C. Rugg had been elected (•a|)tain irr his place.'' Shoup far-ed ver-y well with his Soirlheirr frieirds. lie was a ma.i(U' in 1861, coirrmarrd- ing three batteries of artillery, and was made br-igadier-general April 11, 1868. He was in (•(inimand of the artiller-\- at Mobile, chief of 'Journal, Jauuar-v 8. 1S61. '■'Joiiniiil . Jariiiai'V 80, IStil. 220 lllsTokV OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. artillery of Jolinstpn's army in the Dalton campaign, and chief of staff under General Hood at Atlanta. When Vieksbiirg- was cap- tured he was commanding a Louisiana brigade there, under Peniberton. Just after the capit- ulation, a private of tlie Eleventh Indiana saw a gorgeously attired Confederate officer approaching our lines on horseback, and rec- ognized Shoup. With a yell of, "Get off that horse, Frank Shoup, you — — — !" he made for a stand of arms near by, but was stopped by an officer before anything serious occurred. In reply to the officer's question as to what he wanted, Shoup explained that he understood that the Eleventh Indiana was in his front, and he had come out to see some of his old friends. "Well'", replied the offi- cer, "you have seen a specimen of what the Eleventh Indiana thinks of you. You had better get back to your quarters at once ; and I woidd advise you to dispose of those side- arms at your earliest convenience." Shoup was paroled, with Pembertou and others, and a few weeks latei- the Confederate exchange agent announced them as "exchanged", au- thorizing an equal exchange of paroled Union men ; they then resumed their sei'vice. After the war Shoup entered the ministry of the Episcopal Church. Human nature soon adjusts itself to ex- traordinary conditions. The town settled down and resumed its life, with the great new interest of the war. The six regiments that were called for to serve three months were quickly filled to overflowing. The Elev- enth wa.s the pride of Indianapolis. This was the Zouave regiment, organized and com- manded by Lew Wallace, into which went the four militia companies of Indianapolis and one other. It not only wore the zouave uni- form, and had guns with sword bayonets, but the drill was the zouave system, introduced into this country from Prance by Colonel Ellsworth of Chicago. It was a picturesque body, and its colonel was a picturesque figure. Who that witnessed it can ever forget how, when the regiment was gathered in the State House yard to receive a stand of coloi-s from the ladies of Iiuliana, he made the men kneel and with uplifted hands swear to remember Buena Vista and the stigma put upon In- diana valor on that field by Jefferson Davis? What liojies animated and followed these de- parting troops! How hearts were sorely tried and bereft as their boys marched away to face the unknown and perilous future! For tliey were but boys in the main, as we realize now, but they were men in purpose, and courage, and deeds. Six regiments of state troops were called for by the Governor aud these were soon filled and accepted by the general government for twelve months and three years. The whole state was awake. Governor Morton called a special session of the legislature to provide means for the war. The ladies met and formed an aid society com]>osed of branches from each ward to make shirts and other garments and havelocks, a head protection modeled on the sun-bonnet and borrowed from the British Indian army — an article in great request at first, but it was never liked by the soldiers, and soon disappeared from public mention. The Journal issued an extra every afternoon. The City Council voted •$10,000 for the soldiers' families. Some rail- roads offered to carry troops free. Banks gave money. Gifts were showered on sol- diers. There was eagerness to get into the service before the war covdd be finished. A man 92 years old enlisted : another shaved his beard and dyed his hair to pass muster Home guards were organized in the wards, among them the Silver Grays, comjiosed of men above militai-y age, captained by James Blake, seventy years j'oung, and with Caleb Seudder as president. Illustrative of journalism was this item in the Journal on April 23rd: "p]rratum. In Mr. Hyde's sermon as printed in our extra of yesterday there were two mis-prints which eveiy intelligent reader corrected for himself. In the first sentence Kingdom of Israel should read Kingdojn of Saul ; and in the seventh paragraph peaceable resistance should read forcible resistance". The legislature met on the 24th and all was amity. It organized by a unanimous elec- tion of officers, the only instance in the state's history probably, and then adjourned to visit Camp ^Vlorton and hear Stephen A. Douglass speak, which he liid not; but he did speak that night from the Bates House veranda, of which no mention was made by the papers, when he again took his stand on the side of the Union and in su]ipoj-t of the administra- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOIJS. 321 ■•■'^^^f CD O X 73 K < 2 1 O «5 K! 9 X 2 H - a> .a o o o a J < iiisT()i;v OF (;i!i:atj:i; ixdiaxapolts. tion, an act of inestiiiiablf valiu' to the cause. Within a few days he was dead. The Eleventh was sent to Evausviiie to quell possible disturbances on the border, but the remaining regiments were reviewed by General jMcClellan. Governor Yates of Illi- nois, Denuison of Ohio, and [\Iorton and Sen- ator Trumbull on ^lay 24th. on the conunons northwest of ^Military Park, then Camp Sul- livan. Three regiments were in full uniform, one had ever\'thing but hats and one had nothing military, but all made a gallant ap- pearance. It was the first time that Indian- apolis had seen so many soldiers together and it was witnessed with great enthusiasm. It was the first of many such displays. The •work of equipping these men was necessarily slow. It took time to make uniforms, and longer time to procure arms and ammunition. much of which was imported. It may be of interest to know what the uniforms cost. Two regiments were clothed in cadet satinet, cost- ing .$7.90 each, one in jeans at $6.50 and an- other at $7.50: the fifth of gray satinet at $6.75 and the Zouaves at $10 each. Flannel shirts cost $1.40, hats $1.'25, and shoes $1.15. While waiting, the troops were drilled con- stantly, but it was not until June 19th that the la.st of the three months' regiments left for the seat of war. After this more regi- ments were called for, recruited and mus- tered, with two Of three independent cavalry companies and a number of artillery com- panies, and later full cavalry regiments. A number of these never came here, but some passed through or camped here for a few days. There was a German regiment, an Irish regiment formed and a .second projected, a railroad regiment, a mechanics' regiment, and a preachers' I'egiment, the field officers and captains of which were to be ministei-s, a scheme not fully carried out. Altogether hfty-eight regiments were authorized during 1861, although about half a dozen were never completed. Besides these many Indianians had gone into the regular army and into out- side companies tliat recruited hei-e, until the state authorities put a stop to it. It was a tremendous achievement to raise an army of over 50,000 men in less than nine months. Indianapolis contributed a number of com- panies to various regiments; and in alnmst every regiment thei'e was some repi-esenta- tive of the town. It was also true that many citizens of other places came here and en- listed. A very important event was the return of the three months' troops in August. They had not had nuich war, as war appeared later; but they had done all that was in their power to do, and had borne themselves gallantly. Each regiment received an ovation of sahttes, speeches, feasting at the west market house, and a heart-felt welcome. Each man was a hero, and nothing was too good for him. All these regiments reorganized for three years. ]\Iany of the men became officers in the new regiments, many new men were re- cruited, and before sixty days they were off to the war again. The raising and drilling of troops was no more important than e(|uipping them, for there was difficulty in obtaining arms, ammu- nition or accoutrements. On February 1, 1861. the state's supply of arms in possession of the state's quartermaster were "505 mus- kets, worthless and incapable of being re- paired; 54 flint lock Yager rifles, which could be altered at $2 each to percu.ssion locks ; 40 serviceable nuiskets in the hands of military companies at Indianapolis, which could be re- turned at once; 80 muskets with accouti-e- ments in store; 1:3 artillery musketoons; 75 holster pistols; 26 Sharpe's rifles; 20 Colt's navy pistols; 2 boxes of cavalry sabres; 1 box powder flasks; 3 boxes accoutrements."' There were also estimated to be 600 mus- kets in fair condition, distributed among 15 militia companies in the state. The state was entitled to 488 muskets from the natioiuil gov- ernment on its 1861 quota, and (iovernor Morton took in place of them a 6-pounder cannon and 350 minie rifles with bayonets. On April 27 Calvin- Fletcher was commis- sioned to learn what could be obtained from manufactories of arms in the United States, and later jMiles J. Fletcher was sent on the same mission, but they found practically nothing available. On May 80 Robert Dale Owen was conunissioned to purchase arms to the extent of 6,000 rifles and 1,000 carbines in this country or in Europe, and this order was from time to time eidarged. To the close of his service on February 6, 1863, he pur- ^ Terrell's Report. Vol. 1, p. 428. nrSTOKV OF OKF.ATET^ TXDTAXArOT.lS. 233 chased 80.000 Enfiold i-iHes, 2,731 carbines, 751 revolvers, and 797 sabres, at a cost of $752,694.75; besides e-xijendin-r $3,905 for cavalry e(|uipiiients. $50,407 for blankets, and $84,829 for o\-ereoats. His total bill for serv- ices and e.xpenses for twenty iiiontiis einployed in this service was $3,452.'' Animunition was also almost impossible to obtain, and .Morton, who balked at no ob- stacle, determined to try making it. Captain Herman Sturm, wlio had learned the l)usi- uess in Europe, was put in charge of the ex- periment in rented quarters on the square south of the state house, with a blacksmith's foige for melting lead, a room for making cartridges, and a detail of men from the Eleventh regiment to do the work. The work wa.s a success, and oui' first troops were fur- nished with anununition from this source. The work was started on April 27: and a month later (Tovei'uor ]\Iorton ordered the construction of buildings for the work ou the square north of the state house— now the north half of the state house grounds. On June 15 the Jouriidl i-eported the buildings about completed. On the north side of the enclosure was a small brick building with furnaces for melting lead, and room for eight men to work at molding bullets, as well as benches for swedging and perfeetiiiir the bul- lets. Ad.joining this was a room for tilling shells and prepariuLr fuzes. On the east and west sides of the enclosure were frame build- ings for making cartridiics and storing am- munition. There were soon about 100 women and girls employed in making cartridges, and the institution grew steadily. In October. 1861. Secretary of War Cameron and (Jen- eral Thomas visited this arsenal and iiispeete(l the work. They recommended its continu- ance; and it not only supplied most of the Indiana troops but vrry lartrely others. The transactions of the ai'senal to its close on April 18, 1864, amounted to $788,838.45. Mud the state made a clear profit from its opera- tion of $77,457.32. .\s high as 700 jiersons were cmi)loycd iu it at one time. In the win- ier of 1861. the furniture factory of John Ott. on West WashinLitdU street, was rented for tile work, and eannister-sbot and siirnal liirhls were added to the jirodnets. In ]xi;-2. pai-tly ■•Terrell. V,,l. 1. pp. 433-5. for safety and partly foi' economy, the ar- senal was moved about a mile and a half ea.st of the state hou.se on Washington street. In 1863 the United States purchased the tract now known as the Winona Technical insti- tute grounds, and be^an the ei'cction of an arsenal there. In all this time the town was feeling an acceleration of blood in every vein. .Military careers opened up to many ; other service to some; and business opportunities to those who remained. Money was more plentiful than ever before, and ])opulation was increas- ing. p]ven polities was not foi'gotten. Can- didates at the election of city officers on ^lay 3 had been nominated before the war began. .V few days later '"C. A. R." in a communi- cation to the Jounuil advises that "the Re- publican candidates should resign in favor of a patriotic ticket or a new party", "embrac- ing all its country's friends". "Let \\s all unite now and forget party till the war is over." Soiuid advice, that if heeded and fol- lowed up woulil have been of untold value, but the selfish desire for office was too great and the election was held on pai'ty lines with Repidjiican success. Soon after two new wards were organized but the councilmen were Democrats and they were kept out of office by the Republican ma.i'oi-ity until their terms were almost otit. Such peanut |)olitics boi'c bitter fruit in increasing partisan hos- tility. The Sfntliirl. though professing ex- treme loyalty, soon began a course of cen- sorious criticism and opposition to the State and Federal administi'ation that grew fiercer as the war progressed, and was terribly ef- fective for harm to the National cause. Pos- sibly a different attitude ou the part of the Republicans niiyht have pi-eviMited this, or at least modified it. Tjater in the sununei- the Democrats offci'cd to withdi'aw theii- candi- dates for county and township officers and unite with the Republicans ou a union ticket, but the offer was treated with contempt and another oiiportunity for conciliation lost. Tlere are some interesting facts from the pa]icrs cover! nu' several months: .\ self- appointed viuilance connnittee was foi-med. and as earl\' as May 4th bcL'^an stopping the pa.ssage of arms to the South. There was a good rleal of talk about diseiplining "Seces- sionists". On Ma\' 3r(l tlie Jminnil said: 00 A HISTOKY OF OHKVTEE INDIANAPOLIS. ''Spot llim — That Secessionist who was chased out of liewisville, Indiana, a few days since, who had been eorresponding: from that place with Southern traitors, was seen in our city yesterday. He should be attended to. Later — At a citizens' meeting he was ordered to leave instanter. " It was about this time that a mob called on some well known Demo- crats and made them take the oath of al- legiance. It is interesting to note that among the first to advertise for recruits was H. II. Dodd. His company of "Marion Dragoons"' ■was never formed, and later he became the head of the Sons of Liberty. Within three months men began to be discharged from service for disability: officers resigned, some under comiiulsion -. and on November 15th deserters are first mentioned, mainly from one regiment that had lost 150 men by dis- ease in four months— a horrible commentary on the lack of camp sanitation and care_ of men. Regiments scarcely got to the field be- fore they sent back recruiting officers to fill depleted ranks. An entertainment given in the fall by the Sons of ]\Ialta. exhibitinir the burlesque i-itual of that order, netted 5^(582 for soldiers' families. The City Mar.shal gave notice that he would take up all hogs that did not have rings in their noses; and every man that planted a shade tree was commended by the papers. October 10th, Governor ^Forton appealed to the women to furnish blankets, socks, gloves, mittens, woollen shirts and drawers, and on November 23rd it was an- nounced that tons had been received and that nothing more was wanted, except gloves and mittens. This indicates something of what the women did. But for their sacrifices and support, the war would not have succeeded. They were useful in a hundred wars and at all times. In November the Ladies' Patriotic Association was organized, with ]\li-s. ^Forton as pi'csident. and glorious work it did. In this same month the Journal says : "Two men refusinc: to take the oath miistering thein into the U. S. service were yesterday drummed out of one of the camps near the city. One side of their heads was shaved, bundles of straw tied to their backs, they were moved on double quick in fr'ont of the line to 1hi< lively tune styled the Rogue's ]\Farch.'" .V notable reception was given to ex-Govemor "Wright on his return from Prussia. He had been the great Democratic leader of the Douglass wing, as opposed to Jesse D. Bri^lit; but from that time forward was an anient l^uion man for whom his former party had no use. It is noted that fall that many riot- ous acts ai'e being committed in saloons and evil resorts by soldieis. ;\Fueh more of this is heard later on. Indianapolis miglit be called the birthplace (if machine guns. On November 7th a ;\Fr. Hatch, of Sprinsrfield. Ohio, exhibited a model of a breech-loading cannon, made like a re- volver, with percussion caps, and firing 25 shots per minute. It is noted that Dr. Rich- ard J. Gatling, the inventor of the wheat- drill and other things, was present at the trial, and later he produced the celebi'ated "(fatling eun", exhibiting it first on ^Fay 30, 1862. The po.stoffice was moved on the ISth of November from South ]\Feridian street to the new Federal building at Pennsylvania and Market streets. A national loan was of- fered, interest, 7.3%, for popular subscrip- tion, which realized after several weeks .$31,235; Hum])hi-ey (iriflith. the largest suli- scril^er, takinc $3,000. A review was held November 21st of 1,000 cavalry, 4,n00 in- fantry and two batteries. The theatre went on steadily at the .Metropolitan with such actors as Felix Vincent and Marian I\Fac- cai'thv, Sallie St. Claii'. Adah Isaacs 3Fenken, C. W'. Couldock. J. Wilkes Booth, with a daily change of bill. Prices, reduced, were 75 cents for a oentleman and lady to the dress circle, each additional lady 25 cents. Those to the pit, or parquet as now kno\\ai, and the gallery were not given. The Seiiiiiirl continued its nagging opposition. It had much to say about "nisre'ers". Witness the following: "The Rev. Dr. Weaver. This divine, late ])astor of the African chiirch opposite the Terre Haute depot, arrived in the city a day or two ago, and, we noticed, was very cor- dially greeted on the' street by Mr. Barton D. Jones, of the Journal, the nigger's hand being grasped warmly by the latter." The progress of the war was not smooth in 1861. The principal battle fought. Bull Run, was a defeat, and phuiged the Noi-th into ylooiii : but it had a vahiable result in demonstrating that the war was not to be an easy task, and convincing the people of the need of thorough preparation and larger ef- HISTORY OF GREATF.li TXDl ANAl'OMS. fort. In West Virgiuia and Missouri tlu' Union ti'oops met with decided success, but the confliots were small. In October, Novem- ber and December an advance was made int;i Kentucky with s-ratifyinji' results, but no seri- ous fif-'hting- took place. This is not the iilace in which to follow the general course of the war, the aim beins to allude only to incidents that directly affected Indianapolis, or to those great events that stirred it as well as the whole country to either gloom or rejoicin"!:. The next year, 1862, was tilled with biij mili- tary events, and ureat campaiirns and huui' battles, with varying- fortunes, but as a rule the Federal troops were snccessfid in the West and tlie Confederates in the East. The story of the year can best be <>iven in a run- ning recital covering all matters of interest, rather than in a consecutive narrative. Gold had gone to a slight premium in Au- gust or September, that had riui by .Januaiy to a point of alarm, and a nund)er of eastei-n banks had sus]>ended si)ecie i)ayments with the almost certainty that all would have to do so. Hugh ^M^Culloch. jjrcsident of tln' bank of the State of Indiana, that had not suspended during the panic of '57, wrote a card to the Journal early in January in which he said: "Tender no conceivable cir- cumstances will the Bank of the State of In- diana suspend specie payments." By the last of February nearly all the branches had voted to make redemptions in legal tender notes in- stead of gold. Another instance of Tloiace Greeley's wisdom when he said "it is hard enough to tell the truth about what has been, without trying to tell what is going to be."" The Indianapolis Horticultural Society was one of the institutions of the town. It met bi-weekly, and. as gardens were ])lentiful. had a good membership in which j)rof('ssioiial grn- tlemen were pi'ominent. Apiiarently it ncvei- suspended meetings but kept right along dur- " The bank did not suspend specie pay- ments, however, until after the Sui)reme Court had dreidcd. at the :\ray term. 18(i-_', that it co\ild legally do so. Its charter re- (|uii'ed the redemption of its notes "in gold or silver", but the court said: "The fi-ue interpretation of the section must be that the bank shall not refuse to redeem her bills in what Congress shall constitutionally make Vol. 1—13 ing the whole war, discussing topics of im- l)ortance. It is intei-esting to see that the sub.ject in January was shade-trees; and that the silver leaf poplar wa.s decided to be a business ti-ee, suitable for Washington street. Complaints were made of the Circle that it was used for beating carpets and littered with straw, probabl.y the refuse of beds or straw ticks. It had a dilapidated fence around it, but University Square, wliich wa.s used by the 19th Regulars as a drill ground, had none, and the aesthetic ideas of some of our aspir- ing citizens begpn to be offended. On January 8th there was a gi-and review of all the troops, but singularly the S( iilinci did not mention it. A public meeting to eulo- gize Douglass, seven months dead, was held. Robert Heller, illusionist, composer and ])ian- ist, gave an entertainment; Bayard Taylor lectured; Charles Bass played Falstaff, and Annette Ince Jennie Deans. The rnderhill lilock, being three-quarters of the square on which Shortridge Iligh School stands, was jilatted into lots and offered for sale at $45 per foot on Penn.sylvania street, except the northwest comer, which was $46.50. The southwestern quarter was occupied by the Baptist Female Seminary. The Delaware street lots were offered at $35 for inside ones, .$87.50 f(n' the northern and $45 for the southern corners. The next month ;i lot 30 feet front centrally located within two and a half S(piares of Odd Fellows Hall was ad- vertised at $25 per foot. A Sentinel etlitorial February 6 gives the Democratic opposition in a nutshell: "He who loves abolitionism hates the Constitution and the Union. There is no friend of that pernicious hei'esy but who is for the vigorous prosecution of the war, I)rovided it is for the enianeipation of the negro, but not to preserve the Constitution and maintain the Union as framed by the patriots of the Revolution." The donations of clothiui: and bedding for legal tender money. The bank eonnot be compelled to receive treasury notes from the citizen, in one hand, and pay to the {-itizen gold and silver in the other. I'udei- this con- struction of the charter, the act of Congress in question does not impair its obligation re- garded a.s a contract. (Revnolds vs. The Bank, 18 Ind., p. 467.)" 226 IIJS'I'OIIY OF GREATER IXDIANAPOLTS. the trooi)S were so great that Quarter-Master General \ajen liad to advertise for appliea- tioiis for them from regiments, and this seemed to be unsuccessful ; so, late in ^lareh they were turned over 'to the Sanitary Com- mission, 'this was an orgauization formed to look after the health and comfort of the soldiers m the tiekl. It was a national so- ciety with a branch in each state. The one in Indiana was established in January, and of course James Blake was president and James .M. Kay, secretary. There was also a Christian Commission later, on the same basis. It furnished material comforts as well as religious literature and evangelistic laborers. When the emancipated slaves became numer- ous the Freedmen"s Aid Society was also or- ganized on the same plan, to look after their needs. These various societies collected large sums of money and (juantities of supplies, and were of great usefulness. Indiana, how- ever, became noted for the care taken of its soldiers. This was Governor Morton's woi'k and embraced not only the meeting of sud- den demands after a battle, when he would secure surgeons and nurses with medicines and supplies as quickly as they could be transported, but also an unremitting atten- tion to their health and comfort. When pos- sible the siek and wounded were brought home or to hospitals in the North, at Evans- ville and iliidison foi- instance, where lai-ge ones had been built. PeniiMuent agents were maintained in cities near the front and others visited troops in the fields. It was the duty of some of these to receive the soldiers' mone}% when desired, and bring it safelj' home to their families. The system was ex- ecuted carefully and Indiana gained the repu- tation (if kxiking after its men more thor- oughly than any other state, the credit for which was due to Governm- .Morton, who was ju-stly named "The Soldiers' Friend'". In February the i-ealization of what war was came near. Ft. Donaldson had been taken with many thousand prisoners. On the I22nd and 23rd, 2,398 of them arrived here, all from Kentucky, Tennessee and Missi.ssipjii regiments. They were taken to Camp ilortoii and in a few days the inimbei- inerea.sed to 4,000. From that time on. Camp Morton was a prison. This great victoi-y gave rise to high hopes. It was fi'eely asserted that the back- bone of the rebellion was broken. The weathei- was seseiv and the prisoners were thinly clad, and many became sick. The town rallied to their aid. Hospitals were impro- vised, one in the old Athenaeum building at ^Maryland and ^Meridian streets, another in the old pastoffice buildiiig on South ^Meridian and in other places. The laciies turned out as nurses, and the best possible care was given them, as much as if they had been Union men. Humanity knew no distinction. at least not much, for it was asserted that certain Democratic ladies who had never been Icnown to help before, were very active at this time. The arrival of the prisoners cre- ated great interest. The Jouruul advised that "no rudeness be allowed or taunting ex|)res sions. Let us do as we would be done li.v". Later it reported that the conduct of the peo- ple was perfectly exemplary. One young man was said to be so anxious to "see the Secesh" that he followed them to Camp Mor- ton, and getting mixed with them was taken in and held as one till the next morning. Thi- Sd'iitinel called them "Secession prisoners", never rebels. A public subscription for the wounded Federals reached $5,400 in three days. On February 28th men were urged to join a new battery as it was probably the la.st one that would be organized in the state The price for the daily paper then was 1214 cents a week. There were no Sunday issues. All holidays were oliserved and there was no issue the next day. Train service was bad. The time to Chicago was eight hours and considered fast. News came slowly. It took ten days to find out that Pittsburgh Landing was not a great victory. The Jour- nal published many letters from regiments and was beginning to discover what news was. After the battle of Shiloh. Berry Sulgrove. the editoi- of the JoKnnil. ])aid a visit to the front there, and on the 29th of April wrote. among other things, this paragraph, which has more than passing interest: "Of Gen- era] Grant I heard much and little to his credit. The army may know nothing of the real guilt of the late sacrifice and the real cause of the confusion tiiat was left to ar- range itself in a storm of bullets and fire, but they believe that (irant is at fault. No respect is felt foi' him and no confidence felt in him. I heard nobody attempt to excul- TrTS'l'ORV OF CltEATEl! TNDTAXAI'OLIS. 22^ piiti* him, ami liis cdiRhict was the oiic to])ic of disciissiou ai'ouiul t-aiiip fires (luriiiji my stay. ' ■ The Scvfiiul manifested some cotu'et-n about piiblie morals tliat savoi'ed more ol' a desire to carp and sneer than of sincere re- gret, for instance the folhnvint; : "The Holy Sabhatii — There is no Sabbatii now. This is a time of war. It pains us, as indeed it must pain evei-y othei- C'hi'istian gentleman, to see sueh open desecration of the holy day. al- thoujrh we supjiose it is ab.solutely necessary now. Yesterday thiwighout our streets, sol- diers were marching' and countermareliiui;' contiinially. The drum and fife everywhere were heard. Companies iuid i)attidions with {lliltei'iny: bayonets and tlauntinir flays parad- ed under the (iood (iod's jiloi'ious sun which lie Himself with His own liand jilaeed in the firmament all for His own honor and oflory and not all for man's. President Ijineoln's administration nnist ])e sustained, if we do smash the saei'ed day. which as innocent little boys we were tauulit to leverenee, all to pieces. This mi'jht just as well be under- stood at once in lieaven as it is on earth." Keal estate bey:an to show activity. March 14th the Maxwell pni|)erty ( now the Fitz- gerald), three lots and a iiootl brick house. at the northeast corner of ^Meridian and St. Clair sti'cets. was sold for $9,000 and consid- ered a jrood sale, as showin*;' that real estate had not depreciated much on accomit of the war. Vacant uround within one and a half squares of the Circle was offered at $()0 per foot in 50 or 100 foot lots. The i)a|)ers bei^an to talk of contemplated buildinfrs and prob- able lar<re improvements. In April John C. New boutrht Xos. 10 and VI East Washiui;- ton stivet of S. A. Fletcher, Sr., for .$2.'),000, with the buiUlinu:s that ai'e still thci'c. The Stewart corner at Vermont and New Jer.sey streets sold for $45 a foot. The council or- dered some street imi)rovemenfs, mainly down town, which means between ]\lai'yland and Ohio streets. The houses were I'cnumbered to make room for more, what was 102 North Alabama street, foi- examiile, became No. '24'1. The low Court Ilmise grounds were filled up in .lune and so much buildinjr was done that till sui)ply of bi-ick ran out in th(> summer. Oil -huie '25th the S()ili}i(I said: "'liusiness in till' citv is bi-isk. Hdusi's ai-c mil td be had. 'I he war so fai' has added to our popu- lation and the business of our city." The police were first uniformed in July. Before that the only mark of their business was a silver star. The coat was dark blue with brass buttons, the trou.ser.s a liy:ht blue with a small cord alony the seam, and the caps were blue, a i);d])alile imitation of army uni- forms. At this time we catch the last effort to en- force the fugitive slave law. Two Kentuek- ians found a runaway slave here, who agreed to return with them to Kentucky, Ki-iends intervened and he was taken to a lawyer's oOice, where he escai)ed oi- walked off. I'l-os- ecutor Fishback airested the men on a charge of kidnaping. They were bi-ought before Judge Perkins of the Supreme Court on a writ of habeas eor[)us, who releasetl them as having done nothing contrary to law, saying that while the fugitive slave law exi.sted it must be enforced, no matter how repugnant it might be to the people of this Nation. On July 7th Governoi- Morton i.ssued a pi-oclamation under the President's call f(n- :500.000 more men. Recruiting had practie.-dly ceaseil for some time. A dangerous apathy wa.s growing. He urged every man "to put aside his business and come to the rescue of his country", adding, "And to the women of Indiana, let me especially apiieal. * * * Kmuhde the virtues of the Romaii mothers; ui'ge your husbands and bi-othei-s to the field. Your influence is all-pervading and powei-ful. And to the lovely maiden let me say, beware of that lover who. full of health and vigor, lingers at home in inglorious ease when his country calls him to arms". In spite of this ap])eal enlistments were few. On Saturday, July I'ith, a "grand rally" to (>i-omote them was held. (iovernor .Moi-fon presided and spoke, as did ('olonel Duniont. W'm. Wallace and Benjamin Harrison, the latter empha- si/.ing his call by saying he would go him.sclf. ]\lotiey and land to be sold foi- money was offered by citizens to those who would volun- teer in the 70th regiment, the one assigTied to this district, and the meetinir adjourn<'d luitil Tuesday, On .Monday Mr. Harrison was com- missioned a second lieuteimnt and emi>owei-ed to raise a company, which was the method used. The City Coinieil voted to pay fen dollars per man to the first tiftv and tn make 228 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. no more street iinproveinents this year ex- cept those that were actually necessary for the safety of the city. The County Connnis- sioners voted .$10 each to the first 500 men. This stinnilated the work and the response was such that the camp of the regiment wa.s established on the 22nd. It was in that month that the Soldiers' Home was con- structed. So many soldiers wei-e continu- ally passing through the city or remaining for a short time, both in bodies and individ- ually, and for whom camps were not suitable, that it was absolutely necessary to provide a place for them. It was located on AVest street, south of ^laryland. where there was open ground and a fine grove. IMr. George Jlerritt was the superintendent. At first it aceonnnodated 100, but was enlarged from time to time until it could care for many more. All re-enlisting or retui-ning regiments were fed there, and a hospital with forty beds was established. The maintenance came from the allowance for rations of the soldiers and the Home more than paid its way. Some- what later a house was rented near the depot that was u.sed for the same purpose by the wives and children of soldiers who had to re- main overnight. The provost guard had its headquarters at the Home and several hun- dred men were in a permanent camp there for many months. Recruiting became quite active, but it was greatly accelerated by the President's call on August 4th for 300.000 more men, to be taken by draft. ]\Ien fairly fell over each other to get into the army, rather than stand the draft, and what was considered the dis- grace of being drawn. The regiments filled at once for both calls, and the scenes of the fall before were re-enacted all over the state, in this, the second great enlistment period of the war. The state's quota of the 300,000 was 21,2.50. In the end it was filled without the draft. In August, Kentucky was invaded in great force and our troops driven back. All available forces were sent forward at once, often unequipped and all green, ifany battles were fought, both east and west, and for weeks the Journal was filled with lists of casualties at Richmond, Perryville, luka, Cor- inth, ]Manassas and Antietam. A list of deaths of Indiana soldiers in hosjiitals had long before become an almost daily publica- tion. ]Many prisoners were released in Au- gust, 500 taking the oath of allegiance at one time, but the most being exchanged. In the last half of 1862 the more interest- ing facts noted are as follows: There was such a dearth of change, all silver having disappeared by reason of the premium, that various merchants issued tickets for 5, 10 and 25 cents, payable in goods. The govern- ment then issued fractional currency, or " shinpla.sters " as they were called, in de- nominations from 3 to 50 cents and these re- mained in circulation for years. They were counterfeited extensively even down to the ten-cent ones, and were a necessary nuisance. By this time taxes had been levied on almost everything, it seemed, but they were to be more and higher before the end. There were stamp duties, income tax, business licenses, taxes on manufactures, etc. Besides this was the tariff law, designated "an act increasing temporarily the duties on imports and for other purposes", and which filled six or seven columns of the Journal's smallest type. It was considered a terrible taxation on business and a prominent merchant said. "If that tax is levied it will make me disloyal". But that "temporary tariff" would be considered a light affair now. Shipments to Europe of Pennsylvania rock oil or petroleum to the extent of a million gallons during the first six months of 1862 caused the Journal to say: "This for a trade that is in its infancy is a large business." An event of more than usual interest was the resignation in July of Rev. Horace Stringfellow, rector of Christ Church. He was a Southei-n man and his sympathies were ill-concealed. Soon after the war began he was waited upon by a commit- tee and firmly requested to pray for the ad- ministration, which he had not done before. and from time to time there were reports that he would leave. It was currently reported that his resignation was not voluntary, and that he was given a certain number of days in which to get out of town : but this was un- true, according to the statement of one of his warm friends, a lady still living here, who could not have been mistaken. He left be- cause the situation had become unpleasant to him. He made his way to Virginia and re- mained there until the war was over. Fre- i|nc'iit T'nion meetings were held to keep up TTT>;T0T]Y of nnFATFi; TXDTAXATor.IS. OOf) the spirit. "In all directions new buildings are sroinp: up. eonvincinn; proof of the prosper- ity of the i)lace." The custom of rin5i:inf!: the fire bells when a member of the department died was inaugurated and only dropped in recent years. When the man who eai'ried the mails between the postottiee and the dejiot was buried, the postoftiee was closed for two hours. Xothinp less than the President's death would do that now. While the draft was pendiup men leavin»' the county or state had to <;et pa.sses from the military authorities. The Ladies' Protective Association reported that 10.8.58 articles, clothinfr, bedding, lint, ban- dages, compresses, etc., had been made since October. 18«1, The State Fair was held that year at the old Military orounds. but did not prove very attractive. October first there was the finest review yet seen, 10,(100 men of all branches of service en<raKin<i: in a sham battle afterwards. Christ Church was deilicated XovcMuber "ilst, thouirh I finished some years beftn-e. It had been ! planned to cost $15,000, but ran much over. Deserters be^an to be very uumei'ous and re- wards were offered for their arrest, eighty-si.K from the 51st bein? missing. Criuje had be- come so prevalent, and disorder of all sorts, that the streets were not safe A i)ermanent [irovost guai'd was establishi'd, that patnillcd the streets, watched the T^nion Station and other places. Somewhat later guards were placed on every train when in the station and no soldier could enter unless he had a pass. Annoyances to citizens occurred some- times and ))('oi)le began to realize what mili- tary rule meant. The Council was i)etitioned to remove Foot's dairy on Michigan street west of Pennsylvania, and refcri'i'd the re- quest with instructions to report an ordinance forbidding dairies in the city limits. Ap- parently this never was done. Thanksgiving day then- was another review. Tln're wei'e then 12,000 men in the various camps, prob- ably the laiucst nund)er at any one time. D. J. ('Mllinan's store, next to Fletcher's liank, was robbed of ijiS.OOO worth of goods, the record haul to that date. The court of imiuiry into the conduct of General Buell began liere. Tfie owners of pi'ominent news- pa[)ers met here and organized the Westei'ii Associated Press, llor.si's for the army cost $04 each for a lot of :{,0()0. The largest ta.x- payers in the county were Calvin Fletcher, assessed for $137,155; S. A. Fletcher, $132,824; N. MeCartv's heirs. $132,670; James U. Ray. $135,772. The SchnuU Pros. bought the Baptist Church lot, southwest cor- nel' of ^leridian and Maryland streets (the building had burned), 55 .x 94iA feet, for $5. 000, also the Hasselman house ad.joining (built by Mr. Vajen), for $13,700. The house and lot on West Maryland on the west side of the alley back of these properties sold for .$5,400, the lot being 67i/o feet front by 195 deep, and the house a good two-stoi-y one of ten or twelve rooms. The JoHrnal was an ardent admii-(>r of (ien- ei'al AVallace. He had been oi-dered to take the field in General Grant's department of Corinth, but General Grant immediately or- dered him back to Cincinnati, whereupon the Journal said on Xovendier 13th: "General Grant has been living a good while on whis- key and the re])utatioii he iiuule without any effort of his own at Ft. Doneison. and if he has taken on himself to defy his superiors and flout his equals, he has about exhausted the patience that his factitious honoi-s entitle him to." Probably few know that on aeeouiit of the scarcity of cotton, an effort was m;ide to en- coui'age its growth in the Xoi-th. The govern- ment advertised that it would furnish free seed and instruction and appointed agents who traveled through the counti'y to pei-suade farmei's to plant it. nuiking all sorts of plaus- ible statements. So far as newspaper ac- counts show nobody took it up seriously. Cap- tain Oglesbey raised some in his yard, which caused the Jouniul to make the following ex- traoi'dinary statement that pi-obably could not be vei'ified: "Cotton was oiu'c grown in con- siderable quantities in this place. When Cal- vin Fletcher came here { that was in 1S21 1 there was a large field of cotton full grown on Pennsylvania street, a little south of where the Blind Asylum now staiuls."' 'The Journal's statement is broader than the evidence, but Kev. .1. C. Fletcher gives his father as authority for the assertion that James Mcllvain raised ;i [)atch of cotton, in 1821, on I'ennsylvania street, where the Sec- ond Pi-esbyterian Church now stands. (A>(/'.?, April 12," 1879.) It was used for eandle wieking. 230 lllS'ldlJV OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 'J'hc liciicTMl coiulitidii of the I'diintry as well as the (icpreciation in the value of the currency had by now vastly increased the cost of livings. Prices had risen to unheard of fiirures and the ((uestion of livin<;- had be- come a very serious matter to the most of the people. Business men who were makini;' more money than ever before mit;ht stand it, but there were scores and hundreds whose means had not increased much or were fixed. On these fell a burden that could not be lisjhtened and they were forced to economies that often amounted to privation. Hundreds had to abandon tea and coft'ee and use parched rye or wheat as a substit\ite, and to exist (Ui as little as possible. This was one of the uncounted sacrifices of the war. The high prices of the last few yeai-s, though bad enough, bear no comparison. On November 29, 1862, Governor Morton sent a connnuni- eation to Senators and Representatives in Congress urg:ing increased pay for the sol- diers on the groun-d that the cost of living had vastly increased and the price of labor as well. He embodied in this a comparison of prices in August. 1861. and Novembei- 21, 1862, showing an increased cost in percentage as follows: Brown nuislins, 190 : bleached muslins, 175: Amei'ican ])i-ints, 95: blue checks. 100: hickoiy checks. 100; canton flan- nel, 150: drillings. 170: cassinetts. 100; jeans, 100: bcots, 33: shoes, 56; browTi sugar, 62; Rio coffee, 150: tea, 50; rice, 25; molasses, 40; flour, 44; salt, 180: meal, 75; fish, 33; potatoes, 130; candles, 50; wood, 100. "It will be entirely safe," said he. ''to say that the co-^t of living on the most economical scale tin-oiighout the northern states has in- creased at least 75 per cent within the last fifteen months and prices are still advancing. Thus !|;8.00 j)er month in August, 1861. would have been a better compensation and gone fai-tliiT in maintaining a family than !}!l3.00 per month in November, 1862. Soldiers are paiil in treasury notes at par and as these notes have depreciat(>d thirty pi-r cent, as shown by the price of gold, their pay from this fact nlon<' is substantially reduced to $9.00 per month"'. This appeal bore no fruit and the soldiers' pay was unchanged. Think what penury it meant to thousands of fami- lies whose bi-ead-winnei-s eai-ned so little, or perluips were cut off' I'utii-ely. Wi' lie;ir much of late yeai-s of the fortitude of the Southern people under iirivation, but it seems to be unknown or forgotten that distress was widely spread in the North, in spite of nioi(> fav(a-able conditions. The October election liad been carried hy the Democrats, who claimed to stand for constitutional liberty, the freedom of opin- ion, of speech and of the press, which had been trodden under foot. In realit.v they were opposed to the war. The vote was a surpri.se, showing a ma.iority of 9,391 with seven out of eleven Congressmen and both houses of the legislature by good ma.iorities. The Denuierats claimed that the election here was unfair and probably they were right, as any soldier who chose to could vote without (|uestions. The total vote of this state was 246,163, a decrease of 25,980 over 1860. Counting out the natural increase of 20.000 this showed a decrease of about 45,000. The Hepublieans clainied fraxids in numerous co;inties and jjrobably they were right too, as there were extraordinary gains in some whose i)opulation had not increased and many had gone to the war. Only three comities increased Republican nia.iorities, two on account of Democratic splits and Marion, but 57 counties gave a larger Demo- cratic vote than in 1860. Undoubtedly there was a reaction against the war; the repeated assertions of "abolition war" had been con- firmed to many by the announcement of speedy emancipation. Many people were not educated to the point of seeing its necessity as a war measure and were full of the old ]>re.iiulices and dislike of the negro and the "Black Kepublieans", who now openly con- fessed to be hated abolitionists; they voted the old way. Even in the army there was considerable of this sentiment and it took time to correct it. It is likely, however, that many who voted the ticket had no idea that the jiarty when once in jiower would ]iroceed to the lengths that it did. I close the yeai' with an anecdote of Lin- coln that seems to have been lost sight of: A gentleman after jiourinu out his vials of wrath upon a prominent officer was surprised to hear the President (piietly remark: "Now you are .just the man I have been looking for. I want you to give me your advice and tell ine if vou wei-e in iii\' place and had learned JllsroKY OF GKEATKK l.NDJ A.N Al'OLIS. •^;51 all you've been tellinjr and didn't believe a word of it. what would vou do.'" The Will' liiirinfT 1863 was a yi^antie stnitr- {fle marked by <rreat battles with varyiii<r fortunes. MeC'lellan was sueeeeded after Antietaiii by Biirnside who lost the terriliie battle of Frederieksburir in Deeeiiiber. Cirant's operations ajrainst VieUsburj^' that month were met by defeat and Kosenerans's battle of Stone Kiver was praetieally a drawn one. Hooker sueeeeded Hnrnsidi' and was whipped at ('haneellorsville in May. .Meade sueeeeded liini. and Lee broke for the North to be whipped at (iettysbur^^ in July. (Irant kept at Vicksburfj and captured it at the same time. Rosenerans moved to Chatta- iioofra and lost the battle of Chiekamaujra. In Xoveinber the disaster was retrieved by Lookout -Mountain and Mission HidLre. On the whole tile advaiita>;e was with the .\orth, but Hiehiiioncrs eaptuie seemed as far otf as ever. At homo the wai' eaiiie nearer in a form of aetual peril for a few days durinj,' the Morfran raid, days that were full of ex- citement and apprehension to the town. The Lesrisjature held its session clurintr the winter and the iiiajdiity tried to obstruct Ciovernor Morton in every way tluit it eould. Daily the oiiposition of that faetion beeaiiie more violent and jiroiionneed, and while that is another story it is well to know what the Snitincl said about President Lineoln's eman- cipation proclamation in January: "The policy of the party now in power is devel- oped. It is the abolition of slavery. It is the sub.ju<ration of the slave states— the de- struction of the white race, where slavery exists, by servile insurrections. It is to make one half the country a howling' wilderness and to elevate to the status of eitizen.shi|) a worthless and improvident I'aee. The two races cannot live ujion terms of er|uality. The atteiiii)t will result in the extei'iiiination of one of them. Tlii> Administration has de- liberately chosen to invite such a contest mid aid the nesroes in the destructinn nf the white race. The present condition ol' public at^'airs is partly attributalile U< the folly. fanaticism and iiiibecilit.\' of the party in power. The sectional dilTiculties of the coun- try would have been amicably ad.iu.sted. Iiul the Republican leaders refusi'd all overtures to that end. They prefiTred war to peace — tliey chose war rather than union, and what is the result of their iiolicy*! An luiited South williniL' to make any saci'itice, warrinj; to se- cure their independence, and a divided North. • * * If tiijj, a(.f „f usurpati(jii passes unrebuked, then we may bill farewell to constitutional libei'ty. The constitutional iruarantees of personal rights and personal liberty will not be worth the iiarchment upon which they are written." .Notable incidents are as follows: Caleb B. Smith w;is appointed Judtie of the U. S. Dis- trict Court. Emerson lectured to a small audience, sub,ieet not i,nven. Butternuts were worn as jewelry and caused numerous outbursts. Real estate went higher. W. C. Holmes paid .$4,000 for the lot where Judge Martindale lived, 41*9 X. Meridian street. A room on W. AVashington sti'eet, Xo. 9, where Bobbs-Merrill Co. are, sold for $450 per foot, and the lot where Somiiiers"s store is, 11-13 K. Washington street, wint at tli'e same price to Robert Browning. The Farniei's Hotel, northeast corner of Illinois and Geoi-gia streets, now the Stubbins Hotel, sold for $14,500 in specie, gold being worth IGO. Xo. 15 \V. Washington street sold f(U- $9,05(1 to J. A. Ileidlinger. In March gold drojiped to 3S and for some time fluctuated between that and 5iS. There began to be much speculation ill that article with a wide range of jji-ices. The sale of arms was forbidden. Dr. Bul- lard declined to meet Dr. J. F. Johnston, the dentist, in consultation because he was a Se- cessionist and a subscriber to the SiiiliiKi. Crime was rife and li(|iior dealers were for- bidden to .sell to soldiers, but apparently did not obey. Laborers got $1.50 a day and car- penters and uiasons .$2.50, and wi'iv scarce at that. City Hospital, so called, by the (Joveriiment, Dr. had treated 6,114 cases, lirisoneis of war. 277 of citv election in Mav the In two years the though maintained Kitchen in charge, .S47 of which were whom died. At the Democrats withdrew their ticket on Ww. ground that the election would be unfair, aiul only 14 Democratic votes were ca.st f<u" councilmen in nine wards. Revenue stamps were sold at a discount of 2 per cent on $50, 3 per cent on .$100 and 4 per cent on $500 worth. A full company of negroes was en- li.sted for (be 54fb Mass;icliiisetts Ketiiineiit. 232 HISTORY OF GREATP^E IJ^DIANAPOLIS. In ]May the famous battle of "Pogue's Run" occurred and 1.500 pistols were taken from delegates to a Democratic convention, by sol- diers who searched the outiroing- trains, in addition to which many were thrown into Pogue's Run, as the trains passed aionji it. W. S. Hubbard paid $10,(526 for four acres of sround on N. Meridian street, just above 11th street and running through to Illinois. The tirst military execution took place on ]\rarch 27th. Robert Gray being the victim. He was a Parke or Clay county school teacher who enlisted in the 71st and a few days later was captured at Richmond, Kentucky. Thinking he could escape military sen'ice he took the oath of allegiance to the Confeder- acy. General Carrington said he became a spy for them in Indiana, but the newspapers make no mention of that charge. He was convicted of treason and the sentence approved after sevei-al months delay. The execution took place in the rear of Burnside Barracks, be- tween ISth and 19th streets. He was quite cool, and made a confession that he had acted wrongly through a desire to get out of the service. On July 7th the town turned itself loose in re.joicing over Vicksburg and Gettysburg. There were fire works, bonfires and speeches. The next day word came that John ^Morgan had crossed the Ohio, heading for Indian- apolis, and the scene shifted. His purpose was said to be the capture of the city, the relea.se and arming of the rebel prisoners, the destruction of railroads, and the bringing of the horroi's of war to the state. The excite- ment was indescribable. The bells rang alarms and a great crowd gathered at the Bates House. Governor Morton read the dispatches and urged the people to fill up companies in eveiy ward, meeting places be- ing designated. The next morning Governor Morton issued a proclamation asking business houses to close at 8 P. M., and calling on every able-bodied citizen to bring whatever arms he had and nuister. Almost instantly the City Regiment was organized with one or more companies from every w'ard to the number of 12. Eight additional companies were also nuistcred in the city. Morgan moved more rai)id]y than the news about him and there wa.s nnich ignorance and un- certainty. 'I'he Citv Regiment drilled on University Square and the signaling for its assembling was the fire alarm bell. This rang several times but each time it was found the exigency was not great and the men were dismissed. The railroads and telegraph lines were taken possession of by the military and public use was excluded. Louisville sent $1.- 500,000 of specie north for safety and the Indianapolis banks did the same with theirs. Morgan had crossed at Brandenburg. Ken- tucky, and moved north to Paoli. thence ea.st through Salem and Xorth Vernon, b\it his course was uncertain for several days during which time the armed popidace of the state poured into Indianapolis to the extent of 60.- 000. By Monday the 13th more troops had ar- rived than could be used. All saloons were closed and biisiness almost suspended. On Sunday afternoon the bell was sounded and in forty-five minutes all the troops in tbe city were in line. Five regiments slept in the State House yard that night. During this time many troops had been sent to the supposed field of action, but none came in contact with the enemy. None of the city companies left to\\"n, though twice they were marched to the trains and then ordered back. On the 14th it was announced with authority that ^lorgan had passed into Ohio and the raid was over so far as Indiana was concerned. Then came the natural re%-iilsion of feeling and there was much .ioking over the events of the week: and as usual what was so threatening before was lightly spoken of. Even to this day some men will smile when they say they were veterans of the Morgan Raid, but no one who went through it would care to repeat the experience. An unusual accident took place on the 13th, when the 12th Michigan battery, then located here, was ordered away. As it came da.shing down In- diana avenue from the camp, in the north- west part of the town, ammunition in a caisson exploded killing three soldiers, a boy and two horses, and breaking all the gla.ss within some distance. Disorder almost cea.sed during the excitement, and be it re- membered the saloons were closed. That month Kingan & Co. located here and began building a mammoth packing house and flour mill. Dwellings were reported scarce and not a single busi- ness room to be had. The list of income-tax HISTOKY OF (;l!i:.\'l'F.R IXHIAX Al'OLIS. 233 < c 334 HISTOKV OF (;i! HATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. [Jiiyers for 1S62 was publisln'il. Only two exceeded $10,000— Calvin Fletcher and' J. A. Crossland. In August gold fell to 26 and in September the first mention of a bath-room in a contemplated house was made. Agita- tion for street cars began. The Crown Hill Cemetei'v corporation was organized and bought .Martin Williams' fruit and iiursci'v farm. Fish and game were abundant and a wild turkey weighing 27 pounds was said to have been shot in the vicinity of Broad Kip- pic. The Young ]\Ien's Library Association was organized. On October 22. 2.000 prison- ers were in Camp ^Morton. Judge Koache bought the tine Bishop Ames residence on Nortli Pennsylvania street, now No. 1029, with four acres of ground, for .'^20.000. In May a day of fasting and prayer was pro- claimed by the President, and on August 6 a day of thanksgiving for the recent vic- tories. Both were well observed. Prices continued to soar. At the first of the year the newspapers had advanced their price to 15 cents a week. Paper had i-isen from 8 and 9 cents to 16 cents per pound, be- sides which an excise tax was put on adver- tisements. The Journal had prospered with other business. It was crowded with adver- tising so nuu'h that it had to eidarge twice. and its circulation grew so that it had to buy a faster press twice, in three years. The Snitiiid shared little of the prosperity, such wa.s the antagonism to it. Before the war ceased the prices of both papers was 25 cents per week, or double the original. The Ladies Fair in October netted .$7,000 from the raf- fling of various donated ai-ticles alone. Bisho)) I'pfold. Episcopalian, condennied the use of tlowers in churches, and declared that he would not visit or officiate in any church on Eastei- Sunday where a floral display was attemjited. The year 1S()4 opened with the cold New Years day. probably the coldest day on rec- ord the world over. The day bcfoie was warm and rainy, temperature above 60. By three o'clock the next morniny it had drop])etl to 28 degrees by the then ther- mometers. A great social event, the bouse warming of John ^\. Lord 's new residence on the southeast coriuM- of Xortli and Pennsyl- vania streets, took jilace on the 31st. ^lany of the guests were lightly clad and it is a story to this day how they suffered in get- ting home. The suffering in the camps every- where, north and .south, was territtc and many persons were frozen to death. Cold closed Decendier 81st at 52 and reached 75 in April. Wheat in New York was worth from $1.44 to .$1.61 and corn $1.80. The chui'ches were reported as prospering. I'm- tracted meetings were held in several with .scmie additions. A daily prayer meeting was maintained at the Soldiers' Tlome under the auspices of the Indianajiolis Bi-anch of the I'. S. Christian Association. The Scottish Rite of ]\Iasons was established. Judt:e Caleb B. Smith died. Butchers began to agitate for stock yards. JIditary funerals were (|uite common and the circumstances of death were sometimes grievous beyond description. Adjutant Jfar-shall Hayden was wouiuled at the attack on Vieksburg and captured in December, 1862. For months his parents lived in hope under the belief that he had been taken prisoner merely, when he had died in a few days. After that was known, his body could not be secured for nmnths more and in Feb- ruary he was bui-ied here, having been dead thirteen months. The town was becoming useil to horrors. Every day corpses were transported through; the express com|ianic3 left them on the pavements ovei- night, and the I'nion Depot authorities refused to allow them to remain there UHU'e than an hour. Death was so conunon as to cause little com- ment. A Pennsylvania ofticer sto])ped over here and was found dead on the street, mur- dered. His father came soon to invcstiuatc and after a few days went away with no suc- cess, but complaining Ihat he got no sym- pathy or aid aiul that the peoiile seemed sn inui-ed to murder and death that they were indifferent. This was an exaggeration. Imt there was some foundation for it. In February a draft f(U- 500.00(1 men was (U'dered. The portimis of reuiments that bad veteranized or reeidisted f(U- three yeai"S more liegan to retui-n on fiu'louirh and were publicly received and feasted. The ChamlK'r of Commerce, or ^Merchants Exchange, was or- ganized and gave daily market rep(u-ts, an evidence of business progress. A great change was made in the theatre. AVbat was known as the pit or panpict which was always oc- IIISTOl.'V OF (IKKAIKi; l\l)l.\.\A]'()l,IS. 235 tci Indies and 'I'licse sold t'of fifty that Im.iiirht ^fciicral admission .Many of the lead- tlic li(iusc>s wcri' union inrctini; was cupied by men, was opeiiec calletl "orchestra chaii's". fifty eents excejit abcnit seventy-five cents. The was raised to fifty cents. iiifr stars jterforined am packed nijrhtly. A lireat held February "J'ind. with a parade of troops and speeches. Andrew Johnson of Tennessee beinjr the stai-. Two arches were built on Washinfrton street, one at Pennsylvania, the other at Illinois. Within these two scpiares there was a "scarlet fever'' of tiafrs. The Journal said the city nevei- before "was so gallantly and profusely illustrated with our national coloi-s". "At nifrht."" it yoes on to say, "an niuniiiiation bui'st out ainn^- tlie streets tliat borrowed little splendor from the bonfires below. The .Juiinuil office was also brilliantl.v ali^rht, and was probably the finest siirht that any sinjrle buildinsr nutde. From floor to roof and from the roof to the up|)er lights of the tower it filittered with a splen- dor that nusjht have recalled to travellers in Euroi)e the irreat illumination of St. Peter's. In the lowei- windows blazed every admissa- ble row of candles, while alonir the Circle street and .Meridian street sides with theii- profuseiicss of window service, litrhts flamed and sparkled upon rows of Union fiajrs that plowed almost as brilliantly as duiMiifr the day in Iheii- m-w I'adiance." "At one time there were si.x bonfires <roinfr on AVashinirttm street." Tliis showed a proiiei' self a|)i)i'e- ciatioii, but as the lights were candles and probably not moT'e than si.xteen could be placed in a window, the modern sceptic will scoff at the brilliancv and be reminded of "Little Pedliufrton"." The street railroad system was bcfrun that sprinfr on a charter driven to some Xew Yoi-k- people who associated some home ])eople with them. The first line was i)uilt on Illinois street from the depot to Washington, thence to AVest, thence to the .Military iri'ounds and opened on the week of State nnd Sanitary P'airs in October. It was finished that year on Xorth Illinois street to St. Clair. On May 3rd it was said that 1,400 pieces of real estate had chaniTcd hands since Jainiary 1st. John Morris sold his lot on th(> southwest cornei' of Meridian and r;eoi-t.na streets, fKix'JO") feet, for $200 per foot. The First Presbyterian Church boiiuht 12") feet of the Daniel Yandes home, at Pennsylvania and Xew York streets for .$22.0(10, and projierty across the street was valued at $80 per foot — now held at $1,250 or $1,500. The Second Presbytei-ian Church on the Circle was offered for $14,000. Joseph E. McDonald boufrht 32 ft. on Xorth Penn.sylvania street next Wood & Foudray's livery stable for $375 per foot, and E. S. .VIvoi'd i-efused $3(1.000 foi- his house and lot. on which the Newton Claypool block stands. Forty thousand dollars was offered for the old Athenaeum or (iymnasium buildini; at the northwest corner of ^Meridian and ]\Iary- land streets. The Fii-st Xational Bank, opened in the Dccembei- before, was the (mly incor|)orated one here except the Branch Hnnk of tlie State. House board was not less than $5.00 per week. The retail grocers com- bined to sell for cash only, as wholesalers had ajri-eed to credit no one. The school enumera- tion was 11,907, a sain in one year of 5.044. Baled hay was worth $29.00 per ton and the iroveriuncnt was payint; $156 for horses. .Marion County had thiis far spent $120.90(1 fill- Iwiunties and relief for soldiers. 'Vhv Chand)er of Conniierce reported sales of Lidods in one year- $15.29S.()00, manufactures $5,O(i9,00(l, provisions $77().524. total business $23.()2(),524. It enumerated among the in- dustries two woolen factories, one saw, one hub and spoke, two ayricultural implements, seven flouring' mills, six foundries and ma- chine shops, two harness and two cooi)er shops, one I'ollinir mill makinu 10.000 tons of rails, furuitui'c. bakei-ies. eonfectioners. three raili-oad shops and packing houses. Else- where It was told, thiit there wei-c 700 li(|uor sellers in the city. The City Heyimeut had maintained an oi'fj'ani/ation since th<- Moruan Kaid. In .\|)ril it was believed that tin- eomiufj' sum- mer would eiul the war and (iovernor Morton |)roposed that certain states should furnish 100,000 uien for one hundred days who would miard tlii> transixu-tation lines and release that many seasoned troops for active operations at the front, which was adopted and a call made. On April 2(i the City \ii'>/\- ment was called to meet that afternoon to decide whether it shoidd tendei" its servi<-es for that period. I''cw appejii-ed, howi'ver. .\n enthusiastie war nieelini;- was held at 23G lITSTOin' OF GREATEK IXDIAXArOLIS. Masouic Hall and every kuowu iiitiueuee to till the call was brought to bear. Employers paid the salary of clerks who would go. Ad- ditional bounties were offered, young ladies volunteered to take the places of clerks while they were gone and iu due time the regiment was filled, together with others from the state. Six and a half companies of the City Regi- ment were from Indianapolis, the remainder from adjoining counties. Probably this regi- ment was the most beloved of all that the town was interested in. The greatest pride and admiration was lavished on the 11th, for that was the tirst-boru, next to that probably ciuue the 70th and then the 79th, though the 2tith and 33rd were highly esteemed. But the City or 132nd was the youngest born, the Benjamin, and the town's affection was lav- ished on it. ]\Iany of its members were really boys and many were older men, who were prominent and gave up much in order to help in the emergency. It was raised too by hard work, and the zeal and enthusiasm of the war seemed to culminate in the effort. It could not vie with the others iu point of sei-vice for its life was short and its field narrow, but it did the work laid out for it, and who could do more? The Journal said that more people gathered to see it go than any other. In ^lay, with gold at 70, beef sirloin was worth 20 cts. ; veal 15 or 20, mutton 15, pork 12 and 15, eggs 18, chickens $3.00 and .$3.25 per dozen, potatoes $1.50, butter -40 cts., canned tomatoes 25 cts., turnips 60 cts. and wood $7.50 a cord— unheard of prices. On May 17th a meeting of ladies was held at iMasonic Hall and addressed by Hon. Albert G. Porter who asserted that the country was being ruined by buying for gold $500,000,000 w'orth of foreign products annually and re- ducing the value of greenbacks. A platform was adopted as follows: "To promote econ- omy, to show our sympathy with the great hardships and sufferings of our brave .sol- diers and to aid the finances of the Govern- ment, we the undersigned ladies pledge our- selves not to purchase during the war any imported article of dress or house furnishing. We also pledge ourselves to lay aside during the war silk antl other expensive dresses and mantillas, all laces, velvets and jewels, and appear as soon as practicable only in clothes of American manufacture." The merchants were not pleased with this action and al- though some 800 or 1,000 signers wei-e pro- cured, exceptions began to be called for and the whole movement seems to have died a "bornin". Gold soared that summer, getting way over 200, where it stayed until the fall elec- tions and victories caused a reduction below that figure. Its highest price as noted here was 280. The University Square was im- proved by a public subscription of $2,100. The first street car arrived in August "with cushioned seats affording ample room for sixteen passengers". A Sanitary fair was projected and later held successfully in con- junction with the State Fair. On June 1st Crown Hill Cemetery was dedicated. Judge Albert S. Wliite being the orator. The first interment took place on the second— Mrs. Lucy Ann Scaton, of Paducah, Kentucky. As anticipated there was fearful fighting all along the line with I'nion gains. Politics warmed up, and just before the October elec- tion came the sensational and effective ex- pose of the Sons of Liberty or Knights of the Golden Circle that had much to do with Democratic defeat, but which cannot be de- scribed hei'e, though an interesting chapter in city history. On the 18th of October the Sentiucl prophesied as follows: "If IMr. Lin- coln is reelected the man is not now living who will see peace and prosperity in the Union. It is certain that future generations will never see that result if the radical policy prevails. It is hopeless of good." Within six months it welcomed the advent of peace. The theatre that fall introduced reserved seats, to be held until the end of the first act. Bandmann, Laura Keene, Lawrence Barrett and others played. A tabernacle for union meetings was built on the Washington street front of the Court House square. It was afterwards turned into an amusement hall and was not torn down until 1866. The as- sessments for the income tax were iiublished officially in order to encourage informei-s. Bounty jumpers were paraded through the streets tied by ropes and preceded by a huge negro ringing a bell, and then sent to punish- ment. Live hogs were worth 14 cts. An era of oil speculation began that la.sted a year or two and cost much money. Numerous HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOIJS. companies were foniied to bore for oil in t)liio, Indiana, West Virginia, and Kentucky. D. Jf. Hoyd sold 21 feet on the east side of Jleridian just below ^Maryland street to .Mur- phy and ilolliday for ^'.i-il per foot. I'p to January 31st there had been 1,307 rebel prisoners buried in (ireenlawn Cemetery. The year should not close without report- mg this from the Journal, thouuh oceui'rin>;- in .\u<rust. It was written in the style of Berry Sulfrrove that pervaded the Jdiinml, thou^'h scarcely by him. Col. James Hlake's old bay horse and low seated old rockaway had been stolen; after reeountiu)sr the inci- dent it then says: "The miscreant who would steal Colonel Ulake's bugjjy from the (jirele fence while the Colonel is presiding' over a Union nieetinir, would sneak into lieaven and steal the supper of the Angel (labriel". About New Years it was reputed that some friends had presented the good old nuin with a new vehicle. The New Year 18fi5 opened with confident expectation tluit the war would soon end. Another draft was ordered and many citi- zens still living were among the chosen, but by great effoi-t and cxjieuditure of money the quota was filled. The last i-egiments. includ- ing the 156th, a half regiment, were raised for one year. The Journal declared that "Rebel prayers were a mockery to the Al- mighty". The Governor's "mansion" wa.s sold for ■'f!4'2,;'J00. The era of combiiuition among grocers, ice d(>alers. etc., began. An Opera House and ^lasonic Temple were pro- jected; idso water works, with a stand-])i|)i' on Sliortridge High School site — said to be the highest point in the city. Grant moved to tlie finish. Richmond fell on April 3rd. Lee surrendered on the 9th. Thr news was received at 11 P. IVI. but the town rose and as the expres.sion was "whooped it up" all night. "Indiana]iolis never before was so thoroughly demented," said the Journal. Gold dropped from 111! to 144. Governor Morton appointed the 20th as a day of thanksgiving, but changed it to "a day of mourning, hu- miliation and prayer", when on the ir)1h news eanu> of the a.ssa-ssinatiou of President Lincoln. That day is described as "the most exciting one ever known in Indiaiuipolis". The whole town was in mourning gai'b and all business susi)en(led. Even the sun ri'- fused to shine. Hut time fcu'hids the recital ol' that awful and never-to-be-foi-gotten ex- perience, followed by the pi-otracled mourn- ing and the funeral march from Wa.sliiugton to Springfield, during whicli the body of the martyred president rested in the State House for eighteen hours of the gloomiest Suiulay ever known and was viewed by thousands of weejiing mourners. That is a stoi-y to itself. It was the la.st of the five greatest days of the struggle: Lincoln's visit, the day Sumter fell, the opening of the ^lorgan Raid, the fall of Richmond and this one. ^lay their like never be seen again. The incidents of the closing up must he jia.ssed over lightly. Troo])s were soon dis- charged and sent home. All were ])idilicly welcomed as they deserved, and while most came within a few months it was more than a year before the la.st Indiana soldiers were discharged. The great armies vanished into private life as easily as they came from it and all the apprehensions of trouble were groundless. Indianapolis kept on her course of material progress that year. Prices contiiuied high, building iiu'i'eased, rents were at uidieai'd of figures. $0,000 being paid for one single room by the Eirst National Bank the s(uitheast cor- ner of AVa.shington and i\reri(lian streets, ^lore banks and insurance companies were organized, railroads wei'c projected, a steam- boat built on the river, i-eal estate boomed, aiul expansion was everywhei-e. In July there were 34 wholesale houses running with five more to o])en up as soon as buildings coidd be finished. The largest income ta.x i>avers were: Calvin Fletcher. .+31.043: S. " A. Fletcher, s|;.30,960: Thos. II. Shan)e, !i;27,847, and Oliver Tousey, $28,530. Wa.shingtou street property between ^leridian and Illi- nois streets sold at $800 ])er foot. The lot at the southeast corner of ^leridian and .Maryland, 25x130, was sold for .$400 |)er foot. Ill l'\'l)ruary. 1909, with a building on it, it brought $(i0,000. Grant and Sherman vis- ited the city and had rousing receptions, liaseball was started. The last rebel left Camp Morton June 12th. A jMiblic bath house was erected. On July 25, Sherman's wagon train twenty-eight miles long en route from Washington to Louisville jiassed through, ami that fall witnessed the closing of the •.'.■!S IIIS'|'()1;y of (;i;KATEU IXDIAXAFOLIS. Soldiers' Home, the Ladies' Home antl all the camps. A crop of oats was cut from University Square, probably the only cereal ever raised there, having: been sown as a cover for gettinij grass established tiiere. A ijovernment mili- tary hospital was ordered, and the selection of a site developed irreat hostility from every locality suggested, but the close of the war caused the abandoiuiient of the proposition, and gave wide-spread relief. In November the Blake orchard, a tract lying between Tennessee and ^lississippi streets, extending from the alley below Walnut to St. Clair street, wa.s sold at auction, realizing an aver- age pi'ice of $70 per font, and attracting "the biggest crowd ever at ;i ri'al estate sale in In- dianapolis". The cost of the war to the town may be fancied by a brief statement of some of the taxation. For the year ending June 30, 1865, the internal revenue tax on Clarion County was .$.517,742, the income tax $l(il,8(il on a total of $2,618,007. In the year ending ilay 12th the city's inennie was $597,831 of which about only $170,000 was from taxes, licenses and fines, the rest was from loans and con- tributions to the draft fund. The expenses were $854,391, a deficit of $301,707 and $775.- 000 went for the war fund. The estinmted expenses for the next year were $137,000. In addition to this the county had also in- curred a war debt. The contribution of life can not be estimated, bi;t it was large, many hundreds. Possibly as many as 4,000 men from this town went into the army first and la.st, and many never returned. The war was ovei' but its gi-ini ei-a closed upon a new Indiaiuipolis. The quiet town with its simple lifi' was srone forever and in its place was the bustling city with new ideas, new aspirations, new ways. Much more than half the i)opulation were new-comers. As it had changed materially, it had changed in other respects. Its life was difl'erent. The war had brought sorrow to many households and broken up many. In four ordinary years there are likely to be many changes, but how much more in these four years of awful havoc and heart-breaking experience. Old friendships and social relations had been severed by death and by estrangement throuffh differing opinions. The alteration in circumstances made a difference for many large fortunes had been made and many fam- ilies had been impoverished or had gained nothing. There Mas more luxurious living and ostentation. The inevitable demoraliza- tion of war was to l)e reckoned with, and both morality and religion were affected. Hundreds of young men had become addicted to intemperance and the general moral tone had been lowered. Extravagance had in- creased in many things and was driving out the former simplicity. Change was over all. "The old order changeth." That is the rule of life. "Without the war Indianapolis would have changed at some time but it would have taken a generation for it instead of being hannnei-ed out in the white heat of the four years' confliet, and the slow trans- formation, almost imperceptible, would have been natural. But with all the changes something, yes much, was left. The impress of the early .settlers could not be eil'aced. The influences that made for civic righteousness, for public spirit, for education, for cleanly living, for kindliness, for general well being and progress, were not destroyed and thiw abide with us yet. However feeble their force has seemed at times, at othei-s it has burst out in unrestrained volume, showing that it had not lost its power and that while material environment may alter, the spirit persists. CHAPTER XXII. THE COLOTJED BROTHEE. The negro wa.* willi Indianapolis from the beginning. General Tipton brought a negro boy with him when he came for selecting of the .*itc of tlie capital, but his stay was only transient. When Alexander Ralston came here to live, he brought a colored housekeeptT, Cheney Lively, who ])a*sed the rest of her life here and is remembered by old residents as "Aunt Cheney". Jlr. Ralston left her some property : and some years after his death she married John Britton, a very reputable colored man. who kept a barber-shop, and accumu- lated some property. On June lit, 18'i."), two colored men, brothers, named Knight, wcm- drowned in White River, at the mouth of Fall Creek.' This was the second instance of drowning in the I'iver since the beginning of the .-ett lenient. The negroes came in with the other i)opulation, and the census of the town taken in 1827 showed 58 colored resi- dents. ;U males, and •?-! females. In 18;i.j the total colored |)opulatioii had reached 73, of whom .34 were males and ;5!) females; alnnit one-half of all being adults. The attitude to the negro was what it was generally in the free states at that time — one of tolerance to an inferior race. It is illus- trated in the following advertisement, which appeared in \\k' Joiinial oi December 11. is:!;i: ".\ Card. Thomas Chubb (colored man). Bar- ber and Hair Dresser. With all that humility that becomes gentlemen of colour, very respect- fully tenders his services to the good ])eople of Indianapolis. His Magnum Bonum and Ratlers are of the first grit, and his Cologne Water and perfumery of the very best quality. He is no politician, and the (listincticuis of party are entirely unknown in the grand lioiir- ish of taking oil a gentleman's beard. His shop is at the Washington Hall, where he will be extremely happy to administer to the com- fort and gratification of all those gentlemen who may be incommoded by that troublesome appendage, a long beard. Gentlemen who from sickness are unable to call at his shop will be promptly waited on at their rooms, at any hour either day or night. In short, he does not ask a monopoly but only solicits a share of the public patronage." There was a firm maintenance of the fact that Indiana was free soil, and a protection id' negroes in the legal rights that this im- plied. The earliest case involving this sub- ject arose in 1829. In the fall of that year Wm. Sewall, who had emigrated from \'ii-- ginia, was passing through Indianapolis with four slaves — two women, Nelly and Mary, and two daughters of Nelly. They were detained for several days by high water, and, someone having told tbe women that they were free, they left Sewall and took refuge? with one of the overseers of the poor. Sewall retook them, and on their behalf they w'ere brought before Judge Betbuel F. JMorris, on writ of habeas corpus. The evidence was conflicting as to whether Sewall intended to settle in Hlinois or Missoxiri ; but was unquestioned that be had left Virginia, and that ho had voluntarily brought them into this state. They could not be said to have "escaped into" free terri- tory. On this basis Judge ilorris held that the negroes were free, filing a very elaborate opinion in support of his decision.'-' Decisions to the same ett'ect luui already been made in several of the southern states, and it bad long been a prinei])le o{ the common law in Eng- 'Jiiiiniiil and ilnzrtti •l\, 182.1. -Jountal, December ol, 1829. ;!9 240 HISTOEY OF GEEATER lA'DIANAPOLIS. laud,, where it had taken the poetical form — "A slave caunot breathe the air of England."' Of course the negro had no political rights, but there was one who exercised them for some time. This was Cader Carter, a quadroon, who passed himself off for a white man. But he was not content with voting, and took an active and aggressive part in street-corner and other debates. In 1S3(j he was a pronounced "Jackson" man and some of the Whigs who became acquainted with his secret, de- cided to put him out of business. They chal- lenged his right to vote, and proved that he was within the prohibited degree of African blood, whereupon he voted no more. The first recorded manifestation of race hostility oc- curred in 1838, when some of the ''chain gang" began annoying colored residents, and were resisted by a plucky negro, named Overall, with a shot gun. As related elsewhere, Over- all instituted surety-of-peace proceedings against Daniel Burke, one of the leaders of the gang, and received protection of the law. Beyond this point of aiding the negro in se- curing protection from abuse, there was no ap- parent favor for him. Abolitionism was at a discount and anything like association on terms of equality was not considered by any one. Yet there was a case of miscegenation here on January 1, 1840. A young lady had been brought here from the East to play the organ in the new Episcopal church, and her sister came with her. A few months later the sister married a light-colored mulatto, who had served in the family for some years. This caused much excitement, and a mob, led by Josiah Simcox, and composed mostly of young men and boys, surrounded their house and captured the groom. The bride was not badly used, but the groom was given a ride on a rail and warned to leave town, which he promptly did. Sulgrove says that the leader of the mob also left town and never ventured to return openly, though he did secretly. On February T^. 1840, in its accoTmt of the legislative proceedings, the Journal said: "Yesterday morning, Mr. Johnson presented the petition of Sophia Spears, the white female who recently, in this town, connected herself in marriage with a light mulatto man, praying a divorce. The petition was accompanied by another of the same import from a large number of the citi- zens of Indianapolis. Immediately after the I'eading of the petitions, Mr. Johnson intro- duced a bill dissolving the bonds of matrimony between Sophia Spears and Jolin N. Wilson, which was read three times and passed." It is iiiitable, however, that it was not passed with- out opposition. The vote in the House was (31 for and 22 against the bill. There was also opposition in the Senate, but it passed on Feb- ruary 22, by a vote of 20 to 14. There was another case of the kind ten years later, but the parties were not so prominent. On August 5, 1848, the Locomotive said: ■'.\ buck nigger, as black as the ace of spades, named Peter Tilman, tried to get several Jus- tices of the Peace to marry him to Miss I'ar- melia Powell, a white girl, on last Wednesday. The license was procured by telling the clerk the girl had negro blood in her, but she is to every appearance as white as a lily. Peter is certainly a man of taste.' We wish Jliss Par- melia much joy of her conquest. Go it butes. The Doctor could not succeed in getting mar- ried here, and on Thursday he went to Boone County where he found more accommodating Justices. On his return he met a warm recep- tion — eggs were plenty and the bovs know how to throw them. He left for parts unknown yesterday morning." It is probable that the claim of negro blood in the woman saved the couple from a worse fate, for the law was much more severe than in 1840. At that time the restriction on mar- riage was that it be "not prohibited by the law of God"; but on January 20, 1842, a law was jiassed prohibiting marriage between a white ])erson and one having one-eighth or more of negro blood. It made any such marriage null and void, and provided a penalty of fine of $1,000 to $0,000, and imprisonment in the pen- itentiarv from 1 to 10 vears for the principals, and a fine of $100 to $1,000 for the adviser of such a marriage. By the revision of 1843 this was broadened by making such a marriage "ab- solutely void, without any decree of divorce, or other legal proceeding", and declai'iiig the issue of such marriage illegitimate. This law was held to be in force by the Supreme Court in 1871, after the adoption of the fourteenth amendment. The court held that the United States had no jurisdiction of the subject of marriage within a state, and that such mar- riages were proliibiti'd as violations of the laws of nature and of (iod. The Indiana court at JIISTOKV OF GKKATER IXDIAXAI'UIJS. ■Ul times seemed more deeply versed in the law of God than in the law of the land ; as, for example, wlicn it decided in favor of a debtor charged with fraudulently conveying his prop- erty to his wife, citing as authority only 1 Timothy, Ch. 5, v. 8: "But if any provide not for his own, and especially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel." It is possible that the Spears case may have caused a revulsion of feeling which, as well as the influ.x of a disorderly class of settlers, made the sentiment of the community moi-e hostile to the negro. .At any rate it showed very badly on July 4, 1843, when a negro was beaten to death by a mob, on a public street, under circumstances that would have disgraced any rowdy settlement in tlie country. The negro, John Tucker, was ]ieaceably passing along Washington street, when Xicholas Wood who was half-drunk, struck him on the nose, making it bleed, and then dodged into a gro- cery, the negro remaining outside, and calling to Wood that if he wanted blood, to come out and he would get it. The evidence is c|uite fully reported in the Sviitiiiel of August 13, 1845, and the occurrence is very fairly pre- sented in the statement of .\l)raliiini Bird, which is as follows: "The first I saw was Wood coming out of a grocery on the south side of Washington street. Wood made fun of the negro's nose because it was bleeding. The negro struck at Wood. Wood crossed over to a grocery and enquired for an axe luiiidlc. saying that be wanted to kill the damned negro. Wood picked up a board, and pursued the negro down the street, \\lien he came neaj- the negro, the negro j)icked up a brick and hit Wood on the head. A scufHe ensued : after which T saw- Davis strike the negro on the back of the head with a brick or stone which Davis threw at him. It struck the negro, and the blow bent the negro forward. 'J'he back of the negro's head was towards Davis. The negro threw, and retreated towards the north, up Illinois. Saw the negro throw brickbats towards the crowd, but not until bricks had been thrown at the negro. The crowd still followed uj) the street. Davis threw a brickbat and hit tin; negro in the side. The negro then threw at Davis, hit him on the head, knocked him down. Several persons then threw at the negro, and Vol. I—] 6 several cried 'Kill him'. Woods appeared with a stick following towards tlii' negro. The negro told Woods not to strike, and Woods did not then strike. Davis was in advance of the crowed when he threw at the negro. Saw Ballinger standing near the signpost at Armstrong's, and crying out 'Kill the negro". After the negro had knocked Davis down. Ballinger fol- lowed the negro and caught him by the col- lar, and taking a club in one hand struck at the negro, which blows the negro fended off. Ho then took the club in both hands and again struck the negro over the head, and knocked him down. The club was a common sized hand spike, about four feet long. About the time Davis was knocked down, Ballinger stepped up to some person having the club and said, 'Give me the stick; I'll soon fix him'. Was acquainted with the negro. His name was John Tucker. Wood then came to where the negro was lying, and struck him twice over the head or shoulders. Could not see for the crowd the precise place where he hit the negro. Some l)erson then caught the stick of wood, and prevented further blows." There was little or no conflict in the testi- mony except that Joseph Stretcher, who was first to get to Tucker after he fell, said that Davis also struck him with a brick after he was down, and others said they did not see this. There were half-a-dozen reputable citizens in the crowd trying to get them to desist, and urging the negro to get away. Even Dave P>urkhart, the leader of "the chain gang" told him to go away or he would be killed, but he refused, saying that he was "a civil man" and "had insulted nobody". There was some testimony that others told him to stay and they would see that he had a fair fight, but it was very weak, and if true the support did not inaterializc. There was no politics in it. On the oth the Sentinel said: "On the afternoon of yes- terday, the 4th, at about 3 o'clock, an affray occurred in this city between a negro and some whites, in which the negro was finally killed outright. The name of the negro is said to be John Tucker, about 4o years old, and previ- ous to this incident he is said to have been of a ipiiet and inoffensive disposition. He was, we are told, formerly a slave in Kentucky, but many years ago honorably obtained freedom, and came to this vicinity. Ilr bad Ikhmi em- IIISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. jiloyod on tlie ianu ul' J'ostiiiaster Hciidersoii for several years, up to the time of his death. He has left two children, a jiirl abont 13, and a bov about 10 year.* old. On the complaint of two respectalilo c!tizcn>. Nicholas, or as eonunonly called Nicic Woods, was arrested on the charge of liaving comniittcd this fatal act. He was taken before ilayor Levy, but Wood being rather uproarious with liquor, and the excitement considerable, the Mayor very properly committed tlie accused until this (Sat- iirday) morning. * * * The priiici|)al wounds received hy the negro were apparently those on his head. There was a severe one, •■THE BABY" OF -UXCLE TOMS CABIN.- (Louisa Magnifier.) perhaps the severest, over the right frontal region of the skull, probably made by a club; another on the back of the head ; a large gash on the top of the front head a little to the left; a hole on the right cheek below the right corner of the eye, and the jaw bone fractured ; a hole cut through the left ear and several smaller wounds. "It was a horrilile ■i)ie(tac-le; doubly horrilde that it should have occurred on the 4tli of July, a day which of all otliers should be con- secrated to purj)oses far different from a dis- play of angry and vitulictivc passion ami bru- tality. -VU good men will reflect upon it with deep regret. * * * A more careful exam- ination by physicians today proves that Tuck- er's skull was fractured the whole length. The blow which caused it would have felled an ox." Naturally the town was horror strii-ken, and action was prompt. On July 'i9 the grand jury returned indictments against Nicholas Wood, Wni. Ballinger and Edward Davis for murder, and also for aiding in the commission of mur- der. Ballinger, who was a saloon-keeper, es- caped before arrest and was never taken. Davis was jmt on trial first, but the prosecutor made the mistake of nollemg the indictment for ■"aiding"" and tried him on the charge of mur- der, though it seems clear from the preserved evidence that he did not strike the fatal blow. He was acquitted on August 13. Wood was at once tried, and on August 16, the jury found him guilty of manslaughter; and the judge — Stephen ^lajor — sentenced him to three \ears in the penitentiary. He afterwards served another term for larceny. On July "29, Wm. Watson; David Buckhart, and James M. Buck- hart were also indicted for aiding in the com- mission of the murder, but were never tried. They were local "toughs"", the Buckharts be- ing leaders of "the chain gang"', but they do not appear to have been guilty in this case. David Buckliart was indicted at this same term for gaming, and James M. for larceny. This atfair had a sobering effect on the whole com- munity, and, notwithstanding the general de- vclojiment of feeling on the negro question through political agitation, there is no record of any further serious mistreatment of negroes in Indianapolis liefore the Civil War. And now was coming a great event in tlie history of the nation — the writing of "I'ncle Tom's Cabin"- — and in it Indianapolis had an interesting part. Mrs. Stowe says that after the publication of the book numerous towns claimed "Uncle Toms"", but that the character was a composite one. and that the "experi- ences'" were largely drawn from the life of Jo- siah Henson. Her only acquaintance with Hen- son, however, was through the story of his life, which had been published years before, and the "experiences"" were only suggestive, for Henson was not beaten to death, but escaped into Canada, and was a preaclier there for nmny years. But there was an Uncle Tom in Indianaiiolis that she <lid know personally, IIIS'I'OKV OF r.KEATER TXT>TA\.\PO!JS. 24n and ><> flid nearly evervliinly in the place, lor he was noted as an exemplary and religious man. and was generally respected. Henry Ward Beeeher developed a great liking for him, and on at least one oceasion referred to him in a sermon. I'ncle Tom Mngnider had heen a .•jhive uf Dr. Xdhle. in \'irginia, j)rior to ITOI. hi tliiit year the doetor moved to Kentucky, tak- ing his slaves witii him. In 1S31, Governor Xohle — a son of l)r. Xoble — brought Tom and his wife Sarah to Indianapolis, and built a cabin for them at the northeast corner of Xohle and ^larket streets, where they resided till their death. At the same time their daughter Louisa, who had i)een living at Lawrenci'i)arg, was brought here to take care of the old cou])le. Uncle Tom was a ^lethodist, and after Rob- erts Chapel was built was a regular attendant there until the negroes had a chtirch of their own. He was an enthusiastic worshipper — his "aniens", "hallelujahs" and "glorys" being as frequent and fervent as those of any of the white brethren; and they had "shouting ^fethodists" in those days. His religion was not restricted to church, but was a characteristic of his daily life. It is the testimony of the Xoble family that "Mrs. Stowe was a frequent visitor at T'nde Tom's cabin, and wrote much of her book there"'. The latter part of this is prob- ably an exaggerated refereiu-e to her taking notes, which would naturally be reported by the (iniearned darkies as writing a book. In addition to this acquaintancesiii|i. and the identity of name and character portrayed, there is a notable coincidence as to the family. In the fourth chapter of her book, Tom's fam- ily is <lescribed as consisting of two boys, ?rTose and I'ete, and the girl baby. Tncle Tom had liiit two children. Mo.ses. and his vounger sister Louisa, and thev were middle-aged jK'ople when Mrs. Stowe know them. lUit there was another male member of tlie family at the time, of aiiout the same age as Moses, and his name was Peter. He had been a slave of Judge Isaac Dunn of Lawrenceburg until the decision of I'ollv's case, in lS-.>(), which ))Ut an end to slavery in Indiana." After that be continued to live vol- untarily witii liis for-nier master until all uf l)i> old nejiro fi'iends in LawreiU'i'luiri,' bail died or left the place, and he became very lonesome. Judge Dunn then made arrange- ments for him to come to Indianapolis and live with the Magruders, and he was living with them when ^Irs. Stowe knew them. This makes the family identical with the one in the book, and the boys with the same names, iionisa had been married and had a daughter Martha — commonly called "Topsy", but by no means so hopeless as ^Irs. Stowe's "Topsy" — who is still living. "Uncle Tom'' died on Feb- ruary 22, 1857, and Louisa on September 7, lltOO. Tom was buried in the Xoble faniilv • fiiiU'ina. 41(1. .•tc. in .\m. ( 'iinnnonwealtb Series, LAST HOME OF LOUISA AND HER DAUOHTER. (4.51 HiKlUr.nd Ave. I lot at tireeiilawn, and Lmiisa in the Davidson family lot at Crown Hill. Louisa was 92 years of age at the time of her death, and had long heen cared for liy white friends, especially Mrs. (ieorge Frank Miller, who fullilled her last request "to be buried with her folks" — i. e., the Xoble-Davidsou family. For a num- ber of years after Fnclc Tom's death. Moses and Louisa lived in a log cabin on Wabash street, opposite the present Kmpire 'I'heater — • just back of the iiresent Security Trust build- ing — but after the war Mrs. Miller furnished Louisa a home at \'<\ Highland avemie. where she remained till her death. \i the time of 'I'om's <lealb, the .lotiriKil said: "On Sunday morning, an old negro, Thomas Magruder, belter known in our boyish days as "Old Uncle Tnin'. lr|iuled to be aboul 244 HISTOKY OF GEEATEE INDIANAPOLIS. one hundivd and ten years old, died in his cabin at the eoruer of Marlvet and Noble streets. * * * He was buried ' yesterday morning. Thus has passed away one of the few for whom we jiave assurance, in a guileless life and an earnest faith, a rich reward is ready. If there was ever a Christian in the world, we believe 'Old Tom" was one. Indeed he had no dis- tinguishing mark but his Christian virtues. There was nothing to describe him by to a stranger but his piety. In other men we note talents, education, judgment, memory, wit or fancy, but in 'Tom" the first characteristic noted would be piety, and there would be no other. * * * ^ "To those unacquainted with "old Tom" the most interesting circumstance connected with him is ihc probability that he gave the name and the leading features of the character to Mrs. Stowe's celebrated hero. Of course no one knows that to be the ease, but there are some circumstances which give it an air of proba- bility. The coincidence of the character and the name are not much in themselves, but con- nected with the fact that. Henry Ward Beecher, during his residence here, was a constant vis- itor of Uncle Tom's, well acquainted with his history, and a sincere admirer of his virtues, the coincidence becomes more suggestive. We have been told that ^Irs. Stowe herself some- times called to see the old man. 'Uncle Tom's cabin', too, was the name of his hous&.amoug all his acquaintances, and was a familiar phrase here long before ilrs. Stowe immortalized it. At all events we know that it is the impression with all the friends of Mrs. Stowe and her brother, in this city, that 'Old Uncle Tom' was the original or at least the suggestion of the hero of the raliiii." * This was about the only feature of '"Uncle Tom's Cabin'' as to which the local papers did not differ, and they stood up for the claim when occasion demanded. A year later the Citizen, a new afternoon paper took up an item as to "the veritable Uncle Tom" appearing in a lecture at Boston, and said : "It is believed here that Thomas ^fagruder, an old negro who died in this city about a year ago was 'the veritable Uncle Tom'. The Beechers knew the old man, and it is 'altogether probal)le that Mrs. Stowe took from him and his rustic cabin — which was so well known among observing citi- zens, but which has been torn down to give place to a more modern structure — the per- snnitication of her world-renowned 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'.'"^ If this opinion, so publicly and repeatedly expressed here, had not been well-founded, it is passing strange that none of the numerous friends and admirers of the Beechers in this city received any denial of it, which would necessarily have broken the uni- form faith in the tradition. While the public and tlie press .were at the height of their discussion of the accuracy of "Uncle Tom's Cabin'' as a presentation of slavery, there came an occurrence that created a more profound impression at Indiana]iolis tlian the book did. On June 20, 18.53, John Fieeman, a negro who had been living in Indianapolis for years, had married here, niid had four children, was arrested on atfi- (lavit of Pleasant Ellington, formerly of Keu- tuckv but then of Missouri, charged with be- ing a fugitive slave. He averred that Free- man had run away seventeen years before. There was no question that Ellington had lost a slave, named Sam, at that time. Freeman was a man of good character, and had acquired some property. There was a great deal of ex- citement for several days, during which John L. Ketcham, Lucian Barbour and John Co- burn were employed to defend Freeman. After two or three brief adjournments to give coun- sel opportunitv for investigation. Commissioner Sullivan adjourned the case for GO days to |ierinit Freeman to procure evidence, and pub- lic feeling then quieted down, though there re- mained an intense interest in the case. Con- cerning the progress of the case the traditional stories are quite conflicting, but the most de- tailed and accurate statement is the following contemporary one : "At the request and by direction of John Freeman, 'Mr. Ketcham. one of his attorneys, went to Monroe. Walton County, Georgia, and a.'icertained that Freeman had truly stated that to be his former residence since 18.31, up to 184-1 — that he had been free there at all times. He brought to Indianapolis ^Ir. Patillo. the ])ostmaster in Monroe, wlio upon seeing Freeman in jail, recognized him in the most friendiv and affecting manner. While 'Mr. *Jouni(iI, February 24, 1857. => The Citizen, April 5, 18.58. ITTSTOEY OF GEEATER INDIAXAPOLIS. 245 J'atilli) was ill town. EUingtDii caiiu' with tlirue men from Geemii) County, Kentucky, wlio went into the jail against the remonstrance of Free- man's counsel, but under the direction of the United States ^larsliall, John L. Robinson, — strii)ped Freeman, looked at his scars and marks and swore to him as the slave of Ell- ington. The case seemed to be very dark. ■"In the meantime, however, Mr. Colnuii, an- other of Freeman's counsel, had been taking de- positions in Greenup Count}', Kentucky, at Amanda Furnace, and there heard that Elling- ton's slave some years before, had sent his respects to his master by Dr. Adams, of Ohio. He learned that the Doctor's daughter lived in the county, and from her he found out his residence to be in Jackson, Ohio, lie immedi- ately went to see the Doctor, who stated that he liad taken Sam's respects to his master — that he (Sam) then lived at Salem, Ohio, and passed by the name of William ^IcConnell. That lie had told his name in a puljlic speech — his master's name to be Ellington — his resi- dence Greenuj) County. Kentucky, opposite Hanging Rock — his history, his escape and capture at Jlillersport, Ohio, in the year IS;!."), in the canal. It was upon the occasion when Mr. Paul, of Wheeling, attempted to retake I his slaves and failed, having been resisted liy Sam (alias McConnell) and others. ''J[r. C. then Mcnt to SaltMu. wlicre lu' found the Doctor's statement confirmed; found men who knew Sam's marks — his history since 183G, at Salem, and his account of his slavery and adventures on Big Sandy, at the Iron Furnaces, and tlie Hanging Rock Ferry. He found that McConnell answered the descriptions given of Sam in the depositions in Kentucky, which did not correspond witli Freeman." "lie returned to Indianapolis and offered to bear Ellington's expense to Canada, to Sam's residence, where he had fled on the passage of the fugitive slave law. This Ellington refused to do. ilr. C. then went to Canada, found Sam, alias McConnell. He acknowledged his name — his master — told his history and Ell- ington's freely. Mr. C. then proceeded to Kenlucky. and prevailed ii])on Henry .\. Mead, '''This fact makes llie darkest feature of the case against his claimant and the witnesses who swore to his identity. See Smith's "Eurhj Tii- ilinini Trials", p. 278. E.<(1., a relative of Ellington, a slaveholder, and a man of wealth, who now resides on the farm from which Sam escaped, to go with him to Canada. He also prevailed upon Captain James Xichols, a near neighbor, and the largest slave- holder in Greenup Countj-, to accompany them. They are both gentlemen of the first character, and friends of Ellington. When they started they said it was impossible that Ellington could be mistaken in his man, but that they would go to Canada and see if the man pointed out was really Sam. They went together— when near Sam's house Mr. C. stayed behind in the woods, and let Messrs. Nichols and ilead go alone to the house. As they ap- proached, a mutual recognition took place — they met as old friends — shook hands — con- versed freely about Ellington and all their former acquaintances. ■'Sam seemed very glad to see them. He showed them the scars on his person, a very large burn on the outside of his left leg be- low the knee, going down over the ankle — bites in the back over the shoulders, a mark on his left wrist, and another on the left el- bow — his peculiarly small ears — his singular feet, the two longer toes being much longer than the others in proportion; and what were surer marks, their mutual recollections tallied. They went to Indianapolis, in their depositions stated the facts as above, and that they had not the shadow of a doubt as to the man in Canada (ilcConnell) being the genuine Sam. "Liston, one of Ellington's counsel, became convinced by the statement that Freeman was not the .slave, and upon Ellington's return on the following Saturday, advised him to aban- don his claim. He brought with him his son to swear to Freeman, but before seeing him he first read the depositions of ^lossrs. Nichols and Mead, which prepared his mind for a pro- per inspection of Freeman. He said he did not believe Freeman was his father's slave. The case was then dismissed. Upon that day, and the following Monday, si.x Georgians came to testify in behalf of Freeman. They have all known him since 1S31. Creed 'SI. .Teniiiiigs. his old guardian, came. — GoveriKU- Howell Colib would liave come if telegraphed. "All ])raise is due these gentlemen from Ken- titcky and Georgia for tiieir magnanimous and manly conduct, and most nobly does their dis- interested generosity contrast with the rapacity 246 HISTOUY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. of Ellington. Ellington, as a ruse, pretended to desire to compromise with Freeman on Sat- urday, but ran away without having offered one cent. He was sued for ten thousand dollars, and notice served upon him. No honest and htxmane jurv will deny Freeman a heavy ver- dict." '' This dismissal" of the case was on Au- gust 24, and on September 3 the Locomotive had stated that suit had been brought against Ellington for $10.0l»0. adding: "An unsuccess- ful attempt was made to compromise — the at- tornevs of Ellington offering either to pay $1,500 as a full satisfaction, or else the ex- penses incurred by him in the suit, includmg reasonable lawyers' fees, $2 a day for lost time, and a reasonable amount for damages. Freeman's counsel agreed to receive $3,000." The Seniinel had made a similar statement on September 1, and on September 3, Messrs. Ketcham and Barbour published a card in the Journal saying: "No proposition to settle the matter at anv sum, or on any terms was ever made bv Mr. Ellington or his attorneys, or either oi' them. The nearest approach that was ever made to an offer to settle was this, made by Mr. Liston, when he dismissed his client's claim: "If you will take $1,500 in full of all demands I will advise Mr. Ellington to give it, but I want you to understand that I am not authorized bv him to make any offer." To which he replied: "$1,500 will not more than cover the actual expenses Freeman has in- curred not including anything for attorney's fees or compensation to himself for the out- rage." Freeman certainly had cause for action. For over sixty days he had been confined in the upper room of the old jail — the second one — on the east side of the courthouse square, alone except for a casual comrade or two at odd times. It was while he was a solitary inmate that George Lingenfelter was brought in intoxicated, on August 3 and fell through the trao. pulling the door down and crushing his skull." It must have been an awful strain on the man, held there, with the uiu'crtainty as to whether he should be carried away into slavery. His brightest days were when some of his old Southern friends came to his relief. On Au- gust 26, the Journal said: "Mr. Jennings, a 'Locomotive, September 24, 1853. "Journal, August 5, ]853. Southern gentleman who was formerly Free- man's guardian, came all the way from Georgia when he heard of the latter's bad situation, and was accompanied to the jail, like Mr. Pa- tiUo before him, by counsel and several of our citizens. Freeman was not informed that ilr. Jennings was in the city, or anything else in relation to the intended visit. The prisoner was shaking hands with the others when he ob- served the stranger; he ruslied toward him, grasped his hand with emotion, fell on his knees, and exclaimed, 'God bless you .Massa Jennings I' He then turned around and ob- served to the spectators that Massa Jennings knew he didn't lie, and that he was not a slave, or something to that eft'ect. The spec- tators were strongly moved, and we are in- formed that Mr. Jennings could not reiircss the tears of feeling and sympathy." To this account the Journal added: "The case will be tried next Monday, when every- thing will undoubtedly be weighed in the scale of justice and Freeman liberated if he is not a slave. The day is looked for with great interest." This was the most vigorous comment the Journal made during the whole att'air; and this was the day before Ellington himself gave it up. It is amusing now to note how carefully the Journal avoided the subject, as did the Sentinel also; and in fact most of what is preserved about the case was by the Locomotive. But the editor of the Journal was doomed not to escape criticism. On Au- gust 29, a mass meeting was held at Masonic Hall to take action in regard to the Freeman case— though the nature of the action was not mentioned. The case was to have been heard tiiat day, and a number of persons from over the state, who had not heard of the dismissal, had come to attend the hearing. Rev. .">. T. Gillet presided, and five of the gentlemen who had come from the South to testify in Free- man's behalf, occupied seats on the stage, (ieo. \V. Julian, who had come over to hear the case, was called on for a speech, and made a hot attack of the fugitive slave law. He never minced matters, and was an outspoken aboli- tionist. This was getting away from the inir- pose of Freeman's counsel in calling the meet- ing, and John L. Ketcham replied, urging tiuit "the law as construed by the courts was not liable to the objections made by Mr. Jul- ian." Meanwliile John Coburn had come with HISTORY OF (;in:ATER 1XD1AXAP0]>1S!. tioiiie resolutions, and asked the editor of the Journal (.John D. Defrees) to introduee them, as he felt that he should not himself on ac- count of being of Freeman's counsel. He did so. The resolutions were not objectionable from any point of view. They simply de- clared that the meeting was "heartily rejoiced at the unconditional release of John Freeman from the claim of those who would have con- signed a free man to the degradation and sor- row of slavery" : and accorded ■"much credit to the liberality and humanity of those gentle- men who have come from the South for the noble and generous purpose of seeing and know- ing that justice should be awarded to one whom they believed to be entitled to the bless- ings of liberty." These were the only resolu- tions adopted, Init the meeting was promptly denounced by the Democratic press as a free- soil, abolition Whig meeting, and the accounts grew until it was alleged that the meeting was "got up by George W. Julian, John D. De- frees & Co. for the purpose of making political capital": and that it adopted "a resolution in favor of repealing the fugitive slave law"'; and those participating were labeled "albinos", "white niggers", and "woolly-headed Whigs". This did little damage, however, beyond giv- ing Mr. Defrees some trouble in explaining that he was neither a free-soiler nor an aboli- tionist." Rut there were others who sjioke out vigor- ou>ly. The Indiunn Amvr'unn wrote a scath- ing article on Ellington and United States Marshal Robinson, and, among much else, said: '"W'e.see in this case the most remarkable instance on record of mistake in personal iden- tity, or else .stupendous perjury. Here comes i'",llington and swears to his "chattel'; then come others to testify to his identity: and yet after all he is no slave, but a bona fide free man. -Vow were Fllington and his co-swearers all this time mistaken? If so, what a les.son to courts on the didiculty of 'personal identity". If not 'mistaken' then were they all the while practising deep perjury. .\nd now, who pays all these costs? Who pays the loss of Free- niairs time, the sacrifice of his business, and the destruction of its profits? * * * gy the 'mistake' or jierjury of the covetous wretch who sought to increase his ownership in groan- " foil null. Sc|it<-iiiliiT li. 1853. iug humanity, has this man been stripped of his property. Has he a remedy? Does this 'glorious compromi.se" furnish any offset against a grievance so oppressive? Must this man — innocent and free — bear all this outrage and have no legal redress? Must he? Is this justice? Shall no legal justice be visited on the would-be man-stealcr and the marshal who was his tool and co-oppressor?"^" Of course F^reeman "had his remedy"'. He had the right to bring a suit for damages. He not only sued Ellington for $10,000; but also sued United States Marshal John L. Rob- inson for $3,000. The case against Ellington was tried, and resulted in a verdict and judg- ment for the plaintiff' ou May 9, 1854, for $■^,000 and costs. The judgment still stands on the Circuit Court Judgment Docket wholly unpaid. The case against Robinson went to the Supreme Court on the pleadings. Freeman's complaint charged that Robinson, as marshal, did "assault the plaintiff, and strip him naked, and expose his naked limbs and body to divers persons who were witness against the plaintiff, and thereby exposed the ]jlaintirt' to be car- ried into slavery for life by fraud and per- jury"; also that from June 21 to September 1, Robinson, "by fraud, threats and duress illeg- ally extorted from plaintiff' the sum of three dollars a day during said time for the space of sixty days", i. e., charges for confinement in the jail for "'safety". To this Robinson an- swered that the acts complained of were in the course of his duty as an otlicer; and also pleaded no jurisdiction, on the ground that ins residence was in Rush County. The lower court sustained his contention, and the Su- preme Court, on Freeman's appeal, affirmed the decision of the lower court on the point of jurisdiction. It held, however, that the strip- ping and exposure to hostile witnesses, and the extortion of money, were no part of Robinson's oflicial duty, and were actionable." This de- cision was handed down on December 21, 1855, and of course ended the case in Marion County. For some reason no action was brought in Rush County, and so ended Freeman's legal remedies. His expenses had been heavy: and indeed, he was lucky in being able to meet the ex))eiise-( ^"Journal, September ■,"..', 1853. " Freeman vs. Robinson, 7 Ind., 3'21, 248 HISTORY OF GREATEK INDIAXAPOIJS. O _ X £ z £ O M 2 2 c = Ed S IIISTOEY OF niJEATER. IXDIAXAPOT.IS. 249 of the iuvei-tigatiun that saved him from slav- ery. As mentioned, he had some property, the most important piece being between three and four acres — the greater part of lot 4 of St. Clair's addition — lying between Meridian and Pennsylvania streets,- sotith of the present St. Peters and Paul's Cathedral. Here he lived, his cabin, part log and part frame, stand- ing on the southwest corner of the tract, on the site of the residence now known as 1153 North Jfcridian street. On this tract he "made gar- den"', but his chief business was keeping a res- taurant, which was in the basement of the old "Bee Hive"' building at the northwest corner of ileridian and Wasliington streets. On June 30, 1853, when it became necessary to supply ■'the sinews of war", he executed a deed of all his property to William S. Hubbard in trust, to secure the payment of "a note of $1,600, signed by Henry P. Coburn and others" and to pay the "costs and expenses for w^hich said Freeman may become liable in defending him- self against the claim of Pleasant Ellington to tlie services of said Freeman as a fugitive f r " ■ labour from the State of Kentucky."^= As a mere financial proposition it woukl have been miuh cheaper for his trustee to have bought Ellington's claim, and have gone through the form of nninumission. But the thing that affected public sentiment was not so much what Freeman suffered as what he escaped. The Fugitive Slave law was the absorbing jiolitical question of the day, and in answer to all the defenses of its fairness and justice here stood this ease of a man, unques- tionably free, narrowly escaping from T)oing carried into slavery under that law ; and l)y a most remarkable combination of circumstances. It was out of the ordinary that the negi'o eliiimed should have had the means to make his defense. It was phenomenal that the real escaped slave should have been located in Can- ada, and identified beyond question. It was almost incomprehensible to the Xorthern mind that eight prominent Southern citizens, most of them slaveliolders, ami all disinterested, should have made huig journeys here to testify in his behalf, and that two of them should have gone to Canada to satisfy themselves before testi- fving. This last of itself was a demonstration that the average Southeiuci- was much more reputable than he got credit for in the Xorth; though it was only natural, for no honest man who considered it iniquitious to steal his slaves could countenance the stealing of a free man. But all that was obscured by the evident fact that some were not so scrupulous ; for to the English and American mind it is not the prob- ability but the possibility of wrong that raises resentment. The suspension of habeas cor- pus, without ample cause, would create tre- mendous excitement, not because of what would ])robably happen, but of what might happen. Of this ease Ignatius Brown says : "This case had no small inliuence on political matters aft- erwards, and made many earnest opponents of slavery among those who had been formerly indifferent on the subject. "^^ There is little reason to doubt this, for there was plain speech in regard to it. The Fort Wayne Sentinel, one of the leading Democratic papers of the state, referring to Freeman's suit against Ell- ington for $10,000. said: "We hope he may re- cover the full amount. A more flagrant case of injustice we have never seen, and he is richly entitled to most exemplary damages. It appears to us that if in such ca.ses the persons swearing to the identity of the accused, and seeking to consign a free man to slavery, were tried and punished for perjury, a wholesale lesson would be given, which might prevent much injustice to free persons of color. "The fugitive slave law evidently needs some amendment, to give greater protection to free persons of color. As it now stands almost any of them might be dragged into slavery. If Freeman liad not had money and friends he must inevitably have been taken off into bond- age. Any poor man, witliout friends, would at once have been given up and taken away, and it was only by the most strenuous exertions that he was rescued. A law under which such injustice can be perpetrated, and which holds out such inducements to perjury, is imperfect, and must be either amended or repealed. The .\merican peo)ile have an innate sense of jus- tice which will not long allow such a law to disgrace our Statute books.'"" The case unquestionaldy added to the nuiss of facts that intensified the feeling against slaverv. and brought on tlie war bv which it '"Town Lot Beeord 1. p. 95. "Hist. Tndiaiinjwlis, p. Q7. '* Quoted in JouniaJ, September 8, 1853. 2.50 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. was ended. If Freeman ever got any satis- faction from the aHair at all, it was from the knowledge that he had been a martyr to the cause; but it was doubtful that he ever reached that viewpoint. Like most of the old Southern negroes, he had a deep-seated faith in the prow- ess of the South, and after the battle of Bull Riin expressed to neighbors his apprehen- sion the North might be conquered and the =C)Z A^ V Lansing' Port Huron [ South Bend IPIjmouth m-^. y^i rRensselafer i^° ,x>v«' J.ogansport 'Ft.iWayne li,Dejcatur fafajetteV X'''""''""' ""r I OHIO r j^ f '" / "' \Wi|Dche6ter ''J°?"'°s-\Ar\A\*''^*^y Richmond *t^Brailiy i Terrs \,^ fHautp,;-*? IColumbi Greej^bnrg Hamilton Bloomljfgtoi^.^^ , « V-J^ncinnali '►f BroAiistown J^Lawrrtywbuig) ^^«n»vllle(^ v./ Louisville "^ ** "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD" LINES IN INDIANA. (As mapped by Lewis Falley of Lafayette.) negroes all be put back in slavery. He sold what ])roperty he had, packed his effects in a wagon, and went to Canada to make sure of freetlom. Later his family returned to this country. One of his sous lives in Chicago; and his aged widow lives with a daughter nt Topeka, Kansas. It is not generally known that there was a station of the "rnderground Railroad" in this vicinilv, though there was an extensive belief tliat there was among the old citizens ou account of the disappearance of negro fugi- tives in this direction. Siebert mentions that "the Central Indiana Route" was by way of Indianapolis, but gives no details or names of those connected with it.'^ In reality two routes — from Columbus and Gr'feensburg — converged here; and they were converging points for lines from Lawrenceburg, New Albany, Madison and Leavenworth. The station here was not in the city, though it will be before many years, but at the farm of Hiram Bacon, half-a-raile west (if ^lalott Park station, ou the road north from Hammond's Park. He was one of the laidy settlers in this vicinity, and a member of the original Presbyterian church. Later he practically built the Presbyterian church in Washington Township, long known as the Washington Church, and practically maintained it. For years it had no pastor but was sup- plied chiefly by Indianapolis preachers, who were lodged and entertained at Bacon's home. Beechcr, Gurley, and other Indianapolis jircai-li- ers, often occupied the pulpit. Bacon's house stood — and still stands — on the east side of the road, about the center of his farm. The old barn stood on the west side, but it burned down about 1900. In the barn was an elevated wheat bin, the open- ing into which could be reached only by ladder, and which was usually covered on three sides liy hay. This w^as the ordinary hiding i)lace for the fugitives, but when it was filled with grain another large bin in the cider-house, or some other convenient place was used. Mr. Bacon's function was to convey the fugitives on to the (Quaker settlement of Westtield, in Hamilton County, which was the next station imrtli. His daughter, ilrs. George W. Sloan, informs me that these trips were always made in the night, and that the secret of his con- nection with the system was very carefully guarded. The Civil War lirought a rapid change in the colored population of Indianapolis. .\t the census of 1850, the total of negroes in the city was 405. In 18G0 it had increased only to 498. The law against the immigration of free negroes remained on the statute books but from the beginning of the war it was a dead Icttci-; and an escaped slave was a free negro in prac- ^''Thc rnilci-firouinl h'ailrdinl. p. 138. HISTOEY OF GREATEli INDIANAPOLIS. 2-)! tical coii.-tructioii. 'I'lie "refugees"" soon began i-oniing this far north, and increased in num- ber after tlie Enianei|iati<)n I'rochunation. hi ISTO tiie negro popuhition of Indianapolis had reached "^.ii;!!; and moi-e tlian that had come here, many having found employment in the adjacent country. They were not unwel- come. There was a shortage of labor, especi- ally of agricultural and unskilled labor. \Voik was plenty and wages good. Of course many came destitute, and the first organized meas- ures for their relief at this point was Ijy the Freedmen's Aid Society, of the Western Yearly fleeting of Friends. It had an otlice on I'eiin- sylvania street, north of Washington, in a one-story building, north of Odd Fellows" Hall, where Jacob Willetts, and his son Fenn, dis- pensed relief to the colored refugees. It was on petition of these Aid Societies, of which there were IS in the country, that Congress established tlie Freedmen's Bureau in 18G3. In reality the negro owes as great or greater debt than the Indian to the Quaker. The question of using the negro as a sol- dier did not arise practically in Indiana until 18C3. In his annual message of .lanuaiy of that year Governor ^lorton justified the eman- cipation proclamation of President Lincoln on the ground that the Confederates were making instrumentalities of war of their slaves by using them to build fortifications, transport baggage and supplies, and raise food for the subsistence of their armies. The anti-negro Sentiment was still strong in Indiana. A number of officers had resigned on the grouiul that the object of the war was to free the negro and raise him to an equality with tlie white man ; and the proposal to enlist him was op- posed on the ground that if you put a musket in his hands you could not refuse to jtut the ballot there. Governor Morton was first of all desirous to crush the rebellion, and made ap- plication to raise colored troops to be credited on Jiuliana's quota, authority . for whicli was granted by the War Department on Novendier ■ li'. l.s(i:i. Says Adjutant-General Terrell: "He had requested this authoritv not so much because our colored citizens were anxious to enter the service, as for the reason that the state had been and was overrun with recruit- ing agents representing other states, and he had found it necessary, to prevent the men from being enticed awav and credited else- where, to issue an order (November .5th, ISG;!) warning all persons so engaged to desist from procuring substitutes or further enlistments, under penalty of being arrested and summarily punished. Orders for recruiting the colori'd regiment or battalion were promulgated on the ;{d of December, and a camp of rendezvous established at Indianapolis, with William P. Fishback, Esq., as commandant. Si.\ compan- ies were raised, aggregating five hundred and eighteen enlisted men. The battalion was after- wards recruited np to a full regiment in Mary- land, and was known as the Twenty-eighth I'nited States Colored." '" .V number of col- ored men were enlisted from Indiana as sub- stitutes, and in other states; and the number reported by the Provost Marshal General as raised in the state was l,y^7, though only about 800 were credited on the Indiana quota. The Twenty-eighth I'nited States Colored made a very excellent record. Capt. Charles 1. Pussell, of the Eleventh United States In- fantry, was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the battalion and left Indianapolis with it on April 24, 1864. After a brief stay in a camp of instruction at Alexandria, Vii-ginia, it went to the front, and got into battle at White House, Virginia, on June 21. It went uilli Sheridan on his march through the Chickahominy Swamps; and in the summer and fall took part in the campaign against Peter.<- burg. At the bloody battle of "the Crater" it lost nearly half its number in killed and wounded. New recruits were added, and four more conii)aiiies were raised in Indiana, making it a full regiment. It lost heavily again at Hatcher's Run; and served later at City Point: in the operations against Richmond; and in Texas. It reached Indianapolis on its return on January (5, 1866, and was given a public reception at the Tabernacle on January S. when (Jovernor Baker and others spoke. After the Civil War there was a good deal of bitterness in politics, and especially in connec- tion with "reconstruct ion" ami negro sulVragc. Indiana did not take kindly to the latter. The state was counted as ratifying the fifteenth amendment, but the ratification was by Lieu- tenant-Governor Isaac P. Gray. The Dem- ocratic senators, at the special .session of 1S()9, had resigned in a body, breaking a c|norum. but '"Report, Vol. 1. p. 81. HISTOEY OF GEEATER INDIANAPOLIS. wlien they returned tu the senate chamber for their effects, the doors were locked, and Gray counted them "present but not voting". The next legislature was Democratic; and in 18T3 Thos. A. Hendricks was elected Governor — the first Democratic governor in Indiana, or in the North, after the war. The race ques- tion became a leading one; and in the city campaign of 187.3 the Journal undertook to offset the negro question by a savage onslauglit on the Irish, who, it alleged, were being im- ported in quantities to vote the Democratic ticket. Especially for the week before the election on !May 4, it was virulent in the ex- treme in its denunciation of "Irish tramps"", '"villainous-looking cattle"', "Hibernian heifers", ■'.Milesian bullocks". "Eomish herds"", and more for quantity. On May 2, 1876, there was a special election for councilmen owing to a change in the law. The Democrats gerrymandered the city on the eve of the election, and the Eepublicans or- ganized a "committee of safety" to prevent the awful frauds which they alleged the Democrats were about to perpetrate. Tlie negroes antic- ipated trouble, and not averse to it, at least in their stronghold, the Fourth Ward. The yews, which was independently supporting the Eepublican ticket with vigor, said "there was more or less disposition among them to as- sume the aggressive upon a mild provocation". Late in the afternoon about 100 of them start- ed for the Sixth Ward — the Irish stronghold. The Democratic witnesses said they started to "clean out the Iri.sh", and the Eepublicans claimed that some evil-minded Democrat start- ed them by reporting in the Fourth that the Democrats were intimidating negro and other Republican voters. At any rate they went, and got as far south on Illinois streets as Pogue's Eun. In front of the Woodburn-Sar- ven Wheel Works was a pile of square hickory sticks for making wagon spokes, to which they helped themselves. The alarm was soon out in the Sixth and the sons of Erin began to gather. The trouble is said to have begun by the effort of an officer to disarm a negro, and in a few minutes everybody was in. The negroes be- gan to retreat up Illinois street, the Irish fol- lowing, and incidentally appropriating the rest of the Wheel Company's spoke timber, which was very freelv used in addition to bricks and l)owlders. At South street revolvers began to lie used. The negroes were at the same disadvantage that Napoleon was in his retreat from ilos- coAv. They were in the enemy's country, and the enemy increased in numbers constantly. It was simply a rout till the corner of Kentucky avenue was reached, where the negroes received reinforcements and made a stand. There was a pitched battle in which not less than a hun- dred shots were fired, and then the retreat was restimed, the pursuers following as far as Tennessee street, on Washington, where the chase was abandoned. But the crowd continued to gather at Illinois and Washington street as reports spread, and there was danger of still more serious trouble, especially as someone had started a report that the negroes were massing in Bucktown, preparatory to seeking revenge. But cooler heads were working for peace. Mayor Caven and Major Gordon spoke from the Bates House balcony urging quiet and order, and then repaired to the Yellow Bridge to give the same good advice to the negroes. They were followed at Illinois and Washington streets by Judge Buskirk and Pros- ecutor James Cropsey, who strongly urged quiet, and finally the crowds dispersed without further trouble. Nothing but bad marksman- ship explains the small list of casualties. Xo one was killed outright, and the only man fatally wounded was Anthony Carter, a negro who was stabbed, and died early the next morn- ing. Half-a-dozen negroes were wounded by bullets, and many more were badly beaten. No material casualties were reported from the other side. This was the worst riot that ever occurred in Indianapolis. There seemed a prob- ability that it might lie surpassed in the great railroad strike of the next year, but fortunately the strikers were persuaded to disperse, and no blood was shed. On August .30, 187T, an interesting civil rights case occurred in Indianapolis. The H3"ers Sisters Combination, a colored opera troupe, was here with an entertainment called "Out of Bondage". Their advance agent se^ cured accommodations at the Grand Hotel. which was then in the liands of a receiver, ^Ir. Charles F. Hunt, appointed by Judge Hohnan of the Superior Court. The receiver insisted that the troupe should eat in the ordinary, and the troupe refused, .\fter eating one or two HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 253 meals in the dining room; and iiricr eating one or two picnic dinners wliicli were brought in from a restaurant wiien tlie waiters refused to serve them, the doors were shut in their faces. Then Manager Ilyers had the receiver, and Captain \\'ightnian, the owner, arrested under the civil rights law. They were taken Ijctore Commissioner John J. ilawes, wlio bound the defendants over to the Federal Court. The newspajiers tried the case quite fully. ^Mr. Hunt was rather prominent in Reiuibliean |)olitics, and Judge llolman was a Democrat, and there was a great effort l)y the papers to shift the re- sponsibility, though most of the community were quietly laughing over the whole jierfoiin- anee. Hunt said that "the advance asent of the company contracted for their entertain- men here, and when making the contract vol- unteered to Ca])tain Wightnum and myself the statement that the party was composed of educated ladies and gentlemen, who would not give us any trouble, and who would take their meals in the ordinary'". The ti'ou])e got a large amount of advertising, and the case was settled in some way out of coui-t. ami never came to trial. After the war the immigration of ncirroes to Indianapolis was as marked as during it. From 3,938 in 1870, the negro population of ifarion Countv grew to 8,038 in 1880; 11,118 in 1890: and 17,536 in 1900. In 1900 there were 15,931 inside the city limits, and most of the remainder were in territory since annexe(l. It has repeatedly been charged that many lU'groes were imported here to vote, and there is lit- tle reason to doubt it. One significant fact in that connection is the large proportion of adult males, there being 5.200 in the citv by the census of 1900. The poll books of both political parties for several years past have shown over 7.000 negro voters. For years the charges of importation fell lightly on Hepub- liean ears, and the average member of that party usually re])lied to this effect: "They are en- titled to vote ; and as they are not allowed to vote in the South it is all right to bring them here to vote."' In the later years there has been some cliange of sentiment in tliis respect, partly for social, and partly for jjolitieal reasons. JIany objectionable negroes have come here, especially since the southern states began driv- ing out their undesirable classes. It is gen- erally understood that the disreputable class, from the Jesse Coe class down to purse-snatch- ers, are mostly recent importations, and not of the older negro families of tiie city. Politi- cally it has been found that the negro vote is almost as solid in primaries as in elections. Hence they have virtually held control for the last decade. The Republican candidates who secured the negro vote were generally nomi- nated, and when elected were elected by the negro vote. Very few Republican candidates have received a majority of tiie white votes of the city since 1880. In the line of thrift the negro has been liard to class locally. Many of them have shown a reasonable amount of industry, and a smaller number have shown a dis|:)0sition to save their money and invest it in some ]K'rnianent form. Some have been fairly prosperous.'^ On the other hand there is a surprisingly large num- ber who seem to live on tlie basis of "the lilies of the field". The most hopeful movement of tiie race locally has been their effort at eon- cert in business development. There were formerly two business leagues of colored men here, but on January 21, ]90(), under the lead of Dr. S. A. Furniss they e()nsoiidate<l and formed a branch of the National \egro Busi- ness League, of which Booker Washington is president.'* George P. Stewart was elected '■ The Press, February 20, 1 HOC. ^^News, January 25, ]90(i. jiresident of the local organization, and still holds the office ; and under his administration it is believed by its members to he doing a val- uable work in stimulating a sound business sentiment anuuig the coloi-ed people of the city. CHAPTER XXIII. EAILROAD DEVELOPMENT The liard times of the later fifties put an end to railroad building in Indiana for a dozen years. The financial depression was national in character, aft'ceting Indiana locally as lit- tle as any state in the Union, but it stopped the large loans necessary for railroad construc- tion. Some of the projected lines were dropped altogether. The Toledo & Indianapolis Com- panv was organized in February, 1854, its pur- pose being to construct T.5 miles of road in a nearly direct line to Toledo, connecting with existing lines at that point. Surveys were made, but subscriptions were not, and in 185.3 it was abandoned. A direct line to Evansville, the natural complement of the Toledo line, had been projected in 1849. It was not or- ganized until 1853. and then considerable w^ork was done on it till 1856, when the enterprise succumbed with a loss of nearly everything invested in it. If the projects for "Lakes to Gulf' navigation are realized, as now seems probable, it would not be surprising to see both of these lines constructed. The Cincin- nati & Indianapolis Short Line Company was organized in 1853 to build a road between these terminals by way of Rushville, Laurel and lirookville. Xo very material results had been accomplished when it was given up in 1855. The C. H. & D. now covers part of its pro- posed line. The Indianapolis & Yincennes road was ])i-o]iosed as early as 1830, talked of in 1850 and 1851, and finally organized in 1853, but tliat was as far as it then progressed. In 1805 an eastern contpany was organized by that dis- tinguished Indianian, Gen. Ambrose E. Burn- side, and work was actively i)ushed. It was completed to Indianapolis, 68 miles, in the spring of 1868, and leased for a time to the Cincinnati road, but soon went tn independent operation, and later 2:)assed into the control of the Pennsylvania. Indianaj)olis voted it a subscription of $60,U00. The Indiana & Illi- nois Central was organized February 15, 1853, to build a line to Decatur, Illinois, 160 miles. Contracts were let in July, 1853, for the whole line, at $"2"-i,000 per mile, and work to the amount of $500,000 was done, chiefly on the west end of the line, which was opened as far as Montezuma, Indiana, before hard times stopped the work and the lands of the company were sold to pay the contractors. It was re- organized in 186(;. sold again under foreclos- ure in 1875, again reorganized, and finally completed to Indianapolis February 9, 1880. It is now organically part of the Cincinnati. Indianapolis & Western, which is a part of the C. H. & D. system, in the jiands of a re- ceiver, until the summer of 1908, when it was bought liy the B. & 0. In 1866, Henry C. Lord, president of the Cincinnati road, unable to purchase the La- fayette road, started the construction of a rival line by way of Crawfordsville. The work was being pushed with some vigor when the La- fayette people concluded to sell, and the new project was abandoned by its originators. But the people along the line wanted the road, and the Indianapolis. Crawfordsville and Danville was reorganized and went on with the work. It was completed to Crawfordsville in the win- ter of 1868-9, and to Danville in 1870. By union of several small Illinois lines it con- nected to Peoria, making a continuous line of 212 miles. In 1879 this was consolidated un- der foreclosure as the Indianapolis. Blooming- ton & Western. In 1881 it consolidated with the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railway Co., and extended its line to Springfield, Ohio, this ex- tension being completed in 1882. The whole 54 IIISTOIJY OF rxREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 255 fvstriii was soil! liy a receiver in 188T, reorgan- ized as llie Oliii). Iniliana & Western, sold again in lySlU. and became i)art of the Big Four system. l'"or a luiinber of years tiie part east of Indianapolis was known as the I'eoria and Easti'rn, ami the |iart west as the I'eoria and Western. The "Junction road" — Indianapolis & Cin- cinnati Junction — from Indianapolis to Ham- ilton, Ohio, was ijegun in ISoO, the work be- ing done in sections !iy the Ohio \- Indian- apoli.s and Junction companies. In .\pril. 1853. the two were consolidated, antl the road was about half-way completed when tiie hard times of lS55-(i sto|jped it. The coni|)any was reorganized in IStiti. and completed the road to Indianapolis in 1S(;S: after which it uas operated as the Cinciiiiiati, Hamilton tS: In- dianapolis. In 1902 this was con.solidated with the Indianapolis. Decatur it Western as the Cincinnati. Indianapolis & Western, and is a part of the system of the Cincinnati. Hamilton & Dayton Company's system. The Indian- apolis iV St. Louis line! was built in IStiit. as a competing line to the A'andalia, from In- dianapolis to Terre Haute, 72 miles, where it connected with the old Terre Haute & Alton line to St. l^ouis. It was built very rapidly and very well, as the coin|ianies hack of it had everything that could be asked in the way of c.\|ierience, means and talent at their com- mand. On June 27, 1SS9, it was consolidated in the Rig Four system, and the Terre Kaute & .\lton was absorbed a year later. It is now controlled by the New York Central. It has been important from th<' start as a new line to the coal fields. Though it did not get into lndiana|)C)lis un- til 18S2, the Motion is one of the old roads of the state. It began its the New Albany & Salini road, which was chartered July 8, 1847, to build a line 35 miles in length between these two terminals. It was completed and opened January 1.3, 1850. IJy this time amendments had ocen secured to the charter authorizing the extcn-iiin of the line to any point in the state. ^^o^k was begitn on an extension to Alichigan City in 1850, and the litie was completed atid opened July 4, 1854. The first 45 miles i.f the road were laid with strap rail, whi(4i was replaced with T rail in 1855-(;. The- name was ehmiged to the Louisville. New .Mbany & Chi- eatro Hailroad Octubcr ■.'!. IS5!I. The company was reorganized under foreclosure in 1869, 1873, and 1881, and in the latter year consoli- dated with the Chicago and Indianapolis Air Line. The Air Lino was the successor, through foreclosure reorganization, of the Indianai)olis, Delphi & Chicago, which was organized in 18; 2 to build a narrow-gauge road from In- dianapolis to Chicago. It had constructed 43 miles of road, from Uensselaer to Dyer, prior to the consolidation of 1881. After the con- solidation the work was pushed rapidly. The track was broadened to standard gauge, and coinpleted to Hammond in January. 1882. l'"foin this point it entered Chicago over the Chicago & Atlantic tracks till 1884, when it was extended to connect with the Chicago & Western Indiana, in which, and the Chicago licit, it now owns a oue-tifth interest. It was constructed to Ilowland's Station, just nnrth of Indianapolis, in October, 1882, but had some dilliculty about arrangements for entry to the city from that point. It finally made satisfactory terms with the Lake Erie A West- ern, and its first train, a local, came in over its tracks March 24, 1883, — the first through train in May. On account of getting involved in the guaranty of some Kentucky railroad bonds, the company was reorganized under foreclosure, in 1897, as the Chicago. Itidian- ajiolis & Louisville. The last railroad built into Indianapolis was the indiatiapolis Southern. It was incorpor- ated September 15, 1899, to construct a road from Indianapolis to Sullivan, Indiana, about 100 mile.s, chiefly as a coal road, with a branch aliout 20 miles long from Stanford to Bloom- tield. The road was origiiuiUy a local etiter- prise, but was taken up by the Illinois Central, and a consolidation was made with the line from EtTlngham. Illinois, to Switz City, In- diana, formerly known as the St. I>ouis, In- dianapolis & Eastern, or Effingham District of the Illinois Central. This consolidation was effective as of June 30, 190G, and the entire outstatiding funded debt of the two lines ($7,- 0(!5.550) is held by the Illinois Central com- pany. By its orditiance contract of .\])ril 11, 1902, this road is obligated to carry to Indiati- apolis ''Indiana mined coal, wherever received by it; or coal delivered by other railway com- panies more than fifty 7niles from said city", at not over one-half cent per ton per mile. In aiblitioii til luit.-iilr cninmunication, there are 256 HISTDKY OF CiitKATER INDIANAPOLIS. two strictly local railroads. The \Yhite Eiver Railway Co., an organization of Kingan t!c Oo., was authorized August 2.5. 1ST3, to lay tracks from Mississippi street (Senate avenue) to the river. Its half mile of track is little more than a switch, but stands as the property of an inde- ])endent company. The other local company is The Belt Railroad and Stock Yards Company, the first one of the kind ever constructed. Although ^layor Caven was the effective originator of the Belt Railroad, the idea was not a new one in his day. Indeed it had been figured on from the start. In the spring of 1849 the town was stirred up by a proposal of the Bcllefontaine and Peru roads to lay a track through the central part of the town, along tlie streets. At the meeting on the 3rd, Ovid But- ler offered a resolution that the city allow the railroad companies to have a common track around the city on North, South. East and West streets, and that no tracks should be permitted within these limits. He argued for this at length, urging, among other things, that "the Depots would be located on or near these streets, and the cars from any road could traverse them at pleasure, thereby virtually making the depot for each road a common de- pot, as the business man would deliver and receive his goods at the depot nearest his house".' But fortunately the railroads did not desire this convenience, and so the matter was put off to a later and a better day. UNION DEPOT AND AMERICAN HOTEL, 1854. streets. This raised objection, and on ilarch 3, IS-iO, a citizens' meeting was held at the court house "to discuss the propriety of admit- ting a track to be laid within the city proper"'. There was some clash of opinion, lietween property owners who wanted depots near their laiul and people who did not want railroads on streets near them ; and the meeting finally agreed that the question should be left to the people along the streets proposed to be used, reserving to the council the right to remove the tracks at any time, and the railroads to keep the streets used in good repair. This position, which was adopted by the council, headed off the railroad companies, and on April 1-t, the Locomuih-c announced that the Peru and Bcllefontaine roads had decided to run their line "through Noble's pasture", and con- nect with the Madison without disturbiu'i anv With the increased business activities follow- ing the civil war, and the railroads then con- structed, the desirability of a belt road in- creased. The Union tracks were congested by the interchange of through freight cars, and the passage of streets was badly blocked for pedestrians and vehicles. In ISTO, Joel F. Richardson, a practical railroad man, proposed a belt line around the city, connecting the sev- eral lines, and the proposal was very generally favored, but the railroads preferred the exist- ing inconvenience to the expense. Considerable interest was taken in the project, however, by property owners, and notably by Nicholas Mc- Carty, as the representative of the McCarty heirs'. Nicholas [McCarty, Sr.. had the good business judgment to secure a large tract of ^Locomotive, March 10, 1849. IIISTCJKY OV GliKATER IXDIAX Ai'OJ-lS. bottoiii-lanil west of the river, wliich, like all of the White Kiver bottoms, was the liiiest of corn land; but the younger Nicholas saw that in his day, its location gave it a possible value for manufacturing or stock-yards purposes far in excess of its agricultural value. In 1869 ITcCarty visited Chicago and St. Louis, and investigated the stock-yards there. On his re- turn he pointed out to Gen. Thos. Morris, then president of the I. & St. L., a tract of land on the west side, adjoining the Vandalia road, which wouhl lie desirable for stock yards, and Morris proposed to have a pl^at niaile showing how accessible it would be, but shortly after- wards 'he resigned his position to become re- ceiver of the I. ('. iS: L., and no further action was taken. In 187(1, Kingan >S; Co. established a small Stock-yards on a tract of land near their pork- house, and public sales were held there for several years. Up to this time there had been no stock-vards where sales were made except those of the several railroads, aiid at them the -ales were only occasional. The new yards "idy em])hasizcd the desirability of something better, and in the business activity of the early eeventies it was not a matter to escape action. On June 28, 1873, the Indianapolis Belt l!ail- way Company was incorporated, with Tliomas D. Kingan, A. L. Roaehe, John H. Fan[uhai-. Elijah B. Martindale, Joel F. Richardson, JlJl- ton JI. Landis, John Thomas, William ('ough- Jen. and Henry C. Lord as directors; and on July 31. revised articles were tiled l)y Thomas D. Kingan, H. C. Lord, John II. Fan|uhar, James C. Ferguson, and Franklin Landers. The stated ])urpose was tn build a road from Xorth Indianapolis to Brightwood, about twelve miles, connecting the several lines enter- ing the city. Henry C. Ijord was president of the comi)any, and began work actively, with ex- cellent prospects for success. At the same time the stock-yards project took on new life. The P>oard of Traile report for that year said: "For many years the establishing of stock yards, conveniently located adjacent to this city, for the accommodation of shippers of live stock, has been agitated among members of the Board of Trade. Committees have been ajipointod, able reports have been made, and much elo- quence has been brouglit into use in settiTig forth (he advantages accruing to the whole city by the convenient location of union stock-yards. Vol. 1—17 We are permitted to announce that an organi- zation has been effected by the wealthiest and most enterprising of our citizens, with whom to undertake a project is to successfully com- plete it, and that soon we may invite dealers in live stock to proper yard accommodations hei-e. This enterprise is necessarily more or less contingent upon the building of the Belt Railway, but as the circle road is certain to be built, we have no hesitancy in saying the establishing of Union Stock Yards is now a fixed fact." The same report says that the belt road "has progressed far enough to show a solid purpose and insure its early completion". The company had in fact made material ])rogress with its grade. Fresident Lord had |)ropo.sed to Nicholas ilcCarty that if the ^Mc- Carty heirs would give the right of way from Oliver avenue to the river, free of charge, but subject to reversion, he miglit select the route to be taken from three routes submitted by Lord. The proposition was accepted and the line was located as now existing. The land was to revert if the road were not completed within a specified time; and McCarty inserted a \n-o- vision that the work on the right of way. which was about 8,800 feet in length, covering some 20 acres, should begin at the west end, and be completed between Oliver avenue and the Vin- cennes road before beginning on the jiart be- tween the road and the river. The object of this was to sccur« the grading for switch pur- poses in case the road should not be comi)leted, and it proved prudent, for the panic sto|)ped the work hmg before the grading was finished. It became imjiossible to raise money for con- struction ; the men were |)aid ofl: and all W(u-k was discontinued. Some months later Thomas D. Kingan undertook to push the road through, but after expending considerable money on the embankment grade west of the river, he gave it up. Nothing further was done by this com- j)any, and the right of way reverted to the donors. An effort at a stock yards without a belt road was then made. In 187.3 the Ex- change Stockyards and ilanufacturing Com- pany was organized, and liought of the Mc- Carty heirs some three acres of land on the west side of the river at the old Vincennes ci-ossing. Among the incorporators and direc- tors were Thomas Patterson and Ezra Olleman — the latter widelv known as "Weary Olle- man", on acciiiuit of a letter he wrote to Gov- 258 HISTORY OF GIJEATER INDIAJS^'^.POLIS. ernor ^Idi-tiui stating that he was weary of waiting I'or an appointment that had been promised liim, which letter, by some strauge chance, got into print. This yard was oper- ated for some time and was finally bought by the Union Railroad Transfer and Stock Yards Company. ileanwhile the original union stock yards and belt railroad project was only slumbering. ^Ir. Lord tried to revive it by infusing new blood, and on February 2-1, 1876, articles of association were filed by the Transfer and Belt Railway Company. It proposed the same line as the original Belt, and the directors were Charles W. West. I. L. Keck, B. L. Cunning- ham, John ^[orrison, H. C. Lord, Thos. D. Kingan. R. J. Bright, Stanley ilatthews and J. M. Sinclair. This company, however, never got past the paper stage. That it would not was so soon apparent that in the spring of 1876, McCarty. Canada Holmes and others took the matter up with several railroad men, chiefly of the Pennsylvania, and particularly with Col. Horace Scott and M. A. Downing, who were connected with the Louisville stock yards. While these negotiations were in prog- ress, with some prospect of success, it was learned that ilayor Caven was contemplating a message to the council advocating that the city undertake the work. He was induced to delay his message for a week, to see if it would not be undertaken independent of the city ; but it was not, and on July 17, Mayor Caven delivered his message, and the matter became a public one. Opposition to city aid was mani- fest from the first, and Ijy many of the best people of Lidianapolis, who had been discour- aged by the past exjjerience of the city in rail- road donations, and could see nothing in this i)ut a public donation to a private enterprise. The contest that developed was as earnest as any that ever occurred here, and was based wholly on divergent views as to the city's in- terest ; but notwithstanding the warnitli it at- tained, and some insinuations made at the time, it seems to have been singularly free from cor- ruption an.d improper methods of any kind, on lioth sides. Nearly every day a meeting was held at an office on the southeast quarter of the circle by Mayor Caven, Canada Holmes, '^^cCa^ty, and occasionally others, to consult and to push on tlic wurk. Solicitors were sent (uit to canvass tlie citv and secure signatures to a petition to the council, asking that the city loan its credit to the proposed belt companv, to the extent of $500,000. On August :id. 1876, the articles of incorporation of the Union Rail- road Transfer and Stock Yards Company were filed, with J. 0. Ferguson, John Thomas, W. C. Holmes, W. N. Jackson, E. F. Claypool, John F. Miller, M. A. Downing, Horace Scott, and W. R. ilcKecn as directors. On August .'Sd. the company submitted to the council its proposal, that the city put $500,000 of its bonds in the hands of trustees ; that $-150,000 of these be delivered to the company when it completed its stock yards and the belt track from Brightwood, on the Northeast, to the Terre Haute tracks on the West ; that the re- maining $50,000 be delivered when the tracks were completed to North Indianapolis and con- nected with the Big Four there ; that at each of these deliveries of bonds the company de- ])osit with the trustees an equal amount of its lionds, to be held as security for the city, bear- ing the same rate of interest as the citv bonds, but with interest payable thirty days earlier; and that the companj' obligate itself to begin work within thirtv da\s, and complete it, if possible, in 1877." On September 4, 1876, a supplemental pro- posal was made to give the city a first mort- gage on the property as security, if it ])re- ferred. On September 18, a petition to the council was filed, signed by a majority of the resident freeholders of the city, asking that the city loan its credit to the company to the ex- tent of $500,000. But the opposition was active also, and had weight with the council. The question was to come to a vote on October 16, and the sentiment was so closely divided that when the friends of the measure "counted noses'' in the afternoon, most of them thought they were defeated. There was one council- man, Albert Izor, as to whose position they w'ere uncertain, and a representative was sent to sound him. He reported that Tzor woidd support the measure, and be did. 'i'hat night the original proposal was accepted i)y one ma- joritv, and an ordinance was passed ratifying the contract. But the end was not \et. On submission of the matter to competent attorneys, an opinion was giveii that the bonds would not be valid without a confirming act of the legislature, and the contest was transfci red to that field. The illSToltV ()|-- (IIJKA'l'Ki; INDIANAPOLIS. 259 IcffislativL' coiiiinitti'c held its iiiuetiug.s at the Grand Hotel, and there were some warm ilis- cussions at some of the hearings on the bill. However, practically all of the jneat packers, and most of the ijusiness men of the city fa- vored the action, and McKeen and Scott had a good deal of influence with the legislature, so the bill was finally passed, notwithstanding the opposition of some of the Marion County members. In view of the opposition at the time, and of the direful predictions then made, it lias Ix'cn a matter of no little satisfaction to those who sup])orted the measure tliat not only have the Belt Koad and the Stock Yards proven great successes, and great benefits to the city, but also tiiat the bonds were taken up at ma- turity by the company, and the city was never at a dollar of exjiense on account of them. It is almost certain, however, that the city".^ action would not have been taken but for the depressing conditions that existed at the time. The panic of 187;5 had struck Indianapolis with peculiar force because there had been a "boom" in real estate after the war which reached its climax at that time. It was not at all a senseless boom, as things were then go- ing, for prop(>rty that was then considered '■far out" by the conservative is now well "in- side"; but it was a boom into whose seductive grasp nearly everybody had fallen. A man without a few lots on a speculative basis was an exception. Debt had been incurred freely, and when the demand for pay came on all sides the rigors of the panic were doubled. The natural shrinkage of values from the resum|)- tion of specie payments and the demonetiza- tion of silver was increased enormously by the large amount of real estate thrown cm the market at forced sale. .Men who had been land rich became land poor, and more of the old families that had grown up with the city were wrecked in that depression tlian at any other time in the city's history. .Moreover hundreds of men were thrown out of employment, and as labor conditions were no better elsewhere, there was no rclii^f in leaving liulianapolis. The very conditions that made it impossible for a private corporation to raise funds for this enterprise made it inijwi-tant that the city should lend its aiil to give work In llir imcni- plnycil. ^lorcovcr business was at low clili. and the prospect of having several hundred thou- sand dollars spent here among ])eoplc who would necessarily spend it again at once, was something that appealed to every business man of the slightest intelligence. The industrial situation also largely explains the active inter- est of Mayor Caven. Mayor Caven was deeply impressed with the importance of a coal road for Indianapolis, and also with the desirability of a belt road. His own story of the inception of the work, given in ISMl, deserves preser\4ition by the people of Indianapolis. He says: "One day in September, 18T.">, I walked around the old abandoned embankmenl west of \Miite River, and from the Vandalia Road to the river 1 walked all the way through weeds higher than my head, pushing them aside with my hands. 1 took off my boots and waded White River not far from the present Jielt Road bridge, and, as the water was deep, I got my clothes wet. Climbing over to the partially built abutnu-nt on the east bank to dry, I sat there for two hours considering the question of whether the great work of a road around this city could be put in motion.. It would combine all the bene- fits sought, not only furnish work for our la- boring population during the savage year of ]8T(J, or at furthest 1877, but also relieve our streets. It would also bring here an immense cattle business and lay down a great taxable property. As I looked over that almost desert- looking river bottom, the outlook for moving in the matter to furnish bread to hungry peo- ])le a year or two anyway was gloomy, but 1 then and there determined that this w-as the only project that could accomplish the result, and resolved to make the effort, and see what will and a good purpose could do. Having got .somewhat dried out I put on my boots and started home, and commenced an investigation of the subject of bread riots, and what had made great cities. I examined a great deal of history on the subject of what had made other cities — locati(ui, natural advantages, accidents, minerals, manufactures, and what enter])rise and capital had done, and then trieil to apply tlu^se principles to the city of Indianapolis. What were our natural advantages, and how might capital and entery)rise develop them : ami what could be done to make Indianapolis a great citv, and during the winter of 187.") T composed the Belt Hoad Message, and read it in cnumil .lulv 17. ISTii."- -Sniliiicl. Mav IS, ISSl .'(iO HISTORY OF GREATEE TNDIAXAPOLIS. This mest;age was a notable docunieiit. The demand for employment was already Ijecoming urgent, and on June 1, 1876, Mayor Caven had called attention to the want and suffering in the city, and the fact that "a few bad men are advising violence and robbery".'' In his July message he pointed out the near location of the coal mines, and the importance of con- nection flith them. He then took up the Belt Road proposition and urged its great value, and the propriety of the city's promoting the work. He said: ''Supposing Indianapolis were surrounded by a navigable water, into which poured eleven navigable rivers, navigable to every county in the state, and to every state in the Union, to every fertile valley, to every hillside with its exhaustless mines, to every quarry of stone and forest of timber, and, in addition, this water was especially adapted for the location of innumerable manufactories, would it be deemed an improper expense for the city to improve such harbor? What that harbor would be to the city in the water, that road might be to us. The stock yards would come before the road was finished, and grain elevators would be built. Its peculiar advan- tages would invite the location of manufac- tories and these would furnish a demand and a market for fuel and farm products, thus build- ing up state industries to aid us further in fur- nishing a market in turn for the manufac- tured wares. The Sullivan coal road would soon be built, perhaps finished first."'' flavor Caven suggested the reference of the nuitter to a special committee, his own somewhat in- definite proposal being for a loan to build the road; but the Council at the time simply ordered the message printed for circulation. Mayor Caven's story of its effect continues as follows : "It was published in Tuesday's morning papers, and on T'hursday I was holding court and noticed two men sitting back among the au- dience for some time. After a while they came forward and asked if they could speak with me a few minutes. I suspended hearing a cause to hear what they had to say. One of them said ho was president of the stock yeards at Louisville and had read the Belt Road message and at once started for Indianapolis ; as he re- •''Council rroceedings, 18T(i, pp. i:i2-4. ^Council Proceedings, 18~6-7, pp. 4n.")-4i;. garded it t-he best location for stock yards in the country, and he wished to come here and engage in the business. I told them we wanted the enterprise very much, and asked them if they had the means to build, and they said they had not, but thought perhaps the city would aid them. I told them the city would not aid in money, but suggested the idea of the exchange of bonds, the plan which was adopt-ed and carried out. One of these men was Hor- ace Scott and the other Mr. Downing, the present Superintendent of the stock yards. A company was formed, and the necessary steps taken to carry out the enterprise, but met with great opposition. A number of times it was supposed to be defeated, but it finally triumphed over every obstacle and work was commenced. Aboitt the 1st of June, 1877, the work was stopped because the right of way could not be had by agreement through the land of the Beatty heirs south, and several hundred men were thrown out of employment."" The only financial aid by the city was the loan of its credit to the amount of $500,000, through an issue of bonds, repayment being se- cured by Belt Road bonds ; but this was all that was needed to secure the money, and the work was pushed forward vigorously. The stop was due to a ditlerence of optnion as to the value of the land wanted for right of way, and John C. Xew, guardian of the heirs, very properly refused to let it go for less than he thought it was worth, without a decision by the court. Caven got an agreement of the parties that the work should go on, and the question of price be left to the court to decide later : ali^o that the work should go on in the morning if men were on hand. This was important for the labor situation had become critical. On June 1, a delegation of 1.50 workingmen had come to the coimcil chamber and presented a petition f(n' work, signed by 080 unem|)loyed men. The newspapers were full of suggestions as to what should be done, and committees were appointed to consider the matter. On June 5, Hon. W. H. English and Mr. Sullivan addressed a workingmcn"s uK'eting at the coun- cil chamber and urged patience and orderly conduct. ^Ir. English then made a donation of $100 and ilr. Sullivan $10 to relieve im- mediate needs. But this was only a drop in the bucket, and on the evening of June 6. some 400 or 50(1 men aathered at the State TTlSTOnV OV OTlEATF.n IXDI \\ \rOTJS. 261 Hoii.-i' yartl. "ThrL-at:; of violence if assist- aiK-e were not I'ortliconiing at onco were made, and after resolving to call upon the Governor in the morning it was determined to unite in a grand 'bread or blood" street parade in the afternoon, in which the wives and childi-en of the unemployed workiugmen should partici- pate. It was hoped in this way to bring the public to a realization of the dire exigencies of the case. The demoustralion w;is to be re- garded in the light of 'a last appeal'." About this time Caveu appeared on the scene, armed with his agreements for work to be re- sumed on the Belt in the morning. He pro- ceeded to address the meeting, telling the men lie was there to talk reason to tliem. and if they were not ready for that they wcrr un- worthy of assistance. He told them that lUO men would be j)ut to work in the morning, and that the force w(nild be increased to .")0U within a week or two. He then rebuked the disorderly elenu'nt. and warned the men of the folly of any outbreak. Mayor Caven continues his ac- count thus: "At the close L re{iuested those who were willing to pledge themselves to ])resei-ve the peace, and obey my orders in ])utting down any disturbance, to hold up the right hand, and every hand went uj). There were men there who, together with their families, had not tasted food for two days, and I told them they flinuld not go to bed hungry that night : and invited the crowd to go with me; and we went first to Sampson's bakery, south from the Stale House. He ha])])ene(l to have a large ijuaiitity of bread on hand. I commenced handing out six loaves to each one as the hungry crowd passed by; and the supply was sooia all gone. We then went to Taggart's on South ^leridian street, Init could not obtain admission; anil from there to Hryce's bakery on South street, the huTigry crowd following. Mr. Bryce was in bed, but got up when I told him what I wante(l, and I directed the crowd to pass the door. Mr. P.ryce handed nii' the loaves and 1 liamied them to the men — giving si.\ loaves to each, but as the pile became smaller we reduced the nund)er tfl five and then to four and three, and then to two; and I invited those who iinly received two and three to wait, and if we could give them more we woidd ; and tiiey came again, and wo gave them all the bread in the bakery and succeedcfl in su|)ply- iug tbciii all. .\s sociii a- 1 had paid Mr. Hryce his bill 1 went out m the street, and where a few minutes before was that hungry crowd was as still as the grave, not a human being in sight. They had left for home as rapidly as su^jplied, and the only persons left vrere Mr. Dannis (ireene and myself. At the State Jlouse 1 had told the men to go to the Beatty farm in the morning and they would find work. About 2 p. m. next day 1 went there, and about 3U0 men were at work, many of them the hungry men of the night before, and it seemed as if the Belt Eoad, for which we had so labored to furnish work to the hungry, had thus provi- dentially come to the rescue to the very day, almost to the Very hour, of our dire necessity. .\ day later, atid doors wotild have been broken lor food." It certainly came in good lime from several points of view, for the public relief agencies were almost swamped. Says Caven: "The Township Trustee jjaid out for groceries alone for the needy, for the first six months of 1877, $-iU,S8(i.:U), an average of $;5,l:81.()j ])er month. The Belt got fairly to work in July, and for tiuit month the Trustee paid out for groceries only $01; and for the last six months of the year $1,1G7 or about one-third of the aver- age of any previous month ; and the work saved the Towiishij) fund not less than $200,000 that summer and fall."' And it was a good thing for those who invested in it, as Caven well shows in defending his owu motives, as fol- lows: "Tlie stock of the Belt Road was $.'jO0,- 000, and the stockholders paid thirty cents on the dollar and received certificates of full paid- up stock. The company requested me to take some stock, and 1 could have had $.")0,000 or $(i(),()00 by paying thirty cents im the dollar, just what tlu' otlu-rs paid, and could no doubt have made even better terms, as willmul my aid it must have failed, as the company well knew, and I could have borrowed the money to buy stock, giving the stock as collateral. I re- fused to take auy stock under any circum- stances, giving as my reason tluit what 1 was doing was placing a debt on the city of $.")00,- (tOO for the benefit of the city, aiul to give work to idle men. 1 could do this and bear all the censure 1 was recei\ing, and await the verdict of time and results ; but could not for any benefit to myself, use my oHicial intluence to ])lace a delit on the ])eople who had trusU'd me. For ]S]'.\ Mill] 'so the ciiinpany paid cash HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. dividends ol' 10 per cent on the face of the stock, being eqnal to 33 1/3 per cent on the money actually paid in by the stockholders, and the stock has" recently (1881) sold for $1..50 cash. One gentlemen in the summer of 1877 paid $15,000 for $50,000. and has received in the last two years $10,000 in dividends, and sold a short time ago for $75,000 cash. Thomas A. Scott, of the Pennsvlvania railroad, in the summer of 1877, took" $60,000 stock, for which he paid $18,000 and has received in the last two years $12,000 in dividends, and could sell today for $90,000. Had I taken $60,000 in 1877 at $18,000 I could now have had out of it $102,000 cash. I never received a cent from anybody of stock, money or anything else; but instead was at some expense." On October 17, 1882, the Belt railroad proper was leased to the Indianapolis Union Railway Company for a term of 999 years from October 1, 1882. The lessor operates the stock yards, receiving an annual rental of $45,000 a year for the road, while the lessee pays all ta.xes, pays or refunds the mortgage debt, and per- forms numerous services. The most important of these are to protect and stimulate the stock yards business ; to deliver free of charge all live stock shipped to or from the stock yards by other railroads; to maintain reasonable charges to all live stock shippers — subject to arbitration : to pay 50 cents a deck to the lessor for every car of live stock loaded or unloaded, except hogs shipped under a special contract of Xovember 8, 1877; to put in side tracks when needed ; to do all switching free of charge ; to deliver free of charge all merchandise, coal and other supplies consigned to les.sor for its own use. It may be inferred that this is a verv [)r(>titahle lease, and it is not surprising that the State Tax Board has finally got the valua- tion of the Belt property up to $4,500,000. Very urgent argument, on behalf of Clarion County, has been made to the State Board of Tax Commissioners that both the Belt and the Union are worth much more than they are as- sessed for; perhaps the most forcible presenta- tion being that of F. J. Van Torhis on .\u- gust IS, 1891, which was i)rinted in pamphlet form, for circulation, by tlie County Commis- sioners.'' In 18S3 a project was formed to liuild a line across, north of the city, from Piriglitwiiod to North Indianajiolis. and the Belt Railroad Company of Indianapolis was organized for this purpose ilay 14, 1883. It built only as far as the L. E. & W. tracks, and on September 4, 1883, was consolidated with the old Belt as a continuous line. On August 10. 1895, the McCarty heirs sold to the Farm- ers and Drovers Stock Yards Company 291/2 acres of land adjoining the old stock yards. This new company was formed as a rival of the old one, Init after brief competition the two were consolidated, putting a total of 1541/2 acres in the stock yards at present. It seems strange that there should have been such decided opposition to a measure that re- sulted so well as the aid to the Belt road, but there was at the time a decji-seated conviction among the people of Indianapolis that rail- road companies were not to be trusted, and that their promises would fail of performance. And there was also a feeling that Indianapolis liad been mistreated and discriminated against — that it had been made a sort of way-station between Cincinnati and Chicago, and between Cleveland and St. Louis. Most of the roads of which it had originally been a terminus had been ccmsolidated in a way to make Indian- apolis a mere point on through lines. It had been expected that the companies would locate their principal shops here, but the only ones that did so were the Bellefontaine and the Cin- cinnati and after the consolidation of the for- mer its main .shops were located in Ohio. The old Cincinnati road located its shops here in 1853, southeast of the city. They were burned in 1855, but soon rebuilt, and kept here until 1865, when they were removed to Cincinnati. There was apparently a common understand- ing that there was some sort of agreement to locate shojis here in some cases, for both Brown and Ilolloway make that statement as to the Vinccnnes i-oa<l." If there was any such asirce- ment it was not embodied in tlie laws or or- dinances relating to the road. In addition to the city's grievances, it was felt that the state had fared badly. It had lost all it put in the ^fadison road, and Bro«Ti says: "The state lield stock in the road valued' at $1,200,000, l)ut was ultimately cheated out of it. receiving ■•An .\rgunient. etc.. p]>. 21-30. 39-4-1. "liiyiicii's I iiduniii jKilix I ii(li(Uiiijioli!). p. 332. P- llullowiuj'i TTTSTOIIV OF GREATER IXDTAXAPOLTS. •2fi3 scarcely iinytliing for it.'"' This i;!, perha])s, too harsh, but the state certaiuly realized noth- ing that the jx'ople had hoped for from the road. The Uiiinn Railway Company, which i-: purely local, rc]jrcscntin<>- the most important terminal facilities of all the companies, is owned practically by the Pennsylvania and Xew York Central systems. It is maintained as a distinct organization, operating nearly .NKW CNIOX DEPOT. a mile {.'.)■>) of track of it> nwn. and the Kelt Road, it also owns and manages the Union Railway I'assenger Station. This structure re- places the old I'nion Depot, but covers twice as much territory, or n)ore. To make the needed extensions, the council on June 1.5, ISSC. jiassed ordinances vacating .McXabh and a ])art id' Louisiana streets, and closing Illi- nois street and providing for a tunnel under it. The new building was erected in 188.S, and is one of the finest stations in the country. It is a handsome brick structure, three stories high, with rain sheds adjoining, 300 .\ 650 feet in ' II isl. I llilidllflpdlis dimensions. All of the railroad lines ent(;ring the city receive and discharge passengers at this point, there being a total of nearly 200 |)asscuger trains daily. The ability to change to any line under one roof, with no trouble or cx])ense of transferring baggage, is a great ae- conimodation to the traveling public. Freight l)usiness is done over the Belt as far as possible, over a million freight cars being handled on it annually. Jluch of this is through freight; and much of it business of the stock vards, whose shipments in 1907 included .378.8;'0 cat- tle, 1,955,38-3 hogs, r2,fiT4 sheep, and 24,81G horses. The accounts of the Belt Railroad and Stock Yard Company for that year sli(iw(>d, receipts $266,0.")«.39 ; interest on bonds .$(j(l.()00 ; dividend on preferred stock $30,000; dividend on common stock $60.000 : extra dividend on common stock $60,000; surplus $56,056.39. The most notable case of the state's failure III receive a contemplated benefit from the ((instruction of a railroad was that of the Van- (lalia. or TeiTc Haute & ]ndiana|)olis Raili'oad Companv. which was originallv chartered on .lanuary 26. 1847 as the Terre'Haute & Rich- mond Railroad Com|)any, and allowed by an act in 1851 to abandon the portion of its proposed line east of Indianapolis. The charter was a \cry liberal one, providing among other things ihat the company might charge such tolls "as shall be for the interest of said companv, and to change, lower or raise at pleasure". But by Section 23, immediately following this, it was |irovided, "that when the aggregate amount 111' dividends declared shall amount to the full sum invested and fen |)er centum per annum thereon, the legislature may so regulate the lolls and freights that not more than fifteen per centum per annum shall be divided on the capital em]doyed, and the surjjlus profits, if any, after paying the expenses and receiving such proportion as may be necessary for futui'e contingencies, shall be ))aid over to the treas- urer of state for the use of the connnon schools". Presumably on account of the favoi-- able terms of this charter, the com])any did not reoT-ganize und(>r the general law of 1852; and the condition above sjiecitied, which, on its face, looks like one that nobody could ever have expected to be reached, was actually reached — the company liad made such profits that it returned all of the original investment, with ten per cent interest thereon, and was 2C4 IllS'lOliV OF (JltKATKi; IXDIAXAI'OLIS. making over 1.") per cent pur aHiium — bv the year 1868. The matter was liroiight l)efore the legisla- ture of 1807. whieh ajiiwinteil a committee to investigate, and the state in its subsequent action against the company charged that the oflieials and employes of the company pre- vented this committee from getting any in- formation in time for action. In 1809 the matter was again brought \\\) and a sjiecial committee consisting of John K. C'offroth, ilij- ton A. Osborn and George A. Buskirk w^as ap- pointed to investigate the matter. The state charged that this committee and Senator J. Hughes were bribed by the company to make no report and prevent any legislative action, the sum of .$10,000 lieing paid for this purpose. The state further charged that the company by is- suing stock dividends, buying and holding its own stock, investing in stock and securities, and other devices, made it falsely appear that the actual investment of the stockholders was $1,088,1.50, whereas in fact it was onlv $1,210,090. In 1ST2 a quo warranto suit was brought by the prosecuting attorney of Putnam County to forfeit the charter of the company for failure to pay the state. The state was s])eeially rep- resented in the case by W. R. Harrison and Solomon Claypool. In 18T-1 the case was tried, on change of venue, in Owen County. After the jury had retired. Judge Hester recalled it in the middle of the night, in the absence of the attorneys, and discharged it for inability to agree. Pending further proceedings Attor- ney-General J. C. Denny made an agreement with the company and its attorneys to suspend the action and bring a suit in ilarion County to recover the amount due the state. To this agreement is ajqiended : "This agreement made by the attorney -general (with the concurrence of his associate counsel as we understand) we approve. October 5, 1874. Thomas A. Hen- dricks, Governor; Leonidas Se.xton, Lieuten- ant-Governor." And yet it appears from the statement of Denny himself, and from the tes- timony in the later case, that Judge Claypool knew nothing of the agreement till after it was made, and denounced it bitterlv.'' In the Marion County case, a demurrer to the com- plaint was sustained on the ground that the legislature had not made or authorized a de- mand on the road, and this was sustained by tiie Supreme Court.'' For several years the matter rested without action^ but the ghost would not down. After Samuel E. Morss came into control of the Sentinel he became familiar with the facts in the case, and gave considerable effort to secur- ing the rights of the state, for which, under the court decisions, a demand was essential. In the session of 1889 a resolution was intro- duced in the House for this purpose.'" It {)assed, and also passed the Senate on March 9, but mysteriously disappeared from the files, and was never presented to the Secretarv' of State. In 1891 the matter came up again, and a bill for investigation and action passed the House and was referred to the Committee on Education in the Senate." Action was with- held till the end of the session, and then a report was made making no recommendation as to the bill, followed by the passage of a harm- less resolution for an investigation and re- jjort by the Attorney-General. One of the Sen- ators on this committee, who joined in the ac- tion, had been elected on this special issue of enforcing the Yandalia claim, and secured his place on the committee by aid of the friends of the measure. He shortly afterwards left the county from which he had been elected and ]iurchascd a .lOO-acre farm elsewhere, iforss expressed his disgust in an editorial which concludes as follows : ''Then a member of the committee proposed a concurrent resolution, in- structing the Attorney-General to make an in- vestigation of the matter and report the re- sults to the next general assembly. The resolu- tion passed the Senate unanimously, but care was taken to see that it never reached the House. The resolution amounted to nothing, of course, but it appears that the railway com- pany was unwilling to allow it to be published with the session acts of 1891, and hence caused it to be withheld from the House. It was a dirty piece of business, but entirely in keeping with tlie methods which this railroad company '~Re])ort of Attv. Genl., Xovember 0. ISM: Record in T. H. & I. vs. State of Indiana, yy. 625. 620. '(i4 Indiann, p. 297. '"House Concurrent Resolution No. 127. "House Bill No. 626; Senate Joiirnnl. p. 880. 1IIS|-()1,'V (<!■■ CIMlATF.i; IVDl.WAI'oMS. 2G5 has always eniijloycd in its (lealinjrs with the Ptati'. It is inortityiiig in the extrcino to i<iio\v that Democrats could be foimd to lend them- selves to this sort of ju>;j;lin<r with lei;islali(iii in the interest of a railroad eor)ioration.''- There was also another editorial, the same day. whieli said: "The Senate committee on education consisted of Senators Grimes, Fulk, McHxigh, Chandler, Smith, Shockuey and Gar- van. An eti'ort was made to secure a unani- mous report from the committee in favor of in- definitely post])oninji tlie Cidloj) iiill, hut Sena- tor Smitli, to his j^reat credit ])revented such action. So 'indefinite postj)oneinent" was not Tecommeiided. * * * The com[)any has carried its point liy i)reventino; the passage of the (,'uUo]) l)ill. which embodied the Icfjisla- tivc demand without which no legal proceed- iiiirs can he sustained. We congratulate the clever and ]io|iular ilr. Eiley JfcKcen ujion this fresh evidence that his railroad company is a i)igger thing than the State of Indiana."' In 18!!.'? another liill was introduced which was referred to the railroad committer ami died there.'-' The Sciiliiirl paid no altenticni to it. .\ftcr several days a prominent nu-mher t>\' the rail- road lohhy mentioned the matti'r to 'Sir. Morss, and aske(l if the Si'iiliiicl was not going to make a tight for investigation of tlie Vandal ia claim. ^Ir. .Morss replied, "Xo. I don't ])ro- po.se to shake the bushes for you fellows at this .«ession". And .so the matter dropped into an inactive state for several years longer, but public sentiment bail been arou.sed, and it did not die out as the years passed. In 1S9T, .\ttorncy-(ieneral KelcbaiM. former Jiartner of Judge Claypool, took the nuitter u|), and, with the ajiproval and aid of the press, an act was secured authorizing a demand on the company for the amount due the state on .ranunr\ 17, 1ST:i, on which date it had aban- doned its charter and organized under the gen- eral law. Denianil was inadc and suit liniuglit in the .Superior Court of .Mari(Hi Count v. On the hearing before, and re|)ort by. Master Coin- inissioner Xoble C. Butler, Judge \'inson Car- ter rendered judgment for the slate for $ni;i,- 'M)r,.n\ ,,n October Ti . r.Hlii. The case was then taken to the Su|iri'Mie Court i>f Indiana, which attirmed the judgment in a very strong opinion by Chief Justice Iladley." The case then went to the Supreme Court of the United States on writ of error, and it rever.sod the de- cision, holding that the legislation of 189T vio- lated the constitution of the L'nited States by impairing the oldigation of a violated contract.'"' The cause bciug remanded for further proceed- ings, Mr. Ketcham tiled an amended complaint based in an outspoken way on the ground that the railroad company had produced the legisla- tive situation by its corrupt action, and that it could not be permitted to take advantage of its own wrong. This, however, was not sus- tained, the courts holding that the decision of the United States Supreme Court concluded the matter. The court said that the charge of corrupt action by the company was "abundantly sutficient", but it involved corruption of the legislature, and the courts "have invariably de- clined to inquire into the motives which promjjted the official acts of the legislature or executive, from constitutioiud considerations ami on grounds of public poli,cy.""' It would bo presumptuous and )nterniiiuible to discuss the law in this case, but it is the duty of the historiair to note the verdict of posterity on judicial act inn. Here were plainly two lines of reasoning that a court nuglit fol- low, for the Supreme Court of Ituliana fol- lowed one, and the Supreme Court of the United States followed aiujther, diametrically o])posite. The former gave to the public its long-deferred rights. The latter confirmed to the railroad corporation the money it had with- held from the school children of Indiana, in violation of its e-vjiress contract, and bv methods whose odor is imperishable. And yet there are federal judges, and others, who whine over the growing lack of respect of the masses for the courts, and especially for life-term courts, responsible oidy to their own conceptions of a just God. Ah, well I One can almost com- prehend that distinguished jurist. Justice .lef- fries, lamenting tli,-it lii- arduous efforts to support the King, aiul make treason odious, were not a|)preciated by the English ])eo|)le. In reality Indiamipolis had l)eeTi liberal to railroads fnnn the beginning. Its people snb- ■Si'iitiiirl. March Id. 1S!)1. MFouse Kill 'ri : llonsf .hmninl. p. C: "l.V.i hid., p. i:is. '■•lit I r. s., .Mi). '■'liiC hid,. .-)S(). •266 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIANAI'OLIS. scribed generously to the stock of the earliest roads, and lost most of it in subsequent fore- closure proceedings. After the Civil War they gave ])ublic aid. On May 21. 1866, there was presented to the city council the petition of 6,81)6 tax-payers, asking the issue of $150,000 of bonds in aid of railroads. The state law provided for a petition of a majority of the resident freeholders, and the committee re- ported that here were three-fourths of tiiem. Of this amount $60,000 was to go to the In- dianapolis & Vincennes, and $4.").000 each to the Indianapolis, Crawfordsville & Danville and Indiana & Illinois Central, when they should have built their roads forty miles from the city, provided this were done within three years. On December 29, 1866, another petition, with the requisite number of signers was presented for an issue of $50,000 for the Junction road. Ordinances for both were passed, the former on May 28, 1866 and the latter on February 4, 1867. On December 28, 1868, the Vincennes and Junction roads having complied with the terms of the agreement, an ordinance was passed directing the issue of their l)onds ; a jirovision being added, however, as to the Junc- tion road that it should locate, erect and main- tain within two miles of the corporate limits of the city the "principal works or machine shops of said road", and carry "to Indianapolis tim- ber, stone, lime and stone, coal or coke at a rate not exceeding ten cents per car load per mile." There was another instance of this liljerality that was having an effect on the public mind at the time the Belt Road project was up. In 18T0, in March, the Board of Commissioners, on petition, submitted to the voters of Center Town.?hip the question of donating $65,000 to the Indiana & Illinois Central, the condition being attached that it should within three years locate its machine shops in the townshi)). Late' the Board of Commissioners extended the time to June, 1874, but the shops were not built until 1880, and then by the Indianapolis De- catur & Springfield Company, the successor of the Indiana & Illinois Central : and when they were built, they were put just over the line in Wayne Township, ileanwhile the money had been raised by taxation, and was lying in the county treasury, everybody taking it for granted that the company had forfeited the donation. This was the situation in 1876, and naturally the people were di.sgusted with it, and with railroad promises. The money was a white elephant. The township demanded it of the county, and the county at first agreed to turn it over, and did pay $17,112.50. Then it reconsidered, and the township brought suit and recovered judgment for $74,102.48. The case went to the Supreme Court which discov- ered that the time limit forfeiture had been removed by a change in the state law, and de- cided that the money belonged to neither the county nor the township, but to the railroad company.'' Then the railroad company ijrouglit suit, and the case went back to the Supreme Court twice.'* The fact that the shops were not in the township was raised, but in the original agreed statement of facts, when no- body was thinking of the railroad company, it had been erroneously stated that they were in the township, and the court held that this bound everybody forever after. In consequence the matter wound up, oxer twenty years after the donation had been voted, witli a judg- ment against the county for $85,000. In- cidentally it may be noted that, long Ijcfore this, the Supreme Court had decided that a stipulation for machine shops added to a dona- tion for a railroad was wholly void, and also made void the donation:'" but both the ciuii-t and the lawyers appear to have forgotten that interesting decision. Aside from the C. H. & D. shops, at "Moor- field" near the Insane Hospital, the only shops established at this point have been put here voluntarily by the railroad companies. Some are of little importance. The iFonon, L. E. & W'.. and Indianapolis Southern maintain small shops for what are called "running re- pairs" in connection with their round-houses. The Panhandle has extensive shops, for re- building and repairing cars and engines, east of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, in which about 700 men are employed. The Big Four system has done the most for the city in this line. It now has foxir shops here, that at Moorfield em- ploying 110 men; the Shelbv street, or Indian- apolis, shops employing 140 men ; the Bright- wood shops employing 450 men : and the new Beecli Crove shops em]iloying 6()0 men. The '"105 Ind.. ]). 422. 'MIO Ind.. |i. 5:9: i:!0 In, I.. |i. 89. '^Rwv. Co. vs. Citv of .Vtticn. 5ii Ind \:(<. HISTORY OF GREATEK INDIANAPOLIS. 207 Brightwood shops are for rebixilding and re- pairing ears. The Beech Grove shops are for rebuilding and repairing locomotives, and the building of locomotives is contemplated ulti- mately. But Indianapolis has these shops merely because the railrond rdmjjanies found it advantageous to themselves to put them here. Indianapolis undoubtedly owes much of her growth and prosperity to railroads, but those lienefits are purely incidental. The city is un- iler no oldigations to any railroad companv for anv bcMiefits intentioiiallv conferred. CHAPTER XXIV. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In the Annual Report of the Public Schools for 1866, Dr. Thomas B. Elliott, then presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, gave an his- torical sketch of their origin, which was copied by Sulgrove/ and has served as histor)- for nearly half a century. It reads as follows : "Private day schools of good reputation were established, so soon as the necessity for them arose, and several of these are still fresh in the recollections of our adult citizens. There was, however, no approach toward a system of free schools until the winter of 1846-7. During the legislative session of that winter, the first city charter, prepared by the late Hon. Oliver H. Smith, for the town of Indianapolis was introduced into the General Assembly. It would have passed without opposition, as a matter of course and coui-tesy, had not a radi- cal member from this town, Mr. S. Y. B. Xoel, presented as an amendment Section 29, which provided that the City Council should be in- structed to lay off the city into suitable dis- tricts, provide by ordinance for school build- ings, and the a]>pointnient of teachers and su|)('rintendents; and, further, that the Coun- cil should be authorized to levy a tax for school purposes, of not e.xceeding one-eighth of one per centum of the assessment. The amend- ment met with vigorous and determined appo- sition from several influential members. The new motion, imported, it was feared, from the Atlantc seaboard, that the property of the community .should educate its children, was denounced as an experiment and a heresy, un- just, unequitai)lc, and worthy of its Puritan origin. The inexpediency of any taxation, ex- ce])t for roads and the support of government, including the General Assembly, was resolutely urged in opposition. '//i.v/. IiifliiiiiiijXjJ'ts. p. 423. "Certain rough, and, in a robust way, [lopu- lar members from the unterritied districts, were earnest in condemning common schools on gen- eral principles. They and their fathers never had an education, and they had achieved legis- lative honors without such aid; likewise their children might attain the same dignity, if not spoiled by learning. .Schooling led to extrava- gance and folly, law and ruin. .V man could keep store, chop wood, physic, plow, plead, and preach without an education, and what more was needed? The fleetest, long-nosed, deep- rooting hogs, and most flexible hoop-poles spring spontaneously from the soil. Without the aid of science, Nature had enriched U8 with the fruitfuUest ])owers of mud. The wil- derness of Indiana had been subdued and teem- ing crops grew luxuriant over the graves of dead savages — all done by unlearned men. Be- sides it would be a precedent full of evil to set this young city, the seat of the state govern- ment, agoing with reckless expenditure foisted into its charter. It might react on the legis- lature, by the influence of example, and mil- lions be squandered in internal improvements more mischievous than those they were then staggering under. For their |)art, sink <ir swim, etc., they were opposed to any such fa- naticism. These arguments carried weight, and the amendment was in peril, when a pru- dent and useful member, who advocated all sides on vexed questions, moved to still fur- ther amend by jiroviding that no tax should be levied unless so ordered by a vote of a major- ity of the inhabitants of the town, at the en- suing April election, when the ballots should be endorsed 'Free Schools" and 'Xo Free Schools*. This sealed the lips of a ])ortion of the op])osition. They wavered. If they voted against tlie anumdment, they would deny the right and ability of the peoj)le to rule; if for 2(iS IIIS'I'ORV ()|- CRKATKi; 1 XDIA N'APnT.TS. 2C9 it, they would at least acquiesce in a tlagrant, and, they fondly hoped, unconstitutional her- esy. So they divided; and the cliarter as amended, became a law. "An animated contest ensued in the town, and at the first charter election the school question became the overshadowinj; issue. The o])i)osition was thin and noisy. The friends of free schools were quiet but resolute : but on the day of the election were by no means san- guine of the result. A citizen who was to a considerable degree a representative of the learning, jurisprudence and capital of the town, tiie late venerable and eminent Judge Black- ford, was earnestly cheered as he openly voted a ballot endorsed 'Free Schools". The cause of impartial education ti'iuiuphed by an over- whelming nuijority.'" Dr. Elliott evidently got his ideas from the reminiscences of someone who had been a par- tisan in the scliool controversy, and his ac- count is an injustice, of the "Hoosier School- master" class, to that generation. There is no reason to doubt that Oliver H. Smith drew the bill, or that "Vance" Noel, who was theii- pro- prietor and publisher of the Journal, procured the insertion of the school section, but the lat- ter was not by amendment. The charter bill was introduced in the House by the committee, to which were referred petitions for and against the advance to city government,'- and went through the House without any amendment, by a vote of 48 to 27. The amendment re- ferred to was made in the Senate, and is added as the last -section of the bill. It was the recognition of the right of local self-govern- I ment, which the bill already gave as to the adoption of the charter itself. Local taxation for schools had been the custom in Indiana for years, but always optional; and in the law of 1S.31, there was exemption from the local tax of any person "who does not, or does not wish to participate in the benefit of the school fund". It was the inadequate result of local taxation that the school reform of 1851 aimed to rem- edy, and the lirst open steps for that reform had lieen taken in i,S4(), by the begitining of the publication of l^f^^7'.v Cummon School A<1- rocaln on October ], and by the ajipearance on December S of the first "message" of Caleb -Mills in the Journal. There wa.s very great at- = House Bill, Xo. .Ilfi. tention paid to school matters by this legisla- ture, but there were then numerous ve.xed ques- tions that now seem very simple. There were at this session numerous jietitions from Ger- nuuis asking the teaching of their language in the schools. There were one or t\vo from ne- groes, asking for some part of the public funds for their schools, which were then absolutely separate and wholly private. Strangest of all, a resolution was offered for a committee to inquire into the expediency of permitting fe- nuile teachers to be employed in the public .schools, if they passed as good examinations as men.^ The spirit of progress was awake, but the road for advance was not clearly defined. In his message at the opening of the session. Gov- ernor Whitcomb recommended "a careful re- vision of the entire school system", or at least an inquiry preliminary to it.* On January 8, the House disposed of the matter by recom- mending "to the friends of education the hold- ing of a State Common School Convention at Indianapolis on the fourth Wednesday of Mav next, for the purpose of consulting and devising the best course to be pursued to promote com- mon school education in our state" : ^ and on January 26 it granted the use of the hall of the House for this purpose." This convention was duly held on -May 25, 2G, 27, with Judge Blackford as president, Uev. A. Wvlie. Kev. 1). -Monfort, J. R. Edgerton, Prof. E. 0. llovey, and Charles Test as vice-presidents, and J. 11. Taylor and N. Bolton as secretaries, 'i'he brains and progress of the state were in at- tendance. The committee on resolutions was composed of Ovid Butler, -\. Kinney, Caleb Mills, John A. Matson, Samuel C. Wilson, I'rnf. S. il. ThomjJSOTi, Eev. E. K. Ames, and Richard W. Thompson. They brought in -^weeping resolutions, covering the reforms later .idoptcd, and a committee compo.sed of (). 11. Smith, Calvin .Fletcher and. A. Kinney was appointed to prepare a law for submission to the next legislature. A committee composed of Kcv. E. K. Ames, Jeremiah Sullivan, T. R. Crcssy, R. W. Thoiniison, James II. Henry, Solomon C. Mereclitli and James Blake was ■JIousc Journal, \^. ();i. ^Senate Journal, p. 23. ■'House Journal, p. 387. "House Journal, p. 708. ;7o HlS'l'OIJY OF liKEATER INDlAXAl'ol.lS. appointed to draw up ;ui address to the people of the state in tlie interest of free schools, which was duly done, and has become a part of the histor}' of the state.' Meanwhile the election had come on in In- dianapolis on April 24, and if there had been auv doubt as to puljlic sentiincnt it was vrrv thoroughly dispelled. All of the newspapers favored the school tax. Out of 500 votes cast for cit}' officers under the new charter, there were 406 east for free schools, and only 28 against; and the Locomotive averred that most of the opposition votes were indorsed, "Xo fre sculs".* The Journul bubbled over with pleas- ure at the result, and observed, "Give the citi- zens of our state a chance at the ballot box in this matter, and they will soon say whether they prefer to raise tlieir children in the midst of ignorance or intelligence." " The Sentinel, with the fitting modesty of an interested party, said, "The free school proposition passed by an almost unanimous vote. This we are par- ticularly pleased with on account of our own "herd" of little ones."' '" The occasion for the general satisfaction will be better understood from a consideration of the school condition of Indianapolis, as presented by H. F. West, editor of the Common School Advocate, at the time : "There are eleven schools in this city. Four district schools, four subscription do. one County and two Female Seminaries. The three last are of high order, and may be num- bered among the best, if not the best in our state. The others are far above the average of our district and subscription schools. Our object in this article is not to advertise the merits of our scliools, but to present some facts for the consideration of our citizens. There are in this city 1,928 children between the ages of .') and 21 years. In all the schools of our city there are less than 550 names upon the registers, and the average daily attend- ance is only 462. So we see that here at the Capital, a place so renowned for its intelli- gence, that out of 1,928 children we have 1,466 receiving no instruction at our schools. This tells a tale u|)oii our zeal in the cause of education, and our well directed charities I 'Journal, June 8, 1847. ^Locomotive. Mav 29. 1847. ''Journal. Mav 4, 1847. ^"Sentinel. April 28. 1847. .Many nt our litizens feel deeply in regard to the deplorable condition of the schools of our state ; while 50 per cent more of the entire number of the children in the state attend school, than there do from the city of In- dianapolis." '^ The new law was promptly put in effect. Each ward was made a school district, under au independent trustee; teachers were employed, and schools were opened in rented houses. Donations of money and lots were asked for, and in December the council returned thanks to Tliomas D. Gregg for a gift of $100. Lots ■were bought in the seven wards in 1848-9 at from $300 to $500, and buildings were erected in five of the wards in 1851-2. They were plain, one-story brick buildings, arranged so that a second story could be added ; those in the second, fourth and sixth wards had two rooms, and the others one. A two-story house was built in the seventh ward in 1857, and the houses in the first, second and fifth wards were made two stories in 1854-6. Unfortun- ately these expenses consumed most of the funds at first, and tuition had to be paid to compensate the teachers. The first tax lew, in 1847, produced $1,981 ; that of 1848, $3,385 ; that of 1849, $2,851. In 1850 the income was $6,160, of whicli $5,938 was expended for lots and buildings in that and the ensuing year. As the city grew the product of the tax became larger, reaching $20,239 in 1857. Tlie sys- tem of independent trustees for the several wards continued until 1853, when the new state school law went into effect, and then the city council elected Henry P. Coburn, Cal- vin Fletcher and Henry F. West, trustees, the law conferring sole authority over the schools on this board. A code of rules was drawn up by Calvin Fletcher, and on April 25, 1853, the schools were opened for the first time on an actual free basis, with two male and twelve female teachers. The average attendance jumped from 340 in April to 700 in May, this first free session being for two months only. Until this time there was no common system of instruction or of text-books, but the new board requested the principals of the leading private schools to prepare a list of text-books and course of instruction, which were adopted and used thereafter. In August, "Scniliii'l. .lanuarv 12. 1847. ||l>'l-()i;V ol' CUl'.A'IKi; lM)lA.\Ai'()l,lS. 2n ^ir. //. Ilitxs I'holo Companij.) MAP OF INDIANAPOLIS, 1855. 272 HISTORY OF GREATEK IXDIAXAPOLIS. 18.j3, the graded system was adopted, and a high school was opened on September 1, with E. P. Cole as principal and one assistant. It was held in the old seminary building, \vhich had been repaired and refitted for the pur- pose; and it remained there until the closing of the schools in 1858. From 1853 to February, 1855, the only su- pervision of the schools was by the trustees, who generously gave much of their time to the work. But the burden was too great, and at the rec^uest of the council elected Silas T. Bowen superintendent at a salary of $400 per annum, requiring him to give most of his time to the (hities of the office. ^Ir. Bowen was at that time junior member of the book and sta- tionery firm of Stewart & Bowen — later Bowen & Merrill. He was a graduate of the Albany Xormai school, then the leading institution of its kind in the country, and had come here to take a position in the McLean Female Sem- inary, where he taught for several years be- fore going into business. Mr. Bowen achieved some improvement, but the work took too much of his time, and in ^Maixh, ISoO, the council appointed George B. Stone, who had succeeded E. P. Cole as principal of the high .school, as superintendent at a salary of $1,000, re- quiring him to give his entire time to the work. Mr. Stone was a New England man, thoroughly equipped for his office, and administered it ef- fectively. He perfected the system in use, held teachers' meetings, and broiight the schools to a state of efficiency that made them popu- lar. In 1857 there were 35 teachers employed, mostly female, and tlie average attendance was 1,800. This was only about one-third of the enumeration, but it was more than there were good, accommodation for, the seating capacity of the schools being only 1,210. 5lr. Stone condemned the old seminary building, in which the high school liad been carried on by W. B. Henkle, since 1856, as unfit and wanting in almost every particular, and recommended tliat a new one be erected adequate to the needs of the city. But there was worse in store for t])e scliools than inadequate buihlings. The Supreme Court had held that the law of 1852, giving townships power to tax themselves, to maintain schools after the state school funds for tui- tion were exhausted, was unconstitutional. This was in December, 1854,'- and the legislature of 1855 undertook to help the situation by a law authorizing cities and towns to levy taxes in support of public schools, w-hich might be paid to any existing schools performing public service, but such schools were "not to super- sede the common schools." The cities and towns were proceeding under this act, when in January, 1858, Judge Perkins of the Supreme Court handed down a decision that this law was unconstitutional. The theory adopted by the Supreme Court was that the constitution, by its provision for "a general and uniform system of common schools", had estaljlished a Procrustean educational bed, to which every locality must be fitted; and every child in the state must have an equal opportunity for education, no less and no more.'^ The deci- , sion practically meant, as the Indiana :<cliOol ■Journal said: "The constitution of Indiana, or the interpretation of it by her highest judi- lirtl tribunal, forbids the people of any city or corporate place in the state to tax them- selves to support free schools, till tlie whole of the stat<3 will also consent to tax itself for the same pur[rose."" The people of Indianapolis realized that they were in a bad situation. The council was con- vened on January 2G, to consider the situation, and recommended meetings in tlie se\eral wards to raise. money to continue the schools. The board of trustees, then composed of D. V. Cullev, Gen. John Love, and D. S. Beatty, callerl meetings for the 29th, and submitted propositions to the people to take scholarships for one term, on the basis of $4.50 for the liigh school, $3.50 for the grammar schools, $3 for the intermediate schools, and $2 for the [)rimary schools — it being estimated that at these rates the several grades of schools could lie maintained, respectively, with 80, 50, 57 and 54 scholars each. On February 1, they reported the result to the council, showing that 1,105 .scholarships had been taken, with a total aggregate of $3,057, It was then de- cided to go ahead for the next term, at least, and the schools were reopened on Feiiruary 2. ^- Greencastle Tp., etc. vs. Black 5 Ind.. p. 557. "Citv of Lafavette vs. Jenners— 10 Ind., p. 70. '* February, 1858, p. G8. HISTOIJY or (MfKA'I'Rll INDJ AXAPOLIS. It was hoped tliat efl'orts to raise aiUlitional funds would be successful, but they were not, and on April IT the schools closed for the year. Superintendent Stone was at once called to Minneapolis to take charge of the schools there, and went. On May 28 tlie teach- ers of the public schools met and adopted re- solutions regretting Iiis departure, and con- gratulating ilinneapolis on her acquisition. In printing them, the Journal casually observed, "We have no hesitation in saying that we could very much better atford to lose all four of the Judges who assassinated the schools than the one faithful superintendent wdio made them the pride of the city and the state." '^ And there were a number of otlier good teachers who left the .state at that time, for as Mr. Henkle ob- served, they had been studying the constitution and had found, at least, one clause in their favor — "Art. 1, Sec. 3G, Emigration from the state shall not be prohibited.'"" The council turned the control of the builduigs over to the trustees, and they encouraged their use for private schools. h\ June the School Journal said: '"'More than two-thirds of the children of this city are out of school at present, although each one of the ward houses is ociujjied by some of the former teachers. A gi-eat num- ber of poor private schools have sprung up since the ruin of the public schools"'. Says Dr. Elliott, speaking of this Supreme Court decision : "Then commenced the dark age of the pidilic schools. The school houses Were rented to such teachers as were willing or able, from limited patronage to pay a small pittance for Iheir use. The state fund was only sullicicnt to keep the schools open one feeble 'free quartei-' each year; and in 18.59 even this was altogether omitted for watit of money. During this gloomy period in the history of the schools, the public wer(> largely indebted to D. \'. C'ulley, E.sq., wdio, as school trustee for a number of years, with his asso- ciates gathered reverently together all the de- bris of the ruined system, carefully assorted and economized all that was left, and the sal- vage of the old system, thus prudently i)re- served, became the strong foundation of the new. At length the legislature made provi- sion for more efficient and ]iros]ierous schrmls, ^''Journal, June '.', 1858. '"/nrf. School Journal, 1S.")8, p. r,S. Vol. r— 18 and fuller taxation for their support." The free schools were not opened in 1859, but in 1860 and 1801 there were free terms of IS weeks each. In these years James Green acted as director, or superintendent. In 18G2-3 there was a term of 23 weeks with Prof. Geo. W. Uoss as superintendent. There were 29 teach- ers employed and 2,3T4 pupils enrolled. No attempt was made to reopen the high school during this period. .\nd now opened a new era. Dr. Elliott, was not strong as a historian, but he was a good school trustee, and his banner achievement was getting Abraham C. Shortridge into the pub- lic schools. ]Mr. Shortridge had studied under -V. E. Benton ten years earlier, and came at his call to teach in Xorthwesteru Christian I'niversity. Elliott importuned him to accept the sTiperiiitendency of the city schools, but in vain. Then Elliott had him elected, whether or no, and after several days prevailed on him to accept the position. The situation at the time was not encouraging. The total value of the school property in the city was $88,500, and it diil not afford accommodations for the school children. There were in all 22 rooms in the public school buildings, but by the use of halls and cloak rooms 29 teachers were given room to teach in 1863. The state school revenue increased, and in the spring of 18G3 the trustees levied a tax of 15 cents on $100 for buildings and other expenses excepting tuition. There were some enlargements and alterations of- existing buildings: but in 1864 visits were made to otlier cities to inspect their school buildings, and the John Hancock school of Boston was taken as a model for two new three-story buildings that were put up in the Fourth and Ninth wards, in 1865-6, at a cost of about $32,000 each. There was some pro- test over this movement towards luxury, but jiublic sentiment sustained it, and the move- ment for adequate and convenient buildings has grown in force as the years progressed. Superintendent Shortridge's first execution was in the line of grading the schools and organizing and drilling his teaching force. In this he was sadly handicajiped by the fact that one week after he entered his ofllcc he was stricken with blindness, and weeks passed be- fore he recovered partial sight. But he went right on with the work, and its effects were soon manifest in more ellicient instruction. 374 HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. On account of the small salaries paid he urged that female teachers be employed and the board agreed. > The men on the force (there were only four) were dropped with the exception of Wm. A. Bell, who was made principal of the high school. Mr. Bell was educated at Au- tioch, under Horace Mann, and had several years' experience in teaching before he came here in 1863 to attend a teachers' meeting. Dr. Elliott met him and persuaded him to stay as principal of the Second ward school. The high school was opened in the old First ward school on September 1, 1804, with 28 pupils, but none of them were sufficiently advanced for actual high school work, and a year was de- voted to bringing them up to that point. The actual high school work began in September, 186.5, the iirst class graduating in 1869. :\lean- while the old Second Presbyterian Church (northwest corner of ilarket and Circle streets) was purchased by the school board, and re- modeled. A floor was thrown across the church room, making a three-story building. The ground floor, or old Sunday school rooms, was occupied by part of the A grade. The second floor was occupied by the school offices ami the second, third and fourth years of the high school, as they developed. The third floor was occupied by the first year pupils. The high school remained here until 1870, w'hen the old Baptist Female Seminary property, at ]\Iichi- gan and Pennsylvania streets was purchased for $41,000, and occupied after some enlarge- ment. It was renliiced in 1884 by the pre-^ent south building of the present Shortridge High School at a cost of $.56, .500, the north building being erected in 1904-5 at a cost of $170,000, and the east wing in 1901-3 at a cost of $26,000. The system of three trustees elected by the council was continued from 18,5.'? to 1861, when provision was made for a school board, elected by the people, of as many members as there were wards. In 1865, George W. Hoss, then Superintendent of Public Instruction. wa< drafting a bill for the revision of the school law. and permitted his friend Mr. Shortridge fo write and insert Section 5, which provides for trustees elected by the council. The num- ber was left blank until filled by t!ie word "three" on motion of Judge H. C. Xewcomb, then a representative fi-oin ^^arion Countv, whn was in chari^c nf tlic hill. Shortridge desired Dr. Elliott and Alexander iletzger on his board, but Metzger objected and said he would get a better man, in fulfillment of which he brought forward Clemens Vonnegut. The council was duly assembled, and the new board was made up of Dr. Thos. B. Elliott, Clemens Vonnegut and W. H. L. Noble. This board continued until 1869, when James C. Yohn and John R. Elder replaced Dr. Elliott and Mr. Vonnegut. The system was very satisfactory so far as the work of the commissioners was concerned, but it was hampered by the fact that as a part of the common school system the board was not independent. It could recommend taxes, but they must be levied by the city council, and it was not well informed as to school needs. It employed teachers but they had to be examined by the county examiner, an official appointed by the county commis- sioners, who was later, in the sixties, replaced l)y the county superintendent, elected by the trustees. The school work was also impaired by the lack of any public library facilities. To remedy these and other evils, Mr. Short- ridge devised a scheme of independent school government, and called a meeting of prominent friends of the schools to consider it. Those ))resent were E. B. ^[artindale. John Caven, .\.ddison L. Roache. Austin H. P.rown, Simon Yandes, Thos. B. Elliott and H. G. Carey. Clemens Vonnegut and W. A. Bell were in- vited but could not attend. Mr. Shortridge submitted his statement of the situation, and his remedy. He ])roposed a board as large as the city council, elected at special elections where politics would not control, and vested with full powers of taxation and administra- tion of the school law. After consideration all agreed to this and Mr. Shortridge, Judge Roache and Austin H. Brown were appointed to draw up the law. The law was written by Mr. Brown, approved by the other two, and re- ])ortcd to a meeting of the original counsellors and the members of the House of Representa- tives from Marion County, who were James H. Ruddle, Fielding Beeler, Edward King and Oliver M. Wilson. Messrs. Martindale and Caven were the senators, and all the delegation gave assurance of support for the measure, which was duly passed without much diffi- culty. It made at the time a board of nine members, there being then nine wards and nine C(nmcilmen. They were to be elected on isToi;^' (»!•' (;i;i-;.\'n:i; ixdi.wai'oi.is. 27.- the second Monday iu June, and divide ijy lot in three classes, for one, two and three year terms, one-third being elected annually there- after. This law continued in effect for eight- een years, the elections being held on the sec- ond Saturday in June of each year. The law gave the board power "to levy all taxes for the support of the schools within such city in- cluding such taxes as may he required for paying teachers, in addition to the taxes now authorized to be levied 1)V tiie (iciiiTal Assem- bly".'' It is impossible to distinguish this law in principle from the law which had been held unconstitutional in 185S, but there had been a change. The constitution was the same ; the law was similar; but the judges were dif- ferent, and so was public sentiment. There were efforts to amend the constitution so as to permit local taxation for tuition in 18()1, 18()3 and 186."), but they failed, in 186: State .Superintendent Hoss proposed "to consider heroic treament — namely the reenactment of the law decided unconstitutional in 185.5 and 1858". He urged that public sentiment had go changed that "no one would have the hardi- hood to bring suit against the law in the next ten years; and if suit should be brought, the court would, in all ])rol)al»ility, hold the law constitutional".'" His judgment was cori'ect. The legislature of 186T passed the law,'" and wa.-! not questioned for eighteen years. It came to the Supreme Court then in the case of Robinson vs. Schenck,-" and in a most elabor- ate opinion the court, by Judge Elliott, demon- strated that the makers of the constitution never had the slightest idea of prohibiting loeal taxation for tuition. So that ghost was [lermanently laid. Owing to the difficulty of getting satisf iitor\ teachers for the salaries that coidd be paid, Mr. Shortridge planned a city normal school which was opened ^[areh 1, IStM, under charge of Amanda I'. Funnel le. a graduate of the Albany Xornial School. ft was continued under her and other teachers until ISS."). ulien Miss Marv I']. XichoUon lieeanie pi'ineipal and re- mained in charge of it until June. lOOlt, wlu'U ".\ct,s ISri. p. 20. "Ifist. of KiJucalion in Iiid. '".Vets. 18(;r. p. .10. -"i()-> ind.. p. ;!o:. .':?1. she resigned. She was elected a member of the school board in the fall following. Mr. H. ]{. Ray has been principal of the Normal Scjiool since then. Writing of this school in 1!IUS, Mr. Shortridge said: "Of the nine hun- dred and ninety young women who have al- ready completed the training school course of study, practically all have been emjjloyed in the .•-cbools and it is safe to say nine hundred were residents of Indianapolis; and it may also be ~ai(l that three-fourths of them would never have taught a day in this city but for this special training. * * * Last year there were .'i^O of tbem ii\ the schools, of which twelve are in the list of supervising principals, eight are directors of i)ractice, six are German teachers, and three are high school teachers. What was qitite as important, they earned and s])ent their money in and aboiU tlu'ir own homes and tbereliy l)i'onght help in a thousand ways to dependent cbildi'en, and often helpless fathers and moth- ers."-' Nothing just like this school was in existence anywhere when it was started, but its success soon caused similar schools to be started in Cincinnati. Evansville and Ft. Wayne: and other cities have -^ince folloucil. A probl(!m conTronting the school boanl af- ter the Civil War was the colored j)opulation. In the report of 18(i6, Dr. Elliott said: "For rea.sons which cannot be consistently stat(>d or e\|)lained hv anv who approve ol' taxation foi' the sup])ort of schools, tlu' colored people of the state and city have, from the lieginniiig to this time, been deprixed ol' adxantage I'roni tile school fund, or an\ pri\ ileges of the schools. * * * Accoriling to the late census of the eitv. taken last summer, there are 1,()5;{ coloreil inhabitants. Of these nearly three bnndred are attending [)rivate colored pay schools, conducle(l and supported by themselves, and to a verv limited extent, if at all, dependent on llie charities of the ])ublic. The large proportion of e(dored children attending |)ay schools is very creditable to this people, and indicates un eai'iiest desire for iin])rovenient. The latin of school attendance to tlie total colored |)o|i\i- lation is almost without ]ireccdi'nt. Their schools arc sustained under great di-iadvantages — without the generous sympathy of the ])ub- lic geiuTally, with very moderati^ rniids, with buildings unsuiteil to school pniposes, with ='.Vp»v«. Ajiril I, llios. 276 HISTOKY OF G HEATER INDIANAPOLIS. liiiiitL'il or no .<cliool apjjaratus, with uiicom- lorlablu school furniture, with iusuttieient text- hoolcs, witliout classification, and with teach- ers unskilled in the art of imparting instruc- tion. In our judgment, humanity, Justice, and sound public policy demand that this class of our citizens shall receive the benefit of our common school system". At that time the state law jirovidcd that school taxes "'shall not be levied and • collected from negroes nor mulat- toes, nor shall their cliildren be included in any enumeration required by |this act. nor entitled to the benefits thereof"'.-- The fixed policy of the state, and of nearly everybody in it, prior to tlie Civil War, was to keep negroes out of Jndiana. Article eleven of the consti- tution of 1851 proliibited their coming into the state, made any contract with them void, and their employment a penal offense; and tliis was enforced even to holding a marriage contract void.-* Colored children could not at- tend a public school even on the payment of tuition, if any white ])arent objected.-* \n efl'ort to change the law failed in 18(57, and again at the regular session of 1869 ; this second time it did not come up until the last night of the session, and a constitutional ma- jority could not be had because part of the members were celebrating. Shortridge says: ''A truthful description of what took place on this particular night would not look well in a newspaper."-^ At the special session the law passed, and was approved on May 13, ISfin, putting negroes on the same footing as whites under the school law. Preparations were at once made for this accessio!i to the school attendance. As the law required sep- arate schools, old buildings were repaired and rooms rented. Colored teachers were employed so far as competent ones could be found, and white teachers for the rest of the force. ^Meet- ings were held in the summer for the instruc- tion of parents as to the new condition, and in the fall the colored schools opened. 8ays Shortridge, "When the day came, the buildings were crowdeil early with a herd of rowdy and undisciplined blacks, and with a strong teaching force in numlier about equally divided between --School Law of March .i. 1S.5.'). =•' 7 Ind., 3Si». -* 2 Ind.. 33-2 : .-> Ind.. 2-11. -'^News, April 4. 1908. the two races. Order was at once restored, and the work of classifying and grading was begun. Five years after they were first ad- mitted to the schools, there were in attendance at Ijotli day and night schools over 8UU colored pupils." This attendance has steadily in- creased, aiul in January, 1909, in addition to the Colored Orphan .Vsylum, to which the city assign> one teacher, tliere are eight school buildings devoted exclusively to colored chil- dren, as follows: No. 19 (Frederick Douglass Scbiiol). Xo. "^'i (Cliarles Sumner). No. "^l (. McCoy j, No. 2{i, No. 37, No. 40 (Robert (Jouid Shaw), No. 42, and No. 62. The en- i-ollniiMit in these eight schools is 2,330; and ill a(blitioii there are about .50 colored pupils in other schools too far from any of the eight to attend them: 80 in Shortridge High School, and about the same number in the ilanual Training ILgh School. Manual training was introduced in Indian- apolis by the Germans in their Gewerbeschule, which was held in the German-English Scliool liniiding on East Maryland street. It was origi- nated and sup])orted by the Gewerbescbul- verein, among whose members were D. A. lloli- leii. the architect, IL Lauter, Otto Stechhan, Clciiieiis Vonnegut, antl other business men. Tile traclicrs were Bernard Vonnegut and .\r- tliui- Rolin. who taught descriptive geometry, architectural drawing, and design work: T. R. Bell, who taught machine draughting: and .v. Lindenberg, who taught free hand and or- namental drawing and ornamental modeling. The school jierformed a valuable service in helping young workmen to higher service and fitting boys for intelligent work. Among its jiroducts was Ernest Werner, a poor boy. who was inspired liy his schooling there with a de- sire for more education, became an architect, and later was assistant building-inspector of the city; from which position he went to West Point as superintendent of construction. The school had about 75 pupils but grew so that the quarters were inadequate and the teaching force also. The schulverein a]iplied to the school board for an a|ipro])riation I'm' the school, whicli could not legally lie inaile. but the board assigned Wm. II. Bass as a teacher then' for a y(>ar. Then the school board decided to take up manual training, and o])ened a department in Shortridge High School, in charirc of ^Ir. HISTORY or GRKATKK INDIANAPOLIS. Bas.«, ill l.s,s.S. It was coiitimied tliero till ]>s!i-i. and then removed to Iligli Stliool Xo. 2 (wliieh wa.^ niaintaincil at Virginia avenue and Ihivon street from 1884 to 18!)1), and after one year there, went back t(j Short ridge till 18!)4. ileanwhilc the lack of money ami room for the work had become apparent, and in 18!)1 an act of tlie legislature was obtained authorizing a tax of 5 cents on $100 for the erection and maintenance of a manual training school. As it would be slow work waiting for money to come in. a scheme was devised of antici]iating the revenue by notes, and the site was bought and Iniilding erected in that way. being opened in 1S9-I. with ('has. K. taking the schools out of oi'dmary parlv poli- tics, but as the .system developed, and the school funds became large, there grew up a .system of public school politics, which was at bottom a contest of banks for the custody of the school funds, and which was as objec- tionable as party politics. It became a prom- inent feature of controversy in the nineties, and the Seniincl made a protracted fight for the payment of all interest on the school funds into the school treasury, as a rented}'. In 1807 the matter of sehool-hiw reform was lirought before the Commercial Club, at a dinner on February 28, when there was an ad- dress by President .-Vndrew S. Draper, and re- BEECHER'S CHURCH, 1893. (As remodeleil for High School.) Emmerich as principal, lie was the right man in the right ])lace. and has been there ever since. The school was unlike any other in the country at the start. There were a num- ber oC persons interested in the nuivemeut who wanted to make it a trade school, but it was held to the plan of joint academic and manual training, and has become very popular. When started, people derided the idea that tiOO pupils would be found who wanted that sort of education : the average attendance in l!10r-8 was 1,399. The i)opularity of its work has caused an extension of most branches of it into the graded schools. The school law of ISTl was elVectivc for nuirks by others. The board of directors de- cided to appoint a committee to investigate and suggest amendments, and the annual re- ]iort of the club recites: '•The President ap- jiointed as such committee Charles W. Smith, Chairman; President J. II. Smart, President A. S. Draper, 8. 0. Pickens, William Scott. J. P. Frenzel, George ilerritt, F. II. Black- ledge, A. II. Brown, J. B. Connor, Franklin Vonnegut and Charles Martindale. Presi- dents Draper and Smart did not meet with the committee. The committee reported that it did not think it wise to projjose any legis- lation intended to change the character of the j)reseut Board of School Commissioners or •2rs HISTORY OP GREATER IXDIANAPOLIS. tne iiKUiiiiT of their clcrtioi) : that the float- ing debt of the Board shouhl be funded, and a .iinUing fund provided: and that not to ex- ceed .$00,000 annually for five years .should be borrowed for the construotion of new build- ings. The reporr was concurred in and the l)ill submitted therewith was approved by the Board ; a substitute bill embodying tlie so-called "t'leveland ))lan" of school adminis- tration which was submitted by one of the directors, Mr. Dunn, being rejected. The com- mittee was instrncted to present its bill to the General Assembly which it has done." The proposed bill did not become a law. The Sentinel kept up its fight for reform, and in 189S all of the candidates for school com- missioner opposed to it were defeated.'-" In 1897 a new factor in school affairs had come into existence. Thomas C. Day became im- pressed with the desirability of improvement 'in the school situation, especially of a ehisev tonch between the teachers and the peo])le, and organized the Citizens' Education So- cictv. The society was first attracted to the neglect of many parents to give their children opportunity for education, and secured the enactment by the legislature of 1897 of a com- pulsory education law. It requires parents and guardians of children between the ages of 8 and 14 to send them for at least 12 consecu- tive weeks in each year to a public, private or parochial school. Children mentally or physi- cally incapacitated are exempt, as also those who have completed the first eight years of work of the common schools. Children wliose parents are unable to supply them with the necessary books and clothing are supplied bv the school trustees or commissioners; ami these also appoint truant officers to enforce at- tendance. The wide interest in this move- ment may be judged from the personnel of the executive committee of the societv, which was composed of Thomas C. Day. Chairman, Her- mann Lieber, Miss Xebraska E. Cropsey. Benja- min Harrison. J. K. Lilly, D. K. Goss, G. .\. Schnull, Edgar \. Brown, J. L. McMasters. ]\riss Margaret Hamilton. Mrs. Frances M. Brunton, Wm. A. Guthrie \Vm. Scott, B. ('. Kelsey, treasurer, and Dr. I!. (». Me.Mexandi'r, secretary. ■"Srntinrl. June 9-1-.'. 1908. In 1S99 the society investigated the school law and decided that amendment was desirable. A committee was appointed to prepare a bill. c-om])osed of Thos. C. Dav, Chairman, and Judge John E. Scott, Judge L. C. Walker. and Wm. A. Bell. Other organizations de- sii'eil to unite in the work, and the committee was enlarged by adfling Judge Frank E. Gavin. Henry W. Bennett and Albert E. Metzger from the Commercial Club, and Dr. P. H. .Jameson, Charles S. Lewis and Judge Thomas L. Sullivan, from the Board of Trade. The bill was drawn up by Judge Gavin, and revised by the committee, and the 'Cleveland plan" which the Commercial Club had rejected, was made the basis of the bill. The liill became a law on March 4, 1899, and the new board created i)y it took office January 1, 1900. The law established a board of five members, elected by a general vote of the city, and not taken from any districts. They served four years, divided in two classes which are elected every second and fourth vear. At the city election, October 10, 1899, Charles W. Moores, (ieorge W. Sloan, Andrew M. Sweeney, John H. Emrich and Henry C. Sickels were elected members of the board. ^lessrs. Moores, Sweeney and Sickels drew short terms, ami were reelected in 1901 and again in 190.5 — Mr. Sloan died February 1.5, 1903, and Wm. JI. Taylor was elected by the board to fill the vacancy. He and Mr. Emrich were reelected at the city elections of 1903 and 1907. At the election of 1909. ^fessrs. ^[oores, Sickels and Sweeney were rejilaced by Miss Mary E. Nichol- son, Dr. Frank A. ilorrison. and James P. Mc- (iowan. 'ilie law makes the City Controller auditor of ilie board, and the City Treasurer its treas- urer, thus taking from it any custody of its tiiiuls beyond their expenditure. It provides for a Superintendent of Schools, who has cliarge of all the school work proper, and a Business Director who has control of all busi- ness and financial administration. It provides also for a librarian and Secretary, having the duties usually pertaining to those offices. The importance of an adequate business ad- ministration will be seen from the following statement of the administrative expenses of ibe board, exclusive of teachers' salaries, from • lulv 1. 19(10 to July 1. 1908: lllS'l'oK'V OF (iUKATER INDIANAPOLIS. 27!) Xew buildings !(!!)53,,()48.!1.") Xew sites and additional griuinds. . 1 il,0."")S.!H) I'ennani'nt improvcniunt^ 251,815.14 Struct iniindvi'inents 45,987.54 'l'(.t;ll $l.:i!ll.'.)l(l.5!» Thiti was the small end of the exjjenditun.s, the teachers' salaries being $441,090.87 in 1900-1. and $687,885.74 in 1907-8, over $4,- 000,000 in the eight years. The total ex- penditures in 190(1-1 we're $ 790.:21.9: . the re- ceipts .$8(i2.242.42. The total expenditures in 190';-8 were $l.:317,8i;J.(iS. the receipts $1,229,51:5.27 ; there being a balance of .$278.- 6;il.70 over from the preceding year. Anyone ought to .see the absurdity of carrying on such a business through a board of unsalaried trus- tees, with no business manager, who could give only their surplus time lo the business. The only wonder is that school affairs were man- aged so well under the old system, for the business was large even then. In 1871-2 the total expenilitures were $149,112.54, and they ."Steadily and necessarily increased to $365,908.- 83 in 1891-2; the total expenditures for these 21 years being $5,375,337.33. The explan- ation of it is the generous service given by some of the best business men of the city, (several of whom served on the board for years, especially Hcniy 1'. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher. H. V. West and D. \'. Culley, in the period prior to 1871 ; .James C. Yohn", John R. Elder, Clemens V(mnegut, Thos. B. Elliott, and Cy- ru< ('. nines, both before and after 1871 ; and Austin II. Br<iwn, (ieorge Merritt, H. G. Carev, J. .1. Bingham, Charles W. Smith, Wm. .\. Hell, J. II. (ireenstreet. .1. 15. Conner, and J. r. I-'renzel after 1871. As t(i Mr. Frenzel it I- iiid\- iu>t to say, that notwithstanding the criticism cit him in the heated period of the nineties (and \hc writer, as editorial writer of the Sfliiiiiirl contributed a large share of it), no one can fairly study the school conditions of the long yieriod of his service, from 1882 up, and not lie imj)ressed that his sen'icc was of very great value to the public in the tinaii- cial management. The truth is, that in the development of Indianajiolis from n town to a city, and the dcvelopmcitt (if public demand for the latest and best school accomniodations, the school ex- |iiMiditnres have grown out of proportion to mere population. In the last eight year.s, during whit-h the business management has been under the new system, the increase of ex- penditures has been (>(! jier cent, and the in- crease of enrollment has been only 19 per cent. But teachers are getting fairer jiay, and children are getting better school accomnio- dations. It would be impossible to get i<Mn- petent teachers now for the salaries that were paid in 1871-2; and the ))ublic would revolt against a return to the kind of school lionses in use then, just as they would iigainst a re- turn to the kind of streets we had then. The standard of living has been raised, ami it has jirobablv been raised more in public af- fairs than in private affairs, on the average. After the resignation of Jlr. Shortridge in 1874y George P. Brown liecanu' Supi'rintcndent until 1879, when lie ic-igncd. lie artrrwards became known as one of the most distinguished I'ducators of the country. He was followed by Horace Sumner Tarbell. who served a<-ceptablv till 1884. .Mr. Tarbell and his daughter Martha ha\e since been known as autliors of school books. In 1884 Lewis Henry .loncs ln'raine Superintendent, and served till 1S!)| when lie left here to serve as Superintendent of the Cleveland schools; he served there until 1902, and then became president of the Michigan State Xormal College, where he has siiii-e lieen. From 1895 to 1900 David K. Goss was Super- intendent. He was a well-equipped and forci>- ful man, but he was not popular in Indian- apolis, and he had the misfortune to serve during a storm period, when he caught part of the blast. .Mr. (Joss died at .Strasburg, (ier- rnany, where he was conducting a school for .\merican boys, Se])teinlHr 20, 1901.-'' Jn 1900 Calvin N. Kendall, the present Superinten- dent, came to Indianajiolis al'tci- li\(' years' service as Superintendent of the .New Haven, Connecticut schools. Although Indianapolis has been extremely fortunate in the high grade of her school superintendents, the excellence of her schools is chiefly due to the devotion and self-sacrifice of the public school teachers, many of them Indianapolis women, who have simply built their lives into this great school fabric. It would require more than human |)ower to list those deserving special prai.se, where practically all lia\e done so nobly. They ''News, Seiitember 27. 1901. iSO IILSTOEY or GIJEATER I.NDIAXAI'OLIS. have thtir common inouument in the school system they have helijed to make. But all will concede that special credit is due to Miss Nebraska E. C'ropse^-, who as assistant superin- tendent is conceded to have largely made the primary departments of the schools what they are. In January, 1909, there were 62 graded schools in Indianapolis, with G19 rooms. Shortridge High Scliool has 70 rooms, and ^fanual Training High School over 80. To maintain the schools, in addition to the state tax, there is a local tax of 58 cents on $100. Of this 5 cents is for buildings and grounds, 5 cents for manual training, 4 cents foi- City Library, 1 cent for teachers' pensions, and 1 cent for free kindergartens, though the kinder- gartens are not imder the control of the School Board. There are 873 persons in the teach- ing force, including superintendents and super- visors. Of these 633 are teachers in the graded school — 65 colored. IThese are the regular teachers, and there are also 40 special teach- ers, who visit various schools, including 16 manual training teachers, 5 sewing teachers, 6 cooking teachers, 4 mvisic teachers, 5 art teach- ers, 3 physical training teachers, and 1 pen- manship teacher. There are also 43 German teachers in the graded schools. Shortridge High School has 47 teachers and Manual Training High School 69. The remaining members of tlie teaching force are supervisors and superintendents. The Indianapolis public schools have re- ceived many compliments,-^ and certainly none more frank and sincere than those of Dr. Jos. M. Rice, the editor of the Forum. He says: ■"The Indianapolis schools, though upon a rather high level, and, in my opinion, among our best, are not perfect. A perfect school means a perfect teacher, a teacher who pos- sesses a beautiful character, education, cul- ture, and great professional strength. The In- dianapolis teacher is not perfect. Her spirit is beautiful, but her professional strength, though it compares favorably with the strength of the best of our teachers, is not yet great. The first steps toward the ideal have been made. * * * When our teachers combine the beautiful spirit of the Indianapolis teach- ers with the technique of the German school- master, America will have the best schools in the world. To exchange our spirit for the German's technique would, 1 think, be taking a backward step. We must not be content unt'd we have both."' "'•' And in his summing up he adds: "Although Indianapolis was the twenty- third city that I visited in my tour, I discovered in the first class-room entered that the schools of that city had reached a higher stage of development than any that I had previously investigated. Before visiting the schools of Indianapolis, my attention had never been called to their excellence, and the first school that I saw was one to which I had been di- rected by the porter as being the most conven- ient to reach from the hotel. In nearly every city later visits served simply to confirm the judgment I had formed on investigating the first school." ■"> -^News. :March 8, 1905 ; December 18, 1905 ; Star, May 5. 1907. -U^rum, Vol. 14, pp. 442-3. ^"Forum, Vol. 15, p. 516. These articles were published in book form in 1893, under the title. The Public School System of the United States. CHAPTER XXV. TllK I'AIK KIKE DEPARTMEXT. The paid liiv de|j:irtiiiciit ui ludiauapulis began opeiatioii.s on quite a modest scale. One ordinance of November 14, 1859, disbanded the volunteer comjianies and another provided for a paid department consisting of one steam and two hand engines and a hook and ladder company, 'riie lirst company was to take The Conqueror and use the old Invincible house on North Xovv Jersey street, with Charles Kich- mann ag captain. The second was to take the Indiana (No. 4) and the house of the Wes- terns on West Washington street, with W. O. Sherwood as captain. The Hook and Ladder Company was to kee]) the a])paratus in their house on the west end of the East .Market I Square, with W. W. Darnall as captain. The ! members of the companies were to serve only ' at fires, and to receive $25 a year, except that two members of each of the engine companies were to remain at the houses all the' time, and they were each to receive ^'Mio a year. The steam engine did not arrive until Marcli, 1860, and it was then located at the house of the Westerns on West Washington street, and the Indiana was placed at the house of the Unions on South street. The new engine was a Leo & Earned rotary, which puffed and shook so tremendously tliat the timid expected it to go to pieces at any moment, but it was efficient and soon won public I'avor for the new system. In August, ISdd. a third-class Latta was bought, which arrived in October and was located at the house of the Marions, at New York street and Massachusetts avenue. On October 22, 18G0, a Seneca Falls engine was exhibited at the State Fair, before a com- mittee of the council, in competition with other engines, and the council purchased it for S.S.odo. turning in the old Fnion at ^dnd in part pay. It was ])laeed at the Union house on South street, and these three en- gines, known as Nos. 1, 2, and 3, in the order of purchase, with the Hook and Ladder Com- pany constituted the equipment for the next seven years. Frank Glazier was appointed en- gineer of No. 1, Charles Curtis of No. 2, and Daniel Glazier of No. 3. Until the steam engines came, the old liand engines were hauled to fires by horses, and there manned by the members of the paid companies and such volunteers as were willing to aid. The latter were usually plentiful, for there was little of the bitterness of opposition to the change that appeared in some cities, and it was naturally hard for an old fireman not to lend a hand if he was present at a fire. The paid system went into effect with little friction, and witliin a year the war was absorbing every- body's attention, and the old fire e(nn])any troubles had practically dropped mil nf sight. The first step of improvement after l>S(ii) was the jjrovision of a central alarm system. The council made arrangements to place a wateh- tower on the Glenn's Block — on the old hotel site now occupied by the New York store — which was about the highest building in the city,, of central location. Here Charles Rhodes was stationed with a field glass, during the hours of the night to look out for fires. When one was detected the alarm was given on a bell that was niotmted on an open framework tower in the rear of the building, '{'here were nine wards at the time, and the bell struck the number of the ward in which the fire appeared to be located, whereiqwn tin- firemen went in that direction and hunted it up as best they could. During the war the watchmen had in- sfructions to keep s|)ecial watch on (.'amp Mor- ton, where the rebel prisoners were confined, and give an alarm if any trouble appeared. 281 282 HISTORY OF GK'HATEll INDIANAPOLIS. ■I i It was one of the popular fancies of the time that if the prisoners escaped their first act would be to tire the city and destroy the fire apparatus, but fortunately this dire condition was never reached. In 1867 a second Seneca Falls engine was bought and put in service in December, but no comjiany was organized for it for several years. It replaced first Xo. 3, then No. 2, and then Xo. 1 while they were sent off for over- hauling and repairs, and then was stored as an extra at the Massachusetts avenue house until 1872, when a readjustment was made, in connection with the new water works sy>- tem. Steamer Xo. 1 was put at Indiana ave- nue and .Michigan street, with G. ^I. Bishop as engineer. Steamer Xo. 2 — the "William Henderson'" — was put at Massachusetts avenue and Xoble street, with Andrew 0. Cherry a< engineer. Steamer Xo. 3 was located on \\v- ginia avenue between Huron and South, « itli John R. Bellis as engineer. Steamer Xo. 4 — the "John ^larsee'' — was put at the cornei' of Illinois and ^lerrill streets, with Cicero Sei- bert as engineer. The Hook and Ladder Com- pany, with a hose reel, was located at Massa- chiisetts avenue and Xew York street; and three other hose reels were placed, one at the old Xorth Xew Jersev house, one on Washing- ton, west of Mississip])i, and one on St. Joseph street between Meridian and Illinois. The com- ing of the waterworks, the first fifteen miles of mains being laid in the mile square in 1870, made a change in fire protection en- ergies, for it was on the Holly system, and largely did away with the necessity for en- gines. The number of ho.se companies wa< increased until in 1874 there were ten of them in operation. Prior to 1874 there had been only three fire- in Indianapolis that would now be considered large, the Kingan pork house, ilorrison's Opera House, and the Woodburn-Sarven Wheel Co. The Kingan fire occurred on Jlay 22, I860, and was one of the most spectacular fires ever seen here. The building was a new one, fiv(i stories high, and was full of pork and lard. The flames lighted up the country for miles and tlie heat was so intense that the firemen could hardly get in reach of the fire. But thev kept at it and at least saved some of th'^ stock in the cellar bv flooding. The loss at this fire was about $200,000, largclv covered bv insurance. On January 17, 1870, the night of (Jough's lecture, ilorrison's Opera House, at the northeast corner of .Maryland and iler- idian streets, was burned. The fire started during the lecture, but the audience passed out without any accident. The fire spread to ad- joining buildings, and caused a loss estinuited at .$2oO,000, about four-fifths insured, making the most destructive fire known, to that date. 'J'he ^\'oodbu^n-Sarven Wheel Company's jilant was originally built in 1847 and enlarged by an addition on the west in 186G. The fire, on March 11, 1873, began in this addition which was filled with inflammable material, and which was higher than the old building. In an effort to get at the fire Chief Daniel Glaz- ier led a party of hose nu'n into the second story of the old building, and while thert' the lire wall of the addition fell, crashing thiougli ihr roof, killing (ilazier, and woundiuij sov- c lal of tlie men. The money loss of this fire was n(>t reported, but the death of the chief — the first death of an Indiana])olis fire- man in the perfornuinee of duty — overshadowed <ither considerations. The extent and fury of these fires was chiefiy due to the contents of the buildings, but the city was coming to a ])eriod when its worst fires were due to light and cheap construction of high buildings. Un- til 18"4 no fire ever crossed a street in In- di.-inapolis, and it was generally supposed none ever would, on account of their width, but now it was demonstrated that high buildings of infiammable structure presented a situation differing from low buildings of solid construc- tion. On the exening of March 22, 1814 a fire started in an unfinished building known as Wrighfs E.xchange Block, on the west side of . Pennsylvania street north of Market. It was a four-story, ii-on-front building, nearly com- pleted. The open studding and large ipian- tities of lumber ready for placing made it a veritable furnace. The water company was slow in getting jiressnre, and the fire was so well started before any effective streams were had that tlie building was doomed. Burnini'- brands were whirled up in the air and carrii'd for more than a lilock. .\s the heat increased fiames ajijieared in the ^[artindale block and the unfinished Sheets Hotel (now the N'ew- Denison) across the street, and before the com- ))an'es could get at them, bi'tli were fully in isroi.'v or (u;i:.\ii:it lndianapous. 28.-? flame. H\it li\' tliis limc tlic uatcr jUTssuri' had Ix'CoiiR' satisfactory ami the tiiiMiicii man- aged to kee]) the tire within these limits. liv midnight the ')iiil(lins;s were snmkinj;' niiii> — the wall:- still standing — and a loss of over $200,000 had been incurred, not more tiian one- fourth insured. There was criticism i)f the fire department, partly ])olitieal, of the water company, and of the tire apparatus. Undoui)t- edly the huildings on the east side of the street could have been saved if the department had abandoned the original fire and given its at- tention to them, but nobody dreamed of the fire crossing the street. It w-as unprecedented. A high wind from the w'est and a lack of water pressure when it was most needed, coujded with rotten hose and engines not in the best condition, were the principal factors in the re- .sult. It convinced everybody that it wniild not do to rely on the water works alone. Said the Ncvs: "Although it was claimed i)y tlie Holly Company that their system answered ;ill the pur])0ses of a fire department, experii'nee has shown that it does nothing of the kind. and that we shall have to rely mainly upon engines. We need at least two more here, and better ones if possible than those now in use." This was the general sentiment, and three new engines were ordered, with a supply of new hose. Steamer Xo. 1 was placed at Indiana avenue near Michigan : Steamer Xo. 2, on Massachusetts avenue north of Walnut; Steamer Xo. 3, on "\' irginia avenue below South -treet: Steamer Xo. I. at Hussell avenue and .Merrill street: Steamer Xo. .■) — calliMl "Snacks"', in honor of Gid. B. Thompson of the News — on Sixth street (now Fifteenth) ea«t of Ten- nessee: Steamer Xo. li, the Thomas D. Tvingan, was on Washington street west of West street; Steamer Xo. 7, at 2(5 K. :\raryland. There was also a hose wagon stationed at each of the seven engine houses. The three remaining hose wagons were at 20 X*. Xew Jersey street. 31 W. St. Joseph, and 12.5 East South street. One of the new engines was a Seneca Falls, one a Lee & Lamed rotarv, and one a Latta — the last named being held in special esteem bv the firemen, as the old T.atta bad been also. There were some fair sized tires in the next fourteen years, but nothinsr startlinir. .\mong the more notable were Kle\atnr H 'n .Tune, 1S7.5: the stv<'et car staliles atid Toii-ev I't Wiggins meat-storage bouse in 1876 ; the .\ead- emy of .Music on January 27, 1877; the Cen- ■ tennial Block in the winter of 1878: Ferguson's ])oik house on February ■; , 1881; the Hominy Milks, October 8, 1881; Failey's Wheel Works, October .30, 1883; the street car barns, Janu- ary 1, 1884; the Indianapolis Stove Co., on .May 9, 1883; the Love Bros, cotton mill, De- cember 27, 1884; the Evans Linseed Oil .Mill, December (i, 188.J; the Wasson fire, ilay 2(), and Tucker & Dorsey fire, Xovember 4, 18S7. In 1888 came two fires that were fairly beyond the powers of the department, and it did well to confine them as it <lid. The first, long known as "the South ileridian Street Fire" occurred on the night of January 13. It was discovered in the dry goods house of D. P. Erwin & Co., on the cast side of the street l)e- low (ieorgia. soon after 11 o'clock, and gained such headway that it could not be extinguished. The night w-as bitter cold, and at first the firemen were hardly able to handle the hose on that account. In spite of their efforts it took the wholesale grocei-y house of Geroge W. Stout, on the north, and they would not have beiMi aiile to save the ilry goods house of Bvram, Cornelius I'lt Co.. on tlie cornel', if it had not been jirotected by a heavy fire wall — a de- fense which saved the buiJding from another next-door fire some year.s' later. From StouCs the fire jumped the street to an unfinished building, and thence spread to and consumed Pearson & WetzelTs (|ueensware house, ^Ic- Kee Ik Branham's boot and shoe house, C. B. Cones & Co.'s overall factory. Tanner & Sul- livan's tinners' suonbes house, David Kahn's trunk house, and damaged some other estab- lislinients. .'Vfter the fire was well started the cold <if the night was forgotten. It was so hot on Meridian street that clothing was scorched, and some of the hose was so badl\' bui'iied as to be unserviceable. The men could not get to windows on lailders on account o( the heat, and tlu'rc was not a ladder in the dejiartmcnt that would i-cacb to the roof of a four-story building. .\ hard night's work sei'\ed only to hold the lire within these bounds. On June 13. a fire started in Stone & Co.'s laliinet shop which formed the southeast cor- ner of a group of factories, sheds and lumber piles on the block at the southeast corner of Clifford (now Tenth street) and Massa- chusetts avenues. The wind was from th(» •2tii HISTOIJY 01' GKEATER I^DIA.XAI'ULIS. soiilli, and the iiiatirial was like tinder. It .stopped ouly for lack of material after eou- .■^luniug Adams & \Villiamsou"s veneer works, and ;M. J. Osgood's lumber yard. The heat was so intense that the boots of the firemen who got in close to it ''cracked and fell otf their feet." While the whole force was fighting this fire, commonly known as "the Veneer Works Fire", an alarm came in from Deloss Eoofs foundry at the corner of Kentucky avenue and Sharpe street, and part of the force was sent there. Between the two the firemen had a night that will long be remembered. But mere work, or even hardship becomes in- significant in comparison with the tragedy of the Bowen-Merrill fire on March 17, 18911. The fire began at 3 o'clock in the afternoon in their establishment which was then on the north side of Washington street on ground now cohered by H. P. Wasson & Co. It soon became evident that to prevent the fire spread- ing to other buildings a determined fight would have to be made, and a party of firemen went to the roof, while others entered the win- dows. Without a moment's warning the floors from bottom to top of the building, and the roof fell in. In the face of this appalling disaster the remaining firemen redoubled their efforts and volunteers aided both in extinguish- ing the fire and in rescuing the victims. Twelve dead firemen wei-e taken from the ruins : Thos. A. Black. John Burkhart. Andrew 0. (^lierry, George S. Falkner, Ulysses G. Glazier, Albert Huffman, David 0. R. LowTy, Espy Stormer, Anthony Voltz, Wm. L. Jones, George W. Glenn and Henry D. Woodruff. There were also wounded: Thomas Barrett, Fred Bloomer, Geo. W. Diller. Wm. A. Hinesley, Charles Jenkins, Eb. R. Leach, Wm. C. Long, Albert ]\Ieurer, Wm. McGinnis, Samuel Xeall, Samuel Null, Wm. C. Partee, Louis F. Rafert, Wm. Reasner, Webb Robinson and Wm. Tal- lentire. Wm. McGinnis afterwards died of his injuries, and several of the others were permanently incapacitated for bard work. The tragedy sent a thrill of horror through the com- munity, which quickly gave place to desire to help the living. On the next day, ilay 18, flavor Sullivan issued the following: "Proclamation : "The discharge of their duty has brought death, sudden and terrible, to a large number of our liremeii. Many others are confined to their beils from injuries which will bring weeks (if liclpless suffering. These men have families dependent upon them. It is the duty and pleasure of our citizens to see to it that want is not added to the grief of those so bereaved. In order that there may be no delay in this matter, and that all generous givers may have an opportunity to contribute to the discharge (if this most pressing obligation that has C(Hne upon us, 1 hereby appoint Geo. G. Tanner, Kli Lilly. Theodore P. Haughey, John W. Murphy, Caleb S. Denny, A. Kiefer and Mich- ael O'Connor a committee to receive all funds donated, and to take charge of the disburse- ment of the same; and 1 request that the above-named gentlcnii^n meet at the ilayor's ottice in the Court House, at 10 :'.W a. m.. to- day. ■■Thomas L. Sullivan, Mayor." The committee met. elected ilayor Sulli- van chairman, Theodore P. Haughey treasurer, and Caleli S. Denny secretary and went to work at once, tlie subscriptions the first day amounting to $1,725. Everybody wanted to help. Collections were made not only in busi- ness houses and organizations of all sorts, but also by the children in the public schools and the Suudav schools. Soon contributions began coming in from the outside, especially from fire departments, not only in Indiana, iiul far outside. Louisville, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Cleveland, Toledo, Chicago, Pittsburg. Atlanta, Brooklyn, and Xew York added gen- erously to the fund ; and from London came a check for $1,000 from the representatives of the foreign insurance companies doing busi- ness in Indiaiui. By August 23, 1900, the fund was completed, with a total of $.12, 443. 49. The committee wisely distributed this fund on the basis of needs, instead of dividing it equally. They paid $35,207.38 for annuities, providing $15 a month for each of the nine widows and one denendent mother left by the casualty, $5 a month for each of nineteen or- jihans and $10 a month for each of three in- fant ori)hans till they reach the age of six- teen. Homes were bought for the widows of Glazier, Woodruff, Voltz and Glenn, who had none, and mortgages paid on the homes of Hoffman and Stormer. All fimeral and medical bills were ]nr<\. and $11,804.37 was paid out to HISTOEY OF GREATER I^'DIANAPOLIS. 285 "._,^'^-v OLD FIRE AT-ARM TOWER. (From an old cut.) '2S(; lllSTOHV OF GltKATHU IXDIAXAI'OI.IS. tlic families of llu- dead, and ^I.'JIH.-.H) tu the injured. The annuities were bought in tlic Equitable Life Assurance Company, the In- dianapolis manager. 1). B. Shideler contributing his commissions, which amounted to .$().3T.5"2. In less than two years there came another tire horror with the greatest loss of life ever known here, but not to the fire department. This was the burning of the Surgical Insti- tute, at the northeast corner of Georgia and Illinois streets. It was a veritable tire trap for sound people, let alone helpless cripples, including the upper poi'tions of several old l)uildings connected bv narrow and intricate passages, and insiitficiently furnished with fire escapes. The alarm came a quarter of an hour before midnight on January 21. 1892. By the time the de])artment reached the scene the building was filled with «tifiing smoke, but not- withstanding this, and the warning of tbe Bowen-^Ierrill fire, firemen and a number of outsiders who were earlv' on the scene entered the building and succeeded in rescuing a num- ber of the dazed and almost helpless patients. In spite of their efforts nineteen lives were lost in surroundings so a])]ialling as to beggar de- scrijition. This tire probably did more to awaken the community to the moral responsi- bility for dangerous buildings than all the rest of their experience. The Democratic cor- oner returned a verdict exonerating the owners of the Institute, and the Sentinel vigorously denounced his action and demanded his defeat for renomination. which duly resulted, not- withstanding the efforts of the local Democratic machine to save hini.^ Since then there has been a steady trend of sentiment in favor of fire protection by prevention that has borne good fruit, and though the enforcement of the law outside of mere construction of build- ings is not perfect, it is an improvement on former conditions. With the inauguration of government iiinlei' thi' new city charter, in 1891. came an im- provement in tlu> fire department. In 1891 the Chief reported "six engines, three ahnost worthless", but in that year three new engines were bought, one first-class and two second- class: two of the old engines being given in exchange and one repaired. A new cheinieal 'Senfinel. .lannarv '2'^ : Februaiv 2:! : ,\pril 0. 1892. was bought, at a cost of -iio.oOO. a new hook and ladder truck, and two hose wagons. The city entered on 1S92 with seven serviceable en- gines, three chemicals, three general purpose trucks, one aerial truck and eleven hose wagons. The one thing lacking, which was asked for and was not provided, was a water tower, and this request was repeated in 1893. The need of it was demonstrated in several tires that could not be reached by ordinary appara- tus. There were several bad fires in 189.'), involving heavy loss — tlie Corde fire. Febnuiiy 5; the Denison, Februarv 7; Geo. W. Stout. February 10; Eastman. Schleicher it Lee. Sep- tember 18, and Schnull & Co., December 3 — and the insurance companies raised insurance rates, with a broad intimation that they migiit be reduced if the fire department were im- proved. The justice of the demand was gen- erally conceded, and the Sentinel made a s|iecial tight for a water tower. Two new en- gines were purchased, with two hose wagons and a Champion water tower, the latter i)eing put in service ^lay 30, 189(>. The water tower had a disastrous experience, owing to the fact that nobody seemed to know how to handle it. It was designed to be liacked up to a tire, so that the recoil of the tower would come length- wise of the truck, but this required that the truck should set across the street, which block- aded it. At the Denison house fire im Janu- ary 29, 1897, it was undertaken to operate it sidewise. and the result was that when the pressure was put on, the recoil upset the truck and the tower was badly smashed. Chief Coots has obviated this troulde. by providing a pair of heavy iron braces, which are clamped on the tops of the wheels at one end. and se- curely spiked to the pavem,ent at the other when the tower is in operation, thus making an upset impossible. The repaired tower is now a valuable feature of the fire-fighting equip- ment, and has rendered great service by get- ting a heavy stream of water to points which nu'n could not approach on account of the heat. This fact is recognized by all who give attention to such matters, and has been dem- onstrated repeatedly; for example, at the Badger fire, on Xovember 22. 190.-). the water tower un(|uestional)ly prevented a disastrous conflagration. In 189() the worst fires were tbe Balke & Krauss fire on Februarv 21 : the Atkins fire on II!ST()i;V OF r.UKATF.i; IXniAXAPOIJS. •,'s: Jl.iv 111; tlu' iVarson A Wi'tzell on Uctolu'i 1">: and llie Laurie & Kobson, on XovenilxT 7. In tliat year two additional engines were purcliai-pd. There was then nothing serious until 189!), when the Stedihaii Lounge factory burned on February 'i'i ; and the Atkins plant had another Ijail lire on December 29. In IDOO the bail tires were luni|)e<l in February and March, beginning with the disastrous Stout and Kiefer tire on February 1 ; aiul followed by the C'lune mattress factory on February 17. tiic Star store, on March il. Cones Overall factory on March 11. and Mussman's planing mill, on ^larch is. The year 1J)04 was sig- nalized by two bad church fires, the First Ra]!- tist on January ;!. and Meridian Street Method- ist Church, on November IT. both being total losses. During this period there luid been a steady improvement in (ire e(iui]iment. In isni two new engines witc bought; and in 190"^ two more engines, three hose wagons, a combination truck and chemical, two general piirjiose trucks, one aerial truck, and one uni- versal wagon iu)zzle. N'evertheless. the year 190.i witnessed the worst tire tliat Indianapolis ever had. On the evening of February 19. a (ire started in Fahnley & ^McCrea's wholesale millinery house on South Meridian street. It stood in a quarter of a scpiare bcumded by Meridian, r.ouisiana and McCrea streets, with an alley on the north, which was almost solidly built up, with a large amouiit of frame construc- tion liack from the street fronts. The Fahnley & AfcCrea establishment ran through Iroiii Mer- idi.i.n to ^IcCrca street, with an 1- running Fouth to T.ouisiana street between the Savoy TTotel and the .Sherman FTouse. The origin of the fire was a invstery and its rapidity of spread was phenomenal. It may have started from electric wires or from esca|iing gas. The firm had several machines for curling feath- ers (hat were heated by gas. conducted through rubber tubes. If the gas did not start the fire. there is no doubt that the tubes quicklv burned. and the gas fed the flames. Nearly the wb(de deiiartniciit was on haml within fifteen minutes and the fire was so liot that the first water was thrown on buildings across the street to prevent its spread. Jn a very short time it was evident that the Fahnley & McCrea es- tablishment and the buildings south of it were doomed. North of it was the dru^' house of \. Kiefer I'v: Co.. which was considered lire- l)ii>(if on account of heavy walls and an auto- matic sprinkler — the only one in the square. In .'^ome mysterious way the fire "jumped" this building, and started in the secoiul floor of GrilKths Bros, millinery house, north of it. Possibly this was due to sonu' effect of the fire on the electric wires, for another buihlin<T far- ther north — Muellerschoen's saloon — took fire twice from electric wires during the conttagra- tion. but was put out both times. (Jritfiths" wa> ipiickly a niass of flame. Kiefer's withstood ilie heat on both sides until the water supply of it> automatic sprinkler was exhausted — more than half an hour. Then it took fire at the lop. and soon the large water tank crashed down through the roof and floors. l'\irtunately, the bas(Mnent was by this time pretty well flooded, and the fire did not reach the stocks of whiskv, ammonia and nitro-glycerin. that were stored there. Meanwhile the fire had progressccl to tlie north and taken the druggists" sundries and holiday goods house of the E. C. Dolmetsch Co., in the upper story of which was a tpian- tity of fireworks. The explosions of these and the drugs in Kiefer's resembled cannonading, and the pyrotechnic effects were startling. The wind was blowing steadily from the south, and <parks and burning l)rands were carried for Idocks. A chemical engine was detailed to p.atrol the streets of the business district and look for fires. A cupola elevator-shaft of the Crand Hotel, a block away, took fire, but luckily was soon discovered and extinguished with a loss of not over *-2,()00. Tt is probable that what saved the ci(v was the fact that there had been s(>veral recent snows, and roofs were nut in condition to ignite readily. The de- partment devoted its efforts to preventing the furtb"r spread of the fire, and by great exer- tion prevented its passing the alley at the north, or any of the streets, though buildings op|)osite were scorched and their windows cracked to pieces. Evervhody conceded the <ino(\ work of the department, and the spread of the fire was due to its peculiar character, and the lack of wnter nressure in its earlier stau'cs. Since thi< fire the notable ones have been that of Brinkmt'vcr. Kuhn & Co.. on Juni' '.'0. 1005, and the Daniel .Steward Drug House, on July 7. 1907. There have also been warnings in ihi three Presto-Tiite fires on October 17, 288 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIA]S\\POLIS. 1907; Deuciiibcr '.'0. 1907: and .7une 6, 190S. The record of alarms aud adjusted losses by 3'ears, as far back as available, is as follows: a 1882 c:: < 213 o $ 52,160 1896 371 VJ C 337,974 1883 214 110,579 1897 696 $221,540 1884 2C2 83.723 1898 704 174.298 1885 293 199,901 1899 957 207.394 188G 1900 1.052 695.244 1887 408 139.702 1901 1,099 225,872 1888 327 749.399 1902 1,098 297,448 1889 302 241,902 1903 1,109 286,798 1890 324 259.501 1904 1.092 480,029 1S91 3^0 358,714 1 905 1.148 1,013,012 1892 435 304.308 1 i)06 1.293 370.886 1893 53G lfi2.105 1907 1.171 181,756 1894 473 234.566 1908 1.414 633.418 1895 fi78 712.090 1909 1,326 It is to be noted that these are the figures for the adjusted losses as taken from the oth- cial reports of the companies to the Auditor of State — down to 1894 by the Fire Depart- ment, and since that date bv the Indianapolis Fire Inspection Bureau. There is no record of uninsured losses. The vear 1905 is the only one in the history of the city in which the losses exceeded the insurance premium ])ay- mcnts for the year from the city. In that year the premium payments were $1,000,058. Tlie loss for the year is due to the great fire of February 19, on South Meridian strcrt, tlic aggregate loss in which was $825,000. The fire force of Indiana]iolis, on Janua'" 1. 1909. consisted of 264 men. of wIkuu 23 were substitutes and 241 regular em]iloyes. with an annual pay roll of $227,000 to which is added $45,000 for current expenses. The equipment consists of eleven engines in acti\i' use and one held in reserve. Three of these are Metropolitans: five Ahre7is; one Continen- tal: one La France: one Xott, and one Clapp & .Tones Five are first class — two extra : three second-class, and four third-class. There are twenty-six hose wagons in active service and one in reserve. Five of these are furnished with the Glazier turret nozzle and two with the Maltese cross. There are three chemical engines in active service, and one in reserve. The city has one water tower, a ('iinnipinn. whicli is also furnisbetl with a dcek nozzle. There are nine hook and ladder trucks in ac- tive use and one in reserve, of which two are aerials, and three combination chemicals. There are sixty-eight portable Babcock extinguishers, each hose wagon and ladder truck being equipped with two of them, except the five wag- ons that have the Glazier wagon nozzles. The city is chiefly dependent on the water-works system for fire protection, aud there are 2.371 fire hydrants scattered through the city. There are also 177 fire cisterns scattered through the citj'', located chiefly in neighborhoods where large fires are possiljle. Xinety of these are connected with the water mains, so that they can 1)0 replenished while the engines draw from them. They are usually filled from the water mains unless convenient to the canal or river. Two of these cisterns are of only 300 barrels capacity, but they run from that up to 2,000 barrels, the average being 800 to 1,000 barrels. The custom now is to make new cisterns of aliout 500 barrels capacity, and connect with the water mains. The old watcli tower system was the only source of fire alarms until 1868, when, in Feb- ruary, the city put in an automatic electric alarm svsteni. at a cost of $6,000. This was gradually extended as the city grew, and con- tinued in use until 1901. It was vei-y satis- factory except in rare cases when two alarms were sent in at the same time, in which rase it confused them, and indicated Udthina'. 'i'his system repeated the alai'm by sounding the box number, five times. On ^farch 4, 1901, a I'ontract was made with the Gamewell Com])anv for a new equipment, including a complete exchange, for $62,500. It called for 120 new boxes, and the remodeling of 104 old oiks. This equipment is now in use. the number of boxes being increased from time to time until now there are in all 289 boxes. Of these 160 are fitted with the "Smith glass front"; i. e.. they have the key in the box under a glass cover which is to he broken in case it is de- sired to send in an alarm. For the others the keys are kept in the most convenient neighboring houses. It is astonishing how many people are unable to send in a fire alarm, and in their excitetnent fail to notice the direc- tions which are printed in hirae letters in the box. There have been repeated cases m-Ium-o pcojile thought thev had <i'\)\ in the alnnn liv HISTORY OF GIJHATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. 289 opening tlic door of the box. without pullin;; down the hook. The new signals are non- interfering, i. e., if a second signal is sent in wliile one is still coming, the second is held back until the first is conLj)lete(l. .\ second alarm is sent in by sounding two strokes, with the box number. A second two strokes with the box number, is the third alarm. The citv is divided into districts, and only the com- panies in a district run to a first alarm from that district. Additional ones come at the second and third alarms, and three successive two-strokes call out the reserve. At a second alarm the assistant chief goes to headquarters and takes charge of the reserve force, which is directed by telephone, and is brought from the suburbs to more central houses, where it will be available for the protection of larger territory in case of another fire. In addition to the electric alarm sys- tem, the watch tower system has been maintained, but in April, 1882, the tower of the Court House was secured as a ))lace for observation instead of the old one. The fii'st watchnum there was on duty only at night, but his work was found so valuable that a da\ watch was instituted, with three shifts of I'ight hours each. The watch- men are supplied with strong field-glasses with which they scan the city, and usually locate fires and send in the alarm ))efore it is sent in from a box. Repeatedly the firemen have appeared on premises to fight a fire before the inmates knew there was oiU'. The ]irivate watchman at the Van Camp Packing Ifousr was on duty when the fire occurred there, but admitted that he did not know of it till the tower man sent in the alarm. On one occasion the attention of the tower man was called to a bright light issuing from a ])artly curtained windoAv on the fourth floor of a idock on Delaware street, nortli of Washington. Closrr inspection revealed some men |iouring nirial into molds. Hi' (elephoned his suspicion of counterfeiters to iiolice head(|uarters, but a raid was not made promptly, and when the po- lice arrived the birds had flown; but they left ample evidences of their nefarious work'. In addition to the fire signals, the alarm pongs siriki' 12 strokes at noon, and oiu' at 7 p. m. It is an interesting fact that the de- partment horses learn to distinguish these froTii ahii-iii~. They usually give evideiu-e of Vol. I— i!i anticipation as the noon hour approaches, and when ilie gong sounds run out wan none of the excitement displayed when an alarm comes in. 'J'hey are hitclied, and after standing quietly for five minutes are returued to their stalls. When an alarm conies they are all alive. The harness is hung above the places where they stand for hitching. At the first tai) of the bell the doors of their stalls open automatically; they hasten to their places ; the harness drops on their back; the men snap their collars, and the lines to the bits; the driver mounts his scat; the doors swing open, and away they go in less than twenty seconds. 'I'hc training makes the horses almost as much firemen as the men. There are now 121 horses in the department. They are purchased at about five years old and are given close caie from the first. Large horses are used for the engines and trucks, some weighing as much as l.fidO pounds, but for the hose wagons and lighter work ],300 pounds is near the maximum. .\s stated, Joseph W. Davis was made Chief Fire Engineer at the organization of the paid dej)artment. and he con- liiiued in ottiee until 18(vi, when Charles IJichmann succeeded him. Rich maim served until 1867, when (ieorge W. Buclianau took the office for a year, giving |)lace to ]{ichmann again in 1868. Richmann then held till 1870, when Daniel Glazier was elected, and after his death on March 11, 187;?, Rich- mann was again made chief until 1874. In that year the Democrats elected the city coun- cil, and, the office being then a political one, .Michael (J. Fitchey was made chief. Two years later the political whirligig ])ut W. O. Sherwood in his place. Sherwood held for two years, and was followed by John G. Pender- gast. the first chief who had not seen service in either volunteer or paid department. How- ever, be made a very good chief, and held the position for four years, when he was suect'cded iiy Joseph Webster. Webster served from 1882 to 1888, and after an interim of two years in which Frank \j. Daugherty was chief, he was recalled in 1891. On the adoption of the new charter the head of the de])artiuent became known as Chief of the Fire Force, and Webster was installed in this office on March 6. 1891. He continued until Xovember 18. 1896. when Thomas F. Barn'tt took his |)lace. under tlie administration of Ma\(U' Tai;i::irt. There were iW) HISTORY OF GREA'I'Ki; INDIANAPOLIS. o z S E- « < a Q a IIISTOKY OF GEEATER INDIANAPOLIS. ayi ^■liargc; tliat tliu changL' was politiial. hut Mavur Ta;ji;art insisted that it was t'ssciitial to tho disfipline of the departiiicnt. aiM t.i generally concetled.- Barrett held the otlice until November 14. 1!K)1, when he was suc- ceeded hy Charles K. Coots, the |)re3ent etfi- cient ehief. Under the charter the department is retpiired to be non-partisan, or rather bi- partisan, the men being equally divided be- tween the Re]nd)lican and Democratic parties. The Bowen- Merrill lire disaster was largely the cause of a jjublic sentiment for a firemen's pension fund, and the legislature of 1S91 passed a law taxing foreign insurance com- panies one per cent on gross receijjts in In- diana foi- the benefit of paid fire departments. This law was contested, and held unconstitu- tional l)V the Supri'nie Court, but before the decision one assessment had been paitl. and it was allowed to remain in the Indianapolis fund, the amount being .$1,33.5.1.5. The first board of trustees of the fund organized on June 1, 1891, composed of Sterling R. Holt, W. A. Sullivan and R. F. Cattersen, then members of tlie Board of Safety, and Thomas Barrett, A\'illiam Tobin. William Ilinesley. and Eb. Leach of the fire force. Voluntary sub- scrijitions and a fireman's ball, brought the fund np to $3..5.53..59 on January 1, 18i)2. and it has been growing steadily ever since. Jn 1S0« a tax of one-half cent on $100 on city |ii'o|)ertv was added, and has since been levied. -Xiirs. November IG, 1896. The jiroceeds, aside from benefits paid, have been invested in interest Ijcaring bonds. On Januarv 1, 1909, the fund was composed of cash .$3,256.5; and bonds $84,295.88, a total of $87,352.45. At that date there were 62 beneficiaries, widows, orphans and disabled and and retired firemen, who were receiving $1.5o6 monthly in benefits from this fund. There has been a steady growth in the rec- ognition of the fact that "an ounce of ])reven- tion is worth a pound of cure'' in fire pro- tection, though the city is still neglecting pre- cautions that are called for by prudence. In 1904 a quite elaborate and rigid building or- dinance was adopted, with general approval. It fixed the fire limits, loo.sely speaking, be- tween St. Clair street on the north, McCarty street oit the south ; Shelby street and the tracks on the east, and Blake street and the river on the west. Within these limits no new frame structures were to be allowed. Four months later, however, this requirement was quietly changed, and on October 18, 1904, an ordinance was passed permitting frame dwell- ings outside of tlie mile square. In a gen- eral wav till' provisions for buililing inspecticni are fairly good, and are |>retty well enforced. Not so much can be said about the require- ments for the removal of rubbish, and combust- ible and explosive matei'ials. In this, how- ever, there comes aid from the inspection l)u- reau maintained by the insurance companies, for it promptly raises insurance rates on risks pronounced dangerous. CHAPTER XXVI. A POLITICAL EPOCH. There was never a political event that caused a greater sensation in Indianapolis than the tally-sheet forgeries in November, 1886 ; not that political fraud, even of so ag- srravated a character as that, had been un- known, but because of the boldness of the performance and the still more unusual de- termination that was shown to punish it. The truth is that Indiana had been reduced to a pitiable condition of political corruption by the fact that it was ""a pivotal state,'" and both the great parties had been exhausting the resources of political depravity to carry it. In I\Iay, 1886, just six mouths before this event, Wm. P. Fishbaek delivered "A Plea for Honest Elections" before the stu- dents of Indiana University in which he dealt very plainly with the situation. It caused much comment then and afterwards, but, as was well known by everybody con- nected intimately with politics, it did not exaggerate the evil in the slightest. He re- ferred to the campaign of 1876, when a dis- patch, from the Democratic National Chair- man, ]\rr. Barnum, was intercepted, authoriz- ing the purchase of "seven more mules" on account of the Democratic National Com- mittee; and added: "While the mule busi- ness was active, the telegraph wires were kejjt warm with messages from Republicans in the East to Republicans in Indianapolis con- cerning certain mythical Indian agents, which agents, whatever else they may have done, iTDJenished the Republican excheq- uer." He th(>n passed to the campaign of 1880, when Chairman Barnum. of the Democratic National Committee, and Chaii'man Dorsey, of the b'l'publican National Committee, came to Indiana in person to supervise "the or- ganization of the state." and spent "■snnu'- thiug over a half million dollars" in the ef- fort. They were business partners outside of ])olitics, Barniun being president and Dorsey secretary of the Bull-Domingo Mining Com- panj', and were familiar with underground workings. Says Fishbaek: "What was ^Ir. Barnum, the representative of the great Democratic Reform party, what was ilr. Dorsey, representing the party of reminis- cences and great moral ideas, doing in In- diana, with their money bags > * * * j^et us not blink matters. l)ut speak the truth. We Imow to a moral certainty that these gentlemen, Barnum and Doreey, were the custodians and distribut(U's of large sums of money, which were used, and intended to be used, to promote illegal voting, the bribery of electors, and other election frauds. And it is a matter of indift'erence whether the money u.sed was the 'cri.sp, uncut bank bills fresh from the treasury' described by Mr. English, or the greasy, ragged currency contributed by the hungry otfiee-seekers of the Demo- cratic party. No reputable Democrat or Republican pretends that these vast sums of money v>ere necessary to be used, or were in fact used, for the purposes of legitimate political warfare. It was an organized as- sault upon the riglit of suffrage, counte- nanced, I am sorry to believe, if not ap- proved, by party leaders of both parties, who, in the midst of excitement, connived at trans- actions from which, in (juieter times, an honorable man instinctively recoils. From Barnum and Dorsey, down through the wliole gamut of lesser scoundrels, to the poor devil who sat on the fence till five miinites before six o'clock p. m.. and then sold his vote for a dciHai' oi' a drink of whiskv — all who were 292 HISTORY OF GRKATKi; I \'T)[A\.\ I'ol.lS. 29S 'ii'.'a.i.'ed in the disgraceful business deserved tlif penitentiary. "If Nathaniel Hawthorne's magic bugle were to suninioii into line — clothed in proper raiment of horizontal stripes— all the rascals who bribed votei's. or who took bribes for their votes, who corini)ted election officers. or falsified election i-eturns, who swore in illegal votes, who colonized votei-s, who voted twiee. or voted double tickets, who tampered with ballots after they were east, who con- sorted with or encouraged repeaters and bal- lot-bo.\ stuffeis. oi- who were accessory to thcii- escape fi-oni tiie just penalties of the violated law, it would be, I fear, a large pro- cession, in which we should sec both parties represented, and in which we might discover men of good iM^pute. as the phrase goes, and some who ha\c had miuI now have official preferment mainly because they had earned a place in that pi'ocession."" This is a some- what repulsive picture, but it has the essen- tial f-^-atures of a photograph. The year liSSd was an ■"off year" — no presidential election — and the elections of that .vear were managed by local talent, edu- cated in this school. The Democi'atic Chair- man of Clarion County was Sim Coy. lie was a i-eal chaii-num- an unilis|)utcd boss— > and to understand the events of the .vear it is necessary to understand Sim Coy, who was one of the most unitpie characters known to Indianapolis. lie was conunonl.v reputed to be the natiu'al son of a rather prominent man. of more than average mental ability. and had the lack of moral training incident t« such a condition. In his book. "The (ii'cal Conspirac.v," which is well worth reading by every student of social science, will bi> found uinri' punyent philosophic and even nioi'al obsiTvations than in the proihK-lioiis of the averau'f Indiana author: and among them nothing more striking than this comment on a convict ac(iuaiiitance in the penitentiary: "I ask myself if tin- law does not deal harshly man.v times with those who go astray. Wliat do any of us know of the temptations that must bes(>t sncli a man, and how can any of us gauge or undeistand the iiiHuences that drive him into the tribe of Ishnuiel ? Is tliiM-e. lifter all. a Fate that marks out the path iMch human soul iiinsi travel and out of which no human pnwer nr mortal will can turn him?"' Do not mistake this for an apology for himself. Sim Coy was not an apologist, and it is not probable that he ever contem()lated himself for a moment as a ci'iminal. He de- rived his moral standard from his observa- tion of the doings of his fellow men, and con- sequently it was not high ; but he had a moral standard, and he lived up to it with a firhi- ness that might put many men of better op- poi'tunities to the blush. For example, he says: "I was never addicted to driidiing to an extent calculated to alarm either myself or my friends; but fi-om the time I became closely identified with political matters I have never permitted a drop of intoxicating lit) nor to pass my lips. This may seem strange to many of my readers who know of ni.v connection with the liquor business. But as I have said in the introductory pages of tliis book. I generally had a policy to guide me. and always hewed to the line. Jly reasons for not drinking intoxicating liquors nuiy be summed up as follows: In the various offi- cial positions I have held, I necessaril.v came in contact with men of various avocations and callings, and I doubt if it is an over- estinuite to say that there have been occa- si(^ns when, during a da.v, I have been invited to drink a huntlred times. To have complied with sucli requests would have soon and in- evitably i-educed me to a physical wreck. Had I accepted of one invitation, I could not have declined others without giving offense, and I therefore refused all. I belong to that class of nu'n who concede to others the right to act as their .indunicnt dictates, as long as they keep within the bounds of decency, and do not interfere with the riiihts nf dthers. A jx'i-son may be a glutton, anil by over-eating make himself the victim of ills .scarcely less repulsive than those which result from di'iidv- ing: and hence my motto is: R«> temperate in all things, in (wdcr to be healthy and h'ad a successful life. '" - Coy entei-ed the enq)loy of the Shaw Car- riaue AVorks in IStiti, as an apprentice in the painter's trade. ;it the age of fifteen. .\t the age of twenty-four he left it and went into '77(c Great Couspiracy. p. 188. "The Great Couxpinn i/. \i. '2'iO. 294 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAP0LT8. the saloon business, in partnership witli T. C. Redding, superintendent of the Shaw plant, remainintr in it thi-ouyh the rest of his life. He says; "A man ou»-ht always to be ready to give a reason foi' his choice of callings. Some say selling liquor is disreputable : if that is true, the laws of Indiana are disreputable, and consequently, the men who made the laws are disreputable. If the man who sells liquor is disreputable, the man who makes liquor must also be dishonorable, and the man who drinks li(|uor belongs to the same class. There is no way that I' know of for the people of the state, their representatives the law-makers, the men who distill and brew, make wine and cider, those who sell — wholesale and retail, and the men who drink, to escape the same verdict, unless the court that tries the case is so warped and pre.ju- diced, so mean and contemptible, as to punish a foe and let a friend escape," ^ Coy went into politics early, and was a member of the Democratic County Commit- tee at twenty-one. In 1881 he was nominalcl for the city council from the EighteiM'tii ward, then normally over 200 Republicai'. He was elected and repeatedly re-elected, in spite of all etT'oits to defeat him. The reason was that he looked after the interests of his constituents. Xo matter whether the city had a Republican or a Democratic adminis- tration, no ward fared better than the Eight- eenth in the cai'e of streets and other public work. Moreover he was wise. He says : "There are many men who ruin themselves politically by making promises which they find themselves unable to fulfill : while others make promises which they never intend to comply with: in either case such men ruin themselves and in.jure their party. A man should never make a promise to one of his constituents, no matter how humble he may be, unless he intends to faithfully carry it out. and my expeiience is there are few men who can hold tlie party workers in line who violate their pledges. The political field is no place for a timid man, and the person who is thin-skinned had better never enter the arena of politics." To these extracts I would add an observation he once made to me: ■'Xev^r Tnake a jxilitical enemy if you can ■77/f Grrnt Cons!>iriicif. ]i. 10. help it. You will have all you can take can- of without trying. If I hear of a man that is sore on me, I always look around and see if I can do him a favor, and get him right." My knowledge of the man leads me to pio- nounce the.se extracts frank and truthful expressions of his real views, polished gram- matically and rhetorically by some friendly hand. And they give the key to his char- acter. He had no scruples about political crookedness. That was a part of "the game." as played by nine-tenths of those in it: and the man who did not take any kind of politi- cal advantage when he had opportunity was not only a "chump," but was not "playing the game." Coy ditt'ered from most of the othei-s in his frankness. He did not thiidj it was worth lying about. And frankness was more common then. It was not luiusual to hear a party worker offer as the supreme proof of his party loyalty that he had "'I'lsked the penitentiary" for his jiarty. And theiv was a fellowship between the rascals of op- posite parties, outside of politics. They hunted together between times, and they helped each otlier out in case of little trou- bles like indictments. T'sually after a warm camjiaign thei-e were several arrests, and sometimes indictments, but there was always an "exchange of prisoners," except in one ca.se where a colored man was by some mis- chance convicted and punished for violating the election law. But with his loose i leas in this respect and others. Sim Coy was straight in some things. It was imiversally conceded that if he wei-e given money to ""buy a crowd," he either accomidished the result or i-eturned the money. If he said he would do a thing you could count on him. His most supreme contempt was for the man '"who wouldn't stay bought when he was Iwught." In the election of 1884 the Democrats for the first time in thirtv years elected a ma- joi'ity of the county commissioners, and this boai'd, composed of Albei't Sahn and AV. O. Reveal, Democrats, and AV, R, Clinton, Re- publican, institnted a reform in the conduct of the county business that was highly satis- factory to tax-payers generally. In 1886 there was a hotly contested campaign, and it was ap]iarent from the informal returns that the Democrats had elected all the county officers except the judge of the ci'iuiinal court iiisi-(m;v of (;i;i-:a'1'i:i! lxdia.xai'olis. 2!).> ami the coroner. That year the Democrats had the ai)pointineiit of the eh'ctiou inspec- tors, tlie election hoard in each |)i-cciiict lic- inf: composed of the inspector with one judjie and one clerk from each of the two leadintr parties. The eaiivassinp hoard was composed of the inspectors from all the precincts, a jiidtre acting' in the ahsence of the inspectoi-. Eaeh election board was required to make out two poll books and two tally sheets, certified by the members. One of these was re(|uinMl to be securely sealed in a bap- and returned to the clerk's office by the inspector, not later than the sueceedintj Thursday. The other set of papers, commonly called "the (Uitside papers." was to be taken by the inspector, or. if he could not serve, by one of the .iudires "selected by the board of .judiics. "' and brou;:ht to the canvassini;' board on the suc- ceeding Thurstlay for the canvass of the votes. Considerable excitement was caused by a circulai- letter sent out by General Cai-- nahan, the Republican chairman, on the nisrlit befor? the election, instructing the Kepubli- ean .iudpres to demand the custody of "the outside papers.'" They had no riiilit to tlicm. but in six cases they succeeded in yvttini: possession. The Denioci'ats naturally as- sumed that this was a scheme to fret control of the canvassing board, and promptly took steps to head it oif, which were successful. The canva.ssinir boai'd met on November 4. am] was oi'sanized by the Democrats, \V. V. A. Hernhamei-. an inspector of the Twenty- seeond ward, beinir elected (diairnuiu. The canvass proceeded with the usiud minor squabblinir until the Second precinct of the Thirte(>ntli ward. Allen Hisey inspector, was reached. The tally-sheet showed Iti votes less for Irwin, the Republican candidate for criminal jiidfie, than the informal returns. and the tally-sheet showed thiit Ifi votes hail been erased and a like number added to the vote of Albert F. Ayei's, the Democratic can- didate. Protests were made, and a demand that the duplicate returns in the clerk's office he sent for. but this was ruled out of order, on the firound that the canvass had to be made from "the outside |)a|)ers. " As the count proceeded, siiidlar chani;es were found, and some in which acids had eviih'utly been Used to i-emove the oi-iudnal fiirui-es. in tln' S nd ])recinet oT the l-'(inrtli wmi-iI. .biliii Counselman inspector; Fii-st precinct of the Seventeenth ward, Anili-ew Odder inspector; S<'cond precinct of the Eijjhteenth ward, .John Edwards inspector; First precinct of the Twenty-third ward, Lorenz Schnndt in- spector; Third precinct of the Thirteenth ward, Stephen Mattler inspector; jirecinct 6 i lielmont) Center township, Joel H. Baker inspector. The total of the changes was iiiough to elect Albert F. Ayers criminal judge, and Fraidv A. Morrison coroner. As the canvass proceeded the excitement grew moi-e intense, and the protests more vehe- ment. Mr. Lorenz Schmidt, Democratic in- spector of the Fii'st precinct of the Twenty- Ihii'd waid. .joined in the protest and de- mand for the duplicate papers, saying that the returns fi'om his j)recinct had been <dianged while out of his hands, but no lieed was paid, and. early on Friday morning the returns were made up and certitied as shown by the mutilated tally-sheets. There was a general rise of tempei-ature in the local political atmosphere on that No- veudier 5. In the afternoon the Democrats held a meetini;- at the Supreme Court room, ;in(l appointed a conuiiittee of safety, to pre- vent the Republicans from stealing the ne.\t legislature; and the action was timel.v. In the evening a citizens' meeting was held in Superior Coui't room \o. 2, to consider the more pressing tally-sheet fraiids. It ap- pointed a sub-committee composed of (ien. • lolin Coburn, (!eo. B. Wright and W, P. l''ishback'. Rei)\ddicans. and William IltMider- son and A. li. Conduitt. Democrats, to name a committee of one hundred, who .should take the mattei' in charge. The list of appointees was announced on November 8, nearly one- half of them being at least noiinnal Demo- crats, but not all of v.hom served. But more to the point. Judge W. A. Woods, of the r. S. District Court, called in the grand .jury on the afternoon of Novendier o, and in- structed them to investigate the violation of law "at an election at which a representa- tive in congi-ess is to he voted foi-. '" On No- vember 8 this was followed b.y a subpa?na to County Clei-k ^IcI^ain to appear before the urand .jni'v and to l)i-ing with him all the ballots, poll-books, tally-sheets and other elec- tion ])apei-s involved, which w<'re Ihencet'orth placed in eustody of the federal court. 296 UlSTdKY OF GREATER IXDIANAPOLIS. Tliis ste|> raise<l liiiili hupcs aiiioni; tln^ friends of prosecution, and on November 8, 1886, the Journal published its "When I am done I am did" cartoon t)f Coy, which was probalily tlie most hnnidrous effort of its U)nK existence. Tliese words liad lieen used by Coy in response to a leqiiest for an inter- view on an election in whicli his side liad "j=A: •WHEN I AM DONE 1 AM DID." (Journal cartoon of November 8, 18S6.) been beaten, indicatinj;- that he had no time for post mortem contests. But the federal grand .jury after three weeks' investi^^ation of tlie case, reported on Decembei' 4 that the evidence did not warrant an indictment; whercui)on Jndue Woods reprimanded ;ind discharged them. < >ii December 7 Dr. 'i'heo- dore A. Watrner. the i^epubliean candidate for coroner, filed an infoi-mation before U. S. Commi.ssioner \'an Hnren. charwini;- election fran<ls ))y Simeon Coy. \Vm. V. A. Bern- hamer, TIenrv Spaan and .lolni II. Coniisel- man. The parties i;ave bond antl the exam- ination began December \A. On December IS Samuel E. Perkins was subpcenaed to testify, but refu.sed to do so, The matter was brought before Judge Woods, who ruled that he must testify. On December 21 he Muain refused, and was conunitted to jail for three months for contemjit. On December 21 a petition for a writ of habeas corpus was made to Judge Woods, who refused it. Ap- peal was then taken to Judge Gresham, of the Circuit Court, who on February 28, 1887, decided that Perkins was not in contempt be- ran.se the United States courts had no juris- diction of the case. The active prosecution of the cases was by ( 'ol. Eli F. Ritter, who had been employed by the Committee of One Hundred. The U. S. District Attorney was David Turpie, and he uave Ritter full swing, tendering assistance if desired: and saying that "in case of viola- tion of the law he knew no politics; a crim- inal was a criminal." On ]\Iarch 9, 1887, the < 'ommittee of One Hundred had another Mieeting and decided to go on with the cases in the state courts. On December 1, 1886, Wm. Irvin had brought suit against Albert V. Ayers, for possession of the office of crim- inal judge, before Judge D. W. Howe of the Superior Court. A recount was agreed on and it resulted in the election of Irvin for judge, and Wagner for coroner, by small ma- jorities. Judge Irvin was on the bench at the March term, 1887, and Major James L. Mitchell, the Democratic prosecuting attor- ney, gave ]\Ir. Ritter the same opportunity lor piLshing the cases that Judge Turpie had. The grand jury examined the case through the March term, but found no indictment. But now came a change. Perkins became alarmed, and on ]\Iarch 29 entered into a wi'itten agreement with the prosecution that he would testify that he altered the tally- sheets from the Second precinct of the Thir- teenth ward, at the recpiest of Coy; and ^Fa- ior ^litchell and ^Ir. Ritter agreed that if he did so he should not be prosecuted. The reason of this change was that Allen Hisey, inspector in Perkins' precinct, had testified to the grand jury that he let Perkins have I'is returns and that they were in good order .■it the time but nuitilatcd when they were ii'turned. Kittei'. who considered Perkins llIS'I'()i;v OF ClIKATEll IXDIAXAPOLIS. 297 simply :i tool, uot pcniiission to ott'ci- him iiii- I'.itiiiity if he woiihl talk, aud t'oufronted him with Hi.sey's testimony and the ap])areut fact that he was j;etting into tlie position of a scapeiToat: also sii^irestini;- that they did not want him, but Coy. After eonsultation witli friends, e.speeially with his relative. Osear B. Iloi-d, Perkins atireetl to testify. 'I'he agree- ment was put in writini;', aud is eorreetly given by Coy in liis book.* It sets out the evidence to be i;iven, and that evidence im- plicates no one but Coy. The county grand jury met again on April 4, and took up the ease. This time I'ei'kins t.'stified that he al- tered the tally-siieet for the Second precinct of the Tiiirt<'iMitii ward (liisey's precinct) at Coy's reipiest. and that this was all he knew about tiie uiattei'. The grand .jury re- turned no indictment, and the same expe- rience was had with the iii'antl juries in ]\Iay. June and July, ladi of which examined the case under special instructions. ]Meanwhilc another chanire of base occurred. Ju<lire AVoods had leai'ucd tiiat Justice Har- lan did not agi'ce with Juilge (iresiiam on the question of jurisdiction, and on JNlay '■'>. 1SS7. another federal grand jury was impaneled and instructed l)y Judge Woods to take up the tally-sheet cases. Perkins was now in woi'.se shape than ever, for he had inculitated himself liopi'h^ssly, and he had no |)romise of immunity from the federal authoi'ities. The prosecution had some suspicion that the county grand juries hail been "fixed,'" but it was also eviilent that Perkins' testimony was not convincinL^ It was simply incredible that he should l;niiw as much as he testified to. and not know more. An ai-rangement was made with the federal authorities foi- nom- inal punishment- practical immunity— he was fined $.")0 -if he would tell thi' full story, lie went befoi-c thi^ federal urand jui'y and then' eidarged his testimony t(j inculpate nine oth(M-s besides himself ami Coy. .\t this time he also testified that he altered the tally- sheet for the Third |)i-ecinct of the Thir- tcetith ward. On May '_'(). 1SS7, indictments Were returned aiiiiist Simi'on Coy, William F. .\. Hernhairier, John E. Sullivan. Jului If. Counselmaii, d'co. AV. Budd. Strphen .Mat- tlrr. Clmrlrs \. Mctcalf, John L. Reardon, Henry X. Spaan, Alljert T. Beck and Samuel E. Perkins. They all gave bond, but on July 7 ('oy surrendered and went to jail so that a writ of habeas C(n-pus could be asked of •liidge (iresham. Justice Gresham referred I he matter to Justice Hai'lan. of the Su- preme Court, who refused the application, and whose ruling was subsei|ucntly confirmed by the Supreme Court.'' The ease came on for hearing J\ily lit. 1887, and after a trial lasting ovei- a week the jury disagreed, standing, it was said, eia'ht for acquittal and foui- for conviction. The prosecution obtained new indictments. and on Janur\' Ifi, 1888, the cases were calli'd of Coy, Bernhamer, JIattler and Sjjaan. S]iaan asked for a separate trial, which was gi'anted. The trial of the other three was taken up, and it was sinqily a cpiestion whether the jury would accept the testimony of Perkins, and the lawyers for the defense had little room to do more than revile him. A bystander was asked what sort of speech John AV. Kc>rn, of the defense, had made, and replied: "Oh, it was gi'cat. He called Pcr- Icins evci'ything I evei- heard of except an ornithorhynchus. '" On January 28 the jury returned a verdict of guilty as to Coy and Bernhamer, and not guilty as to Alattler. On February 3 (^oy was fined $100 and sen- tenced to 18 months in the penitentiai'y, and Bernhamer was sentenced to one year in the I)eiiitentiary and fined ,$1,000. On Alay 1, 1888, Sullivan, Tveardon, Counselman, Met- calf and Budd were brought to trial. A verdict of not guilty was rcturncnl as to Kearilon, CounselniaTi and .Mcti'alf, and a (lisagi-eemcnt as to Sullivan and Budd. The cases aii'ainst them. Beck and Sjiaan were aft- erwards nolled or lismisse<l. An etf(U't was made to ex|)el Coy from tiie City Council after conviction, but failed for want of a two-thirds majority, the body dividing politi- cally, fifteen Republicans for expulsion and nine Democi-ats against. At the end of his tei'm, June 1, 1889, he returned to Indian- apolis iind resumed his seat as eouMcilman; and on Octobi'r 8, 1889, was re-elected to the council by an increased majority. This I'csult was partly due to sympathy for Cov. I think no on(> of anv intelligence *//i( (Iriiil Ciitisiiinitii . p. 41. In re i\^.\. 1-J7 F. S. Sup. Ct. r.-ii. 208 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. doubted that he was 'jriiilty. but there were many who felt that his ott'ense was one that had been comiimn without punishment, and there was. a.s usual, a widespread aversion to punishing a man on the testimony of an accomplice. The otfense it.self was the most glaring piece of political idiocy that was ever Icnown in this region — in fact, it was not really political. The (udy office that was wanted was that of criminal judge, and Per- kins furnished the key to the desire for that in his statement that "Coy said there was $500 in it to the liipior league, and we might as well have it." The other changes were "merely incidental, and in part as a cover to the main purpose. Di-. ilorriscn declined to accept his counnisison as coroner when it was issued, ainl never served. Coy was never un- mindful of the liquor interest. The audaeit\' of the performance was obviously due to the knowledge that a Democratic clerk had been elected, who would have charge of the elec- tion papers, and the assumption that they would readily disappear, as embarrassinir papers had disappeared before. In fact, it seemed to be assumed all along that any Democrat would be pleased to aid in stealing an office, or assisting those who did, and this is the one almost incomprehensible thing about it all, in view of Coy's well-known maxim that "the fewer fellers you have in these polities the better." An experienced Democratic i>olitician who was jocidarly asked if he wei'e mixed up in the affair, dryly an- swered, "No; and if I should have occasion to change any election returns I woidd m t call a town meeting to do it." But there was another potent ctiuse of Coy's election wholly indejx'ndent of his merits, atid that was the revulsion of feelim: caused by the Dudley case. The cauioaiirn nl' 1SS8 was unusually wai-m, even for Indiana, for Benjamin Harrison was the Reouhlican candidate, and local feeling was at its high- est pitch. On October .SI the Snitin(l pub- lished a fac-simile of the celebrated Dudley let+er, dated Xew York, October 24. It was a letter of instruction to Republican man- agers in Indiana and in jiai-f was the usual style of campaign instruction. The signifi- cant portion was as follows: "I hope you have ki'pf the conies if tlic lists sent me. Such information is Vfi-v val- uable and can be used to great advantage. It has enabled me to demonstrate to friends that with proper assistance Indiana is sui-ely Republican for Governor and President, and has resulted as I hoped it would, in securing for Indiana the aid necessary. Your eom- inittee will certainly receive from Chairman Huston the assistance necessary to hold our floaters and doubtful voters, and gain enough of the other kind to give Harrison and" Mor- ton 10.000 plurality. * * * 4th. Divide the floaters into blocks of fives, and jnit a trusted man with necessary funds in charge of these five, and make him responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket. 5th. Make a personal appeal to your best business men to pledge themselves to tlevote the entire day, November (i, to work at the polls, i. e. to be present at the polls with tickets. They will be astonished to see how utterly dubfounded the ordinary Democratic election bummer will be and how quickly he will disappear. The result will fully justify the sacrifice of time and comfort, and will be a source of satisfaction afterwards to those who help in this way. Lay great stress on this last matter. It will pay. There will be no doubt of your receiving the neces.sary assistance through the National, State and County Committees— only see that it is hus- banded and made to produce results." The publication of the letter caused a tre- mendous sensation, but the Republicans promi>tly rallied to oti'set its effects. The letter had been telegraphed to New York, and appeared on the same ila\- in the Sun and the Times: but some Eastern ass, evidently tecalling the effect of "rum, Romanism and rebellion" in 1884, had struck out the woi'ds ""the ordinary Democratic election bunuiier" in the passage quoted altove. and substituted for them tln' words "the luituralized Demo- cratic voter." The chauL'e was obviously made with the idea of incensing foreign-born voters, and has nothing to do with the cor- I'uption scheme of the letter. })ut it enabled Dudley to say: "The alletretl letter, as pub- lished here in the Sun and Times, is a case I if fiiruery." On beiiiir asked what he meant by this he replied. "T mean to say that they iittribute to me words T never used." .V-^ked to point out these woi-ds. he underscored "the naturalized Demoeratie voters," and adileil : HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOTJS. 299 HEADQUARTERS. 31 DFTH AVENUE. Hew York. Oct. Z4t7i, JB8B. Dear Sir.. I hope you have kept copies of the lists tent me Such Inforxatlcn is very valuable and can te used to great advantage. It has enabled rne to demonstrate to friends here that with proper assistance Indiana is surely hcpublican ''or Governor and president, and has ^suited, as I- hoped it would, in securing for Indiana thiJ aid necessary. Your Coimittae will certainly receive from CHalntnn Huston thjt assistar.ca necessary to hold our floaters and doubtful voters/ and gain enough of the other* kind eo give Harrison and Morton 10,000 plurality. Haw York is now safe beyond peradventwe for the Rapubllcari Presidential t lcket;Connecticut likewise. In short every Northern State , except possibly Haw Jersey, though we still hope to cari-y that State. Harrison' ^ majority in the Electoral Colic^aMiil 1 not be less timn 100. Make cur friends in each "precinct wake up to the fact that only toodle and fraudulent votes and false counting of returns can boat us in the State. Write each of our precinct correspo'-dents , 1st .To find our uiio has Demcratlc toodle , and steer the Democratic workers to them, and make them pay big prices fen the ir own nen. 2nd, Sean the elac':lon officers closely, and nake swe to have no nan'vn the Board whose in- tegrity is evm quest icnable, and insist on Republicans Hatch- ing every novemont of the election officers. 3rd, See that our workers know every voter entitled to a vote, and let no one -el se e^>en offer to vote. 4th. Divide the floaters Into blocks of fti:e,md put a trusted man uitth necessary finds in c>iarc^ of these f Ive .and make hi'i respoyjs ible that none getr away and that all vote -our ticket. Sth.Mak.^ c pei'sonal ap- peal to. your best business , men to pledge themselves to de- lete the oitlre day ,No'j.6th,to work at the polls,i.e. to be present at the polls with tickets. Thay will be astonished to see how utterly dubfoimded the ordinary Democratic election burner will be and how quickly he will disappear. 77ie result will fully Justify the sacrifice of time arkl con- fort, ar.d will be a source of satisfaction afterwards to those wha hi^lp in this way. Lay great stress on this last matter. It will pay. Tliere will be no doubt of your receiving 'the necessary assistance through the national .State and County Commit t.-es, 071.;^ see that it is husbanded and mada to pnoduce results. 1 rely on you to advise your pr»clnct correspon^ients.and urge tlirrm to unremitting and constant efforts from now till tite polls close, and the result Is announced officially. Wg will fight for a fair election here if necessary. The Hebat crew can't steal this election from us as they did in liiS4, without s cmeone u;ett ing hurt. Let eviry Republ lean do his iimole duty and the country wHl pass Into Republ lean hands, never to leave It, I trust. Thariting you again for your efforts to assist me In my work. I remain Yours Stneargly. Please wire me result in principal precincts artl coimty. ^ THE DUDLEY LETTER. (Reducel one-half.) 300 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. "Understand uie now; I don't say I wrote any such letter, or that any letter of instruc- tion has been written from these headquar- ters, but if the words 'average Democratic bummer' had appeared in the place of those I have underscored I should not have found fault, for otherwise I think the letter is a sti'ong one." The local Republican papers used the simple statement of Dudley that the letter a.s published in New York was a for- gery and fought out the last week of the cam- paign on that liasis. The Journal also devel- oped a counter-irritant in an alleged Demo- cratic scheme to carry the election by voting double ballots, and, on the whole, it is doubt- ful that any material number of voters were afl'eeted by the exposure. AVhen Mr. Dudley first saw the publication of the letter he said: "Somebody has been robbing the mails;"' and he was quite right. The letter was in fact "held out" by a pos- tal clerk whose attention was attracted to a number of similar envelopes going through the mails. There were two slight typograph- ical errors in the Sentinel's publication of it on October 31, which were promptly cor- rected. The Scniinel also tried to meet Dud- ley's statement as to the New York publica- tion by offering him $1,U00 to come to In- dianapolis and swear that the letter as pub- lished in the Sentinel was a forgery, which offer was of course ignored ; but it was re- peated at intervals for months. On Novem- ber 13 the federal orand jury met, and Judge AVoods. of the District Court, charged it especially in regard to the reported election frauds, the following passage referring to the Dudley letter, in connection with Sec. 5511, IT. S. Revised Statutes : "Considerable (juestion has been raised since the last election as to whether an at- tempt to bribe a voter constitutes an offense. I instruct you that it does not under this statute. The latter clause of the section does make it an oft'en.se to bribe a voter, and also makes an offense to counsel, aid or assist in bribing a voter, or in conunittin'j any other oft'en.se named in the section, but an unsuc- cessful attempt to bribe a voter is not an of- fense, under this statute. The last clause of the section eont.rins th(> word 'attempt,' but in order to understand the value of the word as there ii.sed. it is necessary as I interpret the clause, to insert or supply the word 'to' before the word attempt. So that the clause will read in this use. 'aids, counsels, procures or advises any such voter, person, or officer to do any,' etc., or 'to omit to do' any duty, etc., or 'to attempt to' do so; and, so read, the clause makes it an offense to advise an- other to commit any of the offenses named in this section. So that while it is not a crime to make the attempt, it is a crime to advise anyone to make it.- If A attempts to bril)e B, that is no ofl'ense under this statute; l)ut if A advi.ses B to attempt to bribe C, then the one giving this advice is an ott'ender, and there is some wisdom in that provision."''' The Journal report was taken by a short- hand man. It did not use the charge in full, but ]irinted the passage above, in quotation marks. 'Slv. Leon Bailey, the assistant dis- trict attorney, then had full copies made by the stenographer, and verified, for future use. The passage above is the same in both except some slight verbal changes, not aft'eeting the sense, such as a stenogi-apher might naturally make in translating his notes at different times. And here a word as to attorneys. AVhen the tally-sheet cases arose, David Tur- pie was district attorney, having been ap- pointed August 2. 1886, for a term of four years. Being elected to the national senate in 1887 he resigned, and on March 5, 1887, Judge "Wooils appointed John G. ^IcXutt, the a.ssistant district attorney, to fill his place till an appointment was made. On Alarch 22, Emory B. Sellers, of IMonticello, was com- missioned for the vacancy, and on January 23. 1888. he was again connnissioned for four years. He served through the prosecution of the tally-sheet cases, and then resigned. All of the preliminary work of the prosecu- tion of these cases was done by Col. Eli F. Ritter, who was employed by the Citizens' Committee of One Hundred. He felt that the prosecution at the trial should be con- ducted by a Democratic lawyer, and on Jan- uary 10, 1888, .Judge Solomon Claypool was appointed assistant district attoi'uey by At- toi'ney-General Garland for that purpose. On Novemlier 23. 1888. Judge Claypool was specially appointed to aid in the defense of TT. S. Marshal llawl^ins in eertain civil cases Mounnil. Xov. 14. 1888. IlISTOiiY Ui' UliEATEit i.NDlA.X Al'UlJS. 301 lirougrht on aci-omit of arrests in the election nf 1888: and (in Deeeniher 1"), 1888. he was ^IH'cially appointed to proseeute the eases iLMinst Dniih'v and others, trrowinii' out of that election. On January U, 1889, .Mr. Sell- ers havinjj resi<_nie(l, Judge Harlan ai)pointed • ludge Claypool ilistriet attorney, and he re- mained until his resiunation on March 10. 1889. On .March 13. 1889, Smiley N. Cham- bers was appointed district attorney, and John B. Cockruia assistant. The Dudley invest ijration drai;^e<l. It was dela.ved by ati.journnients of the jirantl jur.v. and impeded by the unexpected resignation of Mr. S"llers, which was announced here on December 13. On December 17 the nomina- tion of Leon Haile.v foi- the place was sent to the senate, but it was "held up," and meanwhile the |)oint was raised that indid- ments sii^ned by Bailey would not be valid until his iiomiiuition was confirmed bv the Senate. Also, it was suggested that Judgi' Harlan had the right of appointment ad in- terim, and the interim would last until the Senate chose to couHi-in sond)od.v. I'nder these circumstances, by agreement of all con- cerned. Baile.v's name was withdr;iwn by the president on Januar.v 3. 1889, and .ludge Claypool "s sent in." As the Senate was sbiw about confirmation Judge Harlan appointed Cla.\i)Ool to the vacancy on Jainiai-.v 11. It is notewoithy that at this time Judges Har- lan and Woods had come to an iigreement as t(i a new construction of the law. On January 1.") JudL'c Woods suniuKined the grand .iui-.v fm- supplemental instruetioii. Just before their adjournment for the holi- da.vs the.v had asked for instruction as to whether they should indict for advice to bribe if they could not learn the name of the pei'- soii 1o wlioiii the advice was given. T'nder the cover of an answer to this Judge AVoods delivered a long argument to the efl'ect that Ihe law made it an offense to "aid. coun'^el. priicui'e oi- advise" bribery, and as one eoulil not "aid" or "})roenre" briber.v if no brib- ery were committed it must be that one could not "counsel" or "advise" bribery unles.s bribery was actually connnitted. It concluded with the words: "But in any ease besides the mere fact of the advice or counsel, it must be shown that the crinie contemplated was com- mitted, or an atteni])! made to commit it. It results of course that the mere sending b.v one to another of a letter or document con- taining advice to bribe a voter or setting forth a .scheme for such bribery, however bold and reprehensible, is not indictable. There nuist be shown in addition an attempt by the receiver of the letter, or of some other instigated bv him to execute the scheme, by bribing or attemjjting to bribe some voter in i-espect to the election of congressmen, or in such a wa.v as to elifect such election." This change of front, which made the in- dictment of Dudley impossible, though even with it the grand .jury voted 10 to 6 for in- iictment,* roused a storm of indignation. That night ^forss wrote a leader for the S( n- liiifl that wa.s a classic in indictment and ex- eoriation. Judge Claypool said there was not another man in Indiana that could have done it, and he was right. It was really remark- able that a man without legal training should have taken a position in such a case that nevei' needed to be changed or amended, and did it while in passion, at that. It concluded with these words: "Weighing our words earefull.v. and fully prepai-ed to accept all Ihe co!ise(|uences, we ])i'onounee the course of Judge AVoods in this matter a monstrous abuse of his .iudieial opportunities and a flagrant, scandalous, dishonorable and utterlv unprecedented pei-vei'sion of the machiner.v if .justice to the |iur]>oses of knaverv; 'and ■.ve believe that it should leatl to his impeach- ment instead of. as it jirobabl.v will, to bis promotion to the supreme bench nf the I'nited States, as soon as it is in the power of Benjamin Harrison to reward him in this manner foi- dragging his judicial robes in the filth of Dudleyism." " Indeed, if ever a man was "scourged with a \\lii]i of scorpions." William A. Woods was lliat man. ]\Iorss did not giv(> him an.v rest I'lir months. Kver.v ed'ort of the X(irs and ■luurnal to defend liiin was jiromptl.v an- swered, and usuall.v by parallel columns show- in ;,•■ their statements to be false. The iiar- allel column nevei- had so extensive a use in Indiana as in this ease, and the Scntiiid was 'SfnfiiKl. J.- 4. 1889. "fientincl. I-'eb. K;. 1889. "Slenfind. Januarv 1(1. 1889. :!()■? lllsToh'V OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. in)t ;iloue. Tlie whole Deinofi-iitiu press and independent press of the country united in the condemnation. It was rather risky for lawyers to criticise the court, but several of them spoke out emphatically. Senator ^Ic- ])onald condemned the second instruction as erroneous, but disclaimed any reflection on the motives of Judge Woods. Judge Glay- j>ool was indignant, and condemned the in- struction,'" but went on with his work until I\Iareh 10, when he resigned in disgust, charging that his efforts to secure the pun- ishment of Dudley and other offenders were being thwarted by Woods." When ("liambers came in as district attorney the work of clear- ing the docket of nearly two hundred in- dictments for election frauds that had been returned was begun in earnest. On IMareh 28 Judge Woods qua.shed the indictments in twenty-five cases on the ground tliat they did not charge that a congressman was voted for illeually, though he had held in the Coy cases ■ind others that it was necessary only that the offense be committed "at an election at which a congressnuin was voted for." This change practically, disposed of most of the cases, and they went off the docket in batches on the 29th, :50th and April 1st and 2n(l. By this time Claypool was furious, and he had cause to be, for the action of Judge Woods placed him in the attitude of being "confideneed. " As a Demociat he had gom' into the tally-sheet cases in good faith, and prosecuted them to a finish in spite of criti- cism from his own party. And Woods had co-operated, to such an extent that Claypool said: "Wood's rulings were so outrageously biased in the Coy-Bernhamei- cases that I often protested with him, though at the same time I was representing the government. ""'- His interest in ccmviction was shown not only in court but out, and frequently he would rail at Claypool's house two or three even- ings in a week, dui'ing the trial, and talk over j)lans for the prosecution. But when the defendants were Rei)ul)licans all this was changed, and all of Claypool's earnest work for indicting Dudley was broiight to naught ^"Sentinel, Januarv l(i, Febniarv 16, 1889. "Sentinel. March 11, 1889. '-Sentinel. :\r.ai-cb 11. 1889. I)y the si'i'( ml insti'uction. while the indict- ments .secured were tossed out of court. On -April i, Claypool gave a long interview to the Sentinel in which he condemned the ac- lion of Judge Woods throughout, showed that the forms of indictment qua.shed had been used for years in this court, and demanded that the grand jury be recalled to amend them to conform to the new ruling, as had been done in the Coy cases. In fact, the propriety of this last sugges- tion was so obvious that everybody saw it, and on March 30 the Xen-x. which had stood by Woods as long as it could, in comment on the alleged defect in the indictments, said: "Grant it for ai-i<ument. Why doesn't the court remedy the defect? It is retorted that it is not the court's business to remedy such defects. The court made it its business in the Coy ease. Everv avenue of approach was tried and every defect of process corrected to reach Coy; but when scores of Republicans are indicted an alleged 'defect' opens the door for their escape. These men were in- dicted by a mixed .iury of Republicans and Democrats. That jui-y thought the evidence of their guilt sufficient to hold them: but now they go; the court does nothing; the CJovern- ment attorney declares he will do nothing. This thing is a shame, an outrage, a disgrace, and public opinion should rebuke it and see that the nerveless hands of justice are strengthened." But nothing was done, and the docket was practically cleared and kept clear without the trouble of trials. It is possible that I am not fitted to discuss the merits of this affair hi.storieally, for I was in the melee at the time and the action of Judge Woods seemed to me the most shame- ful abuse of judicial jiower I had ever known. It was widely discussed in the press at the time and later, and able lawyers gave their views concerning it. It went into Con- gress. On December 11, 1889, Dudley made his first visit to Indianapolis after the elec- tion of 1888. A warrant wa.s sworn out for his arrest before V. S. Conuiiissioner Van Bureu, but according to his statement further proceedings were stopped by direction of Dis- trict Attorney Chand)ers. Senator Voorhees introduced a resolution of incpiiry in the Sen- ate conci'rnim;- this and made an exhaustive liiSTOiJi' Ui' UKHATKU IXDIAXAI'OLIS. :io;! speech coveriii-,' tlie entire subject.'^ Finally, stiinjr by the extensive criticism of his course. Judge Woods j)reparetl a defense of himself. which appeared in the Jounial of Seiitember 22, 18t)0, and later in iiamiililcl. It was kept very secret before publication, but the !Sen- tinel got wind of it, and ou September 20 an- nounced the forthcoming publication in a "telegram from Washington,"" wliicli ile- olared that it was ""to be nominally a de- fense of his own action, but is to be written on so broad a ])lan that it will relieve the Colonel from any criminal or moral responsi- bility for his famous ' blocks-of-five ' letter;" and that the object was to aid in carrying out a scheme of vote-buying in the then pending election. Tiiis (l(>fense, to which was aj)- pended Judge Woods' correspondence with Judges Harlan antl Xiblack, and Senator Mc- Donald, but not his correspondence with Judges Gresham and Ciaypool, called forth renewed discussion, in which ^loi-ss added an- other masterpiece on September 25, iu a two- column parallel on the editorial page of the Sentinel, giving the contlicting statements of Woods at various times, with no comment but the heading: "Oh what a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive." I leave the discussion of the merits of the ease where the above mentioned arguments and statements put it, but a few words of explanation may aid those who care to in- vestigate it further. The common defense of the two instructions in the Dudley case, and the one used by Judge Woods, is that the first instruction was merely "a statement of the law" and the second was ■"an interi)reta- tion." The quotation from it above, how- ever, is plainly '"interjjrctation." and was plainly so intended, fni- it was inti'oduced by the statement: "1 will now instr'uct you fully upon the woi-d 'attempt' as it is used in this clause, in order tljat you may under- stand its force in relation to the specifica- tions iiiaile regarding 'counseling' to bribe and iictiial bribery;" and it is follnwc-d li\' the words: "I think, gentlemen, that those statutes I have interpreted cover all the charges that have been brought against any- body or that are likely to be brought against anvbodv. " In his third letter to Senator .McDonald, February 8, 1889, Judge Woods announces that he had by tiiyt time reached the conclu- sion that the Dudley letter was not neces- sarily corrupt, in these words: "I shall not attempt to extennite the oiTense of the writer of the Dudley letter, but I have carefully re- read the copy in tfie ,Scntind and do not find in it the expression you use, 'to buy up tiie floating vote in Mocks of five,' or any ex- pression which a .judge could say clearly and necessai-i!y means that voters should be bribed." All that Senator McDonald cpioted as from the Dudley letter was "in blocks of five." The rest was his own. and was the universal interpi'ctation of Dudley "s letter. If there were any doubt as to its meaning, it would be cleared by the Whittaker letter call- ing for the "lists of voters."" to which Dmlley refers in his letter— both ari> published with Judge W^oods' tlefense— in which he says: "^lake the doubtful list as small as iJossible, and mark everyone who has to have money as a 'float.' Those who have to be bought are not 'doubtful.' but air "floats." Look closely aftei' every one. Let no one escape." Judge Woods and his defenders at times intimate or charge that the Sentinel report of the first instruction was not accurate. As above .shown it is practically identical with the Journal report made at the time. It is also practically identical with the instruction as furnished bv Judge Woods himself to the Cliicafio Lefial Xeirs. of February 1889. ''■'Se^itind. Janiiarv IS. 1890. A\u\ in the letter of Judge Woods to Senator McDonald of January 27. 1889. he says: "In respect to this (luestion of inconsistency I will only add that while the i-eport which the Sentinel contains is not full and accurate, in respect to the main points in dispute, it is in substantial accord with what I intended to say, and am (|uite sure I did say. and I am willing to have it so treated.'" This leaves the only questions in the Dudley case wheth- er the two instructions can be reconciled, and if not, which is right. The first insti'uction was given aftei- considerable investigation and consultation. Judge Harlan concurred in it. and Senator ^IcDonald. who had been asked i'or an opinion by Judge Woods, gave a written opinion iu ; ordauce with the first instruction, in wliieli his partner, John ^I. Butler. cnii'MirnMi. .Ml of these gentlemen :i04 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANA I'OLIS. resrarded the two iiisti'iictions as iu eouflict. Judge Harlau, who concurred iu both, says in his letter to Woods, of September 12, 1890, that his further investigation of the question resulted in "an entire change of opinion;" that his first opinion "was wrong;" and that he had at the time advised Judge Woods "of my change of opinion and of the reasons for such change." Senator jMcDonald, in his let- ter to the Journal of September 23, 1890, says of the two instructions: "I cannot rec- oncile them, and must leave the task to one more apt in casuistry than I am." As to the "defective indictments," the form had not only long been in use in the federal court, but Judge Woods had ex- pressly decided that it was not necessaiy that the offenses specified should affect the vote for congressman, both in the ]MeBosley, or Orange County, eases,'^ and in the Coy case; and in the latter had been sustained by Judge Harlan and by the Supreme Court. '^ The quashing of the indictments was tlie "last .straw" with Claypool. and it resulted in a stormy interview in Judge Woods' chambers, in consequence of which AVoods threatened to proceed against Claypool for contempt of court. No proceedings were instituted, but a rather savage correspondence ensued, which did not get into print. Claj-pool's view of the whole proceeding will be seen from the following extract from his letter to Wootls of August 27, 1889 : "Finally, you ask in your 'notes,' 'Do you think the court ought to have helped obtain an indictment on false grounds, as he be- lieved?' First. I answer such grounds would not have been false. Second, if false and be- lieved to be so by you in the beginning, you have proved your willingness to allow an in- dictment on false grounds. There may be some difference in morals between a court 'helping' and 'allowing'— between helping and allowing wrong— but the difference is not striking to me. This, however, may result from a dullness of my moral sense, in your opinion, as at one place you pronounce views expressed by me not good morals. "In a letter to Justice Harlan written Jan- uary 26, 1889, about six weeks after your first instructions, you use this language, "I avoid- ed the point involved in your second propo- sition in mj' original charge to the grand .jury, being willing to give the district attor- ney lee way to obtain an indictment if ho could, and if raised to decide these questions only upon argument". You were giving "lee way.' This 'lee way' is good. Before the grand .jui-y came together the first time there was a pretty general impression, as I under- stood — such was my own impression until after I came to look into the evidence— that the 'so-called Dudley letter' could not be proved to be the letter of Dudley. If the ,iury had come anil gone through their in- vestigations without asking "that question,'"' and returned no indictment against Dudley, the public mind would have settled down upon the conviction that the 'so-called Dud- ley letter" was a forgery. Such result from "lee way" to some persons for some reason.s would have been delightful. When 'that (luestion' came 'lee way' got away. Then six weeks after your first instructions you beuan to correspond with Harlan, and labored with him, and on such citations as you made to him finally induced him to reluctantly change his views. Under the circumstances then existing. concediuL;- that you had doubts aboiii the views which I luulerstood to be expressed in your first instructions, if the 'lee way' had continued longer and an indictment had been obtained there would have been no moral wrong in it. as the conduct of the per- son indicted involved so much moral terpi- tude. Had this been done the questions could, as you suggested in your letter to Har- lan, have been discussed on motion to quasli. Believing this I have the right to say so with- out being considered in contempt of court. "Your correspondence with Justice Har- lan demonstrates how reluctant you were tf> follow the first expressed opinion of Harlan, which was in accord with your first instruc- tions as understood by everybody, and sup- ported by the opinion of a lawyer as distin- sruished for ability and honesty as ex-Senator AIcDonald. To have followed the opinion of ^*Federal Rf porter. Vol. 29. p. 897. "31 Federal Remrter, p. 794: 127 V Supreme Ct.. p. 731. .9. '" i.e. the question whother they could in- dict without kiiowinij the jutsoii to whom ilic letter was sent. iii.sT(ji;v oi" (;i;i:a TKi; i.\i»ia\.\1'oi.is. 305 a: H O 300 HISTORY OF CIREATEK INDIAXAl'OLLS. Justice Harlan iiiiiilit liave. to say the least, lead to ail indietmeut afiainst Dudley. Wheu it came to quashing indictments after a form long in use in your own court you could fol- low the opinion of a judge not your superior in position and whose ruling you were not bound to follow. So this matter seems to me : 'Hesitancy to follow the opinion of a supe- rior in the one case antl willingness to fol- low the opinion of one not your superior in the other case.' When 'that question' came from the .iury you began to labor with the Justice, then six weeks aftei- your tirst in- structions, on such presentation and citation of authorities as you made. Justice Harlan gave his I'eluctant assent to youi' views. The prosecution had no chance to make a presen- tation of the other side of the question. Jus- tice Harlan's 'reluctant assent' to your views was in a sense the result of an ex parte pres- entation. Under other circumstances he might not have given even a reluctant assent. Mr. ]\IcDonald made a most complete and un- answerable review of the authorities cited by you. "I care nothing about your letter to Judge Gresham calling him to your assistance after you had qua.shed the numerous indictments; to me this seems curious, to say the least. If he had been called sooner, and come in an- swer to the call, I have an impression the out- come would have been dilVerent. Whatever may be said of him, he has views of his own and follows them, and under the same cir- cumstances -he would not have labored so much with Justice Harlan. If Dudley wrote that letter, so much caution lest he might have been indicted illegally for that act I think strikes the average inind as undue cau- tion in a wrong direction, and especially so in view of the fact that there was no other probable way of getting a legal question in- volving .so much of public interest before the courts, and in view of the further fact that if you were w-rojig the iruilty would go un- punished. " The guilty went unpunished so far as the courts were concerned, though they did not escape the tribunal of public sentiment : but a more important result came of it all in the movement for honest elections in Indiana. In the campaign of 1SS8 T had lieen in charge of the literar^- wiork of the State Centi-al Coiii- mittee. and at its close Mr. ^lorss, being called away from the city for a week or so, asked me to take editorial charge of the Sentinel during his absence. I had long been disgusted with corruption in politics, and the knowledge that the state had been bought by the Republicans roused a determination to try for reform. Out of the wreck the Democrats had saved nothing but the legisla- ture, thanks to an eti'ective gerrymander, and this presented the chance for reform. I had a smattering knowledge of the Australian ballot system, and after search the only man I could find in Indianapolis who was com- petent to write intelligently about it was Lafayette P. Custer, <f telegraph ojierator, and prominent figure in labor circles. He prepared an ai'ticle which I printed on No- vember 19, with editorial indorsement, and so the movement was formally launched. Readers were invited to send in suggestions, and did so very freely. When Morss re- tuined he took an earnest interest in the movement, and printed columns of corre- spondence and comment on the proposed re- form, the strong tendency of which kept on <leveloping for the Australian system. Meanwhile work had begun on a practical form for the proposed legislation. The fir.st meeting to consider it was at Morss' resi- dence, those pi-esent- being Governor Gray, John R. Wilson, ]\Iorss and myself. We agreed on a plan for an Australian ballot law, based on the New York law but modified to meet our established customs as far as possible: and also on provision for small precincts. The latter was urged by Senator McDonald, who had been unable to attend the meeting but favored the movement. He thought that as near an approach to the old English "hun- dred'" as possible was the best precaution against election frauds, as it came nearest insuring mutual acquaintance of the voters and knowledge of each other's legal status. T was appointed clei-k, and directed to pre- pare a tentative foiiu for the law, which was considered and modified from time to time, the numbers called into the consideration be- ing gradually increased until at last thirty or forty were present, including a number of members of the legislature. Several of the newcomers made valuable suggestions, not- ablv :\lr. W. .\. Pickens, who added th.- "de- HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. ..(»; vice" systt'iii. liy wliicli an illitcratt' voti-r could vote a straisrht ticUot. in i)lafe of tin' Belgian color system of distinyuishin<;' the several tickets on the haljot. which had been oritrinally adopted. The bill was ])nt in tin' hands of Senator James ^I. Andrews for in- troduction, because his name came first on the roll, and went through as Senate Bill No. 1. Its management was in charge of Senator James M. Barrett, and it was a very clever piece of work. Most of the members had come with some scheme of election re- form, and the only way to bring them into harmony was to let them convince themselves. The bill was discussed and amended for nearly a month in the Senate, and th<'n the amendments were repealed and the bill passed almost as introduced. In addition to the Australian ballot law. a very imf)ortant bribeiy act was passed by this legislature. It was an entirely original measure devised by Judge iEcCabe, later of the Supreme Court. It made the purchase of votes penal, but not the sale, and also gave the seller a right of action against the buyer for .$:^00, as also the pei-son who fui-nished the money. .M'ter judgment the defendants went to jail until the .iudgment was paid, .just as in a bastardy case. It was effective, and the elections of 1890, 1892 and 1894 weie the cleanest that had been known in Indiana for years. In 1897 a Kepubliean legislature destroyed the eft'eet of the law l)y a law i)nn- ishing the seller of his vote by a fine of .t.")<)n. imprisonment from 1 to f) years, and dis- franchisement. Not .satisfied with this, the legislature of 1899 repealed the law of 1889, and made the vote seller punishable by dis- franchisement, with a reward of ."islOO for his conviction. The Supreme Coui't held that the vote buyer could not recover this rewjird. and of course usually no one else would be able to convict. Under this legislation tin- vote buyer was inunune to punishment, and so continued until 190."), when the .same prii- alty was i)rovide(I for both buyer antl seller. Th!s of course ended jirosecutions by eitliri'. and in eonsi'i(iience of this legislation vote buying is now almost as conuiion as it was in 188(i: and that was the object <>{' the Iciiisla- tion. The Australian ballot law insures more unlcrly elections, and i)revents to a large ex- tent the intimitlation ui voters, but it does not prevent vote buying. These remedial measures of 1889 received almost unanimous sn])port from the Demo- cratic members, but there was considerable opjjosition at first. I recall in particular one old representative who wanted no change — who wanted it "so that he could take a floater back of the school-house and mark his ticket for him." But on January 16, 1889, the day on which the Soitiiid first pub- lished the Australian liallot law, it also pub- lished the second iu.structiou of Judge Woods in the Dutlley ease. On Jantiary 17 the Scn- finrl made its first editorial plea for election reform in which it was put flatly on the ground that the Democratic party could not compete with the Republican party in ras- cality — its only hope was to be honest and insist on honesty. There was no assiuuption of sii|)eri(H- virtiu' in this. The reason offered was that, "The moneyed power of the coun- try is arrayed on the side of the Republican I)arty. In every national campaign it has a corruption fund of untold millions at its disposal." And this was the argument that convinced hesitating Democratic legislators, wlicn to it was added the consideration that this must be so as long as the Democratic I)arty maintained its opposition to a protec- tive tarifi' and to trusts: and also the con- sideration that the Repidilicans had the fed- eral courts, whose disposition to punish Democratic scoundrels and relea.se Repub- lican scoundrels had been demonstrated. The argiunent won then, but it is a.stound- ing how diffictdt it has been for Democrats to keep it in practical i-emcndu-ance since. It is so simple in its logic that it is almost mathematical. .\nd it was not new in 1889. It had been realized by thinking men long before. Seven .vears earlier lion. W'm. 11. Enulish had pointed it out in telling how the Republicans had bouulit the state in 1880. altlioiurh he frard\ly admitted that. "More tiioncy was used tiy the Democrats in the Indiana campaign of 1880 than was ever used in any previous camijaiuri ; " and "My own .jiulgment is that it was largely in excess of what was needed, and five times more than T should recoiiuncnd tlic Democrats to raise in any campaign hereafter." He said: "The idea tVat we could eompc>te with the Keiuib- .308 niSTOltV (U' liJJEATKU IXDIAXAPOLIS. lieans either in raising; money or usinsj: it for corrupt jjiirposes. was an ntter absurdity. * * * The Denioeratie ])arty, to sueeeed, iimst stand on the etei'nal principles of right, and if they should in future contests en- deavor to carry elections by the corrupt use of money or other rascalities, they will de- serve to be beaten. * * * Wp hacj ^ot the influence and salaries of a hundred thon- .sand federal otticers to help us in that October fight : nor Star Route and treasury thieves to pour corruption funds into onr borders, and chnckle with the beneficiaries over the beautiful supply of 'soap'; nor a great system of banks, nor great manufac- tories nor moneyed corporations to look to for aid ; nor cart-loads of crisp and unworn greenbacks apparently fresh from the treas- ury of the United States, the histoi-y of which may yet startle the country if the sub- .ieet is ever properly investigated. Even if there had been no principle involved, success- ful competition with the Republicans in mon- ey and corrujit practices was absni'd :md iiii- po.ssible. "'" There is nothing in this peeuliai' to the Democratic party. It is necessarily true of any party, in any country, that opposes a lirivileged jjlutocracy. The direct cause of 1h( jirinciple's being recognized and acted t)n in 1S89 was the Dudley att'air, to which the election reform legislation of that year is a monument. That the improved condi- tions of the next few years have not lasteil is primarily due to Republican assaults on that leuislation, but scarcely less to Democratic failure to keep always at the front the stand- ard of honest elections. If Indiana could re- turn to the bribery law of 1889, and add to it a constitutional provision for the registra- tion of all present voters, with future ad- mission to reaistration based on an education- al ([ualitication, and all sntfrage conditioned on payment of taxes, it might again be in ])osition to boast of advancement in political honesty and political sanity. At pre.sent it has no room for hoastins. '" Cinciiiitati Enquirer. February 9. 1882; Fishback's "Plea for Honest Elections. "" j). 9. CHAPTER XXVll THE CITY CHARTER. Out of the iiiiul of Indiaiiapdlis strcrls pivw its present city cliarter. TIk' Icxi'l sur- face and rich soil, which had iiidiicrd tlic in- cation of the cai)ital at tliis point, were de- sirable for agi'icnltural jnu'poses. Init tht'v were serious di'awhaeUs in the drainafii' and istrect construction of a city. It is dillicult even for those wlio lived here at the time to realize now the wretched eonilition of the streets up to 1891. As a geueral rule the business streets were paved with "bowlders'' or cobhK'-stones, iiresentiny' an uneven sur- face over which vehicles rattled and jolted, with interstices in which i-aiu aiul s])riid<lini; water stcjod uutd splashed out by wheels, 'file only iniprovenient of other .streets was L'radiuii aiul jrravelini;-. In wet weather tlu-y were nniddy, and in dry wi'atber i)eo]ile could realize the force of '.lie old minstrel .ioUe that "dust is nothin" but nuid wid de juice M|ucczcd out." There bad been only two oi- three attempts at substantial i)a\ini;'. and they had not been very eiU'oui'ai;inu'. In the spriny of 187ii. mi pdition of Iwo-thii'ds of the I'i'sideut |)i'opei't\ -owiU'rs. the council or- dcn il Delaware street paved with "Nicholson lilocU pavement." from Washiufrton to St. Clair streets. It was a sand foundation. <'ovi'red with pine boai'ds. on which ])iue blocivs were set. Tin- work' was done by •bibn .\ndci-son i.^ Coiiipany. nl' ('hieaeci. at a <'ost of .$.")L>.(i:5!).22.' It was a i)erfect dream to Indiaiuipolis peeple while it lasted, aud tliei-e weiv numer- ous proposals fur other pavenu-nts of the same kind, but the city autbiu'ities concluded to eivi' the fii'st one a lest bef(U'e |)avitie' e.\- 'Coiuicil I'meei'diii'/s. 18(j9-7n. j.p. 8:W. teu.sively, and the only other improvement of the boom times of the early seventies was the continuation of the Delaware street im- provement from St. Clair to Tinker (Six- teenth street), in 1878. It was just as well that they proceeded slowly, for the impi'ove- ment soon went to i)ieces, and on ilay 2!), 187(5. Andrew Wallace, oni' of the Delawai'e stivet i)roperty-owiu'rs. jietitioned the coun- cil, reeitinu' how a good siravel and bowldei' sti'eet had been toi'u up. and an "experimen- tal im|)rovement " forci-d mi the property- ownei's, and asking the council "to take up those rotten blocks and |)lace our street in as good condition as it was when you removed it."- The city attorney however, advised that this could be doiu- only at the expense of the jM-operty-owners. 'J'he panic of 1873 put an end to street impi-ovenu'uts for some years, but the need of passable streets was a pressing one, and tlu' .Meridian street jieople next desired improvenu'nt. Aftei- two yeai's of wrangling abcnit it, .Meridian sti-eet was paved, in 1882, with cedai' blocks, from .\ew York to Seventh (Sixteenth) street. This, too, was not lasting, and it was repaired by the city in 1887, on the urgent recouunenda- tion of Mayor Denny-." aud again in 1891. by the first lioard of Pnblie Works under the new charter. The next experiment was on Washington street, in 1888. from Mississippi (Senate ave- nue), to .MabaiiKi. The pro|)erty-owiiers ther-e did not want a liloek |iav(Mneut. aud tbei-e was a contest lietween advocates of as- phalt and .-1 ]iateiited mati'fial eallecl Yul- canite. Till' .Idiiniiil warmly espeused the S79: and 1S7(I-71. .'.1: -Council rroeeedinvs. p ■'■('ouileil I'l-oeeedinus. I 1 27. 2:!4. 309 :!li) HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. Vulcanite cause, and a Republican eouncIL adopted it. There were some insinuations of interested motives at the time, and more, a few weeks later, when the contract was as- signed by the Nation:,! Vulcanite Company to the Indianapolis Paving Company— a new corporation. Tlie cost of the pavement was $74,488.68, of which tlie Street Railway Com- pany was assessed with $15.:i63.28.* It diil not pay it. however, the Snjjremc Court hold- ing that it Was under iu> obligation tn pay foi' new paving.^ This pavement was very satisfactory in cold weather, but in warm weather it at- tained a chewing-gum consistency that causetl it to be popularly known as "the Yucatan pavement." The chief value of these ex- periments was in educating intelligent people to the importance of some adequate authorit\- to take charge of public improvements. At that time the work of investigation and supervision was done by a "board of publii- improvements" — a committee of three elec- tecl by the Common Council, — and all final action was by the Council and Board of Al- dermen. The opportunit.v for obstruction was so great that practically nothing was done, except on a compromise basis, in case any serious objection was made to any pro- posed im])rovement. And when improve- ments were made, there was a general feel- ing that the public was not getting wliat it was entitled to, or what it might have under a more rational method of procedure. The nmtter was brought before the legis- lature of 1889, and it passed a bill establish- ing a "Board of Public AVorks and Affairs." in Indianapolis ("cities of fifty thousand oi' moi'c inhabitants"), wliich was an excellent measure, objectionable in only oiu' respect. It provided that the members of the first Ixiai'd should be elected by the (jeneral Assembly, and their successors should be appointed bv the Mayor. The General Assembly was Democratic, and the Alayoi- a I\epul)lican. On this account the bill was vetoed by Gov- ernor Hovey, but it was passed over his veto." At the same session a bill was passed, provid- ing for a "Board of Metroitolitan Police and Eire Department," of the same character, which was likewise vetoed, and pas.sed over the veto.' ^Members of these boards were duly elected, and presented their bonds, whii-h ;\Iayor Denny declined to approve. Mandamus proceedings were then instituted in the Superior Court, and the three judges, in banc, held both acts unconstitutional. The cases were then appealed to the Supreme Court, which likewise held both laws uncon- stitutional. Judge Jlitchell alone dissenting.* This left matters, at the close of 1889, where they were at the beginning, except that uni- versal attention had been drawn to the sub- ject, and the need of better control of public w(u-ks was universally recognized. Its im- |)ortauce was also much increased by what is known as "the Barrett law," which was pa.ssed at the session of 1889. The Barrett law is rightly named, for it was wholly original with Senator James "SI. Barrett, of Allen County, and it has seldom fallen to the lot of nuui to originate a meas- ure of more profound effect. Shortly before the session of 1889, Mr, Henry Williams, a prominent citizen of P"'t. Wayne, easuall.v suggested to ^Mi-. Barrett the propriety of a law giving ]u-operty-owners time in which to pay for sti'cet assi^ssments. The idea ap- [)ealed to ]\lr. Barrett, and he endeav(u-ed to find some ]irecedent or model for such legis- lation. Being unable to find anything of the sort in the statutes of any state he devised the simple but ingenious plali of a bond issue covering the assessment liens, which should he met at maturity by the payment of the assessments in installinents with 6 per cent, interest. He preinired the (u-iginal act of 1889 unaided, brought it here, and got it passed, in addition to nnich other valuable legislative work, notable among which was engineering the Australian ballot law through the Smiate. 'i'he law of 1889 was practically a compilation of existing laws as to ordering inu)rovements and assessiiur benefits, the essential new feature beinu' the ••Council Proceedinus, p. :?42: X(ics. De- cember 18, 1888, •■Supply Co., vs. Stivct Railwav Co., 128 Ind., p. 525. «Aets 1889, pp. 247-254. 'Acts 1899, pp. 222-280, 'State ex rel. Jameson vs. Dennv, IIS io'l., p. ■182; State ex rel. Holt vs. Denny, 118 Ind., p. 44!r lIlsroK'V OK CKKA'I'Hl! IMHAXAPOl.IS. 311 riirht ^'iveii tlie propei-ty-owner to call t'of li) years" credit, followed hv the issue of lionds and the i)i'oee(hii'e in relation thereto. It is sometimes called "a loan of the city's < redit," hut it is not. It is virtually a moi"t- isuge by the city of the property on wliich i-redit is desired, and all the city loans is its Miiiervision of tlie l)ond issues and collection I' the money. The debt is not a city debt. I)ut is securi-d by the lien on the property of the indixiduals affected. It has become oonnnon to call all subse(|uent laws contain- insr this principle "Barrett laws," and it should perhaps be borne in mind that Mr. Barrett had nothinjr to do with any of them but the first, as some of them have added other j)i'ovisinns for which lie niiylit not care to be held I'esiinnsible. This law— this priviletre of payint;- for pub- lic im])rovements in installments, has not only had an enormous etfect in promoting' public improvements in Indiana cities and towns, but also has been copied widely in other states. It came to the aid of Indianapolis ;il the most oppoitnne moment, wlien slie was .iust "nteriuL' on hei- era of public improve- ment, and reconciled hundreds of men to the policy of public improvemcnl on an extensive scale — a scale that would liavi' created in- tolerable burdens if the expen.se had been obliged to be met in full on the completion of the work, as it was before. It not only foi'warded the aduption of the |)olicy. but it nni|Ui'stiotud)ly made it possible foi- many people to j);iy foi' iiii|)rovenients who could not have done so on the old basis. In the city of Tndian«polis. up to .Tannai-y 1. 1009. there were issued a total of $.').r)4().n(;i.Sfl of these bonds: and of that total .$8,(i9f).91f!.8G had been redeemed. leavin<r outstandini:' !fl.^!-l9.14.").(i:i. This, of course, does not show the entire amount of sti-eet and sewer ex- penditure fi-om 1890. but it shows ajiproxi- mately tlie extent to wliicli propei'ty-owners would have been i-inbari-issed if they bad been i-efpiin^d to meet their assessments at once, and in full. There was another influence that was most I>otent in turniriL'' public attenticm to the nec'd of improved sti-eets. The puiilie sei'\iee c(irporati<ins of Indianapolis had never lieen tu'oinpt in puttini: sti-eets in re|);iir. This hail 1 n the subject of nuniernu.s complaints. a.s, for example, on March 21, 1881, when, on motion of an irate councilman, the City .Marshal was '•directed to notify the Water Works Company to at once pull up cordwood and rails on youth Meridian sti-eet, and to fill up chuck holes made by them with good irravel or cinders."" But in 1890 the condi- tion of the streets was appalling on account of the race of the two natural gas companies to get in their mains. They had toi'n up a nm.jority of the stieets of the city, and filled the excavations without settling the earth, lu consequence there were miniature moun- tain ranges along most of the streets, cutting ott' drainage and impeding passage. There wei'c hundreds of citizens who could not lu-ing a vehicle to the curb in fixint of their residences. As the comjjanies failed to put the sti-eets in order, the city began to do it, and sentl the bills to the companies, A re- port to the council showed that the Indian- apolis Compan.y had paid one of these bills of over .t:?00, while the Consumers' Trust had refused to pay one of over .$1,000. '" The City Attorney was instructed to sue, but. public sentiment was with the Consumers' Trust, and this was treated as an attempt to embarrass It financially, and nothing was finally done. In the meantime the streets remained in their torn-up condition until permanently imi)roved. Early in 1S9() the Conniiercial Club was oi-ganized, the chief atti'action to most of its iiienibers being the improvement of the streets. On H'ehruary 27. ""in view of the I)roposed rebuilding of over a thousand S(|uares of streets," it adopted its plan for a paving exposition which was held that sum- mer. Interest in the matter was geneial. The newspapers were discussing it and iieo- ple were talking about it. On Jlarch '■]. on motion of J. V. AVildmaii. the Bctard of Ti-ade adopted a resolution, "that a connnittee of three be ajipointed from the Board of Trad" I the [>resi(h'tit of the board to be chairman) and request that a like connnittee be apjioint- ed from the Conniiercial Club, and also that the ]\Iayor of the eit\-. the president of the Board of Aldermen, and the chairman of the Finance Committee of the Citv Council be "ConncU l'r<ic( cdiiKis. p. 980. ^"Ciiuiicil I'nici ( tliiii/s. 1S9I). pp. 74. 7."). 31-.' llIsroltY OF CiKKATER IXDIAKAPOLIS. requt'stt'il to scivi' ;is meiubeis oi saul cmn- raittee. It shall he the duty of these ji.iiit committees to organize as die, and fully ui- vestiirate and carefully [irepare a bill to he presented at the next iiieetinL;- of the tieneral Assembly, for establishinu' a Board of Pulilie "Works for this city, and such other bills on such other subjects as the interest of the city may demand ; and use all proper efforts to have the same become laws."" In addition to the president (Mr. (ieo. (j. Tanner) Jas. A. AYildman and S. '!'. Bowen were appoint- ed meiiil)ers of this coiiimiltee. On ^lareh 10 the Oouimereial Club heUl a large meeting at the Board of Trade Hall, which had been tendered for the club's use till it got a home. The announced subject was "The City Charter: What Is It; What Ought It to Be?" The discussion was led by Dr. Henry Jameson, who advocated refonn legislation, and offered this resolution: "Re- solved, That .we reconnnend to the board of directors the appointment of a committee to consider the matter of revising the laws gov- erning the city, the fcn'mulation of new laws believed to be needed, and the embodiment of the same in a bill covering the entire sub- ject of city government. The report of the conunittee shall be ]n'esented to the club in regular session, thrmmh the board of direc- tors, for final consideration and action." This resolution is broader than it was in its orig- inal form, and was nuide so at the suggestion of, and with the assistance of A. L. ]\Iason, who urged that when the conunittee came tn examine the cround it would probably find it necessary to |)repaie a new charter. After discussion, all favorable to the movement, in which numerous evils were pointed out and remedies suggested, this resolution was adopted. Another resolution was introduced by Charles B. Fletcher, reciting that ""Whereas, the connnunity has awakened t" the deploraI)le condition of our streets " and "Whei'cas the sewei'age of the city is very limited." a committee of three should \<r a|>- pointed to devise nieans for obtaiiiinu the preparation of a compi-ehensive sewer system by reliable engineerinu- talent, so that tlie sewers could be consti-ueted befiu'C the streets wei'e improved. This was referred to the directoi's. in reuular course, and later adopt- ed. '- On ilarch 11 the dii-ectors of the Com- )nercial Club met. "A conniiunication from the Board of Trade reporting the ap])iiint- ment of a committee to secure the etuu-tnient of a bill establishing a Boai-d of Public Works in Indianapolis and asking the ap- I)ointment of a like committee by the Com- mercial Club, the two to work together, was read. The president was authorized to ap- ])oint, in accordance with the resolution of .March 10th at a meeting of the club, a com- mittee of three to considei- the matter of re- vising the laws governing the city, this com- mittee to act with the Board of Trade com- nnttee on Public Works, in accordance with the provisions of 1he resolution reported.'" ■| he president apiminted Augustus L. IMasou. Samuel K. ^lorss. and <iranville S. Wright as mendiei-s of this conunittee. They were all outspoken advocates of thorough revision. -Mr. ^lason had urged that practically a new charter was needed: and Mr. Wright had spoken for radical changes, at the meeting of March 10. and especially for a centraliza- tion of powei' in the mayor.'* The members of the city government who had been invited to join in the conunittee work — the nuiyor, Thonuis L. Sullivan; the president of the Board of Aldermen. Isaac J. Thalman: and the chairman of the Finance Conunittee of the Council. AVilliam Wesley Woollen — all ;u'ce|ited. The joint conunittee of nine nieni- liers. thus formed, met jiromptly, and almost at the start resolved to undertake the draft of an entirely new charter. George O. Tan- ner was made chaii'nuui. and A. L. ]Mason sec- retary of the conunittee, and it proceeded at once to utilize the ten months that interveuetl bd'oir the next session of the legislature. On Mari'li l,") the Board of Trade held a public nieetiui;- to discuss "Our ^Municipal Affairs. Is there a Necessity for a New City Char- ti'f,'" The affirmative was ably presented liy the City Attorney. W. L. Taylor and others, and a resolution indoi'sing revision was adopted.'^ 'Miiiiitis. p. l?;it: .hiiniKil. M.uvh 4. 1S!)0. -Joiinnil. :\Iarch 11. 1890. ''■C(jiinii( rciiil Club Minutes. KJourunl. :\Iarch 11. 1800. '■Joiinnil. ^\■.\Vi■h Ki. 1890. iiisToK'v oi'- (;i;k.\'I'I-;i; i.\i»iA.\.\r(ii.i.s. • » 1 o Nil coiniiiitti't' ever did more .systcinjitic, ratitinal and foiisciciitioiis work tliaii this joint CMinnnitti'e to wiiicli the ri't'onn had Ix'cn rpfi'iTi'd. After it lia;l resolved to (uulertake the draft of au entirely new charter tlie next (|uestion considered was the ^enei'al plan of the new ehartei-. S. Iv Mmss ealled atten- tion to a ]iublication by the Jolnis IlopUius I'liivei'sity, shiiwiiii; the worUiivu' of the Hul- litt I>a\v in the City of IMiiladelphia. iti \vhi<'h the mayor was aiithoiized to ap|)oint a Hoard of Pnblie Works and some other otTieers. Aujiiistus L. ^lason ealled attention to tlie re- cent charter of Brooklyn, New York, eon- strncted on the so-callecl federal i)lan with a division of the city ,<;overum"nt into leiiisJa- tive. exeeiitive. and .iudicial branches, the mayor heiiifr tlie sole head of the executive branch, with jxiwei to a|)piiint siibordinafes. After careful consi<leration it was resolveil to atlopt the ideas of the Bullitt Law and of the Brooklyn charter, as a irenernl jilan tf) wliich the committee should wcn-k. It was recognized that the I'eal problem would be to adapt the lieiu.'ral theory to the j)articular necessiti'^s of Indianapolis, havinu' in mind the institutions to which our ])eo|)le had been accustomeil. l-'oi' the ensuing' ten months sevral meetinjis a week were held in the evenintr. either of the Avliole committee or of siib-committoes. at the office of Mr. Masim. 901 ^, Ka.st :\Iarket street. The introduction to tlie law. the part I'c- latinir to tli(> legislative branch of the city povernnient and the pai't relating' In the executive branch, were drafted by Jlr. ^Mason. The sources of matei'ial were, in the main, the old laws L'ovei'iiinir the city of Indian- apolis, the new Brooklyn charter, the Bullitt Tiaw of Philadelphia, and the somewhat old- fashioned but the ve^'y carefully drawn char- ter of the City of Cliicai,'!). When the roimli draft of any ])ai't was wi'itten it was submit- ted line by line to a. sub-committee and care- fully considered, modified or appi'oved. The snb-comiiiitte(> cliarLred with the preparation of that portion of the charter re^'ulatini;- the Icirislative branch n)' ihe city uovernment. had fleori;!' li. Tanner for chairman: the siib- coiiniiiltee charged with preparation of thai Itoriien of the charter reiruliitini;- the execu- tive branch of the city iiovernment. had for its cliiiiniian TluiiriMs L. Sullivan, liater i1 was jiresented to the committee of the whole, which met at regular intervals, ami again gone over line by line. The part of the cliar- ter relating to the .judicial branch of city government was drafted by Thomas L. Sul- livan and (iranville Wi'ight. Every member of the committee contribut- ed important ideas and a.ssisted in the phras- inir of the law. .Mr. Tanner, showing great lirecision in the use of words, in iiointing out ambiguities and in testing proposed provi- sions, by the common working of business and public attains as transacteil from day to day. gave particular attention to the powers fpf the city council. Jlr. Woollen and "Sir. 'I'haliiuui were extremely valuable in sha[)ing those parts of the bill touching city finance, the making of approi>riatioiis. the issue and sale of bonds, the making of street improve- ments, and the granting of franchises to pub- lic eori)orations. In the work of the einiimittee, ]\Ir. ]\rorss and ilayor Sullivan kei)t in touch with the views of the Democratic organization in the city and carried on ilijilomatie negotiations so as to avoid obstruction when the charter should go before the legislature. Colonel AVildman. ^[r. Thaliiian and .Mr. Wright kept in touch with the Uei)ublican organiza- tion for a like purpose. ^Ir. Bowen acted as a committee on style and polished oH:' many rough places in the English of the (locnmcnt. .Mr. 'I'anner furnished that kind of enthusiasm and untiring energy, as chair- man of the committee, which kept the com- mittee constantl}' at work and tolerated no unnecessary delay and no carelessness on the part of any member. Through the hot nights of the snniim r id' ISilll the committee met with tireless reuulai'ity and this without stimulants, for when late in the evening they left the liot little oflice on Hast .Market street they would repair to the drug store in the Halcyon block at Delawiirc and Xew 'S'ork streets and refresh with soft drinks only. The great central I'latiire of the charter revision was the entire s( |)aration of the executive, legislative and judicial fnnctioiis. all administrative functions being trans- ferred to th(> executive deiiartnieiit. Tliis iiieant a ureat coiieeiil ration (d" [xiwer in the mayor, and witli the powei was i)lac(>d the full ri'sponsibilitx' wliii'li slionid aeeoinpaiiy 314 HISTORY OF GHEATEK INDIANAPOLIS. jtower. Thcrt' are many fine points in the charter which even to this day the jjublic is not familiar with. For instance, usually where the mayor or some other executive officer has the veto power, the failure of such an officer to sign a bill within a certain limit- ed time, permits such a bill or ordinance tii become a law by the lapse of time without his signature. In the city charter this is ail changed, and the shoe, as it were, is put on the other foot. The mayor is compelled to take his full share of responsibility in every iii-dinaiice that is passed", by signing every (ii'dinance which he approves. In case, with- in the limit named in the charter, he does not sign an ordinance, his failure to sign consti- tutes a veto. Thus it is incumbent upon tl mayor to thoroughly study every ordinanc-c that is passed, and to take his full responsi- bility for all laws. The mayor is really made the key-stone to the arch. It was the desii-e of the gentlemen who drafted the city char- ter to fix the responsibilit.v \ipon some one for ever.v act, and the mayor is the responsi- ble head, and it is im]ioi-tant tiiercfore undi^r our city charter that the peojile should selecl the very best material in electing a mayor. The mavor appoints the various boards, the Board of Public Works, the Board of Public Safety and the Board of Health, and the Cit.v Engineer, and in order not to have a lot of political dickering, and to avoid tyintr the hands of the ma.voi- and place him in tlie attitude of making deals with the City Coun- cil, his appointments do not have to be ap- proved by the City Council, and he is at lib- erty to at anv time remove any one of his appointees; and in order that he may do no in.i'ustice to a person so removed, it is only incumbent upon him, when he does remove a person, that he stat*^ his i-ea.son for so remov- ing his appointee. Thus if a person removei' considered himself aggrieved, the fact that the ma.vor is compelled to state his reason gives the p-^rson so removed an opportunity to come before the people and give his sidi^ of the case, if there is a dift'erence of opinion. During the prei)ai'ation of the charter the committee i)riidentl.v allowed the public to know some of the ideas which were being con- sidered. The plan giving the ma.vor power to appoint and discharge his subordiiiates was mui'h debated in privab' cdnvei'sation. in the jniblic [U'ess, and elsewhere. Even the debating class at the Y. JI. C. A. argued the (juestion and later it was submitted to some classes in the public schools for essays by the [)upils. It was argued against the provision that such a concentration of power was un- democratic and un-American, and would re- sult in a dangerous political nuichine. It \vas urged in favor of the provision that a concentration of executive power in the hands of the mayor was neeessarv for efficient ad- ministi-ation and followed the plan of the federal government, as laid down in the Con- stitution and T.iaws of the United States. It was pointed out that the proposed charter instead of unduly concenti'ating power, reall.v divided it li.v separating the legislative and executive branches of the government instead lif vesting the whole in the Conunon Council as had been previously done. The whole nature of the office of mayor was to be clianged. Instead of being merel.v presiding officer of the Council and Judge of the Police Coui-t, the mayor was to be sti'ietl.v the heail cif the executive branch of the government. This provision met with general approval. The power to be given the controller to recom- mend appropriations and tax levies to the Council, with the provision that the Council might reduce but could never increase the '^anie. was regarded with seneral favor. A section occui'rintr in the introduction to the I'hai'ter pi'ohibiting city officials from having :in.v interest in contracts with the cit.v, and the provision authorizing the mayor to re- voke saloon licenses for cause, elicited much approval. Much embarrassment was oeca- -ioned by the pi-oblem of changing from the old to the new form of government. Certain officials holding office under the Ccmncil felt ♦ hat the ma.vor, who undei' th(> new charter had the power of apjiointment, would deprive them of office. This difficulty was smoothed over by seeurine their positions to them for the terms for which they were appointed. On January .">. ISill. the Board of Trade's portion of the conuiiittee r'eported to it. and on Janmii'.v t) the Commei-cial Club's I'cprc- sentatives did the same, the two i-eports being practically identical. They state that the committee first decided "that it was neces- sai'.v to undertake a revision of ;dl the laws uoverninu' the City of Tiidianapolis. except JIISTOKY' OF (IKKATEl! IXDIAXAPOIJS. I z a z o s CO « c o O < H Q :Mi; IlLSTOEY OF GKEATEIl 1M)1AXA1'0LIS. those in relation to tlie public sehools. to em- body the revision in one uniform code or charter drafted in accordance witli the most approved modern notions of municipal gov- ernment. A sub-eonnnittee was appointed to jirepare a general outline of the work. * * * One member of the committee was at an early date designated to prepare a draft of the new charter, upon each topic iu its proper order, wliich draft would be gone over line liy line by the sub-committee rewritten and reconsid- ered as often as necessary, and afterwards presented to the whole connnittee, by whom the entire document was twice revised line by line and twice rewritten."" In the course of the work they exivmined and digested "all of the magazine articles, some three hundred in innnber, which have appeared in this coun- try on the subject in the last twenty years. Next we sent for, read and considered a num- ber of volumes, by writers of eminence, which have appeared, embracing exhaustive histo- ries of the charters of the great cities of this countiy, with the progressive changes, and the results of their workings, fi'om the ear- liest colonial times to the present day."' To this was added an examination of the best American and foreign city charters. The next work was to classify and index "rdl of the statutes now in force governing the City of Indianapolis."" This woi'k "de- veloped the fact that the present powers of the city are exceediimly ilefective ; that many ordinances which have been passed are un- doubtedh^ invalid for want of corporate power; and that in many particulars the present statutes are imperfect, loesely drawn, conflicting, and in many instances wholly in- opei'ative. '" With this preparation the com- mittee had prepared the new charter, which was submitted in jirinted form. The pro- posed charter had already been submitted to the Marion County delegation and to the press. The thanks of both organizations were extended to the members of the connnittee for their public-spirited and faithful labors: and thi>se labors were also justly made thi' suli.jcct of eom|)limentary connuent in the annual I'cjiorts next following. In this com- ment may be noted the statement of Presi- dent Lilly in his annual address of February 9, 1891: "The ueneral committee further honored the rouniicn'ial Club by plaeinii the construction ot the charter in the hands of ^Ir. ^lason, a trust bringing with it a duty so great that it took months of constant labor to bring the mass of ideas into legal form."'" The work of preparing the charter was slow, but it was sure as compared with the work of passing it, for there were obstacles of various sorts. Perhaps the most serious ( ne was that the charter had Iieen prepared on an absolutely non-partisan basis, and was now offered to a Democratic legislature for passage, it being a certainty that there was a percentage of Democrats who had conscien- tious scruples against a failure to take a par- tisan advantage when opportunity offered. Secondly, all of the public service corpora- tions—street railway, gas and water compa- nies — were against it, though they did not venture on an ojien Hght. Third, some of the large owners of real estate looked with ap- prehension on the great power lodged in the Board of Public Works, coupled with the prevalent sentiment for extensive and es- |)ensive street imin-ovements. The most in- fluential of this class was Wm. H. English, who was always conservative, and whose con- servatism had been a blessing to all Indiana municiiialities by securing the 2 per cent debt limit. ^Ir. English had extensive influence with the legislature, and had been for years a verv close personal and jiolitical friend of Dr. AV. C. Thompson, the leading senator from ;\Iarion County. ^Ir. English made no secret of his opposition, and it was well known that when he went into a legislative fiuht he went in to win. It being evident to the initiated that they had a fight on theii' hands, the directors of the Commercial Club, on December 9, 1890, authorized the president to ajipoint "a com- mittee of twenty-one meiidiers or more, to co- operate with the members of the General As- seiidily representing Indianapolis in urtring the enactment of bills in the interest of the city." President Lilly thereujK)n appointed a connnittee of twenty-five of the most influ- ential members of the club, with John P. Frenzel as chaii'man. The .ioint connnittee which prepared the charter co-operated with this committee, and all the friends of the charter ranged themselves under its leader- '"Miini/fi f'oHuiii rr-ial Cluh. p. 1.58. inSToKV or CKKA' IXDIAXAPOLIS. !1T ship. It ])oi;;in operations by lai^iuj.' a luiiul in the oriranizatioii of the House of Kepre- sentatives. and secured its candidate for speaker, Hon. ]Mas(in J. Xii)lack, and its can- didate for cliainnan of the Committee on Af- fairs of tlie City of Indianapolis. Tlon. J. E. JfcCuliouirh. These ]irecauti(Uis were timely for the Senate deleuation— Di-. \V. C. Thomi)son and Heniy Hudson of Marion, and Daniel Foley of Marion, Shi'ihy and Hancock, were a'jainst the charter; and all three opposed i1 till a test vote in the Senate showed tliat it wctuld pa.ss that body: and then Hudson and Foley voted for it . The measure was introduced on .January by Representative ]\le('ullough, as House Bill Xo. 44. and referred to tlie Connnittee on Af- fairs of the City of Imlianapolis. ()n Jan- uary 22 a '"heariui;"" was had by the House Comiiiitte''. with the Senate Committee in- vited but not attendin"'. Representative ilc- Clilloutrli presideil, and the discussion was opened by W. P. Fishbaek, who .spoke briefly in favor of the chartei-. \V. H. Euiilisli. of the opposition, was called on next, but de- elined to speak, sayiuji' that there had not been sufficient notice, noi- snftieient opportu- nity to e.Kamine tlu' chartei-. -I, 1'. Fren/.el replied, callinii attention to the fact that the ehai'ter bill lia<l been published in full in the Si III ill! I of Decembei' 2S. and full synopses iu the other i)ai)ers. den. John C'oburii ne.xt spoke afrainst the bill. ui'Siinu: that it created "an absolute monarchy." an<l was antagonis- tic to "local self-gdvciiniiciit. " Wliile he was speakini:. ^Ir. Fishbaek, who sat next to nie, whis|)eretl, "'.Just wait and sec (ius skin him;" and sui'e enough, when be sal down Augustus I,. .Mason was called out. and he certainly did Hay GeiKM'al Coburn, airiid laughter and ajiplause; and his victim could retaliate onls' by declaring that .Mr. .Mason's assault was "beneath conteTupt." The truth is that in this discussion, which was al! niapjieil out lieforehand on both sides, lln' de- fenders of the ehai'ter had lln' iniiiieiiM' ad vantage of knowing their giDiiiid. while ihe assailants <lid not, and consci|iientl\' fell into errors that were readily ex|)osed. The char- ter peo])le had gone over their work so thor- oughly that they knew every argument for and against evei'y provision in the bill, and were like an entrenched army resisting the attack of a ]ioorly armed mob. There were about a dozen speakers, it be- ing evident that the charter people were meeting attacks .systematically— a Democrat replying to a Democratic objector, and a Re- publican to a Republican, (ieo. Tanner. S. E. Mor.ss and Isaac Thalman, of the commit- tee that fr.-imed the bill, were heard; also Otto Stechhini. II. 11. ll.iniia. C. \V. Fair- banks, Father (J '1 )nnagliue. A. H. (iates, Charles Martindale, Judge A. C. Ayres and a few others spoke, all favoring the bill or sug- gesting minor amendments. 1 had atteiKled the meeting as an ■"innocent bystander." with no intention of taking pari, but, being calle<l upon. I stated frankly that wliile favoring the measure iu general there were two things that T thought should be changed. The bill as introduced provided for a council of 25 members and a board of aldermen of '■> members, both bodies elective from districts made by Ihemselves. In view of the possibil- ity of gerrymandering I urged that the board of aldermen should be elected on the general ticket, by the whole city. The other point was that tlie board of works was given unre- stricted po\\ei- in till' iii.-iller nl' street im- provement, aiiil I iirgeil that if a decided majoiity of the pr(i|)eit> -owners on a stn'ct did not want a projiosed improvement tlii\v should ]i;\\r the riuht d' remonstrance.'" .\fter th eeling Mr. Morss told me he would like to do away with th(^ board of al- dermen altogether if it were not for the lia- bility of a eouueil gerrymander. In fact, the abolition of the board of aldermen had been extensi^■ely favored, and it \\as formally dis- cussed al a uieetiug of thi' Commercial Club on Jaiinary 12. but the club voted to retain it. on the theory that a check on legislation was desir.'ible. T suggested that this could be avoided by electing enough <'ounciliiien-at- large to offset any possible gerrymander ad- vantage. He at once indorsed this idea, and if was put into the bill by general consent. 1 may add bete Ih.ii al this time I was State Librarian, and was also writing exten- sively foi- the S( iiliiK'l. as well as keei)iiig an eve on legislative movi'meiits for its benefit. "Till* .lounial of .lannary 2:!. 1s:n. has the best account of the meeling. HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 1 liad notified ilr. ^lor.ss several times that certain people wiioni he trusted in eonneetion with legislation were betraying him, but he doubted the accuracy of my information. On •January 26 I informed him that a private meeting had been arranged for that night, at Representative McCullough's office, of the op- ponents of the charter with the Clarion County delegation, giving him the names of some of his friends who would be present, and their purpose. They had adopted the plan of letting the chartei' go through but of amending it by making the board of pub- lie works elective, from three districts, one of which was to be the city north of Ohio street, and the other two south, divided by a north and south line. It was supposed that this would insure two Democratic members, and the board of works was considered the one important thing in the whole system. This was the first opportunity that had been given for a body blow, and ]\[orss at once ]irepared a scorching editorial denouncing \h'- proposal. It was held until repoi'ters lirouglit in word that the meeting was actually in progress, and of who Mere present. Fart of their names were published but a few were withhild and advised with privately. The opponents got very little satisfaction at the meeting. es])ecially from 'Slv. McCu'- lough. who notified them that he would o[)- pose any such amendment. They were sim- ply overwhelmed when they read the Sentinel in the mornintr, and found their private meet- ing thoroughly ventilated. They imagined it liad been given away by some of the delega- tion, but in fact the editorial was written b(>- fore the meeting was held. And it produced efifecfs ])esides carrying consternation into their camp. Up to that time the sujipoi-t of the Neics had been very perfunctory. That afternoon it reproduced the Scnfiiirl's edi- torial in full, with hearty indorsement, and said: "The thing to do is to pass the charter. We had in mind suggestiims for some amend- nuMits to the charter. Rut we waive these in the face of the greater necessities of the situation. As a whole we believe the scheme to be the soundest and best that has ever been devised, and an imperative requisite for the good career and fair progress of Indian- apolis. We do not think it is peifect, and do not claim that it i^. Rut its iniix'rfcctions. we believe, are of the surface, the root of the matter sound, and its deep and pure plant- ing right now requisite for the healthy growth of this city. We can test it by ex- perience for two years. Then in what things time shall show that it needs amendment, can come to the next legislature for such amendment. The thing now to do, and to do now, is to pass the ehai'ter as it stands." In addition to bringing more allies into active service, the exposure put an end to the dou- ble-dealing with the Sentinel, and left the friends of the charter with an open field, and their enemies all in front of them. On February 6 the bill was reported with recommendation for extensive hut not serious amendments, all of which had been agreed to by the friends of the charter.'" The most important was the striking out of the board of aldermen and making the council of 21 members, of whom fi were to be elected at large, and 15 from districts. Aiuither amend- ment gave the right of remonstrance against a street improvement by two-thirds of the property-owners, in which ease the impi-ove- ment stopped unless the council ordered it by a two-thirds vote. The city tax-limit was reduced from $1 to $.90 by another amend- ment. Others reduced certain salarii>s, bnr left the power with the council to raise them to their original figure. The other amend- ments were formal or technical, thei-e being none that altered the real principles of the original. The report was joined in by all the ]\Iarion County members, McCullough. Cur- tis, ^lack, Thienes, ]\Iatthews and iNIcCloskey, all Democrats. The three outside members, Hess, Wells and Guthrie, all Republicans, made M minority report reconniietiding the passage of the bill as originally intri)diieed, and continued to play politics by voting against the bill on its passage. It pa.ssed the House easilv on Februarv 16, by a vote of 65 to 13.'» The Senate was the danger j)<)int. The bill being a local matter, with the three local Sen- atoi's against it. and they all Democrats, in a Democi-atic Senate, it is obvious that there was a tremendous obstacle to be overcome in mere "senatorial courtesy." ^loreover it en- ^^House Jmirnal. pp. 570-581. ^"Ifoiise ./•iiiriml. p. fiS4. lllSTOlfV OF (;i!KATER INDIAN APOLIS. 319 t'Oiinti'it'il in the St-iiatc i)r()l)al)ly tlic only inau ill tlie (ieui'ral Asseiiit)ly wlio opposed it as a iiiarter of (lisiutercstcd principle, and that was Frank B. Burke. Burke was a bril- liant uenius, but somewhat erratic in his bril- liancy. He was so devoted to abstract prin- ciples that it dis(pialified him for really im- portant legislative work, in which abstract principles, in their logical exti-emes. have usually to be abandoned, for the simple lea- sou that human beings do not live on a logi- cal basis. It has been said that all really great legislation is the product of compro- mise. It is so only so far as the eompromi.se is in the line of adapting it to actual human conditions, as against theories. Hut when Burke once set his head he knew no com- promise. These (pialities had given him in ]8f^M the distinction of beinii- the only Demo- crat in the General Assembly who voted against the Australian Ballot Law. On this occasion his hrfc noir was the provision of section 60, autlio?-izing the board of jjublic works to i)urcliase or erect and operate water-works, electric-light works, etc., i)ui- siiant to an ordiiuiiice. He felt that true Deinocratic ])rincipli's called for a vote of the peofjle on such important matters. (let- ting info the opposition, he became by reason of his ability the leader of the opposition in the .Senate. The friends of the charter were shut out of home (•bam[)ions for tlieii' meas- ure, but they found two able and iiitluential ones in Kufus Magee, of Cass, and Timothy E. Howard, of St. .losi'i)!! and Starke. The opposition had their troubles als'i. They could not flatly refuse any charter re- vision, and .so they were forced to show by amendments what they thought would be de- sirable in a charter. The rejxu-t submitted by the coiiiiiiittee on l''ebruary "28 was so evi- dently framed for the i)urp(^se of holding together a discoi'dant opposition that it was fairly ludicrous, and it no doubt had the ef- fect r)f bringing intellitrent outside support to the bill. The Sruliiirl said: "We are charitable enough to believe and to say that these L'entlemen (the majority of the com- inittee) have simply been imposed upon. The rejmrt is not their production. It was not wtifteii by either of them. Two. at least, of these L'entlemen ha\'e trday cnlv tl-e vairuest ide;i of wlijit the'i- report eoU t .M i IIS. aiid eiiuM not explaiu, to save their immortal souls, in what respect their i-ecommendations differ from the bill as passed by the House of Kep- rcsentatives. They have lent their names to a document of the uature of which they have no intelligent conception. Incredible as it may appear, the Senate committee on the af- fairs of the City of Indianapolis, to which this bill was referred, has never held a meet- ing to consider it. This committee consists of Senators Kertli and Griffith, Democrats, and Senators Yaryau and Hubbell, Repub- licans, in addition to the three Marion Count.v senators. The bill has never been be- fore this comiiiittee. The report which is presented in its name should therefore carry no weight with the Senate."-" The minority report, signed by Yaryau and Hubbell. recommended the jjassage of the bill with two unimpoi'taiit ameudments. The ma- jority report, without restoring the board of aldermen, proposed a council of 25 members, all elected from districts. It made the ap- pointing power of the mayor subject to con- firmation by the council, and prohibited the removal of an appointee without the consent of two-thirds of the council. It prohibited the erection or purcha.se of water-works, elec- tric-light works, etc., except by a new coun- cil, after six months' public notice of the action contemplated. It uave the majority of nroperfy owners, "residing in such city.'" on the line of any proposed street imi)rovement, the right to prevent if, even if the council as well as the board of uoi'ks favored it. But its choicest feature was the amendment of thi« section establishing the health boaril, which it made, "The Department of Health, Phniib- ing and Charity;" and this it put "under the control of one health commissioner and one inspector of plumbing and luuise drain- aae, who shall be appointed by the mayor," giving them autocratic jiowers which might well make the other dejiartmeiits green with envy.-' The obvious i)uri)ose of this was to hold Senator Hudson, who was a plumber, and \<ho rode this hobby of compulsory plumbiuir for years. lie got an ordinance for it throuuh the council once, but Mayor Tag- gart's attention was calleil to the fact that -"S<,iIIihI. Maivh 2. 1801, ''S'ii(il<- .1 iitirviil . pp. 92.")-9'?.'-!. V2t) HISTORY OF OtREATER INDIANAPOLIS. it wiiuld mst thf fitiz(_-ns about $2,0(HI.(HI() tn [Hit it into effect, and lie vetced it. But with all their advantage of reason, the friends of the charter were very blue. They had been unable to hold a single Demo- crat on the Senate coiiiiiiittee, and they knew that thei-e were some Republicans who thouuht it would he sjood politics to have the bill defeated in a Democratic Senate. Some of them thouiiht it would be advisable to couipi'omise to some extent on the confirma- tion of appointments, and remonstrance ag-ainst street improvements. Right there the siMiuil column of John P. Frenzel became an imjxirtant factor. He refused to consider any compromise— said he would resign from the committee iP it was done— said the bill couhl lie )nit through, and they would put it thr(]Ui;h as it was (U- lose it altogether. The bill had been made a special order for ]\Ion- day, ]\Iarch 2, at 3 o'clock. A't that time Senator Hudson moved to adopt the majority repoi't, and Senatoi- ]\Iagee to substitute the minority report. Senator Burke then moved to suspend the reading of the report and con- sider the hill by sections, which carried. IMagee at once met this play for delay by movins that when the Senate adjourned it lie to 7:35, for an evening session. After motions to table, postpone and adjourn had been lost. Burke threw down the gauntlet with a motion to remain in session until the adoption or rejection of the minority report, which carried without division. Magee then demanded the previous question on the nio • tion l(- sub.stitute the minority report, which was seconded by the Senate-, and the minor- ity report was then substituted by a vote of 2!> to 18. Senator Howard at once moved to suspend the rules, consider the amendments engrossed, and the bill read by sections, and put on its passage: and ck>manded the pii'- vious question. The Senate seconded the de- mand, and adopted the motion by the same vote of 29 to 18. Ilavint!- now pnt it beyond aiiK'ndmetit. the Senate adjourned on motion of Si'iiator Howard. On the followiuL'' morning a motion to sus- pend tlie rules and pass the liijl without read- intr failed for want of a constitutional major- ity, the vote being 27 to 20. Burke then of- fered the amendment that had been included in the majority repoit for Voldini:- baek tile erection or jjurchase of water-works, etc., uii- lil after an election in which it was an issue; iiut this was nded out of order, and the bill was read and put on its passage. The first business of the afternoon was to jiass it, which was done b> 42 votes, the only nega- tives being Burke, Pawing (of Decatur and Shelby), and Thompson, of ^Marion. Uiirke then filed a pi'otest reciting that tlii-re had lieen bad faith in shutting ot}' ameudiiieiits; that his amendment of the power of the board of public works would hnA'e been ado]ited if submitted: and that the power vested in tlie board of public works "if exercised in a care- less or negligent way, or abused, will result in absolute financial ruin to the interest and jieople of such city.'"-- The enrolled act was filed with the Governor on Man-li (i. and signed by Jiim the same day. In cciineetion with Senator Burke's protest, it may be worth while to rememlier that the jiower lodgml in city ofticials by the charter is very larue, and that the welfare of the city de- ])ends ehiefiy on the character of the offieials selected. Some of the jieople who jiooh- poolied Burke's apprehensions have r<'cently been nmch concerned over an analogous exerr cise of power in the erection of a city hall, and are now awake to the fact that we have a representative government in which the ]>owers are delegated to officials, and dele- gated beyond recall. If this is not borne in mind on election days, there might <'asily come a time when Burke's jn-otest woiiid he vindicated. There has not been a session of the leni^la- ture since 1891 in which there has not lieeii some amendment of the city charter, Init none of them can be considered as .•iffeetiii-r the fiuidamental principles on which it is based, unless it 1k^ the leeislation in regard to parks. By the original charter, parks were ])nt under control of the Board of Public AVorks: but in 1890 the Department of Pub- lic Parks was created, and all park aff'airs were pnt into its custody, it beint; one of the executive departments of the city govern- ment. There was nothiiitr in this ineeiisisteiit with the theory of the original charter, for the new department was one of like ])owers with the cither departments. The law of -•Snxih Jiiitri'iil. p. 9118. llISTOliV or (M.'KATEl! IXDIAXAI'OLIS. :!•.'] I90!>. however, makes a larj^e iiici-easc of tlie powers of the board of park eoinmis.sioiiers. and estahlislies a fixed revenue by requii'hiir the council to le\'j' "a tax of not less than tlve cents nor more than nine cents on each one hundred dollars of taxable property." for the de])arliiK'iit and also giving; to it all revenues derived fi-oiii the i)arks. The boartl can also establish |)ai-ks and boulevards, as- sessintr benefits and daniaizes to pay for the same: Init the amount of this is limited to $200,00U in any one year, and to .i;1.23(),00() within ten yeai-s. This power is in addition to assessments for sti'eet. sewer and other im- provements on lioulevards or in jiarks, which are the same as those of the Boai-d of Public Works elsewhei-e. In addition, by the act of 1909. the council may, on recommendation of the park board, by ordinance divide the city into pari; districts, and the property in each district is made assessable by the park l)oai-d for benefits of the boulevai'd and parkway improvements constructed in such district ; and this has l)e(ii done. I'nder this law the Departm-'ut of Public Pai'ks is almost inde- pendent of the city ij-overnment or any jiart of it, although api)ointed by the iiuiyor. It is an ap]iroxinuition to jxnver without le- sponsibility that will be watched with much interest by students of economics and gov- erinniMital science. Othei- amendments have been usually oL" mattej-s of detail as to salaries of offices, modes of a.ssessmeut foi- public improve- ments, annexation of territory, pensions for firemen and i)olicenieu, elections, depositories of funds, etc. In 1905 there was a general i-evision of the charter, which was included in the "municipal corpoi'ations" law,-'' In- dianapolis tailing under the division of ■'cities of the first class." In this there was no material change of the chai-tei'. The same year a very important law for the elevation of railroad tracks was enacted. This was l>repared by City Attorney Henry Warnun, and undei- it the work of track elevation is now under headway. In 1903 a law was passed establishing a Juvenile Court in .Mar- ion County, which is ])ractically a city insti- tution -* and modifies the judicial department of the city government. On the whole, the city charter as it now exists nu)y be con- sidered the natural dexcldpnicnt and jierfee- tion of the "federal plan'" of city govei-n- ment, which was instituted in 1891. and the general satisfaction with the .systt'm is a ti-ibute to the good judgment of those who originated it. -Acts 1905. p. 219. -^\cts of 1908. p. 51 (i. Vol. 1—21 CHAPTER XXVIII I'L'HLIC UTILITIES. The most friendly chroiiieler eoukl not call early Indianapolis ]irogre.ssive in the matter of public utilities. Before the coming- of the railroads it moved along on a very quiet country town basi.s, and after their coming it 'vas slow to take on city airs. The first l)robleni confronted was that of public light- ing, of which there had been none of any kind before the fifties. Gas had been in use in eastern cities for a number of years. Balti- more began experimenting \\ith it in ISlti, and was the first American city that adopted it for street lighting. By 1825 most of the large eastern cities had followed suit, but there wa.s no inducement for its adoption in smaller places, except in private plants. Its first trial in Indiana was at Lawrenceburg. in the winter of 1826-7, and it was soon after used for lighting the Methodist Church in that place.' I'he first use of gas for lighting in Indianapolis was in the Masonic building which was completed in 1850-1. and the first street lamps were two in front of it supjilied from its plant. On February 12. 18.")1. the Indianapolis Gas Light and Coke Company was incorpo- rated by the legislature with the "privilege of supplying the City of Indianapolis and its inhabitants with gas for the purpose of affording liuht for tin- term of twenty years;" but it was to secure the consent of the city to the use of streets, and the legis- lative trrant was not to be exclusive. The in- corporators named were C. Cox, Wm. Ilan- naman, Alfred Harrison. A. AV. !\Iori'is and N. B. Palmer; but the originatoi- and chief promoter was John J. Lockwood. Tiic cap- ital was .'|;20,OnO. witli pennission to iiici-ease Klo'iniiil. Septcii;l)iM- 1><. 1887. to .$50.(300, but to be used exclusively iu lighting work. On ^lay 3 the council gave the company the exclusive right of furnish- ing gas for 15 years, prescribing the condi- tions of use of streets, and stipulating that gas should be furnished for street lamps at the price then prevailing in Cincinnati. Stock books were opened on ;\Iareh C, and on ilardi 2() the company organizetl, with D. V. Culley as president. W. \V. Wright secretary and H. V. Barringer sujjerintendent. In July tlu- comiiany bought a lot on Pennsylvania street south of ]'ogue"s Run. and built a retort- house and p-as-nolder in the fall. Plains were laid on Wai^hington and Pennsylvania streets and gas was first furnished for consiuiiption iii^ Jan'iary 10. 1852. It was an occasion of public interest. W. W. Roberts, druggist, adv'ci-tised as a special attraction that even- ing his "gas light sign" which all were in- vited to see at 6 p. ni. — "admittance free, children half price." With the pros|iective coiiiiiiir of the com- pany the (|uestion of street lighting came up. The council decided that the city could not undertake the exjiense without additional i'evenue&, and refei-red to the voters at a spe- cial election on September 13, 1851, the ques- tion of a tax of 8 cents on $100 for street lighting. At the same time they submittc<l the (piestion of a tax of 1 cent fc!- a trnvn clock. There was not nuu^h discussion of the clock question, but that of the gas (piestion was (|uite warm. Everybody favored gas, but many urged that the iiiercliaiits and clnirches in the central part of the city, which alone was propo.sed to be liutited, should i)ay f(H- their own lights just as they paid for their sidewalks. The Jfninml unred the tax, and pointed out tli;it while the iiiuiiicipal tax lllsruUY OF (iUHATEi; IXDJANAPOLIS. 323 in liKliaii;i|)(p|is was only 321/. cents on .$100. that of Cincinnati was over $1: Lafayette ti.') cents; Madison oO cents, New Albany t)4 cents, and Lawi-euceliiirir 50 cents. The op- ponents rejilied that tliis was no occasion for lamentation. Althouuh 943 votes were cast for mayor at the spring- election, only 401 were east at this election ; and they were 137 for the Eras tax, and 264 against: 2ol for tlie clock tax. and I'lO airainst. The result called forth sarcastic conuiieiit from other towns, especially ]\Iadison, which was fi'^'urintr as a rival of Indianapolis, and which had .just voted for street liglitiuo:. The Madison papers jjleefnlly announced that her streets would be liirhted by jras within a month, and wanted to know when Indian- apolis and New .Albany woidd follow her lead. The ta\Mit brought no result. The tii-st street lights were erected on Washington street between Meridian and Pennsylvania in the fall of 1853, and the e.\i)ense was borne by the propert,v-owner.s on the block. The first contract with the city for street lamps was in December, 1,S.54, and parts of Wash- ington and ad.joininu- streets were lighted in 1855, from which time there was a gradual increase. In .May, ISfill. there were SV:: miles of street lighted, with 265 lamps. For sev- eral years aftei- the start the company was not a success, owing largely to defective con- struction and machinery and an imxpc- rienced supei-intendent. The works were w- Miii(leled and Christopher Bi-o\vn was made su|)ei'intendent. after which matters im- proved. In 1863 the company consti-ucted on Delaware *street a new ga.s-h'older of 300. 000 cubic feet ca()aci1y. at a cost of about $120,- 000; and was then producing abont 175,000 cubic feet daily. When the compHii.v's charter e.xiiii'cd in 1866 it pro|iosed to fui-nish gas at $3.48 jjcr 1.(100 feet to both cit.v and private consmn- ei-s. and clean and light the street buops for !l)5.48 each per vear— it had been chai-ging $4.50 i>er 1.000 feet: $20 per year for each lamp: and $8.44 for lighting and cleaning. It also claimed the right of sui^iilying private '■oMsumers fi\-e years lontrer under its legis- bitive charter. The council refused the pro- I'lisal. and made a counter |)i'oposal of $3 piM- 1.000 feet for private cons>imei-s and $28.80 till- street lamps. This was not iieeeptcd ; iKir was a farther projxisal by the city fci- a part- nership arrangement. In the spring of 1867. while the matter wa.s unsettled, a rival com- pany, the Citizens' Gas Light and Coke Co.. was formed by K. B. Catherwood & Co. and offered a $3 rate, the city to contest the monoi)oly claim of the other company. The Lnlianapolis Company then offeree! a $3 rate, and after some tiickei-ing was rechartered from Jlarch 4, 1867. for 20 years. The com- pany |)ut in meters free of cliarge, but it was soon found that the city was paying more for gas than before. Tlu' ofifice of gas inspector was then created, and (ieoi-ge M. Fleming np- pointed to it, an<l furnished with an $800 set of instruments. The council idso ordci-ecl that streets lanrps shduld be used only at corner.s, and should be shut off at midnight, and by these measures the annual expense was reduced from about $40,000 to about $20,000. This charter was nof exclusive, and ou .\])ril 3, 187(), ;i ('barter was given to "'Kob- ert Dickson ami bis associates'" to install gas works and nuiins and fin-nish gas at not over $2 |ier 1,000 feet. The moving sjjirit in this eiiter|)rise was that incarnation of energy, John K. Pearson, and the tras to be snjiplied was "water gas,'" The works were com- pleted, the necessai'y ten miles of mains laid, and the furnishing of" gas beuan on Sepfem- bei- 1, 1877. The I'cceivi'r of the new com- pany w;is located at Pratt sfi-cet and the canal. On November 15, 1877, there was a tei'rific explosion that wrecked the receiver and nut the company out of Imsiness for some time. In the meantime the Indianapolis conipan.y had taken steps to meet competition by giving notice that after \ovend)er 1 its charge for gas w-ould not exceed $2 ])er 1,000 feet, and "on all streets whei'C the Citizens" Gas Light and Coke Company have nuiins a discount of $1 per 1,000 feet will be allowed. - The charter of the Citizens" Compan.v ex- pressly pi-ohibited its sslIc to the Indianapolis com]iany under pcnall.x' of f'oi'feitiire, but on December 22, Frost &' Son. of Philadelphia, who financed the new plant, sold the conti'ol of the stock to R. J. Ri'igbf, an<l the comiiany was reorganized with Iv !•". Claypool as •News. October 30. 1877. :5'i-i HISTORY OF OHHATER INDIAXAPOLTS. president." It \\as niaiutained as a separate company, hut it was an open seei-et that the real owners were the owners of the Intlian- apolis eonipany. ]Mr. Pearson was retained as superintencK'iit, and he testified in a judi- cial hearinii that the average eost of making- gas at the new plant had averaged from 461^- cents to 60 cents per 1,000 feet. Thei-e was no material change in the gas situation until the discovery of natural gas hrought about a revolution. Natural gas was first found in Indiana at Eaton, in 1S76. 1)\ parties boring for coal with a diamond di'ili. Its value was not known, and the well was abandoned until after the discoveries at Findlay, Ohio, beginning in 1884. A large well was then sunk and a good flow obtained. In 1886 gas was struck at Kokomo, and that city began to be supplied. The subject at- tracted attention at Indianapolis, and re- quests for natural gas franchises were m(n\>' in i\Iarch and April, J886. No definite action was taken until the spring of 1887. ]\Iean- while a .special coiinnittee visited Pittsburg, and May 16, 1887, made a very full report on the precautions and restrictions that should be required in an ordinance for the use of the streets. By this time an organization, understood to be the Standard Oil Oonqiany. had representatives in the city trying to get a franchise ordinance with rates that were very high, and various companies were pro- posed, including a citizens' company for ,vhich a public meeting was held.* Also the ndianapolis Natural C4as Company was "ormed. which was controlled by the artificial ras company. All forces joined hands to lead off the Standard Oil scheme, and on \Iay 23 an ordinance was passed by the coiui- ;il fixing rates at about one-fifth those pro- Dosed by the Standard Companj.^ This was idopted by the Board of Aldermen on June 27, and the Standard Company then disap- peared from the field, in appearance at least. Then matters dragged. Natural gas was being found daily, and getting closer to In- dianapolis, but it was not here. People grew impatient. In September Major C. T. Doxey of Anderson appeared on the scene and of- \TnuniaI. December 25. 1877. Wfus. 'Slay 14. 19, 1887. ''Ncv<<. dune 7. 1887. fered to bring in unlimitetl gas if he could get proper support. His proposal was to take three-years' contracts at ordinance rates, or five-years' contracts, payable in advance, which should entitle the subscriber to paid- uji gas perpetually, or as long as it lasted.'' Everybody was interested and he was given much aid in getting subscribers, but on Octo- ber 14 he withdrew from the field, complain- . ing that he had only 1.200 subscribers, but at the same time giving several other explana- tions that did not exactly consist.' Folhiw- ing this came the announcement on October 17 of active preparations to do something by the Indianapolis Natural Gas Company, but that it would want a small increase in the I'ates it had helped to make to keep the Standard Oil Company out. Then caiiie a storm of I'euMinstrance, with charges that Doxey had been bought off and that the Standard Oil Co., the Ouft'ey syndicate (large gas operators), and the Indianapoli.-^ company were in alliance. On Octobi r ill' came the announcement of the Indianaixilis company's demand for an increase of 50 per cent in domestic rates and an exclusive fran- chise for five years. But by this time a way of escape had been found. The experience of the past few weeks had convinced everybody that the great need was for some form of a citizens' company that could not be sold out, and such a plan was brought forward by Alfred M. Potts, a young attorney. It was a company in which the voting of the stock was ii'i-evocably fixed in a board of self-perpetuating trustees, while its earning power was restricted to 8 per cent interest and the repayment of the face value of the stock. AVhen this repayment was made the trust remained, for the public benefit, to furnish gas at cost. It was more than a sulu- tion of the existing ])roblem: it was a solu- tion of the problem of controlling all jiublic utilities, with all of the advantages of munici- ]ial ownership and none of its disadvantages. It was at once met by claims that it was un- sound and impracticable, but the ablest law- yers in the city pronounced it perfectly sound. C)ii the morning of October 29 a committee appointed by the Board of Trade ■Xars. September 15. 1887. 'Xni-s. October 15, 18S7, I 5 i TTTSTOUV OF HT^KATER INDIA VAPOLTS. 325 met at the (irand ll<it('l and adopted artieles of iiicorpdratioii of the Coiismiiers' (ias Trust, on the plan of Mr. Potts, whieh were formally indoi-scd hv a coiiuiiittec of lawyers, comp'ise<l of William Wallaee. John M. Hut- ler. W. P. Fishbaek. Ferdinand Winter and W. H. II. .Miller. The eonnuittee also named as trustees (h'U. T. A. ilorris. John W. ;\lur- phy. John ^I. Butler. Henry Sehdull and Alhert (J. Poi'ter. and ;iuthoriy,ed them to ap|)oint the first board of direetoi-s. The ineetiiitr then started business by sulxseribing 70(5 shares of stoek— .$.S5.800. (In November 1 the trustees seleeted as directors Jud^e Kolx-i't X. Lamb. Frederick Fahnlev, Edward C'laypool. John 11. Ilolli- day. Julius F. Pratt. John P. Frenzel. Thom- a.s Davis. Eli Lilly, and Henry Coburn. On November 2 the directors announced the elec- tion of R. \. Tjandi. president; Henry Co- burn, vice-president : E. F. Claypool, treas- urer: and A. F. Potts, seci-etary. The arti- cles of association wei-e filed on Xovend)er '2. Or<raiii/ati()n was bcjun at onee foi- subseri])- tious to the .t.")0(l.()0() of stock which had been fixed as necessary for a start, ami volunteer solicitors appeared on every hand. It was a whirlwind of enthusia.sm. Meetinirs were held in all the wards, and mnnerous extra ones. By November f) the subscription hail passed $2;'i().()00: on November 14 it was $410.(100: on N()vend)er 19 the half million was made wp and .^iT.OOO to spai-e. Snbse- <|Uently ^lO.l.OOO moie of stock was issued, in the early days of construction, to meet ex- penses. On Novembei- '2'A the Consumers' Trust accepted tln' provisions of the ordi- nance without ipialification it had already announced that it would furnish <,'-as to manu- facturers at () cents per 1.000 feet instead of 7 cents, the ordinance rate. It was a jrreat triumph, and thei-e was ueiieral i-ejoieinj,'. not only over the immediate result but over the ii»a!ization of evei'vbody that the people had the power of self-protection if tlii'v wouhl exert it. Two small companies had already ai'ce|)ted the ordinance the Capital City on October 22. and the Broad I{ipi)le on Oefol>er 24 — but they wei'e not expeete(l to funiish the general public with the ^as that would be called foi'. ''"he Trust had an enormous tasl< l>efore it- to secure the neccssjirv sup])ly of Lias, and establish i)ipe lines to the city limits before beyinninii' woi-k inside the city. The Indian- apolis Company, doubtinq; its rival's abilitv to do this. held"ofl' till February 20, 1888, be- fore it accepted the ordinance. Then began a race for establishment of lines and patroii- atre. The Indiana|>olis comjiany liad an im- mense advantaiic in the fact that it had al- I'cady nearly 1.") miles of available mains in duplicate, which it had control of through the Citizens' Gas Company, and proposed to use for natural gas. The contest for patron- asre waxed warm. The Trust and its sup- jiortei's urged that it had been the means of sectiring the adoption of the ordinance rates. and the [leople shoukl stand by it. An effort was made to buy the Indianapolis com|)ani(>s' interests, but it was claimed that it failed because the company wanted reind)ursement of the expense of getting Doxey and others out of the way." The Sentinel and Nitrs advocated pidJic snpjxirt of the Trust. The Indianapolis company claimed that it had been unfairly treated, and annoiuiced a cut of .")0 per cent below ordinance rates." The result was that the ])ati-onage was ])ret1y evenlv divided, lias beuan to be sujjplied in the fkll of 1888. The management of the Ti-ust very wisely devoted its efforts to extending its service and assuriuir the supply of uas rather than l)ay- ing subsci-ibers, ami it paid no intei-esf divi- dend for four years, when, on January 1, 180:5, a stock divideml covering interest to that date was made, brinuing tlie total of stock to ii;789.000. In ISIW the receipts from the .sale of gas were .+:n."),857.38, but all this went back into the y)lant. except running ex- penses, and the total investment by the end of 1890 was $1.21)7.11 LIT. The company thc'i had 22.") miles of mains and 94 gas wells in operation. It was sup|>lying 10.()79 con- sumers with ;JO,:5(J9 tires and 21,411 lights.'" The supply of gas gradually decreased. New teri'itoi-y had to h{> acquired, and immping stations liad to be erected, and the total in- vestment was over .'|;2..')00.00() ; Imt the eai'U- intrs of the Trust paid all of this, with 8 [ter cent intei'est on tin' stoi'k and ;ill but .') per "Senli,,,]. Mav 12, 1888. "Jniirn.il. May 12. 1888. '".Voc.s-. F«bi-uarv (i. 1891. 32G HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. cent oi' the stoek itself. It wa.s a great suc- cess in every way. It has been e.stiniated, and reasonably, that it saved the people of the eity .1^1, ()6( 1,000 a year," and in addition to that it gave them a clean and convenient fuel whose final Inss was a cause of universal regret. One weak spot in the plan developed later. There was no explicit provision as to what should become of the property in case of the failure of natural gas. It was quite gener- ally antici])ated that the suppl.v would be tem- porary, but people wanted the fuel then, and hundreds subscribetl with no expectation of getting the money back, but only of getting cheap gas. As time passed, and no interest was paid, many sold their stock to buyers who took it as a mere interest investment. Some of it sold as low as .$8.75 a share (.$251 and large amounts at $10 a share. After payments began it advanced to par and high- er. As the gas began to fail there were sus- picions that the lack of supply wa.s the fault of the companies, and in 1899 suit was brought to compel the Indianapolis company to drill more wells and comply with ordi- nance requirements. This dragged along in the courts till :May M. 1904, when the Su- pi-eme Court dismissed it, taking judicial notice that the suppl.v had failed, and the relief asked was impossible.'- ^lean while the gas had stopped. Early in 1902 the theory was advanced that waste was the cause of faihu'e of supply, and on April 7. both com- panies joined in a request for pi-ovision for the use of meters with gas at 25 cents per 1.000 feet. Before any definite action was taken on this, the Indianapolis company gave notice that it would discontinue the suppl.v of gas on September 30, and relin((uish the use of the sti'cets foi- that purpose. On Au- gust 20, the ^lanufncturers" Coiiipan.v gave notice that it would suspend on Scptendier 1. The eit.v ii])plied f(^r an injunction against the Indianapolis comjjan.y, and the hopeless- ness of the situation was prett.v full.v devel- oped in the heai'ing.''. The Trust maintained "A. F. I'otts, in .!/)(. Ii(ruir of l\(viiics. November, 1S99. '-State ex I'el. vs. lndian:i|iiilis Natural <ias Co., ^6S Ind. p. 48. '''News. October 9-11. 1!)02. a feeble suj)pl,v in the winter of 1902-:5, but at a loss to itself. It was evident that the end wa.s at hand: but what was to become of the Trust's property? It had nt)t only its jiipe lines but large land holdings in the oil i-egion, the whole being then valued at about a million dollai's. The majoi'it.v of the direc- tors desired to use the ])lant for supplying artificial gas, and so resolved in November, 1903. Rut meanwhile the Eureka Investment Companv had been organized to get control of the stock and wind nj) the compan.v. on the theoiy that the propei-ty belonged to the stockholders. The competition for control of tl*^ stock became so warm that some of it "sold for 2,000," i. e. a share, which was all paid (uit but $1.25, brought its face value of $2o. On February 19, 1904, Byron C. (^uiidtv In-ought suit in the federal court to enjoin the proposed action of the directors, and on Ajpril 11, 1905, it was decided that the Trust had no power to make artificial gas, and must be wound up ; and that the prop- ert.v belonged to the stockholders.''' This decision brought consternation to the advocates of cheap gas till City Engineer Jen)> pointed out a mode of escape at one of their meetings at the Connnercial Club. The natural gas contracts contained a pi'ovisiou that the cil.v might purchase the plant on six months' notice, and an ai-tificial gas com- pany might obtain this right from the city. This plan was promptly adopted. On ilay 17, 1905, the Board of Works gave the neces- sar.v six months" notice of intention to i>nr- chase. On August 25 Alfred F. Potts. Lor- enz Schmidt ami Frank D. Stalnaker as rep- resentatives of the proposed gas company, were given a franchise conti-act for the use of the streets to furnish artificial gas at 60 cents ]ier 1.000 feet. The same night it was ratified bv a special session of the council. As soon as the enemy learned what was in contemplation, Quinby bi-(wn;ht ancillarv pi'o- ceedings in tlie federal coui-t to enjoin the city's action, and Judge Baker held the city's lMirchasi> option void.'-' .\n appeal was taken, liut it \v;is not derided until Februarv 6, 1906: and this was a si^-ious complication. 'M37 Federal Reporter, p. 882. '■'•Ouinbv vs. Gas Co.. 140 Fed. Reporter. p. 302. lllSTUlii (JF CHEATER IXDIAXAI'ULIS. 327 hccaiise the fity rt(liiiinistrntii)ii cliaiijix'd on .liiiiiiiiry 1, lilOti, jmtl the clu'jii) u;is jiilvocates weiv fearful that the new adiiiiiiisti-atioii would he hostile to them. 'I'his was avoided by a eontraet. ou Deeeniber 1], 19()o. that the city would deliver its option if .Judf^e Baker's decision were overnded, for which the ful- filhnent of whieh Messrs. Potts, Stalnaker and Smith made a jjayiiient of ^'Iri -. and this agreement became comiiioidy known as "the option on tlie option". 'I'he Cii-cnit Court of Ajipeals icversed Jud^re Baker's decision"' and on February 11. 1906, tlie tru-stees named asked for the trans- fer of the option, but wei'e i-efused ni the frround that (^uinby miii'lit yet a rehearing-. On A|>ril 1(1 a petition fen- reheai'inu- was overruled; and on April 21 the i-e([Uest for transfer of the option was renewed. It was refused ou the <iro\uul that yTiinby mi<iht a])peal. On I\Ia.v 4, Potts. Stalnaker and Schmidt sent an open letter to the .Alavdi-. settiu"!- out all the details of the atl'air. ami askinsr an answer by May 8. Xo answer was received, and ou IMay 25. 19()tt. they broutrht action for specific performance.'' The ca.se was never ti'ied. but was dis])osed of by Judge Carter's ovei'ridins the city's demnri-ei- to the complaint, which did not occur until January 26, 1907. Then ^layor Bookwalter announced that he would deliver the option under' certain "safefjuards", the chief of which was that the co)n|)any should atri-ee to "|)i-oceed with ex])edition"". The company promptly aL'reed, and the optiim was delivei'cd on January 80, 1907. All this time the company was trying to comi)lete its stock subscription, which was necessai'y in order to pay for the lines of the Consumei's' Trust. These wei'e appraised at .$409,0()1 ou May 1. 1907, and on ]\ra.v 8 a contract was made foi' their delivery by Xovembei- 1, 19()7. By the terms of the stock subsci'iption the mains were 1o be obtained by Xovember 1, 01- the subscriptions to be void. In spite of all obstacles the company raised the neces- sary amount and paid foi- the mains on Octo- ber :31, 1907, receivintr a bill of sale of the Trust's property within the city.'" * "■144 Federal Kei)oiter, p. 640. '■Citizens' (jas Co. vs. City of Indianapcilis. Xo. 71,o24, Superior Court. '"Xfirs. October U. 1907. The com])any ])nrchased 22 acres of land on the Belt and Bit; Four railroads, north of Prospect sti'cel, and pi'oeecded at once to erect a water gas plant, in order to conii)l\' with its fi'anchise i'e(|uirement of beginning to supply g-as within IS months after acquir- ing' the Trust's mains. It turned on the first Lias on March 81, 1909, a month inside of the time limit. It also erected another water <;as |ilant of equal capacity — 1,000.000 cubic fct a (lay — and in these, with the modern iiii- provements, it has been able to put uas in the holder at less than 30 cents per 1.000 feet. But this was not the ultimate aim. The (lii'ectors had in view a coke jilant, in wliii-h t;'as should in fact be a by-product ; and the company proceeded to erect two batteries of coke ovens. 25 ovens in each, with a toal ca- pacit.v of 2,500,(100 cubic feel of gas pei- day. The first production of coke was drawn on Xovember 19, 1909, and the coke gas began to be used the next da.v in con.junetion with water gas. The water gas jilants were shut down in two weeks and ai'e held in reserve for emergencies, as the ovens supply moi-e gas than needed at j)i'esent. The comjiany has about 5.500 consumers, the nund)t'r in- creasing dail.v as ra])i(lly as meters can be advantageously installed. It has 136 miles ■of mains, and about 9,000 connection ])ii)e.s not yet put in use. The gas fui-nished is well above contract requirements in both heat and light. It is produced practically with- out cost — the other products paying the ex- penses. This is an interesting ri-sult, especially in view of the confident assertions of the o|)po- sition that gas could not be profitably sold for 60 cents per l.Odd. .Vnd tlic entire bene- fit is for the public. Those who havt' in- vested in the stock receix'e their money back, with ten |icr cent interest, and when that is done the entire jilant becomes the l)roperty of the i-ity. The franchisi- is for twent.v-five years, ami if at the entl of that |)eriod the stock is not full.v paid out tln' city can pay the remainder due on the stock and take the plant. It is therefoi'c to the advantage of every citizen to take gas of this company, and promote the payment of its stock, for when that is done gas can he furnished at cost, or neai- cost. The fran- chise of the company cannot be ti-ansferred 328 HISTORY OF (n.'KATKi; IMHAXAPOLIS. without tlie consent of tlic city ; and one member of the lioard of five trustees is ap- pointed by the mayor. A vacancy on this board is filled by the board, except in the ease of the mayor's appointee, who is re- placed by another appointment by the mayor. The present officers of the company are Franklin Vonnegut, Pi-esident ; A. F. Potts, Vice Presid(nit ; Lorenz Sclmiidt, Treasurer, and J. D. Forrest. Secretary. The trustees arc Thomas L. Sullivan, Thomas H. Spann, AY. D. Cooper, Henry Kahn, and Lucius B. Swift. The mayor's appointee is Judj;o 'J'homas L. Sullivan. In August. 1897, an (inliiiance was jiassed fixing the maximum price of artificial gas at 75 cents per 1, ()()() feet. The Indianapolis company resisted this in the courts, claiming that ga.s could not be supplied here at that rate. In 1889 the Board of Public AYorks appointed John J. Appel and Henry AYetzel. experts, to examine the company's books iis to the cost of production, and they repoi-ted that they showed tlie company's contention to be true. A compiomise contract was then made on June 28, 1899. by which the i-atc was made .$1 per 1,000 feet on a total con- sumption less than 30(),00().()00 cubic feet; 95 cents from that to 85().()00,()00 : and 90 cents on more than :^50.000,0()0. There wei'c woful predictions of the results of such cutting, but not enough consideration of the increase of pati-onage following a decrease of rates. The company reached the 90 cent rate in 190'2, and under it the consumption, in cubic feet, increased as follows: 190:?, 879,(i59,300; 1904, 544,:]5l>..55() ; 1905. (i68,828.()()0; 1906, 775,512,000; 1907, 897,:?2ti,l)00 ; 1908. 946,- 561,700. In 1902, in anticipation of the fail- ure of natural gas, the company purchased 2614 acres of land in the northwestern pait of the city, and erected a combined coal and water gas plant. In February, 1890, the Indianapolis own- ers of the Indianapolis (iaslight and Coke Co..- the Indianapolis Natural (ias Co., and the Electi'ic Lighting, Cas Heating and Ilhi- minating Co. — which had succeeded the old Citizens' Company on the .judicial sale of its property in 1880— sold their stock to a New Yoi-k syndicate, commonly known as the Dieti-ich's syndicate. It was understood that the selling i)rii'e was •|;2.000.000. Th(> pi'iii>- erties were reorganized as the ludianapoli.s (ias Company, with $2,750,000 of bonds — i|i250,O00 not "then issued— and .+2,000,000 of stock. The stock paid 12 per cent dividends and sold at .$1.50 for most of the next dozen years, and the company was also able to erect the handsome Majestic Building, at a cost of about $400,000. The capitalization was changed later to $4,250,000 of bonds (outstanding) and $2,000,000 of stock. These facts helped to illuminate the public mind, and the demand for cheaper ga-s grew more insistent. The solemn as.suranees that 60- cent gas was impossible, when the Citizens' Gas Company was proposed, fell on deaf ears. On Jaiuiary 14. 1907. Senator Linton A. Cox. of Jlarion County, inti'odueed a bill in the legislature providing that no future gas con- tract in Indianapolis should permit a rate of over 60 cents per 1,000 feet: and that when any company's service franchise expired it should remove its mains or furnish gas at that price. All et^'orts to defeat it failed, and on Alarch 4. 1907, it became a law. The franchise id' the Indianapolis (Jas Company, under its ten years' contract, ex- I)ired on July 5, 1909. It waited till the last moment and then asked an injunction in the federal court to stop the state and city offi- cers from enforcing the 60-cent law. It claimed a perjjcttial franchise under the old Citizens' contract, and this was warndy at- tacked as void — the franchise having been sold under a mechanic's lien.'" Judge An- derson decided only that the company had no ground for injunction, as it had had ample time to test the vali<lity of the law. The Indianapolis Company then decided to submit to the int>vitable, and as it.s fiscal month ran from the 20th to the 20th, it an- nounced that its bills from June 20, 1909. would be at 60 cents per 1,000. and from that time forward all gas consumers iti In- diana]iolis had sixty-cent gas. The *iL!hting over the gas question had some effect in hasteniuL;' the introduction of electric lights. Eai-ly in 1881. shortly after Charles F. Brush had made Cleveland fa- mons by his electric lights, representatives of the Cleveland company came to Indianapolis and put (>x-Mayoi- Caven at the head of an '"•Xnr.t. Julv :i and 5. 1909. iiisih)i;y uf iii;i:Ai'i;u lxdia.xai'Oijs. .T29 pflFort to introduce the system here. On June 20 yir. Cavcii presented to the council i)ro- |)Osals for liuhtiiiu' tlie streets witli Inrush arc liL'lits. on towers, vai'vinu' from seven towers, of Iti.dilii candle |)0uer each, for *42,000, up to ten tiiwers for $()0,U00, which was a little less than the city was then pay- in<r for fias; and which ^Fr. Caven said would riiake Indianapolis "the most splendidly illu- niiiiated city in the world, and at the least cost". At that time the i;'as company iiad influence with the council, and the clccti'ie street-] iirhtiiiLr ])roposition did not ilo well ; but after some etl'ort an ordinance was passed which allowed the Indianapolis Brush Elec- tric Liirht and Power comjianN- tn put poles, masts or towers in the streets to demonstrate the practical liuditinii ])ower of the system. The Board of .Mdermen carefull.v amendeil even this oi-dinancc b.v pi-ovidin<; for a fu- ture ta.x on the company, ami the ordiiunict> finally became effective on Xovembei' Ki. 1881.-" It save a five .veare' franchise, which was extended on ^Farch 14. 1887. fur five years more: and allowed the comi)an\' to fui'- nish electric liiiht and power to citizens. Afr. Caven was ;;iven a free hand in the inana'.;ement of the com|)any, and he put up five towers to show the ca[)acily of the .sys- I teni. One of the.se w'as in the center of the Oovernors Circle, and the other four were at the inner ends of the foui- main avenues —the cornels of Illinois an<l Pennsylvania I with Washinuton. and of the same sti'ccts j with Ohio. These wei'c skeleton sti'uctui'cs I made of iron pipinii. under the Adams jiatent ; I and by tliem Indianapolis was initiated in I electric li^htintr. and introduced to the "elec- ; trie light bufz". The ne.xt step in electric lichtinL' was the aihiMit nf the Jeniiey com- paiiv which formed a local (iryanization with A. IT. Xordykc and Hrainard Rorison at the head. It wanted a place to show its work, ami on Auuust :U. 18S,"). entered into a con- tract with the town of West Indianapolis to establish a ])lant then' and lijiht the town with IS lamps of 2,000 candle power each, fo!- the sum (iT $2.S00 annuall\-. Twelve of till- lamps were to be put on three towel's — Four to each — and the balance to be located i!s found desirable. In 18SS Daniel \V. Mar- •"Coumii r rati ( (Iniiis. p|) .':i:!. 744. 82.'.. mon and Chas. ('. Pei-ry ortranizeil the Mar- mon-Pei'ry Li>;ht Co. and bciiaii fui-nishinu- nie;indescent lijihts on a j.urely connnercial basis. The i)ublic wanted electric lif;ht, and, fortunatel.v, the opposing- interests were strong enough to force a good contract for the city. The electric lighting ordinance of Xovember 19. 1888, reiiuired underground wirt's in the original mile s((uare, construction under supervision of the cit.v engineer, and |iayment of 2'/o pei' cent of gi'oss reeeii)ts to the city till Januaiy 1. 1896 — after which •". per cent. The iMarmon-Perry Company bought the Jenney plant in 1887; the franchise of the ^Fai-ion Count.v Hot Water Heating Co. in 1901: and the' Brush Company in 1902. In 1902 they consolidated the two lighting companies as the Indianapolis Light and Power Com])any, and in 1904 the Hot Water Heating Co. was merged with this, making Indianapolis Light and Heat Compan.v. Be- fore the consolidation in 1892, on April 22, a contract ordinance was adopted by which the Bi'ush Company was to furnish the city with 750 ai'c lights of 2.000 candle power, at $85 each jier year on "moonlight schedule", or .$9") on "all night schedule". The wires were to go uiulerground in the mile s(piai-e, and the company to pay the .same percentage to *he city on incandescent lighting as the othei- company. This contract was for 10 years, and was assigned to the Light and Power Company in May. The contract of February 2(). 1904. is very elaborate, cover- ing all the safeguards of preceding ordi- nances and agi'eements: and is for 10 years from April 1, 190'). The rates for the city ai-e .$74 for ai'c lamps, and .$85 for incan- descent lamps of 50 candle ]>ower. on all niiiht schedule: and for private consumers not over 10 cents jx-r 1.000 watts for incan- descent lighting. The ])a.vment to the cit.v is .5 ])ei' cent of gi'oss receipts, which in 1908 was .$27,488.04. The compan.\' has tun powci' stations, one on KentucK'.v a\'cnui' of 10.000 horse powiM' capacit.w and one on Mill sti-eet of 15,000 hoi'se powci- capacit.v. For use in emei'geney it has a sfoi-age battery on Bird sti'eet of •'?,000 horse powei-: ami is |)utting in another on Wabash street of 4,000 horse power. The one in use 'is till' lliird biriii'st in the world. 330 HISTORY OF GREATEE INDIAlfAPOLIS. beinji' siupassed duly hy llinsc at Chicaiid and New York City. The t'oiiipany main- tains over 1,800 arc lights for the street lightinii: and 450,000 incandescent lights for eoiuniercial and domestic lighting. Its un- derground wires in the central part of the city are carried througli tile conduits, the largest mains having 48 d\icts, through whieli separate wires or caliles pass. This was the first company in the worhl to use the l,l>00,- 000 cii-cular mill cable— nearly 2 inches in diameter — for underaround transmission. It is claimed that Indianapolis has the best lighted streets in the country, and that it has the hirgest consumiition of electincity per capita. The stock of the company is owned in tlie city, and most of its bonds. The Home Heating and Lighting Company was given a franchise l)y ordinance of Octo- ber o, 1900, and established its plant at the corner of Sixteenth and Alabama streets. In 11)05 it was succeeded by the People's Liglit and Heat Co.. which operates the same jirop- erty. It had oi-iginally ^.'lO.OUO of stock, but this was later increased to $1,000,000. Its special purpose was to supply hot water heat- ing and electric lighting to residences, and its actual operations have been confined to the region between Tenth and Twenty-sec- ond streets, from College avenue to Illinois streets. Its plant has six boilers, with a total of 1,912 hor.se power. The company has a twenty-five year franchise, under the gen- eral provisions fixing the maximum charge fo)' heating at 20 cents per s(|uare foot of radiating surface, and for lighting at 10 cents per 1,000 watts. It pays the city 5 per cent of gross reeei])ts, which, in 1908, was $4,397.36. The ^lerchants' Heat and Light Compaux has a twenty-five year franchise from Sep- tember 1, ]96;5, granted on July 29, 1902. Its maximum rates for steam are 30 cents and for hot water 17 cents, per .square foot of radiating surface; for electi'icity 10 cent.s per LOOd watts. The com])any was originated by mendiers of the \\lereh;iuts' Association to take the place of natui'al gas. on its failure, but has extended fai' l)eyond its original pur- pose, until now the total replacement value is estimated at $1,002,140, exclusive of fran- chise, and the investment of a million more is planned. The company has two power stations, one at New Jersey and l*eai-l stn-ets, with rated 4,200 horse power: and one dii ( ieisendortf sti-eet, from ]Market to Washing- ton, with 5,000 horse power. It is said to be the largest heating plant in the world. Its franchise covers the entire city, but its opera- tions have all been south of North street, from White River to East street. It has gone as far south as Louisiana street with heat, and to the Belt road with light. It.s franchise payment, of 5 per cent, of gross receipts in 1908, was .$8,(i21.34. There are several small heating and lighting |il;nits opei-ating under the genei'al oi-dinance regu- lations. l)ut not on a eommercial basis. All of the franchises of a public character con- tain provision for purchase of iilant by the city at the expiration of the franchise. Tlie first consideration of water works for Indianapolis was in the winter of lS")9-60, and was no doubt brought up by the change from a volunteei- fire department to a paid deiKirtmeiit which had .just taken jilace. Daniel ]\[arsh, an engineer of Rocliester, N. Y., was employed by the Canal Conii)any to investisate and report on the situation at Indianapolis, and made a report on Decem- ber 24, 1859, which was submitted to the city council, and referred to a seh-ct eoiii- mittee of which Erie Locke was cluiirman. The conunittee reported it back with a re- quest that the city papers publish it, an<l the Journal did so on Februaiy 29, 1860. .Mr. ^larsh's conclusion was that the most feasible plan for a supply of 1,000,000 gallons per day was to take the water from the canal, Toui- miles above the city, "whei-e no con- tamination of the water can be ajipi'chended from the approach thitherward of the ])opu- hiti'in or the improvements of the city"'. From there it was to be pumped to a reser- voir on Crown Hill, with "two or three acres of water surfaee and fifteen feet in depth"". The jiumping machinery was to be ••un by'two overshot wheels, worked by water from the canal: and the distribution fi'om the reservoir was to be made l)y gravity pres- suri', throu'jh a 14-ineh main to the city. He estimated that the system, with 150,000 feet of mains from 3 to l4 inches in diameter, would cost $255,000 if iron jiipe were used, or $146,000 if wooden pipes were used. The probable income was figured at .$31.51."). of JIISTOltV OF GREATER INDIANArOLIS. 331 vvhieh i?;.1,00() Wiis from the statr. $4,800 fnun railroads, and $7,000 t'lom llie city. This called forth a coiiiiiiuiiicatinu rrmii Ryland T. Brown, who .said there were three possibilities for water supply, cisterns, an aqueduct, and artesian wells. The first two would not supply pure or cold water. A deep artesian well would |)rol)al)iy cost $3,000, and the watf-r would he l)rackisli and iuipreg:- nated with sulphur: a well thi-ouuh the hard pan clay to second water level would cost $150 to $"200, and would i;ive irood, cool water which might rise to the surface or hifrher.-' As a result of these opinions, and the <reueral discussion, an artesian well was started at the insane asylum. .\t ~'2 feel it struck a Hint howidei'. and was ahantloned. although thei-e were i)i-edlctions that inside 200 feet "water may confidently be expected to rise to a hei<;ht even above the I'oof of the as>linii buildiufi".-- fJrown says that, "In April a .Mi-, liell of Rochester. New York, submitted plans for water works to the coun- cil" ", t)Ut I find no coutempoi'ai'y uu'iition of this, uuli'ss it be in the c(juncil minutes of April 7. that "sundry documents'" were pre- sented and refei'l-ed to the counnitte(> on water works. Xi any rale nothiiiL; further was done at the time. On July 15, 1864, a committee of owners of the canal made a proposal to ory:anize a company and furnish the cilv with water l)y the newly invented Holly jirocess of direct pressure, lint sliijht eonsidi'iation was siven to it. On Auirust 15. lS(i4. Mayoi- Caven revived the artesian well iilea, expressing: lit- tle hope for its success, but reeommendinfr an appropriation of $1,000 to try it. on the gi'ound that, "As a matter of curiosity, com- bined with some jirobabilities of usefulness, the experiment is w(H'th the trial, aiul the pid)lic mind will not be at rest until it is attem|)ted'".-'^ Tie was quite right about the "public mind"', but no further experiment was tried until the beginning of August, 1868, when a well was started on the .south side of Vermont street, at the northwest corner of TTniversity squaie It was uudei' direc- tion of the fire depai'tmeut. ;niil a man with the suggestive name of Keno was euq)loyed to manage the work. An appropriation of $600 was iiuide; and on Se])tembi'r 14 the Chief Fire Engineer reported that $640.66 had been expended, and the unpaid bills were $303.61. The well was then 66 feet 6 inches deep. Aiuither appi'oiiriation was nuule; and on Xoveniber 9 the chief re])orted the money experuletl, the well 92 feet dee]), and Keno "(|nit and left the city, leaving the sand l)ump fast in the bottom of the well". On Decembei' 7, the Committee on Fire Depai't- inent reported faith that an artesian supply could be had in fifteen or twenty feet more ; and on Deceudier 14. Keno offei-ed to get the sand pump out f(n- $50 anil continue the well at $13.60 per foot to rock. But the city fathers wei-e satisfied to (|uit. and the well was abandoned. In 188!) the Water Works company struck a re.servoir of fresh water at a depth. of 210 feet — 128 feet in limestone — on their ground north of Fall Creek, the water rising to two feet above low water level of the river, but with additional wells it liecame necessai-y to ])unq) the water to the surface. This was doiu' by a compressed air ])ri\ssure known as "the I'ohle air-lift system", which is still in use. The eonqiany has 33 of these wells, with a ca|)aeity of Ki,- 000.000 gallons per day. There have been a number of "salt water wells" struck in later borings f(U" natui'al gas, but in most of these eases the wells were di-y at first, pi-oducing natui'al gas, then oil. and finally salt water. This was notably the case north of tlie eit.\'. about Broad l\i|)])le. .At Bright woml salt water was struck at l.lSl feet, ami .it Irvington at 990 feet.-' About 1897 E. 1'.. .Mail in dale sank a well ;it the New Deuis'ui hotel, and at about 1.200 fe(>t struck a vein of water heavily im|)regnated with salts and sulphur- etted hydrogen. This w;is used for bathing for several yciirs. but is now ])lugged up. lii 1899 a well was sunk at Blount Jackson ami at a depth of 1,541 feet a strong vein of mineral water was struck which rose to within l-''>0 feet of the slirfnce. Its ini'dieiliiil ■\Tounnil. :\[aivli 3. 1860. "■iSf( )(/(«(/, April 12; l.iictiino/iri . Api'il 1860. -•''Couiieil Biocecdings. p. SO. -'AVater Resources of Indiana and Ohio, in istli Rept. U. S. Oeol. Survey, p. 4SI); lltli liept. I'. S. (ieol. S>iir\'ev. p. 700. 332 HlSTOltV 01" GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. ciualities have caused -a tiourisliiiig sana- torium to be located there, and the water is bottled and shijiped to some extent.-^ Sev- eral shallower wells, with water of differing qualities have since been sunk at the same place. (^n October 2, liSfif), flavor Caven again brought up the subject of water worlss, sug- gesting a gravity system, with a reservoir on Crown Hill. As the state law authorizing a city franchise for water works required that the council should first declare the erection of water works expedient, and their erection by the city inexpedient, he reconnnended such a resolution, which was adopted on Octo- ber 9. On ]May 21. 1866, ]\layor Caven again presented the subject, with a comnuinicatit)n from James B. Cunningham, a civil engineer, who had been figuring on a gravity system with a reservoir on Crown Hill, but nothing came of this. On October 15, 1866, K. B. Catherwood jjroposed to construct watei- works if granted a liberal cluirter: and a resolution was at once adopted that any jirop- osition would receive prompt consideration, and ^Ir. Catherwood would be given the pref- erence, other things being equal. On Octo- ber 22 an ordinance was introduced, and after some amendment was passed on Novem- ber 3. The com[)any accepted on November 5. The company laid about 50 feet of pipe on North street witliin a year, to save its charter, but nothing was done bv it there- after. In the fall of 1869 the Water AVorks Com- pany of Indianapolis was incorporated by James 0. AVoodrutV. of Rochester, N. Y., the founder of Woodrutf Place. Aissoeiated with him were AVm. Braden, George Stilz, W. A[. Wiles. J. A. Comingore, Geo. F. McGinniss, Thomas A. Hendricks. James E. ]\[ooney and Albert G. Poi-ter. of Indianapolis. 'Sir. Woodruff Avas the first i)resident. but re- signed within a yeai- on account of the pres- sure of other business, and was succeeded by John R. Eldei-. Tlie company was granted a franchise on November 15, 1869,-''' which was repealed and replaced by a more favoi'- able one on January 3, 1870, to construct and operate water wor-ks in the city, on the -■'Indiana Geological Rept. 1901-2. p. 78. -'■'Pi'inted in full in Jdiininl. Novembei' 20. Holly system. It was to lay 5 miles of pipes within Hfteen months, and 15 miles witliin twenty-seven months or forfeit its rights. Ou June 1, 1871, water began to be supplied to consumers, from two large wells sunk near the river, below Washington street. Engines and machinerv had been installed to puuip 6,1100,000 oall„ns a day. By the end of 1871. about 20 miles of mains had been laid. The private demand for water was not large, however. By January 1, 1873. the company had expended $400,000 aiid had only 784 private consumers. The company also had trouble with the canal, of which it was the owner. In the sjirinu of 1873, all its stock- lu)ldei-s were indicted foi' maintaining a nuisance in "the lower arm of the canal'" — i. e., along ^lissouri street south of Market. The company maintained that the city per- mitted this to be made a sewer by the peo- ple, as well as draining gutters into it. A compromise dismissal was made. The com- pany sold this lower arm. A sewer was laid in it fi'om Market to Louisiana streets, and it was soon tilled up as far as Merrill street. The company's charter calls for fire pres- sure, to be actually furnished when needed, for "throwing eight streams at once, one hundred feet vertically thrt)ugh one inch nozzle"'. At the "Sheets hotel fire", on :\rarch 22, 1874, the first really great fire of the city, it was claimed that this was not done; but there were also claims that this was due to the bursting of rotten hose, attaching two lines of hose to one plug, and other mis- management. The special conunittee of the council on water works I'cpoi'ted on Alarch 27 in favor of the city constructing water wni'ks of its own on the gravity .system, with n re.sei'voir on Crown Hill, and it was decided to submit this to a vote of the people. The council also decided to buy three more en- gines, and adopted more stringent fire regu- lations.-" 1"he ])rop(^sal for the city to con- struct its own watci- works, at an estimated cost of .+1.000,000. was submitted at the city election on Alay 5, 1874, and was defeated by the decisive vote of 2,142 for, and 6,800 against. The fire caused a genei-al improvement, however. Tlic cuiiipaiiN' put its pumping uia- 'Joi il. March 28. 1874. lIlSToiJV OF (JlfKATKi; I XDI.WA IM »].1S. 33:? o a 5 IB oi 32 J o « o s H z ;54 HlsTolfV OF ClIKA'I'Ei;. 1 XDI AXAl'ol.ls. c'liinery in lictter (ii-der iind iiddiMl a new engine of ti, 00(1. ()()() gallons capacity, doubliuu- tlie power of the plant. It also proposed to lay 20 miles additional of mains by the end of 1875 if the city would take 365 addi- tional hydrants at the regular rate of $50 (the contract called for only one hydrant to 1,000 feet) and to this the council agreed on June 15. 1874. But the company did not thrive, for its private jiatronage was not large. All sorts of efforts were made to j)er- suade the ])ublic that the well water supply was dangerous, but the average citizen thought it was better than the water works water, and it was. The "wells" did not sup- ply the water needed, and a gallery was iniilt out into the river, into which the water came through a "filter" that was a humbug, and which washed away periodically. The company also used canal water when Beces- sary. The facts became so notorious that in 1881 the company decided to get its supply from a gallery and filter north of Fall Creek, and this pi'O.iect was warmly condemned by the Board of Health.-'* However, the plan was carried out. Meanwhile the company had failed to meet its financial engagements, and had been put into the hands of a re ceiver. It was sold by order of court, on April 23, 1881. and was bought by the In- dianapolis Water Company, which had .just been organized luider the act of 1881. The new company did not make an.\' greater effort to supply "pure, filtered and wholesome w"ater". as required by it.s con- tract, than the old one. In 1888 the com- pany aroused the wrath of Councilman Dar- nell, and he secured the appointment of an investigating connnitee, which reported that water was taken directly from both river and canal. Affidavits of witnesses were filed in support of the i-eport and also .showing a pollution of water that would make a pro- hibitionist use whisky instead of it.-° The company sat up and took notice, and in 1880 began construction of a new i)umi>iiiu- station north of Fall Creek. In 18111-2 it ])egai\ sinking deep wells, from which watei' w;is ob- tained free from surface contarninatioTi thoxigh .somev.hat liarder than conniioii well ■^Council Proceediiiffs, 7i9.97. p. 366. -"Council Pinrrcdlnns. 1SSS. pp. 624-8. ( r river water. Hut these were not sufficient for the necessary supplv. and after the straw- board works at Xoblesville began dvniiiiing its refuse into the river, the water company was forced to divulge its source of supply by bringing suit to en.join its pollution of the river. It showed very conclusively the nox- ious effects of the strawboai-d refuse: that it killed the fish, made the water undi'inkable for animals and "caused the crawfish to crawl out on the rcx'ks" for relief. An in- .iunction wa.s granted, and there was little trouble from the strawboard plant thereafter, except in 1897, when the company's "reser- voir" broke and loosed its whole accumula- tion of filth <;n the country below. A citation for contempt, and notification that anotlui' accident of the kind would close the plant. made the resen'oir more secure. After exhausting other possibilities, and after much hanunering by the press — espe- cially the Sentinel— the company took up the only feasible mode of complying with its contract to furnish "potable" watei-. as it had been expressed in the contract of Auuust 19, 1901. In 1896 it emploved Allen Hazen. of New York, and Prof. E. G. Smith, of Be- loit, to examine the situation and advise a solution. They advised sand filtration : but some years were consumed in experiment and preparation befoi'e it was undertaken. The company had already bought some 250 acres about its upper plant, to protect from con- tamination. In 1900 it bought the land at Schofield's mill on Fall Ci'cek. with the dam and water rights. In 1902 it began the con- struction of its filter beds on the west bank of the canal, south of the aqueduct over Fall Creek. In these the water is taken from the canal— the purest stream sun])ly that now reaches Indianapolis — throntih a brick and concrete intake house at the lower end of_ "Wide Cut". It passes to the laboratory building, where a solution of lime water is added, and then through a defleetimr cham- ber, where a solution of ii-on is added, int" the sedimentation basin. This holds about 30.000,000 ualloiis. and is cut by walls into passages throuuh which the water ti'avels several times the leuL'^th of the basin before it emertres throuah the screens. The iron and lime f(n-m a flocenlent precipitate, which slowl.v settles. cai-ryiuL.' down suspcTided solid lUSToKY UF (illKA'l'Ki; I XDlAXAl'OLlS. 33") iiiattiT. The sci-fciis take out all tlnatiii-; matter, and throui;!! them the water passes to the filter beds. Thei'e are six of these, built of reinforced eoiierete. and each l()()x:i.")() in sui-faee. In these the water passes throuiiii a thick bed of carefully irraded sand aiut j^ravel to drain pipes beneath, reproducintr nature's filtration of sprint;- water, except that when the top layer of sand becomes cioyj-ed it is sci-aped otT and replaced. 'Phis process, by pi"ictical demonstration. I'emoves not oidy :dl suspended solid matter but also !)8 i>er cent, of all l)Mcteria. harmfid and harmless, making absolute "potable water". The capacity of the filter l)eds is 16.()()0,0()U to 18.()()0,0()0 gallons jx-r ;lMy. From them the water passes to the pm-e water i-eservoir, holdint;- r),0()(i.O()() jiallons, or throULrh a ijravity conduit to a eonci'ete dis- tributinu well at Riverside station, whence it is piunped throuuh the city mains. The piimpin<z station, a vei-y handsome buildini: of its kind, was built in 1897-8 and in 180S a pumpinjr eiiirine with a capacity of 20. ()()(•.- 000 L'alloiis in 24 hours was installed. In 1901 another enL'ine. with a capacity of :{(!.- (X)0.(MI0 gallons daily was installed.' These. with the earlier 12.(100.000 gallon enijine make a c;ipacity of ti2. 000.000 gallons at the l\i\'crsi<le station and at the lower station are ;i pumps of .l.OOO.OtK) trallons capacity. and one of 6,000,000, makin<; a total capacity of 83.000.000. The water is snh.iect to daily examinations by the city and state boards of health, as well as by the company, and has been found satisfaetoiy since the filtei- sys- tem was adopted. The comi)any is also exer- oisini.' connnenda])le foi-esi;;ht in the conser- vation of the future water supply of the oity ; and in this if deserves and receives the aid of the city ami the public. Thei-e is a possible aid to the domestic water supjdy by instituting; a separate sys- tem of liit;h pi'essure mains for fii'c ]iui'i)ose«. throuuh the business section of the city. This will no doulit be dene as (Iciiiiinds for aui-eed fire pi-otection inei'casr. and the e(im|)any realizes the extravairanee i\{' flushing' streets and puttiim- out (iivs with liltered water. .\t present the cniup.iiiy li:is :il2 miles of mains. 23.0.")0 pi-ivate coMsumers. and 2..')4.") city hydrants. Its liabiliti<'s are .'1;482.000 of 'i per c..nt bonds: $2.:!1 S.IKMI ,.|' ."> per cent bonds: ^1.000.000 of 41 . per cent bonds: and !(;r)00,000 of eonnnon stock. Its income from <)()eration is about .$(iOO.OOO. of which about .$115,000 is from the city under the contract of AuKiist III, 1901. 'I'he contract of 1901 was substantially a continuance of the eon- tract of 1870, w^ith some additional conces- sions of free use of water to the city, and an agreement of the city to take and pay for one hydrant for every 500 feet of mains in- steatf of 1.000 feet, as foi-merly. This con- tract, by its terms, expired on December 31. 1908. On November 4, 1908, an exten.'iiiin of the contract was made to December 31. 1918, with some additional concessions of free water. The amount of free water to which the city is entitled for fountains, street flushiiii;, markets, sewers, lati'ines and city buildings is estimated at 2,000.000 gallons per day. By a su])plemental aji'reenient the company addi'd 46 modern hydrants without removint;' the old ones, which were left for use for flushinu' and sprinklinu' waaons: while the city discontinued the use of the fire hydrants for these purj)oses. Fiider the closer administrati\(' sui)ervi- sion of the new charter ynvei'niiieiit the (pial- ity of the water servii'c of the city has steadily impi-ovM. and the company has profited by it. as is shown by the ninidjer of |)rivate consumers. The company has gained the confidence of the (tublic to such an extent that few j)ei'sons hesitate to driid< its wafer, and those who do ai-e influenced by past l)re.judice which has not fi'iven way to lati'r a.ssurance. The works of the company, and its foresight for water supi)ly, are reassur- insr to the citizen who fakes forethoufrht for the welfare of the city. So far a.s the com- pany can s;o it has oone. with the exception of the sei)arate hish-pressnre fire line before- mentioned. Ifs plea for purification of sti-eanis is wise, and should meet the cordial support of the people. There is mithini: more absurd- if not criminal than the .American system dl' i]i;d<inj;' open sewers of our sti'cams, and the elfeets of it necessarily i;row wor.se a.s population increases. It can be but a few yeai's until it is absolutely pro- hibited in Indiana, as il has already been in some other places. The earliest Ivnown sueuestien fur a street railway in liidi.inapulis was made by the 33(5 HISTORY OF OK'KATEIt IXDIAXAI'OLIS. Locomotive on Fcbiuary 5, 1859. It thou^liT. a line on Wasliintrton street, from White River to the Deaf and Diniib Asylum would pay, and that "If this was done, a person could live in the neiiihliorhood of the Deaf and Dumb .\sylum and iid and return to his meals a.s easily and as quick as if he no\v lived on North street". This wild dream fell on deaf ears, but in 1860, when the State Fair was moved from ^lilitary Park to wheic ]\Iorton Place now is. there was considerable discussion of a street railroad to the grounds. The pressing need of it was avoided by lay- ing railroad tracks from the Peru road to the northeast corner of the fair grounds. The accommodations w"ere inadequate, however, although hundreds of visitors camped in the open grounds adjoining, and caused a re- newed call for a street railroad before the next fair.-'" The Locoinolivc proposed a line up ]\Ieridian street to Tinker i Sixteenth), thence east to Delaware, and up it to the fair grounds. It urged that it would pay, as the I'ailroad "took in for fare $2,300", and "the hacks and wagons, conveying passen- gers, made !)i8,000".''' This problem dro]>ped out of sight, however, for in Api'il. 18(51, the militai'v took possession of the grounds and convei-ted them into (^'amj) ]\Iort(ui. and there were no more fairs held tliere until after the close of the war. On June 5. 1863, the Indianapolis Sti'eet Railroad company was incoi'porated nnder the general law. with (Jeneral Thomas A. [Morris as president, AYm. (i. Wiley secretary, and Wm. O. Rockwood ti'easurer. (3n August 24 they a.sked a charter from the council, and sulmiitted an ordinance based on their tenns. "While this was pending a rival company was formed by R. B. Cath<*rwood of Xew York, with John A. Bridgland of Richmond presi- dent and Oatherwood with AYm. ?I. ^lorrison. E. B. :\Iartindale. ^Ym. Wallace, John C. Xew and J. A. Crossland, of Indiana])olis, as direc- tors. There was a warm ccmtest, in which the financial responsibility of this, the Citizens' Company, was questioned. (!)n December 7 the Citizens' Company filed its bond for .'t;100,000 to build and operate 3 miles of ti'ack bv Julv 4, 1864; 2 miles additional bv Julv 4." 1865': ""Sinlintl. October Til, 1860. "^Lncomoiive, October 27, 1860. and 2 miles additional by July 4, 1866, if granted the franchise. The council prepareil an ordinance covering these proposals and aranted the franchi.se to the Indiaii- ajiolis company. On December 28 the In- dianapolis company declined to accept it. and Catherwoiid telegraidieil that he would accept it. On January 18, 1864, the Citizens' Company was given an ex- clusive franchise for 30 years. In 1866 the control of the stock was bought by W. IL English and E. S. Alvord, who held it for ten years, the actual juanagement being di- i-ected by ^Ir. Enulish, who induced his father, i^lisha (i. p]nglish, to leave his Scott Count.v farm and take active charge of the road, as Vice President. In 1877 the road was sold to the Johnsons. of Louisville— it was understood that Mr. Dupont of Louisville was the actual investor — and Thos. L. Johnson, later congressman and mayor of Cleveland, became superintend- ent of the lines. Tom Johnson wa.s a genius in mechanics and mathematics. He had in- vented a steel rail and .several street car de- vices, including an automatic fare box. He made inimerous improvements in the system ;is to its earning capacity, and in some re- spects as to quality of service. The abolition of conductors, and requirement that passen- gers put their fare in the box, was very un- popular, especially when the comi)any re- ([uired drivers to stop the car and hold it until everybody paid. In 1878, the Indian- apolis Street Railway Comjiany, Charles E. Dark, secretary, asked foi' a franchise for ■'a system of railways centering at the Cir- cle, with waiting room and genei'al office at that point ".^- It wa.s before the council for several months, but meanwhile the Citizens' Company had given .-atisfactory evidence of intention to extend its lines as ordered by the council, and the o|uirsition ordinance wa.s stricken from the files on September 22, 1879. On April 7, 1880, the franchise of the Citizens' Company was extended seven years, to enable it to negotiate 20-year bonds for improvement pui-poses, and to refund its indebtedness. In the soring of 1883 an ef- fort was made by the ^leti-opolitan Railway Company t.) olitain a francbis". and tlu'ie was "^-Couiiril rro(( ( (lliifis. p. 499. ]1IST()1;^- OF CIIKATER INDIANAPOLIS. 33 ;■ so imicli dissatisfaction with tln' system <it' the Citizens' ('onijiany that there seeiueil some promise of sueeess; hut the Citizens" Company promised to tie good— to aiiaudon •"bob-tail ears"', pnt on conductors, give uni- versal transfers, replace T rails with Hat rails, build a line to Crown Hill, and allow other comi)anies to use their ti'acks undei- certain conditions. 'I'he .Metropolitan ortli- nance was amended so that its advocates re- fused to accept it, and on .hil.\ L'. ISS:?. was stricken from the files. On J[areh "28, 1888, the Johnsons sold the road to parties representeil by .John ( '. Sluif- fer, who became its superintendent. Hy this time the value of the road had grown imkh- mously and was soon to gi-ow more. ( )n February 1. ISSti. ("has. F. Bidwell had asked for a franchise for an electric road. but no action was taken on the recpiest. On June 20. 1887, a franchise was granted to Colonel \V. \V. Dudley and others for a cable road— on Jul.v 2, 1888. amended to an elec- tric road — and at the same ses.sion of the pouncil a special conunittee re])ort was made that tlie Citizens' Company had violated its charter in at least eight pai-ticuiais. and thereby forfeited the same. Nothing was done under this franchise bey-ond laying a little ti-ack that was never used. 'Piie Citi- zens' Coni])any antici|iate(l it on pait of its proposed line, and obtained an injunction fi'om the Sn|)ei'ior Coui-t to prevent inlei-- ferenee. The case went to tiie Snpi'i'me Court, which held that no company could lie siven an exclusive fi'anchise, but that, when two conflicting franchis<'s were granted, the company first occupying a street was en- titled to its possession.'" In the meantime the main cable company which contT-olJed the In- dianaiiolis conijiany had become lianki-upt. 'ind the whole matter was (li'op|ied. The tlemand for rapid transit grew more insistent. In his m<'s,sage of Januai'.v 2. 1888. Mayor Denn.v pronounced a continuation of iinile power "cruel and disgraceful". It was also becoming a matter of importance to tlie company. On Decemin'!- 18. 1889. the council passed :in nr.liuance permitting the Citizens' company to use eh'ctricity as well ■''Tndianai)olis Cable St. I{. I\. Co. vs. Citi- zens' St. K. K. Co.. 127 In.].. |>. M?.}. Vol. 1—22 as animals for motor |)o\\er-lhe company to "place iron poles between their tlouble tracks, and susiieiul the wires from an arm on the saitl poles"'. This requirement continued un- til 1893, when permission was given for [lolcs at the sides of the street. The ordinance, to he valid, was to be accepted within ()0 days; woi'k to commence within 90 days; antl .") miles of track to be electrified in 1890. This was complietl with, and no more; and the compan.y re- newed its efforts to get an extension of fran- chise. On May 21, 1888, Jlr. Shatler had made a modest proposal to electrify the lines on condition of receiving a 99-year fran- chise; the city to receive from $10 to $2.") a car. annually, on a rising scale, for the use of the streets. This was jiromptly hooted out of consiileration. On ilay 5, 1890, an effort was made to get an extension to 1926, on con- tlition of the company's giving rapid transit, and paying 2 per cent of its receipts after 1901.'^ This was indorsed by the Conuner- cial did) and opposed l)y the labin' organiza- tions, iwhich were beginning to demand cheaper fares. It was stricken from the fili's May 19, and another ordinance introduced making an extension to 1917. This was also defeated. The situation became chriotic. There was a growing realization of the value of the franchise, but a growing difference of opin- ion as to the form of compensation, some ui-ging cheap fares only, and also a gidwing doubt as to the legal i-ights involved. The S( utinrd made an especiall.v vigoi'ous demand for full compensation. The Shaffer, or Chi- cago .syndicate, had sold out to the ^FcKee & Verner, oi- Pittsburg syndicate for .$3,250,000. The new syndicate issued a jirospectus for $4,000,000 of bonds and $.-..0(10.000 of stock, showing a prospective li per ci'nt. on stock, based on net ainnial eai'uings (d' $.")22.0(I0. Tile Srnlind cai)tui-ed and published this prospectus on January .">. 1S93. and the ex- citement grew intense. On .Mni-ch 31. Cily .Attorney Jones gave tin- mayor an opinion that the "seven years" extension" id' the Citizens' Comi)an.v's franchise, made in 18S0. was invalid, and that the franchise ended on dainiarv 18. 1894. The Hoard of P\dilic Wcws, .Mav (i. 1890. 338 HISTORY OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. Works at onee pi-ei)ai-ed a form of franchise for bids, which was published on April 8, with the announcement that bids would In- received till April 19. The bidding was to be on the compensation to the city, all other conditions being fixed. The franchise was for 30 years, divided into six equal periods, and s. minimum bid was required of 2i-> pei- cent of gross receipts for the first period; 5 per cent, for the second: 6 per cent, for the third; and 7 per cent, for the remainder. A deposit, or forfeit, of $23,000 was to be made with each bid. No bid was received until the afternoon of April 19. The Citizens' Company apparently thought none would be made, and sent in a communication pronouncing the plan inqirac- ticable. But a local organization was fm-med, repi'esented by Judge Byron K. Elliott, and deposited its $25,000, and bid Tt-.. per cent over the minimum amount of receipts re- cpiired— i. e., 10 per cent for the first five years, and so on, to 1414 per cent for the last 15 years. Everybody was dazed by the result, and before the Citizens' Company got its bearings, a contract was made on Api-il 24, and ratified by a special meeting of the council on April 25. The contract carefully safeguarded the interests of the city, provid- ms for supervision by the Board of Public "Works, 6 fares for a quarter with universal transfers, and for the company's paving be- tween its tracks and IS inches on each side. The efforts of the City Company to lay tracks were obstructed, and litigation followed in the U. S. courts. Judge AVoods of the Cir- cuit court held that the Citizens' Company had a perpetual franchise, and en.ioined the City Company from interfering with its pos- session. On appeal, the U. S. Supreme Court held that the Citizens' Company cei-tainly had a franchise till Januaiy 18, 1901, and declined \o decide the question of perpetual franchise.'' This was in 1897. The legislature of 1897, on the theory that the decision of Judge Woods might stand, pa.ssed what was called "the New act", to alKilish perpetual franchises in cities of 100,- 000 inhabitants'" and also the "three-cent fare law" nuiking 3 cents the maxinuun fare on street railways in cities of lOO.OOO inhabi- tants. The Central Trust ( 'omjiany of New York, trustee for the bondholders of the Citi- zens' Company brought suit in the federal court to enjoin the enforcement of the three- cent fare law, and Judge Showalter of Chi- cago was called here to hear the ease. He held the law unconstitutional as "special legislation", Indianapolis being the only city of 100,000 population in the state. This ap- plied equally to the New act. A little later the Supreme Court of Indiana held the three- cent fare act valid :'" and Judge Showalter was asked to dissolve his injunction on the groiuid that the consti'uction of a state's laws and constitution by its own courts is binding on the U. S. courts. He declined to do so, and on appeal the Circuit Court of Ap- peals held that it had no power to review his decision. The City Attorney then brought suit again.st both companies to quiet the title of the city to its streets after January 18. 1901. This was heard by Judge Neal of Hamilton County, who decided for the city, holding the contract with the City Company void, and the New act valid. Both com- panies appealed to the Supreme Court, which decided the City company's contract valid, and also the New act, on December 16. 1898.''* The personnel of the court changed soon after, and a rehearing was granted, but had not been held when the legislature of 1899 met. The situation was further complicated by a varietv' of additional franchises belonging to the Citizens' Company. It had secured fifty-year franchises from all the suburban towns that had subsequently been annexed to the city. It had obtained perpetual fran- chises from the comity in a number of roads that had later become city streets. In this situation the INFcKee and Verner syndicate sold to a Philadelphia syndicate, the Dolan- IVforgan, and Hugh J. ATcCiowan was sent "Citv Kv. Co. vs. Citizens' St. R. R. Co.. 166 U. S.. p. 557. ••"'Acts 1897, p. 154 " Navin vs. the Citv, 151 Ind.. p. 139. ''City Ry. Co. vs. Citizens' St. R. R. Co.. et al. Northeastern Reporter. 52. p. 157. This decision is not in the Supreme Court report**, as a rehearing was granted but never had, the controversy bein? settled by the legi.sla- tion and mertrer of interests. HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 339 here to straig:liten the tangle. He succeeded in yetting cnntrol of tlie City Company, and then applied to the legislature of 18!I'J for an act, which was adopted, authorizing the city to enter into a contract with any company that could procui-e and surrender all out- standing franchises. The city could grant a franchise for not over 34 years, with single fares not over 5 cents, and tickets at si.\ foi- 25 cents, or twenty-ti've for $1. I'nder this law a franchise for 34 years was gr-antcd on April 6, 1899, running "to April 6, 1933. It contains the statutory provisions and also provides that the company .shall pave be- tween its tracks and 18 inches each side: thai it .shall expend not less than .^l.OOO.OOll for repairs and inipi'0\t'nients ; that it shall pay the city in cash :i<3(),()()() a year foi- the liisl 27 years of the contract, aiul ^.lO.UOO Ilieic- after: that it suri-ender all franchises o\it- standing, and that all its right.s in the streets cease absolutely at tin' end of its fr;iiichise period. This franchise was pi'obahly tlu' l)est in the coiuitry at the time of its adoption. The animal payment to the city shotdd have been larger, but considering the confused situa- tion that was cleared up, the agreement for termination of all franchises, and the im- provement made in the service, the settle- iii'-nt was not a bad one. The company has not satisfactorily lived up to its pjiviug aL'reeiMcnt, or its aureenuMit for cross-town lines, hut that is largely the fault of the Board of I'liblic Woi'ks, which should see that it does. Under the contract, the cit.y resen-e.s the right to purchase the plant iit actual value: not including fi-anchisc val- ues, before the ex|iir;ition of the contract. There is also i)rovision foi' use of the tracks by interurban cars. This la.st iirovision was more important than had been realized, for at the time of the contract there was no interurban reaching the city except the Broad Ripple line, on which cars had been running since Septem- ber, 1894: and that was moi'c properly a sub- urban than an interurban line. But iiitcrnr- bans were on the way. The first Indianap- olis man who saw what was in clecti-ic lines was Henry L. Smith, who organized the In- dianapolis, (Jreenwood & Franklin Comiiany in 1895, and did the grading to ( ireeiiwood. Noah Clodfelter of Cr:iwfordsville started the woi'k in the gas belt about the same time. Both wei'C forced to close out by the Htum- cial stress of the i)residential campaign of 1896, but the work went on. The Indianap- olis, Greenwood & Franklin was comi)letecl and opened to Greenwood <iii -lanuary 1, 1900. the first interurban into Indianapolis. The Indianapolis & Eastern was opened to Dublin on June 17, 1900; the road to Mar- tinsville, Augu.st 2, 1902; to Sheibyville, Sep- tember 12. 1902; to Plainfield, September lo. 1902; to Lafayette, October 9, 1903; to Rush- ville, July, 1905; to Danville, September 1, 190(i; to Crawfordsville, July 4, 1907, On Atigust 11, 1902, the city granted a franchise to the Indianapolis Traction and I'ermiiial Company, by which it was permit- ted to accjuire the Indianai)olis Street Rail- way property, which it did in December, 1902. The Traction and Terminal Company agreed to build a commodious terminal sta- tion, permit the use of tracks to any inter- urban, pave between its tracks and 18 inches outside, chare-e the same fares in the city as the street railway company and make reason- able extension of lines as lequired. This has resulted in a great develo[)ment of the busi- ness, though a ma.ioi-ity of the (U'iginal lines have been consolidated in the Union Traction Company and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis & Eastern Company. In 1900 there were but two lines into Indianajiolis ; in 1909 there were twelve lines, operated by si.x companies. In 1900, a total of 377, 7fn i>assengers ai-rivcd or dejjarted: in 1909 thei-e wei'e 4,979,371. In 1902 there were 533 freight car trips on .•ill the lines into the city: in 1909 there were 8,59f!. The effect of the development of in- terurban lines has been a practical revolu- tion both in suburban residence and in subur- ban business with the city. The telepiione made its lirst appearance in Indianapolis late in 1877, and as a ])rivate enterprise, (^n October 1 of that year Cobb & Braiihaiii asked permission of the council to erect telephone wires from their office at Market and Delaware to tli(>ir coal yards on Christian avenue and on South Deliiware street. This was at once granted, juid on October 15 like permissi(ui was given to (^mer Tousey & Co. for a line from their ollice on (ieorgia street to their soap works on IMorris street: and also to .1. C. Ferguson & Co. for a. line from the ( 'ii.'inilier ii\' ('onniieree to •?40 HISTORY OF GHKATKI! JXDIAXAPOLIS. their pork-house ou White Kiver. This de- velopment caused the Xews to observe: '"This is to be a eity of telephones as well as of a Belt railroad. The council granted the rij^ht of construction to two applicants last ni<:lit, eonnectint;- their up-town offices with their factories."-''' Several others followed, and in December, 1878, E. W. Oleason and others, organized as the Indiana District Telephone Company, and asked permis.sion to erect poles and wires in the streets. This was refused,*" l)ut the Fire Department wanted the liouses connected, and on Januai'y 20. 1879, Chief I'eiulei-iiast reported that it would cost ^'l-il to install the plant, and $176 a year for rent of the instrument.s. After considerable negotiation a compro- mise was reached by which, vmder ordinance cf February 17. 187!t, the (ileason Company was given the right to hang its wires on the fire-alarm telegi'aph poles, provided it would keep them in repair, and would furnish the eity free of charge twenty-two telephones for the fire houses, with additional phones if new houses were established. The new company then pi'oceeded to business, the chief parties in it being the brothers E. T. and James Gilliland. who also estalilisbed the Indianap- olis Telephone Co., and manufactured tele- phones. Their factory was on the I. C. & L. road south of English avenue. The com- pany '.s "exchange" was in the Vance block, since reconstructed as the Indiana Trust building, and it did not reach 100 siib.scrib- ers. It used the Bell phone. ^Meanwhile the Western Union Telegraph Co.. which had fontrol of "the Gray printer" and other pat- ents, started an opposition exchange, which ran for about a year, when the Gillilands wanted to sell the exchange business on ac- I'oiuit of the great development of their fac- tory busines.s. The Telephone Exchange Com- pany of Tndiana|)(ilis was oi-ganized on Jan- uary 2, 1880. This continued for a year, and nas then sold to the Central Union (Bell) Telephone Co., or rather to the syndicate uhich organized the Central Union in 1888. The business moved along (|uietly luitil 188f). The service was jioor: the patronage not large; the charges high. The legislature of 1885 pa.'^sed a law making the ma.ximum charge for telephones $3 per mouth. I'lie company at Indianapolis resisted and went to the Supreme Court, which sustained the law in two cases, in February and ^larch, 188(j.*' 'I'he company then gave notice that it woulil terminate all contracts by June 80. Other coiiii)anies then made proposals for service, especially "the Citizens' Co-operative Tele- phone Co.," of which ex-^Iayor Caven was president, which had the ■'^\allace" phone, that was claimed not to infringe the Bell pat- ent ; and it was given a franchise. It tried to buy the J^'entral Union's poles and wires but without success.*- ]\leanwliile, ou April 7, 1880, the Council had repealed the Gleason -franchise; and on Aipril 16 ordered the coiu- ]iany to remove its poles and wires within two weeks, or the street commissioner would remoxe them. Nothing was done, and on May 24 numerous citizens petitioned that this or- der lie revoked, which petition was granted. Ou September 20 the Citizens' Co-oi)erative Co. rej)orted that it could do nothing on ac- count of the streets being occupied by the jioles and wires of the Central Union, and asked that they be removed.*" This was re- fused, but on September 28, the Citizens' Co-operative was given |)ermissioii to erect l^oles and wires in the mile scpiare. The new company did not get to work, and on ^larcli 28, 1887, the Central Union was given per- mission to maintain its plant and erect new ])oles and wires.** The situation dragged on without anything being done until February 27. 1889, when the legislature repealed the law.*"' and the company proceeded with no leL'islative rt'striction on prices. The multiplication of overhead wires be- came dangei-ous to life and a serious obstacle to the fire department, and the city govern- ment determined to remove them. On Au- gust 24. 18f)fi. a new contract with the Cen- tral Union was approved, by which it was to put all its wires underground in the mile sijuare, provide efficient service, and pay the city .$6,000 a vear for the use of the streets. ^Wfws. October 16. 1877. ^''Council I'rocccditifjs. p. 646. "Ilt,(k(tt rs. Ih< Sliili. 1(1.') Ind.. p. 2.')0: ('n)tnd I'liioii Til. Co. c.s". Briidhuni. 106 Ind.. p. 1. ''-('oKiicil I'nivi nliiKia. 1886, j). 513. *'('<iuncU I'roci cdiufix. ]>. 814. ^*C(>uncil ProcecdiiKis. 1887. j)]). 152. KiS. *Uc/s, p. 49. HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 341 Till- cniiiit;iii\' tlii'U sri'inc(l Id he lli(irciii_L;hly entrenched, but its arbitrary nietliods bniuiiht it trouble. It cliarged $72 a year for busi- ness phones; and it refused eonuectious abso- lutely to outside independent eoiiii)anies, which had sjirunu' up in numerous towns in the state. In IMKS tlie Xew Telephone Com- pany was oriranized with the special view of givintr outside independent companies en- trance to the city. The chief members were A. H. Nordyke, Simon P. Sheerin and Harry B. Gates. On May 20, 1898, it was given a franchise for 25 years in the streets, witii ri^rht to the city, oi' a new company to whii-li it '.'ranted a franchise, to take the i)ro[>erly at ap[)raised value at the end of the fran- chise ]ieriod. It was to ])nt its wires under- grouiul. and pay the city .i>6,000 a year, as the other company. It was also to furnish busi- ness jihones at $40 per year, and residence phones at $24. In Ai)ril. 1904. this franchise was li-ausferred to the Indianapolis Tele- phone Co. with the consent of the city. Of couree the Centi-al Union — or "old com- pany," as it is coMuiioidy called— met tl'.ese rates, but it was claimed to be a losing' busi- ness for both, especially as patronage in- creased; for it appears to be established that with telephone companies the greater the l)atronage. the gi'eater the exjjense of sei'vice piM' eapita. In 190S the Iiidian;ipolis Com- pany applied for a raise in rates, claiming that it could not do business under its fran- chise. There was a great deal of opjiosition, but the company in\'ited investigation by the Board of Trade and Commercial Club; and their committees, after examining its bo<iks, recoMimended an increase. .Vccordingly. in Jiarcli. 1909. tln' Indianapolis Company was given a franchise lunning 30 years from July 1, 190S. with a rate of $r)4 fur business jihones an<l $30 foi- resilience |)hones. The hitler privilege, however, has not been used, the eoinj)any i-etaining the old $24 rate. Tlie coiiii>any also agreeil Id a readjustment of rates every "> years, and boun<l itself to ex- pend at once $.^"0."00 in impi-ovement of its ser\'ice. It may be mentioned here that both companies have found it advantageous to put wires underuround in many cases, especially heavy wires, and buth have voluntai'ily done so outside of the mile sipiare. to the extent of perhaps ^^ niiles ciieh. liii .lulv 1. 1903. the Central rnion Com- ])iin\'. whose territdry under a Bell license covered parts of Ohio. Indiana and Illinois, moved it.s general headquartei-s from Chicago to Indianapolis. In 1907 it built its fine eight-story, fire-proof oflfice and main ex- change building at ^Meridian and Xew York streets. It has ;dso four fire-proof exchange stations: "North," built in 1902 at Twenty- second and Pierson avenue: '" Woodrutf, " rn Rural street, and "Prospect." on Pi'ospect street, both built in 1907, and "Irvington, " built in 1909. Soon after it was organized, the new eomi)any bonglit the stone-front ^'a.jen i-esidence. at 230 North ^leridian sti'eet, and rearranged it foi' offices and ex- change. In 1903 it built an addition to the front of it. I'eaching to the sti'eet line. This company also has four branch exchanges, out* called ■■.\ortb," at Twenty-second and Tal- bott avenue: "South." on Prospect neai- \'ii- ginia avenue; ".Xortli Imlianapolis." at Clif- ton and Eugene: and "East," now in een- struetion on Beville avenue near Michigan. The enormous advance in electrical discov- ery has |)roduced movements for control of local companies which leave the present status of the Indianapolis companies somewhat doubtful, though they are apparently inde- pendent of each other. Sec. 11 of the new company's franchise of 1S9S is vei'y ex|)licit in jirovisions aa'aiust any combination of anv kind with a competing company, even callitm- foi' forfeiture if the control of one-third of its stock is acquired by such company. Tlir most important discovery, in its effects on cont7-ol, was that telephone wires coidd be used for telegraph purposes without inter- fering with theii- use for telephoning. The American Tele]ihone ami Telegi-aph Com- pany, which controlled the Hell patents, the fundamental ones of which have exi)ired. bought the Western rnion Telegra])h Com- pany; and it is understood that the Postal Telegraph Company has large conlrol of the independent lines — jusl Ikiw nmi-li I lie i)ublic is not advised. It ap])i';irs tii be a contest for control of the wii'cs of the counti-y, tak- ing chances on the i)ossil)ilities of wii'eless teleg-rajihy. and the possible future of the telepost. The fraiu-hise of 1909 jiermits com- bination with a competing comi)any, by con- sent of the Board of Publi.- Works, 'if the competing coni]iany .-lecepts the terms of that franchise. CHAPTER XXIX. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT. The business of Indianapolis has always ijeea closely related to transportation facilities, on account of natural conditions. In the earliest stage there was little of it except supplying the needs of the settlers, and getting to a market such products as could be transported at any profit with the very limited facilities of the time. Heavy staples could be sent out ad- vantageously only in the spring by flatboat, and that was the chief form of export except for live stock, which was driven on foot to points on the Ohio River. It is notable that trade was on a basis of barter, to a very large extent, and that the commodities received on a cash basis were those most readily trans- ported, or that competed with imports difficult of transportation. Of these, furs were the most important. The only commercial advertisement in the first number of the Western Censor, March 7, 1823, is Robert Siddill's announce- ment of "Dry Goods, Queensware, Hardware & Groceries; consisting of Calicoes, Plaids, Irish Linen, Steam Loom and Power Loom Shirt- ings, Flag Handkerchiefs, etc.. Knives, Spoons. Rutts, Hinges, Screws, Nails, etc. Tea, Coffee, Loaf Sugar, Tobacco, Segars, Pepper, Allspice, Nutmegs, etc." It concludes with "N. B. CASH given for FURS and HIDES of every description"'. This was characteristic of ad- vertisements generallv: and the fur trade did not fall off for many years. Indianapolis became a center for it for a large part of the state, and for some distance beyond its borders. On February 18, 1860, the Journal stated that "one house here, that of Samuel Wilmot. has already paid out this .season over $1.5,000, and is now buving furs at the rate of .$2,000 to .$;?.000 per week". Coiintrv sugar was always ('(luivaleiit t" casli (in a(c()\int nf tjie expense and difficnlt\ of bringing sugar in. Ginseng had a special market value for a number of years. There was comparatively little money in circulation, and what there was of specie was silver until some time after the California gold discov- eries. There were no banks of any kind until the internal improvement period opened, and j)eople who had money carried it when neces- sary, and stowed it away about their houses when not in active demand. There is no record of any bank at Indianapolis until the State Bank of Indiana was organized in 1834. On November 11, 1834, an election for direc- tors of the Indianapolis Branch Bank was licld, resulting in the choice of Samuel Hen- derson, Harvey Bates, Benj. I. Blythe, David Williams, Alexander W. Russell, John Wil- kins, Homer Brooks and James Blake. The directors for this branch chosen by the state were Samuel Herriott. Alexander Worth and John Given. The board elected Hervey Bates president, and Bethuel F. ^lorris cashier. On Xovember 19, Governor Noble issued his procla- mation stating that the State Bank and Branches are duly organized and are author- ized to "commence the operation of banking": and they commenced on November 20. In 1S43 Calvin Fletcher succeeded ^Ir. Bates as jiresi- dent; and in 1845 Thos. H. Sharpe, who for ten years had been teller of the bank, suc- ceeded [Mr. ilorris a^; cashier. These two offi- cers remained till the exjiiration of the liank's charter. This was the principal bank through the early period. It was l<cpt in a building be- liincring to Mr. Bates, at Washington and Pennsylvania until 1840, when it nio\ed into the building erected for it on the point be- tween \"irginia avenue and Pennsylvania strt'ct, now ()c(ii|iie(l by the Indiana National Bank. 342 HISTOIJy (>|- GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. 343 The advent of the workmen on ilie Xational Road and the Central Canal caused a business revolution in the city. Money was ])l('ntiful, trade active, everybody i)usy. 'fhe lndiana|i(ilis Insurance Co., which had full banking;- powers, was chartered on February 8, lS3li. did a ciui- siderable banking business until 1840, when it suspended active operations in both insurance and banking. It operated as a savings liank, paying (i ])er cent interest on deposits of four months oi' more.' It was reorganized in fS.52 by J. D. Defrees, Gen. Morris and others and continued business for six years, when it again susjiended. In ISfi.") it was again revived and resumed banking business onlv, with a nomi- nal capital of $.500,000. In 1807 it bought and occupied the old Branch Bank building at Virginia avenue and Pennsylvania street, and in 18^.") its nanu' was changed to the Bank of Cominerce. In 18.'i8, John Wood, who was int<;rested with rnderhill in the foundry business. Iiegan a baidcing and brokerage busi- ness, but failed in 1841, leaving numerous "shinplaster' notes as mementoes of his enter- pri.se. E. S. Alvord & Co. did a banking busi- ness from 1839 to 1843, and discontinued lie- oausc times had become dull. In 183!) S. \. FletcliL-r, Sr., opened an exchange and baid<ing oftice in a .«mall frame building. No. 8, Kast Washington street, with a capital of -$3,(300. In December, 18.52, he removed to the site of the present Fletcher National Bank, which is the direct succosor iif the business, and the oldest of the banking houses of the city. It has been controlled by three successive Stough- ton Fletchers, S. A. Sr., S. J. and S. .\. Jr.. a portion of the time with partners, notably Francis ^\. Churchman fniui 18(;4 to 18ii!. It was operated as a pri\ate bank until 18!)8, when it was changed to a national on account of the greater advantages given by the federal hiH. Here also may be mentioned the bank of J. Woolley & Co., which did busiru'ss at Indianapolis on a considerable scale from 18.")3 to September LI, 18.")T, wiien it went under in the big panic. It paid 6 per cent interest on demand deposits, and 9 per cent on time de- posits for a year. Also premium on specie. Its assets were abmil ball' il> liabililie- when it failed. There was no lack of money or fac'ilities for exchange after the starting of the State Bank. It was forced to suspend specie payments in the panic of 1837 to avoid the drainage of specie away from the state, there being a gen- ei-al suspension elsewhere. But this caused no trouble. On May 19, 1837, all the mer- chants of the town — 42 firms — met and agreed to receive the State Bank's notes at par: and the action was practically approved by the (iovernor; and the legislature adopted the prin- ciple of its committee report that, although the b;uiJv had forfeited its charter, it was inexpe- dient to enforce the forfeiture. The bank of- ficials were active in promoting national re- sumption, and the bank resumed on August 13, 1838, without difficulty. In fact, the suspension was not absolute, as customers in special cases were su]i])lied with specie. There was another suspension from Xovember, 1839. to June 1.3. 1843; but again without business disturl)ance.-' The bank was successful from the start in every respect. Its dividends the first year were only 3 per cent., but they soon reached 10 and 12 per cent. In 1838 tlie lndiana])olis branch reported $391,582 of loans: $li.'),180 of individual deposits; $344,0.55 of notes in cir- culation; and $38,500 in eastern banks, for ex- change purposes. It may be noted tliat the real motive of the second suspensicm \va~ that loans were largely on land security, and while ix'rfectlv good were not con\-ertible. The manufactures of the early period wei'e iH'cessarily restricted to home consum])ti )n. an<l of course did not cover that in many lines. In February, 1827, the Jonnial. wliich was a stalwart advocate of Henry Clay and limne manufactures, called attention to the alarming fact that there had l)een $10,000 worth of goods imported in the past year; and ealleil loudly for steam engines. That remarkable effort to overcome natvu'al conditions — the steam mill — was then in motion and there is no room for cpu'stion that the idea that the blessed tariff would make everybody rieh was largely responsible for that disastrous venture. It provided facilities for manufacture far be- yond any possible consu7n]ition of the town I'l- the vicinitv, with no available outside mar- 'Dniiornil. Mav 15. 1 837 : .7o//r;)(//. Mav 12. 1 !S3S. 'The best hi.story of the bank is bv Wni. V. Harding, in ■Imiriuil <if I'niitii-al /■Jcdiionii/. \'ol. 4, p. I. 344 HlSTUJiY OF URKATKl! IXDIAXAPOLIS. ket, and its failure was predestined. Aside from the saw and grist mills, tanneries and distillery the early manufactures were on an individual basis, with no material employment of labor — carpenters, blaeksmiths. cabinet makers, hat- ters, potters, shoemakers, and the like. The first development from this began in 1835. In that year Robert Underbill and John Wood started their foundry at Pennsylvania and A'ermont streets, where, in addition to ploughs, andirons, skillets and castings of all kinds, they made ''cast iron fire i)laces by the use of which the annual expense of patching up backs and jams will be saved".' This was a profit- able venture and the business was conducted at that point until 1852, when it was removed to South Pennsylvania street. In 1838 ilr. Un- derbill introduced steam power in the foundry, and it was thereafter commonly known as "the steam foundry". In the year 1835 was estab- lished a tobacco factory on Kentucky avenue by Scudder & Hannaman, which grew to such importance that when the sweat house hunied in September. 1838, the loss was about $10,- 000. They made heavy black plug tobacco and cigars almost as heavy — they were of soaked tobacco then called "melee" — together with twist and a little fine-cut. The business was continued, with vicissitudes, till about 184S, and tobacco manufacture then dropped out until renewed by Geo. F. ^Feyer in July, 1850. There was an effort at making linseed oil. begun in 1834 bv John .S. Barnes and William- son ifaxwell, and sold to Scudder & Hanna- man who continued it for several years, and then quit on finding that the hydraulic mills with wliicli thov were competing could squeeze more oil out of their "cake" than they had got originally. There was also a small brewery established in tliat year by John L. Young; and a beginning of pork-packing by James Bradley and others, who ])urchased slaughtered hogs of farmers, and cured and .'^hipjied the meat: btit this enterprise did not prove profit- able and it was soon dropped. With the com- ing of the canal there was a boom in manu- facture. The mill sites were leased on June 11, 1838, and a woolen mill, a cotton mill, an oil mill, two grist mills, two saw mills and two pa])er mills were i)uilt soon after. The Sheets paper mill was a financial success, and ""Joiiniiil. Jnlv ;!1, 18.1 may bi- accounted the lieginning ol" a pernui- neut industry. Xicholas Mct'arty began the cultivation and manufacture of hemp in 1838. l)ut the venture was abandoned after four or five ycai's. In general, there was a heavy de- pression of manufacture and trade after the collapse of the internal improvement project that continued until the coming of the ^ladi- son railroad in 1841. With the coming of the railroads manufac- ture and trade both improved. In 1S4T the (ieisendorfl's rejiaired the old steam mill ami iiegan woolen manufactures, removing to a building on the canal in 1852. In 1848 the ilorris grist mill was built on South Pennsyl- vania street — burned in 1S51: the Taylor, Watson &- Co. fiunidry was built south of Pogue"s Run. and afterwards developed into the Hasselman it Yinton ])lant, and later the Fagle ilachine Works: also the Crawford & Osgood peg and last factor}', which after ])assing though various changes developed into the Woodbtirn-Sarvcn Wheel Co. J. R. Os- good of this firm was always on the lookout for new openings, and frequently found them. On August 27, 1853, the Locoiiiotirc had an account of the factory, in which liarrel making had been added, with a machine for making staves. It said: "He turns otit about l"2ti perfect flour barrels a day, or 700 a week, and can't keep tip with the demand at that. All strangers should visit this factory, below the Union Depot, on Illinois street, as it is a great curiositv to see them make pegs and lasts." ' lu 1849 came Kortpetcr's saw mill: Blake & Gentle's planing mill, the first in the city: ^TeiTitt & Coughlen's woolen mill. In 1850 came Sloan iV' Inger.soll's furniture and chair factory: and Field & Day's. In 1851 J. K. and Deloss Root started a little stove foundry on South Penn.sylvania street, of which the Indianapolis Stove Co. is a lineal descendant. And so they kept on itntil in 18()0, Clarion County, chiefly in Indianapolis, had 100 manu- facturing establishments, with a total capital of $770,805. iisins;- $559,(535 worth of materials and with a jjroduct of $1,090.{I7(). They were cmploving 713 ])ersons, and paying $'2"?9.31'i in annual wages. It does not look like a great di'al now, but it was a great advance over 1850. Of course it will be kept in mind that in census statistics every shoj> is a inanufai-tnry. HiST()i;v OK (;i;i:.\'i"i:i; ixdiaxai'oi.i O-tj ami at that tiiiio tlicie were many iiioiu iiulr- pcmli'iit mecliaiiits, with their own shops, iu jjn.iipoition, than tliuro aru uow. \Vith the railroads also came the praclieal beiriiiiiing ol' wholesale trade, though there had been a little in some lines at an eai'lier date, usually in connection with retail trade. The iirst exclusively wholesale boot and shoe liouse was that of E. C. .Mayhew- & Co. (ilayhcw and .lame? .M. liay) which was established in 1855. There had been some wholesaling of books and stationery, which increased quickly. In 1S5o, the last year of West & Co. before their sale to Stewart it Bowen. their aggregate sales reached .$30,000. In dry goods the develop- ment was not so rajiid, because most store- keepers preferred to buy at Cincinnati. The iirst one was established here in 1847 by J. ]>ittle A' Co. and was destroyed by tire on .May 14, 1S48. There were several eiforts at whole- tale houses in the tifties, but the only ex- clusively wholesale house here in 18()0 was that of J. A. Crossland, and the aggregate sales of dry goods and notions in that year were less than $-^00,000. One of the earliest lines of wholesale business was drugs, but of course there was a certain amount of wholesaling in all lines, there being no strict denuu'catioii be- tween wholesale and retail, and none as to special lines of goods. The first distinctive drug store was that of Dunlap & ilcDougal in 18:?1. who advertised sales at both wholesale and retail: and also introduced the first soda fountain — the soda water was advertised not as a luxury, but as '"contributing to health, and the prevention of fevcM's, liver complaints, and di.<eascs common to the hot months".* The wholesale business was extended Ijy Win. Ilan- nainaii, who opened in the S])ring of 1832. Wines and liquors were handled largely by the drug stores then. The first exclusive wholesale liquor house was that of Patrick Kirlaiid, in IS-IO: nnd its successor, Kirland i^- liyaii, was the lir>t to >:end out traveling salesmen, in IS.")!). In ISCO the wholesale lii|Unr trade was <"itimated at about $100,000. Confectionery was advertised at wholesale and retail in 1837 by P.. V. Evans, who not only kept "Candies, Cordials. Cakes of nil kinds. Raisins. Fruits of all kinds, choice To- bacco, Spanish, cciininon and Melee cigars, We>teni lieserve cheese, Xuts of all kinds, toys, etc.', but was prepared to furnish par- ties with "cakes, ice cream, etc., at short no- tice".^ There was, however, no material whole- sale business in this line until begun by Dag- gett & Co. in IS.")!!, [n 1870 the capital in- vested ill the manufacture of confectionery in Indianapolis was only $10,975, and the prod- uct $11.5,092. The wholesale trade in groceries probably went back as far as anyone desired to buy at wholesale. In the first city directiiry, of 1855, there were 14 firms that advertisi'd as wholesale or wholesale and retail dealers in groceries. The trade, however, was not large. In 18G0 it was estimated at less than $400,000.. in 1870 the sales were reported $0,443,150. But the greatest impulse of the railroads was in the export of domestic staples. With wheat jumping from 40 to 90 cents a bushel, and other farm products in proportion tliere was an incentive to get busy. Pork packing, as has been mentioned, was begun unsuccess- fully by James Bradlev and others in 1835. In "l841, John II. Wright— the first "cash store" man, who had come here from Rich- mond some time before, revi\(Ml the packing business with his father-in-law. .lereniiah .Man- sur. and brother-in-law William Mansur. Wright bought slaughtered hogs at his store, ■"half cash and half goods", and they were cured and packed in Van Blaricum's old black- smith sho|3 building, at the northeast corner of Meridian and ilaryland streets. These par- ties also packed (|uite extensively at Broad R'ijiple, and all of their export product was ship[)ed down the river in the spring freshets. With the coming of the railroad they added slaughtering to the business, and Isaiah Man- sur joined the firm. They built a packing- house southwot of I lie Madison de])ot, and a .-laughter-house at the west end of the Xa- tional Road bridge, hauling the dead hogs across. lienjainin I. Blythe and Edwin Iled- derly also jjegaii slaughtering and packing in IS 17. and continued for .several years. Their plant \\a.- quite extt'iisive for the time, employ- ing 50 hands, and with capacity for slaughter- ing from 500 to (iOO hogs per day." Israel McTaggert was associated with them for a time, and in 185-.' rornieil a partnership with '■Jdiintiil. .hilv •.'. is.'Sl. 'Juiiniiil. June 10. 18.)7. "ftocoiiiollri'. Dcceinbei' '.M, 1848. 3-l(! HISTOKY OF GEEATEE INDIANAPOLIS. David ^lacy for a separate business. The Maii- surs divided in ISoi, "William and Isaiah form- ing one firm, and Frank and Jeremiah Joining J. C. Ferguson in another. Tweed & Gulick began ])aeking abont that time, and Col. Alien May in 18.55, but neither lasted long. The fiatboat trade, prior to the railroads, is not easily estimated, but it was considerable for the time. The boats were made 40 to .50 feet long, 10 to 12 feet wide, and .5 to 7 feet deep : covered in e.xccpt a little space at one end for the cabin. They had big steering sweeps at both ends, and sometimes on the sides. A pilot was taken as far as the Ohio, if one could be had, and "Old Beth (Bar- tholomew) Bridges" was the most sought of these. Farm produce of all kinds was shipped, hut iisually — and prudently — ]iroducts that would not lie damaged by water. Baled hay was an important export, and was the cause of the several hay presses about the town, the most important of which was in a building west of the State House, on ^larket street and the canal. One year Mr. H. Jones (of Co- burn & .Jones) and Cadwallader Ramsey sent a cargo of chickens to Xew Orleans by flatboat. The navigation was rather hazardous, so far as the safety of the cargo was concerned, but after passing the Waverly dam the mariners felt comparatively safe. Closely following the railroad came the tele- gra])h. The legislature passed an act for the incorporation of telegraph companies on Feb- ruary 14. 1.S4S. and on the 2(ith Henry O'Reilly iidvertised for subscriptions to build a line from here to Dayton, Oluo. It was finished, and the first dispatches .sent over it on May 12. The first published dispatches, of a purely personal character, appeared in the Sentiiirl of Max IS, and it was long before there was any tele- graphic news report of any consequence. But in June. 1S48. a merchants" exchange was formed for the reception of disiiatches and the transaction of business. C. W. Cadv was secretary and K. Homburgh, treasurer; but it soon failed for lack of money, there being no practical liusincss value in it at the time. In .\ugust. 1S.53 a meeting was called at College Hall to revive it, and after discussion it was decided to organize a board of trade. A com- mittee, consisting of Nicholas ^IcCarty, John D. Defrees, Ignatius Brown, Richard .7. Oat- ling, Au.'itin H. Brown and J. T. Cox. was appointed to prepare a constitution, a circular and map showing the advantages of the city, and to solicit funds. The work of the com- mittee was adopted on September 21, and the board was formally organized. There were 3.5 managers elected, who chose as officers, Doug- las Maguire, president; Wm. Robson, vice-pres- ident ; J. L. Ketcham, secretary; R. B. Duncan, treasurer; A. F. Morrison, R. J. Oatling. J. B. Dillon, J. D. Defrees and J. W. Ray, exec- utive committee.^ The work of the organiza- tion was quite active for more than a year, and then it grew slack. In 1856 it was revived and !Mr. Brown states that it "did much good" for the ne.xt two years iu circulating informa- tion and securing the location of business here, especially the rolling mill. The rolling mill was built by E. A. Douglass & Co. in the summer of 1857 ; a railroad track to it was laid on Tennessee street ; and it began work Octo- ber 29. It got into a precarious financial sit- uation in 1858, and was sold to a new com- pany, with J. M. Lord as president, which o]ierated successfully for over ten years. In 1857 the conclusion was reached that moiv wholesale houses were nwded. A meeting of citizens and business men was held at the Coun- cil Chamber on July 29 to consider the matter. .\^ committee was appointed, with Dr. T. B. El- liott at its head, which reported on July 31. It stated that while there were 81 houses, in 19 lines, and 39 manufactories, in 21 lines, which sold at wholesale, there was only one exclusively wholesale house in the place. It recommended cooperation with the Board of Trade in circulating information and securing the location of wholesale houses and manufac- tories.* The establishment of a wholesale dry goods house by Blake, Wright & Co. was a re- sult of this movement, but the house was short lived. The board suspended oiierations for la<-k (if funds, after a strenuous life of two years. In 1864 the Chamber of Commerce was formed, with T. B. Elliott as president and Jehial Barnard as secretary, and did a little business agitation — enough at least to stimulate the or- ganization of a Me7-chants" and Manufacturers' Association, in 1868. In 1870 the Board of Trade was organized, and has practically con- tinued since then, though the present body is a ' Loco moi ire, Se)jtendjer 24. 1853. ""Loromotive. August 8, 1857. IIISTOKY OF CliEATEK I M )1 A X AIM )I.1S. :34: ZLZL Lililn TTT ' TTX^ , ^■■'""*' ,^ ,^ '*■ 8U1U for Cattl* 7 ^19. <o» FIRST STATE FAIR GROUNDS. lil.STUKY OF GEEATEK IXDIAXAI'ULIS. reorganizatiou made in 188"^. Uu February 1, 18^1. a state eoiiventioii of boards of traile was held at the ■"eluunber of eommeree" — old Sentinel building, southwest corner of Circle and Meridian streets and resolutions for reme- dial leufislation were adopted, including one to prohibit the seiumg and netting of iisli. In 1873 the question of better quarters be- came important and various proposals were made. The one finally accepted was by Henry (_'. Wilson and others to form a company and erect a Iniilding especially for trade purposes. This was accepted on March "^3, 18T4; and a com^Kiny was formed, called the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce. The building wias erected at the southeast corner of Maryland and Capitol avenue, and was formally occupied on December 15, 1874. This building, sometimes called the Chamber of Commerce, and some- times the Board of Trade, was occupied until lSt07, when the present building was occupied. The new building and furnishing cost $300,000, of which $50,000 came from the sale of the old building and the remainder fri)in the issue <if stock. An important stimulant of trade in the ear- lier period was the State l''aii'. 'fhe State Board of Agriculture was chartered by the leg- islature on February 14, 1851, and organized May 27 with Governor Wright as president, .John B. Dillon, secretary, and R. Mayhew, treasurer. The first fair was held Uctoi)er Ul- 2b, 1852 on what is now Military Park, ami some ground just west of it. Its most strik- ing features were the lack of accommodations and the superabundance of side-shows. lint it drew crowds, and there were demands from other cities for its benefits ; so it was held at ],afayette in 1853, and at iladison in 1854. Both of these were linancial failures, so the fair was brought back to Indianapolis from 1855 to 1858 inclusive. In 1859 New All)any was given a trial, but the receipts dropped about one-third. In ]8(>0 the fair was held here, but the managers decided on a cliange of ])lacr. and secured 3() acres nortli of the city, then known as "the Otis Grove", now "Mor- ton JMace", and the fair was held there. In 1801 there was no fair, on account of the war. In lS()2-3-4 it was held at :Military Park in connection with the Sanitary Fair, the regular grounds having been appropriated for Cam]) Morton. In 18()5 it was held at Fort Wavne. ami again at a tiiiancial loss. In 18GG it was iit Indianapolis, and in 1807 at Terre Haute. This was its last venture outside of Indian- apolis, and the only one that was not a tinan- cial failure. Those at Indianapolis were all successes in a money way except that of 1860, when the expenses incident to new grounds were unusually heavy. In 187"2 the exposition fever struck the city. Ill October. 1812 a proposal for a joint fair and exposition, lasting 30 days, was brought before the State Board of .\griculture liy I'ep- ri'sentatives of Indianapolis interests, and on .lanuary S, 1873 an agreement was made l)y which individuals resident in Indianapolis guaranteed the success of a joint fair and ex- position to the extent of -i^'lOO.OOO. and the State Board accepted the proposition" A two- story brick Iniilding. 308 x 150, was erected on the south side of the grounds — now Xineteenth street — then Exposition avenue. The fair and exposition were opened with much ceremony on ■September 10, and continued to October 10, with such success that the debt left over was only .1^90,000.'" Expositions were held with considerable vigor in 1874-5-6 and then the thing drifted Ijack to the old one-week State Fair basis. The panic had killed the enter- prise, and left a legacy of dei)t that was a cause of heart-burnings and recriminations for years afterwards." .\ number of Iiidiana])olis ])eo- ple not satisfied with the racing facilities got up the Southern Di'iving Park Association, wliich made the State Board indignant, and was a failure itself with only one meeting. Its jjropcrty was unloadeil on the city for a park, and in the course of time was reached by the city"s growth and made available as Gar- field Park. The fairs were continued at the Camp ^forton grounds and then removed to the present grounds, northeast of the city. The most notable movement at this point, in con- nection with the city, was the building of the colosseuni. which was completed in 1908 in time for the saengerfest, July 17-19. It is a handsome and substantial auditorium witli a (•a])acity for 12.000 people. The ])ork-packing industry was always an importaiU one to Indianapolis, liut it took on ■' Ai^ricultural Keport, 1873, p. 43. 1" Airricultura! Report, 1873. p. 340. " .\irricuUural Peport. 1883, p. 38. HISTOBY OF GHKATKIt I XDIAXATOLIS. 349 new importance in ISii:] from the consiriiclidii here of tlu- Kin<;an Bros, plant, at that time the largest pork-house in tiie world. It was 18T x llo feet in extent with five stories and a basement, furnished with all the latest ap- plianees, including a steam rendering plant, and had a capacity for handling 3,000 hogs per day.'- It was opened for business on No- vember Ki, 1S()3. and from that time was the leading packing establishment of the city. In lt<73. to accommodate its growing business the firm bougjit the large pork-house of J. ('. Ferguson, on the south side of the I. & St. L. tracks, and connected it with their own by a tuimel. In IS^") tiie firm of Kiugan & Co., of liuliana])oiis. then a partnership, amalgamated witli J. & J. Sinclair & Co.. of Belfast. Ire- land, to form the ]iresent limited corporation of Kingan & Co. The stay of this establi.--h- nient i-: the more notable because just after the dose of its packing season of 18()4-5, on May 22, 1S()">. its plant was destroyed by fire, with a 'large part of the season's pack, involving a loss of $"^-10.1100. The disaster, however, only caused a renewal of the business on a more ex- tender] scale. The house was relmilt — two stories lower — and business was ri'sumcd in tin' next season. This house Avas the place of tiie ijcginning of a great industrial revolution — the summer packing of ])ork. Among the superior employes of the Jiouse was (ieorge W. Stockman, a na- tive Hoosier, of an old Lawrenci'l)urg family. In ISfiS he commenced experimenting on the artificial cooling of meats, and was backed In' the firm. His first a]i])aratus was based on two simiile ]ihysical facts, ( 1 ) cold air is heav- ier than warm air. and will fall when mixed with it: (■-') an oiiject will cool more rajiidly in a current of air than in the same air at rest. In the top story of the building Stock- man ])laced a \at, jierhaps 10 x 1.") and 'I or 3 feet deep. Ill this were metal ]>i|ies, running down at one end, across the bottom and o])cn- ing at the other eiul ; altemating with similar pipes running in the oiiposite directimi. This vat was filled with ice and salt. The air in the pipes cooled, and flowed out with a strong current. There was an opening, with gratings, from this room to one on the floor below, where there was a similar vat: and so on to the base- ^ ■Journal. N'ovembei' 1 I. I.s(i3. iiieiit. There the now freezing air was blown on the meat by a rotary blower, and a tem- perature of 31 degrees Fahrenheit was main- tained. 1 inspected this jilant one hot day in •Inly, and the room where the dressed hogs hung looked like a limestone cave with its eoiiting of frost, and stalactites of white ice hanging from the rafters. ()i)]jressive as the heat was outside, it was a I'clief to get out of that atmosphere. The invention was utilized at once. Tlu' Board of Trade rejiort of January, 18T"2 says that Ivingan it Co. "have made extensive ami ex]>ensive preparations for prosecuting their business through the summer months, so that III the fattened porker there can be no ])ost- poneinent id' the death pemilty 'on account of llie ueatbei'". This lirm ])acked and shipped the prodnet of (iil.OOO hogs which were killed lietween March and Novembei' of last year. These meats were ice-cured. Their ice-cured meats are equal to the product of their winter slaughtering." In 1S73 the- "summer ])ack"' reached 2()0,000. Tins system was followed for a number of years by the Kingans and was also adopted by J. C. Ferguson,''' but it was supplanted bv the ammonia cooling jirocesses. Stockman was also a ].)ioneer in these, and took otit a number of jjatents.''' He was the oi-iginator of summer [jacking, and it has been the lot of few men to do auvthing of so great importance. Men often speak of the far-reach- ing effects of the Catling gun, which was in- vented at lndiana|)olis, but here was some- thing even more important. Before it, pork could be ))acked only in I'leezing weather. The season usually lasted only I wo or three months and was often broken by warm days. A warm winter was a yiublic <'alamity. ^foreover porlc cmild be fattened chea]ier in summei-, and a constant market did away with iniu-h of the control by specidative buyers. If IndiaTiapolis wants to |)ut u|p a monument (o a citizen who did more for the world than all her |)i'ofessional men and statesmen put together, she has the -iibject ill Ceorge W. Stockman. Till' coming of the Belt Railroad and the I'nion Stock Yards in IS" and 187iS, which are considered in the chapter on Hailroad l)i'- '».Y '■»■■>.■. ,)uly 13, is: 8. " Drawings and Specilieat ions <d' Pats., Xos. -.'(iO.OCO; 204,] 13; 2r."),8(;!) : 304,8: 1: 304.8:2. 350 HLSTUKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. velopment, added a great deal to the meat packing industry of Indianapolis, and the yoarl}' pack of hogs now averages over a mil- lion and a half. Since 1891 a majority of the hogs slaughtered here have been summer packed. The development of the industry of meat-packing and slaughtering has been steady and notable. In 1870 the capital invested was $1,2.51,000, and the value of the product was $■2,261. ;.50. In 1880 the capital invested was $1,018,000, and the product was $9,014,422. In 1900 the capital invested was $3,640,096. and the product was $18,382,679. It should be noted that these are the figures of the United St-ates census, and those for 1870 are for Mar- ion County, but they did not differ greatly from those for the city alone. The figures for 188() and 1900 are for the city only. The relative increase of product to capital is, of course, due to the increase of materials used, which in meat packing make the chief value of the product. The advance in other commercial and manu- facturing features has been of the same general character though a little less in per centage on the average. The cfnsus returns for the city separately begin in ISSO. In that year Indian- apolis had 688 manufacturing establishment.-; ; in 1890, 1,189; in 1900, 1,910. In 1880 the capital invested in manufacture was $10,049.- •"iOO: in 1890. $1.1.266,685; in 1900. $36,828.- 11-1. In 1880 the value of the manufactured product was $27,453,089 ; in 1890, $36,426,974 : in 1900. $68,607,579. In 1880 the number of wage earners emploved was 10.000; in 1890. 16,027; in 1900, 25..511. In 1880 the wages paid were $3,917,114; in 1890, $7,060,056; in 1900, $10,882,914. Perhaps as good a gauge of the commerce of the city as there is for the last forty years is the receipt and forward- ing of loaded freight cars, which is recorded thus: 1873, 375,916 ; 1883, 797.930 ; 1893. 903,- 667; 1903, 1,191,019. The freight movement reached a high point in 1907. with 1,311,664 cars, and dropped in 1908 to 1,116,867 cars. It is notable that while there has been a i|uite steady growth in the total of niMiuifac- lures there has l)een a variation in dilVerent lines. The steadiest growth has been in the manufacture of domestic materials, as, for ex- ample, flour and grist products. In 18(i0 tlic capital invested in these in Marion Countv was $83,100 and the product $198,590. ln'is:() the capital was $514,000 and the product $2,- 207,153. In 1880 the capital had di'opped to $462,000 (jjartly due to decrease of assess- ment) and the product to $1,655,517 (partly due to fall of price). In 1890 the capital was $548,618 and the product $3,265,804. In 1900 the capital was $1,042,105 and the product $3,820,373. On the other hand some manufac- tures of domestic materials have fallen ofi' ou account of decrease of supply of materials or change of material. The invested capital in cooperage in 1870 was $31,925 and the product $150,785. In 1880 the capital had increased to $277,700 and the product to $1,107,582. In 1890 the capital had dropped to $115,840 and the product to $361,745. In 1900 the capital was $43,553 and the product $131,432, or less than it was in 1870. In a few cases there has been only a temporary demand for products, as in the case of bicycles and tricycles, these are listed separately only in one census report, that of 1900; and in that year the capital invested in their manufacture in In- dianapolis was $1,076,867 and the product was $880,969. Probably a similar developnu'ut will be shown in automoliiles in 1910 — possibly a start, at least, in airships. ITie banking facilities kept pace with tlie development of business. When the State Bank of Indiana wound up at the expiration of its charter, on January 1, 1857, it was succeeded l)y the Bank of the State of Indiana, which had been chartered in 1855 to begin business at tliat time. It was modeled on the same plan as the State Bank except that the state was not directly interested. It was a splendid bank- ing institution, well managed, and met most of the needs of the state at the time. It weathered the panic of 1857 without suspending sp(>cic payments, which gave it a high rejiuta- tion everywhere. It maintained specie ]iay- ments after the United States had suspended and gone on a legal tender basis, until the Superior Court decided that it was entitled to pay in legal tender under its charter. But it received a hard l)low when the natioiuil tax on bank circulation was fixed under the act of March 3. 1865, at 10 per cent per annum on all but national banks. Tliere was, of course, nothing to do but to withdraw the bank's cir- culation. Preparation had been made for this by securing from the legislature the act of December 20. 1865. authorizing the retirement. HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 351 uf tile circuliUinn ami willulrawal of sucur- itie* — a bit of t'ore?iglit possibly iliic to Husib McCulloc'hV iiosition as Seeretai'v of rbt- 'I'reas- uiT. But it may be noted that the Bank of llie State was always managed witb prudence and foresight. Hugh McCulloch had been its president from the organization. As soon as the Supreme Court decided that the bank could redeem its notes in greenbacks, he had all of its legal circulation put out, and what was not in use was converted into gold, which was then at less than "-i per cent premium. When he resigned as president, in April, 18ci3, the bank was holding .$;i,;iOO,000 of gold, on a capital of .$3.0()0,()()0i^ And there were others. When :Mr. :McCulloch, in ISCl, called the at- tention of the In(liana|wlis Branch Bank to the fact that the treasury notes of that year were receivable for iiiiport duties, and there- fore would probaidy be at a premium over legal tenders, and should be kept separate, he was surprised and delighted to find that the teller, ybung "Tonr' :\Ialott. as A'olnev '!'. Jfalott was then familiarly known, had al- rearly inaugurated this policy, and had some $3(1.1)1)0 of treasury notes laid aside. The national banking law, which was origi- nally passed on February 25, 18(>3, though better known under its revised form of .Tune 3. 180)4, was not received with great faxor by financial men, especially in the East, and did not get into full swing till measures were taken to drive other banks of issue out of business. One of the first in Indianapolis to see the ad- vantages olTered bv the law was Win. H. Eng- lish, who. with ten associates, organized the First National Bank of Indianapolis on Mav 11. 1S()3, being No. 55 of the country. It was reorganized later as No. 2,55f). Its orisri- nal caiiital was $150,000. which was later in- creased to .$1,000,000. For eighteen months it was the only national bank here, and then the advantages of the system were generally recog- nized, and others followed, the Citizens Na- tional on November 28, 18G4: the Indianapolis National on December 15, 18()t: the Fourth National on .January 23, lSr>5 — consoliilated witlt the Citizens National in Decenibei-. ISCo; the Mercliants National on .Tanuarv K. ISCo; ai)d tlie Indiana National on March II. 18i;5. 138. ^■'.Vcii mill Meastireit of Ifulf n Criiliin/. \i. ] .\s an illustration of the change of sentimetit eoncerning national lianks it may be noted thai while Hugh McCulloch, as president of the Bank of the State of Indiana went to Wasbing- toii in 18(52 to oppose the national banking law, in his report of December 4, 18G5, as Secretary of the Treasury, he says: '"The es- tablishment of the national banking system is one of the great compensations of the war."'" The Indiana National was the practical suc- cessor of the Indianapolis Branch Bank, tak- ing over its business as far as possible, and (Jeorge Tousey who had been the president of the Indianapolis Branch since 185? resigned in June, 18t)ti, to become president of the In- diana National. The Bank of the State was wound up in 18GT. When these national banks were organized, I'nited States 5 and G per cent bonds could be bought at par in green- backs, and of course their subsequent change niade a handsome profit to the banks. At the close of the year 1872, the Ijanks of Indianapolis were reported as follows: Capital. Surplus. Deposits. First National $1,000,000 $140,000 $ 46-J,-Ja4.»r> Indianapolis National ."iOO.OOO 100,000 :!01,i;i6.41 Indiana National.... 500.000 110, OOO 32S»,3:!2.34 Citizens National.... 500.000 94,000 314.666.5a Meridian National... 300,000 4.T4.S 7ii.J0T.0S Merchants National, 200,000 13,500 100.299.73 Indiana Banking Co. . 200.000 774.399.90 Woollen. Webb & Co. 99.633 471,039.90 Fletcher's Bank 643.541.90 A. & J. C. S. Harrison, 30.612 420.281.10 Man.sur's Bank 41,554 Fletcher &- Sharpe 689,681.70 Indpls. Insurance Co 317,133.75 Ritzinger.s Bank 37,083 27S.994.0S iTidpls. Savings Bank 93,127.69 State Savings Bank 49.000.00 Totals $3.408,SS3 $474,248 $5,980,997.16 Of these banks but three are in existence in 11)09, the Indiana National, the Merchants Na- tional, and Fletchers, which has become a na- tional. The first intimation of any trouble in local banks came when Jay Cooke failed on September 18. 18T;i and started the great |)anic in Wall street. It reacliiMl Indianapolis on September 25. when Woollen, Webb & Co, clo.sed their doors, but it did not last long. There were runs on Ritzinger's and the Indian- apolis Savings Bank I'oi- I wo or' three davs. Woollen. Webb & Co, was a com])aratively new firm, having been organized in ^larch. 1870 They resumed after a few months and con- tinued until ^lav •'il. 1882, when thev closed lemianently, and on .lune I. 18.S2, assigned to Franklin Landers. 352 HISTOIIY OF (il{l-:ATER INDlAiSTAPOLIS. The two savings banks were the next to go. They had been organized in 1872 and got into business just in time to find people consuming tlicir -avings instead of increasing them. Tlicy >truggled along till 1878. when, in January, the State Savings went into the hands of a receiver. The Indianapolis kept on till De- cember and then closed. The State Savings Bank paid out practically in full, and the In- dianapolis about 90 per cent. The years 1878- !t witnessed the extreme point of the financial and industrial depression of the seventies, but the effects continued for some time after. Some of the banks had got loaded down with real estate from taking mortgage note collateral, and real estate went far below a mirmal |)rice during the depression and w-as kept down iiy the large amounts put on the market at forced sale. Hanking business grew less profitable. All business was dull and the demand for money for anything but paying debts was light. Moreover the public mind was apprehensive and suspicious, and bankers had to keep their loans in to the safety limit at their peril. But there were also special causes of mismanage- ment, dishonesty or bad bankinff in some cases. The first bank to go in the eighties was the Central, which closed on April 8, 1882. It was originally organized in 1874 as a private bank under the name of Eidenour, Cones & Co., and tlie original owners sold in the same year to .lames A. Wildman and E. F. Kennedy, who reoiganized it as the Central Bank. The immediate cause of its downfall was the disap])earani-e. <in March 27. <if Artlnir ^fiicller. who bad been teller for seven years. It was at first announced that all was right but an overdraft of $2,250, bill it was soon discovered that Mueller had been s])eculating at Chicago, and was short over •$.35,000. The owners assigned everything tliry had to Judge E. X. Lamb, for the beni'- fit of creditors, on April 14. Oh A])ril 25 the assignee estimated the assets at $o9,-167.Sl, and thought the bank would pay out 50 cents (111 the diillar. It paid out ninety cents. On May.:il, 1SS2, Woollen, Webb & Co. closed as mentioned, and assigned on J\ine 1 to Frank- lin Lamlers. There was nothing crooked in their failure; they simply never recovered from the panic of 1873. It was now confidently as- serted that ''the weak banks had lieen weeded out." and that tbr future was assui'i'd. On August 9, 1883 the First Natiiuial and the Indiana Banking Co. suspended. The l-'irst National was reorganized imniediati'ly by Wm. H. English, W. C. Depauw and' ntbers who formed a syndicate, took charge of the bank and reopened it on August 10. On Au- gust 13 the Indiana Banking Co. publisbi-d a statement that its situation was due to the ])urchase of a controlling interest in tlic First N'ational in February, 1878; that it had i)aid $1(!5 for the stock, which was far almve its value; that it had surrendered lialf its stock in the svntdicate arrangement, in order to let the First Xatiopal proceed; that it had lo>t $300,000 in the transaction, and could net in justice to its creditors restime business. .Inlin Landers was appointed receiver for the baidv, but there was a great deal of complaint about his lack of experience, and finally, after much contention and two or three attem]:)ted changes, J. C. S. Harrison was selected as a satisfac- tory experienced man, on October 8, and gen- eral (piiet was restored for a few minntcs. Tlie question of responsibility for the jiurcliase of the First National stock, however, wi-nt into the courts for very protracted litigation, which seems to have reached a termination in ]'M\9. as a jury finally agreed on a verdict against the Indiana Banking Co. On July 15, 1884, came the suspension of Fletcher & Sharpe like a thunder-bolt from a clear sky. It was one of the old banks, organ- ized in January, 1857, and was a partnership of families supposed to be wealthy, and who believed themselves wealthy. William Wallace was a])pointed receiver, and on the UUh an- nounced that the bank would pay out. <iii .Vuiinst 24 he reported the assets $1.301.iioi) aiui the liabilities $1,942,801.78, otitside of the estate of S. A. Fletcher, Jr., who had lieconie a ])artner in the firm as a matter of acconi- iiiodation. It ultimately paid 80 cents on the dollar, of which about 37 cents came from the bank's assets, and 43 cents from S. A. Fletcher, Jr. The main trouble with the bank was over- loading with real estate and overvaluing the real estate. The failure caused runs on the Indianapolis National. Eitzinger"s and Fletcher & Churchman's banks, which were supposed to have close connection with the failed bank, but they passed through the ordeal without trouble. On Julv 18. however, came the totally unexpected in the suspension of llic iirivate HISTORY OF CHEATER IXDlAXArOLlS. 353 banking liou^e of A. I't J. ('. S. llariison, which had been establislied in May, 1M.")I, iind was regarded as a Gibraltar. The immediate cause of the Harrison failure was that J. C. S. had gone to New York and undertaken to teach Wall street a few ])oints in speculation. He left most of the bank be- hind hini when he came back. It was a dis- astrous failure, the ultimate paMuent being only nominal. In addition to the bank, J. C. S. Harrison was charged with $9.j,-148.40 as receiver for the Indiana Banking Co., and Judge Taylor ordered this paid over forthw'ith. It was settled on September 13. Harrison paying a tliird with money raised by his wife, and his bondsmen making \ip the other two- thirds. The only depositor who saved anything material from Harrison's bank was Anthony Wiegand, the florist. He took judgment at once, and levied on two carriages claimed by Mrs. Harrison. He defeated a suit brought by her for their recovery, and another brought by the receiver, and secured the greater part of liis claim. The ne.xt surprise came on February 1, 1886, when Ritzinger's Bank made an assignment to Geo. B. Yandes for its creditors. This bank had been established by J. B. Ritzinger, March 26. 1868, and was continued by his sons, F. L. and A. W. Ritzinger. It had weathered sev- eral seasons of trial but the struggles had left some wounds. The immediate cause of trouble, however, was undue backing of Simon Bunte in a liquor speculation. Bunte was a young fellow who inherited a fortune and undertook to increase it in the wholesale liquor business. He thought he understood the business, but in fact had never got past the drinking depart- ment of it. He lost all ho had. atid crippled the bank so badly that it had to quit. The failure was worse than had been anticipated, Ibe liaids- paying out only about 48 cents on the dollar. On Mav S. 1886, W. H. English withdrew from the management of the First National. and E. F. ('layjjool was made president in his place. Following this 'there was persistent lalk about tin' bank, and on October 22 the numagement. felt called on to make a public statement of the bank's condition. This was accompanied by a statement from ^fr. English to the effect that when lu> took chavgr of the haiilc in iss;; Ik' 'had im interest in il. hut \'ol. 1—2.'? was acting solely from regard to the public welfare. Finding a.fter tw'o years and a half of laborious effort tliat his motives were mis- construed, and he misi'epresented, he decided to withdraw from a thankless task. On No- vember 11. 1886, the directors decided to go into voluntary liquidation, and the bank was wound up. There was no loss to any of the depositors, though there was to the stockhold- ers. After this there was a period of quiet until the panic of 1893. It struck on July 2.5, with the closing of the Indianapolis National and the Bank of Commerce. The latter was only a suspension, caused by inability to realize on assets or secure assistance from other banks on account of the situation at the Indianapolis Na- tional. In 1877 the Bank of Commerce had got in a rather embarrassing condition by heavv backing of the Indianapolis Water Company.'" The bank had been formed under the charter of the old Indianapolis Insurance Company, and continued its banking business, with Wm. Henderson as president. In 1877 a reorgani- zation was made aiul John H. Stewart was made president. Soon after W. C. Depauw^ began buying the stock, and became practically the owner of the bank. After his death his son Charles Depauw came to Indianapolis, and sank a large amount of money in tiw Premier Steel Works, trying to manufacture steel by the "open hearth process"'. This institution had failed shortly before the troubles of IS!):; came on, and had cau.sed considerable with- drawal from the Bank of .Commerce, whose bus- iness had not been large for some time. Its assets were largely tied up in real estate — it owned its building at Virginia avenue and Pennsylvania, where the Indiana National now stands. Its managers had ari'anged for a loan of 20,000, which wotdd have tided them over, but when the condition of the Indianapolis National was learned on the evening of July 24, by a conference of bankers that had been called, they decided that they could not ex- tend help to the Bank of Commerce. It ac- cordingly closed, and resumed some two months later. It ran on then for over a year, paid all its depositors in full, and wound uji hy an '" See President Henderson's statement. Jfrr- "1,1. April 27, 1878. 354 HISTORY OF GIJEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. assignnu'iit to Andrew J. Mcintosh, on ,Iuiie IS, 18!)5. because its business was killed. The Indianapolis National was a bad fail- ure. It was caused by heavy backing of a half-dozen manufacturing concerns, in most of which Theodore ]'. Ilaughey, the president of the bank, or some of his family w-ere inter- ested. It was made memorable as the only bank failure in Indianapolis for which any- body was punished. Indictments were returned against Theodore P. Haughey, president of the bank; R. B. F. Pierce, a director; E. E. Re.\- ford, cashier ; Schuyler Haughey, son of Theo- dore P. Haughey and president of the Indian- apolis Glue Company, to which large loans were made ; and Fi-ancis A. CotHn. Percival B. Coffin and Albert S. Reed, of the Indianapolis Cabinet Works, which was also a heavy bor- rower. Theodore P. Haughey was disposed of first Ijy a plea of guilty, and he was sent to the prison Xorth for G years from April 9, 1894. The Coffins and Reed were tried in ^fay, 189-i:, and all three were convicted, Fran- cis being sentenced for 10 years and Percival for .") years. They appealed to the Supreme Court, which reversed the judgment.^" They were tried again September 9 to October 3, 1895, and Percival was acquitted, and Frank sentenced for S years at the prison Xorth. The case was again apjiealed to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgment.'* Schuy- ler Haughey was not tried till October l.>-"20, 1895, and was then acquitted. The case against Pierce was nolled on June 19, 1895, and that against Rexford on October 22. 1895. The judgment against Reed was siispended, and he went free. Tliere was a good deal of sympathy for Frank Cotfni. He had borrowed more than the 10 per cent limit allowed by law. but so had dozens of the best business men in the city, and of all other cities. But what he was convicted of was conspiring with, and aiding and abetting Haughey to violate the national banking law for the purpose of defrauding the bank. Xo p(>rson of any intelligence believed that either of them had any intent to defraud the hank. Coffin had a liig scheme for selling the Cabinet Works in England, and would liave succeeded, and come o\it rich, but for the panic of 1893. Haughey was backing him on his prospects. What they were guilty of was a technical violation of the law with bad judg- ment as to results. If there had been only this one ease of the kind there would have been as much sympathy for Haughey as for Coffin. As it was, there was widespread attention at- tracted by the fact that this was the first case under the national banking law in which a customer, outside the counter, had l)eeu treated as "aiding and abetting" the banker in the violation of the law by borrowing in excess of the limit imposed on the bank. In passing, two events in connection with these cases may be noted. After the first trial began on April 10, 1894, it was inter- rupted for several days by the accidental shoot- ing of A. C. Harris, principal attornev for the Coffins, on April IT, at the office of Miller. Winter & Elam, while trying to prevent Wm. ]\r. Copcland from .'^hooting Wm. H. Brun- ing. This had no connection with the case on trial, except that ilr. Harris was painfully wounded, and jnit out of commission for sev- eral davs. On April 25 the trial was again stopped by the defendants reporting that a juror named Armstrong had offered to hang the jury for $5,000. This necessitated calling a new jury, and beginning over. Armstrong was sent to the penitentiary for his offense. The affairs of the Indianapolis Xational were settled by Edward Hawkins as receiver, and it paid out Gl cents on the dollar to depositors, after assessing stockholders par value on their shares. This, was rather a shock to popular faith in national bank examination, as the bank had been reported on a week before it closed, on July IT. 1893, a< in good condition, and "out of -Itl ,548,999 in loans and discounts the i)robable loss on bad debts was estinuiterl by the examiners at only $4T8.T3." " Thi- was the last bank failure in Tndian- a])olis until the Richcreek affair in 190T. if tliat fiasco could be ditrnified as a bank fail- UT-e. Seth ^[. Richcreek appeared in Indian- apoli-i in 1892, and opened a law office, but soon devoted his attention to buying street assessment liens. He had left his country home when a boy, and had just reai)peared after an absence of 25 years, no one knew where. He made a larac amount of monev in '•Coffin vs. I'. S.. '« Coffin vs. r. S. 15() V. S., p. 432. 1G2 T'. S.. |). GG4. '""AV/cs. Julv 25, 1893. lllsroKV OF UEEATER INDIANAPOLIS. 355 MAP OF IMDIANAPOLIS AND HER RAILROAD CONNECTIOMS^ BOARD OF TKADK MAP. ISRI! 3.56 IllSTOKY OF GKEATEH IXUIAXAPOLIS. a short tinic by bringing suits on assessment liens and forcing payment of attorneys' fees on compromise settlement. He then developed into a sort of broker, and in March, 1904, started The Eichcreek Bank. In 1907 he daz- zled the community by announcements of a new bank building. He leased the Phoenix block, at Market and Delaware streets, for 99 years, agreeing to pay $5,000 a year rental for two years, ■'(!(i,.jOO for one year, and an addi- tion of .$150 a year for the next 96 years ; also to erect a block costing not leess than •HI 00.000, covering this property and 40 feet adjoining on Delaware street that already be- longed to him. He contracted for the steel work for the building, to cost $32,000. ^leanwhile nobody ever knew what was in his bank. The law of 1905 governing private banks required reports but did not authorize examina- tion. Lhider it he reported on ]\[av 23. 190T, as- sets of $657,315.37 in addition to $300,000 of deposits. By September 30 he got his assets down to $512,459.59. and at that time claimed deposits of $374,069.20. In the spring of 1907 the legislature amended the law by a provision for examination of ])rivate banks, but by the terms of the act it did not go into effect until December 1, 190^. About a month before that date an application was made by Indianapolis creditors for a receiver for the bank, which wag defeated. On Xovember 25 another appli- cation was made bv the Ford ilotor Co.. of Detroit which had sent $7,200 in drafts to the liank for collection, and had received no remit- tance although the drafts were collected. This was held off till Xovember 30, on account of Richcreek's absence from the city, and then the Ceniral Trust Co. was made receiver. On December 17 this receivership was suspended by the appointment of H. J. Milligan as re- ceiver in an involuntary bankruptcy proceed- ing. The estate jiaid out about 15 cents. Rich- creek never came back, and opinions varied widely as to whether he took much money with him. There have been reports that he was in South Africa, but there are knowing ones who insist he is in this country. Wherever he may be, the symjiathy nf Indianapolis goes out tn that place. On ilarch 4. 1803. was approved a law for the organization and regulation of Loan. Trust and Safe Deposit Companies, which has added largely to the banking capital and baidc- ing facilities of the city, 'i'lie object of the law is to enable corporations to transact busi- ness of a fiduciary character out of the line of ordinary commercial banking, and to deal with real estate collaterals and securities. Later there was a call for institutions to act as sav- ings banks, and in 1901 a law was passed au- thorizing these companies to do so under the same provisions as savings banks, in the law of 1S75, wiiich allow the requirement of notice for withdrawal of deposit.'^, varying from one week to 90 days with the size of the deposit; and allowing the Auditor of State to extend the time if necessary. These institutions seem to have solved the ancient and difficult problem of utilizing land values as a basis of credit ill a safe way. The original effort to secure the passage of such a law was made in the legis- lature of 1891, by Judge J. E. Iglehart,' of iMansville. John P. Frenzel and John H. IIol- Hday, but the legislators shied at the word "trust"' and refused to pass it. Two years of education sufficed to overcome this prejudice, and with additional aid from ])ersons interested in the pro))osed Indiana Trust Company, not- ably John R. Wilson, the law was passed. The first company oraanized under it was The Indiana Trust Company, on April 4, 1893. with John P. Frenzel as jn-esident; and closely I'ollowing was the L'nion Trust Company ou .lune 9, 1893. with John H. Holliday as presi- dent. On December 12. 1895. the Marion Trust Company was organized, with F. A. Maus as president: on December 11. 1899 the Central Ti-ust Company, with Chas. E. Coffin as presi- ilent. Following these have come the Security Trust Company, on April 22, 1900. with A. C. Dailv as president; the Citizens Trust Com- pany, on April 6, 1903, with Winfield Miller as president ; the Farmers Trust, on June 28. 1905, with Charles X. Williams as president: ihe German-American Trust Company, on July 10, 1906, with Albert E. Jletzger as president, and the Fidelity Trust Company, which began business on June 3. 1909, with William M. Fogarty as president. Xo trust company in Indianapolis has failed, but one was compelled to close by the Auditor of State on discovering that its capital was paid in notes instead of cash. This was the Commer- cial Loan and Trust Company, organized on June 26, 1902. All the others organized in Indianapolis arc still in prosperous existence ITTSTOKV (»K CKKA'lHi; I \ I )1.\ N'A I'OlJS. 357 oxi't-pt the Citizens Trust. (A)iui)aiiy, wliieli was sold to the rniou Trust Company in the fall of 1908 at a prcniiuni on its stock value, and absorbed by it. The laws of Indiana have been so perfected in their provision for state sujicrvision of hanks, that there remains very sligiit oppor- lunitv for any fraudulent concern. Under the private hankinjr law of 1905 no person or linn can enirage in private lianking without a cortilicate of authority from the Auditor of State. The only private bank now in Indian- apolis is the ^lercantile Banking Company, au- thorized on June 1, 190T. The state banking law of 1873 with its amendments affords a .-afe and favorable basis for banking and the Indiana])olis institutions operating imder it are the Peoples State Bank. Felix McWhirter, president, incorporated November 37, 1900; J. F. Wild & Co., J. F. Wild, president, incor- porated June '20, 1905; the Meyer-Kiser Bank. Sol. Afcyer. ])resident, incorporated Ajn-il 2, 19t)(;: the H. P. Was.^on Company Bank, H. P. Wasson, ]iresident, incorporated Septeinlier 13. 1900; and the Fountain S(piare liank. George G. lioliertsoii. president, incorporated J[anh 2(i, 1908. There was no clearing-house organized in Indianapolis until 1871, in which year was launched llu' 1 ndiaiuipolis Clearing House As- sociation, with Wni. TI. English as president ami .Tot F.llioK as manager, 'i'he clearings were reported at .i;->().non.()()() in 1871: $33,000,000 ill 1873; and $3(;.ii()().ii00 in 1873; but these probably well' not a full index of city busi- ness on account of part of the banking houses noi being represented. The present associa- tion was organized in .Tulv. 1901, and does not admit banking houses with less than $100,000 oapital. or which have not been in Inisiness six months. 'I'lie reported clearings in 1SS1 were $109,557,313; in 1891. $314.3f)5,101 ; in 19(11, $113.91fi.(!78. In the imhlished reports <i( local clenrances the high mark a])pears to be reached in 1902, with $510,818,913, the next rear droi)iiing to $317,l(i3.3-):!. This is due to ■A (hange in tlie svstcin of reporting, which cut the figures exactly in half. I'ndcr the old sys- leni the amount re])orted was the total of deb- its and credits, and as every debit of one bank was a credit of another on the same check, it was thought better to adopt a single entrv sys- tem. The i-e|)i)ileil i lraniig< in 1'.>II8 were $380.- .i:3,084; and for 1909, $421,123,214. The ])resent clearing-house association is composed of seven national banks of the city and the Central, Indiana, Marion, Security and Union Trust companies. The banking conditions of the city in Janu- ary, 1910, as shown by official reports, were as follows : ifElIBEUS OF Cr.EARIKG HOUSE. CapUal. Sur- pUis and un- Institution. divided profits. Deposits. tAmerican National Banlt..$ 2,151,260 $ 6,974,988.16 Capital National Bank 803.744 5, 346. 173. 23 Columbia National Bank... 523.366 1.975,163.97 •IFletcher National Bank.. 1.407,044 7,947,299.54 Indiana National Bank 2,140,136 7.013,274.36 Merchants National Bank. . 1,919.816 5,480,314.09 Union National Bank 344.261 1,542.330.18 Central Trust Co 381,876 •1,781.544.00 Indiana Trust Co 1,528,610 •7,437.151.00 Marion Trust Co 423.588 •3,283.800.00 Security Trust -Co 394,966 •519,085.00 Union Trust Co 1,118.599 •10,179,538.00 NON-MEMBERS OF CLEARING HOUSE. People's State Bank $ 61.655 { 255,917.00 J. F. Wild & Co 40,464 387,936.00 Fountain Square Bank.... 26.290 68,705.00 Meyer-Kiser Bank 60,000 287,483.00 Haughville Bank 10.595 18.238.00 Continental National Bank. 388,486 691,000.00 Fidelitv Trust Co 100.000 116,813.00 Farmers' Trust Co 129.797 560.265.00 German-American Trust Co 512,167 2.161.235.00 Totals $14,536,720 $64,028,244.00 ton July 27. 1910, the boards of directors of the American National Bank and the Fletcher National Bank adopted resolutions for the merger of the two into one bank, to be known as The Fletcher American National Bank, with capital stock of $2,000,000 and a surplus of $1,000,000. •Including trust estates. The movement of freight has been reuarded as an index of business, and the records kept show the number of loaded cars received at this point and shipped from it, to have been 375,91fi in 1873; 81(!,75.s in 1SS1 ; 985,315 in 1891; and 1,135,779 in l!iol. For 1908 the i-ecord was 1,n(),S(;7, which was a heavv drop from 1907, in which it was 1,311,004,' The \(>ar 1907 was one of a heavy failure record in Indianapolis, making the highest recorded total both in nuinher and in liabilities. The number was S3 and the liabilities $4,385,fi44. The only preceding year in which liabilities reachcxl two millions was 1893, when the number was 57 with $2,334,407 of liabilities, Tlie sales of real estate in 1871 were 1.133, with considera- tion of $7,997,513. In 1S91 thev were 0,310 with consideration of $0,917,805, In 1901 lliey were 0,700 with consideration of •1il."i,5(I5.333. The postollice liusilles> (if a rit\' i- i-onsidcriMJ 358 HISTOEY OF GREATER I^^DIAXAPOLLS. :i laic index of l)UsiiK'S>. ami as the rates nt' postage have been quite unifonu for over twenty years the sale of stamps is an index of the postal l)usiness. For the year ending May ;U. 188T, the postage receipts of the Indian- apolis office were $K:5,481).2-^ : for 1897, $386,- 884.64; for li)OT, $l,003,183.To. Of earlier dates may be noted the receipts for the year ending June .'iO. 1871, which were $44,()55.54 ; and fi.r 1881, $147,139.39. A part of the large growth of the later years is due to the develop- ment of the city as a publishing center for periodicals. Indianapolis was made a port of entry, and a customs house was established on .luly 1. 1881. The receipts from duties for the first vear were $.50,080. For 1891 thev were $l.-)0,b80: for 1901. $169,032 ; for 1909,'$186.- 234. In connection with Federal business the l)ension statistics are interesting, though they have no direct connection with the general bus- iness of the city. In 1881 there were 16,2.53 pensioners on the rolls of the Indianapolis of- fice and the payment to them was $3,069,486: in 1891 tliere \vere 57,7 71 pensioners and $10.- 632,138 payment; in 1901 there were 67.021 pensioners and $10,309,093 payment; in 1909 there were 58.830 ]iensioners and $11,001,797 payment. The changes are of course largely the result of changes in the laws. .\t the present time the Indianapolis office carries 13 ])ensioners of the War of 1812, receiving $1,872: 17 ])ensioners of the Indian wars, n- ceiving *2.448: and 400 jjensioners of the .Mex- ican \Var receiving $57,600. One of the most serious difficulties that In- dianapolis jobbers and manufacturers liave had to contend with lias been discrimination in railroad rates, which have been made in favor of Chicago. Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati. T.ouisville and St. i-ouis. This has been com- plained of for yen IS by the Board of Trade and other organizations, but nothing very ett'e<'t'\i> ha> been acconi|)Iislied towards remedying it until till' in(Ii;ina|iolis Freight Bureau was es- tablished in liKii; ujtli ,T. Keavy as commis- sioner. By prosecuting complaints before the State Railroad Commission and the Interstate Connncrce Commission relief has been obtained in many eases. Of 23 cases brought iiefore tlie Interstate Commerce Commission in .\iiril. 1907. 20 were successful, and as several of these involved the readjiistment of rates the benefits extended far bcvond tlir innncdiale cases involved. The corrections brought reiluo- tiotis of rates varying from 10 to 60 per cent on various classes of goods and points of >hipnii'iit. li'ailroad rates are now at much nearer a fair relative basis than ever before, and Chicago and Cincinnati can no longer shiji through Indianapolis to points beyond cheaper than Indianapolis can ship to the same points. It is not ])racticable here to go into the details, which the reader will find set forth in the reports of the Bureau. But business developed in spite of all ob- stacles. In 1863 the Board of Trade estimate of the volume of business of the citv was $28,- 000.000, and in 1872 it was estimated at $88,- 398,917, made up of "sales of merchandise. $49,774,789: amount of manufactures, $19,- ()71,832: sales of real estate, $16,32(1.350; amount expended in building, $2,625.94(>."' Just wiiat was intended by "sales of merchan- dise"' is not explained. In 1899 the wholesale sales w-ere estimated at $52,400,000. and the manufactured product at over $()0.0(to.ooo. In that year the sales of real estate were $9,909,- 50(i and the valuation of new buildings $1.6(!5.- 553. In 1874 the railroads began furnishing the Board of Trade with reports of ri'ceipts and shipments of freight, but unfortunately they have not always been made on the same basis, and not always tabulated in the same way. The figures for ■"merchaiKlise" were orig- inally given by "cans", and for 1875 the re- ttirns were receipts 59.598 cars, ami shipments 45.328 cars. In 1896 the recei]its weic given as 1,709.160.242 pounds, and the sliiiuueiits as 1,182,112,983 pounds. In 1906 the rrceiiits were 1,966.735,439 pounds and the shipments 2.332,489,985 pounds. There has also been a cliange in the system of records of the Belt I'ailroad that jirevents comjiarisons exce]it for the iicriod 1892 to 1905. In 1892 the road handled J2.063 cars for industrial csiablish- nunts along its lines, and in 1905 it liaudled 90.153 cars. The experience of the )iast in these various lines would seem to indicate a >till more ratiid develo)inient under the condi- tions that exist at ]iresent. and with the intel- ligent and concerted action that is now so gen- crallv taken bv the business men of the citv. A notable impulse to business was given in 18!i0 bv the organization of the Commercial ('Inb. So far as any public movement can be (ailed the work of one man. this was the work iiis-|'ni;v OF (;i;i;.\'rKi; ixni.WAi'oi.is. 3.-)9 of \\ illiaiii l-"<ntiiiir. wild was thru m writer dii llif Jiiiliaiiapoli.s Xcir.i. In the latter half of Jaiuiarv he l)e<raii writiiijj articles on the de- sirability of such a chill, iiased in large part 1)11 the success of the one at Louisville, as also the benefits of those elsewhere. He ob- tained interviews and letters to the paper from .sympathetic business men. He prepared resolu- tions for the movement which .Tohu H. llolli- (lay presented to the Hoard of 'I'raile. Tlie only man there who frt\cu'cd thcin was Col. Kli Lilly, but he wm> a host. In such a movement he was invaluable, 'i'be (pialitics he had shown as artillcrv coiuiiiandei- in W'ildcr's I'rigadi' were just wlial wci-e needed ill every reform iiiovement. lie always bad his guns in action at the right place and the right time. I )]i February (i. .Mr. Fortune decided to move, and called a meeting at the Bates House. Twenty- .seven business men responded, and decided to organize forthwith. A committee on constitu- tion and by-laws was appointed, and reported two davs later. Colonel Lilly was chosen pres- ident and Mr. F'ortuiie. secretary. The eluli -tarteil oil' with !S4 members on h'ebruary S. It lost no time in proceeding to business: and it wi-ely decided not to resti'ict its at- tention to business, but to promote the welfare the city in any way possible. The city was urgently demanding improved streets, and there was wide diversity of opinion about the kinds of streets and ([uite as wide ignoi'anee. The first action was to take steps on l'"eliriiary "i", for holding "a jiaving exposition". It wa> a novel entt'rprisc, but when it was held m Tom- linson Hall, A])ril l-o, 1890, everybody agreed that it was a great success, and was just what was needed. There weje exhibits by all the leading jiaving com|)anies, and companies that manufactured paving materials, in the country; and the exposition was visited by over 500 ofli- cials and delegates from nearly fifty eitie>. A full repoit was prepared by the committee in charge, and pnblishi^d in pamphlet form by the club. On ]\[arch 10. as a sewer system was desirable before extensiv(> ]iermanent street pax- ing was done, a committee was appointed to investigate the sewer question, and its report was likewise published and circulated by the club to the general enligbteiiment of the com- nmnity. This use of printers' ink — wliieli did imi involve anv neglect of the column'^ of the dailv papers — has been one of the most useful melh- eils of the club. In addition to these [lamph- Icts, and its annual reports, it has issueii a number of pamphlets of permanent value. In \Sil-i, with the Board of Trade, it jjublished the first "Statement of F'aets Showing the Neees- Mty of a New F^ederal Building". In lS!i;! it published a ivport of the G. A. R. Kiieampmeiit id' that year. lii 1S!l-l it publislu'd the iiro- ceedings of llic ■"Traek Fle\ation Dinner on .May t^S, 1S!)4"; a repmt mi the extensive sjie- c:al work for the reliid' of the unemployed, in that vear: and a second "Statenient of Facts"' fur the Federal building. In 1Si)T it publi-^lied the proceedings of the dinner, on .\|iril '.'I. iii tlic interest of beautifying the city, with Cicii- eial Harrison's cekdirati'd •"no mean city"' s|ieecli. In 1899 it publisjied the majority and minority reports of the street railway franchise. In 1900 it |iulilished the report on •"i'lie Xaviga. bility of White Hiver". Jn 190: it inib- lishcd Professor Bhitchley's report on "The Vatural Resources of the State of Indiana,"' iiiid Mrs. Stickney's •'l'ion(>er History of In- dianapolis." The mere naming of tlicM' re|iorts gi\i> snnie idea of the diversified work of the club, but little of its steady routine achievements. It was early decided to have a building and to make it a model business Imilding. A com- mittee of fifty, with President Lilly at the liead, was appointed to raise $.")(), 0(10 by sale df eliilj >tdek. and did it in thirty days. The elub then purchased it* site at Pearl and Merid- ian streets, borrowed $12."),000 of the Ivpiit- iilile Life, and erected the building' w'hich was ready for iieeupaiic\ in the spring of 1 S9.'?. This has been prolitable as an inxcstiiieiit. and has furnished a "home" for business men. The (dub occu])ies the two upper stories of the building. The restaurant was managt'd by lessees for a time, but in IS9S the house coni- miltee decided to assume the management, and since then it has steadily increased in popu- larity. .\t the ]ircsent time the average at- tendance af the noon dinner hour is about • 10(1. ami the advantages uf a coinmon meeting place for that number of business men can liardlv be overestimated in their effects on the business widfare of the city. The restaurant ]iolicv has also been adopted by the Hoard of Trade, and its esfabUshmcnt furnishes :in- otlier assemblv ])oint for hii-iiiess men. CHAPTER XXX. IXSURANCE COMPANIES. The Imsiuess of insurance in Indianapolis lias had a checkered career, due to a diversity of causes. After tlie purchase of the first fire enoine in Is;?.") a local insurance company ap- ])cared feasible, and on February 8, 1836, a charter was granted to the Indianapolis Fire Insurance Company, with a capital of $200,- 000, in shares of $50 each. The company was organized on March IG, with nine directors, Douglass JIaguire ])n'sident, and Caleb Scud- der secretary, and began business in April. It liad had full banking powers, and trans- acted a banking business also. Its business, Iiowever, was not extensive and in 1859-GO it suspended altogether. In 1805 the stock was bouglii up and a new company organized, witli Win. Henderson as president, and A.C .Tame- s,ou secretary. On Decenil)er 20, 1865. the cliarter was amended, ])ermitting an increase ()( capital to $500,000, and making the com- ]ian\ perpetual. Tlie old Branch Bank build- ing. n( Virginia avenue and Pennsylvania .-trcct \\as Ijouglit from the Sinking Fund, in April. 1867, for some $30,000. and occupied thereafter. .\ successful insurance business was carried on for some time; but the company insured a nunibiT of bridges for the Pennsyl- vania railroad company, and a $10,000 loss on one of these caused a withdrawal from insur- ance business. It was abandoned gradually, in 1870, the company at the same time develoji- ing ]t~ baid<ing Imsiness. which was contiiuuMJ under the name of the Bank of Connnerce un- til .Inly, 18!)3. when the bank suspended. Old special cluirters of this kind have ])een much sought because they were usually verv bioad. giving banking, insurance and other privileges that were not conferred on any one com|iany after the adoption of the Constilti- tion cf 1851. ]'.n( (v\v of them ran for ovei' fifty years, and they luive now mostlv expired by limitation. (_)ne that is still nominally in existence here was granted a perpetual char- ter on February 13, 1851, as the Indiana Fire and Marine Insurance Company. It was re- organized bv act of the legislature in Februarv 1873, adding E. B. Martindale, Thos. A. Hen- dricks, J. A. Wildman and Eobert McKee as <ommissioners. .\dditional capital was sub- scribed, and E B. Martindale was made presi- dent and J. .V. Wildman secretary. It had fairly successful business for some years, and was sold to other parties, who reorganized it as the Indiana Fire Insurance Company. It is kept alive, on account of the value of the charter, with James S. Cruse as president, but has •doiu' no insurance for years, its only iiusiness being the investment of a small capi- tal. Many of the charters, however, had no leal value as they involved defective plans, 'i'he second company organized at Indianapolis was the Indiana ]\lutual Fire Insurance Com- pany, chartered January 30, 1837, and organ- ized in Feljruary with James Blake as presi- dent and Chas. W. Cady as secretary. It did a good business for several years but then mot some heavv losses, and became insolvent. It was wound u]) in 1855. ]\rost of the Indianapolis home companies have been organizi>d under the general law, and among them perhaps the most notable is the (ierman Fire. II was incorporated on January 21, 1854, and started business with a meeting of German citiz(>ns in the German Evangelical Lutheran Church (east side o"f Alabama, be- tween Washington and Pearl streets), on Janu- ary 25, 1854. with the i)astor. Rev. George Long, as chairman. This com])any was suc- cessful Prom tlie start, and was continued as a niulual comiiauv till 1.S!m;. when it had as- 3G0 IIISTOKV OF i!i:.\'ri:i; ixdiaxai'oi.is. niii set* of $;3()3,07S.5 I. It was ilicn chauged to a jjtock companv. uiulor the law of ^larch 1*4, 1S95, and still continues one, the name being changed at tliat time to the German Fire In- surance Company of Indiana. The presidents from the start have been Henrv Buscher, Juli- us Boetticher. Adolph Seidensticker, Andrew JFiigen and Theodore Stein. Tlie secretaries have been Adol])]i Seidensticker, Valentine Butsch, Charles Yolmcr, Charles Balke, Ed- ward Mueller, Frederick Ritzinger and Lorenz Schmidt. On January 1, 190!). it had assets of $C10,5I)8.(>(). and liad paid losses since its organization aggregating $1,.58.").00.")..58. Connected with the reorganization of this company was an event of great importance to insurance companies in Indiana. Section 22 of the law for the organization of stock insur- ance (•om|)anies. passed in 1852/ provided that when a loss occurred, and a claim for it was ])rcsentcd, the company should pay it within 60 days, or i)ay a ])cnalty of 10 per cent of the claim for each ;J0 days of delay in payment. Of course a company had the right to resist payment of a claim believed to he fraudulent, liut if it did so, and judgment were recovered, it was heavily punished. The law was evidently passed to relieve a tempo- rary evil without a realization of the legislators that they were Hying to others that they knew not of. Xo special attention was paid to it for a dozen years, ilost of the companies formed were mutuals, and not concerned ; but then a stock company called the Union Fire In- surance Companv. was organized at Indianapo- lis ])y E. B. ^r.irtindale and others. It was confronted by a liea^^' loss, believed to be fraudulent. and refused paymi'iit. The claimant did not bring suit, though he insist- ed that his claim was valid. He was in no buriT. The company officials began to study ilie situation, and consulted their lawyers. On ibeir advice the claim was settled, and the loinpany reinsured its risks and went out of linsiness. I'p to that time it liad been a ]iroR- jicrous company, and no doubt would still bo liut t'or this obstacle. It endeavored to get the law repealed at two .sessions of the legislature, but was unable to do so, although no other >tate had such a law. In 1ST.0 a committee was ;i|i)ioiiited to investigate the insurance laws of 'Sec. 3720 Rev. Stats, of 1881. the state, with John a Finch as chairman; and in 1881 it reported that the ])rovisions of the law of 1852 were "practically prohibitory" of home companies, but no action was taken for c hanging the law. When the German .Mutiuil desired to make its change to a stock con'pany, it endeavored to get the law repealed, but was unable to do so. There was no apparent reason why it should not be repealed except the opposition of foreign companies. The law had come before the Su- jireme Court in ISfiO, and again in 18(52, and it had held that the law did not apply to foreign companies, but only to domestic com- panies.- Obviously nobody was interested in ]ireventing the repeal except the foreign com- ])anies: and after the exposure by the Arm- strong Committee of the great sums paid by the big New York companies for lobbying and legislative corru]ition, there were people in Indiana who thought they knew where some of it went. The German .Mutual made its change in 189(), but went on with its tight for repeal. The press was enlisted, and the Commercial Club 'took a hand. Tlie legislature of 1897 liiKillv removed the sword of Damocles that had luing over every ])ro])osal for a home stock insurance company for forty-five years.^ Indiana])olis has another German company lliat is unique in several respects, the Indian- apolis German Mutual l'"ire Insurance Com- pany. It was organized on July 15, 1884, and iiegan business on August 1, following. Its object is to furnish insurance at the lowest pos- sible cost, and for that end it employs no agents and pays no commissions. All business must conu' direct to the office, and no hazard- mis risks ai'e accrpteil. Policies are limited to .f;'i. 01)11. and written for live years, the in- sured paying ime yrar"< premium and giving notes for the remaining four yeai's, on a con- tract basis. The notes are not transferable or taxable, and no ])ayment on them is called for unless the com]>any suffers exceptionally heavy loss. In twenty-four years, but one as- sessment has liecn made (Det'cmber, 1891). and durimr that I'uh' the (•(nnininy has paid $^9.- 45-1. 11 in In-ses. At the close of its liscal vear. Julv 15. 19()S. it liad in force $4,893,09:1. (!4 -Cominniiwciillb Ins. Co., vs. Mdiiniiiger, 18 Ind.. 352: Igoe v~. State. 1 1 Iiid.. 239. ■■•.Vets 189^ ].. 87. IIISTOKV OK Ci; MATER IN'DIAN APOLIS. oi iu.-uraiici'. This cumpam' has a uimiaii for secretary, ('harlotte Dinkelaker, ami it is said to he the only tire company in the world that has this distinction, 'i'he present presi- dent is Alhert 8ahm. There ai'e several other nuitiial eoniiniiiies in the city, in siiecial lines, that ari' nci'v sik- cessfnl. The tJrain Dealers" National Mutual Fire Insurance Company was organized in li)()2, and makes a specialty of insuriiii;- coun- try grain elevators. In January, 190!i. it had in force over nine million dollars of insurance, on over -i.-iOO elevators: and had paid $-^S:!.4;i().1() in losses since its organization. Its pi-csident is H. -V. Knight, of ^lonticello. 111., and the secretary. ('. .V. ^leCotter of Indiana))olis. The Indiana Lund)ermen's ilutual Insurance Com- pany was organized April 1, 1897, with llcin\ C'olntrn as jiresident and F. B. Fowler >ecic- tary. It l)ays no commissions and insures oidy lumber vards and wood-working plants. On January' 1, 1!)0!). it liad .$(i,:i91,;39 of insur- ance in force, aud liad pa il since organization. $;^Gl,G5-^.03 in losses, and $117,197.88 in divi- dends. The present president is Cliapin C. Foster, and Air. P'owler is still secretary. The Indiana .Millers" ^lutual Fire Insurance Com- panv commenced its successful career on Se])- tember 2.-), 1899. It has paid $1,037,137 in losses, and on January 1, 1909, had $1-.\31(;.- 804.92 of insurance in force. ]\L L. Blish is president and E. E. Perry secretary and treas- urer. Mr. Feriy is also secretary and treas- urer of two other lire com]ianies, the .Xmi'iican ^fanufacturers" Mutual, oi-ganized Fehniarv 1, 191)1, and the Metal Manufacturers' Mu- tual, organized Febrnai-v 1. !!•();. The fdrmer has in force $().23;).:!(;o df insurance, and the latter $3,51 9, C 1 1). Tlie liuliana State Fire, or- ganized May l."i. l!iii:. has $I.884.8.-)4 of insur- a7ice in force, .\l\in T. Coate, is the scci-e- tary. There were a nuinh<'i' iif wrecks in lixal lii'e insurance. The Indiana Fire, organizt-d May 9, 18()2. under the general law, with Jonathan S. Tlarvey as jiresident and W. T. Gibson as secretary. It seemed prosperous, and wrote over eight millions of insurance in the next six years, but met some discouraging losses and retire(l a few rears later. The Siunisippi ^lutual was or- ganized Vovendii^r IS. 1S(>3. with Elijah (iood- win iiresidt'iit and John IJ. Berry secretary. Il .iihertised extensiveh' and did a \:\V[Sr busi- ness on a risky and expensive basis, and went into the hands of a receiver iii IStiii. The Ecjuitable Fire, a mutual company. \\a> or- ganized in September. 18(j3, with \V. .V. I'eele president and E. I). Olin secretary. It was changed to a stock eomiiany, and met huge losses which caused it to go into the hands of a receiver early in 18(i8. The Home Mutual was organized in April, 18()4, with J. C. (iei- send(n-ff president and J. B. FoUett secre- tary. Its business was not profitable, and it susj)ended voluntarily in June, 18(!8, and was wound up by a receiver. The Farmers and ^lechanies was organized April 1, 18(i4. with l>\land T. Brown president and A. J. Davis secietary. It did a small business till the >um- mei' of 18(i7, when it sus])ended, and was wound u}). Some others of less note followed the same general course. Of all the collapses in lndiana|)oli,-. tlie one that attracted the widest attention was that of the Iron Hall, a fraternal organization, \\hi( h was rather an investment eompan\ tliaii an insiiraiu'c C(unpany. though it paid sick lienelits. It was organized Decendiei- l."). ISSl, under the voluntary assoeiaticm law of Vv\^ ruary 20, 18(57, and was soon launched on an a|iiiarently prosperous career. Its jiroposal was that on the payment of assessments for seven years, amounting to about $300, it would at the end of the period ])av the imestor $1,000. At the maturity of its first certifi- cates it had a public jjayment to the bene- ficiaries in a local theater, in which each $1,000 wa- brought out on the stage in silver, in a \\heel-hari-ow. Of course, the undertaking was unsound on if- face, but it attracted a great many investors, and in 1892 the figures given out by its officials were, total receipts, $2,o20.- •^S;! : total disbursements $1,391!, 1 73 : reserve IuikI, $1..-)00,924; cash in hand. $1,124,109; total assets, $2,(i8t;.274. Uranehes had been established in a number of other states, ami the institution was beginning to rival the ^fis- sissi])pi Eand Company of John I.,aw in its palmiest days. On July 29, 1892, an aii])lieatioii f(n' a re- ceiver was filed in the Superior Court by .\1- hert li. Baker and others, members of the com- pany.'' It charged that the com))any was in- solvent, but with over $1,000,000 of assets; ■■.Yo. 43.().">4 Superioi' Court. I'lxun 1. HISTORY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. :lfi:? that "the Supreme Sitting of the Order of tlie Iron Hnll," wliich contmlled tlie insititiitioii absolutely, had been guilty of extravagance and niisnianagenient : that it had $1tiO.OUU of the order's funds on deposit, without any se- curity, in a bank in which Freeman I). Som- crby, the Supreme Justice of the order, was the chief party in interest; and some other irregu- larities. A jirotractcd hearing was had, be- ginning on Augu^^ 11. ami on August 23, Judge Taylor ap|iointe(l a receiver. The order a])]X'aled to the Supreme Court, which on April 26, 1893, allirmcd thi- ruling (d' the lower court. ^ jreanwhile, the organization had gone to pieces everywhere. On Augu.st Ki, liS!)2, Soni- erby's bank. The ^futual Banking, Surety, Trust and Safe I)c|)osit Company of Philadel- pliia, cb)sed its doors ; and soon after there were a))plications for receivers in several other states, for the ])urpose of holding the funds in those states for the benefit of local investors. The receiversliip was conducted on a rather munificent basis, wliich caused considerable clamor from the interested parties, and le<l the factions to refer to it as "the Iron Haul." Locally there was distributed to claimants about *-.'.0(iO,000 : and .some further distribution was made in other states where jurisdiction was held locally. The chief i)art of it was settled up by the close of 189."), but a ])ortion remained \Hitil 1898, when tlie matter went to the Su- preme Court again on a i|uestion of the rights of the subordinate branches.'' On the other hand there were some coni- panics that wc?-c very well managed and might have ci)ntin\ied in business l)Ut fru' extraneous inlhiences. The I'^raidvlin Fire Insurance ( 'oni- pany was originally chartered in 1S.">1 at Fraid<- lin, Johnson ('o\inty, and did a moderate b\isi- ness there until IS^l. It \va> then brought hel-e b\- .lobn A. Cliibls and i-eorgailized. with J. F. Hobertson as ])resident and (labiicl Scliwack as secretary. It did a \cry g I business h"re, and in 1S7-I erected a substantial buililing at the southeast comer of Circle and Market streets, which still bears the name id' the company over its entrance. It ran along until Childs became infatuated witli a young woman and eloped to On>gon. leaving a wif<' ^Supreme i.*i:c., vs. liaker, 134 Ind.. p. 293. "Cowen vs. Failev, Tieceiver, 1-19 Iiul., p. 3S2. and a Sunday school, of which he was super- intendent, to mourn his loss. Then Jacob Xeu- bnrger came into the comj)any as underwriter, and after some m(niths ])ersuaded' the man- agement that the ]n-udent course for them was to reinsure and go out of business, which was done. The charti'i- was sold to Jacob Weil, of Fvansvillc, who organized and carried on a company undei' it there till the charter ex- jiired in 1901. Thr risk> were reinsurc'cl in 1902 and the company ended. There was no ade(iuate reason for the discontinuance of this company at Indianapolis. But of all insurance enterprises at Jndian- .■i]iolis, the one whose ending caused the greatest soreness was the Indianapolis Fire Insurance Company. The inception of the company is said to have originated with John S. Spann, and be -iKUi gathered a little knot of gentlemen who united with him in the desire to establish and build up a strong, well-managed home com- pany. 'I'liey organized on July 12, 1S99, with John 11. Holliday as ]iresi(lent and IL C. .Mar- tin as secretary: and this management was con- tinueil for eight \cars. The characteristic id' tlie company \\a< its conservatism. It made money and was developing satisfactorily, meet- ing lU) serious I'l'verses until it had losses of $69,000 in the great San I-'rancisco lire. But this was only a set-back, and the com|>any was repairing its suritlus and moving forward to the general satisfaction of the stockholders. It should be metdioned that the ca])ital of the comjianv wa-^ *2()0.000 in shares of $50. These had very readily been placed at $75, owing to the general confidence in the mamisKMuent. making a sur])lus of $10().()l)(>l on which to begin business. In 190f! the control of a majority of the stock was secured by the local brokerage firm of Merer il' Ki.ser. supposed to ho acting for other parties, and at the annual meeting in Februarx. 19ii;, ibc old management was oust- ed and a new one inaugurated. \t the anntial meeting in 190S a number of minority stock- holders attended, and on account of statements of the discouraging conditions. ]iro|iosed that the com|)any reinsure and uiml up, Tlr- \\a- tlatlv refused. .\ few day- later a niunbei' of .-iockholilcrs received the following letter: "Februarv 22nd. 19iis. "Dear Sir, — In strict eonlidence, because a disclosure on your part woidd injure the com- ;l(ii HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOIJS. pany, I desire to advise you of a crisis in the affairs of the Indianapolis Fire Insurance Company. Our surplus has been reduced from the $100,000 originally paid in, to $58,000, as appears in our last statement. As a matter of fact this surplus has been further reduced ap- jiroximately $20,000 by our fire losses in the month of January alone. During this month the ratio of tire losses, which should not exceed, in order to make money, 49 per cent, ran 105 per cent. In other words, 5 per cent in ex- cess of entire premium paid. '■'These losses do not result from any one ijr two conflagrations, but are the result of gen- eral conditions obtaining throughout the coun- try, and are apparently directly connected with existing depressed financial conditions. In my judgment, unless a radical change for the bet- ter (of which there is not a good prospect), should immediately occur, the entire surplus of the company will be wiped out inside of !I0 days. "Therefore, if the company is to continiu^ liusiness, in order that we may comply with the laws of the states in which we have agencies, it will be necessary immediately to assess each one of the stockholders at least $50 a share. This cannot be done against the will of the stockholders, but, by voluntary agreement on the part of all interested, which will enable us to make a respectable stati'ment and entitle lis to do biisiness in states from which we will soon be excluded. "Will you kindly advise me whether you arc mlling, in case the other stockholders con- tribute, to voluntarily contribute for the pur- pose of establishing a surplus of the company, the Slim of $50 per share on the stock which you own? I must ask you for an immediate reply as the situation is so critical that it demands instant relief of some kind. "I again enjoin on you the necessity of en- tire secrecy in the subject about Avhich I am writing you. "Yours truly. "Sol. .Nfeyer, i)resident." There ensued very speedily a meeting of the principal minority stockholders, including the original management, to consider the situ- ation. The discussion disclosed a general sentiment that the action was intended to bear the company's stock, and tliat the r(ini|iauv was in fact in better condition than immedi- ately after the San Francisco fire. They agreed to act in a body and a committee was appointed to negotiate with Meyer and Kiser, with instructions to first endeavor to get a "buy or sell" price on stock. This was re- fused, as also a proposal to reinsure. There were more meetings and prolonged discussions of the possibilities. A receivership would probably be more disastrous financially than a forced sale. A majority- in control, desirous of forcing out a minority could exhaust the surplus and force assessments. The negotiat- ing committee was instructed to ascertain the best terms that could be made, and on February 28. an agreement was made to sell at $62.50 a share, or $12.50 less than had been paid for the stock, which was signed by holders of TOS shares. A number of others sold immediately afterwards on the .same basis. On March 23, the company was reinsured in the German American of Xew York, and agents were noti- fied to discontinue business, as the directors had "after careful consideration, decided that the interests of all concerned will be best con- served by the reinsurance of the present liabili- ty of the company."' This affair came as a revelation in local in- •Hirance business. The Iron Hall had demon- strated how easily a company could be taken out of the hands of those who made it, in case of mismanagement or illegal action by the officers, and wound-up by others. The State Life had narrowly escaped a similar fate. But here was a home company whose management was above criticism put out of existence. It was the most demoralizing blow ever stnu'k at home insurance in Indianapolis, for what protection was there against this form of as- sault? Of course it would be possible to form a voting trust, such as has worked out with fair success in the case of the Consumers Gas Trust. The only other feasible plan of pro- tection would seem to be in the control of a majority ownership of the stock by a close corporation of individuals who could trust each other absoluti'ly not to break the control by sale of stock to any outsider. But that would not be practicable without very large invest- ment by a few jiersons : and a company organ- ized on that basis woidd lack the advantage of a wide interest of stockhohhM's in s(>curing in- >iirance. r<issililv sonic <:cniiis may arise who lUsTuKV OF (;i;katek ixdiaxapolis. 3G5 =1 ?-i II1ST()I;V OK (MM'.A'rKl't INDIANAPOLIS. will lind some luodu oi steeriug between the .Scylla and Chani)dis of the insxiranee chan- nel, and give Indianapolis a home eonipanv, which will, to ^ome extent at least, check the heavy drain of tribute to foreign companie;^. hut it must be acknowledged that the prcscnl jirospects of this desirable result are b.v lui means encouraging; and those who have taken the greatest interest in attaining this end are not eager to make another attempt after the disastrous result of their former effort in this line. Life insurance companies were not so nu- merous as fire companies. The Franklin Mutual Life was organized under the general law in July, 186(], with J. M. Eay, president and D. W. Grubbs, secretary. Its system was to accept premiums one-half cash and the re- mainder in notes, so that the longer a man stayed in the more he owed. After some lif- teen years, under other officers, it became un- ])rofitable, and the directors undertook to wind it up by buying in policies at half their siii- render value. This was carried on in 18S1 and 1882, and to go on with it a mortgage of ^nT,.")!)!) was put on the company's building — the old State Bank building at Kentucky avenue and Illinois street, which it had ]nirchased in LSfiS. .After this had Ijeen expended there remained some 300 policies, with a surrender value of $75,000, and something less than $1S.(I0<I (d assets. Part of the remaining policyludders joined in a suit to set aside the mortgage, charg- ing that the Northwestern ^lutual, to which it was made, was fully informed of the ]nirpiisc for which the money was to be used. The case went to the Su]n-eme Court, which made the somewhat startling decision that before these ]iolicyholders, who had received nothing from the loan, could set aside the mortgage, tiny must repay the borrowed money.' The development of life companies in the last decade is largely due to the Stati' Life Companv, which was organized Septcmiier .■). 1894, under the law of 1883, which i)r(ividcd for companies on an assessment basis. The company grew slowly but steadily, but its husiness was hampered by the assessment fea- lure. The officers desired to change to a legal reserve basis, hut there was no law under which thev could reoruanize formallv, althouHh the Wright vs. lluL no Ind., 3'.M. comjiany had in fact been conducted on a legal reserve basis from the start, charging full legal reserve premiums and carrying full reserves, as no other assessment company had done up to that time. A bill was prepared by W. S. Wynn, the aid of the press was enlisted by Dr. Martin, and the law of February 10, 1899, was si'cured. Xo better law can be found in any state in the Union. It makes the policy- liolder absolutely safe by recjuiring the de- posit with the Auditor of State of a reserve large enough to cover the reinsurance of all risks. L'nder this law the State Life reincor- porated on February 14. 1899. and at once en- tered on a career of prosperity. On January 1, 1908. its admitted assets were $(1,3:)."). ir)3. 9."). Other companies also took advantage of the ni'w law, the American Central Life leading, iiy organization on February 23, 1899. On January 1, 1908, there were ten of these legal icst'rve life companies at Indianapolis, with total admitted assets of $6,513,290..-)8. in addi- tion to the State Life. The years 1906-T were years of stress to the life insurance companies of Indiana. The ex- posures of the Armstrong Committee in New York of the practices of the great life insur- ance companies had startled the country, and ilie magazine articles of Thomas W. Lawsoii, Burton J. Hendricks and others had made the nature of the abuses understood by the leading public. In October, 1905, Governor Hanly had appointed James W. Xoel, William N. Durborrow and \\'arren Bigler a committee to investigate the affairs of the office of the .Vtulitor of State, on account of irregularities of David E. Sherrick, and the committee was continued by him to investigate the Insurance" I)e])artmcnt of the office, and the local eoni- jianies reporting to iL The investigation re- sulted in a demonstration that some of the New York abuses were beginning to appear in In- diana, though comparatively few and small, no doubt for the reason that none of the In- diana companies had so large reserve or sur- plus funds to attract the cupidity and ingenu- ity of the officials. The worst apparent alnises were "agency contracts" Avhich were obviously designed to divert the .iust income of companies to individuals, and one charged ease of inter- est of the ]iri'sident and first vice-president of the State Life in a sale of pro]ierty to the eoni- panv. The report of the committee was made HISTORY OF (ilJKAl'Ki; I M H A XAL'olJS. 367 on Oc-tol)er 'i'i. llKUi: ami lanl iniuh sti'css on the avowed evils of special contraets. predated and coinniiUed policies and other forms of re- iialinj:. includinj; jireliminarv term insurance. It rernmniended drastic legislation for their prohihitiun. and (lovernor Hanly followed this with a vigorous demand for it in his message. and a strong exertion of his oHicial powers to secure it. Tlu' .-ituation wa> perplexing. Kvervhodv con- ceded tiiat there were abuses that needed correc- tion, hut evervhody familiar with insurance business saw that the proposed laws woukl prac- tically j)ut the small companies of the state at the mercy of the large foreign companies, which were originally responsible for the alntses. The abuses were the result, in most ])art, of comiietition foi- Imsiness; and this luu.l devel- o|)ed to such an extent that the first year's jiremium was practically consumed, and no re- serve was laid aside from it tinder any system of policy writing. It was common for com- panies to sell "tlyer" insurance for ten per cent of the regular i)remiuin for tlie first year. The Stipreme Court of A'ermont found this condi- tion to exist, through a case in that state, and said: "Xo company can successfully do l)\isi- iiess unless it pays commissions as large as the leading companies of the country, and then it i.= at a disadvantage from being small. As the witiios Stone stated: "It is the large com- panies tluit set the pace in such matters. Snuill rompanies have to meet the comjietition or tiiaKi' nil ])rogress.' .V new com|iany to begin l)usines>. and a small company to continue, in order to succeed must pay what companies in p-neral liay."" T'he common form of meet- ing the ciimpil it imi was b\' pr(iiiiiin;ir\ icriii insurance, and though its prohiiiition was de- manded, the committee conceded that there was ■■nothing legally or technicallv wTong in a provision in an insurance policy that it shall for one \ear lie considered preliminary term in- surance", and that "the onlv wrong in such practice i<. \\f thiid<. that it is generally nol under-tiKid bv llir parties." " In fact the oidv f|iiestioii iiiMilMMJ is whether the expense of getting the insurance shall be paid from the first year's ])remiuin. or fmm the sur])his which "l'>aid<ers Life Ins. Co. vs. Howard. ";! \'er.. p. 1. " Ifcport. p. 1.-,.x e(|U;talily lielongs to the pulicyholders, and as a piohleni of morality and justice it is of the weight of the distinction between Tweedledum and Tweedledee. The committee also demonstrated in its re- jiort that the people of Indiana were paying yearly to foreign insurance companies more than ten millions of dollars more than came back to the state in payment of losses.'" This fact put a damper on any desire to do any- thing unnecessarily destructive to home com- jjanies, and in consequence the legislature of 1907 enacted insurance laws on a rational ba- sis, cutting olf real evils, and leaving home comj)anies a fair chance for existence. Prac- tically all of the com))anies had abandoiuxl the objectionable contracts before the laws went into etl'cct. and other reforms had occurred. President A. M. Sweene^y, and \'ice-president Samuel Quinn, of the State Life, resigned in February, 1907; and in March the board of directors was increased from 5 to 9, and Henry W. Bennett, Wm. C. Bobbs, Wm. J. Jlooney, Albert Sahm, John IJ. Wilson, and ,1. S. Dis- sette were elected as new niendjcrs. Mi-. Wil- son died in the following July, and lliiam I'. Wassoii was elected in his stead. Henry W. Bennett wa* elected j)resident of the company. Wilbur S. W'ynn, vice-president, secretary and actuary, Chas. F. Coffin, second vice-president and general counsel, and Albert Sahm. treas- urer. Cnder the new management the com- ]iany resumed progress at onci'; and notwith- standing the panic conditions of lliii';. \\iii(h were depressing to insurance generally, it in- crea.sed its assets $1,001.11)9 and its siirplu> ■$■^7,775 in that year. The life insurance com- panies of Indianapolis have not only recovered from the shocks of this ])eri(id but ai-e in stronger and better condition in c\rry way than thrv were before. Of miscellaneous insui'aiice com|iaiiies. In- (liana]iolis has the Federal rniiui Suretv Cmu- [)anv. organized Sept(Mnber ■^S. 1901, with .l!;!()().()00 of capital and $.-)Ui,;?8-^.20 of admit- teil assets on January 1, 190S: the Woodman's Casualtv ("om|ianv. incor])orate(l Februarv 2, 1907. with .$10(),()0() of capital and $P^S,.V2'.-).f!-l of admitted assets; and the Security Casualtv Company, organized October II. IlXf;. \vilb !f;^.':).0()0'of capital and $;!■.'.! (i-.'.SC, of admitted '" Keport. p. 1 •-••-' :3(i8 llls-|'(H;v ()|- (;i;i-:A'ri-:U IXDIAXAI'OLIS. i I a.-si'ts. Of assessment life and aeeideut asso- ciations Indianapolis is the home office of tlie Anici-ican Miners Accident, incorporated Mairh i;. 19n(i. earrving $1,613,000 of risks: till' (lic;ir \\'estern Life, incorporated April ;!, mm:, and carrying $319,000 of risks: the Hoosier Casualty Company, incorporated May 29, 1907, carrying $1,21T,000 of i-isks ; the Indiana Travelers Accident, incorporated September 10, 1902, carrying $11,9:0,000 nf risks; and the AVestern Life Annuity Co.. incorporated January 3, 1907, carrying $1,190,- 000 of risks. Of fraternal insurance associa- tions, Indianapolis is the home office of the I. 0. Knights of Pvthias. organized Aiiuust 8, 1904, with $528,250 of insurance in force : and the Knights and Ladies of Honor, organ- ized April 5, 1878, with $88,027,250 of in- surance in force. There are over 250 foreign insurance companies, of various kinds, doing liusiness in the citv. The fii-st organization of local agents at In- dianapolis was made in 1868, with Wm. Hen- derson as president and David E. Snyder as secretary. This was merely a "trades union" affair, for the purpose of preventing rate-cut- ting and otherwise promoting the good of the order. The great fire at Chicago in October. 1871, which broke u|) a number of companies and brought adjusted losses of $46,000,000 to those that survived, caused a change in the insurance business all over the country. The companies insisted on inspection and a gradu- ated schedule of rates. In the spring of 1872. on demand of the state agents, the local agents organized the Indianapolis Fire Insurance As- sociation with Charles B. Davis as president, and Charles W. Fi-cnch as secretary. Under this system the local agents selected the secre- lan-, subject to the approval of the National Board of Underwriters; and the secretary ap- plied a rather crude schedule agreed on by the agents. In the spring of 1873 Henry Coe, of Madison, Wisconsin, came here on a visit to his lirother Ciiarles B. Coe (they were sons of a cousin of Dr. Isaac Coe) who then repre- sented the Nortliwestern Afutual of Milwau- kee, and was made secretary of the associa- tion. .Vt the time the National Board met the expenses of the local associations through an assessment on premiums, but in 1877 the National Board willidrew its support, and the local association dissolved. The results of this were unsatisfactory, and after some nidiiths ihe agents reorganized voluntarily, with M. \'. .M,-- Gilliard as president and Ebenezer Beard, sec- retary — later succeeded by James L. Green. Thi' cimipanies supported this associati(ui hv pni- portional contributions, and it continued till 1880, when the National Board companies lu- ganized the Western Union Agetu-y, divided into two '"commisgions". Indianapolis came under "Commission No. 2"*, witJi headquarters at Cincinnati, and J. T. Ashl)ri»ik was sent JTere as manager. In 1884 Mr. Ashbrook was succeeded bv A. '!'. Allen, and he in 1895 by T. M. Goodloe. Aleanwhile the two commissions combined and I'onned the Governing Committee, which is composed of the western managers of the vari- ous companies. Jlr. Goodloe continued in cliarge of the local work, known as the Indian- oplis Fire Inspection Bureau luitil the spring c.f 1908, when he took the management of the i''ire Protection and Equipnu'iit Company, and J. S. Mc^hirray, Jr., was put in cltargc of the inspection liureau. The Fire Insurance Asso- ciation of the local agents still continues, but has nothing to do with inspection and rate- making. Under the system now in force, the rates for Indiana generally are made by an orr ganization known as "Tlie Fellars Bureau," hut Indianapolis is independent, and its rates ;;re fixed by the Indianapolis Fire Inspection i?ureau. ]5oth bui-eaus use the Dean Schedule, which is an elaborate system of rating worked out by A. F. Dean, Assistant Western Manager of the Springfield Fire Insurance Company of Massachusetts. It is on a thoroughly scien- tific basis, taking into consideration all ele- ments of fire risk, and adjusting rates accord- ingly. It divides cities and towns into six classes, according to water-supply, fire depart- ment, inspection, etc., the rates increasing from the first to the sixth class. Indianapolis is in the third class. To teach the first class it would he necessary to have a high-pressure water <ystem. and a general improvement in construction. But individual risks are taken out of these class ratings by special precau- tions, such as fire-proof construction, automatic sprinklers, etc., and get a special rating. On the otlier hand proximity to dangerous build- ings increases rates. There is one central I/lock in the cit\' in whicli the ratings of all iiis|-(ti;Y OF (;i;ka'im:i; ixdi.w ai'olis. 3g;) buil(liiijr> me iiicirnx'd on iiicDiiiii nl' a livorv stable ill it. No aci-ouiit iif iiisiiriiiui' l)usiiirs> in liulian- apoliti would be eoiniilelc wiliiout icleinife to tliu local in^uraiRu journal. Iluugh Soles, and its editor. Dr. H. I'. Martin, on account of their extensive inHucnce on it. Hciirv ('. Mar- tin is a Pennsvlvanian, born at ilaibor Creek. A]>ril 16. IJ^:!.'). He studied medicine at Cas- tlcton Medical College, Vermont, and the University ^ledical t'ollege of New York, grad- Jiating from the latter in 1857. lie pracliced for two years at McGregor, Iowa, and then look up insurance, in the employ of the Xorthwest- ern Mutual of ^lilwaukee, being its first spe- cial agent west of the ilississippi Hiver. He organized agencies in several states, and was state agent for Indiana for twelve years, al'ter which he became the lirst Indiana agent of the Travelers Insurance Comjiany. In IS" be started Rougli Xoles, not expecting to make it a permanent publication, as it was originated for a mouthpiece in a temporary emergency in insurance affairs. There appeared a deinaiKl for it. however, and it was continued as a monthly till ISOfi. when it was made a weekly. It is ranked everywlieic as a high grad(> insur- ance journal, and stands third or fourth of its class in circulation in the I'nited States. Dr. Ifartin has always stood for the best in insurance, for justice to the public and to the companies, and his reputation in that regard is cstablislu'd. Whenever a newspaper man wanted "straight goods" on an insurance ipiestion he knew he could get it from Dr. Martin. It was his ambition to found a first-class lire company in this city, and he hail it well started ill (be Indianajiolis Fire Coni])any. The wreck- ing of that organization by others pained him like the loss of a child. More than any other one man he is entitled to the credit for the excellence of the |iresent insurance laws of Indiana: and in this connection ii is appro- jiriate to rpiote the following from Hdiii/li yali's for :>rarch 4, 1009: '■'Hie present scs<ii)n of the Indiana legis-. latiire marks the tentli anniversary of the In- diana Legal T?e-;ervc Compulsory Deiiosit Tjife Insurance Law. and it is lilting to review the results at this time. When the Indiana legis- lature convened in .lamiary. ISil!). there was no act on the statute books of statt' where- under a life insurance comjiany cmild be or- Vol. 1—24 ganized ill the >tate upon a legal reserve basis, ■('here was a law |)ermiltiiig incorporation iijion an assessment plan, and the lax provisions of this measure had made possible the exploita- tion and disastrous finish of some of the most ilisrcputable attempts ever misnamed as life insurance institutions. "For several years it bad been the ambit inn of a number of influential citizens of the state lo have placed upon Indiana's statute books a law which would make it ]iossiblc to organize and conduct in this state life insurance com- jianies which would be such in fact as well as in name. To this end they had made a study of the best laws on the subject that were in operation in other states and. after much con- sidciation, they drafted a measure which more closelv followed the Iowa legal resene deposit law than any other measure, the deposit fea- lure of that law impressing them as a most worthy safeguard for the interests of policy- bolders. it being recognized that the greater and bettor the protection offered by Indiana companies, the more certain of acceptance with ihe insurance Inning public \\onld be their contracts. "Mucb preliminary woi-k had been done prior to ISiii), and when the legislature convened that year it seemed that the time was ripe for the attempt to secure the passage of the law. The friends of the proposed measure had their forces well organized, but so wide a swing from the wretched conditions that had prevaiU'(l in the state was certain to meet with strenuous opposition and it took constant viligance and attention to get the measure finally t<i the (!ov- crnor's signature. The bill became a law Feb- ruary III. ISIItt. and that date marked the (ipeii- ing of a ni'w epculi in the history of life iindcr- wi'iting ill liiiliana. The day of assessmentism completely gave way to the legal reserve plan and several companies at once began business under the new law. "The results of the enactment of this meas- ure have more than rulfilled the sanguine hopes of its friends at the beginning. It has proved practical and the comiianies under it have thriven an<l develojied in a substantial way that is a credit to the strife which gavi^ them cor- porate being. In ten years (be following im- posing aggregates have b(>en luiiH up. (he (ig- iires being the totals for all enmnanie- now op- ernting under th(> l;iw : 370 IIISTOllY OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. "Admitted Asi^ets. Docemljer 111, 1908 $15.781, Gr;i Prcniiuin Income durinj;: 1908.. 5.443,.')15 Total Income during- 191)8 6,294,739 Insurance in Force, Dec. 31, "08 165,183,565 Number of Policies in Force, De- cember 31, 1908 (;9.390 On Deposit with Auditor of State February -2.5, 1909 14.(i.M.(;!il "This $165,000,000 and more of insurance in force is every cent of it more than ami)ly protected by the over fourteen millions on de- posit with the auditor, which sum is available first for the interests of the sixty-nine thou- sand policyholders. 'Hie interests of the stock- holders, the interests of officers, agents or man- agers and all other interest-; are secondary to those of the holders of the insurance contracts. The company may be large or small, it may be slow-growing or it may 1)uild up by great bounds, but at all times it is required to make as its first principle of existence the mainte- nance of a sufficient reserve for full reinsurnncs in the custody of the .\iiditor of State. No company can make experiments or mistakes which are allowed to impair this prime provi- sion. The vital part of the transaction which determines the clestinv of the policyholders' interest is made as absolute as possible. "Also, this measure had made it possible to accumulate this vast sum of life insurance funds within the state, which makes to the ilirect advantage of borrowers on liigh-class se- curities. A large proportion of the fifteen mil- lions is invested in Indiana farm mortgages which are imsurpassed as security or for rev- enue production. The law has unquestionably proven itself a splendid measure. The coni- jjanies operating under it have peculiar advan- tages in their op]iortunity to build on penna- nent and enduring foundations. The achieve- ments of the past ten years are not alone ex- ])rcssed in the figures already quoted, but as well in the experience that has been gained, which experience should contribute the larsjest jiart towards making the next decade produce even more creditable results. "" CHAPTER XXXI. F l{ ATK RX A L (MIGANIZATIONS. \Vl;etlifr ilasuiiry origiuutcd ill the Uardcii ol' Ellen or in the necessities of huilding that t'olloweil removal from that exclusive neighbor- hood, it was certainly In Indianapolis at the start, and for nearly a quarter of a century was the only organization of a mystic and fra- ternal character at this place. The Grand Lodge of Indiana liad been organized in 18KS with nine lodges, and the rapid spread of the order may be inferred from the fact that when a dispensation was issued for Centre Lodge, at Indianapolis on .March '^1, 1822, it was "No. 23." The lodge remained under dispensation iimil (Ktober 7, llS2;i, when a charter was is- sued. 'J'he original otiicers were Harvey Gregg, worshipful master; !Milo 1{. J)avis, senior war- den ; John T. Osborne, junior warden and Sam- uel Jlendersoii, secretary. These continued to the issue of the charter, except that ililo 1!. Davis was succeeded as first senior warden by Hervcy Bates, and Saniiiel Henderson was siic- ceedeil by James .\L l!ay as secretary. The Otiier oMicials at the time of thi' issue of the charter were Ubed Foote, treasurer; Samuel McGeorge, senior deacon; Abraham Mct'ord, juiMor deacon: William Xew, tyler. The meet- ing jiiace was probaidy not fixed at first, as the first ])ublishe(l call for a meeting that is preserved — April 2, 1823 — was at "the oflice of James yi. Hav, Esq.' When Henderson & Blake cdinpleted their "Washington Hall" tav- ern, in the winter of 182.'!- 1. the lodge liiok (piarli'rs in it.- Ilarvey (iregg. the first master, in addilioii to being a lawyer, was a partner with l)i)ug- las- Maguire in the publication of the H'cn/- 'Wrstrn, ('r„s(,r. April 2. 1823. - I'^iiiilish's Ifisl. of Miisiiiini ill 1 iiilliiiiii iiiili.<. 10.' evn Censor, which was apparently the organ of the order. Nearly one-third of its initial num- lier is given to the publicatioit of the oration of Thos. ]\r. Allen, "at Bloomiiigton, Hul., on the 2Tth of December, 1822, being the Anni- versary of St. John the Evangelist."" 'J'bc day the Masons usually celebrated, however, was John the Baptist's — June 24 — -which is supposed to be his birthday, and is celebrated, contrary to the usual custom in saints' days, instead of the day of his death. On June 2-1, lS2.'i, Centre lodge celebrated, and adopted the following: "Resolved, That the thanks of this Ix)dge be jiresented to the Kev. David C. Proctor for his attendance and the satisfactory manner in which he assisted them in going through the services of the day. "Hesolved, That the thanks of this Lodge be presented to "Nfr. Caleb Scudder, ilr. Dan'l J'.. Wick, aii<l Dr. .1. W. B. Moore, for their politeness in attending as musicians. "Resolved, That the thanks of this Lodge be ]iresented to ,Mr. Juliii Hawkins for the dinner prepared by him on that occasion."* hi this period, miieh stress was laiil im the advantage of being a Mason in time "f dan- ger. In the address of Mr. .Mien, aliove men- tioned, he said, "Often and repeatedly have in- stances occurred where men have been overcome in battle, and upon the very verge of destruc- lioii, when the uplifted weapnns of hostility have been ready to plunge into its victim, when bo|)e had vanislied, and nothing but desjtair was seen, still often liave individuals in this situation been relieved and rescued bv tlie ■Wi'><l('rn Censor, l^farch T. 1823. 'Western Censor, Julv 2."'., 1823. 371 3r? HISTORY OF CxKEATER IXDTAXAPOLIS. outstivtcluMl ;iiiii <il a brother." It may he noted in this ronnection that Antoine Las- sello had saved his life after the Battle of the Fallen Tinibcrs, when he was captured hv Wayne's men. in 17;»4. by giving tlie mason ie signal of distress.^ A somewhat amusing evi- dence of this benefit was cited in the Censor of August 4, 18-^3, in the statement of Captain Harris, who had been captured by pirates, and who said, "he was indebted for his life to the circumstance of his being a freemason, having met with several masons among the pirates who interceded for him."'" On June 24:, 18'24 the celebration of Centre Lodge included an address bv William W. Wick, which was pub- lished in' full." On June 24. 182.5 was the first procession recorded, the march being from the lodge room to the court-house where the senices were held and thence to Washington Hall, and dinner: after which more marching I'.nd return to lodge room.' On this occasion the address was by Bethuel ¥. Morris.* The dinner was furnished by "Brothers Yigus and Henderson'", 'Sir. Blake having retired from the tavern business, and the tenns were, "Din- ner and Domestic drink $1, and if Foreign liquors be furnished $1.2.")." On February (!. 1827, the Journal published an oration "de- livered in this place on the late celebration of St. .Tobn. the Divine, by P. Sweetser. Esq.." before ('entre Lodge. After this the new.spapers did not publish the addresses or any accounts of the meetings except as advertisements. The Grand Lodge met in Indianapolis on Xovember 25, 1828. and on the 2Tth had a procession from "ilason's. hall" to "the Methodist Meeting House"" where a sermon was delivered by Rev. Hiram A. Hun- ter, grand chaplain : followed by dinner at A^igus"s tavern. Possibly the change in the attitude of the press was due to the Morgan affair, which had set the whole county in excitement at this time. ^lorgan who had |iublished an "exposure"' of Masonry, disap- jieared in September, 1826. and his fate was in doubt for some months. On March 20. 182*. the Journal published extracts from ■'Dunn's Indiana, p.. 438. "Cm-tor. June 29: Gazrllr. June 20. 'Enqbsh'x lfi.'<t. of Mn.<!0:iri/ in I nJinuapiiHs. p. 19.' ~ Triiitrd in Co-.i-lh'. Julv ."i. 182.T. several New York papers, all saying that he had certainly been murdered. One of them said : "A respectable citizen of Xiasara, who is a ilason, has revealed facts derived from two other ilasons, one of whom was concerned in the murder, that will shock and startle the boldest heart. He says that Morgan was con- demned and executed in the manner which the oaths that he had violated prescribe. I)y hav- ing his throat cut. his tongue cut out and burned in the sand, and his body sunk in the depths of the lake." Xothing absolutely cer- tain can be said as to the fate of ilorgan. ex- cept, as Hon. Daniel ^FcDonald recently said: "ilasonry as an institution can no more be held accountaldc for Morgan"s abduction and murder, if he was murdered, than can the Presbyterians be held responsible for the bunt- ing of Servetus at the stake at the instigation of John Calvin : or the Jews, as a pcojile. be held accountable for the crucifixion of Christ. It was the work of ignorant, over-zealous and misguided members at that time of Batavia lodge, whose actions were then, and are still condemned in the most emi)hatic terms by all true and loyal ^lasons wheresoever dispersed around the globe." But whatever the truth about the Morgan case, it was a fearful blow to Masonry. Tliere was not only a sentiment against it that in some cases produced actual jierseeution. but hundreds of members withdrew from the or- der. Says McDonald: "^Yllen the persecution struck the lodges in Indiana in 1828 there were 28 lodges, and a total membershiii of 0.5-1. In 1838. ten years later, the number of lodges was 1.5. nearly one-half less than in 1828. and the total membership was i)ut -513. showing a decrease during the ten years of 1.'! lodges and 141 meinbers.'"" Even this hardly represents the full effects of the depression. In 1831 at the meeting of the Grand Lodge at Yincennes there were only seven lodges re])re- sented. In 1832 at Salem, there were but seven: and at Indianajiolis. in 1833. there were but five. There was no duly accredited repre- sentative of Centre Lodge at either of these meetings, btit Benjamin I. Blythe. Austin W. "Morris. Charles I. Hand, and Thomas 'SI. ^Masonic Advocate. Yol. 12. \<. 171. ^lav. 1909. '"Mn^nnir Advocate, Yol. 42. p. ITD. / lllSTOliV OF (IHKATEU INDIA NATol, IS. 373 Siiiitli, ol' Ci'iitrt' l.,odg(' wt'iv prosi'iit in 1833 :iii(l tuiik iiii iu-tivc part in tlic (iraiid Linlijo iiiei'tiiii;'. Austin \V. Morris luul liccn re- elected Grand Seci'etary in 1831, and, in that capacity, ho was directed to take in charge tile property of Centre Lodge, whieli liad I'aileil to jiny its annual dues, and to hohl it until tile lodge was reorganized and the debt paid. This was aecom]jlished in 183o, and the lodge was rtihartered on December IT, 1835. i'rom that time its condition was prosperous, and there was a general revival of Masonry througli- out the state from the same time. Just wliat connection there was lietween Ma^s- onry and politics in the early times is not definitely known, but it has been noted that llervcy Hates "was the first person that ever lillid the oflice of SlierifE of Marion County, and it is rather remarkable that the first Judge, the first Prosecutor, the first Clerk, the first SiierilT. the first County Commissioner, the first member of the Legislature, the first Post- master, the first JIayor, and the first Justice of the Peace ever known in the city ami county were all at some time officers of Centi'c Lodge"." it is even more notable that in 1831 :ind 183"i. when anti-masonry was at its highest, the iiazeite, which was the Jackson organ, made palpable efl^orts to fasten anti-Jfasonry to ihc Clay movement: and the Journal, wbidi wa> a Clay jiaper before his nomination as well as after, resented these efforts with niurli indignation. .\nd yet it made an effort to linid both sides, leaving the discussion of Ma- sonry to correspondents. On Aiigust 13, 1831, it jiublislied a letter from Corydon as to the 'leitiou in Harrison County, where the year liefore the anti-masons had organized undei- I). G. ^litchell. and carried the coiiiitv. II -ail!: "The large majoritv given to Dr. Slaugli- tcr over Zenor and Paddocks, the anti-masonie i-aiulidates. and the election nl' three counly coiniui'^sioncrs against the antics, prove beyond doubt tliat the hobby Anti-Masonri/ is down here : and when put to the test in other jiarts of the state, by the good sense nf \\\r peopli'. will go into oblivion." in 1831 the anti-masons tried to rorestall tile Itcpublican. or Whiff, action by nominating \\'ni. Wirt, of Maryland for president. Speak- ing of their action, and the probability that the Whigs would noinmate Clay, the ■/oiinml said: '"The excitement prmhired by nla^o,i^, and anti-masonry, thougli at \\u> moment gruU in some parts of our country, and ])erha])s well founded, will not. it is believed, be of long duration; for wt' thiid'C it (juite ])robable that masonry will ere long 1k> abandoned, and thus leave no ground for tlie existence of anti- masonry.'"'- Mr. Clay carefully steered clear of the question, although a Mason himself. A committee from an anti-masonic meeting at Hanover, Indiana, composed of James A. Wat- son. N"oble Butler and James JL Tiioinpson. having written him fur his views on the suh- .ject. he answered; ""1 do not know a solitary jirovision in the Constitution (d' the L'liited States which conveys the slightest authority to the General Government to interfere, one way or the other, with either Masonry or Anti- Masonry, ir. tbci'elore. a PiTsident of the [Initcd States, or an\' other functionary o! that Government, were to employ his ollicial powei' to sustain or to abolish, or to advance the in- lercsts of ilasonry or Anti-Masonry it would be an act of usurpation or tyranny. * * * T cannot b(>lieve that Mhether I am hostile or friendiv to Masoni'v or Anti-^Iasonry, is at all material in tlie I'drmation of any Judgment, on the |iart ol' ni\ fcl low-citizens, concerning mv fitness for any ollice uiuler the Governnu-nt (d' the Lnitcd States. * * * Entertaining these views, 1 have constantly refused to make myself a partv to tin' unhappy contest raging, distant from me. in other parts of the Union, b(>tween Masons and Anti-Masons.'"'" Six weeks latei- the ■hnirnnl |)ublislied an ingenious letter. >tating that "Mr. \\'iit is chagrined and uioiiilicd in the exireine. at having acce|jted the .\nti-Masonic iu)nuTia- tion" and "venturing to predict"" that "Mi'. \\'\i himseir will withdraw friun tlie cimlest ami vote for Mr. Clay."'" Possibly there was some hope of this, for in Indiana. Judge James Scott, formerly of the Supreme Coui't of Indiana, had been nominated for Governor hv the Anti-Alasons. and had withdrawn from the race.'-' But Wirt did iu)t withdraw, ami ' luiiiJiyli'x //i.s7. of Miisoiin/ In J iidhiiKi jftilis n. '^-Journal. October lo. |8;!1. "Journal. Decemher 3. 1831. '^Journal. January 'il. IS:)-.'. ^'•Journal. Julv •.'3. 1 s:'. I . 374 HISTORY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. in the election he secured only the electoral vote of Yerniout, the popular vote then stand- ing, Wirt, 13,100; Clay, ll.l.J-^ ; Jackson, 7,870. There did seem a probability in the early thirties that the Journal's prediction of Masonry being abandoned would be realized, and it reached its high point on December 9, 1834, when the Grand Lodge appointed a committee, with Caleb B. Smith, as chairman. to "inquire into the expediency of this Grand Lodge surrendering' its charter, and if such surrender should be deemed advisable to re- port such resolutions as may dispose of the property of the Grand Lodge, and that of the subordinate lodges, as may .seem just and ex- pedient."' The report is not preserved, but \va^ again.st the surrender; and the Grand Lodge was aroused to new efforts, and the revival of Jfasonry in Indiana may properly be (latcil from the report of that committee. One of the mo.st notable eifects of Jlasonry in Indianapolis was through its hall. On May 26, 184G, the Grand Lodge appointed a com- mittee to act jointly with a committee of the Grand Chapter in the erection of a hall. In the spring of 1847, lots 7 and 8 in square f;7 were bought for $4,200. This was f!3 f-ct fi'ont on Washington street, at the (-(U-nei' nf Tennessee (Capitol avenue), and running back to Kentucky avenue, on which the frontag ■ was 121 feet. An effort was then made ti raise $10,000 for a building by a joint stw-k subscription. This did not meet anv enc(nirage- mont outside of Indianapolis, but finally $12.- 0.50 was raised, almost wholly in Indianapolis, and an assessment of $1 per member was laid for four years to increase the fund. The cor- nerstone was laid on October 2.'5, 1848, by Grand ^Master Elizur Deniiiig of Lafayette, and the occasion was memorable. In those day-; the town turned out even more generally for a "Freemason's procession" than it does now for a big circus parade. Tlie mvstery of it all appealed to the imagination of the young es- pecially, and the more fearful the stories cir- culated by the Anti-^fasons the more fascinat- ing it was to the boys. On this occasion, accord- ing to the local account, the streets were crowded by people waiting for the procession, which had been announced for one o'clock. "At half past two "the men with the blue bands round tlieir shoulders" and with 'little aprons iHi", made their aiipearance. and, led by the I'endiet.ui Band, marched and counter-marched through the streets. The procession was com- posed of Masons, Sons of Temperance and Odd Fellows, and looked well. Their regalias and trappings had a gaudy appearance, and the whole made more show than was ever before made in this city of tiie kind. There were 338 in procession, from all parts of the state, and if the roads and weather had been giwd, perhaps, doiible tiic number would have been out." ^^ One feature of the comer-stone ceremonies was a poem by Sarah F. Bolton, which justly won favor with the brethren, who presented her a silver cup, handsomely engraved in mem- ory of this "fragrant poetic flower". '■ After the services at the site of the building the jirocession moved to Wesley Chapel whore an address was made by Grand Master Doming. The crowd then dis]iorsed. a part to tlieir homes "while a large number wont to ]iartake (if a supper iiropared by the Ladies of Wcsky Chapel at the residence of Governor Wliit- comb." The building was pushed as rapidly as possible by the architect, Joseph Willis, of Indianapolis, and the building committee, William .Sheets. Gov. James Whitcomb. and -Vustin W. ^lorris. but it was not finally coni- ])leted till the spring of IS.'il. when it was dedicated. Tlic cost of building and grounds to that time had been $21,693.98. It was a profitable investment, as well as a great benefii to the town, which tmtil then had no adequate liall. The lower story was rented for business purposes, and the hall was the scene of most irf the lectures, concerts and other entertain- ments of the city until after the close of tlie war. It was sufficientlv advanced for occu- l>ancy in the summer of IS.'iO. and was first on- cupied then by ^Irs. Le-dernier. for n dra- matic reading. The following winter, during the session of the legislature, the hall was oc- cupied by the Constitutional Convention. Its only rivals in the earliest jieriod were two smaller halls, one of whidi. College Hall, was in the third story of a building erected at the >outhwest corner of Pennsvlvania and Wash- ington streets, by Daniel Yandes and Tlioma« H. Sharpe, a slmrt time before ^fasonic HmII '"Locomotive, October 28, 1848. ^'MrDonnlfl's Iliston/ of Frrciiiiisonn/ in III,!., p]). 112-116. HLSTOHY OF c KKA TEK I.NDIA.N Ai'OLiS. 375 was Ijiiilt. The otlier. erected a year or two later, was W'asliiiifitou Hall, on Washington street just east of the present Park Theatre, which is still in use. Out of the iirofits of the laiilding the (irand Lodge hought up the ont- .-tanding stock, and became the sole owuer of the propeity. But like all other liiiildiiigs, the Masonic Hall got out of repair, and in 1808-11, nearly *10.000 was exj)endcd in repairing and ])ar- lially remodeling it. In 18T3 further altera- lions were reiiorted necessarv, and in 1ST.") it to 1887 was ordered, which resulted in a saving of about -tlU.OUO each two years, which was also applied on the indebtedness. In ]88(j the (Jrand ^Iaster announced that the Grand Lodge was out of debt and had about $l"4,()()(l in the treasury. A grand banquet and jubilee was held on tlie evening of May 26 of that year in honor of the payment of the Grand Lodge indebtedness."'-'* Tile stress of the period, how- e\er, warrants ilcDonald's statement that, ■"this was the most exciting and trying period the (I rand iiodge ever jiassed through", except- THE FIRST M.\SOXIC TEMPLE, BUILT 1848-50. ( Fiom an old cut.) was decided to erect a new buililing. The coni- niittee adopted iilans, and Iri the cunt rail, but did not include a (irand i-odge Hall, and when this was reported considerable feeling was aroused, hut the matter was arranged by the adoption of a resolution for the erection of a liall in the re;ir of the proposed building. When the two were coniplrb'd the cost was over $120,- 000, and the order bad a debt of over $100,000. This came at a tinu' when the liard times fol- lowing the panic of 187:5 were at their worst and was the cause of extensive dissatisfaction. Says ^FcDonald, ".\n assessment of $1 yeai'lv on each mend)er in the state was voted to br a|>plied to the indebtedness, and (uie niet'ting t'\' llif (Jrand Lodge ever v two \('ars fi'om 18S0 ing, of course, tlie old Morgan period. It is oliniati'd that in. Odd mciidiei's dro])|)cd out cd the r)rder in the ten years, 187fi-188(;. i''or thirty years the second buildings served the needs of the order, but they Ijccanie inade- (piate and incon\enieid, and there was alri'ady talk (d' remodeling and rebuilding, when, on IMay 9, IDIK), the front building was seriously damaged by fire This brouLibt matters to a head, and it was decided to build elsewhere, the Grand Lodge uniting for this pur])ose with an organization from the local bodies known as the Indiana)i(dis Masonic Temple .Vssocia- '"Masoinr Ailniinlr, N'ol. f.>. |,.i:] ; ///.</. of Fri'iniKisiiiini in IikHuiiii. p. 12^. f) i (> IIISTOKV or Cl.'KATKi; IXDIAXAI'OLIS. tion. TIk' liiiildiiig committee was cmuposfd of Lincoln \'. Craven and Alfreil \V. Knierv. outgoing and incoming grand masters of the (irand Lodge, with the Grand Lodge trustees. Isaac ]'. Lcvden. Olin P. HoUoway and Frank E. (iavin. hi February, 1907, the old temple jiropertv was sold for $205,000, which, with about $.'iO,000 received as fire insurance on tlie old building, and other funds on hand made some $2.jr).()0() tliat the Grand Lodge had avail- able for the work. The Temple Association raised $135,000, and the work began. The old ^fayer homestead, southeast corner of North and Illinois streets, was pvirchased for $70,000. and the present massive temple of Indiana limestone was erected at a cost of $4(31,000. The temple, as mentioned is owned jointly by the Grand Lodge and the Indianapolis Tem- ple Association, the latter being composed of S local lodges. 2 chapters of Royal Arch jMa- soiis, 1 conimandery of Knights of Templars. 1 council of Royal and Select ilasons, and 2 chapters of the Eastern Star. The Grand Lodge occupies the entire first Hoor ; and the npper floors have tlie lodge, commandery, chap- ter and social looms, with a handsome banquet hall, kitchen and all desirable appurtenances. It is all paid for but about $135,000 which is practically the debt of the Temple Association, the (iraiid Lodge having paid its share, sub- stantially. The furnishing of the building is in keeping with its impressive architecture, that of the first floor having cost about $14.- 000, and that o( llie upper floors about $40,000. The audience room on the first floor seats ovit 1,100. It is rented to the Christian Science Church for Sunday ami some weekly meetings, and is also rented occasionally for select musi- cal and other I'litertainraents. Center Lodge was the only ilasonic organi- zation at Indianapolis, aside from the Grand Lodge, until IS Hi. In that year Marion I^dge. Xo. 35, was organized : and an interesting fea- ture of its organization was that Dr. John F.vans, later widelv known as Governor of Col- orado, was its first worshi|)ful master. .\ gen- eration passed before another permaueiit lodge wa.s organized. Concord'a Lodge. Xo. 178,- was chartered in 1S55. but its charter was "arrested". September 1i), 1S(i5. In ISfil Cap- ital Citv Lodge. Xo. 312. was (u-ganized. witli Aaron T). Olir as wnr>Iiipfiil master; and .\n- cient Landmarks l,ci(li;-e. N'd. ni;i. with Gen. John Lo\e as worshiid'ul master, '{"eiitonia Lodge, Xo. 178, was organized in lS(i,"), wiib John C. Brinkmeyer as worshipful master, but it did not prosper, and, in 1871, it surrcnderen its charter. Next followed Mystic Tie Lodge. Xo. o!)8, with John Caven as worshipful mas- ter, in 1868: Oriental Lodge, Xo. 500, with Charles P. Jacobs as worshipful master, in 1874; Peiitalpha Lodge, Xo. 564. with ilartin JL Rice as worshipful master, in 1881 ; Logan Lodge, Xo. 575, with George T. Anderson as worshipful master in 1887 ; Veritas Lodge, Xo. {)08, with Calvin W. Bush as worshi])ful mas- ter, in 1896. But while there were imly the two lodges of "ancient craft Masonry" at Lidianapolis for a number of years, there was a notai)le de\elop- ment in the higher degrees. The Indianapoli- Chapter, Xo. 5, of Royal .\rcli ^Fasons was m- ganizcd February 3. 1846. with John L. Rich- mond as right worshipful master and high jjriest. The second Royal Arch chapter. Key- stone, Xo. 6, was cbarti-red October 20, 1870, with .Manin H. Rice as high priest. Chivalric jMasi/iiry was introduced by the inception of Rapcr Commandery, Xo. 1, Kjiights Temiilars. in May, 1847, on which occasion Rev. Wm. Jl. Paper himself was present at the annual meet- ings of the Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter, <:n a missionary visit. The organization was perfected in ^lay, 1848. Indianapolis Coun- cil, Xo. 2, of Royal and Select Masters, was organized July 24 and 25, 1855, with Andrew M. Hunt as illustrious master. The Scottish Rite was introduced here in 1863. The origi- nal mover for it was Dr. James ^I. Tomlin- son, who called into consultation Caleb B. Smith, who had already taken all the degrees in the order. A number of other ^Lisons were then consulted, and on October 7, 1863, Tom- linson and Smith, with Edwin A. Davis, Wm. John AVallace. Dr. P. G. C. Hunt, John C. Xew. and Horace W. Smith went to Cincinnati, where, with the e.xception of Smith, they took the degrees of the Grand Lodge of Perfection and the Council of Princes of Jerusalem. On October 15, Adoniram Grand Lodge was organ- ized, with the above named seven as officers, and also the Saraiat Council of Princes of Jerusalem. The Tndiana])olis Chapter of Rose (^roix and the Indiana Sovereign Consistory were organized, March 7, 1865. Murat Tem- ple of the Ancient Or(h'r of Xobles of the UiSTOltY UF UIJEATKU 1M)1 A.\ Ai'()l,lS. .Mvstii- ShrJiR' was ()ru;anizL'(l, Mnrch i;J, 188J. witli Jdhii T. Brusli as illustrious jjotentatc. Of the Eastoru Star onlui', (^ucen Ksther Chaji- tur, Xo. 3. was orgaiiizwl, April 4. ISVi: ami Xaoiiii C'hai)tc'r, Xo. i;51, on Fcliniary (3, IS!)."). Ill addition to lodgo organizati(uis Indianapolis has two notable Masonic organizations, the ^Ia.sonic Kcliof IJoard, and the Masonic Burial (iiound .Vssociation. The former was organ- ized in 18()S. to look after relief to Mason- not connected with local lodges; and the lat- ter was organized in IS^;! to ])rovide for the l)urial of Masons who did not have individual lots. Kev. Willis I). Hngle has been secretary of both since .lanuarv, 1880, and botii bear witness to his faithful and efficient service. The colored Masons are not in atliliation with white Masons in this country, thougli they claim to be elsewhere thi'iuighout the world.''' Their first lodge in Indianapolis was organ- ized in 18K. under the dispensation fi'oni tlie (olored (irand Lodge of (lliio. It was called rnion, Xo. 1, and continued until 187 1, when its members united with Pythagoras Lodge to form Central Lodge, which is now Xo. 1. and the oldest existing lodge in the state. T1ic (irand Ixjdge of Indiana was organized at In- dianapolis in IS.").-), '{'here are in all 1)7 lodges in the state, wliich in 1!)0S had 1.-J-39 niem- lier^. In Indiaiuipidis there are live "blue light"' lodges with about ."jOO miMubers ; and a commandery of Kniglits Tem])lars with 1S<; iiieiubers. There are also a chapter of Hoyal Arch .Masons, a consistory of 1'rinees of Jeru- salem, a council nf Knights of Kadosh, a chap- ter of l?o,se ('nii\. a (irand Lodge of I'ei'fec- tioM, a Temple n\' the ilystic Shrine, and two chapters of the Mastern Star. The coloreil Masons own im real estate in Indianapolis, but iuive accumidated sonu- funds for purchase, and are now easting about for a suitable loca- tion for a home for the (irand Lodge and the local organizat ions. The second fraternal oi'ganization lo be es- '^ The ground of oxehision here is that the original '".Vfrican lodge"' was chartered Se|)- tember ■.'!>. ITSf, by the Grand Tjodge of F,ng- land, after the Grand Lodge of America had dissolved connection with the British Grand r/)dges. on account of the indepeiulence of the colonies. — McDouahl. ITixt. Frcniinxonni. 11. ■.':!!. tablished at I ndiaiia]iolis was the Indepen- dent ()rd('r nf Odd I'"ellows. Thi> organiza- tion probably had its inception in variovi> sn- cieties of a social nature in Fngland in tln^ eighteenth century, which gradually took on a benefit character in a small way. The sulistan- tial beginning of the modern order was about 181,'3, when the benefit feature was systematized by the ilanchester Lnity, which was organized in that year by the refornu'rs of the order. From it the .\merican order is derived, through a charter granted to Thomas Wildey and his associates, who had organized Washington Lodge at Baltimore in .Vpril. 1819. There had been some other lodges in Xew York and Xevv Englaml. but tlie\' all eventually recognized Washington Lodge as superior, and the order became homogeneous in the United States. F'rom that time it spread quite rapidly. The first Indiana lodge was organized at Xew .VI- banv in LS.'l."), and the second at Madison in 18;)(). These two obtained authority for a Grand Lodge of Indiana, in 1S;17, which was located at X'ew .Mbany till 1841. and then moved to JFadison. On December 'lA. 1S4 1. Centre Loflgi'. No. IS, was instituted at In- diaiKipolis, willi William Sullivan as noble grainl : the oilier nieinbers being F.dgar l>. iloyt. Jaei)b I'. Chapman. William .\. Day. Fiioch Bile, .liiciib B. McChesney, and .lolin Kellev. In ISI."). it was decided to move the (ii-.-md Lodge to tlii,-. ])lace. and its first ses- sion was opened hei-e on Janiuiry D, IS 1(1. There were then ".'7 lodges with a nienilier-bip of res. The (U'dcr grew ipiite rapidly loeally. I'liil- oxenian I,ihIl;i'. Xo. 1L was instituteil .lul\ 8, 1847, with Ilar\i'y Brown as noble grand: Capital, Xo. Li I. on January 20, IS.").'!, with John D\inn as noble grand : Gi>rmania. Xo. l".'!l, on Januar\ ".M, IS.").'!, willi Charles ('o\i- lon as noble grand. .\\<n Metropolitan b'n- campment, Xo. •">. was inst iti;t<Ml .hdy ■.'n. 184(!, with Jacob I'. Chapman as child' ]iatri- arch, and Clarion l-".ncam|)ment, Xo. .'l."), on J[arc]i 24, IS.";:!, with Obed Foote as cliief ))a- triarcb. In the winter of IS.")."^ the order began ])re|)aration for a (iiand Lodge building liy organizing a stock company. Subscriptions amounting to .$4.">.0()0 were made by the Grand and subordinate lodges, and individuals; and in Febi-uary the lot at the noitheast corner of Pennsyivaina .ind W.-i-liington was piircliased 378 HISTORY OF CUKATER IXDIANAPOLIS. for $17,000. On this site luid stood the store of Colonel Russell and Wm. Conner, later that of Smith & Hanna. A plan was adopted, later modified hy Francis Costigan, a local archi- tect, who also built the old postoffice and the Oriental Hotel — now part of the Grand; hut the building was finished by D. A. Bohlen. It was dedicated with imposing ceremonies on May 31, 1856. It was an unique but attrac- tive structure of an oriental cast of architec- ture, and probably drew more attention than any building ever erected in Indianapolis. It was remodeled in 18T2 ; the dome removed, and a mansard roof added : otherwise it re- mained the same until 1907 — stuccoed within and without, — when it was torn down to make place for the present building. The building was notable as a business suc- cess. The cost of building and grounds was .ibout •$(52,000, on which it paid good inter- est. The ground floors were occupied as busi- ness rooms and commanded high rentals. The second floor was occupied by the city offices from 1855 to 1862, when they were removed to Glenn's block (site of New York store), and after that by private offices. Tlie third floor was occupied by the lodge rooms, wdiich were used by the Grand and local subordinate lodges. The present building, erected in 1907- 8, appears to be a worthy successor as a finan- cial investment. It cost $544,000, and has a rental income of about $90,000. The colored Odd Fellows are members of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows — the parent order of England. The American order — I. 0. 0. F. — declined to issue a dispen- sation to Patrick H. Reason and other negroes of Xew York who desired to form a lodge, and tiirough Peter Ogden, a seafaring negro, tliev obtained a dispensation from Eniiland and in- stituted Philomathean Lodge, No. 646. at New York, on March 1, 1843. The order spread rapidly, and with the female degrei — the "Household of IJuth" — has largely hmt loii.- 000 members. It has 42 lodges and about 1,500 members in the state. Of these, 4 lodges, with ."550 members, are at Indianajiolis. The Gerritt Smith Lodge, Xo. 1707, Lincoln T'nioii Lodge, Xo. 1486 and 0. P. ^lorton Lodge, Xo. 1986, jointlv, own the jn'opertv, 534-fi Indiana avenue, valued at $40,000. The two Tndiana])olis lodges of the Household of liutii meet there. Tlie Southside Lodge oe- eupies rented quarters. Odd Fellowship, in the American order, has been a thing of progressive development, whicli may be said to have started with John Pawson Entwistle, who joined the order in 1820, and whose initiative work has been carried forward by able successors. One development of esiie- eial local interest was the adoption of the Re- hekah Degree in 1851-2, for women as well as men, of which Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana was the author. His statue iu University Park is in commemoration of his service. The >equence of the existing degrees of the order was completed in 1885. by the organization of the uniform branch of the Patriarchs Mili- tant. An interesting feature of the order's history is in connection with the Civil War. which practically divided it. as it did other orders, churches, and various organizations. Rut during the war the roll call of the South- eiii jurisdictions was maintained at the an- nual sessions of the Sovereign Grand Lodge; and at the session of September 18, 1865, all survivors from those jurisdictions answered to (lie call, as well as appointees for the others, making the list complete. This was the first known fraternization of the Blue and the Gray, and the representatives of the reunited order joined in a monster parade, on the following, ilav, through the streets of Baltimore, .\mong the specially notable celebrations of the order at Indianapolis have been "the Diamond Celebra- tion" of the seventy-fifth anniversary >>{ the founding of the order in America, on .May It), 1894; and the laying of the corner-stone of the new temple on Xovember 21, 1907, both ef which were occasions of large gatherings of the members of the order. On the first of January. 1909. the onler in- cluded 754 lodges in Indiana, with a total Miembcrship of 76,326. There was jia'd out for relief during the year $311,848, the bone- lits reaching 4,471 families. This brought the total paid out for relief and charity in Indiana, since the estahlisbment of the Grand Lodiri' in 1837, to $6,062,460. There are 17 suliordinafe lodges of this order in Indianapolis, with a membership of 4,000: 6 encampments, with a membership of about 800; 15 Rebekah lodges with a membership of 2,200, and 3 cantnns of Patriarchs ^Militant. Philoxenian Lodge, Xo. !1, owns its hnildiiiir on Xorth Meridian street. ilSl(»i;V Ol-- (.iUKATEJi iM)lAXAruJJS. 379 valued at $(i.">,UOO ; Cajjital Lodge, Xo. 124, its building on Wasliingtou street, valued at $40,- ()()(); Indianapolis Lodge, Xo. 4fj.j. its building on \'irginia avenue, vahied at •$4U,U00 ; Harris Lodge, Xo. (i44, its building on West Wash- ington .street (Mt. Jaei<son), valued at ijili,!)!)!!; and Samaritan Lodge (West lndiana})olis) its building, valued at $5,000. Meridian Lodge, Xo. 480, has purchased a lot for $-22,000, but has not vet built. 'J'he ranking organization in Lidiana|)olis in niendjershi]) is the Jni]iroved Order of Ked Men, wliicii has over (),000 mendx-rs in its 21 local triijes. This order holds itself a dc- veiopnieiit from the patriotic orders of Colonial America — the Sons of Liberty, Tammany So- ciety, and the later Society of Eed Men, or- ganized during the War of 1S12. The pres- ent order was started in ^larch, 1834, by the organization of i^ogan Tribe. Xo. 1, at Bal- timore. It was oriirinally brought into Indi- ana by the organization of Seneca Tribe, Xo 1. at ^yietamora. on December 28, 18.5;^. Other tribes followed, at Laurel, Terre Haute, Edin- burg and Franklin; and on Jlay 11. LS.")."), n Great (-ouncil was instituted. The organiza- tion did not thrive, and in the course of two or three years became practically extinct in the state. After the Civil War <'tt'orts were made to revive it. the only tribe then in exi — tencc being Wyandotte, Xo. 8. of Kichmond. which was organized in 18.19. Tippecanoe 'J'ribe, Xo. 9, wa.s organized in LSfifi at Pat- riot; Iroquois, Xo. 10. at Brookville in 18(57 ; Wal)as]i. Xo. n, at Lafayette on Juno 1, 1808 : and Kanagliwagh, Xo. 12, at Attica, on Au- gust 24, ]8(;8. ' On December 19, 1808, th- Great Council was revived, at Patriot, and still continues; but the earlier lodges became ex- tinct, and the oldest now in existence is Wa- bash. Xo. 11. For twenty years the order grew slowly, there being less than 1,800 members in the state in 1887. It originally admitted men engaged in the retail lirpior business. Init later this was made optional, and in 1899 the Great Council of Indiana excluded them. Tlie first tribe organized in Indianapolis was Polmete, Xo. 17. on May 2. 1870, and it is .still in existence. It is the only tribe in the state that transacts business in German. Red Cloud Tribe, Xo. 18. was organized August 9. IS'IO, and is now the largest in tlie state, liaving 91("> m('nil)ers. The total membership in the stale at the last Great Council meeting (October 20, 1908) was o(),.527. Four of the Inilianapolis tribes have buildings of their own, as follows: Comanche, Xo. 128, in West Indianapolis, valued at $!».- 000: Tishimingo, Xo. 210, at Seventeenth and Koosevelt, valued at $10,000; Itasca, Xo. 252, at Indiana avenue and Xew York, valued ac $55,000; and Winamac, Xo. 279, in Xorth In- dianapolis, valued at $10,000. In 1905 the Indianajjolis Wigwam Association was formed by the five tribes, Polmete, Xo. 17; Hcd Cloud, Xo. 18; Minnewa, Xo. 38; Hiawatha, No. 75; and Xewasa, Xo. 190. It has purchased the old Ilaueisen residence, at the southeast corner of Xorth and Capitol avenue, and will soon erect a handsome and commodious build- ing. The first council tire of the Degree of Pocahontas, to which both men and women are admitted, was instituted at Philadelphia. February 28, 1887, and it was introduced into Indiana in the same year. There were 18,504 members of this degree in Indiana in October, 1908, of whom 1,922 were in the 13 council fires, located at Indianapolis. For rapid develoj)ment, the most notable order in Indianapolis is the Knights of Pythi- as. As is commonly known, it was origiiuited at Washington, February 19, 18(54. through the efforts of Justus II. Rathbone. The first lodge then formed was Washington Xo. 1. It was followed on April 12, by Franklin Lodge Xo. 2, and soon by two others, all of which united in forming a Grand Lodge on April 8, 18(55. Then ensued an extraordinat^' reversal, and by August 17, 1865, Fraid^Iin T^odge Xo. •J. was the only one in existence. But its nimdiers were "stayers." They assumed the functions of a (Jrand Lodge >in(il a new one nas organized on ^lay 1, 1S()(>: and prosecuted missionary work with such vigor that on De- (cmbcr 31, ISfiG, there were four active lodges, .ill in Washington, with a mcml)ersliip of 379. I-'rom that time it grew rapidly. It was in- troduced in Indianapolis in 18()!t. .V dispen- .-ation had been issued to Charles P. (^arty, Al- bert JI'Lane and others to form a lodge on .Line 1. 1869; but when it came to the fornuil institution on July 12, there were 21 ajipli- cauts, and it was determined to form two lodges, whereu])on .Marion Lodge Xo. 1 and Olive Branch, Xo. 2, were instituted. Three lodiTes were instituted at I'"l. Wavne during ;380 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDTAXAPOLIS. THE FIRST ODD FELLOWS HALL. HISTOI.'V ()!■■ CKKA'l'KH INDIANAPOLIS. 381 the summer, and on Octuln'i- ".'i). lS(i!), the Grand Lodge of liidi:iii;i was oi-ganizeil, with Charles P. Carty :i- Niiierahle Grand Patri- arch, and John taven as Grand Chancellor. On ilay 1, 1871. there were nine active lodges in tlie state witli membership of over TOO. On Jmie 30, 1908, there were 491 lodges in the state, with a reported .membership of G3,- •i'Mi: of which 1-1 lodges and 4,4'^3 members were located at Indianapolis. One of the striking buildings of Indianapolis is the "flatiron,"' Indiana I'vthian Building, at the corner of Pennsylvania street and ilassa- (husetts avenue. It was erected in 190.">-(i at a cost of .^.tI 7,700, ihe ground costing $47..")0(i. and dedicated with imposing ceremonies, and accompanying celebration, August 12-17. 1907'. 'Hie order occupies about two full Hoors of the liiiilding. and the remaining eleven are rent- ed. I lie rental, when fully occupied, being about -iilOO.OOO a year, and the running expense ami fixed charges, about one-half of that amount. Southeast of this l)uilding. at Nos. 115-119 East Ohio street, is the lodge building of Indianapolis Lodge Xo. 56; one of the three largest lodge Iniildings in the country ; and the lodge, now numbering 880 members, is the largest in Indiana. 'I'iie jn-opcrty is valued at $(11.00(1, and the ground floor is rented for !'!1.7(i(»; the remaining three stories are used liv the lodge. This building was put up with- niil assessment of members, or stock issue, the money being borrowed ; and the lodge is grad- uallv paying the loan from its receipts. One bl()cl< east, on the north side of Ohio street, is Castle Hall, the ])r(iperty of the Indianapolis Castle Hall .\sso(iati<in, which was forini'd in 19(11. bv six local hxlges. ^Marion. No. 1 : Olive lli-Miicb. \o. '2; Star. No. 7': Kxcclsior. No. •.'5-. l'a|iiiiil City. Xo. 97: and Xinetcenth Cen- tury. No. 497. The lifth ami sixth floors arc reserved lor lodge purposes, including social and ijan(|uet rooin>; and there remain fur rent- al 5 store rooms ami 1 I office ro(nns. The total investment for building and g-roiinds was *1()3.000. The aiuiual rental receipts are about $13,(10(1. ,,r wliicli a little Ir-s than $8,000 goes tor rmiiiing expense and interr^t. leaving a surplus of over $5,000. The ladies' auxiliary branch of this ordei- is the Pythian Sisters, whidi is |)ecnliarly an In- diana institution. The first temple was or- ganized at Wars.iw, Indiana, in 188S. On June 1, 1889, the Grand Temple of Indiana was in- stituted at Indianapolis. The organization de- veloped (piitc rapidly, and the Supreme Temple (National), was organized at Indian- apolis in the same year. There are now over 50,000 members, of whom about one-fifth are in Indiana. There are four temples in In- dianapolis, with something over 400 members. The Improved Order of Knights of Pythias' is the result of a split of the original order on the subject of language. The original Knights of Pythias allowed ritual work in any language, but in 1892 it restricted it to the Knglish language, not only as to future lodges, but also as to those then existing. There were at the timi'. 93 lodges in the order using Ger- man rituals, and representatives of these with 13 others met at Indianapolis on June 12, 1893, and protested, and petitioned for a rev- ocation of the decree. They were much in- censed by the scant consideration their petition received, and withdrew in a body, taking aliont 20,000 members. On l)eccml)er 18, 1893, tiie seceding lodges organized a Supreme Lodge, at Buffalo, X. Y., and began their independ- ent existence. There arc now 11 lodges in Indiana, of which 7. witli about 1,200 nienibei-s arc in Indiana]ioli-. The order is not e.xelusively (iennan. as is quite commonly un- derstood, but allows the same latitude in language as the original Knights. Four of the In(liana|iolis lodges use the English ritual. In Sejjtembcr. 1906, representatives of the In- dianapolis lodges formed a stock company called the Castle Hall .Association, the object being t" provide a suitable building for the local lodges, to whom it is to be turned over as soon as fully i)aid for. In 1909, the associ- ation binight tiie old Board of Trade building, southeast coriu'r of Capitol a\cnue and Mary- land street. The cost, with some little alter- ation ami repair, was $62,000. .\bout two full floors ai'e orciipied by the lodges and the rent- al from llie ri']nainder i- over $7.00(1 a yi'ar. The ollice of the Supreme ."Scribe, K. F. Kjiodel. is also located in this Iniiiiling. Tbe colored organization of Knights of Pythias claims to have originated with colored men who were admitted to .-ome of the Eastern lodges, and who uitlidicw because a separate eliarter for a <oloreil lodge was refused. The order was organized in 1SS0, and the first lodge in Indiami was cstaiilished at Evans- 382 HISTOEY OF GEEATEE JXDIAXAI'OLIS. ville, in 1889. This lodge is uow extinct, and tile oldest lodge in the state is Pride of the West, No. 2, of Indianapolis. There are 11 lodges of the order in Indianapolis, with about l.--'00 members. Four of these, Pride of the West, No. 2; Marion, No. 5; Montgomery, No. (i; and Compeer, No. 31, have formed a Castle Hall Association, and purchased the projierty known as 701 North Senate, where they e.xpect to build soon. The women's aux- iliary organizations of this order are called Courts of Calanthe. There are five of these in Indianapolis, with about 400 members. The Royal Arcanum is a fraternal insurance and benefit association, which was organized at l^ostou in 1877, and has paid over .$12."),000.- iiUO to beneficiaries since that time. Its total membership, May 31, 1900, was 242,873. It has 43 councils in Indiana, with 3,200 mem- bers. It was introduced in Indianapolis — and in the state — in 1879 ; and now has 3 councils and 400 members in this city. Mem- bership is restricted to white males, and the (iulf States, and adjoining territory subject to epidemics, are excluded from its benefits. The order owns no real estate in Indiana, and in- deed none in the United States, except the Sujjreme Council's building in Boston, whicJi was completed in 1872. The chief object of the organization is cheap insurance for its members. It has an invested '"emergency fund" of over $.5,000,000 used exclusively for death claims. 'Die Knights and Ladies of Honor is a com- paratively new order that has been making rapid progress without much parade. Its first lodge was organized in Kentucky, in Septem- ber. 1877, and tlu' Supreme Lodge was incor- jiorated by the Kentucky legislature in 1878, the charter being amended by the act of December 14, 1881. It is a purely beneficiary order, con- fined to the Ignited States, with no uniform rank. It is notable as the first order to ad- mit women on terms of absolute equality willi men in all res])ects, the charter meml)ers!ii]> jtrovision extending to "all acceptable white jiersons, male and female." On November 2."). 1891, the Supreme Lodge filed articles of in- corporation witli the Secretary of State of In- diana, and removed to Indianapolis thereaft- er. In 1903 it purchased the ])roperty known as 429 North P(>iinsylvania street, which was for many years the residence of Senator Joseph E. ilcDonald, and erected its handsome "temple" there. It paid $18,000 for the prop- erty, and the cost of the building, including the heating plant on the rear of the lot, was $43,500. The order has now over 95,000 mem- bers, and the annual receipts of the Supreme Lodge are over $1..")00,()00. The order extends to all part of the I'^itcd States, and is especial- ly strong in New York. In Indianapolis there are about 1,500 members, forming 11 subordi- nate lodges, five of which meet in the temple, and the other in rented quarters. The Supreme Protector is S. B. Watts, of ileridian, Missis- sippi, and the Supreme Secretary, Geo. D. Tait, of Indianapolis. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks might be called the fraternity of "Bo- hemia,'" at least in its inception. Its original constitution, adopted in ilarch, 1868, restricted it to '•'members of the theatrical, minstrel, musical, equestrian and literary professions, and others who sympathize with and approve of the object in view," which was "to promote, protect and enhance the welfare and happiness of each other." But like most otlier organiza- tions it broadened, and its new constitution, adopted at Denver, in June. 1906. the jirofes- sional limitation was dropjied formally, as in fact it had always been practically, and the oliject was declared to be "to inculcate the priiicijiles of Charity, Justice, Brotlierly Love and Fidelity; to promote the welfare and en- hance tlie happiness of its members ; to quicken the spirit of American patriotism; to cultivate good fellowship ; to jierpetuate itself as a ira- ternal organization and to provide for its gov- ernment.'" Membershi]) is restricted to white males. Only one lodge is allowed in a city, and none in a place of less than 5.000 inhabi- tants. It has a ritual inculcating morality, but makes no assumiition of religious functions and has no religious rites. It is beneficiary and charitable in a practical way. but does not make ]nil)lic the names of beneficiario. The organizatiiHi developed from a convivial association of actor-; and others, with head- quarters at ^Irs. Gc'sman's lioarding-housc. 188 Elm street. New York Citv. It was called The Jolly Corks, and was really formed to evade the Sunday liquor laws. Most of f\w members were English, and had been members of s'lnilar organizations in the old country, which held sucli titles as "The Frolicsome 1IIS'|-()I;V OF ClMvV'IF.n INItlAXArol.lS. :5S3 OvftcTS," '•The Iiollieking Kaiiis," "'['lie Himiid- ing Biiffalof;," etc. 1'he name was due to an initiatory ceremony. Eacli member carried a cork, and the new meniljer, being I'urnislied with one, was taught a new game, in wliich a -igiial was given, and the last one to knock over his cork, wiiich had been set on end, on the bar, treated the crowd. The new member, of course, knocked his cork promptly, and no one else did, so that hi.s election wa# indisput- able. Among these was (Jeorge F. McDonald, who conceived the idea of making the associa- tion of practical use in the aid of members in need. There was some opposition, under the load of Charles Mvian, who finally proiiosed to make it a branch of the English order of BufFalos, of which he 'was a member; but the new order was instituted on February 10, 18(18, its name l)eing suggested by a mounted Elk"s head at r.arnum's museum. It may be added that scientists usually consider the moose tlie true elk of this country, it lieing similar to. if not the same as, the Huropean elk. What we call the elk — the wapiti—corresponds to the European stag. On account of this confusion, the scientifie name of the moose was used for s(i;ue time as a password by the order of Elks. The constitution, by-laws and ritmd of the new order were chiefly tiic work of Henry P. O'Xeil, who liad been a professional gymnast, but with educational tendencies; and was then the principal of Xew York Grammar School, No. 1. and entitled to add B. A.. M. A., and Ph. D. to his signature. The order grew ipiite rapidly, and was incorporated by the New York legislature ^larcli in. 1871. Its introduction in Indianapolis — and in Indiana — -was due to Geo. W. June, who obtained a dispensation and with the aid of .laiiu's Y. Cook and othiTs, ob- taiiiccl a list of SO signers to the petition for a chartcM'. Indianapolis Lodge. No. K!. wa^ dulv instituted ^March 20, 1881. witli W. E. English as Kxalted Puler. On Mav 111. ISSI. the new lodge liad a volunteer bcnrlil at EnglisliV. largelv of mcmliers of Ilav>'rlv"s minstnd-i. then liere. 'i'bis was followed bv annual b(>nefits from vari(His companies, until November •".. 188(1. when the first rciruiar Klks Minstrels was given, with W. V.. iMigllsh as interlocutor, and F. V. Wade. .1. II. Martin. Pink Hall and iiob Johnson as end men. Tlii- proved jiopular. and its annual ]ii-escntatiop has liecome a feature of Indianapolis amuse- ment. 'Riis was a suggestion of June's and lijis since been widely tmitated elsewhere. The rej)orted total membership of the Elks, .\pril I. 1908, was '.'84.:!-M, in 1,11!) lodges. There arc .")4 lodges in Indiana, and the membership ill Indianapolis is about 800. 'I'he Indiaii- a])olis lodge has had notable recognition by the national body, two of its members, W. E. Knglish and Joseph T. Earring, having filled the highest office, wliich is Grand Exalted iiuler: Geo. W. June has served as (Jrand 'i'y- Icr. and Frank P. Wade was Grand Chaplain. in 1902, the Indianapolis lodge erected its handsome and commodious building on Mary- land street, which was dedicated on June l.">. of that year. Tlie cost of the building and grounds was about $40,000. A pleasant and commendable institution of the Indianapolis Klks is their annual picnic or outing for the orphans of the city, which includes those from all the orphans" homes except the Lutheran, who do not participate on account of their ob- jections to secret societies. The Tribe of Ben Hur is an order of special local interest on account of its origin. It is based, in its ritual, on Gen. Lew Wallace's famous book; and the order grew from a con- ference lield with Wallace by D. W. Gerard and F. L. Snyder, in Novendjer, 180:1. Wallace tlu'n agreed to the founding of the order on his story, and to get the consent of his publishers. The order was incorporated in Indiana, Jan- uary 9, 1894, and the first meeting of the Supreme Tribe was held at Crawfordsville on January Ki. The first subordinate court was instituted at Crawfordsville. :March 1, 1894, and named Simonides Court. No. 1. The bene- ficiary ]ilan was perfected soon after, the first certificate being issued on April 5. It grew rajiidly, attaining a membership of 12,.'J22 by January 1, 1897. In July, 1909, its meinber- slii|) reached 110,000 and its reserve fund, $1,- ;i00,0fl0. It is a beneficial fraternity, witli no iissessments. but regular monthly payments by mendiers; the social members paying one-half the rate of those who partici[)ate in sick !)eiie- fits. Death and disability insurance is a separate matter with rates graded by age. Men and women are admitted on a basis of absolute equality. 'i'he headr|iiarters of the ordi'r is at Crawfordsville, where I lie Siiprenie Tribe owns a modest "honu-.'" that cost !f!(;.(iO0. Members applying for insurance must pass a 384 HISTORY OF (;I;H.\11:R IXDIAXArOUS. iiH'dieal exaiiiiiiatioii, and the amount issued to any one person cannot exceed $3,000. The order was introduced in Indianapolis in 1S!)4, wlien Arrius Court, No. 5. was organ- ized. It now has 400 members. The succeed- ing Courts, with their present menibersliii), were Indiana, in 1903, with 103 members: Kiv- erside, 1903, with -S.") members; Star, 19(H, with 170 members; and Astrea, in 190S. with 99 members; there are also two smaller Coui'ts. Daphne, Xo. 2.5. organized in 1896, with IS members: and Sedan, organized in 1902, with 29 members. An interesting event in the local history of this order was its fight to put the statue of Gen. Lew Wallace in the national statuarv hall, at Washington. Each state is allowed two statues of distinguished citizens, or persons connected witli its history, and a statue of Oli- ver P. ^forton had been placed there by order of the legislature of 1897. The question took on a political character. Democrats, generally, felt that the other statue should be of Thomas A. Hendricks, and Republicans, generally, were determined that it should not l>e. The legisla- ture of 1907, being Republican in both branches, the party leaders decided to settle the matter, supposing that there would be no diificulty in passing an act to place a statue of ex-President Harrison in the other place. But the Tribe of Ben Hur was promptly on hand with a demand for Lew Wallace. The Star, which favored Harrison, made the ques- tion the subject of a coupon voting contest. Democrats, realizing that thev were not in the game, payed little attention to it; but the labor organizations started a movement for Edward F. Gould, of Indianapolis, whose sole claim was that he had been a devoted laltor leader through his life. In spite of opposition ef- forts. Wallace was kept in the lead, and when the Star closed its contest on January 27, 1907, the vote stood: Wallace, 10,48: : Harrison, 9,- 49fi; Gould, .■),1.-)1 ; and Hendricks, 1,083; with a dozen others having smaller votes, notalde among whom was Capt. James B. Eads. pei- haps the most distinguished Indianian of them all — c-ertainly the greatest civil engineer <if the nineteenth century. American or foreign — who had a total of .t votes. Meanwhile, the bill ))assed the Senate easily on January 2.5. nnd. notwithstanding a strong (iglit against it. mi February 27. received the inii-e constitiUional majority of 51 to 44 in the House. Walhu-e was a native of Indiana, which Harrison was not, and he had been a Democrat before the war: so that the selection was not so bitter a political pill as had been contemplated. But it should not be foi-golten that the statue is a monument to the Tribe of Ben Hur, in addi- tion to its other significance. The German order of Harugari, originated in Xew York in 1847, and was largely a result of opposition to "Knownothingism." It is a fraternal benevolent order, with sick and death benefits. It was introduced in Indianapolis in 187,5, and there are now two lodges here, each of about .50 members. Schiller lodge, Xo. 381, is a men's lodge, and Hertha, Xo. 43, is a wo- man's lodge. They occupy rented property. The Sons of Herman is also a German order which originated in Xew York in 1848, large- ly based on opposition to "Knownothingism," and also to combat a system of peonage that had grown up of selling immigrants to pay their passage money. An unsuccessful at- tempt was made to introduce it in Indianapo- lis in 1884, and it was permanently introduced in 1896. There are now 67 lodges in the state, of which 2, with about 100 members, are lo- cated at Indianapolis. The Ancient Order of Druids was founde(l in London in 1781, and suffered various splits and factional troubles. The chief body derived from it was the L^nited Ancient Order of Druids, which was originally introduced in (his country in 1833. It did not live long, and in 1839, George Washington Grove, Xo. 1, was organized at X'ew Y'ork City, and from that time the order grew steadily in the United States. It is a moral, social, beneficiary as- sessment association. There is an auxiliary branch to which women are admitted, the lodges of which are called "circles."' This was one of the early orders in Indianapolis, the first grove — Octavia — having been organizecl in 18.54. It was a German grove, and indeed the order was German, but this characteristic has gradually worked out and the Indianapolis gi'oves are now all conducted in English. Manilla, Tuxedo, and other early groves have (li>ap]ieare(l. and Octavia Grove was consoli- dated with Capital City Grove in 1909. There are now six groves in the city — Capital City, Klondike. Garfield, iferidian. Lincoln and ifagnolia — and l,70(i members, including the circles, of which there is one for each grove. \ U'rand ^'■roy(^ nf the slate was or^anizeil in HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 385 1800. 'I'lieiv liavL' been one or two splits in this order, the last local one being in 190!t, when ilodel Grove, No. 34, withdrew and start- I'd ou an independent career, tinder the name of Modern Druids. The chief cause of this separation, was the objection of those with- drawing, to the admission to the United An- cient Order of Druids of persons engaged in the liquor business. There are a number of sick and funeral benefit associations among the negroes of In- dianapolis, both for men and for w^omen. Per- haps the oldest and most important of these is the United Brothers of Friendship, whicli was organized at Louisville, August 1, 1861. The controlling spirit soon became W. H. Gib- son, a Louisville teaclier, under whose leader- ship the society was reorganized in 1868. A grand lodge was formed in Kentucky in 1S7.J. with Gibson as State Grand Master for five years and later National Grand Master. He pushed the work of organization outside of Kentucky, and in 1900, tliere were over lOO.OOo members. In 18T8, a women's auxiliary was formed, known as tlie Sisters of the Mysterious Ten. There are .3 lodges of the United Broth- ers in Indianapolis, with 850 members, and 6 lodges of the Sisters, with 800 members. There is also a juvenile au.xiliary with 300 members. Another of the older of these orders is the American Doves of Protection, w-ith member- ship for women only, the first lodge of whicli was established here in 1805. It now has lO.'i members, and there is another local lodge oT the order with 85 members. Another women's order is the Lilies of the Valley, which has one lodge here with 75 members. There are al- so 5 lodges of the Sisters of Charity ; 3 lodges of the Daughfers of Charity, 1 lodge of the Independent Daughters of Honor; and 5 lodges of True Reformers. An interesting so- ciety is the International Order of Twelve, of Knights and Daughters of Tabor, which was founded at Independence, Mo., in 1872, hy Rev. Moses Dickson, a Methodist minister. It is based, in a way, on a secret anti-slavery as- sociation of negroes, in 1840, known as the Order of Twelve, and a later one of the same kind, known as the Knights of Tabor. The Knighls meet in "temples." the Daughters in "tabernacles," and as Princes and Princesses of the Royal House of Media, they assemble so- cially in "palatiums." The juvenile auxiliaries are Maids and Pages of Honor, and the adults Vol. 1—25 are commonly known as Knights of 'i'iibor and Daughters of the Tabernacle. The Knights of the Maccabees of the World, is a fraternal beneficiary association, organ- ized at Port Huron, Mich., in 1883. It now has about 5,000 tents, or subordinate lodges, and .■!00,000 members. There are 190 tents in In- diana, of which 5, with a membership of 1,300 lire in Indianapolis. The first tent was organ- ized here in 1903. All of the tents occupy rented quarters. Co-ordinate with this organ- ization, but wholly independent in manage- ment, is The Ladies of the Maccabees of the World, for women only, organized at Port Hu- ron, October 1, 1892. It has a membership of over J 50,000, and lias paid benefits of over !i<0,000,000. The order was introduced in In- dianapolis in the year of its organization, and now has 7 hives and 550 members in this city. The Knights of the Modern Maccabees is simi- lar to the preceding, and was organized at Port Huron in 1881. It has one tent in Indian- apolis. The Modern Woodmen of America, is a fra- ternal beneficiary organization, formed at Wines, Iowa, in 1883." On June 30, 1909, it had reached a membership of 1,075,068. It has 580 camps and 45,030 members in Indiana. Of these, 12 camps and 3,500 members are in Indianapolis. This order has the distinction of establishing the first sanatorium for its luember.s who contract tuberculosis. It in- i-lu(les 1,900 acres of land, lying some 9 miles south of Colorado Springs and afflicted mem- bers are there given the modern open air treat- ment, free of charge. The auxiliary branch of this order is known as the Royal Neighbors of .Vmerica. Members of the Woodmen and their female relatives are eligible to membership in it. The Ancient Order of Hibernians is an out- growth of the patriotic Irish Catholic socie- ties of the last centur}', in the period preceding the Catholic Emancipation act. It was intro- duced in America in 1836, and was brought to Indiana about 1865 by Pennsylvania coal miners, who located in Clay county. From there it was brought to Indianapolis some two years later. Tliere ar(> now eight divisions of the order in this city, with about 1,000 mem- licrs. The Ladies' Auxiliary, properly known as "The Daughters of Erin," is more extensive, having nine divisions and 1,100 members. Tliere is also a Juvenile .\uxiliary of girls. This is a bencfieiarv order, but its central in- nsc; HisTorjY OF giu:ater ixdiaxapolis. s|)iralioii is dcxoLion to Irclaiiil and the Irisli cause. SoiiR' injustice is done this order bv confusing it with tiie ■"Molly ilaguires" of T'c'iinsylvania, which was a separate organiza- tion, though its inemhers usually were Hiber- nians. After the "^^olly ^Nfaguires'" was broken u]). the Aucicnt Order of Hiljernians was re- organized in the coal regions on the peaceable and benevcdent basis that characterized it else- where. The t'atholic Knights of America is THE SECOND MASONIC TEMPLE. a fraternal, beneficiary order, but is not a se- cret society in any sen.se. It was founded in 1877, and is limited to the United States, be- ing strongest in the West and South. There are three "lu'anches" in Indiana])olis. The Young Glen's Institute is a Catholic fraternal association, which was organized in 1S80 at San Francisco, by four young men, who desired a fraternal organization of Ameri- can Catholics of all nationalities. It is re- stricted to the United States and its ])osses- sions, and has some 30,000 members. Sick and (Icalli Ijenefits are ojjtional with the sub- ordinate councils. Its councils for women are known as The Ladies' Auxiliary in the East, and the Young Ladies' Institute in the West. There is also a Junior rank for boys of L") to 18. It was introduced in Indiana in 189.5, and now has 30 councils in the state, of which 8, with aljout l,.jOO members are in Indian- apolis. They own no real estate, Init Capitol Council, Xo. 27G, has accumulated a consider- able fund which is expected to be used for a building. This order corresponds to some ex- tent to the Y. M. C. A., especially in its pro- vision for athletics and gymnasia. Many of the councils encourage debating societies and other forms of intellectual culture. Its greatest strength is in the West, notably in California. The Knights of Columbus is a strong Cath- olic beneticial association for men. It was or- ganized in ^[arch, 1882, at Xew Haven. Con- necticut, where the principal offices are located, and has 262,000 members. Tliere are 42 coun- cils in Indiana, with G,200 members, and one in Indianaiiolis with 5.50 members. Indian- apolis Council, Xo. i37. was organized June 2.5, 189P, and was the first in the state. It recentlv purchased the propertv known as 707 and 70!) Xorth Illinois street for $19,500, and expects to begin in 1910 the erection of a build- ing costing $50,000 or more. This order is largely devoted to intellectual development of its members, of which there are two classes, insurance and associate. It has about $70,- 000.000 of insurance in effect. It excludes persons in the liquor business. The Catholic Order of Foresters is a frater- nal insurance association, organized May 24, 18S;;. It has 140,000 members, and 1.625 sul)ordinate courts, in Canada and the United States, excluding the extreme southern state as subject to epidemics. It was introduced in Indiana at Hammond in 189(). There arc two courts in Indianapolis with about 150 members — St. John's Court, organized ilay 6. 1905. and St. .\nthony"s Court, organized in 1907.. During its existence the order has paid over $l?.OO0.000 in benefits. There is also a wom- en's lodge of this order in Indianapolis. The Knights of Fathei- "Mathew is a fraternal bene- ficiary societv, es])ecially devoted to the pro- motion of total abstinence. It is named for Father Theobalil ^lathew, a Ca]nirhin, who started the great ti'mperauce reform in Ire- land in 1838 and pushed it to wonderfid Ilis'i'oi.'v ()|- (;i;i; \Ti:i; I MH.WAl'oi.is. 381 siK-i-ess. "'Vhv Aji(i?Ilc iif 'l'riii|ii'i-aiui' " visitrd llu' United .Stales in 1S4!), and was asked In sneak in the national House and Senate. Ijeiiiji tlie tirst foreigner to whom that iionor was ae- eorded since Lafayette. He was invited to visit Indiana, but was unable to aecejit. Of the distinctive Hebrew' organizations, the oldest in Indianapolis is the Independent Order of B"nai B'rith (.Sons of the Coven.int). It was originated in 1S4;) in Xew York Citv. as :i fraternal, charitable and benevolent soeiety. Its chief direct aim being to foster education and social uplift among the immigrant Jews, most of whom were of the jieasant classes. It was originally of a pali'iarchni fonii of gov- ernnient but took on a thoroughly repres(>nta- tive basis at its reorganization in l,S(i!l. In l.ss'* the order was introduced in (h'rmany, and it is now world wide, having aljout ")()0 lodges and 4<l,()00 members. It was intro- duced in Indianapolis in 18G2 by the organi- zation of Abraham Lodge; and Esther Lodge was organized in LS84. In 1008 these two were combined in Indianapolis Lodge, which has .TOO mcmljers. The beneficiary features are optional with subordinate lodges: and Abra- liani Lodge had an endowment system which continues as to its surviving members. The present Indianapolis lodge is whojly sociable and charitable, contributing to the numerous -plendid charities of (he oi-der. ainoiig which :iri' notable the .li^wisli Orphan .\sylum, at Clcvidand, Ohio, and the ( 'oiisuinptive Hos- pital at Denver, Colorado, admission to which is open to all sects. It holds its nu'ctings in the vestry room of the temple, at Delauare and Tenth streets. The largest of tlie H(4)rew fraternities in llii- eitv is the Ordci- of IVritb .\braham (cov- ■iianl of .Mirabam ) \vhii4i originated in Xew 'I'ork in 18.")0. It is l>oth beneficiary and iharitai)le with e(lucational features. r.,odges for women, relatives of mend)ers, are formed under sanction of the Granil f..odsre. Over half of the lodges and the membership are in Xew Vork City. There are three lodges in Indian- apolis, the Eev. "M. ^[essing Tjodge, Xo. 13T. organized in 1S!)2, with 180 mend)ers ; the Ilun- ■rarian True Brothers Lodirc. Xo. 204, with 100 members — organized in ISO."); and the Indian- npolis Lodge, Xo. 2;)0, organized in 1807. with i8f! members. There is an olfslioot of this organization known as the I iiili'penilent Order of li'ritli .\lirahain. It is ivpi-eseiited here hv Zion Lodge, organized in 1000, which has 200 members. The Independent Order of Sons of Benjamin is also a charitable and benevolent association, ou the mutual a-ssessment basis, which originated in Xew York in 1877. It has one lodge here with 40 members. The Knights of ,Iose])h, of similar character, has one lodge m indianaiiolis, with 30 members. There are sexeral Hebrew fraternities ou a more purely insurance basis, one of the largest of which at this point is the Progressive Order of the West. It has two local lodges, the Abraham Jacobs, organized in 1902, with 120 members; ami the Jacob Sehiff, organized in 1009, with (10 niem- bers. The Order of the Western Star has one local lodiic with 200 memliers, (U'tranized in 189.3. There are a nuiuher of orders that ba\e been represented here in the past which are now out of existence or at least not now rc'pi-t- sented in Indianapolis. An example is the Ileptasophs, or Seven Wise ^len. which had two lodges here in the "Tds. Most of these were small and unimp(n'tant orders. Perha])s the largest was the American Protective Associa- tion — the noted .\. P. A. — whosi; cardinal prin- ciple was hostility to Catholicism in every- thing, but especially in jiolitical matters. There had been a score or more of anti-Catho- lic fraternities in the country since the great "Know-nothing" movonent, but most of them were short-lived, and those that still existed when this one was started wore swallowed u|) in il. Tlie A. P. A. originated in the town of Clinton, Iowa, in 1887. Its founder was H. F. Bowers, a lawyer of that place; and it spread with phenomenal rapidity, especially through the Central West tintil it was said to be the stronsiest in numbers, and in the abilitv and standing of its leaders, of all the organi- zations of the kind that have been known in the country. It was pre))aring to enter ])olitic~ on a large scale, by demands for ileclarations on the subject by the leading ]iolitical i)arties, when the bitter campaign on monetary i.ssues in 1800 put everything else out of the minds of the j)eople. It is said to have b<>en rpiite strong in Indiana]iolis at the time, but if it exists here now it is on a very secret basis. About the only manifestation of its former ex- istence is the occasional nrotestation of some candidate that he did not beloni; to it. CHAPTER XXXll. THE PRESS. The beginnings of newspaper publication in Indianapolis— the Gazette by George Smith on January 28, 1822, and the ^Vestel■n Censor and Emigranis' Guide by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Afaguire on March 7, 1823, have been described in the chapter on "The Primordial Life." These two papers and their lineal successors, and occasional off- shoots, were praetieally the only newspapers for the first twenty-five years, and were the leading papers for half a century after that, being the state organs of the two great politi- cal parties of the country until they were finally discontinued, the Journal— i\\e "Whig and Republican successor of the Censor — on June 8, 1904, and the Sentinel— \\\Q Demo- cratic successor of the Gazette — on February 25, 1906. Both had numerous changes of control and vicissitudes of fortune. The Journal was published longest under one name, though it was the Indiana Journal at its beginning under the name on January 11, 1825, varying to the Indiana State Journal. and on April 25, 185-3, it came oiit in a new tjT)ographieal dress as the Indianapoli'< Mornino Journal. In August, 1830, the In- diana Democrat was started, and the Gazette wa.s consolidated with it. This name contin- ued till July 21, 1841. when it was changeil to the Indiana State Sentinel. On March 1. 1855, there was a change of management, and a prospectus had been issued stating thai the name would be changed to the I'imcs. but this wa.s droiiped, and the paper was con- tinued as the Indianapolis Daily Sentinel — it had become a daily on April 28, 1851, the Journal leading it one week and starting as a daily on April 21, 1851. Both had pub- lished dailies during the sessions of the legis- lature prior to that, the Sentinel beginning on December 6, 1841, and the Journal on De- cember 12, 1842. Prom November 1, 1865. to April 11, 1868, the name of the Sentinel was changed to the Indianapolis Daily Ilir- ald, and then back again to the Scntinil. which was retained until the end. And these two paperes were the ones that the great ma- jority of the reading public, on one side or the other, loved and cherished, in sickness and in health, till death did them part. The Gazette was originality published 1)\' George Smith alone, but his stepson. Nathan iel Bolton, joined him and they eondueteil the paper together till 1823. Then Bolton ran it for a year, but he persuaded Smith to resume the partnership, and they remained together till 1829. Then Smith retired again, and Bolton continued it till its consolidatioj; with the Democrat, which had just been started, in August, 1830. Alexander F. Mor- rison, the new owner, formed a partnership in 1833 with Nathaniel Bolton; and in 183li sold his interest to John Livingston, whu continued the paper till 1841, when he sold the paper to George A. and Jacob Page Chap- man. Alexander F. IMorrison was a clear, strong writer, always ready and able for a journalistic "scrap," who made quite a repu- tation as editor of the Democrat, as also in 1856, when he wrote for the Sentinel. He was a delegate from Marion County to the Constitutional Convention of 1850, and died at Indianapolis in 1857. John Livingston was a college bred man. of the New York Livingston family, and of rather more liter- ary culture than was connnon with western editors at the time. The Chapmans, who had been publishing the Waba.sh Enquirer, at Terre Haute, changed the name to the Sen- tinel: and on Jnlv 21. 1841. the first number 388 IllSTOUY OF GlIEATEU IXDlA.NArui.l.S. 389 appeared, boarint;- a cut of a gauie-cock in the title and the words, ''Crow, Chapman. Crow!" Concerning tliis motto Austin H. Brown says: "The ineident on whieh this motto was founded occurred in 1840, and with it these ( 'ha[)nians had nothing to do. Joseph Chap- man was the Democratic candidate for the Senate in Hancock County, and things were looking discouraging for the Van Buren pai-ty. when George Patterson wrote a letter i a ])olitical friend at Greenfield u.sing this xpression. 'Tell Chapman to Crow.' The letter fell into the hands of a "Whig opponent who made it public in the Journal, and the Whig press took it up all over the state as I'vidfiicimr the a]iproaching defeat of the Dciiiiicrats. The new Sc}itincl proprietors were shrewd Yankees from Boston, and they took hold of the words mentioned, and plac- ing them at the head of their paper in con- nection with their name, made a hit, and ever -itice the rooster has been the cho.sen emblem of the Democrats. The Sentinel prospered under the new "ontrnl. The pi-oprietorship continued in the Chajjiiians until about seven years later, when John S. Spann was taken into partnei-slii|). The firm name thereafter was Chapman & Spann until the sale to my- self of the good-will and name of the Sentinel in 1850." Mr. Brown undoubtedly knew the facts, for he was working on the paper at the time. IIi> came here with his father and the rest of the family on December ."^1. 18:16. his father faking the office of secretary of state on January 1. 1837. A few weel^s later, a.s a youngster of 9 years, he got a job in the 'iffice of the Democrnt in the capacity of "devil." roller-boy, and carrier, and contin- ued to worlc there till 184."). Georire I^atter- son came into the Dtmarmt office in ]8:iS. Tie was a ynumr hnvyer talented and forcible as a writci-. T)urinu' tlic campaign nf 1840 a campaign sheet called "The Constitution" bearing a cut of "Old Ironsides"— was is- sued from the Dcmorrat office, edited chiefly by Patterson. .\t the same time the Journal issued a campaign paper called "The Spirit of '7fi. " of wliich Jdsepli M. ^loore was edit- or: and hi- was in tli^' better luck, for Presi- dent Tlai'risnii made him i)()stinastei- after the el(>ctioii. .\t tlli-i time the [>i inacnit was ]n-inted in a one-story brick building, where the News office now stands. It was furnished with a two-pull Hmith press, on which the Democrat and a paper called ''The Me- chanic" were printed. The Mechanic was a weekly, edited and published by Henry Com- ingore, a printer in the Democrat office, and another printer named Gilmore. Bolton was a very industrious man, and made nearlj^ a "full hand" in the office as well as writing editorials. He wiis, however, a trifle absent-minded, as i.s illustrated by an ineident recounted by Isaac ^I. Brown, who was a printer in the office at the time. There were no janitors in those days, and the first man on hand made the fire. One cold night, when there was some work to be done early next morning, Bolton ofl'ered to bet Patter- son and Brown that he would be at the office first. The bet was taken, and Patterson and Bolton slept that night in the editorial room, which was over the postoffice, next door; but Brown beat them, and had the fire going when Bolton came in the next moi-ning. He says: "Mr. Patterson told me that he was awake when Mr. Bolton got up, and, in his hurry to get to the office, he pulled on his boots first, then his coat and hat, and started to the office. After Mr. Bolton reached the office he complained of feeling unusually cold. On his walking up to the stove I discovered that he was minus pants and vest. When I reminded liim of this oversight in his dress he seemed very much chagrined. About this time George Patterson came in, and we had a good laugh at the cool ap]iearance of Mr. Bolton's dress. It was then daylight and people were passing on the street. Finally, Mr. Bolton started on a run for his room, and never liked to hear this joke spoken of afterward." The circulation of the leading Indianajiolis papers was not \ery extensive then. Wi'iting in 1000, Austin If. Brown says: "When I began to carry the fhninerat in 1838, the Iiopulation of Indianapolis was less than 1,700, and the carrier's list did not exceed one hiuidrcd subscribers. 'I'he route em- braced the entire town. (Jovernoi- Noble's wa.s the farthest delivery to the east — near where the baseliall giounds of last sea-son wei-e. The farthest ncir-theasf was General Hobert Tlaiiiia's, just i'M-;t nl' llie riiimi tracks 390 IIIS'l'()i;V OF CRKA'I'F.IJ IXDI.WAl'OI.lS. ins'|-()in" III' (.KKA'l'EU IXDIAV \]'()I,1S. ;?!i 1 on M;issaclui.si't1s avenue. The t'aitliest Udrtli Jiiuicij Blake ".s on North and Tennessee, and Arthur St. Clair's, where the Blind Insti- tute is loeated. The remotest western deliv- ery was in Strinytown, beyond the river; anel the farthest south was Samuel ilerrill's. at Jlerrill and New Jersey, and Dr. Mc( 'lure's, wliere the present Inihistrial Seliool ( Manual Training High Sehoolj stands. Thei'e wer'- a few outlying houses beyond these limits. One wa.s called the Presbyterian Grocery, a bakery kept by a good Lutheran named George Brown. I usuall.v lunched there oii ginger cakes and spruce beer. When 1 eai- ried the Sniliiul. in 1841-3. the population had increased to 2.800 and the city subscrib- ers to more than two hundred and fift.v, with two carriers. When I became the owner of the .paper, hi 1850, the population wa.s 8,091, but notwithstanding this increase the city subscription list did not exceed four hundred for the semi-weekly." The Chapmans ma<le a live pajti'r of th<' S(iillii(l. Jacob I'age doing most of the edi- tDi'ial writing. It became the leading paper of the state, and the recognized state organ of tlie Democratic jiai'ty, wielding an intluenee that was rare even in the da.v of part.v or- igans. For two years befoi-e their nwncrship the i)aper had been published in a frame liuildine- where the L. Strauss it ("o. store now is. They moved it to Blake's block, on the south side (if AYashington street, we.st of Illinois. It I'emained there until 1844, when t was removed to a two-storv brick building erected specially for it. on the east side of Illinois street. Iialf a scpiare north of "Wash- iimtoii: and an extensive job office was o])er- ated in connection with it. In 184t) John S, >>pann. a thorough practical printer, hecaine a UHMuber of the firm, and he. with K. \V. 11. HIlis, j)\ircha.sed and continued the .job office wln'u the paper was sold to iMr. Brown in 1850. George A. Chapman died soon after the sale of the Sinlincl. In the spring of ^X~^■\. J. P. Chai)man started a weekly paper, called the Clianticleei'. with Berr\' Sulgro\-e as associate editoi- aiu1 George II. Chapman »ti city editor. This venture lasted foi' a year. In 18r).'), Jacob Page Chapman's miiul became deranged, and he was taken to the insane hos- pital, where he died. His sou George IT. <'llapirian later (,'eneral ( 'hapiii.in — was for .vears a well-known law.ver uf the eity, and .judge of the Ci-iminal Court from its begin- ning in 186.') till 1870. He became as strong a Kepubliean as his father had been a Denu)- crat, and the first negro who ever served on n .jui'y in ]\lai'ion Count.v did so in his court. Austin II. Brown published the S(iitiii(i foi- five years, selling in .Mai'ch. ISoo, to Dr. John C. Walker and Charles W. Cotton. ]\Ir. Brown made the Seniiticl more of a nevvs- pajjcr than it had been before, and also made it a daily on April 28. 1851. One of his not- able achievements was priiding the Know- nothing ritual, which he had obtained from a Brown Count.v deserter of the order. Some Know-nothings who got wind of it fired two pistol .shots through the window of the eom- l)osing room, but no one was hurt, and the ritual appeared the next morning. He was elected county auditor in 1855 and served f(u- four .vears. Walker and Cotton sold the S( ntiiifl in December. 1855, to John S. Spann and John P>. Norman, the latter becoming editor. Norman had learned his trade of printei- in the Diniocial office in the earl.v foi'ties, and had foi- some timi^ edited the .\ew Alban.y Ledger. He tired of the Stu- liiid in six weeks and returned to New Al- banv. being succeeded bv Prof. Wm. C. Lar- rabee, late of Asburv (Depauw) I'niversit.v, with whom Alexandei- V. ^fori-ison was asso- ciated : and Cotton was cit.v editor. In Au- Liiist. 1856, Joseph J. Bingham of Lafayette' purchased an interest in tlii' paper, and in January, 1857, John Dought.v ]uirchased the I'iMuaining interest. These two fitted up the old Capital House (.just west of the pi'eseni liOmbai'd building) making the largest and best lU'wspapei- building in the state, and moved into it on Ajiril 7, 1857. Karly that evening a new boiler, which had been place(l in the rear of the press room, exploded with terrific force, wrecking the east room and dropping the composing room with its eon- tents into the jiress room lielow. One of tln' press haufls. named Homan. was killed, and sevei'al were in.jui-ed. The loss was heavy and seriousl.v embai-ras'^ed the proprietors, but ap|)eals for pai't.v aid resulted in the forma- tion of the Sentinel Comiianv ami the pap<'r was resumed on April 21. and eonliuued un- iler that management until .Inlv :il. 18(11, .\t that time John K. KIdei- and J. liii ;592 HISTOKY OF GKEATEIi IXDIAXAPOLIS. Harkness, who had Ix'en publishing- the Stale Guard, joined with J. J. Bingham iu pui-- ehasing the Soiihtil and moved it to the ohl Locomotive and lluaid office iu the Hubbard block, where the L. S. Ayres & Co. establish- ment now is. In 1863 a new building was put up especially for it, at the southeast cor- ner of Pearl and Meridian streets, where it remained until 1863. It was then bought by Hall & Hutchinson, who changed the name to llie Herald, and moved back to the old Capitol House site, 16 East Washington street. Jiidge Samuel E. Perkins was then political editor. In October, 1866, the paper went into the hands of a receive!-, and in January, 1867. it was purchased by Lafe Develin of Cambridge City; and in April, 1868, he sold to Richard J. Bright, who changed the name back to the Sentinel, and made J. J. Bingham editor. In 1869 Mr. Bright remodeled the old Wesley Chapel, at the southwest corner of Circle and Meridian streets, and moved the paper there in De- cember of that year. He held the paper un- til 1872, when he sold to the Sentinel Com- pany, organized by John Fishback and others. If ever a man in Indiana had an unen- viable task, Bingham had it, in steering the Sentinel through the Civil War period, and it is a guaranty of considerable ability on his part that he brought it through as well as he did. Naturally those who had any Sovith- ern sympathies were attracted by the Senti- nel's criticisms of the party in power, and H. H. Dodd persuaded Bingham to join the Sons of Liberty, where he was made chairman of the committee on literature. He swore, however, that he had no knowledge of even the existence of a "military circle," and that as soon as he learned that any treasonable action was contemplated he reported it to Joseph E. ]\IcDonald, and co-operated with him, Michael G. Kerr and others in bringing the matter to the attention of Governor ]\Ior- ton. He was a witness for the state in the prosecutions.' As a newspaper man Bingham was progressive and had material influence in developing the Sentinel on the news side. Even his adversaries gave him credit for adroitness as a political writer.- The year 1870 may he treated as the be- ginning of a new era in Indianapolis jour- nalism, and we may here turn back for a look at other newspaper ventures of the earlier period. As has been mentioned, the Journal was the one other leading paper in the state capital besides the Sentinel for nearly half a century. As mentioned, the Western Censor and Emigrants' Guide — the predecessor of the Journal, was started March 7, 1823, by Douglass JMaguire and Harvey Gregg. On October 29, 1824, Gregg sold his interest to John Douglass, who was prepar- ing to come from Corydon as State Printer. On January 11. 1825, the paper was enlarged and the name changed to the Indiana Jour- nal, ilaguire continued as editor until 1826, when he was succeeded by Samuel ^lerrill. In 1829 IMaguire resumed his position as edi- tor and continued till 1835, when he sold his interest to S. Vance B. Noel, who had for- merly been a printer on the Journal and had gone to Ft. Wayne with Thomas Tigar, a fellow printer, to start the Ft. AVayne Sen- tinel. Noel continued as editor till 1842, when he sold his interest to Mr. Douglass. ilr. Douglass secured for editor Theodore J. Barnett, a man of considerable ability, and the most pugnacious editor the Journal ever had. With the Chapmans on the Sentinel there was the finest of opportunities for a row. In fact, the Chapmans were probably looking for trouble, for in their salutatory editorial they say: "From our first settle- ment in tliis state persecution and violence have been exercised towards us."' There was more coming, for Barnett made the most vicious attack on J. P. Chapman that was ever made on an Indianapolis editor.* Thei'c was talk of a libel suit, which was not begun,- and thereafter exchanges of compliments from time to time. In 1843 "Slv. Noel bought out Douglass, and retained Barnett as edi- tor. One night Barnett wanted a pound of butter, and, not being able to find Noel, signed his name to an order for it. Chapman learned of this, and promptly denounced Barnett as a forger. They soon after met at the pastoffice. and there wa.s an altercation in which it is said a pi.stol was drawn by 'Treason Triol.i. p. 97. -Sulgrovr '.•; Indianapolis 234. ^Sentinel. Julv 21, 1841. ^Journal, November 23. 1842. HISTORY OF r4UEAT£H I^DlANArOT.IS. 393 Hiii-iiett, l)Ut that was a.s i'ar as the c-oiilro- vei'sy went, lianiett was suceeeded as editor hy a ^Ir. Kent, who remained but a few months, and was succeeded in March, 1845, by John D. Defrees. ■Mr. Defrees was a Tennesseean by birth, but his father moved to Ohio wlien he was 8 years old. Tliere he learned the printer's trade, and there read law in Thos. Corwin's office. From 1831 to 1844 he resided at South Bend, Indiana, where he edited a newspaper, and from where he was two or three times elected to the state legislature. He was a stu- dent and a man of proiiress. Berry Sulgrove, who knew him w^ell, says: "He was the first man in the state to use steam to drive a print- in<r press, the first to use a caloric engine for the same purpose, the fii-st to see the value of the Biillock printing press and encourage the inventor, the first to use the metallic stitching machine for binding, and the first to use the Edison electric light except the inventor." He edited the Journal till early in 1854. and thi-u put Berry Sulgrove in charge of the editorial while he managed the business de- jiartmi'iit. In October, 1854, he sold the paper to the Journal Company, which con- sisted of Ovid Butler, Joseph ^1. Tilford, James M. JIathes and Rawson Vaile. On ^farch 23, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Mr. Defrees goveriuuent printer, and he served until Pi'esidcnt Johnson removed hiin September 1. ISfifi. Congress then made this n Senate oi'fice, and Defrees was elected ]\rarch 1, 18f)7. remaininsr until April 15, 18(i!l. when President Grant removed him. On June 1. 1877, President Hays I'cappointed him. and he served until April 14. 1882, when he resigned on account of failing health. Tie was n hich gi-ade man in cveiy i-espect, but rather outspoken foi- a politician. Both his removals were said to be due ti> ci-iti- cisms (if the administration. The C't ii.sor. and after it the Journal, had its office on AVashincrtnn street opposite the State Life bnildiuL'. In the later thirties it was moved to the opposite side of the street one block west, and sevei-al years later to the north side, nearly opposite this location. In 1853 it was removed to Pennsylvania street — a site now covered by the i-ear part of the Saks buildintr. In 18fiO (be company erected a buildins for it at the sdulbeast coi-ner of ^leridian and Circle streets. Berry Sulgrove (lid most of the editing for the company till 1864, when it sold the paper to Wm. R. Hol- loway & Co. Judge Horatio C. Newcomb then became editor until 1868, and was one of the ablest editors the paper ever had. In February, 18C5, James G. Douglass and Alex- ander H. Conner bought an interest in the paper, and in 1SG6, with Samuel M. Doug- lass, bought all of it, controlling it as Doug- lass & Conner until 1870. In 18C6 they bought the old First Presbj'terian Churcli and built on the eastern half of the property —now included in the American Central Life building, the western half being added by Col. Nicholas Ruckle some ten years later — ■ind moved the paper there early in 1867. In June, 1870. Lewis W. Hasselman and Wm. P. Fishbaek iiurchased the paper, and Fish- back became the editor. He was a brilliant man and an able writer, but rather indei)en- dent for the editor of a party organ. I'hese two papers were chiefly devoted to politics, and up to 18(iO almost exclusively so. The local news was brief, and but for com- munications would throw little light on the doings of the cominunity. The first extended account of anything, except political speeches, was the Jourual's: account of the old settlers' meeting of 1855 on June 5. which made five columns — small cohunns in large type — and it was not printed till .June 7. There was no effort to rejiort events of the preceding even- ing in the morning ])apers. The first break in that line was in 1852. when the Eagle Ma- chine Works burned. Th(> fire wa.s early in the evening, and J. II. ]\IcNeely, city editor of the Jonrnah on his way home from it, stopped the pi'ess .ind inserted a brief notice of it. which made the town gasp at his enter- prise. In the latei- (if'ties there began to be some report of the pi-ecedinff evening's events. Altliouiih the teleirraph closely fol- lowed the I'aili-oad. there was pi-actically no newspaper telegraph service until the siege of Sevastopol, and not very nnich then. At that stag(^ ^Fr. John l'\ Wallick used to read the disjiatches froiii a ^Morse dot-and-dash record to th(> city editors of the Journal and SSrulinrl. who .wi-ote them out in long hand. A year or two later Coleman Wilson liecame the news (iperator. and I'l'ad the disjiatches bv sound. M( si of the "iiv ina'.;'ne1 ic tele- 394 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. graph" reports before that time were re- prints from Cincinnati and Chicago papers: and it may be added tliat a great many sine' that time have been likewise. It seemed impossible to furnish the public enough politics in those early daj's, and both papers usually issued special campaign edi- tions under other names. "The Constitu- tion "' on the Democratic side and "Thi' 8i)irit of '76" on the Whig side, in 1840. have been mentioned. In 1844 the Democrats followed with "Chapman's Coon Skinner," and their opponents with "The AVhig Rifle." In 1845 polities took another chute, on ac- count of alleged intolerance of the Chap- mans, and A. P. iforrison and John S. Spann started The Indiana Dfmorrai as an organ of the Democrats who had favored General Cass as nominee for president, and who claimed they were being shown no consideration by the adherents of Van Bui-en. This paper stai'ted on November 7, 1845, and wound up on October 30. 1846. when ^Ir. Spann stated that I\[r. ilorrison had gone to ^lexico for the war. and that after consultation with friends he had concluded to suspend. About the same time an anti-slavery paper, called The Freeman, was started here by a ^Iv. De- puy, on the .south side of "Washington street west of ^[eridian. It was a very well edited paper, but the office was not mobbed, thougli several times threatened, and occasionally visited with minor indignities, and it died after a year oi- so of lack of notice. At that time Whigs and Democrats vied in their hos- tility to abolitionism. By this time the temperance movement wa.s becoming formidable enough to call for an oi-gan. and in June. 1848. Dr. B. T. Kava- nagh started a weekly called Tin Fmnih/ Yisifor. as the organ of the Sons of Temper- ance. It was discontinued on November 7. 1850. to nuike way for The Temperance Chart, which was the temperance organ for the next half dozen years. After the suspen- sion of Chapman's Chanticleer in 1854, a weekly was started in its place, and in 1855 this liecame Tli< Dailii Evening F< piilitican. with George IT. Chapman as "active editor." This was continued for several years under various editors, and wound up with Willis W. Wright & Co. as propi-ietors and John Coburn editor. The next afternoon dailv was The Indianapolis Daili/ Citizen, which was started on April 5, 1858, by Cameron & ^Ic- Xeely. It was indejientlent in politics, and had no telegraph, but v.-as one of the best local papei"s the city had before the war. The best of the locals, however, was the Locomotive. It was first issued on August 16, 1845. by John H. Ohr, Daniel B. Culley aiul David R. Elder, who were apprentices in the Journal office, as a small weekly, seven by ten inches in size. It lasted for three months, and was then discontinued till Ai)ril 3, 1847, when it M'as revived by the same par- ties for three months longer. Its short stays had demonstrated that there was a place for it. and on January 1, 1848, it was again re- vived by Douglass & Elder, enlarged and put on a more permanent footing. On ^Nfarch 30, 1850. Elder & Harkness became the ]iroprie- tors, and again enlarged it. It acquired the largest circulation in the county, and thereby .secured the "letter list." which was a much- coveted plum in those days, and which was especially desirable to the Lucomettivi t'u ac- count of its personal character. It was the fii'st paper here that approached "society" reporting, and it did it outside of the stereo- type room, noticing only affairs of some in- terest and getting in most of the go.ssi]) of the place. As Berry Sulgrove aptly says: "It was the first paper that the women and sirls wanted to read regidarly, and the paper that makes itself a household favorite is set- tled for life." But the political microbe finally destroyed it. On July 17, 1860, Elder & Harkness started Tlie Old Line Guard as a Breckenridge and Lane organ — the Sen- tinel having gone with the Douglass faction — in' order to preserve true democracy. On Xovember 10, 1860, the Locoinat ivi an- nounced its own discontinuance, and merger with the Guard, and so ended the city's most interesting publication prior to the war. Some further notice of it will he fomid in the chapter on "The liiterary Atmosphere." On August 15. 1851, a paper similar to the Loconuttive. called the Hoo.sier Cili/. was started by Sanniel H. blathers. Francis 'SI. Thayer and Henry C. F^ei-guson, another combination of Journal apprentices, but it lasted only three months. It was well editeil, however, and some of its articles were widely eoi)ied. In 1855 Charles Hand beuan a liter- HISTORY OF :i:.\'ii:i; imhaxapolis. 395 iU'V iiJid local weekly called tlie Ru'droad Ciiy, but it also lasted but a few months. A similar fate overtook the Dispatch, a daily started in LSoO by W. Thompson Hatch. On April l.i. 18.jS, an afternoon jiaper called The I iidiuiKipolis Dailji Cilizoi ajipeared. published by Cameron iSc ilcXeely on ■".Meri- dian street, seven doors south of the [jostof- fice. " It was au excellent paper, and was maintained foi- two y^ears, when it was bought by .Idim I). Defrees and merged with the Aihts. which he had started in 1859. In 1861 the Alias was purchased by the Journal and diseontiinied. The slavery ipu'stion called several papci's into existence, besides The Fncmaii, to meet the views of that por- tion of the coiiuiiunity for which the regular •party organs were too conservative. The first of these. Th< Fvrc Soil Banner, appeared in 1848. edited by William (Ireer and Lew Wal- lace, and understood to be backed by Ovid Butler. On January :i. 18r)7, the Wcstvrn Fnsaip ai)i)eared. published by Bidwell Bros, at 8-1 East Washington street. It was an ex ponent of radical Rejjublican views, which wei-e not widely popular, and was jirinted in an expensive style, the condiiiuition bi-inging it to a natui-al death in April of the same year. In 1S.")7 also, the Indiana AvKrican. edited by Rev. Thos. A. (ioodwin. was removed to here from Brookville. It was an enthusiastic anti-slavery and tem- l)eranec papei-. After the beginning of the war. he sold it to Downey & Co., who made it a daily e\ening paper. The name was later changed to the (lazdli. and the paper was bought by the Journal in 18()9. In the same year Th( Indiana American was revived by ]\[r. Goodwin, but it cimtiiiued oidy a year or two. The German press went in vigoidiisly for politics. The first German paper here, tie' Volk.sblatt. was established in »Septeml>er. 1848. by Julius Boetticher, while the Ger- man population was still small. lie did nearly all the mechanical work of the |)aper himself, assisted only by his, little son and daughter, as well as the editing: but even on this inexpensive basis the venture was in a fair way to exi)irc in three months, when luckily T'l-of. Hoshour stai-ted a (ierman class, and recommended his pupils to take and read a (ierman papei-. The little Imneli of cash subscriptions from this source re- newed ;\[r. Boetticher "s determiiuition. and the Volksblatt lived on for twenty years un- der his management, and on his death was continued by the (iutenberg Company. The Volhsblalt was Democratic in its tendencies from the stai't, and was made intensely .so l)y the development of Know-nothingism. In Sei)tend)ei-, 1853. Theodore Ilielscher started the Frcic L'rcssc in su]i]>ort of the free soil and abolition principles, and the two papers went at it, hanuner and tones, just like the other jiolitical i)ai)ers, as is more fully noted in the (•hai)ter on "The (lernians in Indian- apolis. " The Frcic Prcssc was continued until dur- ing the Civil War, and the Volkshlatt passed into the hands of the (iutenberg Co., which continued its publication as a weekly until 1907. In 1S6o the (iutenbery Co. established the Tdcfjrnph. a (jerman daily, and si.x months later the Spotlvond. as its Sunday issue. lu 1877 The Tribum. a (ierman daily, was started in o])position to the Telegraph, and these two divided the field for a quarter of a century. In ^larch. 1907. these two wei'e (•(msolidat'^d, and The Teleeiraph and Tribune, with the Spoitvoijcl (^locldng-bird) as Sun- day i.ssue, now ])ublish(>d In- the Gutenberg Co., is the only German news|)ai)er of In- dianapolis. The Volksblall was diseontiinied at the time of the consolidation. The only Genuan paper now published in Indianapolis besides the Telceirapli mid Tiihunc and the Spoftroe/el. is the I)( ulscli-Anierikanischc Hncliilrucker-Zeilung. the official organ of the ( ierman-^\merican Typographical Uni(m. This is edited by Hugo Miller, and is issued semi-mon1hi>-. It was originally established in New York City in 187:!. but was removed to Indianapolis in 1894 wIh'o the headquar- ters of the union wi-i-e 1i-ansferreil to this noint . There is no publication in lniliaiui|)olis in any othei- foreign language than (iei'nuui, but there ai'e two trades papers that pidjlish de- |)artments in Fremdi and Italian, as well as (Jerman and English. ()iie of these is Tin Carpenler. a monthly paper, which was es- tablished in 1881, i'he olliei- is The Briek- Idi/t r and Mason, also a monthly, which was started in 1898. The Bnihdruek( r-Zeitung s(i-ves the purpose of a (li'i'iiian organ for 396 HISTOKY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. the International 'I'ypuuiaphical Union of America as the (ieniian Union is in alliance with it, and from the same headquarters, in the Newton Claypool bnilding, is isned The Typographical Journal— t\\Q official organ of tlie International Union— a semi-monthly which was established in 1S93. There are several other labor union publications in the city, printed in English only.. The Team- sfir. the official organ of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, was started in 1903, and is published from the Carpenters building on East ^lichigan street. The Car- penter is al.so published here, and so is The Journeyman Ba>h<r. The latter is the offi- cial magaziui' of the Journe.yman Barbers' Intei'iiational Union of America. It was started as TIte Barbers' Journal in February, 1891, at Syracuse, N. Y., and later moved to Cleveland and then to Los Angeles, following the headquarters of the union. At Los An- geles the name was changed to Tlte Journey- man Barber. It was moved to Indianapolis in 1905. It is pul)lished monthly. Other labor union papers published here are the United Mine Workers Journal, organ of the United Mine Workers of America, established in 1891 ; and the Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine, established in 1885, and now edited by John P. McNamee. In addition to the organs of special unions, the city has had several general lalior papers, of which Cal Light's Worhingmen's Map may be resarded as the pioneer. It was started early in 1876 and continued till IMay, 1877, when it was suspended, and the sub- scribers were furnished with The Times, a weekly that had been started also in the spring of 187f). and which continued for two or three yeai-s longer. Tlte Times originally devoted itself to sensations and scandals, but improved, and became a fairly decent labor paper. Light started The Democrat soon after the suspension of the Worldngmen's Map and it lasted but little longer than its predecessor. One of the most notable of these w-as The Labor Signal, which was estab- lished in 1881 as the organ of the Central Trades and Lal>()r Union. For a number of years Wm. LangstafT was trustee, and Thom- as M. Gruelle editor. It claimed to be "the ol(3est esta])lished bibor i)aper in tiie West:" was verx well edited, and had eimsiderahle influence. Early in 1S9G it was bought by James Wilson, then pioprietor of The People, who wanted the material and fixtures of the office, and who discontinued the paper. The labor field was already occupied by The Union, which was founded in 1888 by Edwin F. Gould. The paper in that year bitterly opposed Gen. Harrison, who Gould made affi- davit to have said "a dollar a day is enough for a workingman." The Union was contin- ued by Gould till his death, on May 4, 1906. It was then continued for a few weeks by Edgar A. Perkins as his administrator; when he bought the paper from ilrs. Gould, and still continues it. It is the organ of the In- diana Federation of Labor, and the Central Labor Union of Indianapolis, and is an ex- cellent paper of its class. A shorter-lived labor paper was T/te Workingman, which was established in 1892 by Frailey and Goodwin. It wa-s continued for about two years. The first agricultural paper published here was a monthly called the Indiana Farmer, which was started in the last half of the '30 's by Osborn & AVilletts. Very little is known about it, and no copies are known to have been preserved. The same is true of the second one. The Western Cultivator, which was published at Indianapolis by W. Thompson Hatch, who also started a short- lived daily called The Dispalcli, about 1850. The Cultivator was in existence when Henry Ward Beecher started his paper in 1845, and is referred to by him as a very valuable pub- lication that had been established by great effort. ° ]\Ir. Beecher had always taken a great interest in agriculture, floriculture and horticulture, and had been contributing periodically to the Journal, as well as stir- ring up the community generally on these sub.iects; and usually in a very rational and useful way. There was already a wide and intelligent interest. In a leter in January, 1843, Beecher says there were then 18 regu- lar nurseries in the state, and that apple-trees sold at 10 cents and pear trees at 20 cents. lie also states that an association of gentle- men had been formed in Indianapolis to plant the streets with shade trees; and would "take ample stock froin our own forests." ■'Indiana Farmer and Gardener. pp. 1. 114. 1. HISTORY OF GKEATKH INDIANAPOLIS. 397 and also plant some pear and i)lum trees, tlii' latter in the belief that they would be free from the eiu-eulio on hiiihways. He mentions with reo-ret that the fine "oaks, maples, syca- mores* beeches, tulip trees and elms" had been cut from the public squares, and that these had been replanted with "short-lived locusts.' The Indiana Farmer and Gardener was the result of a scheme arrauo;ed by Vance Noel of the Journal and Mr. Beecher by which if was issued semi-monthly from the Journal office, and such of the niatli'i- as was wanted into it. which makes it very readable to this day. He also showed unusual newspaper en- terprise. One of his strokes wa.s issuing a double lunnber on October l!l, 1846, with a complele almanac for 18-i7. He explained that "almo.st every family purchases an al- manac of some kind," and he proposed to furnish one in which ''uncouth wood-cuts and pointless anecdotes" were replaced by "u.seful information". This was done very satisfactorily, but included amon<ir the useful information were some powei-ful arguments for subscribing' to I lie Wishrn Farmer and S^A THE STATK .lOURNAL BUILDING, 1S.5U. (p-rom an old cut.) was then lifted into llie Journal forms with credit to the Indiana Farmer and Gardener, which was thereby nuide possible of sale at ■")() cents a year. 'I'his arranjicmeiit contiiuied for some eiLihteen months. The finst number was isued on P\'bruary 1, 1845. On January 1, 184f;, the name was changed to The Wesl- crn Fanner and Gardener, the paper haviuLT absorbed The We.iter)i Farmer of Cinciiniati. It closed its second year with 1.200 subscrib- ers, wliich is not surprising, for Mr. Beecher got a large amount nf iiileresting informal inn "Indiana Quarhrhi ^Ja(|azine of Histori/, Vol. 3, p. 189. Gardener. The paper was discontinued when ^Ir. Beecher left in 1847, and for nineteen vears the city was without an agricultui-al paper. In 186G Ur. T. A. Bland started the Sorthivestem Farmer, and in April, 1871, this came under the editoi-ial control of J. (!. Kingslniry, who changed the name to The In- diana Farmer, and made it the leading agri- cultural paper of the state. In 1872 J. J. Hillingsley, publisher of the Drainacje and Farm Journal, bought an interest in it; and ill 1874 J. B. Conner boutrbt a half interest. Mr. Conner then assumed the active business matiiigement i>f' the pajxT, which he still re- tains. !)S 11IS-1(»|;V (»!•' (iltEATEH JXDIA.NAI'OLIS. There have been several .short-lived agri- cultural papers started at Indianapolis, such as the Agriculiural Frrss, by Cyrus T. Nixon, and Farm, Herd aitd Home, by Austin H. Brown and A. Abromet; and in the later period there have been several notably suc- cessful ones. The American Farmer, which was started in 1885, developed remarkably, and had at one time a circulation of over 200,000; but has lost some in the last few years on account of changes in postal regula- tions. It is published by a company, of the same name, of which Solon L. Goode is the largest owner. I'p-to-Date Farmiiui is an ag- ricultural semi-monthly that was started by J. A. Everitt in 1898. and was pidilished by liim till January. 1909, when it passed into control of an ineor])orated company, of which he is the chief owner. It claims 125,000 cir- culation. The Equiiij Farm Journal is the official organ of the American Society of E(juity, and is devoted more to agricultural l)uying and selling than to the science of cul- tivating the soil. It was started in Chicago as an independent publication in November. 1907, but was acquired by the society and moved to this point in January, 1908, the headquarters of the society being here. Its circulation is about 60,000 and is rapidly in- creasing. Clasely following Beecher's Indiana Farm- er and Gardener came another notable pub- lication, which, strange to say, has dropped entirely out of sight in the histories of In- diana. This was The Common Seltool Advo- ratf. fii-st issued on October 1, 18-16, as a semi- monthly, by Henry F. West, later mayor of Indianapolis, and the founder of the book store now known as The Bobbs-ilerrill Co. — or rather the W. K. Stewart Co. This edu- cational journal is not mentioned even in that very thorough work, Boone's History of Edu- cation in Indiana, and yet it did more to se- cure the free school system of Indiana than any other publication in the stat(\ It was fref(uently (juoted in contemporary jiajiers. and it no doubt won the fight for the free school tax in Indianapolis, in 1847. ])y its vigorous argtnnents, one of which was a demonstration that the illiteracy of Indian- apolis was greater than the average illiteracy of the entire state. I have been able to find in exi.stence only ( iie copy of it— the second luunher — i)ound at the back of a volume of Beecher's Indiana Fanner and Gardener, formerly belonging to Judge II. V. Biddle, and now in the Cit.y Librarj^ at Indianapolis. It was probably discontinued shortly after the battle for free schools was finally won in 1852, as that was its mission. In January, 1856, the Indiana Seltool Journal was started in |)ursuance of resolu- tions adopted by the State Teachers' As.so- ciation ti) publish an educational journal simi- lar to that published in Ohio. It was con- ducted by nine editors, appointed by the as- sociation, one of whom was "ivsident editor'', on a salary. The first resident editor was (ieorge B. Stone, then Superintendent of the Indianapolis schools. He was one of the numerous teachers who left the state in 1858, after the Supreme Court had held the school law uneonstitntional. He was succeeded by W. 1). Henkle for one year, when he also left, and O. Phelps was ai)pointed. Mr. Phelps was absent fi-om the state so much that he could hardly be said to "reside", and the work of issuing the paper fell chiefiy on II. II. Young, the publisher. The paper de- teriorated greatl.v and its sub-scription list fell to 150. In the spring of 1862 the Asso- ciation transferred the paper to Geo. W. IIos-s, then of the faculty of Northwestern Christian University (Butler) and later State Superintendent of Public Instriu-tion. who edited it for eight years, and put it in good standing once more. The Journal was then consolidated with the Indiana Teacher, and Wm. A. Bell was associated with 'Slv. Hoss as chief editor. In August. 1871, :Mr. Bell bought the interest of ^Ir. Hoss. and for the next twenty-eight years was proprietor and editor of the Journal. Wm. A, Bell was an important factor in education in Indianapolis and Indiana. He was a native of the state, born in Clinton Comity, January .SO, 1833 ; and attained an education by his own effort, graduating from Antioch College. Ohio, in 1860. He tried teaching in the South, but returned on ac- count of the war, and in 1861-2 was in charge of the schools at Williamsburg, Indiana. In 1863 he was made principal of the old Sec- ond Ward school in Indianapolis, and in 1864 of the newly-organized high school. In 1865 he was superintendent of schools at Rich- HIS'TORY OF CltKATKIi I \ I )1A \.\ I'Ohl^,. 399 niontl. liiiliiiiia, and in 18til) rcturiU'd ;i.s prin- cipal I't' the Indianapolis liiuli scIiodI. wlici'i' lie continued till 1871. After niiyinu- the Sclioo! Jotinial he was president of the State Teaeh- ers" Assoeiation in ISl'A, and from that time was an et!ieient meml)er of the Indianapolis School Board for twelve yeai-s. 1873-85, and was president of the board for seven years of that time. In June, 1899, "Sh: Bell sold the School Journal to D. ]\L Geeting, late Super- intendent of Puhlie Instruction, who became editor, with K. B. Bryan and Geo. W. liass as assistants. In 1900 the paper was con- solidated with the Iiihnid Educator, which was started in Terre Haute in 1895, and has since been published, as The Educator-Jour- nal, by a company which was formed at the time of the consolidation. The present edi- tor is Robert J. Aley, State Superintendent I if Public Insti'uction. In Decembfi'. 1897. appeai'ed the first num- ber of The Indianian, a rather unifjue semi- monthly devoted especially to the interests of townshi]> trustees. It was publi.shed by The Indianian Company, the chief factor in which, and the business manager of the pub- lication, was B. F. Blair. The managinii' 'ditor was F. W. Van Sicklen. In Octol)er. Is'.is. W. H. Smith, author of a Historti of Iiidiaiiii. Ijcgan editing a historical (le])ai't- iiient in the Tndiaiiiaii. and in July. 1899. he took editorial control, the principal aim of the publication thereafter being to promote the study of local history in the public schools. It was got out in good st.vie, witlt excellent illustrations and descriptive articles iif various counties and othci- intcrr-sting his- torical matter. But the publication was too expensive for the returns. In ()ctt)bei', 1900, .Mr. Smith was dropped as editor, and in De- ceinbci- op tlin same yeai' The ludiniii'iii sus- pended. There was no historical jjcriodical pub- lished in the city, or in the state, until 1905, althoneh the Indiana Historical Soci(>ty was organized on Di-cenibei- 11, 1830, and ii^ corpoi-ate(l by special act of the legislature on January 10, 1831. The society had an iiitei-mittent existence for over half a century, suspendinir and being revived, but inactive most of that lime. In 188fi it was ivoi'ganized, and since then has b(>en iriaintained contin- uously, issuing pamphlets from time to time until it has now conii)leted I'oui' \oluiiies of its i'ubliciitioHS. As there had been several publications prior to that date, those of 188t) were started as Volume 2, ami in the course of the next ten years those preceding were gathered up, and published as Volume 1. It never undertook a regular periodical. JNIr. George AV. Cottman, of Irviugton, a pleasing writer, who had given much attention to local history, became convincetl that there was a field for an historical periodical, and in the spring of 1905 launched the Indiana Quar- terly Maejazine of Histori). He continued it for three years, giving it up on account of removal. It was largely a labor of love, as the returns were very little more than the ex- penses. But by that time a niunber of per- sons were satisfied that the publication was too valuable to be di-opped, and arrangements were made to continue it. Prof. C. H. Colc- nuin, of Butler, undertook to edit it: State ]jibi"irian Demarchus Brown undertook a large i:)art of the business management; and the Indiana Historical Society guaranteed expenses to the amount of $150 a year. Un- der this arrangement the publication is still continued, and the matiazine is steadily gain- ing an independent footin<>: on its merits. One I'eason foi- taking 1870 as a sort of dividing line between the old and the new in Indianapolis news])apers is that it was the fii'st year of a pei-manent afternoon paper, and one that had the press reports— the In- dianapolis Xeirs. Its fii'st issue appeared on ])ecend)er 7, 18t)9, ami its low ])i'ice— it W'as the first 2-eent jiaper— clean make-up, con- tlensed form, and refusal to i)rint advertise- ments as editorial mattei- soon made it ]io]iu- lar. It was well edited. Its founder, ]iro- prietor and editor was John H. Ilolliday. who was of one of the oldest families in this i-egion. His gi'andfather, Samuel Hollida.y, was one of the associate .iudgcs at the Indian trials at Pendleton, in 1824. His father. Kev. "Wni. A. Holliday. was jiastor of the First Pi-e.sbyterian chui-ch in 1832-4, and re- sided in Indianapolis from 1841 till his death December 16, 18(if). exee])t for two years, 1864-6, when he served as professor of Latin and modern languasres at Hanovei- College, lie was a nuui of nnieli leai'ning. and for a nuiiibei- of years conducted one of the noted private Schools of the citv. Jolui II. Ilolliday 400 HISTOKY OV GKEATER IXDIANAPOLIS. gi'ew up in ludianapolis, was educated at Hanover, and had several years' newspaper experience on the Sentinel and other city papers. His editorials were sane, pithy, and to the point, as a rule. His one failing was in not realizing how important and valuable a paper he had established. In 1884, when the News was the chief independent news- paper of Indiana, Joseph E. McDonald was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency. Mr. HoUiday con.sidered him the most available Democratic timber in sight, aud could have been of material in- fluence b.y simply saying so. With Mr. Mc- Donald's approval I endeavored to get him to do this, but the resiilt was a tame, almost non-committal article that was not of the slightest use to Mr. McDonald or anyone else. But usually no one had much trouble in lo- cating the News, though it was at times in- consistent, notably in the matter of preaching tai'iff reform and generally supporting pro- tective tariff Republicans in national elec- tions. The only Democratic candidate for president it ever supported was Horaci> Greeley. As important a factor in building up the News as Mr. Holliday himself was Gideon B. Thompson, who came to it in the second year of its life as city editor. Thompson is a na- tive of Ohio, bora August i. 1839. His father was a Presbyterian minister. Gideou worked at the printer's trade in a country office, and came to Indianapolis to perfect himself in the trade iu the winter of 1856-7. He worked for the Sentinel Company, which then had the state printing, till I860: went to Kentucky for a few months; then back to the Sentinel, and later to the Journal. when it got the state work. He was a mem- ber of Shoup's Independent Zouaves, and went to cauip for the three months' service. but took sick, became delirious, and did not come to himself till the regiment was gone. But he went out in August, 1861. and came back in 1863, broken in health. He married, but soon fell ill, and for years was unable to do a ftdl day's work. Nevertheless he worked in the Journal composing-room, setting type for an hour and thou sleeping for an hour on a board he had placed under his case. In the winter of 1868-9 he besran reporting the council for the Jottrnnl and Sentinel to help out his earnings; and then went on the Jour- nal as repoi-ter. His most noted work there was a defense of the management of the Orphan Asylum. George C. Harding who was then city editor of the Sentinel, attacked tlie management. Mrs. Newcomb, wife of Judge H. C. Newcomb, who was then editor of the Journal, was one of the members of the board. Thompson interviewed her and the other ladies of the board, and they talked very spicily. Harding was too gallant to come back at the ladies, and, not su.specting Thomp.son, he replied by horsewhipping (feorge Long, the city editor of the Journal, who was innocent of any connection with the matter. When Harding left the Sentinel, 'Ihompson took his place as city editor, which he held till R. J. Bright sold the paper, and then he went to the News. Jlr. Thompson has long been known as "Snacks", many people not knowing him l)y any other name. He picked up this cog- nomen at Danville, Indiana, where he worked for some months before coming to Indianapo- lis. He took the character of "Snacks" in an amateur play there. The young ladies of tlie place were interested in knowing something about him, but he would satisfy their curi- osity onh' by assuring them that he "came from nowhere, was going no place, and had no mission in the world that he knew of". They retaliated by christening him "Snacks", and the name followed him. While in the army he iised it as a pen name in his cor- respondence for the city papers. In a paper on "The Reporter", read before the State Editorial ^Association in the early seventies, Mr. Thompson described the requisite quali- fications of a reporter as, (1) "an Argus nose for news", (2) "a talented pair of legs", and (3) "brains"; the emphasis be- ing laid on the first two, and the third being treated as of small importance. But he had all three, and one of the most attractive features of his work was the inven- tion of unique expressions, with a faculty for iteration that was not mo- notonous. Many Indianapolis people re- member the epithet "the commonest kind of a common deadfall", which he applied to a "skin" auction room on South Illinois street until he fairly ran it out of town. He made Street Commissioner Kennington fa- Ilis-|()i;v OF (,|;K. \'n-:R INDIAN. M'oi.is. tOl inous as "the little red wa^ron with a wart (111 it"". But perhaps his most noted expres- sion was ""The Slick Six"", which he applied to Harry Ailaiiis, Koseoe Hawkins, John Leonard, Dan Kaiusdell. Lee IMothershead, and Ot. Hasseliiian. (hen tlie "brains"" of the loeal Kepiihlitaii niaeliiiie. It was a clianee sliot. suii<icstcd liy "the Big Six" who were then runnini;' \ew York City, and wonld probably have spent itself with tlie one use had not one of the assailed made tlie iiiistak(> of askiiii,' Thom|)son not to use it aijaiii; wliereupon he nearly lost his breath iiettin^ back to the office to use it. antl kejjt it u]> until it became an established political epi- thet, outliving the memoi-y of its original ap- plication and meaning. It may be noted here that one element of the success of the .\( ics was employing the best writers available in <'very department. After it was well on its feet, whenever a man .showed ability on another paper the Xtics went after him and usually got him without trouble, for sane newspaper men prefei- day \Mirk. Ill its reportoi'ial force it took on such irieii as Chai'les Dennis, Hilton 1'. Brown. Krm-st B. Bieknell. .Meredith Xieholsnii. James I loi'iiaday, Harry I'almer. Mai-k This- tlethwaite, and oth(>rs of little less loeal note. To its editorial force were called Dan Baine. a writer of charming verse as well as prose: .\rorris Ross, a graceful writer; and Louis 1 lowland, much of whose work is of magazine or review quality. The Nctcs could always l)iiast III' being well-written as well as well- edited, and that has been a large factor in its success. One of its first victoi-ies was swallowing up its only afternoon rival. Tin Kroiiiif/ Mirror, which, as a daily, was of alxnit its own age. It was started as a Satur- day afti^rnoon ])aper on December 22. 1867, by (ieorgc C. Harding and AT. ('<. lleiirx'. In a year oi- two Henry sold out in John B. ]\Iorton. and W'm. B. Vickers also entered the firm. In the winter of ISti!) the jiaper began to be issued as a daily, but fell by the way, and in February. 1870. was sold to tlie Xcirs. The Weekly Mirror was suspended at the same time, and Vickers soon began a weekly in its [)laee. called Toini Tall;, which did not liust lomr. Mr. Hardirm- then formed another union with ^fr. Vickers. and revived the Mirror as a weekly. In .\hi.\. 1870, Harding Vol. I— 2G sold his interest to Vickers who continued it for about a year, when Ik- became managing I'llitor (if the Jdiinidl and sold the paper to B. (). ;\Iullikeii. .Mulliken succeeded in killing it in a few weeks. (ieorge V. Harding was the most pieliir- es(|ue character that ever appeared in In- dianapolis .iournalism. He was born near Knox\ille. Tennessee, August 26. 182!), ajid learned nature at first hand in his boyish rambles. Before he reached bis teens his father, who was a lawyer, movetl to Baris, Illinois. Here the boys named him "The ("hei-- iikee" on account of his swarthy complexion and wild ways, but after he liad thra.shed all of the fighting element the Indian prob- lem was solved. At fourteen he left school and went to woi-k at odd jobs; ran otf to St. Ijouis. wlience lie soon returned penni- less and disheartened; got a chance to learn the ])rintei-'s trade on the Tern Haute Cour- ii r, which he accei)ted with .joy. Here he be- gan writing: and on compb'ting his api)reTi- liceshiji he went to aid his father, who had starte(l the I'reurie Heaeon at Baris, and wrote more extensively. Then the ^fexican Wai- broke out. and after a desperate effort to enlist, in which he followed the troops to .\ew Orleans on a fiat-boat, he fell sick and came near dying. His next newspaper ven- ture was at Charleston, Illinois, as [lart owner of the Courier, a warm Kej)id)licaii paper, which is said to have been the fii-st newspajier to suggest Fremont for president. After ex- |)erieiice tliei-e. and on the ('ineiiiiiuli Com- iiiireial. he became associate editor of the Houston (Tex.~) T< Ii f/rapli. which be left to come north .just before the Civil War began. Hai-ding enlisted in the Twenty-first In- diana (First Heavv Artillery) under Col. John W. ]\rc:\Iillaii. "which went first to Balti- more, anil then to theliiilf l)ei>artment. He was promoted from the ranks to secdnd lieutenant, but soon after resigned, and in 1864 took a [wsitioii on the .Vdc Or/on/.-.- Tiniis. Wliile in the army he c(ii'res|)oiide(l for the Ciiieiniuiti Coiiimereial. and his let- ters attracted much attention. In 1882. after his death, these lettei-s. with other articles, were jniblished in Imok form, at Indianapolis, under the title. "The ^Miscellaneous Writings (if (ieorge C. Harding". .After six months on tile Tliiiis be c;ime iKirfli; worked for a 402 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. slicirt tiiiii' on tlir CIik niiiaii ConiiiK rciiil : and then came t(i Imliaiiapolis. where most of the remainder of his life was passed. His first work here was as local editor on the Journal, then under Lafe Devlin on the Herald, and Dick Bright on the Sentinel. Then he went to the Journal ajiain, and was managing edi- tor of the shoi't-lived evening edition of that paper in 1871. After the failure of the Mirror, his next venture was the Saturday Herald, which was a great success. It was first issued on January 5, 1873. ilost of its popularity was due to Harding's work, but he was ably assisted, especially by Jlrs. Gertrude Garrison, who was an exceptional writer, and a woman of fine literary judgment. Harding's great forte was as a para- grapher, in which he had nnich of the quality of George D. I'rentice. In pereonal on- slaughts he was jiersistent and merciless, and the public really enjoyed seeing a victim squirm when he gigged him — he did it so artistically. The only pereon on record who got ahead of him in a personal controversy was Frank McDonald, son of Senator Joseph E. McDonald. Frank was a keen wit, noted as a raconteur and natural actor of high abil- ity. Although puny and deformed, he could assume a fierceness that was almost terrify- ing. On one occasion Harding made an on- slaught on Senator ilcDonald, and when Frank met him he fiercely notified him that if he assailed his father again he would have him to settle with. This was the food Hard- ing fed on, and the next issue of the Herald had all the mean things- about Senator IMc- Donald that he could study up, on the notice given. In due time Frank appeared at the editorial sanctum and sternly said: "I told you, sir, that if you assailed my father again, you would have to deal with me.'' '"Well," said Harding, "what do you propose to do about it?" "This, sir!" replied Frank, and plaring a box of fine cigars and a bottle of choice whisky on the de.sk, he walked out. leaving the astoni.shed editor to swallow his punishment. The next issue of the Herald contained this brief paragraph: "Frank Mc- Donald certainly knows how to heap coals of firewater on the heads of his enemies"; and thereafter Senator ^IcDonald was allowed to live in peace. Perhaps the most attractiv<' (|iiality of Harding's writing was its originality. He was always doing something novel. In 187tJ, April 1 fell on Saturday, and the Herald celebrated the day with a very plausibly written story of the discovery of Charley Ross in Indianapoli.s, and his temporarj' lo- cation at the Grand Hotel. It was a great success. Numbers of the most inquiringly pronunent people of the city ha.stened down to call on the long lost boy. The victims naturally demnuiced Harding as a heartless monster, but they got little sympathy. But there was very general satisfaction a little later when Harding himself was taken in by ■'the meteor hoax", which was the most suc- cessful thing of the kind ever worked in In- dianapolis. On January 16, 1879, the Jour- nal published what purported to be a special from Crawfordsville giving an account of the remarkable death of I^eonidas Grover, a Fountain County farmer, who, while asleep in his bed, was killed by a twenty-pound aerolite that came through the roof, pa.ssed though his body, and on to the cellar where it buried itself five feet in the ground. There was no one else in the house at the time, and the family, who returned later, did not dis- cover the casualty till the next morning. The story was as complete a hoax on the Journal as on outsiders. It was found on the telegraph editor's desk with other matter, in the usual foi'm, but it did not come over the wires. The authoi' was nevei- discovered. I was charged with it at the time, and numer- ous deluded people still hold me guilty, but I never saw it luitil I i-ead it in the News that afternoon. Xearly everybody believed the story, though it was absurd on its face. Meteors do not fall straight down : an<l they become intensely heated in passing through the atmosphere, many being conq>letely con- sumed. That one should pass through an in- flammable building without setting fire to anything: bury itself in the cellar, without giving otf fumes that would attract the at- tention of a family entering the house later: and, most of all, retain the "stains of blood", as the story stated, was simply prepostei'ous. But the learned were caught also. Profes.sor Cox, the State Geologist, hastily sent Major Palmer to the scene to get scientific details and secure the aerolite. He soon discovered the lack of facts. Init decided "to keep up IlISTOUV Ol-- (;i!i:.\'l'Kl! IXDIAXAI'OMS. 403 lliL' joke". He seeuivd ;i ciihljIe-stoiiL' ol' iip- [iropriate size and c-Dlon^d it with black and ird ink; also a rustic photo>i:raph which serveil for a portrait of the mythical (Jrover; and prepared ])lans of the non-existent house showing: the course of the iniaiiiiiai'v aerolite; all of which he j)ut on exhibition in Joe Perry's drui^store. then at the northwest cor- ner of I'ennsylvauia and AVashinutou streets. where they were viewed by wonderintr hun- dreds. Perhaps the most notable result was that the story was reproduced by Alexandei- Winehell, the noted geologist, in one of his scientific works.' The story appealed to Harding and he wrote a feeling article on the sti'ange way in which death had come to this man. sleep- ing in supposed security. It was published on the 18th. after the hoax had been ex- posed, but it had been put on the "inside". and the inside was printed, so it had to go. The next Saturday the Hiruld resumed the subject as follows: "We take it back in its totality. The death was not a iihenomenal one. The aerolite did not come hurtling from the depths of space. It did not tear a ragged opening through the roof of ^Ir. (i rover's house, nor did it crash through his breast and then j)a.ss through the bed, the floor, and so on into the earth, five feet. IMr. (Jrover's dauirhter and her husband were not away from home at the time of the accident, and they didn't fail to discovei- his death until the next moi-ning. He didn't die. Hediilu't fret hurt. He didn 't even get frightened. He wasn't there: he isn't anywhere now. Duru him. If Mr. Leonidas Grover ever should come into existence, and get killed by an aero- lite, he will have to yet some one else to write his obituary. It is a nice enough thing to moralize over, and it furnishes gi-eat sco])e for the play of sentimental fancy, but we despise the subject, and we have precious little faith in thunder-stones, anyhow. The audacious villain who invented the canard is an unmeasured fi-aud and an infinite liar. Hell gapis for him. The devil beckons to him with his hands, ami horns and tail. Ktei-nai cremation, with a brimstone aeeompaiiimeiit. is his doom." Naturally Hardiui; had fre(|uent Hings at 'Wiirlil /,//'.. p|). 14-1.'). his contemporaries, one of which was Tlie People, which was started as a Sunday paper, on November 6, 1870, by Enos B. Read. It wa.s a modei-ately decent paper at first, but soon degenerated into a chronicle of crimes and na.sty scandals, illustrated occasioiuilly with wood-cuts, hand made, with a butcher- knife. Nevertheless it had a clientele among the ought-to-be-submei'ged ti'uth, and lived long after its more respectable contempora- ries had collapsed. Read was a j)ompous in- dividual who imagined he could write jjoetry and grind out pure literature. He also thouirht he was a sportsman, and made a specialty of his fisherman's column, but his highest ideal of sport was sitting in a boat and anijling for red-ej-es and sun-fish, with worms. He used the editorial "we" always, even in local items, until the facetious got to calling him "AVe, The People". He tried to cultivate Harding, and for some months after the suspension of the Mirror Harding edited a column in The I'eopic: but after Tlai'ding got a i)a])er of his own he took a fancy to spear Read, and broke his heart by christening him "Piles, the Poet". Read wailed about the betrayal of friendship, but he quit writing poetry. But not all of the a.s.sailed were so mild. Among them was ("alvin A. Light, who was a very radical labor leadei\ and edited a weekly called Tlu [)(ino(riil. He made him- self cons|)icuous in the Railroad Strike of 1S77, and after it heaix'd unmeasured con- demnation on the local officials, partic\darly ]\rayor Caven, though Caven had jierformed a real service to the strikers by inducing tliem to dis[)erse when there were 'j.OOO regulai-s, militia, and armed citizens, including a large sprinkling of old soldi(Ms. reatl.v to attack tliem. and just mad enough to shoot with in- tent to hit. Harding took an intense di.slike to Light, and on one occasion ordered him out of the flerald office— with variations. After that there was some exchange of civili- ties, which reaclu'd a climax in the spi-ing of 1879: and then Harding showed his one weak spot as a vei-b;d puirilist. lie could not take punishment. lie had called Light a "venomous re()tile", ntid a "pestilent little beast", and just because Light I'cferred to him as "the Ticper of the Pi-ess" he got mad. On Mav 4 he went to Li'.;lit "s house and tried 404 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. to shoot him. but after one ineffective shot was di-ajri;ecl away liy neijihbors. The next day he went to The Democrat office and shot at Light three times, but only succeeded in woundini:- a printer named Lizins. He was duly arrested an>1 tried, but S'ot off on a plea of insanity. Soon after he sold his interest in the Herald, and went to Minnesota, where he started a country paper. But he longed for Indianapolis, and was soon back, quite cured of his insanity. On October 31. 1880, in company with Charles Dennis, he started the Saturday h'cview. They made, with the aid of Gertrude Gari'ison, a strong joui-nalLstie team, and the jiapei- (piickly gained popu- larity and circulation. Its prospects were very bright but he was not to reap success. He received a slight wound on his leg from a projecting grating, neglected it. and died from blood poisoning on ^lay 8, 1881. The Review was continued for a couple of years by Mr. Dennis, associated at tirst with A. C. Jameson, and later with Bert Metealf, and in 1883 was sold to John 0. Hardesty, an old- time editor. He first made it a political, and then a G. A. R. paper, changing the name to The Veteran's Eericir on December 13, 1884. It discontinued shortly thereafter. The Herald passed successively into the hands of Samuel X. Bannister. A. H. Dooley. J. C. Ochiltree, Lowry & Hyman, and the Hymau brothers. On November 5, 1889, it appeared as The American Implement Herald, ' eon- ducted by a company with D. M. Parry as president, and "devoted to the farm imple- ment, vehicle and kindred trades'"; but as an organ it was not a success, and soon sus- pended. After Enos B. Read's death The People passed into the control of James B. Wilson, who also edited a liquor paper called Free- dom and Right. "Wilson appeared to be do- ing a thriving business when the U. S. au- thorities objected to some of his publications, and on December 12. 1895 he was sent to the penitentiaiy for two years, for sending ob- scene matter through the mails. Wilson had some good qualities, with others. While in prison he became convinced of the innocence of Wm. E. Hinshaw. a life prisoner, con- victed of the murder of his wife, at Belle- ville, west of Indianapolis, on January 10, 1895. Wilson said that every man in the prison believed Hinshaw innocent, and that convicts were never deceived by pretended innocence. After his release he devoted con- siderable effort to advocating Hinshaw 's in- nocence. The People was discontinued after Wilson's death The Hinshaw ease attracted as much attention in Indianapolis as any murder case that ever occurred in this vicin- ity. Hinshaw said that his wife was killed by burglars, during a struggle in which he was cut several times with a razor, and shot twice. The prosecution maintained that liis wounds were self-inflicted, and the burglar story made up to cover the crime. He was convicted on eircumstanial evidence, on (Octo- ber 3; and on October 6, the Sentinel re- viewed the ea.se in a four-column editorial and declared its "belief, from the evidence, that the defendant is a wholly innocent man'". Its chief reasons were (^) that the case was tried on the theory that she was shot in bed. and the .state's medical experts said that the bullet cut an artery in the brain, aiul tliar the wound would have filled with lilood and have begun to discharge extei-nally in eight seconds ; but there was no blood on the bed : (2) that the last shot was fired across a street from the house, and the revolver, from which it must have been fired, and with which the woman must have been killed, if Hinshaw did the shooting, was found iiinety feet away from that point, on the farther side of a wood shed and within one foot of its foundation, where Hinshaw could not (los- sibly have put it. Noah Baney. a confirwiiefl criminal, afterwai'ds confessed that he and two others Avere the buriilars. and confirmei! Hinshaw 's story, except that he said ^Irs. Hinshaw was shot on the back steps of the house, where she was found by the neiahbors with her head in a pool of blood : but ho recanted when an attempt was made to in- dict him. Hinshaw Avas parolinl on January 9, 1!H)."). by (iovei'uor Dui'bin, but was sent back (m November 9, 190fi, In- Governor Han- ly, for an escapade with a woman, under cir- cumstances that proved him a very stupid man to have concocted the story he told about the mijrder. Of the weekly newspapers that have main- tained their existence, the oldest i.s the Tn- d( p()id< III . which was established in 18S1. 1 ■■ I IS'I'OIJV {)]■ (MtKAT XniAXAI'ol.lS. 405 It is a sprightly sheet, devoted chieHy to l(H'ai polities, and publishing: quite ;ui niiiount of politieal gossip not aecessihic elsewhere. The proprietoi-, ^Ir. Sol Hathaway, does the greater j)art (if the reporting for the paper, whieh led to .Mayor Rookwalter's little joke that "the Inch p( nchnt was a paper whose editor eireulated more than the paper". Thomas (inielle, former editor of the Labor Sigiiiil has assisted in the editorial work of the Indrpriideiit for .some time pa.st. Another local weekly, but on a county basis, and making a specialty of farming interests, is Th( Marion Counlij Mail, which wa-s estab- lished in November, 1902, by Leo K. Fesler, and has a circulation of 3,700. There hav,' been several othei' weeklies that died in child- hood. The fiunddy Morning Call was begun in November, 1(^7!), by Ned Reed & Co., and contiinied for a couple of year.s. The Soutli- sidf was .stai'ted in 1878, and gave especial attention to affairs south of Washington .street. In 1870 it was bought by J. A. Dynes & Co., who changed the name to Tlie Indianapolis Republican, and published it liir five or si.x years longer. The first issue of Tlu Wist Side Herald was on Januai-y 5. 1894. It was devoted to affairs west of the liver, and had very jiatent iusi(h»s. It was (•cin(luet''d by ('lark Bi'own, Wni. J. Smith, and Chas. I." Kiser till 1897, when AVest Tn- diana]iolis was annexed to the city. The pioneer of the religious press appears 'ii ha\e been Tin Christian Record. This was ■iri^'iiially a monthly published at Blooming- tnii, Ind.. by -Tames ^Mathes. It started in 1S48. In 18o0 it was moved to Indiana])olis, ;iiii! Klder Elijah (Joodwin became the editor. It was latei- made a weekly, and was pub- lished he7-e until 1866, when it was consoli- dated with Tlic Christian Standard, of Cin- cinnati. Soon after the Record came Tlie Gospil Herald: and after it The Western I'mversalist was established by Manford & •To>'ilan, and continued foi' two or three years. Next came Tlu Wilnfss. a liajitist i)ubliea- tion, edited by l)i-. M. (i. ClarK-e, wdiich con- tituied till 18(5(1, and was then merged with /'/;( Standard, pidili.shed at Chicago. While Eld(>r doodwin was publishint;- the Uieord, in 18(i8. :\Iis. .M. .\r. Rassett started, at Cincin- nati, Till Chrisliiin Monitor, which was "the pioneer mauazine devoted tii the sisterlmod of the current refinnialinn," i.e. Id the women of the Christian (Disciples, or Campbellite) church. The editors exchanged ])iipers, and their writing inspired a mutual jia.ssion which led them to exchange vows: and on Jvuie 19, 1863, Polder (ioodwin and i\[rs. Bassett were wedded. The Monitor wa.s then moved to In- dianapolis, where it continued a,s The Ladies' Christian Monitor until 1881-82, when it was [lurchased by Mr, and Mi-s. Smart, and re- moved to St. Loui.s. It was continued by them then, the name being changed later to 'The Christian Companion : and, a few years ago, it was merged with 'The Christian Evangelist, which is still pid)lished at St. Louis. In 1869 Jlrs. (ioodwin also published The Mother's Monitor, and The American Housewife, at Indianajiolis. At the same time, her stepson, Angelo Q. (ioodwin, who had learned the printer's trade in the Record office, started a literary paper called 'The Sparl'ling Gem, which sparkled for a few months, and then faded. When the Christian Woman's Boai'd of ]\rissions began the publication of Mi.'ision- ary Tidings here, in ]\ray, 1883, Mrs. Good- win was made editor, but resigned in Sep- tember of the same year on account of ill health. She died at" Cleveland, Ohio, Feb- ruary 22, 1885. This papei' was then edited by a publishing committee, conijiosed of Mrs. S. E. Shortridge and Mrs. L. A. IMoore. for one year, when Mrs. Shortridge took the position of editor, aiul continued till her death in April, 189(1. Folhnving her, the editors have been Aliss Lois A. White, April, 1890, to January, 1899: :\[rs. Helen E. Moses, January, 1899, 'to ^hiy. 1905: ^frs. Ainia K. Atwater, :\Iay, 1905, to November, 1909 ; and Mrs. Efifie L. Cunningham from then to date. This is a flourishing paper, with over 33,000 sub-scribcrs, in all parts of the United States and twenty foreign countries. It has t-v- cently been moved to the new building of the Board at Irvingt.on. After the war there came a nulalilc devel- opment of pid)lication liei-e in the Chi'istian Church, through Rev. Wm. AVorth Dowling, for some time a teaelier, and head of the ]>reparatorv dejiartmeut nf X<ii'th Western Chi-istian Universit.\-. In .lanuary, 1865, he stai'ted The Liltli Soirer. the tii-st 5>iniday School pajiei- jirinted here, and the first one iOb HISTORY OF (JlJE.vTEK 1 XDI ANA I'OLIS. of the Christian Church juiywhere. There was some opposititm among' the ehurcli head- ers to Sunday .School papers at the time, on the j^round that they were "unseriptural,"' as introducing- some other instrument of in- struction than the Bible, so the work began with due caution. The paper was a monthly for the tirst year, then a semi-monthly for three years, and in 1869 became a weekly. It continued till 1884, when the name was changed to The Sitiulaij School EvaiujcUiit. and later to llu Young EvaiKjelist. As in- terest in Sunday School work grew, a paper was needed for teachers and older students, and Mr. Dowling started The Morning Watcli to cover that ground. Its name was later changed to The Cliristian Sunday School Teacher, and in 1891 to Our Young Folks. under which title it is now i)ublished. There was also a call for a primary paper, and TIk Little Watclivian was issued for that, the name afterward becoming llie Sunny Sidi. and later Our Little Ones. There was also a lesson leaf published under the title of Good Seed, which, after the adoption of the Inter- national Lesson Leaf, developed into a (piai-- tei-ly and annual. All of these publications were started in Indianapolis, but in 1877 the "Christian Publishing Company," with j\Ir. Dowling as editor-in-chief, moved to St. Louis, where they are still continued, with various others. The success of Tlie Little Sower suggested a similar publication for dav schools, and in 1868 !Mr. Dowling and Prof. "a. C. Shortridge started The Little Chief. They continued it for two years, and Prof. Shortridge, and Shortridge & Alden, kept it up for several years after that. There have been a number of short-lived religious papers here, among which ma.v be mentioned Tlie Illustrated CJiristian. pub- lished also at Boston, in the later sixties. It was bought by A. A. Barnes, the name changed to Heart and Hand, and the publi- cation continued for several months, with Rev. E. P. Ingersoll as editor. Mr. Barnes then turned it over to the Y. M. C. A., under whose care it soon died. The Y. M. C. A. had another i)ub]ication in 1873. called Our I'aper: and another in 1876 called The Y . .17. C. A. Review and Sahhatlt .Magazine, which also died young. In 1869 Kev. F. C. Ilolli- ilay published Tlie W(stirn Fireside, which had a brief career. In 1871 Kev. Thos. A. tiood«in started the Indiana Christian Advo- cate, which lasted for a couple of years, and was ehietly devoted to the temperance cause, with friendly I'emarks on woman's suffrage, and hearty opposition to state institutions of higher learning— at least in Indiana. In 1875 the Journal and Messenger was started by the Central Baptist Press Company. Early in the eighties came The Gospel Trumpet, published by Daniel S. Warren, The Christian I'niun. and 77k Crown of Glory. A more permanent [jublication was Tlie Indiana Baptist, started in 1881 by Elgin & Chaille, brothers-in-law. Elgin dropped out in a few years, and the l)aper having become somewhat involved financially, it was taken over by a company called the Baptist Publishing Company. lu 1902 it was reiiioved to Greensburg, Ind., and is still published there as the Baptist Ob- server. The Catholic Church can hardly be said to have church papers as the Protestant churches have. The papers known as "Cath- olic" are private ventures, devoted not to the di.scussion of doctrine, but to the publication of news of interest to Catholics, and to the promotion of the welfare of the church and its members. There was no Catholic paper here until 1875. AVhen Father O'Donaghue came here, in 1874, he was impi-essed with the desirabilit.v of such a paper, and advo- cated its establishment. As a result a stock- company was foi'ined in 1875 which began the publication of Tlie Central Catholic. It was edited for a short time by Dr. J. W. Rogers; then bv Capt. Thos. K. Barrett; then bv Dr. AYalters. The paper was .sold to L. H. Bell of the Louisville Catholic Advo- cate, who continued it as The Central Catho- lic Advocate. In 1882 there was another eliange of ownei-ship. and the name was made The New Record. It ne.xt passed to Alex- ander Chomel. who made it The Catholic Rec- ord, and published it till 1895, when it was sold to The Catholic Columhian, of Colum- bus. 0., and the name took its present form of The Catholic Columbian Record. The vol- ume number was changed in 1882 when the paper M'as called 'The Xrw Record, and the tiles would indicate its origin in that year; but it was practically all one paper back to 1875. The only other Catholic paper here V i IllsToItY OF CK'KATKK I \! )| A XAI'OI.IS. 40r The Indiana Catholic, which was started iu February. 1910, by J. P. O'-Mahony, who had been for several years the manager of the Record. Of the later religious publications, still continued. The India nil Reporter, a seiiii- montlily. is under auspices of the Seveutli- Day Adventists. The Herald <if Light is published by the Pentecost Band. The Awakener is the organ of the Indiana Sun- day School As.sociation. and is devoted to the extension of Sunday School work. The Epis- copaliajis have an organ in The CliureJt Chremiele. This is a monthly publication which was begun in April, 189!). by the Woman's Au.xiliary of the Diocese of In- dianapolis, and was ably edited for ten years by Jlrs. \V. D. Pratt. She then resigned and the paper was taken over by Bishop Francis. He and Kev. (Jeo. Burbanck are now the editors. There is hardly any imaginable .sort of pap)er that has not been ))ublislH'd in In- dianapolis at some time. Humor has been represented by The Humorist, published by Laudon & Hastings in I860: the Jolly IIoo- sier, by A. C. Rooche & Co. in 1870; Scissors, started by the Indiana Publishing Company, the principal iin'iiibcrs of which were the Hyman brothers, in 1888. (his last with car- toons of the '"Puck"' oi-der. Of skeptical, or "free-thought'" jjapers there were Monroe's Ironclad Age. a rather ably edited paper, and Lamaster's leonoelast, which was bitterly opposed to everything that apyone else was in favor of. Pajjcrs of fraternal organiza- tions will be found meiiti(med in the clia])t('r treating of those organizations; but it may be mentioned in jiassing that the most widel.\' circuhited j)ai)er. of any kind, evei' published here was the Modern Woodman, whose last issue before it was removed to Rock Island, in October. 1908. was of 1,040.000 copies. Of paper's of the colored population the pioneei' was Th( Indianapolis Leader. ])ub- lished by Bagby l^ros.. and the present rej)- resentatives ai-e The Indianapolis World, pub- lished by (lurley Brewer and A. E. ]\Tan- ning; the Hieordcr. pid)li.shed by Oeo. P. Stewart, and Ttic Freeman, published by fieo. L. Knox, of licjunr papers there liavc been half a dozen, the most striking, in name at least, being liarrds and Bottl(s. ])ul)lisiie(l by \V. 0. Bates. Of literary papers— more or less literary— there have been still more, of which the pioneei's ma.v be considei-ed The Olire Branch, published by .Miss Carrie 1). F. Bush, and ^liss Dill's (lazette, published liy Lizzie St. C. Dill, in 18fi(). The most pre- tentious venture in this line was Thi Reader Magazine, published by The Bobbs-^Mei'i-ill Co. from November, 1902, to Februai-y, 1908, and then consolidated Avith Putnam's Maga- zine. This was published as I'utnam'n and The Reader for a year, and thereafter as I'ut nam's. The Hrst medical i)aper hei'i was published by Dr. Theophilus Parviii. He had been as- siK'iated in the ownership and publication of the Cincinnati Journal of Medicine, and in June, 1867, acquired the entire ownership. He removed it to Indianai)o]is. the July num- ber being issued here as The Western Jour- nal of Mcelicine. Dr. Parvin was a man of tiie-h culture, and of the fii'st rank in his i)ro- fession. His paper was a high-grade monthly, with 64 pages of reading matter, issued by Robert Clarke & Co. of Cincinnati at the same dates that it appeared here. After several years the name of the i)aj)er was changed to Tlie American I'ractition( r. and Dr. Yandell, of Louisville, was associated in the publication. He stood as jiigh in Ken- tucky as Dr. Parvin did in Indiana, and at the time wa.s lecturing here at tiie Indiana Medical College, while Dr. Parvin was also lecturing at Louisville. In 1880 it was the leading medical .iournal of Indianaj)olis. In :\lay. 1870. Dr. Thad. :\r. Stevens, a nephew of the celebrated Pciinsylvanian of the same name, started a monthly called The Indiana Journal of Medicine, which was contiiuied foi" several years. There were two or thi-ee short-lived medical papers in this jH'i'iod. among them the Medical Rerien-. published by Dr. J. A. Bi-own in 1S77. and Lilxral Medicine, published by Dr. Frank A. Wi-ight. Joseph Perty also issued for some innntlis a paper called the I'harmaeisl. In Septendier, 1S82. Di-s. Fi-aiik I-'eiiiusoii and A. W. Brayton began jiublisliing '/'/((• Indiana Medical Journal, which has proven the most lasting of all. Dr. Ferguson dropped out in a year or two and the publication was continued by a stock company, with Dr. Bravton as editor. Dr. i5ra\t(iii is an all- 408 HISTOIJY OF GKHATKU INDIANAPOLIS. round sc-iiMitist and litterateur, as well as a medical man. and made the Jouniul of in- terest to many pei'sons outside of the profes- sion. In June. 1898. the Medical and Sur- gical Monibir was started by a stock com- pany, with Dr. Samuel E. Earp as editor. In YMi Dr. Earp became editor of the Ceu- (ral States Medical Magazine, published at Ander.son. Ind. ; and the Monitor was edited by Dr.s. A. E. Sterne and S. P. Scherer. In 1905 these two papers were combined, ami published at Indianapolis as The Ventral States Medical Monitor, with Dr. Earp as editor. In January, 1909, arrani;enients were made to combine this with the Indiana Medical Journal, and the resultant is now published under that name, with Drs. Earp and Brayton as editors, and Drs. Saul C. Norris and S. P. Scherer as a.ssociates. Xor- ris was the original editor of the Central States Medical Magazine, and Dr. Scherer of t\\& Monitor, so that The Indiana Medical Journal now represents all the interests of the old school, except the students at the Medical College of Indiana, who have been publishing The Medical Student since Octo- ber, 1902. The other schools were not inactive. In June, 1874, the State Physio-iMedical conven- tion adopted resolutions to publish a paper. A publishing conunittee was appointed, and in Januai'y. 187i), the first number of the I'hiisio-M< dieat Journid apjieai-ed. In 1878 Dr. (ieorge Hasty, the founder of the local Physio-]\ledical College, became editor, and did much towards building the paper up. It continued till 1897. In that year the Plnjsio- Medical Record was started, with Dr. Hag- gard and the Drs. Anthony as editors, and still continues. In the later seventies the Eclectics got busy. They established a med- ical college at Indiana avenue and California street, whose first class graduated in 1881. In 1878, Dr. Geo. W. Piekerill started the Indiana Medical Eclectic Quarterly, which lasted only a year or so. In January. 188:i. Piekerill started the Indiana Eclectic Med- ical Journal, which was more hardy. In July of the same year Dr. K. C. Kelsey started the Medical Free Prc.ts, which was an iM?lectic monthly. Dr. Kelsey being dean of the college. In 1890 the 'Eclectic Medical Journal combined with the Medical Free Press, and the paper was contiiuied uudtr the latter name. The legal profession ha.s managed to get along most of the time without a local paper, there being comparatively little occasion for one. The chief current i)rofessional informa- tion is the decisions of the Appellate courts which are largely furnished by the various i-eporter publications, and, long before these were instituted, digests of the decisions were I'onunonly printed by the daily papers as news matter. On ;\Iaieh "25. 1881. J. C. and Frank L. Wells started a jiublication called The Indiana Law Hi porter, devoted almost exclusively to the publication of court deci- sions, which was discontinued after a few months. They were not wholly discouraged, however, and in ^lay, 188:5. began publishing The Indiana Law Ma(/aziu(. This was on a slightly broader basis, and was continued through five semi-annual volumes. The next legal periodical was Th( Indiana Law Stu- dent, started by the students of the Indian- apolis Law School in 189(). but their vaulting ambition lasted for less than a year. In Jan- uary. 1898, the Indiana Law Journid was be- iiun. with ^^^ p. Fishback as editor, and Wm. F. Elliott. Charles W. :\loores and Wm. P. Kappes as a.ssociate editors, but they found little in the venture but work and expense, and it was discontinued aftei- a year or so. The only other publication approaching this chai-acter was Tin i'uhlic Ojjiiiat. which was Ik'uuu in 189."). aii<l ran tlii-dugh three vol- umes. A publication which was uni(iue at the time of its beginning in 1891, was Pavinfj and Municipal Engiueering. It was an out- growth of the paving exposition held by the Connnercial Club in 1890. There were so many inquiries sent here concerning it that Mr. AViliiam Foi-tune. secretary of the club, conceived the idea of stai'ting a ])ai)er to sup- ply information on such sult.iects. ]\Ir. Wni. P. Bobbs associated with him as business manager and the magazine was launched. ^Ir. Bobbs disposed of his interest in Deceni- licr, 1892. and the papei- was continued by a stock company controlled by ^fi-. Fortune. The first two volumes were animals and the succeedinir ones semi-annual. In July. 1896, the word "Paving" was drop|)e(l from the title, and it has since been |)ublislied as HISTORY OF GKEA'JKi; I \ DIAX Al'OLIS. 409 Miiniciptd Kiigiiu ( ring. In \S'.H> Mv. C'luirk's (J. Brown IjccaiiK' editorial writfi-, and in 1901 editof. The jrreat l)(idy of the niattei- lias always been specially prepared by con- tributors, usually by recognized experts. This characteristic, as well as its efficient editing, has given it an authoritative stand- ing, and it now has a widely scattered circu-- lation of over .j.tiOd. Another successful |)ublication of its own cla.ss was Thr Ihiih/ R(pori(r, which Ix'gan publication Sc])tcnil)er H. 1895, nominally liy tlie Keportei- Publishing Co., but the moving I.. I'urdy. formerly of the iS'io/. and appar- I'Mtly continues its old-time prosi)erity. There has been no form of temperance agi- tation that has not been represented by an Indianapolis jjublication, and prohibition has had its i-i'])rcsentntive since 1884. In that year .M. K. .Shicl moved the Monitor-Journal — a i)a])er published at Srymour, Ind.. formed by a ciniiliinatinn of the Monitor and the Rril h'il)l)on .lournal — to Indiaiuipolis and united with the Snn. a South Bend temper- ance paper, nndei- the luune of Tlie Fhiilaiix. It was owned by a stock company, and soon THE SENTINEL OFFICE, 1850. (From an old cut.) spirit of the enterprise was Joseph T. Klliott, •Jr. Its specialty was connnei'cial reporting. aJid incidentally i)romotin,g the interests of the Indiana Banking Assofiation. On May lid. i;)U.'J, the name was changed to The In- lianaijolis Vommercial licportcr. From the start the paper gave very full and accurate reports of markets, legal jiroceedings and otiier business matters, and liecame the chief local medium fo!- legal a<l\ei'tisements. In 19()S :srr. Elliott sold his interests and re- moved to California. On April 11, 1908, the name of the paper was changed to the In- (liannpolis Cotnmercial. and its scope was sliirhtlv enlarged. It is now edited bv Fred irained a i-eputation as a spicy anil vigorous |)ublicati(>ii. In 1891 it i)asscd into the con- trol of Will. \'\ and F.dward \V. Clark, who have since ])ublishid it. The name was changed in IS'Xi lo The I'atriot Phalanx. From the Phalanx office is also issued Clean Politics, a paper on a national basis, pub- lished by a stock company, with W. JI. Li- kins as manager and Chas. ^M. Fillmore as a.ssociate editor. It was started in July, 1909, and attained over 8."),000 circulation in six months. It is a weekly, published at 50 cents a year. There liave been two or tliicr attempts at society papers here, such as Mudnni. but none 410 HlS'l'ol.'V OF (il.'EATER IN DIAN AJ'ol.lS. of tlu'iu that lasted long. The most notable paper that might be included in this class was The Indiana Weekly, which was started November 9, 1895. by E. E. Stattord. It was rather broader than a mere society paper, and j)reserved quite an amount of biography in its sketches of local characters. In the fall of 1900 Mr. Stafford sold it to Lieutenant Governor Haggard and John Reichman. Within a year they sold it to Geo. McCulloch, who cdutinued it two or three years longer. On July 14, 1881, appeai-ed a new morning daily called The Indianapolis Times. It was a two-cent paper, published at the old Jour- nal oiitice, at the northeast corner of Circle and ]\Iarket streets. It was published by a company, the chief factor in which was Wm. R. Holloway, who is a newspaper man by both heredity and environment. His father wa.s for years editor of the Richmond Palla- dium, with occasional political prefennent, having sei-ved for a term as commissioner of patents. William learned the printer's trade, and before he w-a.s of age worked as com- positor on a Cincinnati paper. When his brother-in-law, Oliver P. Morton, became Governor. ]\Ir. Holloway became his private secretan*, and served in that capacity to 1864, when he, with others, bought the Jour- nal, and remained its editor \intil the winter of 1866. In 1869 he was appointed postmas- ter, and retained the position for twelve years, during which time he dabbled a little in newspaper work, and on leaving the office started the Times. Charles ^I. Walker, one of the best known newspaper men in Indian- apolis, who had been editor-in-chief of the Journal, was made editor of the new paper, and served until he went to Washington as chief clerk of the postoffiee department, un- der Judge Greshara, in 1882. But the Times was not a money-maker, and its last issue appeared on August 9. 1886, the paper being sold to the Journal Company — nominally consolidatetd in the Indianapolis Journal Newspaper Company with John C. New-, Henry New, and Oliver T. Morton as direc- tors. The United Press franchise, which had been held by the Times, was sold to the Evening) Neivs. Up to this time the Journal had absorbed everytliing in the form of an evening paper that had appeared, excepting the News. As mentioned, The Citizen, started in 1857, had been merged with Tlie Atlas; and in 1861 The Atlas was sold to the Journal. In 1867 the Journal bought the Evening Gazette, and in 1870 'The Daily Times, which had been started nominally by Dynes & Chene.v, but really by James H. Woodard, a correspon- dent, widely known as " Jayhawker. "' In 1871 the Jemrnal bought The Evening Com- niereial, which had been started in 1867, and made it the evening edition of the Journal, with George Harding as managing editor. This was regarded as an effort to displace the News in the afternoon field, but it was not successful, and was an expensive luxury; and after a convincing trial of the experi- ment, the Journal was glad to confine itself to its morning issue. The only paper that ever proved able to hold a place in the afternoon field against the Xeics is the Sun. This was started on ^larch 12, 1888. by a company of five news- paper men who had worked together at Cleve- land, Ohio. The chief stockholder and finan- cial backer of the paper was J. S. Sweeny, of Detroit, a member of the Scripps-]\IcRae Company, who did not take up residence here. The others were Fred L. Purdy, who edited the paper; Charles J. Seabrook, who was business manager; Wm. S. Speed, who had charge of the book-keeping and office work; and A. C. Keifer, who looked after the cir- culation. It was a one-cent paper, supplied with the Scripps-^McRae telegraph service, and soon found a field in which it was very successful for a number of years. Mr. Purdy is largely an editor of the old school train- ins, but with all the new school trimmings. He was born at Bellaire, Ohio, January 22, 1859; and, after getting a rudimentary edu- cation in the conunon schools, entered the office of the Free Press, a country paper in Chemung County, N. Y., at the age of 13, to learn the printer's trade. At 18. having learned his trade, he went to the Elmira Free Press, where he set type and incidentally edited telegraph till 1882. A printers' strike then came on. and he edited a paper j>rinted by the strikei-s till it reached the usual "bust.'' He then went to Cleve- land and got a .iob as marine reporter on the Pre.^s; and in due time rose to the position of city editor, which included the ISTOKV OF CRKAT IXDIANAl'Ol.lS. 411 functions of niatia;j:iug I'^litur. Ki-om tlifiv he came to luilianapolis to .stai't the Sun. In Dccenibei', 1904, when he sold the Star. George ileCulloch inade a contract under which he controlled and operated the Sun. with option to purchase tlie stock. The build- ing in which it is published belongs to J. S. Sweeny. I'uder its new nianageiiient the Suu wa.s (piite severely atHicteil with Ilearst- itis, which has usually proved fatal in this climate. Giving iriore si)ace to headlines than to matter, and printing editorials in display type is too much like holding an ordinary conversation through a megaphone to be pop- ular in sober Indiana|iolis. Early in 191(1 the Sun was purchased by Mr. Kudolidi Leeds, of Richmond, and j)assed to a finan- cial basis that is sound enough for any news- paper, as well as to an improved condition. But the Sun is hardly a competitor of the Xeu:s: The most serious competition the yews ever had was from the Press: and that was not so serious as it looked, because the Press was too largely handicapped to have any real chance for success. On ^fay 12, 1892. John 11. HoUiday sold the controlling interest of the Xc^^•s to AVm. Henry Smith, widely known as majiager of the Associated Press. His son-in-law, Chai-les R. Williams, then became editor-in-chief of the paper. ^Tr. Williams is a man of wide culture. Born in New Yoi-k. April 16, 1853, he was honor graduate at Pi-inceton in 1875, with i)ost- graduate woi'k at Goettingen and Lei|)zig. He wa.'i tutor in Latin at Prim-eton and pro- fessor of Greek at Lake Forest. He was editor of Potter's American Monthlij ; liter- ary- editor of the New York World, and as- sistant ireneral manager of the Associated IVe.ss from 18S;i to 1892. On the death of Mr. Smith on July 27, 18tl(). his son, Delavaii Smith, became the i)iMnci])al owner of the I)aper. It has been widely believed that Sen- ator Charles W. Fairbanks was ai part owner of the \eu-s, but this is not the fact, lie is a first coiisin of Delavan Smith, and their relations are naturally close. In conscfpienee the Xfirs has commonly been regarded as a Fairbanks "organ," thousrh it has not been one in the usual sense of the term. Mr. Holliday's chief rea.son for srlliiig the Xeu's was impaired health, which he attribut- ed to the close confinement of editorial woi'k. He founded the liiion Trust Go. in 1883 and became its i)resident. He regained his health and, like most men who have become accus- tomed to newspaper woi-k. both he and Major Richards desired to return to it. They ac- cordingly decided to start the Press, and, after elaborate i)reparatioiis the fii-st number was issued on December 13, 1899. They un- deaiook to make it from the first a larger and better paper than the Xetis. but tlu? lat- ter at once met the competition, and both were soon issuing bhudiet sheets resembling the ordinary Sunday paper. In this the News had nnich the advantage. It had the monopoly of the United Pi-ess service, and of the afternoon franchise of the Associated Press, and these furnish the cheapest high- grade news matter known in this country. It had a large established eii'culation and a large line of profitable advertising contracts, while the Press had to build up a circula- tion, and take advertising at such rates as its circulation justified. It had not exactly a monopoly of "classified ads." but a great lead ovei- all the rest of the city i)apers com- bined, and which all the other papers had nuide vain efforts to rival. Gonsecjuently the News was ahvays able to make the better showing of ctirrent news, and had enough advertising to carry its inci'cased reading matter without serious lo.ss. The Press kept up the fight for si.xteen months, but it was swallowing money so rapidly that its owners took council of discretion, and on Ai)ril Ki, 1901, suspeiuled. Mr. Plolliday "beconnng a member of the News copartnership" and Mr. Richards retiring. Both have since taken [n-ominent parts in financial affairs, Mr. Hol- liday being re-elected president of the Union Trust Co., and ]\Ir. Richai'ds becoming vice- president of the Union National Bank. .\fter the i)urchase of the Jnurnal by Tlas- selnian and Fishl)ack in 1870. W. R.'llollo- way bought a si.xth interest; Mr. IIas.selman l)re.sented a si.xth to his son Otto: and Thom- as D. Fitch botight a sixth. In January, 1872, these sold to a Journal Company in which Jonathan i\I. Ridenour and (Jen. Na- than Kind)all, former State Treasiirer, were the chief ownei-s. '{"hey improved the me- elianical department, and l)ought a Bullock pei-fecting i)ress, the first bi-ouirht to the state. In 1875 Nicholas [^l,•kle. ex-sheritV of 412 HISTOUV OK GKEATER IXDlAXAl'oLIS. the couiitN', obtained a coutrolliiiy interest. and Mr. Ritlenour retired. In 1876 the i)aper was sold to E. B. ilartindale and AY. R. llol- loway, the .job office being retained liy Kuckle, who later sold it to Ha.sseliiian & Co. The new ]iroprietors moved the paper to the new Journal office — now tlie American Central Life Ijuilding- — and later to "ilar- tindale Block' ' — remodeled Roberts Chapel, where the Lemcke bnilding now stands. In 1880 the paper was purchased by John C. New and his son Harry, who had started in as a reporter undei- the IMartindjile miuuige- ment, and they li(>l(l it for twenty-two years. This last ciuarter of a century of the Jour- nal was its best period. The earlier jiart of it was under the editorial inanai>ement of Elijah W. Halford, one of the best-known newspaper men of Indianajiolis. lie is an Englishman, born at Xottinghani. September 8. 1843. His family came to the United States in 1847. settling first at Cincinnati, and in 18.51, at Hamilton, Ohio. Here Elijah got his education in the common schools, and served an apprenticeship of six years in the printing trade. He came to Indianapolis in December. ISfil. and worked fii-st in the job office of John Fahnestock. and later at Bra- den's, where lie attracted the attention of Dan Paine, who recommended him to the editor of the Journal, and he was employed as a reporter. He rose to the position of city editor, and when John Young Scannnon started the Chicago Inler-Occan in 1872. Hal- ford was called to it as managing editoi-. After two years he returned to the Joiiriiul went from it to the Xcws during ^[r. Ruckle's ownership, and back again after John C. New bought the paper. He did effective work for the nomination and election of General Harri.son, and was made private secretaiy by the president soon after his election. Just before the close of President Harrison's term ^Ir. Halford was made a paymaster in the army~a life position with a comfortable sal- ary. ■ After "S\v. Ilalford's departure Thomas Steele took his place as managing editor. Halford had written only a part of the editorial when in charge, most of it being- written by Charles 'SI. Walker and Berry Sularove. 'Sir. Steele wrote still less. He had come u|) fi-om the jirinter's case, as proof-reatler ami lelegra|)h etlitor, and was an excellent judge of matter, and a wise man- ager, ^[iss Anna Nicholas began writing on the Journal umlei- Halford; was with it to the eiul, and went to the !<t<rr when the Journal su.si)ended. She is a clever and in- dustrious writer and has given much of the I'haracter to the editorials of both the Journal and the Star. Her brothers preceded her, John D. Nicholas being managing editor of the Journal during the Ruckle ownership, and Will Nicholas, now of New York City, ha\'ing been for some time one of the bright- est writers on the Journal staff. They were from .Meadville, Penn. I'nder Mr. Steele's uuuuigement Col. Z. A. Smith became the jiolitical editorial writer. In the winter of 1902-3 the proprietors .sold the paper to Charles L. Henry, who continued it till the sununer of 1904. when he sold it to George MeCulloeh of the Sinr. The papers were an- nounced to be continued as The Star and Journal, hut the name "Journal" was merely added in small type to the regular large head of the Star, and on October 27, 1904, even this was dropped, and the Journal became only a memory. The .S7r/;-ha'.l b.-eii started June (i. 190;?. by George IMcCulloeh. with Earl ]\[artiu as editor. It was jjriiited at the southwest cor- ner of Circle and ^Market streets, and was "one cent a day. seven days in the week." Later it -ivas made a two-cent paper, with a five-cent Sunday edition. In October, 1904. the Star was sold to a comjtany, in which Daniel Reid of New York was the chief stock- holder. At this time llr. Ernest Bross was secured as editor. He is a native of ilichi- gan, bom in 1860. He was educated at Doane College, Nebraska, and had newspaper training on several papers, especially the Omaha Iirp'ihliran. In 1887 he went to Port- land, Oregon, to take charge of the Oregou- ian. where he attained a wide notability as an editorial writer. He is still the chief edi- torial writei' of the Star. The Star was edited and published in the building at the southwest corner of ^larket and Circle streets until July. 1907. when it was removed to the building .specially erected for it at the north- east corner of New York and Pennsylvania streets. In April. lOOS. :\rr. K'eid applied to the I^. S. Court for ,'i I'ci-eivei- foi' the Star lusTonv ni-^ (;i;i;.\'i'i".ii ixdiaxapoi.i.s. 413 "chain." including the Muncii Slur jiiid Tcnr Haute Star, both owned by the same eonipany. on the ground of insolvency. There were .$650,000 of outstanding bonds. $500,00(1 of 6 per cent preferred stock, and $500,000 of eoninion, besides a demand note to him for .$220.()40.86, and past due interest of •tlti.lKJ.fM. The paper had not earned divi- dends, ayd it was alleged it could not. On April 30 Judge Anderson appointed as re- ceiver (ieo. \V. Hitt, the veteraji business manager of the Journal, and in twenty months from tlien. to December 31. 1909. he reported snrj)lus net earnings of $140,731.11. after paying all fixed charges due. Moral : If not prosperous, go into the hands of a receiver. On July 1. 1886. the control of the Scu- tinel passed to W. J. Craig, with Gus Mat- thews as editorial writer. Craig was one of the most courteous men as an employer 1 have ever known, but he took a very serious view of the Sentinel's responsibility as the organ of the Democratic party, and he did not believe in "weak-kneed polities." and that was what caused the worst "break" the Scntinr] ever made. In the campaign of 1886. the office of Lieutenant-Govei-iior l)einu vacant, both parties nominated candidates. and the Republican candidate, R. S. Koberl- son, was elected. The only per.son who oh- .iected to a nomination by the Democrats was A. (i. Smith, later Attorney-CJeneral. who had been elected president pro tem. of the Senate at the preceding session, and who in- sisted that a lieutenant-governor cotdd not be elected until 1888, under the constitutional provision for an election once in four years. After the election he announced his intention to hold as |)i'esiding officer of the Senate, and as the leLHsiature was very close, the Tve|)uli- licans holding the House, and a L'nited States Senator was to be elected, the Democratic leaders decided to support him. A ca.se was prepared and huri'ied to the Supreme Court, but the court i-efused, on January 4. 1887. to decide the f|uestion on the gi'ound that it had no jurisdiction of tli<' case, as the consti- tution made each house the jtidge of the elec- tion of its members and officei-s, atul that it was not proper for the court to decide what was tlie law unless it had jurisdiction in th.' case at bar. -iudges Miteliell and llowk dis- sented. As the majority of the court \vas Demo- cratic, the Democrats were naturiilly indig- nant at this evasion of tlie (juestion. and none more so than ]\Ir. Craig lie luul .Matthews write a scathing editorial denunciation of the court, antl. after reading it. added the intro- ductoiy sentence. "Danui their cowardly souls." This furnished water for the Re- publican mill, with a vengeance, and for some days the merits of the case were completely eclipsed by criticism of this assault on the highest court in the state. I had been sub- stituting occasionally for ^latthews as edi- torial writer, and I assured him that his edi- torial position was well taken, with the ex- ception of the opening sentence. The ques- tion involved was not merely of the election of a presiding officer of the Senate, but of a lieutenant-govei'nor, who would succeed as irovernor in case of the death of that official. The hesitancy about stating the law where a supreme court has not jurisdiction, or where the question is not j)roperly presented, was all rot. Although it is not often a com- mendable thing, all courts make such state- ments when they like, and the reports of the Indiana courts were full of "obiter dicta." But further than that, there was a very strong line of decisions to the ett'ect that in time of public excitement and threatened disturbance over a disputed question of law, it was the duty of the court to state the law. even if it coidd not give it the force of a decision. At the request of ^latthews I pre- pared an editorial on these lines, taking sev- eral days to collect authorities, but when it was i>repared Ci-aig was so much intimidated that he decided not to ]>ubli.sh it. And there he lost his ehanc(> of at least partial vindica- tion, for within two months, on rehearing, the court practically reversed itself and gave the statements of the law which it had held improiier; and the iqiinions sustained Smith's position.* In February. 1SS8. the conti-ol of tlH> Sin- linrl was pui'chased liy Samuel E. ^loi-ss. and this marked an epoch in its existence. I think he was one of the strongest editorial "Robertson vs. The State ex rel. 109 Ind. p. 79. 414 HISTOKV OF GREATER IXDIAXAl'OLIS. writers Indiaiia])()lis ever had, if uot the strongest, and eertainly he was the readiest, lie was bold and outspoken ; made up his mind on new questions very quickly, and sel- dom decided erroneously. He was born at Ft. Wayne. Dec. 15, 1852, and had only a common school education, which, however, he broadened by extensive and solid reading. He began work as a boy on the Ft. Wayne Gazette, and after growing np bought the Ft. Wayne Sentiticl. This he sold to his partner in 1880, and went to Kansa.^ City. There he established the Star, but did not reap the benefits of tliat ureat newspaper success, foi- overwork brought a nervous breakdown, and in 1882 he sold and went to Paris for treat- ment by a nerve specialist. H(? returned in the winter of 1888-4 much improved— tlumtili he never fully recovered — and went on the Cliicago Times as editorial writer, and later Washington coi'respondent. From there he came to the Sentinel. It was a national campaign year, with Gen- era] Harrison as the Republican candidate. Both sides were enthusiastic and confident. The Republicans carried the state by a small 7)lnrality in response to General Harrison's apjieal that he did not want to be elected and failed to carry his own state. The slogan was "get one vote," and this resulted in the most extraordinar>' individual effort ever known in Indiana. The Se)itinel made a gallant fitrht, and thoujih beaten it exposed the Dud- ley frauds and inspired the party with the desire for honest elections. The legislature was Democratic, and the Sentinel began its fitrht for election reform inunediately after the election, the results of which are detailed in the chapter entitled "A Political Epoch". But that was not all. Morss was a natural reformer, for the simple reason that he be- lieved in good uovernment. Anything that promised improvem(>nt appealed to him. He took up Oscar jrcCulloeli's bill for a State Board of Charities and Corrections, Repre- sentative Pleasant 's bill for a state school book system. Senator Barrett's street im- pi-ovement liond bill. Senator Byrd's bill to abolish ''pluck-nie stores" in the coal i-e- gions, and made earnest campaigns for them. The Icffislatiire of 1889 went on record as the greatest reform le<rislature in tlie history of the state, and th(> Sentinel received and de- served much of the credit. A similar course was followed in the legislature of 1891 with the city charter, tax law and other measures. In 1892 there was the iLsual Democi'atic figuring for a "favorite son" on the na- tional ticket, but 'Sir. ^[orss was convinced that the party sentiment of the state was overwhelmingly for Cleveland, and boldlj* said so. The result was an Indiana delega- tion for Cleveland in the national conven- tion. In 1893 Mv. ^lorss was appointed Con- sul-General to Paris, and left the editorial department of the pai)er in my charge — I having been associated in it since 1888. ^lat- tei-s went smoothly enough till the campaign of 1896. Both ]\Ir. Morss and myself were international bimetallists by conviction, and as between a gold standard and "free silver" considered the latter the lesser evil. All that the Sentinel could do to hold the party to international bimetallism was done, but after Bryan was nominated Mr. ]\Iorss cabled me to support the ticket. I did so to the best of my ability. It did not do much good, but the paper was at least made obnoxious to the opposition. That campaign ruined the Sen- lind financially. The i;reat majority of busi- ness men acquired the delusion that if Mr. Bryan were elected their property would be practically confiscated. The feeling was in- tense — far beyond anything ever known be- fore or since, over an economic question. The boycott on advertising, begun during the campaign, wa.s continued long after. It made the Sentinel a losing proposition on the business side, and it never recovered from that condition. There was no compensation from the other side. Indeed, some of the Democratic leaders assiduously claimed that their worst obstruction in the campaign was the Sentinel's concession that fire coinage by this country alone must result in a silver staiulard. ]\rorss made an earnest effort to overcome his difficulties, but only succeeded in making more. He convinced himself that the morn- in<r paper was out of date, and on May 18, 1903. brought the Sentinel out as a one-cent evening paper. The morning edition was continued nominally for a few days, under the name of the Indianapolis (llohe, to pro- tect the Associated Press franchise, but this, which was perhaps the most valuable asset of HI.STORY OF GEE ATE i; INDIAN" A I'Ol.lS. 415 thi- p;ipi>r. was sold to the fouiidcrs of the ISIar. wliich started in .Time. But the even- in<;' was no Ix'ttcr than the morning', and tlie financial situation slowly grew worse luitil the unfortunate death of ^Ir. ]\Iorss by a fall from the third story of the Sentind building on Ootober 21. 1!1():5. The paper was contin- ued by A(iuilla Q. Jones as administrator, aided by Thomas Taogart. who had an in- terest. For some months it wa.s eondueted by Harme.ver and Alien, two Chieairo newspaper men. who took an option on it and gave it up. It was then managed by Frank Tarkington Baker, who made it such a ghastly imitation of a Hearst pai)er that it was really a relief to have the poor old thing put out of its mis- ery, wliich occurred on February 25, 1906. The Sundajj Sentinel was purchased by the Stnr, and the daily and plant went to the owners of the Xews. And so ended the lineal successor of the first newspaper in Indian- apolis. CHAPTER XXXllI rXDKH THE CHAKTER. The task of inaugurating the new govern- ment under the city charter of 1891 fell upon ]Mayor Thomas L. Sullivan. The law took effect on its passage, and continued in oifiee the mayor, clerk and councilmen ; the alder- men, and other officials not pitjvided for in the new charter, dropping out. The most important of the new ofiSces were the City Controller and the Board of Public Works, and the appointments to these were an- nounced as soon as the ilayor learned that the law was signed, which occurred just be- fore noon on ilarch 6. The neW government dates from March 7, though it was actually inaugurated ]March 9 in the new departments. For Controllei'. I\[ayor Sullivan chose an ideal man in William Wesley Woollen, an old-time banker who had been manager of the local clearing-house since its establish- ment, and who for two years had been chair- man of the Finance Committee of the Coiu]- cil. The Board of Public Works was com- posed of .\lleii W. Conduitt, Adolph Scherrer and ]Morris ^I. Defi-ees. In accordance with the provisions of the charter an election was held on October 13, 1891, at which Mayor Sullivan was re-elected, defeating Wm. "W. Herod. 14,320 to 11,598. His service was therefore two years and eight months, and in this time the practical forms of the new sys- tem were very fully established. Among these may be noted that while the charter provided for an annual statement from the Mayor to the Council of the finances and gen- eral condition of the city, it did not require departmental i-eports, and flavor Sullivan originated the custom since followed of de- tailed reports from the various departments. At the beginning of 1891 the area within the city boundaries was 7,927 acres, or 12.39 square miles. By the onlinance of Ai>ril 18. 1891, this was increased to 9,610 acres, or 15.03 squpre miles. Extensive preparations for street improvement had begun. The Connnercial Club held its street-paving ex- position in Tomlinson Hall, April 1-5, 1890, and 55 contraetoi-s and manufacturers of paving material made exhibits. It gave a general education to citizens in rational jiav- ing, and was visited hy official delegations from a number of other cities. One thing it taught was the desirability of proceeding systematically, and especially with reference to sewer improvements, which, of course, had to be made first to avoid tearing up the im- proved streets, as also the laying of adequate gas and water mains. At the beginning of 1891 the city had 1.632 miles of asplialt streets, 1.69 of vulcanite, 1.90 of cedar block. 2.22 of macadam. In 1891 were constructed 4.118 of asphalt and 1.90 of brick; and in 1892 2.96 miles of asphalt and 3.94 miles of brick streets with .99 mile of l)rick alleys. There were a little over 10 miles of graveleil ami bowldered streets completed in the two years, and 15 miles of brick and cement side- walks. But obviously the first thing to adjust was the sewer system. In 1869, when the city council first decided on underground .sewers, a new committee on sewers, sewerage and water works was ci-eated on June 11, and John Marsee. C. E. Whitsit and Erie Locke were appointed members. The conuiiittee in- vited to this city R. C. Phillips, city engineer of Cincinnati, and Jacob Wirth, ex-city eii- ijineer of Cincinnati, to aid in devising a gen- eral sewerage i>lan. They did .so. and the plan was reported on August 23.' For- tunately, before adojUing this ])lan tiic eoiii- ^Conncil^ Procn (Jinqx. p]i. 349. 353. IK) Jiis'i'(»i;v (II- (;i;i:ATEii IxXDIaxai'oi.i 417 niittee called in Mcisi's Jjaiic, wlio was thuu Ihe higlu'st authority in the United States ou sewerage, with possibly the exception of his partner, E. S. Chesbrough (w^ho also visited Indianapolis, and approved of the plans) ; and he modified it in several respects, most notably as to the Washington street main sewer which had been designed to run straight west to the river. The Lane plan, which was adopted, made the Washington street and Kentucky avenue sewer the main one of the city. It began at Pogue's Run and ran 7 feet in interior diameter to Noble street; then 7i/o feet to Pennsylvania street; then 8 feet to Illinois, where it turned into Kentucky avenue and followed it to the river, without change in size. The main branch was the South .street sewer, which was 4I/0 feet interior diameter through Fletcher avenue and South street to East; 5 feet to Meridian ; and 51/. feet to Kentucky avenue, where it emi)tied into the main sewer. The region south of ^IcCarty street was to be drained by the Kay street sewer, which had already been constructed. There was also another soiithside branch on Merrill street which was not expected to be built for some time. On the north side there w^ere to be laterals on Mississippi, Illinois, Penn.syl vania and Noble streets. - This report also ])rnposed the drainage of the region west of the canal, as also that north of First street (now Tenth street) into Fall Creek, but with provision in view for an interceptor which should carry the sewage to the river at a point below Wa.shington street. It also mentioned the feasibility of turning Pogue's ]\'un into Fall Creek north of the city and making a main sewer in its bed. The Lane iilan was adopted, with the addition of a latei-al in Alabama street, and the sewers constructed under it are still in use, except the one in Alabama street, which had to be rebuilt some twenty years later. The Ray street sewer had been built by Samuel Ilanway and Samuel Lefever; the South strecl sewer, and Uic Kentucky avenue sewer were built by Jacob Wii-th & Co. of Cincinnati. The Washington street sewer from Pogue's Run to Illinois street encoun- tered most serious opposition, probably be- cause it was paid fur by assessments of bene- fits and damages instead of by a general tax. Neai-ly all the property owners protested, and Councilman II. S. Bigham 1 popularly known as "Little Big") made a thrilling re- port against it as an impediment to business while in construction, and a menace tu health and comfort when completed; besides all which the main sewei- ought to be put in the bed of Pogue's Run.- But a .small ma,iority of the council were determined to proceed, and an ordinance was finally passed for a .sewer from Illiaois to Pennsjivania street, in Washington, and the contract was let on May 25, 1874, to Bruner & Riner, who did the greater part of the sewer construction of the citj- for some years after. It may be noted here that the conflict of opinion at that time as to the desii-able loca- tion of sewers is not at all strange, for it is ilifficult for the average man to dissociate his idea of an underground sewer from the sur- face configuration. The earliest known ])ro- posal for an underground sewer .system in Indianapolis was made by the Locoiiiotive on Maj' 7, 1859. It suggested two plans. One was to construct sewers in New Jersey, Penn- sylvania and Illinois streets, from Market or Ohio street to Pogue's Run. The other was to make a large sewer in Washington or .Maryland street, from New Jersey to the river. It observed : "One of these two plans must eventually be adopted. Which is the best? The best, that will accomplish the ob- .ieets desired, for the present and futui-e drainage of the city, is the cheapest, no mat- t(>r what the cost of construction may l)e." In this suggestion the Ijocomoihu contem- plated only disposing of surface water from rains; and if you are disi)osed to criticise its short sight, pause and reflect if our present sewer system is not one that will have to be abandoned, or so modified as to prevent the flow of sewage into White River. Is it not manifest that it can be but a short time until this making sewci-s of running streams must be wholly discontinu(>d'.' By the time of the adojition of the new city charter the city had const I'uctcd a total of 26.66 miles of sewer, varying from 1 to 8 feet in interior diameter, of which '-^.32 -Council Proceedings. ts:n. jip. SS'2-nO. Vol. 1—27 'Council Prorifdimis. IS'/.-^-l. p. lf)21. -lis HISTORY OF GIJKATEU INDIAXAPOLTS. miles \\ei-e brick, and .3.34 miles pipe. Most of this ^\as serviceable but it was overtaxed, partly on account of extensions and partly on account of improvements; for roofs and street pavements serve equally to prevent the rain reachinij' and being soaked up by the natural soil, and turn it into the artificial drainage ways. This was generally realized. A committee of the Commercial Club recom- mended the adoption of a comprehensive sys- tem to begin with. The new Board of Pub- lic Works, composed of A. W. Conduitt. M. ^r. Defrees, and A. Scherrer, the last two be- ing professional engineers, decided to submit the problem to the best talent obtainable. They selected Kudolph Ilering. who had ])een the sewerage exj)ert for New York, Chi- cago and Philadelphia, and who had two years earlier been called to Washington by President Harrison to devise a sewerage sys- tem for that city. Previous to his coming, extensive surveys were made by City Engi- neer ]\lansfield, and the data for the investi- gation collected as far as possible. Mr. Her- ing's services were secured on February 12, 1892, and on June 14, he made an elaborate report covering the entire subject.'' Hering divided the city into five main drainage districts, following the natural divi- sions as modified by the work already done. The first was the territory north of Fall Creek ; the second the natural drainage area of the State Ditch and the region between it and Fall Creek; the third, covering most of the city, was the natural drainage area of Pogue's Run; the fourth the i-egion west of the canal ; and the fifth the natural drain- age area of Pleasant Run. The third and fourth districts only were covered in Lane's ]ilan. The sewage from the firet and second districts was to be brought to a common main running through the river bottom west of the main city to a point below Washing- ton street, while the storm water of the sec- ond was diverted to Fall Creek through the Belle street interceptor. The fifth was wholly independent of the others, and a mat- ter for future treatment, as the district was sparsely settled. The third and fourth re- tained and wei-e ba.sed on Lane's work, ex- cept that the outflow of these districts was *('ih) AniuKil li't j'orls. ls'):J. pp. T:!-!!."). diverted lu ■"the ri\er interceptor"", and carried to a point farther down the river. The sewer work since that time has been on the lines laid down by Mr. Hering, and up to January 1, 1909, there had been com- pleted 224.23 miles. The 26.66 miles con- structed prior to 1891 cost $726,157.73. The total cost of sewers, including this, to 1909, is a little in excess of $3,000,000. None of the later sewers are larger than the AVash- ington sti-eet sewer except the State Ditch .sewer, on Twentieth street, and the Harding street sewer in West Indianapolis, both ol' which are semi-circular in construction, 8 feet high by 12 feet 4 inches broad at the base, with about the capacity of a circular sewer 10 feet in diamefei'. A notable achievement of ]\Iayor Sullivan's administration was the construction of the Virginia avenue viaduct. For several years there had been great complaint over the divi- sion of the city north and south by railroad tracks, but no feasible form of relief ap- peared until 1886 when the railroad coni- jianies desired to construct the new Union Station. This necessitated the closing of Illi- nois .street, and some other street vacation, in compensation for which the Union com- pany agi'eed to pay .$30,000 towards the con- struction of a tunnel under the tracks at Illinois street, and to l)uild a viaduct over the tracks in the first alley east of ^Meridian street. The viaduct was to have a grade of 7 feet in 100, to be 50 feet wide, and the alley was to be widened accordingly. The work on the tunnel was beuun promptly, and on May 7, 1888. the City Engineer reported it complete except liowjdering the north ap- proacli. which had been omitted because the company desired to asphalt it. The viaduct dragged. Suits were brought to prevent closing .Meridian sti-eef, and in connection with the wideninu' of the alley. After Mr. Sullivan became mayci- he took up the mat- ter with the raili'oad authorities, especially with ]\Iessrs. Ramsey and Ingalls of the Big Four, and insisted on action. They pointed to the .suits and .said they wei'e anxious to proceed, and were willing to build elsewhere. This proposal was advantageous to the city, for nobody di^sired an alley crossing, and it was too near the Illinois street tuiuiel to be as serviceable as it might be. for the gi'eat HISTORY OF GEEATEU IMJIA.N Al'OLlS. 419 ■»|)rc;ul of tlii> city he\'oii(l tlie tracks wa.s to I 111' suiithcast. Filially they came to au airivc- iiieiit for a eoiu'ciit ration of tracivs at Vir- ginia avenue — renioving: those formerly on Louisiana street— and a viaduct as at pros- iiit, flO feet wide in the ai)proaches and 7U feet in the bridiic lint ^Mayor Sullivan in- sisted on a grade of not over 4 feet in 100; Mr. Ramsey for the railroads put 5 feet in 1(1(1 as the limit. At leiiiith the railroad peo- ple submitted a pi'o|)()sition that a grade of 4 feet would cost $10,000 more than a grade of .") feet, and if the city would pay -i^o.OOO it would make the change. As the street rail- way comjiany was vitally interested in this matter. Mayor Sullivan laid the matter be- foiT Mr. Shart'ei-. then president of the street railway company, and he agreed to pay the city's $5,000. The work then proceeded and was completed in the summer of 1892, the viaduct being formally opened with great Democratic rejoicing on September 23. 1892. The Columbia and ^Marion Clubs, and the Re- publican speakers invited, all declined to participate on the ground that the ceremony had been postponeil for political purposes. Under ]\Iayor Sullivan, a new contract was made with the Water Company by whicli it was to furnish water free for fountains in the pai'ks; to reduce the rate for water for city buildin'JTS from 10 cents to 5 cents per l.(io(i iralbms: and to lay 20.000 feet of mains annually, if i-erpiii-ed. instead of 7.000. An iiripuitant contract was made with the In- dianapolis HiMi-sh Electric Light and Power Co. to light the streets with electricity— they had been lighted with gas. This contract was notable for introducing the principle of iMimpensation from ])ublic service corpora- tions for use of thc> streets. It ])rovided for payment by the com])any into the city treas- ury of 21 i. per cent of its gi-oss receipts till January 1. 1896. and '> jx'i' cent thereafter. Street sweeping was inaugni'ated for im- pi-oved .streets. ;ind a system of street sprin- kling paid for by property owners; street name signs were ])ut up. the streets rennm- liered. and there was a general advance of the city government on business lines. Hut the defeat of the city admiiiisti-dioii on other lines w;is made inevitable by a com- bination of circumstances. In the middle of •Faiiiiai-v. 1892, a strike occuired <iii the street railway. The men had been furnished with baducs entitling the wearer to free transpor- tation, and on complaint that these wei'c be- iiiL;- loaned to others not entitled to them, John P. Frenzel, the president of the com- j)any. ordered them taken up. It was tem- j)orarily ad.pisted by an agreeiiuMit to arlii- trate and service was resumed on .Jatmary 14. But no settlement was reached, and on February 21 the men struck again, and de- manded the removal of Frenzel fi-om the presidency. What made the sitiuition serious was politics. The Xrirs stated it very accu- rately on February 24: "The whole thing reeks with politics. The very decency and safety of living in Indianapolis are involved by politics. The Lincoln LeasiiU', with dele- g;(tes from different ])arts of the state, meet- ing here before the strike began, insulted the memory of the name it bore by adopting a resolution espousing the cause of the strikers in advance. The Reiiubliciin primaries meet- ing on the eve of the strike systematically adopted resolutions urging the men on to stake their living in (|uittin<i- their woi'k. The maycu' of the town for offset abdicates his sworn dntj' under the law. and openly an- nounces that the Republican j)oliticians are l)laying a game, and the city (i. e.. Demo- cratic control) does not propose to help them play it." The city government did not run the ears. aii<l the situation emitinneil till everybody, the iiublic included, was mad. and all blaming someone elsi\ On February 29, \Vm. P. Fishbaek a|)iilied to the Superior Court (Juduc X. H. Taylor i foi- a receiver "in his own behalf and in be- half of thousands of other citizens of said city". The complaint charged that the com- pany was a monopoly, and that it desii'cil an extension of its chartei-; that it had made Frenzel president because he claimed to con- trol the J iKlidiiiipolis News, and could ob- tain the (li>sired franchise extension: that by his arbitrai-y acts he had caused the sei-vid to be stopp<'d and plaiiititV to he daiiiMgi'd. etc.'' Judge Taylor ;ip|)ointed W. T. Steele receiver, and the cars wi-ie started. The liadges wi'i-e at first I'etnrned to the men. but wei'c given up tiy direction of the <Miiirt en March '■]. subject to I'litiin' .-idjusl meiit of tin '•Xnrs. March 1. 1892 420 HISTORY OF (JREATER I^fDIAXAPOLIS. question between the meu and the company. On Marcli 4 an appeal wa.s allowed, and the property was restored to the company. The whole matter was settled, but the News de- nounced the manner of settlement, and there- after eritici.sed the administration as strongly as it had formerly approved it. There were others, who did the same, as was natural, for the doctrine invoked was rather novel. But it set the whole country to tliinkina:, and the conviction that the public has a tangible interest in the service contracted for by a public service corporation is much more gen- erally acce})fed now. And in connection with the street railway company it may be noted here that the Sullivan administration deter- mined on a new franchise which should give better returns to the pulilic. On April 19, 1893, bids were received on a franchise pro- viding for rapid transit : six fares for 25 cents with universal transfers; paving be- tween the tracks, and payment to the city of a share of gross receipts ranging from 10 per cent the first five years to 141/2 per cent the last five of the thirty years of the franchise. The Citizens' Coiupany made no bid, but a new company — the City company — (U'ganized here, did bid, and the contract was approved by the council on April 24. Naturally the Citizens' Company was in politics and against the administration thereafter. The subsequent disposition of the City franchise is presented elsewhere. The panic of 1893 hurt the city administra- tion — the national administration being Democratic — but there was a local complica- tion that added to its effect. In 1893 there were $21,000 of Sellers farm bonds falling due on April 1, and .$600,000 of funding bonds falling due on July 1. The $21,000 of bonds were taken up at maturity, and on May 26 bids were taken for $621,000 of 41/0 per cent "refunding" bonds, to replace the total amount. The best bid was from Coifin & Stanton of New York, who offered par for the lot, and were awarded the bonds. The panic prevented their placing them, and they could not meet their contract, which they abandoned on the ground that the issue of the $21,000 was illegal, as not being "re- funding", and invalidated the entire is.sue. They had deposited a five per cent forfeit ($31,500), and afterward, in a suit to recover tliis Judge Woods su.stained their contentiou and ordered the money repaid.® City Con- troller Woollen hastened to New York and made arrangements with Winslow Lanier & Co., by which they were to take up all bonds presented, and carry them at the same rate of interest (7.3 per cent) until the cit.y could arrange for their payment, so that the city maintained its record of never defaulting an obligation.' In one sense the occurrence was fortunate, for after the financial stringency had eased the city placed the $600,000" in 4 per cent bonds at a premium of $10,187.50. on February 15, 1894, which, with the saving in interest, was over $100,000 better for the city than the sale that failed. There was no real cause for blame of the city authorities, but the Journal made lurid charges of man- ijiulation under malign influences, for eam- [laigu purposes.'* and though no one who knew ]\Ir. Woollen believed them, there were many persons who did not know I\Ir. Woollen. The Republican city platform, adopted on July 22, did not mention this bond matter, but denounced "the Democratic policy which closes our manufactories and business enter- prises and throws thousands of men out of employment". Nor did this platform mention the street railway strike. It had a paragraph pledging "a strict enforcement of all laws, city and state, in the interest of public order .and th;' preservation of public rights": but this was construed to refer to liquor and gambling laws, and the campaign was fought, nomi- nally at least, almost wholly on that issue. To read the papers, especially the Xcivs, one might have supposed the city had entered on an era of wild debauch, under the control of Sim Coy and Charley Polster, saloon keepers, and Bill Tron, gambling capitalist. In real- ity the conditions were the same that they had been in the earlier part of Sullivan's ad- ministration, when the Nncs was supporting vs. the City, No. 8888 U. S. Journal. Julv ;>. •Coffin et al Circuit Court. 'Woollen 's .statement 1893. Mounml. July 6 and 12, 1893. See also Journal editorials Septendiei' 8 and 9, 1892, and Woollen's card in Journal, September 9, 1892. msTdltV OF (iRKATKR, I XDTAXAPOLIS. 421 him. The administration of the liquor laws had always been "liberar", i. e.. the Sunday .■losing and eleven o'clock laws were not Nti-ietly enforced; but that there was tiny -.pecial development of law violation, or irrcciiient for it. wa.s absurd. As the result if the combined influences, Caleb S. Denny. the Republiean candidate for mayor, was elected on October 10 bv a vote of 1G,328 to 13,250 for Sullivan. !Mayor Denny proceeded in y;ood faith to ■ ■arry out the platform pledges on which he had been elected. As soon as he took office he sent for Superintendent Colbert of the police force, and directed him to see that all saloons were closed on Sunday and after 11 o'clock, and that gambling was suppressed." In fact this, and the attempted su])pression of the social evil were the distinguishing features of the administration. George AV. Powell, who was in the fullest sympathy with this policy, ■ :is made Supci'intendent of Police and he •I rtainly spared no effort to enforce the laws in full. In his report of January 1, 1895, he said: "Hou.ses of prostitution have been n'gidated, places used for assignation pur- l)0ses have been closed, and the professional caniblci', who lives upon his ill-gotten gains, debauches tlic youth and causes the ruin of iiicn has been taught that he can not ply his vocation in this cit.y, and gambler and gani- Itling furniture have been removed to towns and cities more congenial. The battle against violations of the liciuor law has been a con- stant and relentless one. and will be con- 'iiuied " There were many who doubted the accuracy of this statement of the results at- tained — who maintained that the evils had in fact only been scattered, aiul put on a more secret basis— but there was no (lucstion of the sincerity of the eiVort. The business affaii-s of the cit.v progressed smoothly on established lines. Preston C. Truster, a capable man, was appointed Con- troller, and Milder the improved financial con- ditions soon [uit the city on a satisfactory basis. The .tfiOO.OOO of refunding bonds were placed advantaueouslv, as above mentioned, and also $100,500 of Southern (Garfield) Park purchase bonds which matured on Janu- ary 2(1, l.sii:;. All Ihesi' i)()iids ])ore 7.3 per cent interest, and were refunded at 4 per cent. Most people were desirous of improve- ments and this work was pu.shed. In 1894 there were 20.02 miles of sewer completed, and in 1895 15.99 miles, a total three times that of the preceding three yeai*s. There were 3.99 miles of asphalt street made in 1894, and 8.3() miles in 1895; 4 miles of brick street in 1894 and 1.77 miles in 1895; 1.07 miles of wooden block street in 1894 and l.fiO nnles in 1895; 9.05 miles of cement sidewalks in 1894 and 11.77 miles in 1895. Additions were made to the city, on the north, east and west, during 1895; bringing the total area at the close of that .vear to 19.38 square miles. It was charged by the Democrats in their platform that this was a taking in of Repub- lican territory to affect the city election, but if so the results did not indicate it. During the sununer of 1895 ar effort was made for a readjustment of the street railway situation, by a new franchise to the Citizens' Company, on terms less fa\'(n'able to the city than those of the City Company's franchise. The Sen- tinel made a bitter fight against this move- ment;"* and it was finally killed by an appli- cation for an in.iunction against the proposed action made by Fi'ank ^laus and Williain (iordon, on August 19. Judge Brown took the case under advisement till September 2. and then held that the court could not inter- fere with the exei'cise of discretionaiy execu- tive power. But the suit ended the negotia- tions, and also caused the removal of Mr. ^laus from the Park Board. On December 3. 1894. on account of charges in the press of defective work and frauds in the depai-tment of Public AVorks, the Council apjiointed a connnitfee to inves- tigate that depai-fnumf. It was composed of (Jeo. JFerritt, J. U. Allen, A. A. Young, Jas. H. Costello and W'm. Ilennessy. It held eighteen public meetings for the taking of testimony, and on January 28, reported that there had been "no dishonesty or corruption on the part of the Board of Public Works or any mend)er thereof, or on the pai-f of any suboi'dinatc or employe of such Board", but there had been "errors of .iudgment, irregularities and negligence, aiul it is also clear that there has been in some cases im- ^Ncirs. Oeldbei- 12. 1893. ^"Sentinel, August 5 to SeptemixM- 5. 423 HISTORY OF GEEATEK IXDIAXAPOLIS. perfect exeeution of correct plaiLs"." The committee considered the plan of lettinu' street sweeping: contracts by districts instead of streets an "error", and that the inspection of work had been of little value. As to sewers there was some defective construction bnt the evidence was conflicting as to whether it would "jeopardize their durabil- ity". As to catch-basins, "the specifications were not followed, and many catch-basins were villainous frauds". There was "much imperfect work in making house connec- tions", and "much of the cement sidewalk work has not been constructed in accordance with specifications". On January 31, the membei-s of the Board of Public Works re- signed, and a new board was appointed, the resigning members issuing a .statement in de- fense of their course. '" On August 3. 1895. the Republicans nomi- nated City Controller Trusler for mayor, and on August 29 the Democrats nominated Thomas Taggart. There were obviously nu- merous causes for dissatisfaction with the existing regime, but by far the most potent was enforcement of the liquor laws. Then- were hundreds of Republicans who had voted for Mr. Denny who did not want his plat- form pledges redeemed, and the revolt of the "liberal element" was the chief factor that gave Taggart. on October S, a vote of 17,491 against 13.769 for Trusler. Taggart was re- elected in 1897, defeatino- Wm. N. Harding by a vote of 20,005 to 16.191. In this elec- tion C. P. Smith, an independent candidate, received 464 votes. Smith had allowed him- self to be filled with the tales of a number of irresponsible liars about street railway "deals", and became a candidate on that issue. He got out a campaign sheet, which was a source of much entertainment; and in it he charged that the city press had been bought up in the attempted "settlement" under 'Mayor Denny. He included in this charge the Snifiiirl. which had, as before mentioned, opposed this settlement proposi- tion, and defeated it. After the election, on October 17, the Scnthul demanded a retrac- tion, which was promptly made on October 19. The Srnfhul took the matter under ad- ^'C'ouncH i'ro(( (diiijis. p. 452. '-Journal. Februarv 1. visement, and on October 27 proposed that if Mr. Smith would withdraw his retraction, as to it, it would bring suit for libel and ask no damages beyond attorneys' fees and costs. I)Ht Smith preferred to "stay apologized", and so the matter dropped. On October 10, 1899. Mayor Taggart was re-elected for a third term, receiving 20,388 votes to 20,041 I'di- Chai-les A. Bookwalter. The S(iitiii(i crlclirated the occasion on October 12. by putting all its editorial in doggerel verse. The six years of Mayor Taggart 's admin- isti'ation were yeai-s of steady develojunent in the improvement of the city. The mileage of constructed sewers grew from 48.41 to ]28: asphalt streets from 26.88 to 43. Oil; brick streets from 15.76 to 25.75 ; woixlen block from 1.60 to 15.77: cement walks from 34.91 to 154.99. The total co.st of public works in the six years, 1896-1901, . inclusive, was .i>4.01 5,090.42. In ('(uinection with the extension of block pavement, it should be noted that the Ijlocks then laid were "creo- soted"". i. e., treated with oil of coal tar, be- f(ue laying, to prevent decay. This was a new pi'ocess, introduced at this time. In 1897 the towns of Haughville, Mt. Jackson, Brightwood and West Indianapolis were an- nexed to the city, with much interlying ter- ritory, the area of the city inei'easing from 19.38 stpmre miles Januaiy 1, 1906, to 28.15 sijuare miles January 1, 1902. In 1899 the policy of constructino- permanent bridges was adoi)ted and contracts were let for the ^lelan arch bridges over Fall Creek at Illinois and ^feridian streets. This construction was adopted on account of cheajuiess of construc- tion and the nppoi'tnnity it gives for a bridge between comparatively low banks without ob- structing the channel of the stream with nu- merous piers. The Illinois street bridge cost *50,000 and the JMeridian street bridge $55.- 000. They are of concrete, with 10-iiicli "I" beams running Jengthwise through the arches. 3 feet apart, and are faced with Bt'd- ford limestone. A most notable step of Mayor Tauirart's administration was the park purchases. The $500,000 of Belt Railroad bonds which the city had issued were paid at maturity, in 1896, by the railroad company, thus releasing the city's credit to that extent. The appli- cation of a lai'ge part of this to park pur- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAN A I'ol.ls. 423 piist's \\;is l;ii-t;('l.\- due to S. E. .\loi-ss. whose i>('\vsi)ni)('r position made liiiii very intlucntial with the aihiiinistration. aud who simply insisted on a park system. Tlierc was need for extensive impi-ovement in tJie fire and police departments, and $150,000 of bonds were issued foi- that purpose on June 1, 1897. By ordiiuinee of ^lareh 4. LS!)7. .t:5-')0.- 000 of park bonds were issued, of the pid- ceeds of whieh ij^.'JOO.OOO wa.s to be used for tlie pnrcha.se of park lands, and the balance, with any premium obtained, for their im- provement. The park bonds brou<;ht a pi-e- minm of $23,485 and the public safety bonds a ]iremium of .^lO.fiOO. It had been intended to purchase lands for a larue jiark alonu' Fall Creek, but the ownei-s of the land found it so valuable that it i;ot beyond the city's reach. What had oriijinally been apprai.sed l)y the city's appraisers at $157,825 was raised bv the owner's experts, on appeal to the Board of Public AVorks, to .$339,790. On •Tune 3, the Sentinel, for the pur])ose of in- ducinpr a more reasonable view of the matter by the land-owners, sus>;ested that, the park be located on White River, north of Fall Creek, and a boulevard be built along- Fall Creek, for which the owners of the vahiable land there could help pay. A number of land owners on White River jumped at this pro- posal, which had not been made with expec- tation of action : and befoi-e the Fall Creek people realized the situation, a salisfactorj' pr'oposal was iriade by the Whit<' River peo- I>lc. and was scon acce])ted. On .Inly 9 the couiii'il authoi'ized the purchase of 953 acres in what is now Riverside Park, and 82 acres in Brookside Park, with Tlishland Square and Indianola Scpiare in West Indianapolis. The Riverside lands cost $230.(100: Brook- side $25,000: Uitihland Sipiare .$23,500: and Indianola S.piarc $8,000. Fp to this time Indiana|)olis had no ])ark of any size except Garfield Park, and it was rather a .joke as a park. It was orisinally known as the Sonthei-n Di-ivinsr Park, havini;' been pui'chascd li,\' llic "Indianapolis Fair Association", and arranufcd foi- horse racinir — the membei-s beiny dissatisfied with the provisions at the State Fair 'grounds, .\ftcr on(> i-eally jxiTat meet in 1872, at which (Joid- .smith Alaid, Judye Fullerton and Red Cloud were the chief ;it1 inactions in hoi'seHcsh, the venture was aliandom-d as a (iuancial failure, and the '.\1 acres of land sold to the city for $109,500; for which bonds were issued January 26, 1874, for 20 years, bearing 7.3 per cent interest. These were refunded in 1894 at 4 per cent for 30 years. There was no street car line to this i)ark until 1895, and pi-obably a ma.joi-ity of the jicople of Indian- apolis had never seen it. In trutli there was no jrreal call for i)arks uji to this time. Alex- ander Ralston, indeed h;id urged the people to .secure land for parks while it was cheap, hut the settlers who were then trying to get land cleared for roads and fields probably thought him mildly insane. All i>ark pur- poses of the pei-ioil before 1870 were served by the ^Military Reservation, the State House and Court House squares, and University Square, Anyone who wanted more rural sur- roiuidings co)dd easily reach "the counti'y'' in any direction. In the spring of 1868 the heirs of Calvin Fletcher offered to donate the city 30 acres of land at its northeast cor- ner, if it would dedicate it to park pur|)Oses, and expend $30,000 for its improvement within a cei-fain time: but the suspicious saw in tliis a scheme to advance the value of ad- .jacent property at the expense of the city, and the offer was refused. A correspondent made an eloquent appeal for a "suburban pai"k", in the vicinit.v of "the five-mile bridge" ovei' White River, in the Journal of May 19, 1870, but no sentiment was aroused. In fact the pai-k sentiment had little food for development in the conditions. Indian- apolis had no congested residence ((uarter, no slums. Its broad streets and large building lots made the whole city almost a i>ai-k, as was often noted b.v visitors to the city. Even in 1898 the intei'cst taken in the park projio- sals was chiefl.v due to the supposc^l inlluence if a park location on neiuliboi-iiii;- real estate. .\nd there was an abundance of criticism of the locations selected, oi-iginating largely with people who wanted other locations; ami taken up by papers and orators foi- jiolitical pui'poses. The city campaign of 1S99 was actuidl.x' Fought on the ch;\ruc thai the cit.v had s(piandei-(>d vast sinus fiu- "bog lands" at Riverside and Brool<side parks; inei'edible as it may seem to one who visits those parks t(iila.\'. Public opinion is (piite generally set- iled now in the belief that these two i)ai-k's 424 HISTORY OF GRHATEK INDIANAPOLIS. O « <: CO Pi < Q < a CO D O X H CO a W s UTSTOUV OF GREATER IXOIAXAI'OI.IS. 425 ronijjrise tlio ludst lU'.sirablc pavk lands ad- jaeont to the city. Perhaps the most notable episode of the Ta^'trart administration was the settlement .if the street railway franchise difficulty which was in bi'ief as follows: On January 18. 186-4, the Citizens' Street Railroad Coni- [)any was i;ranted a franchise for W years, .ind in 1880 the Council extended this 7 ..ears, to January 18, 1901. In 1893, as be- fore mentioned, the Cit.v Attorney crave an opinion that this exti'usion was invalid, and a fi'anehise was iri-antcd to the City Railway Company, on terms much more favorable to the city. When the latter undertook work, the Citizens' Company asked an in.junctiou in the Federal Court, alleging- that its fran- chise was perpetual, sub.iect only to termina- tion by the Legislature. Judge AVoods sus- tained this claim and granted a perpetual in- .iunetion. The (^ase was appealed to the U. >^. Supreme Court, which decided that the Citizens' Company held at least until Janu- ary 18, 1901. and reserved its opinion on the i|uestion of a perpetual franchise. The legis- lature of 1897 undertook to dispose of the pei-]ietual franchise by what was called the '"\ew Act", terminating the franchise on January 18. 1901. It also passed a stringent three-cent fare law for "cities liaviiig a popu- lation of more than one hundred thousand", which applied to IndianajKilis alone. The Central Trust Co. of New York, trustee for the bondhokleis of the Citizens' Company, at once asked an in.iunction in the Federal Court to prevent the enforcement of the 3- eent fare law. and Judge Woods called Judge Showalter of Chicago to hear the case. He decided the law unconstitutional as special legislation, and the "New Act", which was also restricted to cities of over 100,000 popu- lation, fell nnder the same principle. A few weeks later the Supreme Court of Indiana took till' o))posite view and held the 3-cent fare law <'oustitutionid.''' Judge Showalter was then asked to dissolve the iii.junction and follow the riding of tlie State (^ouit. but re- fused to do so. Apjieal was taken to the Cir- cuit Court of Appeals, composed of Judge Woods and Judires Jenkins and Rui-n of Wisconsin, and it held that it had no juris- diction to review Judge Showalter 's decision. About this time the city, in an effort to get a decision of the whole matter, brought suit against both eomi)anies, alleging their fran- chise contracts to be void. It w^as heard by Judge Xeal of the Hamilton Circuit Court, on change of venue, and he held that the City Company's contract was void, as against public policy; that the "New Act" was valid; and that the Citizens' Company's fran- chise exi)iivd January 18, 1901. .\ppeal was taken to the State Supreme Coin-t, which on December 16. 1898, reversed Judge Xeal's decision as to the City Company, holding its lliirty-year franchise valid, and sustained his I'uling that the franchise of the Citizens' ('ompany expired on January 18, 1901. Soon after this decision was given, by a divided court, the three .iudges who had concurred in it went out of office by the expii-atiou of thi'ii- terms, and the new court granted a ])etition for a rehearing.'* This was the situ- ation when the leuislature of 1899 met. Meanwhile the control of the Citizens' Company had changed, and 'Sir. Hugh Me- (iowan had been sent here to untangle the snarl. He succeeded in getting eonti-ol of the City Company, and in securing the pas- sag(> of an act of the legislature I'cmoving most of the difficulties, and authoiMzing the city to enter into a new fi-anchise contract.'"' Th" franchise was to be limited to 34 years: fares were not to exceed i) cents, with 6 tickets for a quarter and 2o for a dollar, and universal transfers- the i-iglit was to be re- sei-ved to substitute new modes of i)r()pulsion to insure first class sei-vicc: the company was to pave between the ti'acks and 18 inches outside: it was to allow the use of its lines for interurban cars to the center of the cit.v on a reasonable basis; and it was to surren- der as a part of the purchase price all exist- ing franchisi's or claims to franchises. This la.st provision was of special impoitancc. for aside fi'om the (luestion of jx'rpetual I'raii- '■"CitN' of ln(Iiaiia))olis v;. Xaviu. 1-"il Tnd.. !>. 139.' '■"Till' relii-aririii was not bad on aeeouut of the new leuislation. and for this reason the decision dees not appeal- in the Supreme Court renorts. It will be found in the N(u-th- eastern Reoorter. Vol. .")2. p. ir)7. '•Acts 1V!I9. p. 2()0.' 426 IIISTOKV OF GiiEATEK IXDIAXAruLlS. chise, the Citizens' Company luul 50-year I'rauchises iu all the suburban towns that had been annexed to the city; and it had been yranted perpetual franchises over a number of important roads, by the County Commissioners, parts of which were already far within the city limits. On April 6, 1889, the Board of Public AVorks entered into a carefully drawn contract with the Citizens" Company, includiu';- all the provisions of the state law, with numerous safeg\iards in the way of citj- supervision and control of the service rendered, and with a further provi- sion for a flat payment of $30,000 a j'ear to the city for 27 years, and $50,000 a year for the remainiu]!;- 7 years of the franchise. The company also obligated itself to s|)end, as rapidly as needed, not less than $1,000,000 in the improvement of tlie plant and etjuipment. There was not a little wild talk and rumors of corruption and "hold-ups" at the time, in connection with the matter, as "to which the full truth will probably never be known, but it is scarcely questionalile that, all things considered, Indianapolis got a more advan- tageous contract than any street car fran- chise then existing in the country. The chief point of legitimate criticism is that the fran- chise provisions have never been carried out as to a cross-town line and paving between the tracks, and these are largely due to the city administi-ations which have not insisted on compliance with those provisions, in the exercise of the supervising powers held by them. But the singular thing is that the chief is- sue in the city campaign was not any impor- tant economic question that had come up, but "the 59-cent tax levy"— an issue that de- veloped as great a display of stupidity and iml)ccdity as was ever shown in a civilized community. Mr. Taggart had declined to be a candidate for another term, and the Demo- crats nominated Charles ]\[aguire. who had been a member of the Board of Public Works, by direct primary on August 26. Charles A. Bookwalter had been nominated at the Republican primaries on July 23. The contest was of necessity largely based on IMayor Tagsrart 's 7-eeord, and a not- able feature of the campaiirn was a series of letters from ^Mayor Taggai-t in his own de- fense, published in the X< (*■< from Septem- ber 20 to October 2, and later iu pamphlet form. The tax levy issue began in 1898. In every year up to that time, since the adoption of the new charter, the citj' tax levy had been (iO cents on $100, except the year 1893 when it was 61iv: cents. In 1898 there was an esti- mated increase of $127,568.60 in city ex- pen.ses, of which $61,510 w-as for improve- ment of the new parks, and the remainder for extended public service due to the an- nexation of the suburban towns. City Con- troller Johnson and jMayor Taggart recom- mended a tax levy of 70 cents, and it was adopted. This was promptly criticised as e.x- travaganee, especially by the News, which had fallen out with ilayor Taggart after sup- porting him for four years. In 1899 Alayor Taggart decided to meet this criticism by a counter-move and the tax levy was reduced to 59 cents for current purposes, with 1 cent added as required by law for the firemen's pension fund. The criticism now turned quite as fiercely to the proposition that this levy was not high enough, and this was speedily taken up for political purposes. In the election of 1899. although ]Mayor Taggart was re-elected, the Republicans carried the council, and the chief energies of the council were directed to making it appear that the levj^ was too low. Every impediment possible was put in the way of the financial administration. Evei-ything that woidd increase the city's receipts was refused. In this line the most absurd action was the refusal to levy the tax of 3 cents a foot on natural gas mains, which by the contracts of the comi)anies could be imposed at any time after July 13, 1896. This would have given a revenue of about $50,000 a year to the city, and would ]irob- nbly have caused the property of the Con- sumers' Trust to jiass to Iho city without cost, instead of going into the hands of speculators who made a nice thing from it. The $409,- 061 paid to the Eureka Company for the old Consumers' Trust property just about covers what the city should have received in taxes on the natiu'al gas mains — the direct cost of "putting Taggart in the hole". The city was entitled to it because the companies did more than that amount of damage to the streets when they put in their mains. Tlie stockholders of the Consumers' Trust had TIlsrORY OF r.RKATER INDIAXAPOLIS. 427 received the amount of their investment witli 8 per cent intei'est, which was all their "stock" called foi-, in additinn to cheap gas. The Indianapolis Company had made at least an equal jirotit. There was no reason why they shoukl not have been held to their eon- tract for a tax of A cents per foot on their mains, hut the most stu|)id (|uality of small politics. The action as to brewery licenses w'as worse in principle thongh there was not so much involved. The city had instituted a lii-ewery license in 189], and it had been sus- tained by the Supreme Court."' On Septem- ber 18, IftOO. the coiuicil repealed this license ordinance, under which ovei- .$tir),0(X) had been paid into the city treasury, and substi- tuted for it a wholesaler's license, which was invalid, and was so held by the courts. This action cost the city $12,000 a year for the next five years, for that time elapsed before the old ordinance was re-enacted and put in force.'' Rut without nnich rejiard to the is.sues presented, the people wanted a change; and on October 8, 1901, Charles A. Book- waJter was elected by a vote of 21,513 to 19,3:^8 for :\Iaguire. ' :\rr. Bookwalter's vic- tory was largely due to his personal qualities. lie is one of the most persuasive stump speakei's ever known in Indianapolis, and of a genial chai'acter that makes him "a good iiiixei'". Partly on accoinit of delay in issuing the annual reports, and partly because he found it more convenient to review the city's work in connection with the animal estimates, JIayoi- Bookwalter never followed the custom of till' other mayors of making a detailed Ktatement in connection with the annual de- partmental reports. ITis contributions to these are brief messages, and his reviews of the city work will be found in the Council Proceedings instead of the Annual Reports. Mayor Bookwalter's first task was with the financial situation of the city, which was theoretically bad on account of "temporary loans" made in anticipation of tax-payments. In reality, here, as generally in America, legislation has been made to favor the lax- '"City vs. Bieler, 138 Tiid.. p. 30. "A full history of tlu> brewery license is in the City Controller's report for llt03. payer until taxes are much belated. To il- lii.strate, the taxes of 1908 were assessed in the spring of 1908, and levied in the fall of 1908, but the first half was not due until May, 1909. and the second half in Xovember, 1909. Ill reality a muiiici])ality that meets its bills without loans is a year in advance of its revenues. The times when municipali- ties run short of funds are before tax-paying times, the loans not running over 3 months. Consequently the interest charge is for about (J months in the year. But ilayor Bookwal- ter had promised to make no temporary loans, and he kept his promise by issuing $195, 000 of "emergency bonds" hearing 31/0 per cent, to replace an equal amount of temporary loans at 3 per cent — in other words made an interest pajTnent of $6,825 to replace one of $2,925— and this was actually applauded by those who had denounced "the 59-cent tax levy". But this was not the only step in the line of the argument of the campaign. In 1900 the tax levy had been made 73 cents— 1 cent of this for firemen's pen.sion fund— on Mayor Taggart's recommendation. In 1901 it was made 75 cents, of which 2 cents was for the sinking fund provided by the last legislature, and 2 cents for the jiolice and firemen's pen- sion fund. In each of these years the levy of the brewery and natural gas mains taxes was urged by the ^Mayor. which would have re- duced the levy 5 cents. In 1902 the estimates of expenses were increased over $200,000, and Mayor Bookwalter recommended a tax levy of 86 cents, with 4 cents additional for pen- sion and sinking funds. The Republican ma- jority of the council committee on finance recommended a reduction of 2 cents from this, which was adopted, the Democratic minority advocating a reduction of 8 cents. In 1903 the assessment of citv property hav- ing been raised from $132,927,210 to "$142,- 846,065, Mayor Bookwalter recommended a reduction of the city levy to 78 cents with 4 cents achlitioiial for jiension and sinking funds which was adopted. The emergency bonds were issued as of T)(>cember 14. 1901, makinir the bonch^d debt on .Tannarv 1. 1902. $2,446,600. There \y,'ro added in 1903, $30.- 000 of Market lions,, bonds, $100,000 of Boulevard Bdids. and .$25,000 of Bridge bonds- with pri vision for $-1(1.(1(10 more — 428 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAL'OIJS. making the bouded debt on January 1, 1904, $2,537400. Of this increase $11,500 was due to the annexation of Irvinnton in 1902, with a bonded debt of $19,000. of wliich $7,- 500 was paid in 1902 and 1903. The anne.xation of Irvington, witli tlie in- terlying territory brought the area of the city to 29.35 square miles. The work of pub- lie improvement was carried forward at a moderate pace, the chief work being on sewers, of wliich 10.36 miles were completed in 1902 and G.9 miles wei'c completed in 1903. An attempt was made to repair the Wash- ington street bridge over "White River, but .just after the repairs had been completed, on January 16, 1902, the bridge collapsed, drop- ping three street cars and four wagons into the stream, with 11 men and 4 teams of horses. Fortunately no one was killed and only one person seriously in.jured. The principal franchise concessions were to the internrban roads, with the Indianapolis ter- minal. Franchises were granted to 8 inter- urban roads in 1902, the only compensation to the city, aside from approved service, be- ing a payment of 1 cent per round trip for each ear entering the cit.v. The city tri]is are made over the lines of the Indianapolis Trac- tion and Terminal Company, lessee of the old Indianapolis Street Railway Company, and it, by contract with the city on August 15, 1902, through the Union Traction Company, bv contract of the same date, pays the cit.v 5 cents per car, per round trip, to November 4, 1908; 15 cents to NWember 4. 1918; and 25 cents per cai- thereafter. The payments are not \eiy heavy, the total /of them, in 1907, reaching only $4,386.25. The city also granted a franchi.se to the Indianapolis & Southern Railway Company on Ajnil 11, 1902; and one to the Lulianapolis. Logans- port and Chicago Railway Company on Sep- tember 8, 1903. The lattci' has "not been built, and by its terms the franchise is for- feited if the road is not built in five years. "Upon the proper written resolution of said Board of Public Works".— which has not l)een made. The city campaign of 1903 was under a notable change of Democratic management. The old organization, popularly known as "the Taixgart machine", which had been in control for a dozen years, was overthrown in the primaries, and James L. Keach became the city chairman. On July 25 the Demo- crats nominated John L. Holtzman for mayor, and their jilatforni made the most explicit charges of cori-ui)tion and maladministration against the Hookwalter administration that were ever made in a city platform. The moral issue was made prominent in the cam- paign, especial emphasis being put on the toleration of wine-rooms. But what devel- oped into the most serious political obstacle for the Republicans was their early conven- tion. The primaries for organization were held on ]\Iarch 7. on three days' notice, which was complained of by the anti-administration forces; and the eitj' convention was promptly called by Chairman Logsdon for ]\Iarch 28, The antis made an effort in the primaries, but with so small elTect that they made no fight in the convention beyond a motion to postpone; and ^Mayor Bookwalter was renomi- nated by acclamation. The "snap conven- tion" was made the basis for an open bolt by a number of Republicans, and the cam- paign was further enlivened by the move- ments of the Citizens' League. This body undertook to expose the city administration through a detective imported from St. Louis, but instead of trapping anyone he got ar- rested for an attempt to bi-ibe a city official, and his trial added to the picturesque feat- ures of the season. At the election, on Octo- ber 13, ilr. Holtzman was successful, by a vote of 20,528 to Bookwalter's 19,702, and 5,470 for Hitz. the independent candidate. The most important problems of the Holtz- man administration were track elevation and cheap gas to take the place of the exhausted natural gas ; and it was hampered in its work by a Republican council, for the unexpected had again happened, and a council whose ma.jority diflfered from the mayor in politics had been elected. There was no mode in which track elevation could be obtained but by agreement with the railroads, and in Octo- ber, 1904, the Board of Public Woi-ks reached an agi-eenient with the ]Monon, L. E. & W. and Big Four roads for elevation at IMassa- chusetts avenue and Tenth streets, by which not more than one-fourth of the expense should be borne by the city. On November 21 the Board asked the council foi- an appro- priation of $25,000 to carry out this contract HISTOIIY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. 429 Z a S z o S « s H o CO o 03 <: X « O z I & S > a >< K tn O a: 430 HISTORY OF GKEATEli IXDIAXAPOLIS. which involved a partial depression of streets, but action was not taJjen until January "2:5, 1905, when the ordinance was passed, and the work proceeded. It was completed early in 1906, the expense to the city being $24,558.0-J. Meanwhile the legislature of 1905 had met and adopted a law, prepared by the city ad- Miinistration, authorizing- the city to require track elevation under certain restrictions: (1) it could nut require more than $400,000 cost of elevation in one year; (2) the rail- road or roads affected wei-e to pay 75 per cent of the expense, which was to include any alteration in the grade, pavang or drain- age of the streets affected, and the salary of the city engineer while engaged in the work, but not the cost of rails, ties, ballast or track- laying; (3) if the crossing was used by a street railroad it was to pay 5 per cent of the cost, the city 14 per cent, and the county 6 per cent ; but if not used by a street railroad the city was to pay 17 per cent and tln' county 8 per cent. There was some criticism of requiring the city to pay any of the cost. but the public generally i-ealized that the railroads owned their franchises, and in fact had obtained most of them when there were no crossings; and also that these terms were more favorable than prevailed generally in .\nierican cities. As soon as this law went into effect, the Board of Public AYorks adopted a resolution for the elevation of the Vaudalia, Big Four and Union railway tracks over Kentuclrv avenue, at AVest street. This work was completed in November, 1908, the total cost being over $500.0(X), and the city's share !t;8:3,091.(ll. The Board of Works next ordered the se]iaration of grades at the Big Four ci'ossing of Thirtieth street, ,iust east of Rivei'side T'ark. but before work was begun the railroad company practically aban- doned the.se tracks for a new line west of the city, and removed its l)ridge over AVhiti' River, so that the work became nnnecessai'y. It also ordei-ed an elevation and subway at Ihe Big Foui- crossint;- of YalK\v avenue, which was coniiilcted in 1908. at a cost of a little over -i^'iO.dOO, the citv's expense licinu' .$6,133.79. There was nothinii- left of the city's ritrhts under the natui'al i;as contracts of 1887 but the city's option to i)ui-cha'-e the "entire plant " of the Consumer's Trust, and there was a widespread desire that this be ntilized to secure the mains for the distribution of cheap artificial fuel gas. The Citizens' Gas Company was therefore projected, and active efl'orts were made to secure the subscriptions to its proposed .$1,000,000 of stock. On Au- gust 25, 1905, the Board of Public Works granted a franchise to this company through its trnstees Alfred F. Potts, Fi'ank D. Stal- naker and Lorenz Schmidt and gave them a liurchase option on the city's option. This was ratified by ordinance of August 30, 1905, and the mains of the Consumer's Trust passed into the hands of the new company under this agreement. In 1905 the Board of i'uhlic Works induced the Water Company to lay a 36-inch main from its j)um])ing station northwest of the city to Ohio street, and 30- iuch mains thence to the business district, giving a direct pressure reinforcement to the water service of the whole city. Tlie great floods of ]March, 1904, did a lartic amount of danuige to public property, destroying bridges and roadways, and float- ing oft' several block pavements. On this ac- count an issue of .$125,000 of flood bonds was made on May 1. 1904. These were the only bonds issued under ]\Iayor Holtzman, except- ing .$40,000 of bridge bonds which had been ordered by the preeedinu- administration, and not sold for want of bidders; and .$45,000 of lefunding bonds, issued July 1, 1905, to re- place a like amount of old bonds whose pay- ment was optional. All three issues were sold at a premium, and the refunding bonds bore 314 per cent, interest while the bonds they replaced bore 4 per cent. An ordinance I'equiring a license of $1,000 from breweries was adopted in April, 1904, and the city that year began receiving $10,000 annually from that source. On January 1, 1906, the city's total bonded debt wa.s * $2,585,800 as against $2,537,400 on Januaiw 1, 1904; and the available cash was $224,048.63 a.s against $64,848.94 (m January 1, 1904. In Sei)tem- ber. 1905, the tax levy was reduced to 85 cents. There were a number of expenditures in 1905 outside of the ordinaiy current ex- penses, among which were $37,000 for grounds at Kentucky avenue and ^laryland street for a new central engine house ; $14,764.24 for the Raymond sti-eet eneine house; $9,000 for openini;- Jackson place, to give ati enti'ance IIISTdliY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLI 431 l(j tlie riii(iii St.-itic^i from Alfridian strtx' t ; and >f2o.0W) for the purehase of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum ^louuds, for a park. lu the (•ami)aiiin of 190o there was a de- eidol |)olitieal ehauue tliat hail notliini;' to do with city busiue^s. Mr. Hooi<\v;ilter decided to be a candidate auaiu, and was renominated at the I\e])ubliean |)rimaries on June :i(). 190."), defeatinj;- Frank 1). Stalnakei- l)y a vote of V2,'2'21 to i'.TfJtl. This disposed of any claim of irrefrularity of nomination, which had been damayini;- two yeai's before. The Democrats were weaker for the disappointments of a.spir- auts to office, and also by a develojjment of local factional eontrc.versies, and ^Ir. Holtz- nian. wlio was i-enominated on Aaisust 26, un- ']iiestii;n;d)ly ditl not receive his full jiart.v \iiti' -Mr. Hitz for .some mysterious i-eason iiiiaLiined it wa.s a trood time for him to run ayain. The election on Xovendjer 7 resulted, Hcokwalter 25,988; Iloltzman 24,827: and Hit/. l.liO:!. It is hai'dly questionable that a lai-ye part of the vote that went to Hitz in 190.8, from the Republican side, was ca.st for BiKikwalter in ]9<i."). The dati' of election was charmed from ()ctobei' to .November by law ill 1905, '" and the same law made the ti'rms of city officers four years, instead of two, bejrinnins' on the first Monday in Jan- uary following' theii' election, with further provision that they should be ineliiiible to succeed themselves. Mayoi- Hookwalter's second administration was rather stormy. The eit.v had for a nuni- li"r of years had its offices in the basement of ilie eoui't Jiouse. but county officers claimed that tile room was neede(l for county business, especially after the creation of two new su- perior courts by the leirislature of 1909, and inv^istcd that the city move out. The city otiices found lodsintr in various buildinn-s niakiui;- the transaction of cit.v business in- i-onvenient, aiul ^layor Bookwalter deter- mined to build a city hall. His oi'ifrinal i)lan was to build a eily hall in conjunction with a Colosseum, for lar'.>'e i)ublic sathei'injis. This was to be placed ovei' a pai't of the market- house, and involved a partial depression of the lowei' story used for market purposes. When this was announced, a nundier of mar- ket men objected. Two actions for injunc- tion wei-e hroughl,'-' both of which resulted in i.ecisions against the plaintiff's on the ground that the action was prenuit\ire. A third suit was brought, after a contract for the building, at a cost of $614,000, had been signed. 'I'his was heard by Judge Carter of the Superior Court, who, on June 26, 1907, decided that the city could not build a hall for public gatherings not connected with city business; that it could not contract foi- a building for $614,000 because that would exceed the debt limit; and that the city could not put any building on the nuirket square which would interfere with its use for market purjxises. This ended the colosseuni project, and .Mayor Hookwalter then anntuuiced that he would build a city ludl to cost not less than .H;500,000.-" It was at. first proposed to put it on the north side of the Court House sipiare, making virtiudly the extension of the coui't house which was contem])lated in the ordinal plans. This could have been done, with the co-operation of the county, but ob- jections were made, aiul on Octobei- 80, 1907, a site was purchased, at the northwest cor- ner of Ohio and Alabama streets, for $115,000. I'.y this time the pro<-eeds of the .$800, 000 of bonds issued for the colosseum had been largely exh;ius1ed. Mayor Book- waltei- stating the use as follows: Temi)orary sheds for market $11,881; architect's fees $S,000; site for new hall $115,000; Fall Creek boidevaril $45,000; repaii-ing Riverside dam $15,000; (^ity Hospital improvements $51,000; a total of $245,881; leaving $54,619 of the bond proceeds, with $22,000 that had been ap- l)i-opriated from the city treasury. It was thei'efore neeessai'y to have additional funds, and on Xovembei' 17 the council authorized the issue of $(iOO,00() of city hall Iwiuls, which was then allowable becau.se the eit.v assessment had been increased to $176,665,190, making the city's 2 per cent, debt limit $8,583,308,80, These bonds were issued on January 15, 1909, but with a i)rovision that the purchaser need not take the whole is- sue till the cit.v wanted the money, and that the interest should not begin to riui initil they were actuall.v taken and iiaid for. It [els 1911.-. p. 219. '"Cook vs. City. No. 15,188, Circuit Court; Cook vs. City, No, 72.914, Superior Court. -"Nin-s. Jiilv S; S7<(/-. Julv 16. 1907. -132 HISTOIIY OF GREATER IXDIANAPOLIS. should also be mentioned that the tempdraiy uiarket-sheds. erected along: ^Market and Ala- bama streets in preparation for work on the eolosseum, were not a total loss, as the city retained the lumber, and used it in making sheds for the street-sweeping vehicles. Plans for the new city hall, prepared by Kubush & Hunter, were adopted on Novem- ber 3, 1908: and protests against hasty ac- tion on them were then made by the i\Iunie- ipal Art League, and the Merchants Asso- ciation."' No action was taken for some months, and the plans were put on exhibition, and public criticism was invited. On j\Iarch 6, 1909, suit was brouuht in the Circuit Court by Otto Stechhan and Frank AV. Planner of the Marion County Taxpayers League to en- join the city from letting a contract on these plans. Their contention was that the plans of themselves indicated fraud. The ca.se was heard by Judge Remster, who, on April 8, 1909, decided for the defendants, holding that mere opportunity for fraud, without evidence of actual fraud, or intent to commit fraud, was not sufficient to sustain an injunction. The contract was then let, and the work pro- ceeded with no further interruption but a labor strike in September, 1909. In railroad elevation, the Bookwalter ad- ministration ordered no new work in 1906, but continued the work ordered in 1905. In 1907, on March 17, it ordered the elevation of the Big Four and C. H. & D. tracks at Washington and Decatur streets in West In- dianapolis, and also the Belt tracks at Mor- ris street. The latter order was abandoned, and the former was completed at a cost of about $150,000, the city's share being $25,406.46. In 1908 it ordered tlie elevation of the Belt tracks at Ea.st Washington street as part of an elevation of the Belt road about two miles in extent, reaching from East Tenth street to Prospect street and providing sub- ways at East Michigan street. East New York street. Southeastern avenue, and the Pan- handle tracks. The elevation at Washington street was opened for traffic October 7, 1909, and cost about $110,000. The remainder is to cost $600,000 to $700,000. and tn be com- pleted in 1910 and 1911. On February 11, April 27. and ^lay 4. 1906, the trustees of the Citizens Gas Com- pany demanded the ti'ansfer of the city's op- tion to purchase the Consumers Gas Trust mains as contracted for by the preceding ad- ministration. On the last occasion they sent an open letter reciting the histoiy of the mat- ter, and stating that unless an answer was received by ]\Iay 8 they would understand that the city refused to carrj' out its con- tract.-- On May 25 the trustees sued the city for specific performance of the contract.-" The case came before Judge Carter, and was disposed of on January 26, 1907, by his over- ruling the demurrer to the complaint; which was practically a decision that the option must be transferred. After some small addi- tional stipulations it was transferred on Jan- uary 30, 1907. The legislature of 1907 also took up the gas question, and a bill intro- duced by Senator Linton Cox was passed limiting the price of heating and lighting gas to 60 cents per 1,000 feet in Indianapolis, and regulating the quality of the gas fur- nished.-^ Under this law the citizens have been receiving 60-cent gas since. .\side from governmental atfaii's, the year 1907 was memorable as a year of donations. It began early by raising $95,000 by public subscription for Butler University. The Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A. were both desirous of new quarters, and also appealed to the public, in organized campaigns. The Y. M. C. A. began first, and in a whirlwind campaign of 17 days, closing March 1, ob- tained pledges of $273,000. General enthu- siasm was aroused, and dozens of business men, some of them having no connection with the Y. M. C. A., gave their time and effort to the work. As soon as this was finished most of them volunteered to help the Y. W. C. A., which began work on March 2, and completed a ten days campaign on March 11, with pledges of $140,000. This made a total of over half-a-million dollars raised for public purposes in Indianapolis in less than three months. The Y. ]\I. C. A. sold its old build- ing on the east side of Illinois between Mar- ket and Washington streets— now removed — ''^Star, November 8, 1908, \). 10. --News, May 4. 1906. -^ Citizens Gas Co. vs. City .\(i. 71. ■'124 Superior Court. -*Actx of 1007. p. 149. of Indianapolis, IllSIOi.'V ()|- (IlIKAl'Kl! INDl.WArol.H. 4;« for .+---''AIIH). ami juit .$400,000 into its iires- of iiiachiiic cdiitrol. 'riicrc wert- also more I'lit nuai'tei's at Illinois aud New York streets, votes than usual in tln' |uini:iries, thoufjli li'ss I'm- huiUlini; and irrounds. The buildino; was than two-thirds of tlie nund)er cast in the dedicated tlu'on)ih the week FeluMiafv 18-20, election. For canditiates for mayor, the Re- 1909. The \. W. C. A. already owned a site. publican vote was 1:^270 for Samuel Lewis with ji buildini;' on the rear which met a ])art Shank and o.OO.S foi- Win. X. Harilini;: the of its needs, but witii a debt of some $27,000. Democratic vote was 8,6(58 for Cha.s. A. Tt paid its debt, and erected its present main (ianss; ."),08(i for Chas. B. Clarke; and 1,013 l)uildin}i:, which cost .$1.")0.00(), furnished. It for Win. K. Ki'oll. The most sinjrular feature was dedicated on July 2(i. 1!)08. of the result was thi' make-up of the Demo- The city tax levy in lilOG was made 88 ciatic ticket, all of the candi<lates on which, cents on .$100; in 1907 it was 92 cents; in but two. were Catholics. This was not a re- 1908 it was 91 cents; and in 1909 it was 91 suit that was son-rht for, but was due to the cents. Included in these levies each year fact that the avei-aije man, without any spe- are 1 cent f(U' fire and police pension funds; cial inducement, votes for the candidate he ") cents for sinkins; fund; aiul 4 cents for knows Inst, in either a primary or an elec- track elevation. The legislature of 1907 fi.xed tinn. pnividint; he does not know him un- a tax of not less than 4 cents nor more than favorably. Of the Democratic candidates the 8 cents foi- parks and boulevards, and the most active and widely known hajipened to les'islatui'e of 1909 inereasc>d this to not less be Catholics. The result caused iuuuediate than .") cents noi- more than 9 cents. The law sur])rise and some consteriuition. as much or of 1909 also irives the Park Hoai-d power to more amonu' Catholic politicians as among' assess benefits and dMina^cs foi- new boule- others. In a convention, expei'ienced lead- vards and parks, by disti'icts. to the amount ers are always cai'cful to disti'ibute their of .$1.2')0,000 in ten years, liut not more than tick<'t as unich as possible, freojiraphically .$200,000 in any oni' year. and with reference to race and relifrion and Another law of I'lOl). introduced by Sen- other larire controlline: features. This feature at(H' Cox, red\iciHl the city council to nine of the ticket ])i-ob;d)ly <lefeated it, for it had members, nominated from districts but elected been uiMierally believetl for some months be- by vote of the entire cit\'. StilL another pi'o- foi'e the pi'imaries that the Democrats were vided for the nomination of ])arty candidates sure to carry the election. The result of the by direct primaries. The pi-inmrics were held election was Shaid< 27.0M8. and (ianss ■£.">. 40:i on .'Xu^ust .'). and were uncpiestioiuiblx' mil with 2,1(i7 scalterinp. Vol. 1—28 CHAPTER XXXIV. 'IIK SLBLHBAN TOWNS. Indianapolis had "suburbs" from a very early date. One of the earliest was "Water- loo"" which was the region between the Blutf road (now South Meridian street), and the river bottom, for some distance below the Belt Iiailroad, which was once a rather tough neigh- borhood.' "Kinderhook"'" was not a suburb, but a name given to the triangular l)l()ck be- tween Maryland, and Alal)ama streets and Vir- ginia avenue, after the old Kinder House was moved there.^ A real suburb was "Cotton town'", on the west side of the Canal, about Sixteenth street, where Natlianiel West put up his cotton mill, and caused a number of operatives to locate about it. In the early fifties the name "German- town"" was given to the region about North Noble street, where a number of the German immigrants settled. "Stringtown"' was for years the region along the National road west of the river, ^luch later we had "Cerealine- town'" which grew up about the cerealine fac- tory, north of Fall Creek. ''Bucktown'" de- velo])ed from tlie influx of negroes, during and after the war, in the region about Indiana avenue, west of the canal. ''Sleighgo'", or "Sleigho, under the Hill" was the colored set- tlement, east of Broad Cut and west of tiic gravel ])it, where the awful Purdue wreck oc- enred. "Peedee"" was a name early conferred on I'ike Township, and later transferred to other things in that direction.'' After the city bounds were extended to Sixteenth street (olil Tinker, or Seventh street) the school house that stood west of Illinois on the south side of Tinker, was known fur years as "the Peedee school house." '^Noirland's Jiciiiiinsrrncps, |)p. 1(i!)-lO. •Xrir.t. July l!t. ISrO, p. 2. ^Locomotive, .hine 5). 1855. But none of these localities ever developed into a town with an independent governnu'nt, anil it was not until the boom times of the early seventies that a real surburban town appeared. The first of these was Irvington, wliich was platted on November 7, 1870 by Jacob B. Julian and Sylvester Johnson. The plat covered 304.47 acres, and was designed as a residence suburb, being about four miles east of the city by rail. The avenues were laid out on curved lines, and two circles were made — Irving Circle for a park, and College Circle for a female college. The place was named for Washington Irving, and it was de- signed to place a statue of him in Irving Cir- cle, but this has never been done. All deeds of lots contain this clause: ''The trrantee accepts this deed from the grantor with the express agreement that he, his heirs and assigns will not erect or maintain, or suffer to be erected or maintained, on the real estate herein con- veyed any distilkrv, brewerv, soap-factory pork-house, slaughter-house, or any other e.^- tablishment offensive to the people, and that he will not erect or maintain, or suffer to be erected or maintained, on said premises, any stable, liog-pen, privy, or other offensive build- ing, stall, or shed witliin fifty feet of any ave- nue in said town, and that he will not sell or suffer to hi' sold on said premises any intoxicat- ing liquors except for medicinal, sacramental or mechanical purposes strictly, and lie ac- cepts this deed on the further asrecnient that the right to enforce and compel compliance of the above conditions rests not only in the grantor, his heirs and assigns, but in all the )iroperty-liolders and inhabitants of said town." Additions made later were' covered by a similar condition. The early locations in the new sub- urb were cliiefly by ]iersons more or less inter- ested in the site but there was a satisfactorv 4:14 HISTOKV OF GHKATKi; 1 XDIAXAPol.lS. 435 uiowtli for tho first thnv ye:ii>. mikI on March 11. 18"3, a petition for inroiporalion was jnadc ici till." Board of L'Diiiity ( oniiniHsiontTi^, wliicli •rdercd an ulcctiou on .Marili 'il. The vole Mir incorporation was nearly nuauinious, and an election of otlicers was ordered for April • 1. It resulted in the choice of Jacob B. Julian. Levi Rittcr and ('has. W. Brouse for trus- tees. Sylvester Johnson for assessor and treas- urer, and Ferdinand Wann for marshal. The tin-tees met on Ajjril T and adopted four ordinances; (1) re(|uirinL;' lot owners to jirade ilieii- sidewalks and plant shade trees; {'i) ])ro- hiliitin;;' hogs running at large; (.3) prohibit- ing the use of Hre-arnis within the town lim- its: (4) prohibiting the killing of "any bird within .said town." The last stringent provi- sion was never construed to a]i])ly to domestic fowls. On April 21, an ordinance was adopted to ]irohil)it cattle running at largt'. On Oc- tober 1, an issu(> of .$1.").(J0() for school pur- poses was orderecl. An ambitious school build- ing was undertaken, and on A])ril tiS. I.STI. .$1(1.110(1 more of l)onds wei'c ordered to com- plete it. Jn the spring of ls;:> the directors of Xortli- wostern Christian (Butler) I'niversity detided to select a new site for the institution. There Were Several competitors, and the pro])rietors of Irvington and adjoining property, made an 'itfer of 2it acres of ground for a campus and S|.")().()00 for bdildings. This was formally accepted on June 1*. \S', { ; and the main building was begun that fall — a three-storv brick, 135 x To, with steam heat and all mod- ern conveniences. Instruction in the new build- ing was begun in the full of 1875. and from iliat time on Irvington was '"a college town". .•Vnd it was fortuiuite in being so, for the col- lege life not only helped it weather the finan- cial stress of the seventies, but gave it an in- telle(-tual atinos|)here that has made the place attractive for residence. The .Vthenaeum has always ranked with the best literary societies of Indiana[)olis. The crowning service in this line came with the Bona Thom]ison library, in 1003. for while it was given to Hutler its donor very wisely ])rovi<led for its free ]iub!ie use. The college life also aided in solving the trans|iortation ])roblem. which was one of the ino<t serious of the earlv days, for nuinv of the students lived in town. .\t first the onlv serv- ice was by the railroads, the I'anhandle lia\iug Its station, and tho C. 11. \- I), stopping at the college for aceoniniodation. In 18.S1 an extension of the "mule-car" service was made out English avenue, with ears leaving hourly, and arriving more nearly daily. For awhile in the seventies a bus line was tried, out Wash- ington street, with a horn and other stage- coach accompaniments outside the city limits. In 1893 the Washington street car line was secured. It was then a mule-car line, but soon after a ilummy steam motor was imported from Muncie, and used till it ran otf the tracks into a ditch, near the Deaf and Dumb School, injuring several passengers. There was never any satisfactory service to any of the suburbs until the street railway lines were electrified. .\s a natural result of the conditions, early life in Irvington was very quiet and peaceable. There were no saloons to stimulate the ag- gressive, or attract the boisterous from the city. The most alarnung noise was the college yell, and the only times that could be called exciting were elections, when tlie pacific burgh- ers .seemed to let out all their |)ent-up exuber- ance. The wildest excitement that ever developed was in 1877. Owing to the failure of newly elected school trustees to ipialify. there de- velo])ed two school boards, each claiming con- trol, the old board consisting of (Jeo. \V. Julian and J. O. Ilo|)kins, and the new board of Sylve.<ter Johnson and Dr. James A. Kruni- rine. The old br)ard emi)loyed Miss l.ydia li. I'liliiam, who had been teaching in is;ii. to conduct the School in hSTT; but Ijcfore the .-ehool opened Hopkins resigned, and William II. II. Shank was elected by the town board on August 'i. He alliliated with the new boanl. and they notified Miss Putnam that lu'r serv- ices were not wanted. She replied that under her written contract they wen'. She bad the keys to (he building, so the lU'w board bad new locks put on ; and on Seoteinber .3, when school was to open, they were on hand to maintain their autbiu-ity. l^ikewise came Miss I'lilnam to nniintain hers. Tlu' board ordered bee out. but she went not. Then they put her out. the witnes.ses stating that Johnson and Kniinrine each held an arm while .Shank brought up the rear "boosting with his knee." Before the\ bad recovered front their exertions .Miss I'utnam had irot in again at the i)ack door, and the work 436 HISTORY 01' (iHKA'l'Kll I MHAXAI'ol.IS. had all to be done over. This time the teai-her got hold of a staple in the wall, and hung on for some time, but the allies finally got her out, and held the house. For the next two weeks the Indianapolis pa- pers were full of "the Irvington war", and the comnuinieations from the two faetions that de- veloped were nothing if not spiey. But the pro- ceedings were not confined to the papers. Miss Putnam liad the board members arrested for assault and battery, and the case was tried by a jury in Justice Glass' court on September 11 and 12, with a crowd in attendance, and a formidable array of legal talent. The de- fendants were fined $15 and costs each. Then .Miss Putnam lirouglit suit for damages for the manner in which she had been "bruised and lacerated"". As the Neivs said: "War to the knife has been declared, and no quarter will be given or taken. The amenities of suburban life are enchanting."' She won again, getting judgment for SiSOO. The case was taken to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the jiulgment. and so "the Irvington war"" was closed.'' Irvington maintained its separate existence longer than any of tlie surburban towns, but the increasing population after the advent of the electric railway desired city conveniences that were not accessible to the town. Electric lighting had been oVifained liy threats to put up an independent lighting plant, which caused an extension tn Irvington. The town also se- cured the important concession from the rail- roads of maintaining electric lights at their crossings, which was both valuable and un- usual. But it was still without water service, and intimations of the grant of a water fran- chise were supv)osed to have hastened the coun- cil's action on annexation. Kesidents of the territory lying between Irvington and the city were desirous of annexation, especially in the region of Tuxedo Park, and efforts were made in 1900 to annex it, but without success. On December 2, 1901 an ordinance was introduced for the annexation of l)oth Irvington and the interjacent territory, which was )iassed on Feb- ruary 7, and approved February 17, 1902. Irv- ington had no debt when annexed but its school house bonds, $19,000. and these were assumed by the city. When the collef'e removed to Irvington it Mohnson ct al. vs. Pntnam. 9.") Ind.. p. ua^ the \orth Western t.'hristian University. On February 28, 1877, the name was changed to Butler L'niversity in recognition of the bene- factions of Ovid Butler. As the original uni- versity plan was never fully developed, and on account of the movement for the University of Indianapolis, the jiame Butler College was adopted on April 8, 189ti, to designate lin- academic department, which is located at Irv- ington. The University of Indianapolis did not fully develop, but Butler is affiliated with the Indiana Law School, and with the In- diana Dental College, a prosperous institution wiiich owns its own building at Ohio and Dela- ware streets. In addition to the main building, wiiicii has 18 recitation rooms, offices, chapel, and halls, the college lias Burgess Hall, with G recitation rooms, museum and laboratories; a college residence for girls; a fine gynniasium building with exercise hall 35 x 58, baths, etc.; and the Bona Thompson ^lemorial Library building. This last was donated in 190:1 l)y Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Thompson in memory of their dausrhter Bona, who graduated at the college in' 1903. The library has 12,000 vol- umes, and is also a station of the Indianapolis Public Librarv. The college has its own Y. ^l. C. A. and" Y. W. C. A., and the students publish a weekly paper, The Biitlrr {'ollcijinii. The college maintains a summer school, and has a Teacher"s CoUetre Department for tin- training of school teachers. In 1907 an addi- tion of $250,000 was made to the endowment of the college. Joseph Irwin, of Columbus ofTcrcd $100,000 if $150,000 additioiuil were raised. ^larshall T. Beeves, of Columbus, con- tributed .$:!0,0n(). ami Andrew Carnegie agreed to give the last $25,000. .Vn enterprising local campaign secured the remaining $95,000. An important addition to Ivvington was made in 1909 by the location there of the gen- eral offices, publication department, and mis- sionary training school of the Christian Wom- an"s Board of ilissions. 'llie year 1909 was celebrated as the centennial of the church, be- ing the one hundredth anniversary of the "dec- laration and address"" of Thomas Campbell, and was made the occasion of donations for tho establishment of this institution as a per- manent memorial of the event. The largest single gift was of .$25,000 from ^frs. C. ft. Fi'rris, daughter of Sarah Davis Deterding. in acknowledijement of which tlic new school is iii>;toi;y ok (niKATKi; imh w aimh.is. o o X o >■ < z o o z s a; H E- H Q Q X < 4:^8 lIlsroKV OF (JKKATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. naiiu'tl The Sarah Davis Deterding ilissimi- ary Training .Sciindl. The object of the sclmnl is not to duplicate tlie worlv of colleges and academies, but to give special training to per- sons who propose to go into the missionary field. not only in a general way, but with special reference to the countries in which they pr,;- ])Ose to locate, their peoples, their religions, tlieii- manners and customs and laws. A part of the work will be practical training in home missionary work in Indianapolis, especially among the foreign element. The centennial conti-ibiitions amounted to some $90,000, whicii has been put into the Ijuilding and grounds, and about $10,000 more will be raised to coni- jiiete the work on them as originally contem- jilatcd. The building is now occupied by the offices and publication department, and tlic school is expected to open in the fall of 1910. The town of Brightwood was original I v platted (in September 17, 18:2, by W. D. WWx. 1). 11. Wiles, C. A. Greenleaf and John L. Mothershead. On May -27. 18:4, an amended plat was filed, which included E. T. Fletcher's First Addition to the town. Tlie action wa- a result of a decision to locate there the plants of the Greenleaf Mamifaeturing Company, which manufactured a patent turn-table, and the foundry of ilothershead & ^Vlorris, wlm were doing business in Indiana])olis. In tiv,' winter of 1874-.">, the interests of the Green- leaf Manufacturing Company were ])urchased l)y the "Bee Line" Kailroad Company, which removed its Michigan street shops to that point in 1877. On account of the prospective change it was decided to incorporate the town : and on June 9, 187o, a petition was filed fo- that purpose with the Board of County Com- missioners by Isaac X. Hoover. J. .T. Bickncll and others. It showed that the proposed tow i had at that time 132 inhabitants. The county commissioners ordered an election to be held "at the door of the postoffice" on June 26. The town was duly incorporated, but some contro- versies arose: and the )ieople also found that they had accumulated an elephant by taking i'l a township school that they were unable lo support. Accordingly the incorporation was abandoned, and a second petition was filed on April n. 1876. An election was ordered f t ^lay 1. which was favorable to incorporatio'>. there being 2.3 votes in the affirmative, and none against. The election of officers was held on June 111. and a spirited contest occurred, which resulted in ibi' clioice of Joseph E. Ayers, Eichard At- tridge and Willis E. Miner for trustees; John Henry, marshal; Luke Wells, assessor; James Hclnies, treasurer; and Isaac X. Hoover, clerk. For a nundjer of years the elections were theo- retically non})artisan, with a "citizens' ticket" and an "independent ticket", but the former was usuall\ Eepublican and the latter Demo- cratic, and more recently they dropped their jiiasks and appeared in their hideous nakedness. The most interesting question of local politics was the water works, for Brightwood is the only part of Indianapolis that ever tried municipal ownership of a public service. The water wm-ks construction was in 1895-6 and was installed with a tire department of two hose reels. It has extended until there are now 5 miles of mains. The water su])ply is from deep wells (■"iOO feet) and there is a reservoir of 40. (too gallons capacity. In December, 1906 a report was made on the plant by Brossman & King, engineers. They count the capacity of the mains for domestic supply at 10 times their ]iresent use, and the fire capacity sufficient for 2 lines of hose, with II/4 inch nozzle, for 1% hours. From th.e financial standpoint they estimate tlie waterworks as self-supporting since 1904, Itut not before that date, allowing credit for five hydrants at $4.t ]ier year. This is a fair credit for .Ire protection since the annexation of the town, for it is the rate the city pays U>v hydrants. It omits the consideration, however, that the extension of the city mains to Bright- wood woiild call for a number of additional hy- drants. .\nd it seems obvious that this was not a fair measure of the value of fire protec- tion to the town prior to annexation. Under the existing system of six grades in insurance rates, the difference between a town with no (ire protection and one with the protection Brightwood liad is at least two grades ; and tlie difference in insurance is 13 per cent a grade on buildings and 2 to 8 per c-ent on good>. Tlie allowance for Brightwood's 40 hydrants at $4.5 is only $1,800 a year, and that would soon he eaten up by an increase of 2(i iier cent in insurance: and that would not repre- sent half the difference in a fire loss, for town insurance averages under TtO per cent of valu- ation. It is firettv safe to sav that the Bright- HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 439 wooil water \vork< was a good investment for fiiv pvotuction. The water ^'upply for doniestie ])iiri)oscs is imieh apjireeiated by tlie people. iiiui tlu'V have always strongly resisted any pro- posal to abandon the system. The greatest snp])ort of Brightwood is, of course, the railroad company, which pays there iiiuuially -iiinething over $500,000 in wages. There have always been, however, several man- ufacturing enterjirises giving em[)k>ynienl to a mimbi'l' of men. The life of the town has been largelv independent, with its own churclies. fraternal organizations and other social fea- tures. The "Town hall"' is a 3-story building that was erected in 1890 by an association, com- posed originally of members of the Ivnights of Honor, but with stock held outside now. The first story is i-ented for business purposi's ; llii' second is the hall : and the third is used for sncietv ineeting>. Aiiother quasi-public builil- ing is the \. M. ('. .V., which was erected in the winter n( 1902-3, at a cost of about $20,- iMKi, (if which til ree- fourths was paid by the raili-oail eoiiipaiiy. and the balance by pnpulai- <ubscri|)tic>n. it is designed chieiiy for the us( of men in the railroad company's service, and is furnishe(l with restaurant, dormitory, baths, ])ool room, and other equipments of a modern Y. ^I. ('. A. house. Its independent ccnidition made Brightwood the largest of tlie suburban towns in 1880, its po|inlation being ()T9. By the census of 1S90 it bad grown to 1.38;. It was fairly well off in transpoi-tation. a< the railror.d ran special- morning and evening trains for its men, and it was one of the first suburban towns to get an exfensioii of the ■'miile-car" street-railway sys- tem. This line, however, was not electrilii'd fni- xiirir time after the others; and the Jiright- wonil ( ai- \ia- fur mnnths pulled as a trailer by the Columbia aveniu' ear, being switched off where the two lines separate, and hauled the remaiTiing two miles bv mules. The town was antiexed to Indiana])olis by ordinance of March I.'), 189:. The town debt "at the time was $18,- (HKi; all water-works bonds. W huff I'lace is the one suburb of Indian- apojis that has avoided annexation, although eiitirelv surrounded by the city. It was ]ilatt<d Oi'tober ■.*. is:-.', bv .1. (). Woodruff and wa> ile- sigiied for a park residence section. A re-er- vation of two feet all around the boundarv was made for a (Mimmon fence, and ]iro\ ision was nuide in the deeds |ireventing any "stiiulure" within fi.\ed distance from the streets. The streets were laid out with central grass plots, with flower beds, fountains, and iron statuary, ■■hand-ptunted." It has always maintained this distinctive character. In the spring of 187G, not being able to secure city advantiiges of fire and police protection, the people of Woodruff I'lace decided to incorporate independently. Their petition foi' incorporation was heard on March 1(>, IS'Iti, and was op[)osed by City .\l- torney Byfield, who considered that it would be injurious to have an independent munici- pality practically within the city. On consulta- tion it was decided that the matter should go over to the next teim, and meanwhile, Mr. Byfield woidd try to secure fire and police pro- tection fnmi the city: in case oi success the petition was to be withdrawn. The matter was presented to the city council, and the .hnliciary Comnuttec was directed to act with M i-. Uylield in an eti'ort to secure some satisfactoiy adjust- nii'iit. This coidd not be done, and >() the op- position was withdrawn. The incorporation election was lield on .Inly VIL and resulted six in ra\or <d' incor])oration. and none against; and so, on August 8 the town was incorporated. The separate government system was not without its troubles. The new town obtained lire ])rotection by paying for a main connecting them with the city system : and secured the service of the city fire department by iloiialing $50 to the pension fund wlicii tliere is a lin^ <all from Woodruff. The school proiilem was man- aged for some years by the Woodruff I'lai-e pu- |iils paying tuition in the public schools; but in 1891. a contract was made bv which the town levied 25 cents im $100 school tax, and paid ibe pi-oceeds to the Indianapolis School Board, and in return the children were allowed the Si'.me school privileges a< llnwe (d tin- citv. This proved so satisfactory that Ibe same ar- rangcmcTit has been continued ever since. The people of Woodruff I'lace have always resisted annexation, the reason being that they desireil to preserve their i)ark features, and feared that the city would not keep them no if annexed. Since the park board has assumed work id' thai kind, there is not the sentiment ai;ainst annex- ation that formerlv existed, and that will prob- ablv result in due time. The population of WoodrufT riace was 20 in ISSO; liil in 1890; and i:r in 1900. 440 HISTOKY OF (iKKATKi; 1X1)1 AXAI'OLIS. West Jii(liaiia|iolis was a by-product ot the Stock Yards and several factories that were located along the line of the Belt Railroad. 'J'he stock yards wei-e opened for bnsiness No- vendier 1'^ 1877, with grounds covering 1'^' acres and eajiacity for tlie care of 4,000 head of cattle and ;35,000 hogs. The business connect- ed with it made almost a town of itself, but ol' cour.^e it was largely transacted hv resident* of the city and transients. Jleanwhile a village grew up to the north of it that was known as Belmont. In the spring of 1882 it was decided to incorporate, and on .March 5 a petition was filed for the incorporation of the town of West Indianapolis. It covered a territory of 1,565 acres and had a resident population of 471. The petition was favorably considered, and an election was called for April 4. At this the 400 did not vote and the 71 cast their votes solidly for incorporation. The election for of- ficers was set for Jlay 3, and at it David John- son, Joseph McClain and George W. Jinks Avere elected trustees; John C. Williams, clerk, Charles F. Kisner, treasurer, and Charles Shell, marshal. The trustees organized on ilay (I. electing David Johnson iiresident. The first ordinance was of "rules and regulations for the town government," and among other things it provided that the board should meet each -Monday evening at "Room 42, Union Stock Yards Building," at 7:30 p. m. from Ajiril 1 to October 1. and at (i p. m. fnun October 1 to April 1. There was iu)tliing very striking in the his- tory of the town. It developed rapidly and steadily in population. Of course it does not appear in the census of 1880, but in 1890 it had outstripped all the other suburbs, and had a population of 3,527. In 1894 it was decided to incorporate as a city, and the trustees divided the town into 3 wards and 7 jjrecincts in prep- aration for the election on ilay 1. The electinn was on national party lines, and the Re])ubli- cans succeeded in electing their entire ticket except the councilmen in the third ward. The officers elected were A. B. Tolin, mayor: (). K. Williamson, clerk: Walter S. IIoss, treasurer, and Thomas Peri-y. niarshal. It was clainuMl on both sides that •'boddle" was freelv used, am! it is ]iot recorded that anyliody denuinded proof. Air. Tolin continued to bold the office of mavor until West Indianapoli> was annexed in 1S9;. He was the senior mendiei- of a live stock com- mission firm operating at the stock yards. West Indianapolis was annexed to the city by ordinaiue of March 15, 1897. At the time of annexation its debt was $7 9,000, which was much larger than that of any of the towns that have been annexed : but then West Indianai)olis was a city. Haughville is a little older than West In- dianapolis, but was a little slower about iu- corjjoration. It came into existence as a manufacturing suburb. In 1856, Levi B. Will- iamson and Emmanuel Ha ugh started a little factory for the manufacturi' of iron railings on Delaware street, opposite the court house. In 1863 the establishment passed to the ownership of Benj. F. Haugh, who had lieen foreman of the factory, and F. Schowe. The business de- veloped steadily, the firm style changing several times, and the establishment moving to South Pennsylvania street, where it manufactured jail a)id court house fittings and architectural work. In 1875, Haugh iV Co. (Oenj. F. Haugh and Joseph R. Haugh). icmoved their works across the river to Michigan street, west of Germania avenue. In 1881, owing to financial complica- tions, the firm was reorganized as Haugh, Ki'teham & Co., and in 1885, it w'as incorporat- ed as the Haugh. Ketcham & Co. Iron Works. A village grew up aliout the works, and on December 16, 1882, a petition was filed by "Tliomas Afoi-row and 31 others," for the in- ( oi|i(inition of the town of Haughville. The election was set for .January 10, 1883, "at the store of Thomas ]•:. Spafi'onl and W. P. Can- field," and resulted in 40 votes for incorpora- tion w'ith none against. The town had several .seasons of disquiet owing to labor and race troubles, having a large foreign element and also a considei'able colored population. Al- though not incorporated, its population was ir|iorfed 70 by the census of 1880. In 1890, it was ^.lll. making the suburb second only to West Indianapolis. The town was annexed to Indianapolis by ordinance of March 15, 1897. .\t the time of annexation its debt was $18,300 of school and to\\ n ball Iwnds. There had been unsuccessful etforts to .secure its annexation for two or three years ])reviously. Xorth Indianapolis was never an ineor|)orat- eil touii, although its ])opidation is gi\en in the cen-us of 1890 as a town. The residents were then 1,479., but exactly what extent of terri- lorv was included is iinkiunvn. The town was iiis'iom' oi' {;i!i:A'rEi! i.ndi.wai'oi.is. 441 (iriirinally platted October •.'(). Us;:!, by Wju. Hiaik'ii, .lolin ('. Sboemaker. II. \{. Allen. A. J,. Roaclie, and Thos. F. Evan, 'rhi.s subdivi- .sion of parti- of section.^ 2(i and 27, extended only from the Canal to Kadev street, e.xcepi between Arni.*tron<;- and Eusvne streets, where it readied east to the Michigan road. The new suburb ])inn(d its faith to tlie Udell Ladder Works, which located there that year, the Xorth lndirtna[)olis W'auon Works, and the Henry Ocow Manufacturing- ("oin|iany, whicli made l)ent wood furniture. ])ai'ticularly the "improved gothic cradle". It was made the Western tenninus of the Hell Kailroad, and has always been a manufacturing suburb, thougli since electric transportation came into use, it has be- come quite jiopulai' for residence pur])oses. The Ocow ilanufacturing ('om]iany Imrned out and discontinued; but the Xorth Indianapolis Cradle Works, which makes cradles for agri- cultural instead of infantile purposes, came in and remained. The wagon works also burned, but othei' factories came, and Xorth Indian- ajiolis spreail until it lnH-ame a sulistaiitial town in its independent life. Mt. Jackson was the oldest in name of the -uburljs, for it was given to his farm at thai point by George Smith, the first newspaper pro|)rietor and editor of Tndiauapolis. in bonor of the great .Vndrew. The nanii' mllici-cd. but there was iu)t much of a town, and not uuub occasion for oiu'. when the ])etition for its an- iu'xation was tiled on Se|)tember 3, 18SS, bv "W. W. Webb. II. M. Carpenter and twenty- five others". On December I. the remon- strance of "Christian Titisb and olhers" was tiled, and on Decend)er I I an election was or- dered to be held on -January o, 18S9, at "tlie grocery store of Dorus J. Baker'". It was a warm election, but of the (II votes cast. ;iT favored incor])oration and "iT opposed, and so the advance was made. The town was blesscil with a "business administration" from the start. The first business, after organizing on February Vi. of the town board, composed of ^fessrs. ■lobn-on. Startling and Taylor, was to provide for hiring a lawyiu'. On Febnuiry "'t, the board instructed the clerk to "arrange with S(piire Martin to investigate taxes". On March 1."), it adopted an ordinance for a $10(1 liquor license and a dog license, tbu- providing the uecessarv lubrication for the wheels of govern- ment. In further cn idencc nf it< \\ ise inanage- meiit may be mentioned the fact that when an- nexed, by the ordinance of .March i5, 189T, it brotight to the city a debt of only $700, which was for a school house. ]\Iapleto7i was never an organized town. It was platted as an addition to the city by Han- nah C. and. Tlu!0(lore 1'. Haughey on May 4. 1889. It took its name from the growth of sugar maples in the vicinity, and the country cliureh, 'which had been there for some years, was commonly known as Sugar throve Church. The growth of the place was uneventful, and quite slow until the electric car lines brought it within reach. The latest, ami what bids fair to be the greatest of the sidnirbs of lndiana])olis is I'eech Grove, southea.st of the city, a result of the location of the construction and re))air shops of the X\'W York Central road. When, in 1!HH), it was announced that this company would invest here $.1,000,000 in "the greatest loc<)motive hospital in the world", there were few wlio had any coiu'cption of what it meant. The average human mind does not grasp mil- lions, liut when one sees all the woiulers of massive electrical machinery that were shown in the last great world's exposition in [n-ae- tieal operation, the conce])tion becomes clearer. Five of the princi])al buildings have been com- pleted. One, the Machine and Erecting Shop, is 320 X 'u'> feet, ami as one enters this mam- moth room, without a partition, and sees a 120-ton electric crane pick a locomotive off its trucks and place it where desired, he realizes that he is among the latest and greatest achieve- ments in .seientific machinerv. Tn addition to this the Blacksmith ShoD. ' 154x30 feet: the Boiler Shop, 12(!x.")(M feet: the Store and Of- fice Building, 7()\24 1 feet and three storio high; and the Power House, IKi.xl 10 feet, have liecn completed. In addition to these there are 14 other shops in the jilanned works, the snntll- est, a ])aint shop, .■)8x()0 ; with round botises ami other minor btiildings. and yards with swit<'h accommodation for over Ki.OOd cars. The ]dant is now em])loying l.ood men ami when in comi)lete operation will require more than three times that number. .\t present, most of the emploves are not residents of the stiburb, but (iOO to 700 of them are brought to their work bv sjjccial train-:. Earlv in liHX;, Wocber Bros, were instructed to ]>urcbase ' III ai res of land for these shops; 448 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. > J <; a z a < z < z H18T0UV OF (iUKA'lKi; I X DI ANA I'ol.lS. 443 and tlicv alno took opt ion.-; on soiuc l.GOO iu-rcs additional, and adjai-ent, and organized the Hec'i;-ii CiroNc I ni|ir<ivi>niont Company, t<i liandir it. with $;J00.()0() of prcfunvd stock and .$;i()().- (100 of common stock. Tlie main part, or "Section A." "was platted on November ].'3, ];»(!() : with additions known as "Section B." on Viigust (i. liiOT, and "Section C,"' on OctohiT -.'S. ]!)(»:. On June 7. IDOtl, "Louis McMains and y2 otiicrs"" filed their ])etition for the in- corjjoration of l."80.5 acres as the town of Beech (irove. The petition showed that tluic were TM residents of the tract, of whom (il were heads of families. The county commis- sioners ordered tjie election to he hchl "at the residence of John Tacoma. on Sherman Drive." on June 1!'. A part of the residents were farmers wlio had iiivcn options on their land without heing told of the proposed location of the shojis — there were SO farms, large and small, included in the tmrehase — and most of them o]ipose(l the incorporation, hut the in- corporators won. The op])osition tlicn contest- ed the election, and remoiist I'ated in the County Coinmissioners" Court. On July 14. the com- missioners sustained this remonstrance, and held the election invalid ou the grouiul that the tickets used liv the incorporators were in- valid in form. The incorjiorators then appealed to the Circuit Court, which reversed the com- missioners on October 20, 190(), and declared the town incor])orated.'' The costs were assessed to Eugeiu' crueller and the other remonstrants, who took some steps for an appeal, but never perfected it. The first town election was held on \ovem- her 9, 1906, and John Wocher. Louis ^Ic- ifaius and Herman 11. Weelburg were chosen as trustees, and Harry K. ^[arsli as treasun^r and clerk. The town has grown with consider- able rapidity although so many of the employes reside outside. The resident ])opulation is now estimated at 1.000— the vote at ,the last town election. Novendier 2. 1909, was ISl. It is probable that there have been many loca- tions ])revented by the lack of street railway connection with the city; and a company has been formed to supply this deficiency, and has begun work, the company being under contract to have the line in operation liy .\pril 2T. IfllO. •''Li lie Incorporation of Beech tii'ovc. ('ausc Xo. 15,273, Circuit Court. Business establishments have been attracted by the shipping facilities, the most notable being "ihe mammoth elevator of the Cleveland Grain Company, which cost $3.50,000, and has a ca- pacity of a million bushels. The company has wisely provided for parks, and a modern school building has been erected, 7G.\94, with ac- •omniodations for 200 pupils. It has a base- ment with play I'oom, etc., and is constructed with a view to adding a second and third stories if di'sircd. Presbyterian and Bajjfist churches ha\e been built and occupied. The (Jatholics ha\e put up a handsome parsonage, and have bought land for a church and a school, for which plans have bi'cn adopted that call for an expenditure of $100,000. The Sisters of St. l-'rancis have bought a block of 30 lots, ou which thev propose to build an .$S0.000 hospi- lal. There is another suburb, not exactly a town, which may be mentioned here, and that is Fort Benjamin Harrison, the United States Army Post, imrtheast of the city. The army [wst was something that was worked for a long time liefore it was secured. It became apparent in the nineties that the government was going to abandon the arsenal, which was merely a stor- age institution, and the Indianapolis people thought thev should ha\e something at least t'qually good. Congressman Overstreet and the Indiana Senators took an intt'rest in it. and there was some persistent and etfectivc work for it by Harry New. and also by .\ddison C. Harris. Bv 1S99, the prospects were looking .-o bright, thai, by Joint resolution of March I of that yi'ar. the legislature ceded Jurisdiction to the United States of any lands bought or to be bought by the Fnited States for an army post. The]-c \\a- (piitc a warm competition for the site. In .\ugust, 1903, a board of armv oflicers \isitcd Indianapolis to examiii' the five sites offered, and report on the same. Later in th(> year it was announced by the llcpartnicnt of War that il wnubl purchase the site near Lawrence', containing 1 ,S33 acres. In the summer of 1903. the site had its first baptism of theoretic blood. The state militia were in cam]) at the state fair ground thai year. and on the last night of July they stole awav from their tents and on .\ugust 1. fought a "battle" at the new grounds. Possibly this had xuuething to do with their selection, for army men rcirard the local ion as ideal for nianeu\ers. 411 HISTOKV OF GREATER INDIAN^APOLIS. Ill U)Oi. the militia held their L-aiui) uf iu.slnir- tioii at the army post site from July 2T to August 5. anil the Twenty-seventh United States Infantry joined in the exercises. From that time forward it has been the scene of an annual meeting;- lor instruction iu large mili- tary movements, the tirst extensive one being in' 1906. On July 1.5 of that year, 2,(I(M) regulars began their march to Fort Benjamin Harrison from Fort Sheridan (Chicago), F'ort Wavne (Detroit). Fort Thomas (Newport, Kv."). Fort Brady (.Michigan), and Jefferson Barracks (St. i.ouis). to take part in the maneuvers. Meanwhile the luvjmrations for ]iermaiient occupancy were ])roceeding, and on June •.'o, 190.5, Captain Cheatham, in command of the ])ost, announced the awards of contracts for the buildings — commanding officer's quarters, $1"2,- SOO; four field officers" quarters, .$45,v'(l(i: bachelor officers" (|uarters, .$29,900; two non- comnrissioned stafl' officers" cpiarters. $:!.l(»(l-. hospital, $;n,400; band barracks, $13,900 : ad- ministration building, $18,900 ; stable, $l(i,400 : wagon shed, $3,.500 ; fire engine house, $2,200 ; bakery, .$8,300; granary, $10,000: six double l)arracks, $235,000; quarternuisters" and s\di- sistonce storehouse, $25,500; eight double cap- tains' quarters and six double lieutenants" quarters, $217,800; guard-house, $19,000; with smaller l)uildings, making an aggregate of $868,346.31. The post appears to be growing in po])ularitv with army men, and there has been a sentiment manifested to enlarge it; and also to make it a center for the purchase and training of horses for the army. The post is connected with the city by electric interurban line, with special cars running at regular in- tervals. The reservation now contains 2,030 acres, and is the station of the Tenth infantry. One other sulmrb remains to be noted, which is quite unique in character. Early in 1902. Wm. L. Elder, submitted to White River Con- ference of the Cbui-ch of the Fnited BrethiTii in Christ, a proposition to donate to the church 8 acres of cam])us ground and a college build- ing, costing $40,000, if the church would fur- nish huvers of 446 lots in an addition, to be known as T'niversitv Heights, south of tlu' city. in which the college «as lo be located. In that \ear, White River Conference voted to accept the offer if one other Indiana conference would co-operate, which St. Joseph Conference did two weeks latei' ; and Indiana Conference joined in the year following. The work' was ]n'osecut- .'(! vigorously, and the college building was ciinipleted and occupied in the year 1905-6, the I instees receiving a deed to the entire property "11 June 13, 1906. The church, prior to this lime, had no institution of higher education in Indiana, and has entered into this work with enthusiasm, supplementing the original move- iiicut Ijy the three conferences agreeing to raise :M\ amount equal to $1 a year for each member, I'or three years — or $150,000 — for an endow- ment fund. Jn addition to this, there have been numerous individual gifts and pledges. The institution, known as Indiana Central Universi- ty, is now soundly established in a ])rasperous career, with 15 professors and instructors, and about 200 students. It has a diversified and thoi'oughlv up-to-date curriculum, and an academy has been added for preparation for the college course. The college property is luiw valued at $90,000. The original theory of the movement was that the establishment of the college W(uild necessarily create a settlement about it, and that the advance in the value of lots would more than compensate the purchasers, so that the church would get its institution with ]>rac- tieallv no expense to the purchasers. This an- ticiiiation has already been largely realized. The ])lat of University Heights was filed on May 9, 1904; and on May 7, 1907, a jK-tition was filed for the incorporation of the town. At the election, on ^lay 21, 17 votes were cast for in(^)rporation, and 1 against; and so the muni- (■iy)al government was instituted. The present officials are Robert Hostettler. .1. .\. Cummins. Jr., and Oliver ^lumaw, trustees; and W. C. Brandenburg, clerk. The town is oik' mile from the city limits, and is reached in twenty minutes from the center of the city by the Columbus and Southern Traction Company's line. It thus presents the ideal combination for collegiate life of country surroundings with easy access to all the atlvantasres of tb(» city. CHAPTER XXXV. "THE DEMON RUM." When JaiiR's Ulakc was about to open tlic first Washington Hall tavern, in partnersliip witii Samuel Ilcnderbou, Calvin Fletcher, on December 4, 1S'i'.i. entered in his diary, "I do not prophesy that a very great advantage will result from the connection". Commenting on tliis. Hev. J. C. Fletcher says: "We can .see that this tavern did not result to any very great advantage to the writer on the :i.-)th of Decem- ber, when he naively records the following: 'December •^^. i visited ilessrs. Henderson & Blake"s in the a. m. Drank rather too much whisky and brandy, and ate too much sweet cake". (Then follow a lot of dashes with r"s between them.) 'r — r, r — -r, came lunne and went to bed*. The 'sweet cake' was too much for the writer . .V few years later, when he made a profession of religion, he banished all wines and liciuons from his house, and became a tem- perance man from principle".^ This was not an unusual ex])erience, for in the earliest days practically everybody drank, and indeed, it was the very general belief that was necessary to do so in order to prevent, or alleviate, fever and ague. .\t the old settlers' meeting in IH", . Ifr. Fletcher told how when starting to help survey the Ft. Wayne road, "he stopped at Washington Hall and took some egg-nog, and filled his pocket pistol, which they all carrie(l in those days to keep out the chills". .\t the same meeting. Demas McFarland told of his e.xperience with chills, and said, "Old rye. with salts, was his remedy, and although the disease was bad, the remedy was not hard to take — in fact it was always a legal tender, and the principal circulating medium".-' There were some, however, who doubted the cftiiacN ^Ncws, September 10. IStil. •LocomoHrr, June 1.'?. IS.")?. of whisky. Sairiuel .Meirill. in commenting nn the extensive malarial sickness of 1821-.'5, says: "When the sickness first commenced, those w-ho_ drank spirits mostly escaped, and it was a mat- ter of frequent boasting among them that they "kept above fever heat". Hut they were soon after attacked much more severely than others, and their taunts WH're then returned with iu- terest"".-' But as a general proposition, the condition is very accurately portrayed by Rev. T. .\. (ioodwin: "Whisky was the prevailing drink. Whisky raw and whisky sweetened, whisky hot and whisky cold, and sometimes whisky watered, and often whisky medicated. Roots and herbs, and barks, when steeped in whisky had wonder- ful i-urative properties. Snake bites and milk sickness, rheumatisms and agiu's, alike, yielded to the thousand and one preparations which the hardy men of those days knew how to make with whisky; and a birth or death, a wedding or funeral, a log-rolling or shucking, or a rais- ing or a quilting, was incomplete and unsatis- factory witliout it. Egg-nog or toddy, or both. was much more certain at an afternoon visit- ing i)arty of women than 'store tea" was for su]iper: and well-to-do ilethodists, and Bap- tists, and New Ijights, and other good pcoi)le, wcni as thoughtful to supply it for their guests, even their [)reachers, as were other peojjle. * * * -Ml churches tolerated it~s use, and many a good pioneer had a license from the state to kee]i a tavern, meaning a license to sell whisky, and at the same time a license from his church to |n-ea(h : and they were ])reachers of no mean re]iute. cither, as well as good tavern keeiM-rs. ''The Methodist church made special provi- -ion"in her discipline I'M- lu'r members, re(|uir- 'Ind. Gazette P- 445 44G HISTOKY OF GlfEATEK IXDIAXAPOLIS. ing them to kci'i) orderly liouses, and iu tlieorv. not jjermittiug her loeal preachers to retail at all. But, like her inhibition of slave-holding, this was in practice a dead letter, for many of her best local preachers kept tavern, to put it mildly, and many of them liberally patronized their own bars. Many of the early preaching jilaces for all deiioininations were in the bar rooms of these taverns. Good men bought and .■^old and drank, but bad men also engaged in the business, and kept dens of dissipation ; hence those provisions of the early laws which re(|uired all apjdicants for license to prove that they were of irood behavior, and, later, of good moral cliaracter. Every store that kept tea or cofPee kept whisky by the quart, and as there was then no law against giving it away, the barrel, or bottle, was free to all custom- ers. Whisky was cheap then, and merchants were liberal. It is no wonder, therefore, that with saich business and social habits, men died of delirium tremens in large numbers, called then, brain fevei * It was not until about 1800 that men began to associate together for the purpose of checking the tide of dissi|iation which was swee]»ing over the country''.* There was jjrobably as little drinking in Indianapolis, in the early years, as in any place of the same size in the country, l)ut there was very little of scruple about drinking; and In- dianapolis did its share. The Journal of Oc- tober 2, ]827, reported that there had been 21:'! barrels of whisky purchased by Indianapolis merchants from outside, and 71 barrels of home product, within the past year. A census of the town on Xovember 2.5, 1827, showed a total of l,Ofif> inhabitants, of whom 50.1 were fe- males, and 4."')4 were under 1.") vears of age. Mention has been made of the hilarious ci'lebra- tion of Christn\as. 1821, when the fiivl political campaign was inaugurated, and of the free use of whiskv at the first election on .\|iril 1. 1822, when, ^Ir. Fletcher says, "the ((uantities drunk must be reckoned in barrels"'."' It ma\' be questioned, however, if even these can wre~t the rank of "a hot time in the old town", from llie night of February 17, 1827 — the day on which was received the news of tlie ratification of the Potawatoniie treat v in 182(1. Tliis treatv gave to the state a strip of land 100 feet wide, so far as the Indians were concerned, running from Indianapolis to Lake Michigan, for a state road, and with its ratification, the citizens seemed to see the road opened and the town leaping forward under the impetus it gave. The coming of the capital had helped growth sonu'what, liut the crying need was for roads, and here was a new outlet to the great lakes, and water connection to the ocean. The rati- fication, as the Gazette said, gave "a road from Lake ilichigan through this place, to the Ohio River, a section of good land being given for the purpose of making each mile of said road". It mentions that the news "was received with tile most lively enthusiasm by our citizens, on Saturday last, which was more fully demon- strated by an illumination of the town on that evening.'" " But a more detailed and inter- esting account is given by Mrs. Betsey Martin (then i[rs. Goldsberry) who was a witness of the joyous occasion. Her early newspaper training had given her an appreciation of news, and a facultv for presenting it. She savs of it: "In 1827 the treaty was ratified between the United States and the Indians, and the Mich- igan road was granted, to Lawrenceburg. Well, we had a grand turn-out of all the citizens, with lanterns of every design, and mottos ap- pro])riate for the occasion, and music, and everything to make it grand and enjoyable. ^Ir. Goldsberry carried a Imrning tar barrel on a high pole till it was burnt through. It spoilt a new suit of clothes that Aunt Co.\' had just made of blue casinet. After marching through the streets, or the main ones, which were Washington and ^leridian, they man4ied down to old Dunning"s tavern on the river, aiul all got tight and had a dance. ITncle Nat Cox and Governor Rav danced a nigger jig. There was not one but di-ank too much. Mr. Golds- berry came honu' as tight as a brick, carrying a big transparcncv which he took after the tar barrel burned out. He was very jolly, and when I oiiened tlic door he pulled me out in the mud to see his transparency. That was the only time he drank too much, and he was excusable when the Governor was tight, and all concerned. Tlure were a lot of sick folks *Seventv-Six Yea pp. 4-6. ^New?. April 12. Mav Tussli' With the Trallic. Ill, 18:;). '■(Idzettr. Frbniarv 20, ■ Mrs. Xaihan'(4 Cox. 1827. HISTOHY OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPUI.IS. 447 llir next (lay, for iiiauy ol' tliciii had never ilnink too much before."" The eoiiipleteness ol' the celehratiou may be inferreil rinin the fart that at the time Mr. (iohlsl)cn-y \va> miv of the pilhirs of the ilcthnilist Chiifeh. ami a viTv exemplary citizen. But reform w;i^ on the way. The earliest iiKivcment for teinpei'auee in this country was among the physicians, witli Dr. Benjaniiu Kush as the chief factor. For years it was devoted chiefly to urjfinf; moderation, and the reform made little progress until in 1837 the country ^va^ stirred by an address of Jonathan Kit- tredge, one of the ablest jurists of his day, who urged that all drunkards were devel()|)ed from moderate driidvers — "'have become drunk- ards by the lemiierate. moderate, and haldtual use of anient spirits, just as you use them iHiu-. Wcie it not for this use of ardent spirits, «c ^lioiild not now hear of drunken senators and drunken magistrates, of drunken lawyers and drunken doctr)rs ; eburcbes would not iu>vv lie mourning over drunken ministers and drunken members; parents would not now be weeping over druidien children, wives over drunken husbands, bu.sbands over druid<eii wives, and angels over a drunken world." In Xovember, lS'i7, the Massachusetts Society for lite Suppression of Intemperance, wbicb bad been advocating moderation since ISl."?, recom- mended total abstinence. The American So- ciety for the Promotion of Temperance, which had been organized at Boston on February 1;>, ]8?n. soon followeil. Kittredge"s address was (initiated broadcast by the American Tract Society, and other literature — notably Lyman Keecbcr's "Six Sermons''— by the temperance society. Indianapolis respondeil i^arlv. On Oclnber :i. 1S-2S. a meetitig was held at "the ^[(^bodisl, Me(ting Housi "", with I?ev. John Strange a- chairman and .lames .M. I'av ;is secretary, and the "TemiK'rance Society of Marion County" Wit- organized. Its object was "to discontinue lb( \\<i' nt' ardettt spirits, except as a medicitic. both b\ ])recept and example." Ebenezef S)i;ir|ie was made president: James Givan and Henry Hradlev, vice-presidents: James "SI. T?ay, secretary: with a committee of correspondence eomiMKcd of Daniel Yande>. Caleb Scttdder. T-^aac \. j'bii)ii<. dnlm (J. Rcown. Cha-. 1. Hand. (;i.iifi:e I'.n-li. .lolm W'dkiti-. (Jeor'ie IIol- lo":l\. \\'illi;llll li'ectol, N:iai' Cor iMlll .lollll Walton. I'rovision was made for a meeting on the first Saturday in January, at which ad- dresses were to be made by "the President, Ebenezer Sharpe, Esq., on the objects of the Society, the encouragement, and the objections iigainst it. Hev. George Bush, on the moral ()bIigati(Jiis re(juiring exertion in the cause. l{ev. Edwin Itay on the demoralizing effects of intemperance. Dr. Isaac Coe on the destiiic- live effects of inteniiJerance on the human .sys- tem. James M. Eay on tlie expense of the manufacture and consumption of ardent s])ir- its." ' The next niwetiug was actually held cni December 20," and the society met i|narterl\ thereafter. At its meeting, Xovember 'i'.\, IS'.'l), the .-oeiety adopted residutions, "that entire absti- nence is the only course which promises success in suppressing intemperance"', "that the prac- tice of selling liquor to the intemperate does not onlv in its injurious consequences immedi- ately artect the purchaser, but in an imminent degree the morals and means of the commu- nity"", and "that it is ex|jedient to form a State Tem])erance Society, auxiliary to the Ameri- can Temperance Society." Among the new names that appear at this meeting are Uev. Thos. S. Hitt, Alfred Harrison, Robert A Taylor, Douglass ilaguire, Rev. Joseph Merrill, Robert Brenton and Joseph Catterlin. The proposed state society was duly organized on December 9, 1829,'" but no account in detail was ]iublished. At the first annual meeting, on December 13, 1830, Jeremiah Sullivan, of Jefferson County, presided, and J. F. D. Lanier — subsequently of Winslow, Lanier & Co., bank- ers — acted* as secTetary. Dr. Sylviin ilorris presented a resolution "that the habitual use of ardent spirits is injurious to health, de- structive to the mental faculti(¥, and tends to ^borten human life", which after an address liy him was unanimously adopted. Hon. Beth- uel F. Morris presented and spoke for the following resolution, which was unanimously rtdo)ited: "Resolved. That the custoimiry and fashionable use of ardent spirits is dangerous to the civil institutions of our country." Rever- end Sickl(>s presented the following resolution, su[)porte(l by himself and Reverend Lewis, ".Journal. October K!, 1828. ■■'■/uiinnil. December 17, 182fi. '"■loiirinil. December l(i, 1829. 448 liLSTOUY UF GHKATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. which was unanimously adopted : "Resolved, that the use of ardent spirits, either oeeasion- ally or habitually, exerts a demoralizinji' influ- ence and is injurious to public and tloniestic happiness." Hon. Wm. Sheets presented a resolution, supported by himself and lion. Stephen S. Harding — later Governor of Utah — "that the formation of temperance societies, on the principle of entire abstinence, is the only effectual preventative of intemperance and its evils", which was unanimously adopted. The society then elected officers : President, Jer- emiah Sullivan ; Vice-Presidents, Milton Stapp of Jefferson, David H. Ma.xwell of ^lonroe, Edwin Ray of Vigo, James Morrison of Marion and Stephen C. Stevens of Switzei»land ;. Sec- retary, James M. Ray ; Executive Committee, B. F. Morris, Isaac Coe, Rev. John R. More- land, John T. Mclvinney, Rev. Thos. S. Hitt. James Blake, Isaac N. Pliipps, Daniel Yandes, Horace Bassett, John Hendricks, Sylvan B. Morris, and David Wallace. It is thus evident that at this early date the reform idea had so spread that the best men in the commonwealth stood openly for total abstinence, and most of them were men in active political life. It was a notable change from but a few years earlier. No one could call it "fanaticism" for it was a change of view of men wlio had formerlv used liquor themselves if they felt occasion for so doing. And tbci' had been some sentiment aroused. Jeremiah Johnson, an eccentric local character, having attacked tlic Temperance Society in the Gazette. was answeird bv a correspondent who, among other things averred that "the practise in re- S])ectable stores of kceiiing liquor free on tli(^ heads of barrels has been cheeked, that tav- ern-keepers admit their sales have been sensibly diminished, and that an entire abstinence from the use of it has been observed bv the members almost universally."' The truth is that the things had begun to happen that make people hate liquor, and the change of sentiment was due to an observation of the evils that intem- perance carries in its train. This is plainly visible in the accounts that have been left to later generations, as for examnle, the followinsr comment on the earliest developments of the liquor traffic bv Mrs. Betsey Martin : "In the spring of 1S22. Jerry Collins ojiened a small shanty built out of poles and clap- boards, and had the first whisky shop in town. He had a barrel of whisky and some tobacco and segars. There was no license, and he made money, and he also, as now, made drunkards. 1 well remember two men burnt to death while under the influence of that cursed liquor. One was an old hatter named Shunk.'- He fell with his head against the kettle and his should- ers in the mouth of the furnace: and he was roasting all night. In the morning someone called and found him. .\s 1 have told you, he was not quite dead. They took him ti* his boarding-house — he boarded at old Jolm Van Blaricunvs — and the doctors did all they could for the poor old man, but he died that same night. He was roasted brown half way down. The work of the whisky seller! The other was Big Smith — he was called 'Big' to distinguish him from the rest. He was over six feet, and large and well formed, and would have been a useful man unless for that awful habit. Smitii and some other men of the same stripe went into a iield back of where Mr. Blake now lives,'" and were drinking and play- ing cards. They had set tire to an old stand- ing dry tree, and Smith was too drunk to go when the others left. He went to sleep, and the tree burnt and fell close to his back and shoulders, and he was too drunk to move ; so be had to roast : and he did, for his shoulders iiiid back were a perfect cris]). He only lived a few hours after he was taken home. Well, from that time till now, I can trace nearly all the murder and every other crime to that — the worst thing in the world — whisky! It brings poverty, disease and death!" But there is one thing more appalling than the drunkard who meets a sudden and shocking death, and that is the dnmkard who drags out a miserable life. The first "fi'ightful example" in Indianapolis was Dr. Jonathan Cool. He came here in 1831, a talented young fellow, and better educated than the doctors that were here. He had graduated at Princeton, where he was a classmate of Judge Blackford, and had also taken his degree in medicine, and had served for a time as surgeon in the United "Jnurual. Deccm!)cr S. 1S20. '-John Shunk, see Xoirlnnd's rtemiiiiscenceg, pp. 49-51. *'('. e.. the northwest corner nf Capitol ave- nue and Xorth street. HISTORY OF GRKATKi; INDIAN AIM » LIS. 449 States army. Ho was the first physician hew to protest against the heroic doses of medicine — especially of calomel — that were given in the early days. This brought him into a conti'o- versy with Dr. Isaac Coe, who was one of the most heroic in his treatment," and he stated his case in a poem, one verse of which is still preserved — "Oh. Dr. (or: Oil. Dr. Coe! Why do 3'ou dose your patients so? Slow to cure, and quick to kill; There is no man alive can tell The awful power of calomel. And dead men tells no tales." But Cool took his own poison, and in the (•our.se of a few years became a lio]ieless sot. He retained some of his characteristics, how- ever. He was always very polite, and very fond of quoting poetry, but an evident sense of shame made liim shun the society of ladies, nf which he had been fond ; and there were some ladies who would gladly liave tried to reclaim him if they had had opportunity. Tn the course of his downfall. Cool made an arrange- ment with Jerry Collins by which he was to have three drinks a day in return for medical services — morning, noon and night. One morn- ing Cool came in for his noon drink about 11 o'clock, and when Jerry called his atten- tion to the hour was sadly depressed. Then a happy thought struck him, and with true ]iathos he exclaimed : "For the love of God, Jerry, loan me an hour." The loan was made. But there was greater need for eloquence when the doctor was overcome bv "the Great Thirst" and called for an extra drink. On these occa- sions there was usually a profound discussion which resulted in Cool getting the drink, for Collins was not a bad-hearted fellow, in his way. In the accompanying cut Jim D\inlap has presented one of these arguments with Jerry on the defensive behind the bar, and the dilapidated doctor making his plea. His most efFective appeal was on this line: "Jerry Col- lins, you know that whisky costs you only 20 cents a gallon, and there are .56 drinks in a gallon. Will you refuse to relieve the suffer- ings of a fellow huMian-being when you can do it for less than two-fifths of a cent?" Poor Dr. Cool ! He was not one who owed his repu- tation for mental brilliance to the fact that he was a drunkard ; and when he finally came to his death in 1840 there were many who sighed for his ruined life. Another victim of the early period who was often spoken of by the older citizens was Hugh 0"Xeal. He came here a boy with his father, Thomas O'Xeal, in ]S"21; and grew up on his father's farm, just north of what is now Morton Place. He was an ambitious boy, who at- tained a fair education chiefly by his own eft'ort, read law, and had an excellent standing. Says Nowland : "No young man in the state bid fairer to rise to eminence and distinction than he did. When the California mania was rag- ing, in 1849, his ambition prompted him to risk his chances for fortune in that golden re- gion, and it was there he fell a victim to that destroying demon (intemperance) that anni- hiliates all that is good and virtuous in our natures, and sends us to an early grave, un- honored and unsung." '= And there were others, so many of them that it were out of question to call them all up. and there is no need for it; for there are few of the living who cannot recall some ease within the circle of their own acquaintance. Yet one I will men- tion, for his memory haunts me, and that is "old Colonel Blake", as he came to he known in his later years. As a young man John W. Blake was con- sidered to be of great piomise. He was a lawyer in Clinton County, and represented that coimty in the legislature of 1857. where he is said to have been an important factor in the great senatorial controversy of that year. He entered the Fortieth Indiana as lietiten- ant-colonel, was ])ronioted to colonel in 186"2, and .served through the war. .After the war he located at Indianapolis, living at the north- east comer of ^\'alInlt and Tennessee streets. His boys were my playmates. His wife was an excellent lady, respected by all her neigh- bors ; and they had a sweet little girl who was generally admired. Blake became a hard drinker, and went to pieces. The family wa.s obliged to move to less attractive neighborhood. The two boys became drunkards, and were both killed on the railroad tracks, while drunk. The girl grew up and married a conductor — ''InrJ. Tli.'^t. Snr. P«/).«.. Vol. 1. p. 3.31. Vol. 1—29 "'Enrli/ Rrmlinsrnircs. p. 111. 4 -"id ISTOltV ()|- (iKKATKi; IXDlAXArOT.TS. C|Q^RS^ JERRY COLLINS AND DR. COOL. (From a sketch li.v James B. Dunlap.) J HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 451 a very excellent man. He came home unex- pectedly one night and found her with a man she had picked uj) at a saloon on .Masj^acluuselts avenue. The hu>il)and shot him. A jiublie scandal and separation followed. Things weni from had to worse. Blake became almost a public nuisance, and his family would have suffered but for his pension. On April 4, 1904, a notable company left Indianapolis for the dedication of the Indiana n'gimental monuments at Shiloli. Governor Durbin and statf were there in gorgeous uni- forms, and a throng of old soldiers and prom- inent citizens were at the de])i>t to accompany them. Old Colonel Blake appeared at the de- pot. He had served with credit at Shiloh. His portrait is in the monument commissioirs report, and his nanu' on the monument of the Fortieth regiment, '{"here was a wistful look in his bleared eyes as he approached various members of the party, hoping for an invita- tion to join them, lint none came. He watihed the train ])ull out. and turned to resume the downward jjath ihat iiiihd only with the grave, five years later, on Ajiril 'J, 1!)0!). If some Zola could write the story of that life, just as it was, with its baleful effects on his fam- ily, it would make a temperance .-toi-y b\ the side of whicli T/.\ssoniinoir would be insig- nificant. In the earliest temperance societies "ardent spirits"' was not understood to include wine, beer, hard eider, and such light drinks, and it is said that not infrequently a "total abstainer"' would become intoxicated from the use of these. It was not until the .second national Temper- ance Convention, at Saratoga, on August A. ]8:5(j, that a general stand was made against these, and even that was not universally ac- cepted. Goodwin says that, "As late as 1811, Hie Christian Advocate and Journal, the obl- r<t and most influential organ of the ^f. !•]. Cliurch. opposed 'tectotalisnv editorially, as contradicting the acts of the Savior and the ndvice of Paul."' It had been adopted by some niendiers of temperaiu-e societies ])rior to 1S."!(I, and the word "teetotal"' is said to have orig- inated from distinguishing such members on the society rolls by tlie letter "T". st-anding for "total", while 0. P. — standing for "nld pledge" — designated the other members: and from the use of T-total grew teetotsil. Ilnw- pver that may be, the idea spread widely, and the lU'W "teetotal"" societies supplan/ted 'the earlier ones in many places, but its ett'ects were not much iu evidence here; althougti there was increased activity in temperance work at the time, and a Young Men's Tem- perani-e Society was organized on April "2. 183t)."' Our early laws dealt only with "spir- ituous or strong liquors'", and iu 18."i9 the Supreme Court decided that port wine was not within the law, saying: "Spirit is the name of an inflammable liquor produced by distilla- tion. Wine is the fermented juice of the grape (u- a pre[iaration of other vegetables by fer- mentation."' '^ It was not until 1852 that the phrase "intoxicating liquor" appeared in the general law, although it had been used in some laws essentially local ; and it was not until 185!) that it broadened to "spirituous, vinous or malt liquor, or any intoxicating liquor."' And under that, it was required to l>rove that the liquor was "intoxicating"", the Supreme Court holding, in 18T6, that "beer"" was not even presumptively intoxicating,'" and in 1877 the same as to "malt liquors." '"■' The controversy over the use of wine un- questionably caused a lull in the temperance movement, but it was soon overcome by the \\'ashingtonian movement, which originated in Baltimore, in 1840, from a sudden resolve of a party of convivial drinkers to reform. The society grew and was so beneficial that in 1841 members were sent to New York 'and Boston to hold meetings. These were tremeu- doiis successes, and the movement spread o\cr the country. It reached Indianapolis in l-'eb- i-uarv. 184";;, when "a reformed inebriate, a W'ashingtonian fnim Illinois, on his way to Ohio", gave it a start. The missionary, who is named only as "Mr. .Matthews'", held his first meeting on l-'ebruary 28, when a W'ash- ingtonian Society was formed, and ]0(i signed the pledge of total abstinence from "intoxicat- ing li(piors''. He was persuaded to stay a da.v longer, and on the evening of March 1. lltl moj-e names were added: .-md "Matthews was induced to stav one more day when the mem- bership went tip to .118. The meetings had to adjourn to the Fast Market Ifousc", liecaiise no '"Jnvninl, March 10 and April :W. 18:i(;. '■State v.s. ^Inaro. 5 Blackford, ji. IIS. " .Schlosser vs. State, 55 Ind., p. 82. '" Shaw vs. State, 50 Ind.. ji. 188. 453 HISTUKV OF CKKATER IMJJ A.\ APULIS. room in the city would hold the crowds. The secretary announced that "about 15 of those who have signed the pledge have been until very recently, and some up to the present time, considered degraded, confirmed drunkards ; a very large number of them only moderate or gentlemanly drunkards."-" The officers of the society were : Carey H. Boatright, president ; Nathan Davis and John McGinnis, vice-presi- dents : Joshua Soule, Jr., secretary : and James M. Sharpe, assistant secretary : Joshua Stev- ens, treasurer. "Committee of Vigilance" — west of Meridian street, George Durham, Xa- than Lister and Ezekiel C. Boyd — east of Meridian street, James M. Smith, William Campbell, and William Biddle. Matthews wa* followed on March 2Ct by "Mr. Patterson, a reformed inebriate from Pittsburgh," who had been "a drunkard for more than 20 yeare"; and on April 19 the so- ciety announced that it had 458 members. They evidently went into the work with a vim, for on April 5 the Journal said: "At a sale held yesterday, the Washingtonians disposed of, at a great sacrifice, the remains of a distillery which they had lecently purchased in the vicin- ity of this place. This was done with the ex- press understanding that the articles sold were not again to be used for the manufacture of intoxicating drinks of any kind whatever." The meetings of the society were frequent, and on the Fourth of July they joined the procession in a body and a special temperance meeting was held. There were no strong drinks at the dinner that day. In the fall a Wash- ingtonian camp-meeting was held near Green- castle, with prominent speakers from all parts of the state. '^ In Indianapolis "the winter campaign against King Alcohol" was opened on Xovember 11, at the Second Presbvterian Church, with "an address by H. W. Beecher, a member of the society." -- The decadence of the Washingtonians as ac- tive societies was largely due to the organiza- tion of secret, fraternal, temperance societies. The first of these, the Sons of Temperance, was started September 29, 1842, in New York. It was followed in 1845 by the Templars of Honor and Temperance: and in 1851 by the '"Journal. March 9. 1842. "'Journal. October -4, 1842. --Jnvrnnl, Xovenilvr 1. 1842. Order of Good Templars. Tlie decade was one of great progress in temperance sentiment. Suib speakers as Dr. Charles Jewett, Rev. Tbo^. P. Hunt and Theodore L. Cuyler canu> into prominence. The Hutchinson family of tfiii])enince singers came into prominence in 18-i;i. John B. Gough had joined the Wash- iuiitonians in 1842, but fell from grace, and in 1S44, having again reformed, leaped into fame at the eighth anniversary of the American Tcm))erance Union, in New York City, to icniain in active temperance work till his death in 188(5. Father Theobald Mathew. after start- ing his great work in Ireland and England, came to this countn' in 1849, and was re- ceived with the highest honor evervwhere. He was invited to Indianapolis but could not cnnie. The Sons of Temperance were first organ- ized in Indiana in the eastern and southern ])arts of the state, and "Washington Division. Xo. 10" was instituted at Indianapolis on .V|)ril 24, 1846, with John D. Defrees, William Hannaman. W. T. Hatch, R. A. McCluer. H. B. Hibbon, Wm. Campbell, Jolm Evans, James Hall, J. E. Kingsbury and Robert Martin as officers.-^ This organization was the great agency of temperance for the next decade. In less than five years over 400 divisions had been organized in Indiana. At first it kept clear of politics and devoted itself to reform work. The legislation of the state had for more than a decade been a curious hotch-potch of local temperance laws, varying in the different counties, townships and towns, from plain license to practical prohibition. In 1847 a gen- eral law was passed that a majority vote for "no license"" in any township should insure no license for one year. At the annual meet- ing of -the Grand Division of the Sons of Teni- ])erance at South Bend, in July, 1848, a pm- ]>osal to memorialize the legislature to amend the law, so that no vote should be counted for license unless expressly so cast, was voted down !iv a large majoritv. But a change soon came. Xine months later, at Evansville, the Grand Division voted unanimously to take steps for prohibition, and it did not rest till that end was attained. In 1852 tlie Grand Division started a paper at Indianapolis called the Tempei-ance Chart. It was edited by Jonathan ■Mnuniiil. Ajn-il 29, 184fi. iiis'i'ouv OF (;kl:atkr i.\1)1anai'()lis. 4.- W. (iordon, tlii'ii a doctor, and it will not be iicccsfiarv to inrorm anyone who knew Gordon hat it wa? a live paper. It wa.s continued for [uiir or five years. 'Hie constitution of 18.51 havinji done away u itli the system of local and special legisla- tion, the temperance sentiment was strong i-m.ugh to secure the passage of the stringent local option law of March 4. 1853. It pro- N idcd for submission of the ([uestion of license r no license at the April township elections, lie majority to govern, and no vote to count inr license unless expressly so stating. It was strict in other respects, and contained a pro- visicui that anyone selling liquor who should ■■(iiiisc the intoxication of any person, shall board, keep aiul take care of such person un- til lie shall be able, without assistance, safely 111 return to bis home"; and on failure so to do anyone else might perform the service and recover reasonable compensation for it from I he seller, with ."id j)i'r cent damages. The ricction in Center 'rownship was held on April I. rtTid resulted in a majority of 196 for no license out of ■.'.!"(( \iitc>s. At the city elec- tion on ^lay '■). the Democrats put up a party ticket, all of whom were defeated except Ben- jamin rilhean. the candidate for marshal. The law was not enforced. On August (i, an "East- endcr" comjilained to the Locomotive that there were ten establishments retailing liquor in one .<(piare in bis neighborhood. On August 18 a public meeting was held which denounced the non-enforcement of the law, requested the resig- nation of the of the officials responsible, de- clared for prosecution, and apiiointed an inves- tigating committee, comfiosed of Tfobert .\. Taylor, .\ndrew Bnnise, Dr. (J. ('. Becks, .lames Blake, and Daniel Yandes. On September 1, the committee reported "a list of 40 house< they bad visited where liquor was sold wilb the iiamc« ntul jilaces" : and a resolution was )iassed calling for the resignation of the mar- shal and bis deputy or Ibeir removal by the Citv Coiuu-il. No action was taken, however. and on Xovember 20 tlie Supreme Court de- clared tlu' local ojition feature of the law un- constitutional, leavii\g the yv<\ of it to stand as n -iimijle licetise law.-"^ The efl'ect of this was to determine the tem- perance |ieo)ile for absohite probibit ion. Meel- -* ^Ini/.e vs. the St;ite. I Ii |,. :i|-.'. ings were held through the >tate, and delegates selected to a state convention which met at Indianapolis on .January 11, 18.54. It issued an address to the people in favor of a prohibi- tory law, and declared "that no prohibitory law will satisfy the temperance sentiment of this state which does not contain the principles of seizure, confiscation and destruction of liquors kept for illegal sale." With this the Democratic State Ccmvention on May 24 took square issue, declaring opposition ''to any law that will authorize the seaching for, or seizure, confiscation and destruction of private prop- erty." As a result many temperance Demo- crats left the party, as also did many who ob- jected to its attitude towards slavery. On .Tuly 13 "the Peonle'-; Convention" met at Indianapolis. It was .i strange mixture of former Whigs, Democrats, Know-nothings and temperance men, but they agreed on two things, opposition to slavery and opposition to intem- perance, and that made up their platform. The convention declared for "the passage of a judicious, constitutional and efficient prohibi- tory law, with such penalties as shall effectually suppress the traffic in intoxicating liquors as a beverage." The camjiaign was fought on fbese issues, and tlie result was a victory for the People's partv by 12,^00 majority. They carried Clarion Countv by fi50, and Center Township by 200. Tlie next legislature pas.^ed a strict ])robil)i- tion law, prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating li(iuors except for medical, scientific and sacramental purposes, and that was to be doTie by agents, on a dispensary ha.sis. The law applied expressly to "Ale, Porter. Malt Beer, Laser Beer, Cider, all Wines, and fer- mented li(|Uors which will ]iroduce intoxica- tion, and all mixed liquors of which part is spirituous or intoxicating liquor." It was a l)rohibition law that lu-obibiled, for the time being. The following statement by Goodwin concerninir it is historicallv accurate: "It was to take effect on the ]2tb of .Tune and it took effect! On the morning of the 13th every saloon in Indiana was closed : and not a single saloon was onened for piil)lic bn<iness from that day till the Sth dav of the following Xo- vember. Speaking of the workings of the law in Indianapolis, the Tndianai)ol's SenllneJ of the 15th of .Tune said: 'The temiierance law. so far, has been iiniversallv and faithfiilh' ob- 454 HISTORY OF CJKEATER IXDI AXAPOLIS. MTvcd. Wr lirar nl' no disposition to violati; it;; provisions.' And the local editor, the same day, said : 'The new liquor law has knocked police items into a cocked hat. Not a single item is to be obtained now on account of John Barleycorn'. Eecurring to the subject again ou the 20th it said : 'That the people of Indiana desire and will have a reasonable and constitu- tional law for the suppression of the evils of intemperance, none are blind enough to deny.' Recurring again to the same subject, on the 28th of June it said: 'During the past fifteen days there has not been a single commitment to the county jail for the violation of city ordinances, and in the way of arrests by tlie city police there is little or nothing doing.' "The Indianapolis Locomotirc, of the 23d of June, said : 'There has not been a single arrest or commitment to prison since June 12th. The ]\Iayor sits quietly in his official chair, and the night watch doze on the store boxes.' Such was the peace and order which followed, that on the 12th of July, just one month after the t;iking effect of the law, the Indianapolis Council reduced the night watch one-luilf. Referring to this fact, the Loco- motive of the 21st of July, said: 'The tem- perance law has nearly abolished rioting, drunk- enness and rowdying, and the tax payers are reducing their expenses". The Journal refer- ring to this reduction in its issue of July 24th, said: 'The reduction of the night watch was on account of the diminution of disturbance and drunkenness from the enforcement of the ])rii- hibitorv law.' The Indianapolis Evcniny h'f- puhlicaii. of the 20th of June, said : 'Runimeys no longer perambulate the streets, making niglit hideous: and the watchmen have little to do.' The Jovnial of August 20th said: 'The law diminished crime, reduced drunkenness, saved money and emptied jails until the Su- preme Court took hold of it.' It was the same everywhere." -^ Preparations for fighting the law had begun I Mr! v. and eminent counsel had been retained to make a test case. On Julv 2 Roderick Beebe. an Iiidiana|i()lis saloon-ke(>per openly violated llic law: and was at once arrested and fined $")() i)y the mavor. Ii(>fusing to pay he was committed to jail and immediately sued out a writ of habeas corpus in the Court of Commnii Picas. That cinirt sustained the law. and an appeal was taken. The Supreme Court had adjourned for the summer vacation, but it was called together, and on July 9 the argu- ment began on appeal. The state had not had the time for preparation that the appellant's lawyers had, and asked time to file briefs : and the case went over to November. Judge Per- kins tried to call his colleagues in ou August 23d to decide the case, but Judges Stiuirt and Gookins refused to attend. On August 25 the Marion County Democratic Convention de- nounced the law and called for a prompt de- cision. On August 27 a convention of leading Democrats was held at Indianapolis, which adopted some resolutions, but did not mention till' liquor law. The Jounml treated each move as significant only of the rivalry between Jesse D. Bright and Governor Wright, who had signed the law; and in a protest against a de- cision of the question in August, which it said would be for political effect, it said: "That the decision will he adverse to the law is well understood." In reality, however, it was in some douijt. About November 1, Judges Stu- art and Gookins asked for reargument on some jioints. On November 8 a boy named Herman vio- lated the law. He was arrested, fined by the nuiyor. sent to jail, released on habeas corpus liy Judge Perkins of the Supreme Court, and brought before him, in chambers, for hearing, liy 2 o'clock in the afternoon. But even this did not e(]ual the s])eed with which the case was dis|)ost'd of. Bv agreenu'nt it was sub- mitted on the argument already made in the Beebe case. The judge made an off-hand de- cision, ciuling with. "The law is void: let the ]nisoner be discharged."' This was the decision that ended the enforcement of the prohibition law. and not the decision in the Beebe case, made on December 20. as is commonly su[)- posed. The decision was jirinted in full by tli'' Sciiiiiirl ou November 12. and by the Jonninl — "revised liy the autlior" — on November K^. It was not included in the Supreme Court re- liorts at the time, having properly no ])lace tlicrr: liiit it was insert<'d as an ap])endix twi) \cars later.-'' A most lingular thing al)out this is that the decision is dated October 30. 1855 — ten (lavs before the case was heard, .\fter this -■'>V'/v'/////->'/.r Yiars' 'l'ii\sli\ pp. 1 1. !.">. S liid.. ]i. 545. HISTOKY OF GKEATER INDIANAPOLIS. 455 deci:?ion im attention was paid tn the lii|iiiir law. Druuk.s became conuiioii ajiaiii, and lor some clays the Journal printed its items of tiiis kind under the headline, "Perkins." The temjierance agitation of 1853-.5 gave ri.-e to some heat and some disorder, but it was so mixed witli tlie '"Ivnow-nothing" controversy that it is hard to separate tliem. Tlie com- mittee of ISiui, wiiich reported places where liquor was sold in defiance of law, gave the na- tionalitv of the sellers as follows: "German iJ.'i. Irisii ;j' French 2, Hoosier 2, Colored 4, Total 44."-'" The meaning of this is that it was "a beer proposition" in the main, and the chief location of trouble was in the eastern part of the city, where the German immigrants had set- ilfd. The nearest approach to any serious trouble was on the night of August 1, 1855, when three night watchmen who had arrested two disturbers of the iieace were set upon by a dozen or more men who undertook to release the prisoners. A light ensued in which pistols were used freely, but no one was killed, and only one man wounded. The watchmen held their men. and the next morning J. P. ^[iehael. .1. JIattlcr, A. Xaltner and Michael Esser were arrested and taken before .Justice Sullivan on iharges of riot. The Join-iial treated it as a liquor insurrection and riot; and the Sriiliiii'l as resistance of citizens to unwarranted af- fronts by Know-nothings.-" TJoth ])apers ch-oppcd the <nliject in a few days, giving no account of the disposition of the cases, and the Locomotive did not mention the subject at all. The f'ity Connril iiidoi-sed tlie walcbnicn. and ■■o did a meeting of eitizens held on .VugusI, s. After the li(|Hor law was bebl unconstitu- tional, the council, on .Fannarv 21, lS.-)(!, created a police force of 10 men. 1 for each ward and 3 at large — with a captain. This was grad\i- ally increased from time to lime, and in lS(i3, on request of the eity, the militarv authoi'itics provided a provost gnarrl, which was continued till tlu> elo<e of tlie war. Ill ISd.' the force il roll 2 detectives, and Ki included 2"' pairoinieii. s])ecial officers. The decision of the Beebe case settled the proliibitorv law. for though the court was di- vided, and the ipicstion of "search and seizure" was not before it. the indires announced orallv "Loromotirr. September 10. IS."". -"JourDdl, August 2; Sinliiicl. August 3. 11, that they uoiild hold those provisions uncon- stitutional when brought uj). The temperance people were defiant, and jiroposed to change the constitution. The Republican platform of 1856 called for jirohibition in about the same; lan- guage as in 1854, but. of course, that was hope- less without an amendmt'iit of the constitution. The subject was hardly mentioned in the cam- paign, ami the Democrats carried the state. From tlieii on interest centered so completely in slavery and the war that temperance was almost lost sight of. In lS(>,s a. State Tem- perance Alliance was organized, and temper- ance sentiment was revived and unified throu<jli- out the state, so much so tliat the legislature of 1810, without any s]X'cial preliminary issue on the subject, jiassed the Baxter law for the restriction of the sale of liquor. This was practically a local option law, requiring one who wanted license to present a petition signed by a majority of the voters of the ward or township. It yirohibited sales on Sundays and holidays, ■ind between the hours of 9 p. m. and <! a. 111. It required the seller to pay the ex- pense of caring for one whom he had made drunk. It gave broad rights of action to rela- tives, guardians and employers for damage re- sulting from drunkenni'ss. and aiitliorized suit by the townshi]) trustee, for the benefit of the poor, if no one else sued. This caused a polit- ical upheaval. The Democrats elected the next legislature, which sulistituted the liberal li- cense law of 18T5. It is ]u-oblciiiatical to what c\lcnt llii> re- >iili came from the W'omcnV ('riisadi' — wbellier it strengthened or weakened Icinperance sen- timent among the men. It certainly caused considerable disquiet while it was in progress. Thv movement had begun about Christmas, 18';;!, almost simullaiu (iU'-l\ , at liillsboro, Ohio and Shelbyville, Ind.. by two prayer circles, entirely independent of and not knowing of each other. The movement was started here by meetings in fcnir of the churches on Feb- niarv 22, IS" 4, followed by other meetings for consultation. On March '^ the local Womeirs Christian 'T('tu])erance Union was organized, and on ^farch G the movement was indorsed by a meeting of men at Masonic Hall. The first work was canvassing by wards to prevent signatures to petitions tinder the Baxter law. This was followed by visitations to saloons, and by putting watches at the doors of sa- 456 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDJAXAl'OLIS. loon?. Tlie inai)i purpose of tlie campiiigii failed. The sensation soon wore off, most of the women got tired of the work, and it was abandoned. But some permanent good had Ijoen accomplished. A number of drunkards had reformed and the community had been well stirred iij) on the matter of law enforcement. The W. C. T. U. had been organized, and re- mains an effective force. On the other hand it was a heav}' cross to many of the women who went into it from a sense of duty ; and it created a prejudice against aggressive tem- perance work in many men. Xotwithstanding the reversals of 1874-5, the temperance forces rallied quickly. The In- diana Prohibition l.eague was formed in No- vember, 1876: and its work was immensely forwarded by the Blue Ribbon movement of Francis Murphy, which began in Pittsburgh at about the same time — or at least made its great start there, there being G0,000 pledges signed, and 300 saloons closed. In October, 1S79, the Grand Council, composed of tem- perance men and women of all organizations, was organized in Indiana, and was chiefly in- strimiental in bringing iip the proposed con- stitutional amendment of 1881. Petitions for an amendment for prohibition, signed by some 4C,0()0 voters, were presented to the Republi- can legislature of 1881, which adopted such an amendment, and also one j)roviding for wora- e7i's suffrage. In the campaign of 1882 the Democrats vigorously opposed the prohibition amendment and the Republicans ran away from it. declaring in their platform that the amendments were nonpartisan, and should not be treated as party measures. As a result, the Reiniblienn plurality of 6, .50.') on the state ticket in 1880 clianged to a Democratic plurality of 10,924 in 1882; and the amendments were dropped bv the legislature of 1883. It was in 1882 that the Liquor League was organized, and became a force in politics as an organiza- tion. It made the ])olitical mistake of trying to dominate absolutely when it came into power, and bv its course probably contributed more to the development of anti-saloon senti- ment in the next ten or fifteen years than any other influence. In 1895 came a surnrise to the liquor power. If anyone had iiredicted in advance that the letrislature of 1895 would pass such a meas- ure as the Xicholson law, he would have been lauglied at, even by members of the legisla- ture, for no such issue had been presented, and the party leaders on both sides were against it. But a movement started in Indianapolis that did the work. Colonel Eli P. Ritter wanted a local option law that would ''hold water"', and he had put in months preparing one. It was based on the principle of taking provisions from the laws of other states that liad been upheld and construed, with the view that the courts would hold the "legislative in- tent" to be taking sixch laws with their con- struction. After it was prepared Mr. S. E. Xicholson representing Howard County, came to the city anxious to do something for the temperance cause, and after some consultation it was arranged that he should introduce the liill.-" ^leanwhile Captain Ritter had asso- ciated with two other gentlemen and formed "the Citizens' League", which had arranged for backing by the clergrv of the state, the Epworth League, the Christian Endeavor so- cieties, and some other agencies. As soon as the bill was introduced, 10,000 copies were printed and sent out, with 5 petitions with each copy of the bill asking for its passage, by name and number. Within a few days they liegan to come in to every member of the legislature in such number and strength that they could not be disregarded, and the bill became a law. It lias never been fully en- forced or it would practically have ended the retail liquor business, but the remonstrance fea- tures of section 9 have been acted on until much the greater ]iart of Indiana has no sa- loons. The liquor people realized that they had l)een caught napping, hut made a strong effort to overthrow the law in tlie courts. There wi've over two dozen of the best lawyers in the state acting for them at the hearing in the Supreme Court, and their argument was presented by throe ex-judges of the Supreme Court — El- liott. Hammond and Zollars. The state's case was ))resented bv W. A. Ketcham, Attornev- (Jeneral. Charles W. Smith and Eli F. Ritter. Ritter was assigned specially the defense of section 9, which was the most questionable fi'aturc of the law. On June 19, 189fi, the court filed its decision sustaining the law in Into, with two judges dissenting in part as -'■'Joiininl. April 21. 190;]. Jll!=^TOi;V OF OKKAIKl! I \'1)I \\ AI'ol.IS. to station 2 only."" Under this law, with the su])|)leinentarv J[oore law of 1905, and the county option law of 1909, the process of vot- ing out license lias proceeded until on Novem- ber 1, 1909, there w-ere 70 dry counties out of 'J2. and of the remaining 22 thi^re was only line — Vanderburgh — in which there were not one or more drv townships. Out of a total of 1.01 r> township's 922 were dry. Out of 89 cities G3 were dry. Out of 3fi0 towns 330 were dr>'. Much (if this Work has been due to the Anti- Saloon League, which aims to work indepen- dent of party lines, on an "onini-partisan"' basis. It originated at Obcrlin. Ohin. in Sep- tember, 1893; and a national organization was etfected at Washington City, December 18, 1895. A state organization was made in In- diana in October.' 189S. by Eev. W. C. Helt, who was sent here liy the national organiza- tion for that pur))()se. ""'rhe Citizens" League", which had been enlai'ged after tlie passage of the Nicholson law. was practically merged in this new organization. In fact the Anti-Sa- loon League is practically a combination of the forces that had formerly been working I'or temperance outside of the Prohibition jtarlv. That state-wide prohilntion mu>t eventually come, and that at no distant day. is little doubted by anyone wlio keeps watch of politi- cal movements. "'The State vs. Oerhardt. 145 Iiid.. 439. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE THEATElt AXD THEATEICALS. Aftei' the chilly reception of the Smiths in 18'J4-5. no theatrical company visited these inhos])ital)le shores until the winter of 1837-!^, when William l>in(lsay's Company came in by wagon from Cincinnati bringing their scen- ery, costumes and properties with them. All that was lacking was a theater, and that was soon provided in the wagon-shop of Mr. Olle- man — father of "Weary" Ezra Ollcman — which was across Washington street from the Court House, just west of the alley. The seats were two-inch planks without backs, and the theater was lighted by tallow candles, which also, placed in tin sconces served as foot-lights. The scenery was in rolls, and adapted itself to any sort of room. The orchestra consisted of two fiddles, Avhich discoursed the popular airs of the dav, such as "Hang On", "Broad Ripple", "Jay Bird", "Devil's Dream", and "Fishers Hornpipe". The troupe included Mr. and ^frs. Lindsay, who did the leading parts; Mr. and Mrs. Bailey, who did juveniles, and also pre- sented living statuary between plays; Jim TJn- ton, a really good comedian and fine singer ; and several of no esjiecial note who filled (Uil the casts. The performance began with some- thing heavy, and during the season the cniii- panv gave "Macbeth", "Douglass", •'Hichanl III". "The Stranger". "Bertram", and Hob- ert Dale Owen"s "Pocahontas'", which had re- cently appeared in ])rint. After this came two or three specialty numbers usually, at least a comic song, and sometimes living statuary or a recitation. The performance closed with a farce, among those given being "Turn Out". "Lottery Ticket". "Jercmv Diddler", and "Swiss Cottage". At this time the National Road and Central Canal had brought enough floating population to the )dace to give fair encouragement to the jilayers. and T^indsav re- turned in the winter of ls:)l)-40 with sonic ad- ditional players. On this second visit the company played in the dining room of Browning's Hotel, which stood where the Xew York store now is. The performances were of the same character as before, but were made notable by the engage- ment of ]\Irs. Alexander Drake — •'rcengage- ment", the Democrat called it,^ though there is no record of her being here before. "The Honeymoon", "The Golden Farmer"' and sev- eral other plays were added to the list at this time. Mrs. Drake was a star actress, at this time in her prime, and she was certainly "a link among the years"' in Indiana theatricals. .She was a ^liss Denny, and made her first ap- |i(';ii'ance on the stage at Cherry Valley, Xew York, as "Amelia Wildenheim"". Later she married Alexander Drake, and with him went west with a theatrical comjiany in 181.5. In 1S21 Drake"s comijany visited Vincennes, where they took on Sol Smith — uncle of Sol Smith Russell, and a piniicer in Indiana theatricals. Her last appearance in Indianapolis was dur- ing the Civil War, when her son-in-law, Harry Chapman, was managing the old ilctropolitan theater. Her first husliand. Alexander Drake, whii was tlio must noted nctor and manager of bis dav in the Ohio A'alley, died on the stage at Cincinnati while singing the celebrated old comic song. "Xear Fly ^larket Lived a Dame". The legislature was in session at the time of this engagement, and among its members was Ceorge W. Cutter, of Tigo County, who de- \i'l<i]ied a great ]iassion for ^[rs. Drake, and she apparently reciprocated, althotigh old eno\igh to lie his mother. Cutter was an orator of the high-flying type, which was natural Wemocrnt. December •?!. 18.39. 458 HISTORY OF GIJEATEU IXDIANAroLlS. 4.")!l enough, for he was a ))oet, and a very credit- able one. His "E Pluribus Umuu" was a very pojJiihir pot'iii in liis (hiy. and so was his "Song of the Sleanf" — "Fetter liie douu witii ymw iron iiands. Be sure of your curb and rein. For 1 scorn tlie power of your puny hands As the tempest scorns a chain."" In t'iu-t the laticr was popular long after his (lay. and rank> with standard jicietry now. ])uring this sessinii ajipeared his "Elskwata- wah". an e|iic on the fortunes of the Shawnee Prophet, whitli was his most lengthy produc- tion. Cutter was ardent in his devotion. He and Mrs. DraJ<e both boarded at Browning's Hotel, and every night he accompanied her to the iheater. and stood in the wings while she performed. One night she fell on the stage, and he rushed to the rescue, embraced her with words of r-ndearment, and kissed her back to lilr. to the intense amusement of the audieiue. That settled it, if there was any douht before. 'I'hey were married. As the first theatrical marriage in Indiana])olis. the record is of ])assing interest. It is as follows: "Be it known, that on January -.'-.M. 184(1. a marriage license issued to George W. Cutter and Mrs. Frances A. Drake, he being of Vigo County, and she of Marion County, where she has resided one month immediately preceding this date, proved hv affidavit of E. K. Brown tiled, and both of lawful age. -Tl le niarnai if wh is thus cert ilicd. to- wit: "I hereby ecrtify that on 'i'hursilay. .lain. 23, 1840. I joined in marriage, according to hiw. .Mr. (;. '\y. Cutter &: :^[rs. .\. Drake. "H. W. Beecher." The I-". K. Brown who made the afliilavit was a portrait painter. Tliink of it! 'J"h<' most notable Indiana |iwt of his day, married to the star actress of the Ohio Valley, with an artist for witness, and TTeniT Ward Beecher for minister! What cinild be more charmingly Bohemian? But it diil n<il impress the public tiiat way. and the legislature proeeeded to "have fun"" witli ^fr. Cutter, until, r)n Feiiniary .'?, the Journal reported a passage between ^fr. Cutter and Afr. Eceles. in which it said that .Mr. Eceles "alluded very improperly to the former's recent marriage."" Then Cutter made an indignant denial, and Eceles hastened to explain: "It is notorious that .Mr. Cutter has been treated (as I thought) improperly, by knocking, laughing, etc., when speaking"'; and that he had rebuked this levity, stating that, "if we had no respect for Mr. Cutter, we ought to respect the jjeople of the county from which he came".- Tlie Journal also explained that it did not mean that .M^r. Eceles used any im- jjroper expressions, lint that it was improper to refer to the private life of a member. The theater itself did not escape the atten- tion of the watch-dogs of morality on this oc- casion. On January 10, 1840, "Old Sub- scriber" carded the Journal, which, by the way, did not advertise the theater, saying: ".\s there mav be much misapprehension among the jieople in other jiarts of the state, as to eitizens of Indianapolis encouraging or su>- taining a Theater, which it is said cannot find even temporary snpjjort in any other town in the state, be so good as to insen the fcdlowing explanation from a late New \ nyV paper of the sources of such su[)port, excn in large cities — which may, in some degree, ndieve our eity from a reputation, on this >ubji'ft. which a large majority of us liy no means covet." The inclosure. whieh the Journal jjrinted, was a lengthy and severe; reflection on the charac- ter of the people, who built theaters, and a dec- laration that their support in New York came chiefly from "visitors from the country'', add- ing that "liut very few respectable families in Xew York visit the theater at all, and these few go too rarely to afford much support''. To this 'Sly. Lindsay rejdied in the Dcnio- rrat, charging that the alleged extract from a Xew York pa])er was a pretended one. Then "Old Subscriber" came back in the Journal of January 2S). stating that the Xew York paper in (piestion had been left at the Journal office. He also gave an extract from a Louisville paper commending the authorities of Arobil(> for del hiring a theater a nuisance; and an ex- tract from the Philadelphia Saturday Evcnimj I'oxt, on theaters, wliidi. among other things, said: "We consider them as the most fruit- ful source of crime, profligacy and misery to he found in our great cities, ami we have 'Jniirnal, Fcliruar\' .">. IS 1(1. -I(i0 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. resolved that our iutiuenou shall be exerted against them. They shall never be noticed in this paper but for the purpose of censure." This season of 1839-40 was also made famous by the presentation of "Pocahontas"', under the ])ersonal supervision of Robert Dale Owen, the author. Tlie late Austin H. Brown gave this account of it : "A company of strolling players, some of them talented and successful actors, under the management of William Lindsay, was then playing in Indianapolis for a brief season. Mr. Owen enlisted the services of these .plavers and in addition those of James G. Jordan and Joseph F. Bro\\'n, two amateurs wlio had appeared on some occasions with the strolling company. In this way the principal parts were filleii. Browning's Hotel dining room was engaged, and a crude stage and scen- ery were placed therein on a raised floor at one end of the room. The footlights and sidelights were supplied with tin sconces, each holding a lighted candle. Mr. Owen gave his personal attention to the preparation and stag- ing of the play in everv detail, and frequent consultations were liad with Jordan and Brown in the State Lil)rary, and I was present at most of them.-' Tlie play was gone over care- fully, and a large portion of it cut. and re- duced into an acting play of about two hours" length. There was in the original an under- plot carrying with it a love story in the wilder- ness, and that was entirely cut out. ^ly mother, as an accommodation to my T'ncle Joe. assisted in the preparation of the ward- robe. Finally it was thought the play, after frequent rehearsals was ready, and a night was fixed for its presentation. The Legisla- ture was then in session and was well repre- sented in the audience, which was considered a large one for tlie times. The character of Capt. John Smith was assumed l)v James G. Jordan and that of Joliii Ratelitfe by Joseph F. Brown, while the otlier parts were played by the members of tlie strolling company, Mrs. Lindsay taking that of Pocahontas. "Tlie drama was considered to have been well acted, and the next vear a society of home Thespians iceiiacted it two or three times in a rude frame building where the .Medical College of Indiana now stands,* the principal charac- ters in the cast being: 'John Ratcliffe,' Joseph F. Brown : 'Capt. John Smith,' James G. Jor- dan ; 'Powhatan." James McCreadv; 'Pocahon- tas,' William Wallace; 'Xoniony,' her sister, Lewis Wallace. * * * j^ those days women did not take part iu amateur theatricals. Hence it was that the two Wallace boys, then about eighteen and sixteen, respectively, as- sumed the female parts, and, barring their voices, one could not tell from dress or action that they were not young girls. Mr. Jordan died many years ago. It was said of him that, had he taken up the theatrical profession, he would have achieved success and honor as a tragedian." The other members of that memora- ble company were better known, William Wal- lace as law partner of Gen. Benjamin Har- rison, and postmaster of Indianapolis; Gen. Lew Wallace of national fame as soldier and author ; Jose])h F. Brown long a deputy in the County Clerk's office; and James McCready as third mavor of Indianapolis, who outlived all the rest and died October 9, 1909, at the ripe age of 93. The Thespian Corps was the first amateur theatrical organization in Indianapolis, and it had a number of other notables in it,s mem- bership. There were no ladies in it. The male characters were taken bv SpofEord Edward (Xed.) Tyler, William Hite, Nat and John Cook. ]\Iontserrat and ^lartin, in addition to those named, while in addition to the Wallace boys. Davis Miller. J. McCord Sharpe, James McVey and William Snt^d did female parts. The organization was inspired by the Lindsay season of 1839-40. and Lindsay rented the amateurs part of his scenery wliile he went off on a tour to other towns of the state. The first announced plav was "Douglass, or the Xolilo Shepherd,"' on :March 28, 1840.= and for this venture they sent to Logansport for Nat Cook, who had taken subordinate parts at "Shire's Garden" theater, at Cincinnati, to "Mr. Bro\vn"s lather. Hon. Win. J. Broun. was then Secretarv of State, and ex-officio State Lilirarian. but the duties of tbi' latter office were performed by "I'licle Joe"" Brown. * Northwest corner of ^Market and Senate avenue. The old building was built for a foundry and stood east of what was commonly known as "the hay press." having lieen put up for the purpose of baling hay for the flat l">at trade, down the river. '•Democrat . .March ■?•"'>. 1S40. i[TSToi;v OF (;t^k.\'ii;ii ixnTAXAi'oi.is. 461 take the charactor of youiii;- "'Xiii'val,'" which lie (lid very well, though his playing was eon- sidered to be surpassed by Jordau's "Glenal- von." Cook's younger brotlier John took a part in the I'aree afterpiece. They were sons of John Cook who became State T^ibrarian the next year, after having that Dtlici' made iiuk'- peiident and tlie duties of custodian of the State Ca])itol and grounds added to it. Tlieik was another of the Cook boys, Aquilla, who ajJjM'ared in some of the plays, and who went to Cincinnati about 1844 and married a danci"'- at Shire's Garden. He shot the treasurer of the theater on a charge of insulting his wife. and escaped and disa])]>eared. Jordan was al the time a law student, later city clerk, and then secretary of the liellefontaine Railroad Company when Oliver H. Smith was ]iresident. The Thespians gave "Pocahontas" oftener than anything else. It is not much of a play, but it was an excellent thing for "breaking in" a moral town, as it was full of philosojihy and moral sentiment, and abounded in good -peeches, such, for example, as this of ('apt. .lohn Srhith: "Oil! they an- wondrous wise, the.se merchant rulers. Considerate — most considerate, i" faith! Merciful — so that mercy tills their |uii-ses; Just — and if justice would but turn to gnld. With every virtue under the sun That will but yield the profit of a vice. I'm sick of will — and will not — gentry, I : Men who would at once be both black and whitt' ; \\'(imIiI jiluck the fruits of Hell, on mad to I f eaven ; Wdtild serve two masters, and take hire from l)oth ; Men who will scorn a brazen-conscienced cut- throat. Then grumble that tliey've not a cut-tbroal"s pay : Expect the I'nd, while tbey disclaim the means; Covet the rich reward a villain earns, .And deprecate the villainy that earns it; . Would buy damnation in the Devil's market, Yet higgle at the price the Devil asks." In fact when the jilay appeared early in ls:i7 from the New York press of George Dearborn, some of the eastern papers I'xpressed astonishment that so truly Shakesperian a pro- duction should emanate from Indiana. It w^as produced at several points in the West for a short time but soon dropped out of use. The Thespians gave several plays that called for greater histrionic ability, such as "Pizarro,'' "Douglass," "The Brigamls"' with Jordan as "Massaroni" and his song "Love's Ritornella," and "The (iolden Farmer." Tlie last was a great favorite. The cast was, "Golden Farmer," .Joseph F. Brown; "Harry Hammer," James G. Jordan; "Old ^lob," James McCready ; "Jem- my Twitcher," Ned Tyler; "Elizabeth," James MeVey. Tyler made a great hit as "Jemmy 'I'wi teller." and it was freely predicted that he would make his fortune if he would take to the stage. The bovs made a very good, but rough theater of the old foundry building. The stage, about fifteen by twenty feet, was at the north end, and the scenery was very fair, through the generous aid of Jacob Cox. There was no floor, and the plank seats rose gradually to the south end, on ^larket street. -Vdmission was twenty-tive cents, but mer- chantable articles were frecpiently accepted in lieu of cash. The organization was maintained for three or four years, and was a source of no little entertainment to the community. In re- gard to the make-up of the Corjis it should be added that Jordan was stage manager and Enoch ]\Iay — a printer commonly called "Bos- ton" _May. father of Edwin .Afay the architect — was prompter. The season of 1843-4 brought to Indianap- olis .Tohn Powell, with the best troupe In- dianapolis had seen; and Powell was an ad- vertiser of rare genius. On November 21, 1S|;!, appeared the announcement in the Demo- iriii that "The New York Company of Come- dians" would give "a Grand Concert" at 7 p. ni. ; followed by a statement that those who attend — price twenty-five cents — are "requested to renuiin, free of charge, and witness a Full Dress Rehearsal of the beautiful drama in tliri'c acts entitled The Princess of Nfongrelia," after which there were to be some chaste songs ami "the much admired and fashionable comedv The Irish Heiress." A day or two later Pow- ell almost got up to the ])anorama level bv presenting "The Apostate, or The Horrors of the S|)anish Intpiisition." This company im- provised a theater in the second story of Hi- ram Gaston's wagon sho]). where the Claypool 462 JllSTUlJi' UF (;i!KATEi: JMJlAXAJ'OlJS. Hotel stand;;, with a fair f^tage and scciiL-rv. 1'lie proscenium was adorned with the inscri])- tion, in large letters, "Veluti in speeiiliun,"" which was gratifying to the learned, as Jt gave them opportimitv to explain to the masses th;it it meant '"As in a mirror." On the other hand, the stair and platform hv which the theater was entered from Washington street, on the outside of the building, had not been furnished witli a guard-rail, and one night Richard Corbalev fell off to the jiavenient be- low, and received injuries from which he shortly died, thus furnishing a sok'niu waru- ing against theater-going. , However, the season was made irresistible bv the additional engagement of "ilrs. A. Drake," who had wearied of domestic happi- ness at Terre Haute and returned to the stage, and A. A. Adams, who had lost an eastern engagement by "getting full"' at an inoppor- tune season, and was starring the provinces from necessity. "Gus"' Adams, as he was fa- nuliarly known, was a really fine tragedian, of the Edwin Forrest type, large physically, with a strong voice, and withal a man of brains and dramntie insight. He and Mrs. Drake made a verv strong team in "Pizarro,"' "Lady of the Lake," "Othello," "Yirginius," "Mac- beth," and other standard plays. It must l)e confessed, however, that the most lasting im- pression on the ])lay-goers of the time was jwadc by the two comedians and comic singers, Sam Lathrop and Tom Townley. The f(n-- mers song "The Tonga Islands," and the lat- tei''s "The Raging Carawl" were talked of for years. But the most striking effect of this visit was on the Journal, which actually melted, and on December 13 said, editorially: "We have hitherto forliorne to notice the dramatic com- pany under the manngement of ^[r. Powell now in this city. * * * ^phe arrival of ]Mr. A. A. Adams and ^Mrs. Drake, advertised for 'Rolla' and 'Elvira,' induced us for the first time to witness the perfornumces, and the result is that we not only feel remunerated for the trifle of expense, but feel called upon to give encouraiicment to the enter]irize," and then followed detiiils. "Mrs. Drake, evei- n favorite with us. e\(T in our view unsur- pas.sed, even by tlu' illustrious Kemble — we were delighted nnd tliriiled with her powers. And Adams us •liolh;" luul never t-o our mind iieen ceLpscd even by W'allaek, whose especial favorite this part is." It was a really won- derful change of attitude, but it was no doubt largely due to a change of editors, Jlr. Nc vl's liirmer place on the tripod being occupied by Theodore J. Barnett, who was evidently not built for resistance to temptation. There is no express record of the effect on patronage, but it was probably not great, for half a dozen years pas.sed before another thentrical troupe undertook to play Indi.uiajiolis. On June 1, 18-50, Austin H. Brown became j)ro))rietor of the Sentinel, and having good facilities for advertising in all lines, there be- ing a good job office connected, he evolved the idea of bringing shows to advertise, and shar- ing profits. His first ventures were with the po])ular line of entertainments, panoramas, lec- tures, concerts and the like. There were others lor which he was not responsible. One of the most interesting was "John Talby, Ventrilo- ipiist," wild advertised a magician show on De- cember ■>(; and -2;, 1850, at ]\Iasonic Hall, to- gether with "the only living specimen of the Monuiter I a fowl with six legs, which will dance Fish.er's Hornpipe." John aited as his own doorkeeper, and, after the audience was ill, retired behind the scenes, from which he never emerged on the same side as the audience, '{'he show consisted of one mysterious disap- pearance. This was followed by a double pano- rama show at Concert Hall — "Adam and Eve. The Temptation and Expulsion fnun Para- dise" ; and a "Panorama of the Hudson River." Tliis was more moral and more lasting — it stayed for three weeks. Ill January. 1S.")1. Mr. Shire, the tlieatrical manager, brought here and advertised for Jan- uary 8, 9 and 10 a "Grand Dramatical and Musical Entertainment, by the Celelu-ated To- ledo Company, ten in number," which was to give "the most choice Dramatic Pieces and Vo- cal and Instrumental ^[usic." This was a no- table occasion for two reasons. The first was that the Journal lu-oke the record of twenty-six years and jiublished its advertisement. The second was that the onlv satisfaetorv place f(U' a theatrical show was Masonic Hall, in whicli. the Constitutional Convention was then sitting, and arrangements were made by which the Convention performed in the daytime and the dramatic company at night. This did not ar.uise much criticism, thougii the Loroniotire HISTORY OF GREATKli I XDIAXAI'ULIS. 4(53 ohseived. "Jt is the greatest burk'sque of the ape to know that the Constitution of the State of Indiana is being framed in a Theatre.""" In the same issue, however, it stated tliat the company "liave met with nnu-li better success tlian we anticipated — tlieir lioust's have all been good, sometinies crowded."' Tlu- Joinitnl cmi- firuied this on January 2"!, saying: ■■Tlic\ bad a very large audicm-e on Saturday e\eiiing. and continue to draw good li(m.ses every evening they appear."" This wa.s a regular theatrical troui)e, with IImiiv Perry, Kobert Buxton and Ifrs. Coleman l'o|)e as the leading ]ilayers. It gave a wide range of plays in its three weeks -tay. incluvling "Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady."" •■The Dundj Belle," "Swiss Cottage,"" "Tlie Serious Fainilv,"' "The Two Gregories," •-.Merchant of \'eniee,"' "The Lady and The Devil,"' "Jenny Lind Has Arrived," "You Can"! Marry Your Grandmother," "Bo.x, Cox ami Knox."' "Othello," "Lady of Lyons,"" etc. : ind it established the fact that the railroad bad made enough change in Lidianajiolis to make a ,-uccessful theatrical engagement possible. However, when the troupe was gone, the city M'ttled down to more serious recreation. On February 6 came Barnum's panorama of "Na- [loleon's Funeral Procession."' presenting the rcMioval of that gentleman's remains from St. Ib'lcna to Paris, for six days at Masonic Hall. Then came two weeks of •"The Polyorama"" at I oncert Hall, with "Dissolving Views, the lle- t'raeting Kaleidoscope, gyrations by a represen- tation of a human figure, to show the facility with which light can be managed, and lastly <'ii])id"s .\dvent."" Then the season closed with ibrce days of "Hossiter's magnificent historical paintings,"' which were "The Return of the Dove to tiie Ark,'" and ''iliriam the Prophetess, ixidting over the Destruction of Pharaoh's Host,"' In 1852, during the first State Fair. Austin 11. Brown engaged all the halls and 'i-id several specialty performers — magicians, 'ineerts. etc. — and also Sam Wells' minstrel troupe, which apjiearcd first ii^ Concert Hall, then for a return engagement at ^fasonic Hall, and then was taken by Afr. Brown for a toui- of the smaller towns. During this fair came another theatrical manager, in the person of "Yankee" Robinson, whose ciiiiiing marked an epoch. He opened "LocmiKitii January 2.'), 1851. in a tent on a vacant lot in the rear of the |)rcsenl Park Theater, and gave such plavs as "Hole in the Wall," "The Idiot Witiicss,"' "Loan of a Lover,"' etc. He was induced to o|)en the season in Washington Hall, which had just been finished, and occupied it for two winters, louring in the summer with his lent and playing "Uncle Tom"s Cabin"" to the provinces. In his troupe were .Mr. and Mrs. i{. J. JHller, Charley Wilson, F. A. Tannehill, and, chief of all, "Old" White. F. G. White was familiar to Indianapolis play-goers for many years after, and was one of the best act- ors, especially in comedy, that was ever known liere. By common opinion he was not sur- pas.sed in such characters as ••Toodles"" and •"Solon Shingle"" by any star who ever pre- sented them in Indianapolis. He was thor- oughly educated in his profession. When James Whitcomh Riley was visiting Sir Henry ii-ving in London he told liini about White and mentioned that AVhite liad certain stage mannerisms that he had never noticed in any otiier actor. Irving was interested and asked what they were, and Riley mentioned some, among them his habit of tapping his lips with his finger tips when representing doubt and hesitancy. To his astonishment, Irving pro- duce(l a book of stage directions that had been in use in iMigland for many years, in which this identical direction was given, as well as otiiers that Riley had mentioned. In the winter of 1854-5 Eiobinson opened the "Atheneum" in the iipper story of Calvin F]lliott's new hnilding at the corner of Merid- ian and Maryland streets, where the Daniel i^tewart Drug Co. is now located. In his stock company were most of liis former |)lay- ers. with (4eorge and JIary ilcWiHiams, Jimmy Lylton, who was very popular in Irish songs, '"Yankee" Bierce, and young Henry Waugh, wbo was also tlu> scenic artist, and a very good one. This was (piite a popular theater, and Robinson ])layed a iiUMd)cr of stars during his management, among them Susan and Kate |)enin. Peter Kichings and bis daughter Caro- line, the Florences. Maggii' Mitchell. .loscpb Proctor, aiul tiie elder John Drew. It was here that Austin H. Brown made his "first appearance oti anv stage." |)laying "Bomlias- tes F^urioso"" lo Henry W'augh's King, at a benefit given by Ifobinson for ■■the poor."" .\t the close of the performaiu'c Robiii.-ion I'ame 464 HISTORY OF GKKATKi; IXDlAXArOLlS. Metropolitan Hall. (The First Theater — from an old cut.) HISTOKV (IF ci; HATER INDIANAPOLIS. 405 iH'I'iin- ihc lurUim iiml iiniKiUiK-i'il tluil as he was the poorest man in town he would keeji iIh! luct'ipts, which so iinpre>,SL'd the aiulicnce that no obJL'ctiou was inadi'. Susan Deuiu was an actress of real talent, though she did not gain tiie national reputation that some of the others did. She was deservedly popular in In- diana tor the next twenty years, and died in JMull'tou, on December 4, 1875, from the effects of a tall on the stage at Indianapolis a short lime before. When l{obinson"s season closed in the spring of 18.50, Austin II. Brown and John M. Com- mons took the Atheneiim and undertook to run it through^lhe summer, which was a dis- mal taihuc. Air. Jlrown, in a reminiscent ar- ticle, says: "We played a short season w'ith a very ordinary company, picked np in Chi- cago, Cincinnati and New York, with indif- ferent success. Onr stars were James E. iliir- fioch, Harry and .lidia Chaiiman, Mrs. A. Drake and otiiers. Oui- orchestra had among its musicians Keiuhold A. ililler, well known as a suijcrior leader, the two Sehellschmidts, ihe two Ddhiis and Gottlieb Krug. In order lo keep down uur license tees we complimented all the councilinen ami their wives. One mem- ber of this bodv ne\e'r missed coming, but on one occasion he ap[)cared at the box olfiee and made an apology, saying: '.My wife is sick, -o 1 thought I'd come down and tell you we wcin't be here tonight.' Having been elected eounly auditor in August, 185.5, I withdrew from active theatrical management and left the .\thcneuni in the hands of my partner." In reality the season's experience was more painful than this would indicate. Murdoch was then at the head of the profession in the I'niti'il States, and his engagement came in the hottest part of a very hot July. About (went\ peo])le ventured nut the first night to scr hiiu in "The Stranger." and the next night was worse. Then lie threw up the engagenieiit in disgust, and never eamo liack to Indianapolis until during the war, when he was devoting himself largely to the care of wounded soldie' and giving jilays anil readings for their benclit. Commons reopened the Athencnm in Sep- teniber and ran it until December 8. lie had improved the stock company, and hail Mr. ami Mrs. Thomas Dull' for leading parts. Charle- .T. Fyll'e, the acting manaircr. and leading sup- j)ort. was afterwards libi'arian at the Edwin Vol. 1—30 Forrest Home in Philailelphia. liut it was not a paying enterprise, nor was it under suc- ceeding managements, although most of the stars of the time were brought here by Com- mons and by W. L. Wooils, Wilson, Maddocks, I'ratt, Lytton and C'al. J. Smith, who tried leasing it in the next two years. In August, 1858, a German company took it for a short season, and during the State Fair the Chap- mans came back with ilrs. Drake and John K. Mortimer, the comedian. Tliat Avas the last winter of the Athenenm as a theater. In 1859 it was taken for a gymnasium by an as- sociation that was formecl, with Simon Yan- des as president, but the novelty of that soon wore off and it failed also. Meanwhile a real theater had come — the first building erected in Indianapolis for that pur- pose — the "old Metro))olitan,'" built at the northeast corner of Washington and Capitol avenue by Valentine Butseh. The corner stone was laid in August, 1857, and it was com- pleted and opened in September, 1858, at a cost of $(50,000. The lower story was occu- pied by business rooms, and the theater above .seated about 1,500. It is remembered as one of the best built theaters for the accommoda- tion of the audience that Indianapolis ever had, for every seat gave a view of the stage and of tnost of the house. The scenerv was composed of flats, the first ever used in In- dianapolis. The drop curfaiin was a co])y of one of the series of C!ole's "Voyage of Life," |)ainted by Samuel \V. Gulick, the scene nainter of the theater. The formal opening was on September 27, with E. T. Sherlock of Detroit as lessee and manager. He had, or at least advertised, a stock company of '^2 members, headed by H. JI. Gossin. "tlie talented young tragedian", with AIllc Haydee, a danseuse, as a striking final. The opening play was "Love's Sacrifice," with Gossin as "Matthew l':iinore," Mrs. Van Deering as "Alargai'ct," W. ir. Leake as "Paul Laforte". Mary iVIc- Williams as "Helen," and II. B. Copeland as "Mod\is." Before the play a very good dedica- tnrv ]ioein. written by (iiissin, was recited by Mr-. \'an Doerinsr. On the .second night the Keller troupe of living picture artists, "GO in number," appeared as tiie special attraction, the stock comjialiy also giving "the scri]itural drama 'Azael, the I'rodifral Son." " It was here that Sberloek's 4GC> HISTORY OF GEEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. iroubles begau. Tliat morning "Old Sul)- scriber'" appt-ared \\itli a letter to the Journal Avilh a request to publish au inclosed editorial from the I'infiniiati Guzette, which \he Juunml did. The (Jazctle stated that in Cincinnati the Kellers had "introduced into one of their Tableaus on Saturday night an attempt at the representation of God," which it denounced as "impious and blasphemous." This looked very bad, but it turned out well for the theater, for on the 29th the Journal published a second article from the Gazette explaining that the character referred to was not intended to rep- resent God, but "was meant for Adam"; and the reaction carried the Kellers to favor. That night the audience called for Keller, and he made a speech in which he "invited everybody, and particularly 'Old Subscriber,' to come the next evening and witness his mythological and sacred representations." Ou September 30, the Journal waxed enthusiastic, and declared that "Xothing in Indianapolis ever equaled the 'living pictures' exhibited by this troupe'"; and on October 1, after they left, it said, "Xo trou])e has ever contributed more in one brief stay, to the entertainment of the people of In- dianapolis." But the triuni])!) was short-lived. Three weeks later came J. H. Hackett, the great "Falstaff," as a star. For an after-piece was put on a new and rather broad farce called "The T^ilywhites," from the name of the lead ing characters in it. This shocked the local editor of the Journal, who gave it a column roast, declaring the farce "immoral, obscene, disgusting," and saying: "A theater will al- ways exist in Indianapolis. It has languished because the gross, and not the refined taste, was catered to by our dramatic managers." At the same time Sherlock managed to get mixed up in a tilt that was going on between the local editors of the Sentinel and the Citi- zen — an afternoon paper — as to the merits of their respective dramatic criticisms, and on October 28 the Sentinel local said : "Mr. E. T. Sherlock, the manager of the Metropolitan, is an accomplished gentleman. He called us a fool yesterday. We would not condescend to return the compliment. Tie evidently meant it for the editor of the Citizen." Several days passed before the relations of the theater and the papers was restored to an amicable basis. Some verv srond attractions were lirouaht here by Slu-rlock. among them Sallie St. Clair, Dora Shaw, the Florences, J. B. Rob- erts, W. J. Wallack, Mrs. Charles Howard and Harry Watkins, Eliza Logan, the Chap- mans, and the Wallers. In March, 1859, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was put ou. with little Mary ^IcYicker (afterwards Mrs. Edwin Booth) as Eva. Then the season closed with the Coojier Opera Company, in the first real presentation of opera that Indianajwlis ever had. But it was not a paying season. Sher- lock's offer to give a benefit to the Widows' and Orphans' Society, and its chilly refusal will be found fully recounted in the chapter, "The Social Swirl." He left Indianapolis with well developed symptoms'of disgust, and leaving unpaid a generous portion of the rent for the theater. Harry Chapman then took a lease on the building, but his season was very brief, and even more disastrous than Sherlock's. As a result of the two experiences ^Ir. Butsch l)ecame quiti' diseoui-aged with that system, and declined to make any further leases of the theater. Sherlock's offer to give a benefit for the Widows' and Orphans' Society, which was re- fused on moral grounds, and the controversy following it, showed that the feeling against the theater was still -trong, and Butsch tried to avoid it in 1859. He changed the name iif the building to ^letropolitan Hall, and, se- curing Austin H. Brown as treasurer and as- sistant manager, dropi>ed the stock company, rented to such shows as came, political con- ventions, and other gatherings. In the fall of 18(>0 he switched back to the Metropolitan Theater, engaged a stock company and re- sumed business, with John A. Ellsler, father of Eftie Ellsler, as nianager. There was a ]iredominance of spectacular shows that sea- son, such as "The Xaiad Queen," and "Alad- din," the most popular production being "The Sea of Ice." in which little Effie Ellsler ap- peared as the child. Tlie season was not \ery remunerative, and Ellsler retired in April, and was siicceeded by Felix A. Vin- (•(>nt as manager. On ilarch 7. 1861, the "Holman Comique i'arlor Opera Troupe'' made its first appear- ance in the NTorth, after a disastrous tour in the Southern states, which they were practi- cally forced to leave on account of the exist- inj)- hostility to "Yankees," althoush thev al- i: HISTOEY OF (iPtEATER INDIAXAI'OLIS. 467 wavs sang "Dixie"' at tlicir concerls. The cliiot' attrac-tioiis ol' the troupo were the four ITdlnian children, wlio were quite talented l.otli as singers and as actors. Austin H. Urown took them out on a tour of Indiana and Ohio, landing at Cincinnati on April 11. They had a good house that night, but on the next da}' came the news of the attack on Fort •Sumter, and that night there were not a dozen people in the house. The engagement was cancelled and the Ilolmans went to their home in Canada. Tliev were in Indianapolis three or four years later as a juvenile opera com- punv. and with them were William It. Crane, later the celebrated comedian, and John Chat- terton. lated noted as a tenor singer under the stage name of Signor Perugini. This com- jiany gave "The Bohemian Girl" and operas of that class. In passing may he noted a ])(>- ruliarity of Oeorge Ilolman, father of the children and liead of the troupe, mentioned by ^[r. Brown. He always carried a sliot- gun, and when within ten miles or so of an objective point on their tours, he would leave the train and walk in, picking up what game lie could on the way. -Mthough the war put a damper on theatri- cals for a short time, it was the making of the Metro]iolitaji. The legislature met in special session on April 24, 1861, on call of Governor Morton, and by that time the town was filling with volunteers. The Metropolitan had been closed for the season before the news came on April 12 of the attack on Fort Sumter, and the iirst entertainment in it tlicreafter was a concert on April i; by .Mnie. Ines Fabbri, who took the city by storm by singing "The Star Spangled Banner."' in the costume of the Goddess of Liberl\. and received the most gorgeous press notices that had been given to anyone that year. The slock cf)mpany was hurried back and the theater was reo])ened on April 25 for "a short season.'' which extended to the second week in June. The leading lady was 'Marian Macarthv, a clever actress and a verv LTood vocalist, who was here tor some time aftei'wards. She became insane, and died here. She wa-s on the program every night for ]ia- iriotic songs, "ITail Columbia,"" "Tbe Bed, White and Blue," "The Union Marscllaise," a new soul;-, and imisl nl' all "Tlie Star Sjiangled Banuci-."" The ibcatn- was filled with soldiers, anil enthusiastic townsnuMi who went wild in their patriotic demonstrations night after night when she sang. Women waved their handkerchiefs, and men stood up, threw their hats in the air, and shouted ttntil they wei-e hoarse. On April 29 the otReers of the Eighth Regiment gave her a public invitation to visit their camp, and tendered her a benetit, which was given on May 1. After that spring there was never any hostile criticism of the theater, as an institution, in the Indianapolis papers. Vincent was manager of the Metropolitan until 186.'?, when he was succeeded by Wm. H. Ililey, who remained till 1866. and then went to Xew Orleans to take charge of the St. Charles theater. He died shortly after- wards, and his remains were brought here and buried with Masonic honors. He and his wife playeil leading parts in the stock company, and he was very popular in all capacities. In the winter of 1867-8 ^latt V. Lingham was manager. He married Kate Fletcher, who had made her first appearance as a child, on the Metropolitan stage as "The Cricket" with Couldock in "The Cricket on the Hearth." She became a noted actress and ajitieared as lead- ing lady with Joe Jefferson. Barry Sullivan, Frank Mayo, Edwin Booth, Lawrence Barrett, James O'N'eill, E. L. Daven|iort, Dion Bouci- cault and others. The spring season of 1868 at tlie Metropolitan was managed by Charles L. Pope, and that was the close of "the old stock company davs," and of the ^[etropoli- tan as a "legitimate," for a long time. It had a great career for a decade. -Ml oi' tbe great stars named above appeared ibcvc, and all others who had any celebrity at that pe- riod — Junius and .T. Wilkes Bootli. Forrest. Hackett, the Chanfrous, the Couldocks, the Wallers, Charlotte Thompson, :\[atilda H(>rou, lAieille Western. John Brougham, and T-otta. It had a first-class stock companx. too. with Kate Fletcher. Old White and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Hodges. 11 hail "-ood scene painters in Samuel Gulick, and later T. I'.. (Jlosiie^. l'".\cn its bill jioster will be rcnu'inbereil liy the thea- ter-goers of tbosi' (lavs, for confronting tbcni on till' drop curtain were the lines: "Dishon brothers, .■\nd no others. Go forth in Iia-li' With bills an. I paste. .\nd |ii'oclaiiii 111 all ci'calion. 468 HISTORY OF (il.'KA'IKIt I XDIAXAPOLIS. I hat ini-ii are wise Who advertise In the present generation." The reason of the close of the iletropolitan as a stock company' was the opening of the Academy of :Mn8ic.' In 1868 :\rr. Butsch be- came convinced that the Metropolitan was not ad(M|uate to the demands of the city. He there- fore bought an incompleted building — stopped at one story — known as Miller's Block, at the southeast comer of Illinois and Ohio streets, and flni.shed it as a theater. It had originally heen intended for a theater when started bv Dr. T. B. Miller in ISr,.'"). but he did not 'have means to complete it. ilr. Butsch bought it for $40,000 and expended $113,000 in finish- ing it as a theater. And a very satisfactory theater it was, seating about 2.500, with a row of dress boxes between the parquet and the dress-circle, and two galleries, the upper one a freedmen's bureau. The stock company was transferred to it, under the management of W. H. Leake, who had been with Sherhxfk's com- pany; and the Academv was fornuillv opened on Septemher 31. 1808, with "The School for Scandal." Iiy the company. Before tlie play Mt. Leake made a little address, and his wife, "Miss Anna Waite,'" read a dcdicatorv poem, hv Miss T,aura Ream.' All of the t)e<t attrac- tions of thf time appeared there until it was destroyed by fire on January 27. 187T. and quite a number of attractions that were very commonplace. ^Fr. Leake leased the 1)u'l(ling in ISGf). and again in 1870. with James Dick- son as a jiartner. In 1874, Col. Nicholas Ruckle bought it for $140,000. and spent $30.- 000 in redecorating. Barney Macauley ran it in 1875, with Oen. Dan Macauley as manasrer. Dickson & Losey had the lease in 1877, when the building burned. One of the never-to-be-forgotten events of its histoiy was not on the program. The plav was "Fnder the Gaslight," a popular sensa- tional drama, in which the hero, a one-armed .soldier, is w'avlaid bv the villain at a lonelv railroad station, bound hand and foot, and placed on a railroad track to be mn over liv the lightning express. ' Providentially, the heroine has been locked up over night in the tool-house, and, grasping the situation, she ''Sentinel. September 22. 1868. kuo(4>;> tile door open witli an ax, and drags the hero from danger just as the lightning ex- jiress is whirled past by the active supernu- meraries. There was in the audience, which was not excessive, a country visitor who was so excited over the play that he got to at- tracting more attention than the play itself from those in his vicinity. As the play ap- proached the climax, and the hero came stroll- ing on towards the station, looking in every direction but that of the canvas tree behind which the villain was visibly concealed, tor- tured iiature could endure no more, and rising from his seat the rural philanthropist yelled in .stentorian tones, "Hey ! you d d fool I Don't you see that feller behind that tree?" Participation by the autlience was not so un- usual in those days at the iletropolitan, which had been bought by Dillard Ricketts, and leased to Simon McCarty, who made a variety theater of it. It was a very mildly naughty variety, though there was a win(>-room attach- ment, and it was much frequented by tlu? young bloods of the town, who put in a large amount of their spare time in studying up practical jokes. One of their great successes was tossing a handsome bouquet on the stage to a young wom- an who did operatic songs, with great satisfac- tion to herself. She reached for it, and it moved away. She made a second effort before she realized that there was a string to it: and then .-he retired, overwhelmed by the tumultuous applause of the audience. On another night one of the boys came in alone, and the night being rainy, and the parquet sparsely inhab- ited, he was rather a conspicuous figtire in the lower right hand corner, where "the gang" usually congregated. An artist came on with a song, "I See a Young Man Sitting There," in which she avowed her affection for the per- son indicated, to the great entertainment of the lest of the audience. She took the lone youth For lier victim, and he, with much evidence of alarm, raised his umbrella and held it be- tween them, occasionally peering out to see what was threatening him. She tried to go on, amid the whoops and laughter of the audi- ence, but finally melted into tears and flowed off the stage. In 1879 the "Met." was taken by James B. Dickson, who renovated and redecoratetl it and opened it as a high grade theater on Septem- ber 1!). with Joe Jefferson as the attraction. HiSTOKV ()V (;i;KA'ri;ii ixiuanai'oi.is. 4(i9 (IV. II. Ilns.1 l'h<:lii Compiwu.) MURAT TEMPLE. (The I^atest Theatre.) 470 HISTORY OF GKEATER 1N:D1AXA1'0LIS. The name was then chauged to the Xew Park Theater, aud it has been the Park ever since, except for a period after 1880, when George Dickson and Henry Talbott formed their part- nership. ' 'J'liey leased the theater that year, boiiglil it in 1887, and leased it to S. J. JSack- ett, who opened it as "rhe Dime Museum,"" and later called it the Eden Musee, and "Park Theater and Eden .Musee.'" The building burned on March 7, 1897, and the present Park Theater was at once built in its place. It is still owned by Dickson & Talbott — George Dickson, who died July 2",, 1903, being suc- ceeded by his bon, Fred (J. Dickson — and is ojjcrated as a "combination theater," i. e., trav- c Img troupes play there on percentages. The Academy of ^lusic was not rebuilt as a theater, because in the hard times then in prog- ress tliere were enough theaters without it. In 1875 the Dickson Grand Opera House had been erected at its present location and had become a popular theater from the start. It was opened on September 13, 1875, by a stock company witli \V. H. Leake as manager. Mr. Leake made an opening address in which he recalled that he had also spoken the first words from the stages of the Metropolitan in 1858 aud the Academy of Music in 1868.* The opening play was "Love's Sacrifice," with Annie Waite (Mrs. Leake) as "Margaret Elmore.'" Both the Grand and the Park were run as legitimate combina- tion houses after both came under the Dick- son control in IS' 'J. In March, 1880, Wm. H. English announced his intention of building a first-class theater, which struck the community as so ill-advised that the Herald ))rinted a two-column article advising him not to do it." However, Mr. Eng- lish persisted, and on September 27, 1880, p]nglish"s Opera IIou.se was opened, the play being "Hamlet," with Lawrence Barrett in the title role. The theater was managed by Wm. E. English till the close of the season of 18S5-C, when it was leased to Dickson & Tal- bott, and tl«>y controlled all of the theaters in the citv. The first amateur theatrical society after tlie Thespians that attracted public notice was the one fonned in 1804 as a war measure, in aid of the Sanitarv Fair, which is described in the chapter entitled "The Social Swirl."' In 1872 there came another, which seems to have had a rather informal formal organization, as aj)- pears from the following, the first part in the handwriting of Austin H. Brown, and the sig- natures original, all on detached leaves of a pocket note-book: •■AirriCLES OF ASSOCIATION OF TilK INDIA.VAI'OLIS DRAMATIC SOCIETY. ""ixDiAXAPOLis, Xov. 19, 1812. "The tmdersigned hereby agree to associate iheniselves together for the purpose of read- ing, rehearsing and playing comedies and dra- matic plays for mutual inprovement and en- tertainment, and to be governed by rules and regulations to be hereafter agreed upon. 1,AD1ES XAJIES Marv F. Tousev Ida C. Dodd Kate Tousev ]ilrs. John W. Jones .Airs. Lida Talbott .Mrs. Upton Hammond Mrs. James Broadbelt .Mrs. F. R. Rowley Mrs. L. D. Sherwood Miss Fannie AVilder (iKXTI.K.UEN S XAMKS AI. H. McKay Austin H. Brown John, W. Jones E. W. Pollard Charles H. Talbott James Slattghter l-"raiik L. Bi-xby F. R. Rowley Dan Macaulev H. L. Xelson ^Tounial. September 14, 1875. •'Herald. Marcli 13. 1880. Mrs. Sallie Hildebrand F. P. Wade." This association, with a number of other members added later, gave plays for the next five years, usually for some charitable object, and mostly at the .Academy of Music, their first ajipearance there being on Thanksgiving night, Xovember 29, 1873, for the benefit of the poor, when they gave "Married Life" and "Poor Pil- licoddy." Among the additional members who ap])eared at various times may be named Harry I 'aimer. Will S. Otwell, Jacob W. Smith. L. I). AltLain, Mrs. Julia Otis and her daughter, l-",lita Proctor Otis, ^Irs. Augusta Hays and :\lary H. Ivrout. Mrs. Coleman Pope appeared once, in an emergency, playing "Mrs. Dove"' to .Vustin H. Brown"s "Air. Dove"' in "JIarried Life." Airs. Coleman Pope was an old-time actress and a very estimable lady, who located in In- dianapolis. She had appeared as a star at the .\theneum. and later with the Stock Com- panv at the Metropolitan. On Jime 32, 1877. slu was given a benefit at the Grand, wliich wa- line of the memorable events in Indianap- HISTOEY OF (iKHATER INDIANArOLlS. in ■ ilis theatricals. Tlu' Dramatii- Society jiavc tile old play, "The Keiidezvous" — luasquerad- iiii: undiT the title of '■Love in All Coniers" — with Aiistiii H. Brown as "Simon (^iiake.'" There were several other numbers. M rs. Pope recited; M. H. Spades gave a violin solo: .luil Colgan did "The Whistling Story," at which no one ever excelled him; but what made the evening memorable was a cornet solo by Ath- lick Smith, with entirely unexpected accom- paniments. He was to play "The Carnival of A^enice"' with bass variations, but some dis- order overtook his cornet, and the bass wo\ild not work. He went through a strain of the Carnival smoothly enough, and then came a series of erratic squawks that caused a general titter: then anotiu'r strain, more and wilder squawks, and much laughter: another strain. more squawks, ami howls and shrieks of mirth. Never was an audience so convulsed : and when one got his face straightened and the tears wi[)cd away, a glance at that stout, red-faced (Icrnian, solemnly trying to extract hannony froin that perverse instrument, would set him off in another fit. Finally Mr: Smith gave it up, the avulience hushing to hear him explain: ''Chentlemen and Toadies, I dond know vots de matter, liut I can do it. If you appoint a com- mittee, I do it before dem." Then everybo<ly felt sorry for him, and called him back to give him a chance at something else; but he under- took "Annie Laurie," all in the bass, on the same cornet, and the last end of that man was worse than the first. The audience went off again ; and when he finally suspended it was weak and exhausted, gasping for breath. I think Austin H. Brown was the moving spirit of the Dramatic Society, for it suspended about the time he became a Scottish Rite Ma- son, in March, 1878 ; and the Dramatic, Liter- ary and Musical Association of the Scottish Rite was organized in October, 1878, Mr. Brown being one of its most regular and popular per- formers almost to the time of his death, in January 1, 1903. He had three ruling pas- sions, theatricals, politics and public schools, and he was really a public benefactor in all of tliem. He held several offices, but none that was not well administered. His work for the schools was long and self-sacrificing, and it is very justly commemorated by naming one of the liuildings for him. For fifty years ho was in closer touch with professional and amateur theatricals than any man in 1 ndianaiiolis. and it may be worth while to give liere one of his brief reflections on the subject. He says: "Very few sensible persons who engage in pri- vate theatricals to entertain their friends at home ever get so carried away as to attempt to enter the regular profession. In conclusion 1 wish to say that since 1 first took a fancy to amateur acting, 1 never had a wish to become a professional, or any other thought than to please my audiences. The life of a profes- sional is a hard one. antl in but few cases a jirofitable one pecuniarily, and my advice to the ambitious is to 'avoid it altogethei-." '" Old Sol Smith, wlio may be accounted the first Indiana actor, took a rather more pessi- mistic view of amateurs. He said : "I never knew any good to come from Thespian socie- ties: and 1 have known them to be productive of much harm. Performing a character with success (and Thespians are always successful) inevitably begets in a performer a desire for an enlarged sphere of action. If he can please his townsmen and friends, why should he not delight a metropolitan audience? He becomes dissatisfied with his profession or business, whatever it may be, applies to a manager for a first ajipearance in a regular theater — appears — fails — takes to drink, and is ruined"." That is a rather gloomy view ; but there have been a number of Indianapolis amateurs who went on the stage, and none of them madeanv iu>ta- ble success. And then the stage is a i-elcnt- less leveler. I was on the Denver Tribuiw in 1881 when Robson & tJrane came there for a week's stay. Eugene Field, the managing edi- tor, detailed me to get a story each day from some member of the troupe, which was not liard, as they had some interesting people. Among them wen- two Indianapolis people — flattie Ferguson, who made her first appear- ance in the exclusive Southern Club, and Al Lipman, for years a stock actor at "The .Met." I was behind the scenes often, and saw the absolute level of their professional lives; and 1 could but wonder how long it would have been before they could ever have met at the Southern Club. It is a notable fact that no one has gone to thi> professional stage from The Di'amatic Cluli. ^"TheatriaiJ MaixKirmrul in llic }Y('st ami South, etc., ti. 22. 4;3 IIISTOIJY UF GUKATEli 1 XDIAXAPOLIS. whicli is now in its twentieth yean holding the reeord for longest existence of amateur organ- izations, of whieh there have been more than a score in the past forty years. Tliis is prob- ably due to its social character. It originated with a group of young ladies, who got up a play for their own amusement, no gentlemen taking part and none admitted ; and who had so much fun at it that they organized a club on that basis. Very soon a change came, on ac- count of an accident. The moustache of a player who was taking a masculine part fell off in her tea-cup while doing a difficult eat- ing act, and the club decided that it must have members whose hair would stay on. Men were then admitted, and the new organization opened with a business meeting which was made his- torical by the report of the secretajy-treasurer that "all the money paid in for dues had been expended, but that there was $9 in the treas- ury for which she was unable to account." The Dramatic Club opened its first season on the reorganized basis, 1890-1. with the play of "Engaged" at the residence of J. H. Baldwin, with Carrie Farquhar as "Belinda," Margaret Baldwin as "Maggie," Claire Shover as "Parker," Carrie Malott as "Mrs. McFarlane." Belle Baldwin as "Minnie Sympherson,"" Booth Tarkington as "Cheviot Hill," Horace Hood as "Relvawnev." Will J. Brown as "Macalister" and Laz Xoble as ".Major :\rcGillicuddy." It was unanimously voted great fun, and before the winter the club had grown beyond private residence capacity-, and moved into the Propylaeum, where it has since remained ex- cept for occasional sallies. The social features of the organization have predominated, and it has always been a "good-time club." This fact, coupled with its critical abilities, has no doubt repressed the tendency to professional- ism. The club has alwavs been composed of theater-goers wliose critical faculties were high- ly developed ; and the few players who took ' themselves serioush' were lucky to escape open guying — unique if they missed absentee grill- in ST. The Grand. English's and the Park continued the onlv theaters of Indianapolis until 1907 — or rather the onlv decent theaters. The citv was not without its temple of dramatic oli- scenity after 1860, when the first one wa^ opened on Court street between Delaware and Pennsylvania. This was later removed to "The Exchange" building on Illinois street, known as a gambling house, and remained there till March 7, 1871, when the Y. M. C. A. secured the building and converted the hall into a gymnasium. It has had several successors, the longest-lived being the Empire, which was built in 1892. In 1907 Yolney T. Malott decided to build a hotel on his property on South Illinois street, between ilaryland and Georgia streets, and in the development of the plans concluded to construct a theater in connection with it; hence the ifajestic was built, the entire construction costing about $250,000. The Majestic was opened on September 2, 1907. with vaudeville, the Avenue Stock Company coming on October 7 for three weeks till the regular Majestic Stock Company was ready. The Majestic Stock Company opened on October 21, with "The Cherry Pickers," and has since held the boards in a very satisfactory way. Both the Majestic and the Grand are now operated by the An- derson, Ziegler Co. as vaudeville theaters. In the summer of 1909 the Colonial Thea- ter was built at the corner of Illinois and Ohio streets. There is a hotel in connection which was still in process of construction at the close of the year. The theater is a very neat one, seating about 1,400, and is devoted to vaude- ville. It is operated by the Colonial Theater Company. A very handsome theater was be-' gun in 1909 by the Mystic Shrine in connec- tion with their new temple at Michigan and Xe\v Jersey streets. It was opened on Febru- ary 28, 1910. It is a fireproof building, of concrete and steel construction, with brick and teri-a cotta facing, to cost $3()5.000. It may be noted that the architect of the iletropoli- tan — the first theater in Indianapolis — was D. A. Bohlen, and the architect of The Murat — the latest one — is his son, Oscar D. Bohlen. 'J'he seating capacity is 2,000 ; and it is con- trolled by the "Sam and Lee Shubert, incor- ]i(>rated." syndicate, English's being controlled by the "Klaw and Erlanger" syndicate. With the Park coiuUuted by Dickson & Talbott as a ciinibination house, there will be an opening lor aiiv actor or troupe of merit that desires to .iiijicnr in Tn<liana])olis. CHAPTER XXXVll. THE FIXE ARTS. All of the known stages of the development of the fine arts were experienced in Indian- apolis. In the primitive stage, art was not exactly devoted to the gods, but- it was spe- cially associated with libations, being confined to the painting of signs for taverns liy Samuel S. liooker, who came here in 1821, from Ten- nessee, and began business as a house and sign painter. Tradition is not flattering to Mr. Booker's art. His orthography was unques- tionably weak, and his pictures lacked definite- ness. It was commonly asserted that the lion which he painted for a tavern-keeper on the national road was in reality a ])rairie wolf; and that the eagle which he painted for Haw- kins" tavern was in fact a turkey-buzzard. But his most notable effort was "General Lafayette in full uniform," which he executed for Major Belles, who had a tavern six miles southeast of the town, on the Michigan road. In this ]X)rtrait "Sammy" omitted the portions of the legs that usually occur between the knees and ilie ankles, and attached the feet at the knee joints. The unlearned pioneers had a theory that he started out to make a full length por- trait, but, after finishing the head and body, found that there was not room enough for the natural expanse of legs, and therefore cut his picture to fit his signboard; l)ut of course could not grasp the artistic tribute of representing Lafayette as a soldier who simply could not run. A later and more enlightened genera- lion will at least concede the bold originality of his work, and may perhaps rank his an- atomical ]u-oduction with the satyrs, centaurs, rhcrubs, mermaids, etc., of ancient art. The next step was the advent of the pcri- jiatetic jiortrait painter. The fact that ]\r. G. I'ogers "olTered his services to the inhabitants of Indianapolis as a porti-ait jiainter"'' in 18;^ I ^J oil null. Februarv ".'. 1S:!1. was noted by Brown," who says he was ''the first portrait painter here." This was fol- lowed by HoUoway^ and Sulgrove;* but there was an earlier than Rogers. In Marcli, 1828, R. Terrell informed '"the citizens of Indian- apolis that he is prepared to take the portraits of those who are willing to encourage the fine arts;" and invited inspection of his work at the senate chamber. He added: "He will also execute the followings kinds of paintings in a superior style: Signs for Public Houses, Stores, Shops, or Regimental and Company Colours, together with all kinds of oil gild- ing and fancy painting".^ But these early visitors have dropped out of memory with all their works: and so has the man who appeal's to have been the pioneer home artist. On De- cember 2, 1837, the Journal published an anonymous communication complimenting the portrait painting of "Mr. Ephraira Brown, Portrait Painter of this Place": and adding: "He has a particular claim upon the favor of the people of this place and this state. In Inilianapolis he first commenced, and here he has lived, and, by the force of his own in- dustry and genius, advanced until we iiavc high reason to be pi'oud of him. Let not the people of Indiana fail to encourage tlie genius of licr own soil." But ungrateful Indiana was unmiiulfnl of tliis plea, and tradition does not even tell who Ephraim Brown was. He did not belong to any of llir ucli known families of Browns that were here at the time. The only trace I find of his work is this manu- scri))t note by the late Louis Gibson: "Mr. I-^phraini Brown became acquainted with Mr. 'ffi.slori/. ]). 22. ' II isliiri/. |i. I.'i. ^11 isluri/. ]). 2G(). ^Journal, :March 27, 1828. 473 474 HISTUIJY OF GRKATEK IXDIAXAPOLIS. Cox in 1838. IIl' doteniiiiKnl lu Iil-i-oiir' an artis^t, studied witli ^Ir. Cox for a time, and afterwards went to Cincinnati, returning to open a studio. He painted portraits of Holi- ert Dale Owen. Thomas Dowling, Hon. A. L. Chamberlain, and other prominent persons of this state." But the era of the known was at hand. In 1832 Jacob Cox and his brother Charles came to Indianapolis — by boat from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, and thence on foot. Jacob's wife followed a week later by conveyance, and also a stock of tinware and hardware with wdiich the brothers went into business. A younger lirother, David, a coppersmith, located here later. Jacob Cox was born in 1810. When he was eight years old his mother was drowned in the Delaware River by the tipsetting of a feri-y-boat. and two years later his father was drowned in Mobile Bay by the sinking of the vessel on which he was a passenger in a storm. Jacob then went to live with his grandfather and a maiden aunt at Washington, Pennsyl- vania. Here his art proclivities were manifested in various charcoal sketches on fences, boxes, bams and other possible places for which be was at intervals punished by his unappreciali\(' relatives. At 16 he was botmd to a tinner and duly served out his apprenticeship. The Cox brothers" tinshop was on Washington street, where the Bobbs-Merrill establishment now is. and while the boys did a thriving business Jacob still clung to his art tastes. He pro- cured books on painting and practiced it at odd times until 1842, when he went for a short time to Cincinnati and opened a studio with Dr. John G. Dunn, a son of Geo. H. Dunn. Treasurer of St<ate. John Gibson Dunn was an erratic genius who attracted attention by a scheme for lighting the citv by one great liglit placed on an elevation. He was a jihysi- cian by profession, and wrote poetry of a very fair quality." His most noted art work was a temperance picture, preserved in the Kiersted family, representing a man hesitating, with pen in hand and the pledge before him, his wife on one side urging him on, while Satan on the other offers him the glass. Cox re- turned to Indianapolis and resumed the tin- shop, with occasional painting until .January, '^Co</t/rxhnirs Purls and Poetn/ of Ihr Wrst. p. 537.' 1814, when this notice appeared in the Juar- nal, "Jacob Co-X, Portrait Painter; room on Washington street, opposite post otiice, where all are invited to call and examine his speci- mens of art."" This room was in the build- ing just west of the Chas. Mayer establishment, second floor, back, and it was the headquarters for art in Indianapolis for a number of years, as was also his later studio on the third floor of the Talbott & Xew building, just south of the American National Bank. It was the school for the art students of that period, and the i-esort for the children of Bohemia who got into this vicinity. On February 19, 1853, the Journal, in an t'xplosively complimentary editorial on Jlr. Henry W. Waugh, "'the artist actor"" who was then performing at Eobinson"s Athenaeum, liives a glimpse of local art conditions in this: "We could and should liave too an Academy of Alts. We have in our old citizen, Mr. Cox, it is generally conceded, one of the very best artists, lioth in portrait and landscape, known in the West. * * * Elliott, the best por- trait painter of Cincinnati, when a ragged boy in our streets, was taken in and received all liis instructions from Cox. Mr. C. has three otlier students at present, one of whom, a yoimg gentleman from Madison, has already got up several landscapes which do credit to him. and if he but persevere, the people of Indiana may ere long be proud of him. An- otlier Indianian, a young ^Ir. H.,' has in jirog- ress in this city a temperance panorama. The artist has chosen a wide field for his genius and we trust he may succeed. * * * But we commenced this article to speak of an accom- plished actor, artist and gentleman who is now |iersonating various characters at Robinson's .\thenaeum, Washington Hall. We refer to llenrv W. Waugh, who is not only a good actor, l)\it (as evidenced by specimens of landscape on exhibition at Jones" ]\[usic Store and by the excellent scenery used at the Athenaeum from his pencil), an artist of no mean talents. He is of a race of artists. It was his uncle who painted Waugh"s Panorama of Italy, a work w Inch we are told by those who have witnessed it is a ]ierfect mirror of the lovely scenes and important views of that classic land." Ilarris" panorama was exhibited in Septem- J. F. Harris. jiisToin' OF (;i;i-;atek j.xdi wai'oi.is. 475 luT, 18.);i, aud was so great a success thai Cox and Waugh also painted a teinperaiice paiio- lauia that was presented to the public the next 3 ear." In the summer of 1853, Harris was comuussioned to paint a banner for Indiana to mark her space at the "Crystal Palace" worlds fair at A'cw York in that year. It was "a silk banner four feet square, with the state seal painted on if." The climax in panoramas was reached at the beginning of June, 18GU, when tlie papers announced at College hall the pano- rama of "Kansas City aud Harpers Ferry" — the life of John Brown — painted by Aurelius Smith, a boy 12 years of age. The papers j)raised it highly, too, and predicted a gTeat future for the artist. It is a remarkable fact that this panorama of 37 views, each (5x9 feet. was not only painted by a boy of 1"2 yeai-s, but by one that had never had any instruction. He was a native of Indianapolis, a son of Isaac Smith, a printer by trade, sometime editor of the Sentinel, and a member of the legislature of 1851. The panorama was exhibited in vari- ous parts of the state to admiring audiences, but art was not for Aurelius. He went out with the Sixth Kegiment when it reorganized after the three-months' service, in the capacity of a fifer, and served for two years and a half, when he was forced to quit on account of ^^•ounds received at Chickamaiiga. He is well known in Indiana])olis as a salesman for the Sentiiu'l Printing Comjjany. Tiiat Hen IT Waugli was a sort of universal genius may be inferred from this extract of a notice in the Journal of March 3, 1853 : "Mr. W. will paint a picture on the stage to music, in ten minutes, niis feat has never yet l)een ])erfonned by any other person. A new dro[i curtain jiainted by .Mr. Wauyh will he usetl tonight for the first time." Tradition records that he usually passed his summers as a clown in Dan Rice's circus, under the name of Dilly Fay, but he was a bright fellow, and had a college education. The Harris panorama of "The Mirror of Intemperance" was an impos- ing work, starting out with "The Morning of Life" and following the innocent boy on down to a drunkiird's grave."* That of Oox and "Locomo/uT. Sopti'mber 17, 1853; Joiininl, June 1, 3, 18.54. "Sentinel. Julv 15, 1853. '"Journal April 3. 1853. Waugli was localized to the extent of working in a picture of the ""Governor's Mansion"'. But there were other artists worthy of note prior to this call of the Journal for an Acad- emy of Art, the most notable being the first native artist, James Bolivar Dunlap, who was born in Indianapolis May 7, IS'io. He aud Dr. John Dunlap were children of Dr. Livingston Dunlap, by his first wife, and were notably in- telligent aud popular men. '"Jim", as pop;-- larly known to old residents, had all sorts of artistic talent, almost wholly self-developed. He was especially clever in pencil and pen-and-ink work, and would have become famous as a car- toonist in encouraging surroundings. In June, 1851, original cartoons, evidently his work, be- gan to appear in the Locomotive, and on Aug- ust 23, 1851, the Locomotive said: "We can recommend any person wanting any wood en- graving, or designing, to James Dunlap, of our city. For a specimen of his work see the cof- fin and bier in the advertisement of Fitler & Co." A little later a regular advertisement ap- peared: "J. B. Dunlaj), designer and engraver on wood. Also drafting of patents and ma- chinery. OHice over Wm. Smith's clothing store, one door east of the Wright House"." This continued for some months, but there was no noticeable increase in advertising cuts in the papers, and this part of the venture was probably not successful. Later, Dunlap did ,-oine very excellent portrait painting, and also undertook sculj)tiire. His best work in this line was a bust of Capt. John A. Sutter, the man on whose land gold was discovered in Cal- ifornia, which is preserved in the State Library. This was made in California, whither Dunlap went in lio])0 of relief from tuberculosis, from which he had suffered for several years. '^ His elfort was in vain, and he returned here to fall a victim to the great white plague on Septem- ber 4, 1864, widely and sincerely lamented. The bust of Sutter in the State Library was originally w%ite, but in the progress of civ- ilization its nose got smutted, and a lady li- brarian with an instinct for cleanliness, not iieing able to remove the stain, had it bronzed. There is another bit of sculpture in the State Lil)rary of some interest. It is a medallion bas relief of Lincoln, done by Louis Henri lieed, a 'Locomotive, March 6, 1852. "Locomotive, April 8, 1854. MR. CHINN. RALPH FULK. BILL WARREN. BUST OP SUTTER. J. B. FITLER & 00., [Stci ESSOR TO JOSEPH 1. STRETCHER,] Vndei-tsikcis and Coffiu-ITIakers, ^nd Manufacturers of every Kind and Qhalittj of HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE, Indianapolis, Indiaim. (Some of .1. B. Diinlap's Work.) HI8T01!Y OF GREAT KR IXDlANArOLlS. son of Enos B. Kecd, publir^lier of tlie Fcopli'. It was made I'rom a duatli mask ot Linculii, taken when he lay in state iu the capitol. in April, 1865. Eeed was a nephew of B. K. Foster, who was State Librarian and custodian iif the building, and obtained the privilege ihrough him. lleprodui-tions of some of Dun- iip's other work are given herewith, including lie advertising wood cut for FitliT & Co. The nthers are pencil skctihes of local notables of an early day. Bill ^\'arren was a ne'er-do- well character who had his arms blown off by a cannon while aiding in firing a salute to the militia company that was about to depart for the Bhukiunvk' war. in 1832. This was the only casualty to the lndianapoli.s forces in that war, and Warren tlid not really belong to thcni. but had temporarily left the prosaic job of digging a cellar to aid in the patriotic dem- onstration. Representative Geo. L. Kinnard succeeded, however, in getting a pension for him, and he lived on as a veteran. Ralph Fulks was a local "'scrapper" of early days, wlm spent most of his spare time fighting and, ac- cording to tradition, was never whipped. Slim and ungainly, resenting anything that could be construed into an afi'ront, he was a terror to the country for miles around. Thomas Chinn was notable as the first man who brought any fine breeds of horses and cattle to the region, and also for the great wedding he gave to his daughter Patsy, in IS'i'i, when the dancing continued for two days and two nights. There had also been some transient artists prior to 1853, and among these the one who later attained most distinction was Thomas Worthington Whittredge, tlie celebrated painter of American landscapes. lie was here for a year as a voung man, in the forties, coming from Cincinnati, where lie had ri'ceived his initiation in art. Mr. \Yiliiam Ifenry Fox, dC the Indianapolis Art Institute, kindly furnislie-; the following extract from a letter of Mr. Whittredge to him concerning his recollection of his art experiences in Indianapolis. Mr. Whittredge writes, under date of Feb- niary 3, 1009: "I did live in Indianapolis about one year, liut it was before IR.IS. when, as you say. was formed an .\rt .Vssociation in the town. I do not remembei' the .\rt Asso- ciation, and think it must have come after I loft Indianapolis. Still, as I am now a veiv old man (in my 88th year), and my nieniiny none of the best, 1 may not be correct as re- gards dates. 1 cannot recall that 1 ever sold any pictures to an Art Association in Indian- apolis or sent any pictures there for exhibi- tion or sale. I went to Indianapolis in the very first davs of the Daguerrotype with a camera and plates to take Daguerrotypes. I had been a portrait painter. 1 took sick in Indianapolis, and this, together with the shinplaster state of our currency, soon brought me and my busi- ness to grief. I had known old Dr. Lyman Beecher of Cincinnati all my life, and all his family, and his son Henry Ward came to In- dianapolis when I was there and began his preaching, and soon converted everybody in the town, myself among the number. I lay sick at Parker's Hotel for some time, when Henry Ward came for me in a carriage and took me home with him, and I lived in his family just one year, and as I had no money, and wanted to offer some reward for Henry's kindness, I painted his portrait, as well as the portraits of the whole Beecher family except Edward, who was away off in Chillicothe. Whatever became of those portraits, I don't know. A drawing by me of ilrs. Stowe belongs to one of her family in SimsbuiT, Connecticut, which is all I know of this work in Indiana. I left the country a few years afterwards (1849) and went to Europe, where I remained ten years, and then came home and established my- self in Xew York, where I have lived ever since." .Soon after Wliittredge Iclt there appeared in Indianapolis another artist who later attained distinction, in tlie person of Joseph Orricl Eaton. He was born in Ohio, February 8, 1829, and when he came here was noted as one of the worst dressed young men about the ])hi(c. He studied with Jacob Cox, and lived witli Dr. Abner I'ope, of whom he ])ainted a portrait that attracted mucli admiration. lie remaineil here for a year or two and then, in 1846, went to Cincinnati, where he remained till about the close of the Civil War. He then went to Xew York and becanu' known as one of the liest portrait and genre jiainters in tlie country. He visited Europe in 18T3, and died at Yonkers, Xew "^'ork, Feliruary 7. 1875. Wiicn I'aton left Imliananolis for Cincinnati there went with him a deformed young fellow named William Miller, who had been here for some miinths, and was Icnnun as a very clever painter +78 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOELS. oi" miniatures. He had Ainerieaiiized his name, heing a son of (ierhardt ilueller, a Munich art student, who came to Cincinnati in IS-tO witli Henry Koempel and opened a studio as his- torical painters. Much of their work is still to he seen in the old Catholic churches of Cin- cinnati. Indianapolis was in rather close touch with Cincinnati in art matters, and Mr. Cox always contributed paintings to the Western Art Union, which was organized in Cincinnati in 1846, and gave sale exhibitions for se\i«ral years after. The Journal's call for an Academy of Arts did not bring a readv response, but in 18.")(! the Indianapolis Art Society was organized, and for several years was an encouragement to lo- cal artists. The moving spirit in this was Her- man Lieber, at whose book and art establishment the society's aifairs were transacted. The mem- bers paid fixed dues, not very large, making a fund from which works of art, chiefly by local artists, were purchased ; and these were then •'drawn" by the members on a chaste lottery basis. Jacob Cox, Peter Fishe Reed and J. F. Gookins were among the chief beneficiaries. Reed came here in 18.39 and remained for three or four years, taking quite an active part in art life. He was born at Boston. May 5. 1819. and was an all-round genius. He said he started in life as a farmer, but had been "a shoemaker, house and sign painter, editor, doc- tor, pliotogTaj)her, music teacher, and am now an artist. * * * j Jiope some day to pub- lish a little book of music. I have a work on Decorative Painting ready for the press. T liave written a romance, and I look forward to a volume of poems'".^'' An address of his on ■'The Importance of a More General Educa- tion in Literature and the Fine Arts'" is still preserved." He was an ambitious artist, and one of his notable paintings was from Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, presenting the scene just before the passage of the River of Death, witli the glories of the Eternal City in the back- ground. '° And in this connection it may be noted that the common impression that the early painters confined themselves to ])ortrait painting is entirelv erroneous. Thev did a ^^■Coggexli all's I'oi'ls din] Portn/ of tlic West. p. 413.' ■ ''''Tiifliaiiri Srlifiol JdiinKil. Vol. (;. p. .'U.'i. ^■'■Jovnial. Fcbniarv 1. ISIU. great deal of landscajie ].>aintiug and "figure pieces", llieir laudaeapes usually included figttres of animals. Gookins at that time was located at Terra Haute. He was a son of Samuel Barnes Gookins, a native of Vermont, who was one of the most prominent of the early newspaper men of Indiana, and later a ."judge of the Su- preme Court. He kept up his literary work after he entered the law, and was one of the most forcible Indiana writers of his day.''' J. F. Gookins was born at Terre Haute in 1840. and took to art naturally. He was encouraged by Bayard Taylor, who saw promise in his early sketches, and advised his parents to edu- cate him in art lines. His literary education was at AYabash College, and he enlisted from Crawfordsville in the Eleventh Indiana, but was forced to abandon military service by ill liealth. Later he studied painting with J. H. and J. C. Beard, the Cincinnati artists : had a studio for some time at Chicago ; and made two trips through the far west with AValter Shirlaw, painting scenery. In 1877 he was as- sociated with John Love in the establishment of the Indiana Art School, and, for two years, in its management. In 1883 he was appointed assistant commissioner to the Vienna Exposi- tion, and wrote the report on art for the com- mission. After several years of study in Eu- rope he returned to Chicago, where he was one of the directors of the Academy of Design. In 1887 he was elected Secretary by the Soldiers' and Sailors' ^lonumcnt Commission of Indi- ana, and rendered important service in shaping tiie policv of the commission in the erection of that notable monument. Barton S. Hays came to Indianapolis in 1858. He was born at Greenville, Ohio, Ajiril 5, 1826, and was self-taught, getting numer- ous rebukes from liis parents for wasting his time sketching on fences, buildings and other flat surfaces. 'Whon a voung man he removed to ^fontgomerv County. Indiana, residing for several years at Pleasant Hill (now Wingate). While there he painted two panoramas, one of tlie story of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Panoramas were among the most remunerative forms of work of Western artists of those times, be- cause thev were the "shows" most patronized '" Sketch in Reiircsmtntirc Mm <if fiiJiniui. A'c 1 lllSTUi;V OK CHKATEli 1 X DIAXAPOLIS. 479 W, M. CHASE'S FIRST "POT-BOILER." (Ci-ayon of C:iiil. Wallace Foster — the "Flag Man".) 480 HISTOKY OF CHEATER INDIAXAPOLIS. by tin.' moral and religious clemeiil oi iho period. On coming here he formed a partner- ship with William Runnion. and the firm of Hays & Runnion for several years conducted the principal Dag-uerrcan establishment of the city in a building on the site of the present Fletcher National Bank. Hays remained here until 188"^, ■nhen he removed to ^linneajiolis. and still follows his profession there. He was notable for his own work and also as being tlie first art instructor of Wm. M. Chase, of inter- national fame, and of John Love, who played an im])ortant part in the later art development of Indianapolis. William ^lerritt Chase was born at Xineveli, Indiana, November 1. 1849. He studied with Hays in 1868-9, and might be called a pupil of Cox also, for he spent much of liis time in Cox"s studio, and Chase had the. faculty of absorliing what was beneficial everywhere. Thev were always warm friends. Chase alway> visited Cox when he came to Indianapolis, and Cox used often to say, "I am proud of William Chase — but he had it in him.'" But Chase's actual work here was done in the studio of Hays. Ho went from here to New York, tak- ing letters of introduction to J. 0. Eaton, who was then established there, and remained for two years, studying with Eaton, and in the school of the Academy of Design. In 1871 he went to St. Louis to practice his profession, hut there, after a few months, he met John Mulvany. recently returned from ^lunich, and became convinced tliat there was more for him to learn. Friends aided him, and in 1872 he entered the Academy at ilunich, and spent six years there. The Munich school was then transforming from the spirit of Cornelius, Kaulbaeh, and Piloty. and taking on the ideas of Dietz and Liebl. Chase soon became known as one of the most original of the young grou]). but his alisorbent facultv caused him to get the good out of all schools, without holding to the bad, and he returned to America quali- fied for the achievement which has made him fanio\is." The accompanying cut reproduces his first paid work. He Jiad opened a studio in Talbott & News block, and Captain Foster, ''For sketches of Chase, in addition to Cy- clopedias, see TTnrpfr'f! Mmiazine. Vol. 78, p. 549 : Godfiys Ladim' Bool-. Vol. 130, p. 291 ; The Studio, Vol. 21, p. 1.51. who tlien liad a gentieniairs furnishing store on tbe lirst floor of tiie same building, gave liiui the commission tluit began his artistic career. Among those wlio caught the inspiration to ]iaint from Jacob Cox was young Lew Wallace, and he has left a pretty picture of his early vi>it.s to Cox's studio and his Jiiutl emerging Irdiii it with various dabs of paint on a tin plate, with which he sought the recesses of the garret at home and opened a studio of his own. Says Wallace : ''There I found myself in want of everything else needful, yet my ingenuity was eqtial to the trial. For brushes, I plucked hairs from the tail of a dog and tied them to a stick. On the floor of a wooden box I made a panel to receive the picture. Then came a loud demand for oil. The servant-girl was sick, and that morning the doctor had left some castor-oil, part of a prescription for her. I stole it; and, fearing the judgment usually attaching to such- misdeeds, 1 pause to say that the patient recovered in despite. Finally, what should I paint? 1 chose a por- trait of Black Hawk, the old chief with one eye, conspicuous in a hook of Indians."'* But Mrs. Wallace discovered the home of art. and Governor Wallace gave fatherly admonition against wa.sting his time in such pur>uits. (General Wallace says this was not enough to destroy his aspirations uittil it was reinforced by a sound thrashing from his school teacher, whom he had portrayed with chalk on the school blackboard in a spirit of ridicule.'" Hut in realitv General Wallace did not give u|i art work altliough he tells nothing more aliout it in his autobiography. He found rec- reation in painting in later years, and pro- duced some very creditable canvases. Two of his paintings — '"Over the Dead Line" and a portrait of Henn- S. Lane — were shown at the Love and Gookins exhibit in May, 1878. which was a reallv remarkable collection of In- diana art. But of all bis paintings the one that attracted greatest public notice was his '* He probably means tbe i»rtrait of tlie i Sliawnee Prophet, in ^fcKenney and Hall's /llsliiri/ of the Indian Tribes, which was then \ in tbe State Librarv. He was flic cons]iicuous 1 one-eyed man portrayed. Black Hawk bad a ' full set of optics. '"Aiitnhioaranhi/. ]i]i. 48-.')2. HISTOEY OF GREATER IXDIAXAI'ULIS. ■)81 l'ur])le-winyv(l L'upiil,-" whicli \v:is rxliibiteil in Imiiiiiiapolij, anil aroused the wrath of Alois E. Sinks. Sinks was a peculiar genius who came here in 187G from New York as an artist and art critic. He was as genuine a boheniian as ever reached this place, and was a source of perpetual initerbiinnienl to John \\ . Love, who maintained that Sinks was out of liis proper setting anywiiure hut in the Latin (Quarter in I'aris. lie was i)oru near Dayton. Ohio, October 5, 1848; and ran away from the farm to enter the Union army as a drum- mer boy. He rose to a position on General McConnell's staff, but was wounded and dis- charged before the close of the war. lie then went to Xew Yf)rk where ho studied art, and did a good deal of literary work. In fact he wrote much better than he painted. His critiques were rather arrogant in style, and he had the community pretty thoroughly intimi- dated when he fell upon Wallace. The idea of a Cupid with jnirple wings ! It was so pre- posterous, so utterly repugnant to any artistic or classical conce])tion of the God of Love that words could hardly do justice to the incongruity. Wallace replied mildly, regretting that he had not had the advantage of Mr. Sinks' knowledge. and explaining that he had been misled by Milton's lines: "Here Love his golden shafts employs, here lights His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings, Reigns here, and revels.""' Tiiat ended Sinks as an art critic, or rather helped to do so, for he was already a victim of intemperance, and died here July 3, 1881, from injuries sustained in falling from a sec- ond story window. -- The years 18^9-70 were epochal in Indianap- olis art. Governor Baker had some excellent ideas about th(^ dignity of a state, and he got the legislature of ISfi'J to authorize him to se- cure "a true and life-like likeness of each of the Governors of the State and Territory, in- cluding the present incumbent," at a cost not -° Now owned by ^frs. W. A. Hughes, of In- dianapolis. "Paradise Lost, Book 4, 1. 7G4. -"For sketch see Herald, July 0. 1S81. Vol. I— .-ii e.Yceeding $200 each."'' There had been a Cana- dian painter, James Forbes, who visited Ev- ausville, and painted a portrait of John B. Baker, brother of Governor Baker, and im- pressed the Governor with his ability as an artist. Nothing is known of Eorbes here be- \ond his work, and the fact that he was a typical Englisliman in appearance and dress, (iovernor Baker liad Forbes paint his own por- trait, and also the portraits of Governors Jen- nings, W'hitcomb, Dunning, and xMorlon. The portrait of William Henry Harrison was painted l)y Barton S. Hays. Those of Governors l'ose\ and Hamnioud were by Jolm B. Hill of In- dianapolis. Jacob Cox furnished the portraits of Governors Boone, Ray, _Xoble, Wallaee, Big- ger, Wright and Lane. The portrait of Gov- ernor W'lllard is one that had been painted in 185? by George W. Morrison, a A'ew Albany artist. Of the portraits' since Governor Bak- er's time, that of Governor Hendricks was painted by W. R. Freeman, a transient here in 1873-4, who stopped at the Bates House and [)ainted several portraits of citizens. That of Governor Williams was painted by a Mr. Col- cord — an unknown transient. Governors Gray, Porter, Hovey, Chase and Matthews are b} T. C. Steele; and Governor Mount by James M. Dennis, formerly of lndiana[Kilis. now of Detroit. Mr. Cox continued painting u[i to the time of his death on January 4, mwi. In his later years his family had a little studio built for him adjoining their home on North Pennsyl- vania street."* This was the second building t'rected for a studio in Indianapolis. There were numerous pupils who had instructioti from him at various limes. Notable among them is Miss Margaret Rudisill, a native of Mont- gomery County, Indiana, who later studied seven years in Paris, under Thompson, Bouge- reau, Fleuery and Alfred Stevin. The care of an invalid mother has prevented Miss Rudi- sill from giving her full attention to her art, Init the excellence of her work, which won her a place in the Paris salon, is seen in all her later paintings. Another pui>il of Cox was India Underbill Kirkland — a ilangliter of Ivob- ert Underbill, the wealthy foundryman who -•^Acts Special Sess. ISGO, p. II. "Now No. 962 — residence of Dr. iicniy Jameson. 4S2 HISTORY OF GltEATER IXDIAXAI'OLIS. livril wlicri' Sliortridffe High S(/1iih)I ikuv staii(l>. On f'oxV advice she turned her atten- tion 1(1 modelling, and did some striking work. A bust of Oliver P. ^[orton bv her was in the local art exhibit of 1903. She competed for the JForton monument in 1880, and her model was |iri)noiinced the best portrait of Morton in the lot liy Jacob Cox and others, though the award went to Franklin Simmons. His work, now standing in ilonimient place, does not show the leonine character that was in ilor- ton".s face, and in ^frs. Kirkland's model. How- over, others need not complain, for the Herald at the time declared that ^[orton's spirit ap- peared at a local seance, and stated his perfect satisfaction with the monument, and also with the dedicatory exercises, "excepting Professor Rid path's ])oem and Governor Porter's call for a rising vote.''"^ Among Cox's pupils were two Indianapolis voungsters, later well known in local art cir- cles. They were the children of John F. Hill, an old resident, of the early firm of Drum i*i: Hill, and later a nurseryman and florist. ^Fary first took drawing lessons of ^[rs. Talbott, wife of the Episcopalian rector, and, in IST."), at the age of nine, entered on a two years course with Mr. Cox. She then pursued her studies alone, and became an art teacher — ^lietter Icnown by her married name, Mrs. M. H. Culbertson — in which she achieved, and is still achieving success. She went abroad in 1890 and jiur- sued her art and music studies there. Iler younger brother, John B. Hill, also took a brief course with Cox, but was largely self- instructed. He had a studio for some time in the old Talbott & New block, but was handi- capped by ill-health, and died rather early. His work was largelv of portraits. Among those preserved are jiortraits of Doctor Bolibs and Doctor TMears. and two of the governors. Another pupil of (^ox, well known as a local teacher and artist, was Tjotta Guffin. She was a Miss Hilliss, who came here to attend Xorth- western Christian I^niversitv. She married Henry Guffin. a jii'omising young lawyer, but he fell a victim to drink, and she was obliged to obtain a divorce.-'' Her portrait work is ])rized for its fidelitv. An artist widelv .-ind ravuralilv known in In- ^^IliTiiJ,]. Januarv 19. 18S4. ^"Stitiinlaii nrririr. Dc-cembcr II. 1880. dianapolis after the war was J. M. Dennis, now of Detroit, Michigan. In response to a request for some data as to his stay here, and earlier life, ^[v. Dennis writes me: "I was born in Dublin, Indiana, in 1810, and was inclined to make pictures from boyhood. When about eighteen years old, I went to Cincinnati and became acquainted with Alexander Wyant, landscape painter, and studied with him; also studied i)ortrait painting with J. 0. Eaton of the same place. 1 went to Indianapolis in 18ij.) and became acquainted with B. S. Hays and Jacob Cox : thev were prominent at that time. Later I met T.'C. Steele, 'Will M. Chase, also John Love and Gookins. The latter two opened the .\.rt School. In 1873 I went to New York to study, and worked with AVyant and Eaton again, who had both become famous. I again returned to Indianapolis and painted many liortraits and landscapes. Some of the jiortraits that were painted at that time were John C. New, for the Treasury Building, Washington, D. C. : Governor ilount, for the State House, Indianapolis: Jett'erson Davis, President of the Soutiicrn Confederacy, and Joseph E. Johnson. at Savannah, Georgia, all from life." The pro- fessional art life of Mr. Dennis in Indianap- olis covers a period of about twenty years, and a large number of his works are still to be found in Indianapolis homes, where they are highlv prized. Some of them have been shown in exhibits of the Art Association. During the Civil War, and for more than a decade afterward, the chief scene-painter in Indianapolis was Thomas B. Glessing, an Eng- lishman, born in 1817, who came here in 1861. His regular occupation was "scenic artist"' for the old Metropolitan theater (now the Park), but he did quite an amount of fairly creditable work in regular artistic lines. He was a lover of the beautiful, and his home was not only picturesque within but surrounded by flowers without. When the first "exposition" was held in Indianapolis, in 1873, Mr. Glessing was en- gaged to paint four large canvases, illustrative of the histon- of the city. His subjects were the State Seal — which presents the advent of civilization idea: the selection of the site of the city: the new settlement in 1821: and the city in war time, with the State Capitol as the central feature. They were not very artistic, and not very accurate historically, but tliev have been reproduced so often as illustrations lllsrulIV OF CKKATKl! JXlJlAXA I'oMS. 48;? tliiil they hiivi' Ijecoiiii' n part of our local lii.-torv; and in fact tlic originals are still pro- -I'rxi'il by the Indiana Historical Socictv. Glcs- >iM>,'- went from hci-c to take the position of scene painter for the Boston Musemn in 1873. 'Pile call was a deserved compliment to his skill, for he was a scene painter of real merit. The first "exposition," which opened on Sep- lember 10, 18T;{, had an interesting connec- tion witii art in Tndiana|iolis throngh a col- lection of "iJogers statuary"" that was exhibited there. .Vinong tlie visitors was John H. Ma- lioney, a young marble-cutter, employed at Car- penter's marlde yard, which was then at 36 IvT>t Market sti'eet. and later at tlic north- west corner of Ohio and Meriilian. Mahonev was a native of Wales, born in l.s.").j. In IS.")" his parents removed to this country and set- tled in .Jennings Countv. Indiana, from where young Mahoney came to Indianapolis in 1S(3S. He was attracted by the Kogers statuary, and after some ini|uiiy decided to try modeling. He ])rocured xniic clay and began. His work was admireil li\- (■ar))enter and an opportunity ,-cion came for advance. The Franklin l-'ire Insurance t'onipany was erecting its building at the southeast corner of Market and Circle streets and wanted a marble statue of Ben- jamin Franklin for the front. Inquiry of Carpenter brought a recommendation of Ma- honey, and he was employed to do the work. It still stands, facing Moiuunent Place, where some of Mr. ^laboney's later work is located. This was com])leted in 1ST4, and in 1875 !Ma- honey was cmi)lnved to make the marble statue of Gen. Sol. Meredith, at Cambridge City, In- diana. He now became ambitious of further training and by ISTO saved up enough to go to Europe, where be put in eighteen months in desultory study in llir galleries and studios; after which he iituiiicd to this country and at once entered in competit'on for scnlotural work. In this lie was successful from the start. In 18S() he was selected In make the bronze statue of Morton McMicliarl. in Fairmount Park. Pbiladeli)hia. In ISS'.' be was calli'd to make the statue (d' Picric Menard, at Springfield. Illinois. In ISSI he maile the granite monu- mental statue of Charles West, which stands in Sjiring Grove Cemeterv. Cincinnati. In ISSCi he was commissioned to make tlie colossal granite figures of '•Freedom"' and '"Law" for tlic Pilgrims' mnminicnt at PlyiiKnilli. Massa- chusetts. In l.SiHI be made the statue of lleu- ly I-Jergli, for Ilie memorial fountain at .vlil- \>aul<ee. lie spent 18!) 1 at .Vllaiila, making statues of the l_'arpenter family, and tlieii re- turned t(i Indianapolis, where he iiia.li' the bronze r-tatule of W . 11. Knglisli, wliicli stands at EnglLsh, Indiana, with replica at ^cotts- burg. In KS!)-^-3 he was engaged on tlie art detail of the Soldiers" .Monumiait at Cle\eiand, Oluo, and it is often noted that while this nionument does not compare with the Indian- ajiolis monument arcbitectuially. it i> far su- perior 111 its ornamentation. From l.^li.i to 18!)8 he was engageil in making the iliree bronze statues of tteorge liogers Clark. W miaiii Henry Harrison and .James Whiteoiiili. wiiieli >tand in Monument Place, and which n\v easi- ly the best sculptural work about Indianapolis, tluuigh competent critics put a very lugh esti- mate on U"Connor"s statue of Lawtoii, on the Court House square.-' After Maciloiinies threw up his contract for the "war"" and "Jieace"" groups of the Soldiers" inoiHimciil . in a fit of pettishness laiised by criticism u!' I be designs he offered, then' was a dispositum tn entrust this work to .Malioney; but lie did not hitch witli Huddenbaum, the supervising archi- tect, and the work went to IJruno Sclimii/.. me designer of the monument. This was unfortu- nate, for while Schmitz is a great architect he is very mediocre as a sculptcu-. Since the com- pletion of the Soldier.-" iiiiiiiument Mr. .Ma- honey has had no large commissions, the most important being the memorial bronze tablet of Col. Eli Lilly for the ( 'omniercial Club build- ing. This is chicHy due to his dropping art for several years in an unsuccessful venture as a railroad jn'omoter; but more recently he has resumed his art work. \t the time of this first liidiana|iolis e.\|)o- sition a new artist was develoiiing who was des- tined to leave a deep impress cm Indianapolis. .Inliii Washington Love was a native of In- diana, bnni near .Na|ioleoii. Hi])ley Cniiiity. Au- gu-t 111, 1850. His family reiiKivcd to lii- iliauapolis, and here he attended tbe public schools and Northwestern Christian I'niversity. .Vfter leaving the university he took up the study of jiainting with B. S. Hays for a year, and then went to Cincinnati to continue his training in the studio of llenrv Mosler. who 'Xcics. Mav i!Hi;. 484 HISTOKY OF GREATEE IXDIAXAPOLIS. later attained distinction in Paris. In IST^ Love went to Paris for a stay of five years, i i Hiiich he pursued his studies in the Academy of Design and in the stiidio of Gerome. He returned to Indianapolis to become its first exponent of the modern school of painting. He was a natural art teacher, and felt the need of an art school here. In conjunction with J. F. Gookins he started one. They were as- sisted by Ferdinand Mersman, instnictor in sculpture and wood-carving, John il. Warder, instructor in mechanical drawing, and H. C. Chandler, instructor in wood-carving. An "art association" was formed in support of the school, with 80 members, whose fees entitled them to admission to all exhibits, and some other privileges. The upper floor of the Fletcher and Sharpe building (now Sak's build- ing) was leased, eleven large rooms; a large line of easts of anticpies and other appur- tenances of art study were obtained ; and on October 15, 1877, the school was formally opened, a largely-attended public reception fol- lowing on October Ifl. The prospects seemed excellent. About 7.T pupils were promised, and 50 attended in the first year. But the seeds of disaster were present. Gookins and Love did not agree in their art ideals. Gookins be- longed to the old school, and most of the In- dianapolis i)eople who cared for art had its ideals. After a year Gookins dropped out, and Love remained as sole director. The patronage decreased, for Indianapolis was getting the full pressure of the panic of 1873, and luxuries were dropped first. In 1879 the school was abandoned. But the art spirit had been awakened in a number of the pupils, and a number of thcni continued their work, some at Ixive's studio and some at home, under his guidance, until his death on June ?4. 1880. Xo man ever received warmer tribute than he from his pu- pils and friends.-* These words from one of (hem are so just and so prophetic that thev call for note : "He was the most thorough teacher of art this city has ever had. His methods were correct, and wherever they have been followed by his pupils, theirs has been the reward. In drawing he was a master. He not only knew how to draw, but he had a very happy faculty of imparting his instruc- 'Movrnol. .June ?8, Herald, Julv 3. tions to others. His services to the public in cicnting an art impulse in Indianapolis can- not be overestimated. The fruits of this will be enjoyed in the future. An inherent art appreciation has been properly directed, and Mr. Love is entitled to the credit of its di- rection. His pupils are carrying out his ideas to their full fruition. Though the young ar- tist is dead his work will live." Among the manifestations of its living may be mentioned here that his pall-bearers and pupils Will For- syth, Thos. E. Hibben, Charles Nicoli, Fred Hetherington, Frank Scott and Charles Fiscus organized "the Bohe Club", which was devoted to art study for a number of years, and was the chief factor in the Art Association's ex- hibition of 1885. There is a notable coincidence in the fact that the Herald of June 26, 1880, which an- nounced the death of John Love, contained an address by Eev. X. A. Hyde to the Social Science Association of Indiana on "The In- fluence of Art"'", in which he strongly urged rlie place of art in public education. But the time was not quite ripe, and it was left to the women "to take up the flag that the men jnilled down"', a little later. In the winter of 1S80-1 ]\[rs. C. D. Adsit, of Milwaukee, came here and gave a series of parlor lectures on ceramics. In 1882-3 she came again, with il- lustrated talks on engraving and etching. Both visits were on invitation of Mrs. May Wright Sewall, to whom Indianapolis is largely in- debted for organized advancement in higher lulture. At the last lecture of the second course Mrs. Sewall invited those interested to meet in her parlors to consider the organiza- tion of an art association. There was a cor- dial response, and at that first meeting a com- mittee of ten was selected to prepare a con- stitution and plan of work. After severtil weeks of deliberation its constitution and plan were adopted at a public meeting lield at tiie Denison Llotel, on I^Iav 7, 1883, and The Art .Vssociation of Indianapolis was duly organized. It was incorporated on October 11 of the same year. But the work was going on from the start. It was determined to begin with an art exhibit, and then ojien an art .«chool. Miss Sue M. Ketcbam. a local artist, of one of the oldest Indianapolis families, who had been for a time a pupil in the Gookins-Love art school, was selected to inaugurate the work; and the HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 485 -lUcliim \va> a wise one. Mis< Keteham went tirst to ('liicajio, wliore she secured the co- operation of local artists and engaged Charles V. McDonahl of the Chicago Art I^asrue as head teacher for the scliool. She then went to Detroit, where an art exhibit was in progress, and then, in spite of gloomy predictions as to the East, she visited New York. Her suc- cess was phenomenal, and by November she had collected 4.");j ]iaintings, showintr the work r 1.3: artists. , The exhibit was held November ',-2U, in the corner rooms of English's hotel — now occu- pied by the cafe — and was a decided success, the attendance increasing steadily to the last. The art school opened on January 10. 1884. with McDonald and ^liss Kctchain as teach- ers, in the old Plymouth church building on "Meridian street, wliich has since been replaced by an extension of the English Hotel. There was some trouble in financing the school, and after the first year the Association made ibe mistake of dropping Miss Keteham. who turned her attention to art instruction on her own ac- in\nit. For thirteen years she successfully managed summer sketch and travel parties in various parts of America and Europe. The i^sociation school was abandoned after the sec- "iid year, with a residue of debt. The burden of its su))p()rt prevented an exhibit in 1884. and in ISS-") the exhibit took the form of an ■\hibit of the works of ■'the Hoosier Cnlcmy in \l iinrhen,"" under the direction of Thomas K. Ilihben. From that time there have l)een reg- ular annual exhibits, usually in the spring. with numerou.s special exhibits. From 1880 to 1890. inclusive, the annual exhibits wct'c lield in Masonic hall except in 1888, when it was at old .3.3 South ^feridian street. From 18Jn to 1899. inclusive, thev were at the Pro]ivlaeum. except in 189.5. when it was at 8->.', North Pennsylvania street. In 1900 and 1901 they were at the H. T.ieber Galleries, l-'rom 190'> to 190.5 thev were in the old Tinker liomestead building of the .l<ibn Hi'iTcin .\ rt Institute. From lOOC on tlie\ were in the •Tiibn Herron Art Institute building. "The Hoosier Colony in ^liinchen". whos(> works were exhibited in 188.'), consisted of Theodore C. Steele an. I Willi.nn Forsyth. :\fr. Steele wjis horn in (»uin Cnunty, Indiana. September 22, 1S4T. He \inilertook nortra't liaiiiting without iicrsimal in>tnirtion. and worked at it for two years at Battle Creek, Michigan, and for five years at Indianapolis before opportunity came to him to go abroad. In 1880 he went to ^[uuich where he entered the Royal Academy and remained for five years, for two years a pupil of Julius Benczur, and for two years in the studio of Professor Loefl'tz. In 1884 his painting "the Boatman" received a medal at the exhibition, and the government desired to purchase it, but he ])referred to bring it home. On his return he located at ]ndiana])oli.s, where he has advanced steadily in popularity. He was president of the Society of Western .\rtists in 1898-9, and a member of the Internatioiuil Jury of Awards at the St. Ijouis Exposition in 1904. In addi- tion to much other work. ^[r. Steele has ])ainteil the portraits of all the governors of Indiana, from CiO\ernor Gray to (iovernor ilatthi-ws for the state's collection. William Forsyth was born in Hamilton County, Ohio; and began his art training under John W. Love in 1879. He went to Munich in 1882 and remained for seven years, four of them in the Royal Acad- emy, where he stuilied drawing under Benczur and Gysis, and paintiug under LoefFtz. While in tiie academy he won honorable mention in every exhibition in which he took pai"t, and a medal in 1885. He took two medals at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. He has been instructor in painting at the John Herron .Art Institute since 1905. These two, with three others. John Ottis Ad- ams, Otto Stark and Richanl I'uckner Gruelle, are widely known as "The Hoosier Group." Adams is a native and resident of Indiana, born at Chestnut Rid^e, Jackson County. He studied in London under John Parker, and at the Royal .\cademy in Munich. He maintains jiis residence at Brookville. Stark is lx)th a na- tive and resident of Indianapolis, born .lanuary 29, 1859. He attended tlie Cincinnati Art Academy and' started in l)usincss as a lithog- rapher, but decided to become an artist. He studied at the Art Students' Ijeague in New "^'ork. at the Academic Julien in Paris, and in the studio of F. Cormon. He exliibited in the Paris salon in 1M8(; and 1887. His work is notalile for its peculiarly .\merican quality. Gruelle is the most ab.sohitely untaught artist who ever did really good work in this vicinity. He was born at Cvntbiana. Kentucky. Feb- ruary 22, 1851, his ])arents removing in 185,s 48G HISTORY OF GREATER IXDTAXAPOLIS. tn Areola, Illinois, lie was originally a house and sign painter, ami l)y hard work and study taught himself to paint portraits, and grad- ually to do landseapi's and other works. He took up portrait ]iainting as a profession at Decatur, Illinois, in 1875 and 1876; followed it at Areola from 1877 to 1881; and at In- dianapolis from 1881 to date, excepting two years in Florida and one in New York. For several summers he painted along the coast, al)out Gloucester, ^lassachusetts, and one of his finest marines about that point is in the read- ing room of the City^ Library. In 188.3 Gruelle visited the art collection of Wm. T. Walters, at Baltimore, and wrote a description of it to Carl Lieber. At that time Joseph Bowles had just started "Modern Art"', and Lieber gave him the letter for publication. It fell into the hands of Walters who at once sent for Gnielle and desired him to prepare a description of the collection. Gruelle pro- tested a lack of literary education but Walters insisted. He said: "You are the man I have been looking for for twenty-five years. I have had plenty of men who can write, but yoii can ]5aint a word-picture." Gruelle undertook the work, and the result was his "Notes Crit- ical and Biographical'" on the Walters' collec- tion, one of the most unique and highly-|irized art works ever issued in America. "Modern Art", which at once took rank as a very high grade art publication — probably the highest ever known in the United States — was continued for two years at Indianapolis, 1893 and 4, and then taken to Boston by L. Prang (S: Co.. who continued it for two years longer with ^Ir. Bowles as editor. Joseph Bowles was bnni at Indianapolis Julv 1, 186.T. His father, 'i'lios. H. Bowles, was a lawyer, who came here from Maryland. His mother was a dauffhter of Josenh ^IcChesnev ^foore. an early resident here, who was a cousin of Jnm"s ^F. Rav. and was private secretary of Governor Wallace. In the campaign of 1840 he edited a ^Miig paper called "The Spirit of '76". and in 1844 another known as "Thr Wine/ RifJr". From this grandfather, and his mother, who was a clever writer, Mr. Bowles may have in- herited his faculty for writing. His taste ran natu7-ally to art, and when a child he spent much of liis time in drawing. .\s he grew older lie entered the art establishment of H. Lieber. where he became familiar with art in all phases; and he certainly showed a remark- able art appreciation in this ambitious maiden venture. Tlie title of "The Hoosier Group"' came from Hamlin Garland. In 1893, Forsyth sent three pictures to the Chicago Exposition and Steele two, and both were exceptional among western artists in being recognized and favor- ably placed. They attracted considerable com- ment in art circles, it being thought notable that good art work was being done in Indiana. In 180o an Indiana exhibit was being given at the Denison Hotel, when a letter was re- ceived from Hamlin Garland asking if it could not be shown at Chicago — that he was presi- dent of the Central Art Association of that city, Mhich would guarantee success. The in- vitation was accepted, and among its results was an unique appreciation of the work. It was prepared by Garland, Lorado Taft, the sculptor, and Charles Francis Brown, the painter: it is also understood that Henry B. Fuller had some hand in it. It was published in painphlet form and received wide notice. The word "group" had been brought into jn-om- inence at the time through the anarchist so- cieties, and it was appropriated, in the easy western way, for these five artistic radicals of the time. The art school of the association which was discontinued in 1885 was not resumed for some years, but after the return of Mr. For- syth from irunieh in 1889 he and Mr. Steele undertook a private sehool on a moderate scale which eontinueil until 1891, when it developed into the Indiana School of Art. This was an incorporated institution, the members be- ing mostly members of the Art Association, \\ ho contributed from $5 to $25 annually to the -■ijjport of the school. Charles E. Hallcnbeck took an active interest in it. acting as treas- urer, and managing its financial affairs gen- erally. Its quarters were in the old High School building at Market and Circle streets — formerly Beechers Church. It was very >uc- <(wsfnl, the attendance averaging over 100 until its close in 1897. ^lessrs. Steele and Forsvth were the chief instructors in the regular day and eveninir classes, and there were prepara- tiiry and children's classes taught by Misses Marv Robinson, Temiie Tice and Lyda Becker. It was discontinued becau.se the building was to be torn down fm- the CNtens'on of tln' Eng- J HISTORY OF (;HKATKI{ INDIANAPOLIS. 487 lisli iriitfl, and was not resuiuod on account of tlu' expectation of the speedy estaljlishmeut of a riernianent institution under tlie TIerron !x'i|uest. The Herron bequest chan^»^ed tlie work of the Art Association from a dragging struggle to irratifving achievement. John Ilerron was licirii at Carlton in t'raven, England, March •,;!l, ISIT, but his ])arents removed to Chester County. Pennsylvania, in his infancy. In 1S4T the entire family removed to ilt. (^ir- niel, Indiana, where the parents, and all of the diildren but John and one sister died. He was SOLDIERS AND SAILORS' MONUMENT. left wralthy. uilh no care Inil the iiivestiiiciit of his liuids, whieli was lai-gely intrusted to Ainbiose P. Stanton, of Indianapolis, on whose advice, in 1883, he removed to Indianapolis witji liis wife and sister. In a few years the sister died, niid in 1892 the wife. Herron had several times discussed witli Mr. Stanton the dispositimi of his property, whiili he desired to taki' some foini that would he a monument to himself, and Stanton advised him to divide it hetwi'en the Art Association and the Or- phan .\^vllnn. On his return from his wife's funeral llerpdii had an attack of illness, and when p.'irliallv ri'covered, on Octolier "31 , 1802. made liis will, leaving the bulk of liis prop- erty to the .\rt Association on condition that it should be used in establishing and maintain- ing an art institute and art school which should be known by his name. He gave the Orphan Asylum $lliOOO, saying there was not enough for two institutions — in fact not as much as the Art Association needed, ilr. Her- ron recovered temporarily, but lost his life on April ."iO, 185)5, by an explosion of gasoline, at Los .Vngeles. California. The will was con- ic>ted by distant relatives, and a settlement was not finally effected until October 12, 1897. In .March, " 1899. the directors of the Art .Association divided the be(|uest into three funds; the Art Tieasure Fund of $1. ".0,000 ; the Art School Fund of .$10,000; ami the Building aiul Grounds F'und of •${i."),000. This was a theoretical distribution. The amount actually received from the bequest to October 1, 1909 is $182.099.0r). and the n'mainder of the estate to come is estimated at $38,000. The directors next took up the (|uestion of a site for the institute, and after a great deal of l)acking and filling finally decided on "the old Tinker Place'' — the sciuare between Penn.syl- vania street and Talbot t avenue, north of Six- teenth (old Tinker) street. The |mrcha.<e ])rice was $.")0,0()0, and the |)urchase was on condition that the neighbors secure the \acation of ■'Coram" or Seventeenth street, immediately north of this square; and |)ui'(hase and donate the two lots adjoining this vacated street on the north. The Tinker house, lU' Talbott house, a large brick building, had been occupied by T. C. Steele since his return fnun Munich, and in the rear he had erected a studio i)uild- in in pu- re- Uv purpi ing — the first for that exclusive Indianapolis. The art school was o|)ene( the studio on January 13, 1902, with 10 |)ils and 5 teachers; and the house was vamjK'd and occupied as the art iiistituti', formal o])ening being on ]\rarch I, 1902. iliat date the school had (!9 |)upils i"iri>llrd. J. Ottis .\dams was the instructor in drawi";; and painting; Brandt Steele and .Mfred H. I, von gave instruction in aiinlied desiirn ; and ^iisses Viririnia Keep and Helen ^fcKay had rharge of the chihlren's classes. Thi- school irrew steadily, and when it wa-; removed in the fall of 190.5 to the Union Trust Company's l)uilding. while the new institute buildinsr was heiu"" constructed, it hail an cnnillment of 207 488 HISTORY OK GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. i pupils. For tlu' lis<al year oiiding March 31, 1909, the enrolliiu'iu was 303, aud the teach- ing staff mimlicred K; in addition to the direc- tor, Mr. Wni. TIenrv Fox. The new institute building was a long-drawn- out struggle. The architects were instructed to prepare plans early in 1903, and a campaign was started to raise a building fund of $100,- 000. When the ])lans were submitted for bids it was found that llie cost of building on them would reach $1 I (i, 000, and meanwhile the sub- scription fund thd not materialize. On No- vember 8, 1901, the directors decided to aban- don these plans and erect a building costing not over $50,000. After much consideration these plans were modified on May 1, 1905, to provide for a fire-proof building costing not more than $85,000. The building was com- pleted in November, 190G, and dedicated on the 20th to the 22nd of that month. The art school was then located in this building until the school building was completed in 190T. Tlie total cost of the institute Iniilding was $113,890.98, and of the school building $12,- 364.94. The legislature of 1909 virtually brought the art .school into the general city school system, and gave it a revenue from the school funds equal to one-half cent on $100 of ta.xable ]iroj)erty annually — now about $9,000. In return the Art Association is to make and continue as members of its govern- ing board the Superintendent of Schools, Di- rector of Art Instruction, and two other f)er- sons chosen by the School Board and also to "give free admission, at reasonable times, to its museum and art galleries to all teachers and pupils of the public, private and parochi- al schools in said city : and which shall pro- vide free illustrated lectures, on some art or kindred subject, throughout tlie public school year of said city not loss fr(><|uently than one lecture a week for school children, the same to be given at its museum or in a public school : and which shall, at half the rates established in other cities for similar service, provide instruc- tion in the teaching of drawing and design for all teaehers in said city nominated by the superintendent of schools of said city ; and which shall provide throughout' such school year free for not fewer than fifty pupils, to be nominated on competitive examination by said superintendent of schools, advanced in- struction in drawing and in sueh a[)plied arts as it teaches."-". With this income the Art Association is in comfortable circumstances. Its real estate is valued at $194,255.92 which is less than true vakte, being the actual cost to the Association, excepting an estimate of $18,000 for the two lots donated and the vacation of Coram street. Its art treasures are valued at $34,360.78, and its library at $188.35, both of which are low. It has some $54,000 in cash and securities, and its unsettled interest in the Herron estate. Since 1905 it has had for director Mr. Wm. Henry Fox, who was secretary of the depart- ment of art, and also of the International Jury of Awards, as a member representing Russia, at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904, and is well known as an art critic. The curator of the Art Institute is Miss Anna E. Turrell, a niece of the late Mrs. John Herron. The art school is in flourishing condition with Wm. Forsyth, Clifton A. Wheeler and Otto Stark as principal instructors. In addition to the Herron bequests, the Institute has had be- quests from J. F. Pratt of $2,000, and D. P. Erwin of $5,000 ; also gifts from the heirs of Henry SchnuU of $5,000, and from the heirs of Herman Lieber of $2,000. There liave been, and are. numerous ama- teurs and some professionals about Indian- apolis who have done creditable work, but it is not possible even to name them here. Som(^ have attained more or less fame elsewhere. Frank Scott, whose early life was passed here, and who has been mentioned as a pupil of the Love Art School and a member of the Bohe Club, afterwards studied at the Beaux Arts in Paris, and has since resided there. He took a medal at the Antwerp Exposition of 1894. Louis Paul Dessar, who has captured numerous prizes and medals, was born in Indianapolis, Janu- ary 22, 1867. He was the son of Joseph B. Dessar, of the firm of Dessar, Bro. & Co., wholesale clothing merchants. He studied at the National Academy of Design at New York, and later at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris and under Bouguerean and Finery. He is now located in New York.^" Frederick C. Y''ohn, who has attained enviable eelebritv as an illus- -" Acts of 1909. p. 89. '" Sketch in Brush am} 1899. Pencil, December, i nrSTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 489 iiaior. i.~ of an olil liiiliaiiapolis faiuily. lie i< a ^^II1 of Alln'i't Yoliii, and was bom liere in I.S4."). lie began his art studj' under Steele and Forsyth, and continued it at the iVrt Students' Leajiiic in Now York, where his work attracted the attention of Harper & Bros. He was eni])loycd on "The Bound Table", and has illustrjitcd numerous notable books as well as magazine articles. His ambition is to paint battle pictures, and his war pictures in- dicate that he would achieve great success in that line. William Carey Brazington is an- other pupil of the Indianapolis Art School who has attained note. His ]iastel work is the -ubject of an eulogistic notice in the Craf Ismail uf (ktober. 1908. There remain to be mentioned several stat- ues that have been erected in the city. The first of these is that of Oliver P. 'Morton, in Nfonument Place, wliirh was unveiled Januaiy 1."), 1884, and is the work of Franklin Simmons. Tlie statue of Schuyler Colfax, in rniversity Square, was unveiled May 18. 188:. and was made by Lorado Tal't. The statue of 'I'homas A. Hendricks, on tin- Capitol grotnuls. was un- veiled on July 1, ]890. and was made by Rich- ard Henry Parks. The statue of General Henry W. l.awttm. on the Court House Square was un- veiled on :May .30. 1907. with imposing cere- monv. President Roosevelt taking part in the ceremonies. It was e.xecuted by Andrew O'Con- n(u-, under the supervision of Daniel C. French. The statue of Oliver P. Morton at the east entrance to the State House, was made by Rudolph Schwartz, who has been a resident of Indianapolis since 1888. He is a native of Vienna, and comes of an old .\ustrian family', which objected to his becoming a sculptor: but after a course of four years in art at the Im- perial -Vcademy at ^^ionna, he determined on his life work, and went to Berlin, where he became a pupil of Geiger and Eberlein. He also studied with and worked for Bruno Schmitz. who commissioned him to come here aiul evectite the War and Peace groups on the Soldiers' and Sailors" monument. His ac- (luaintanee with the city decided him to stay here. His statue of Morton was imveiled on July 2.1, 1907. The principal American work of Mr. Schwartz, outside of Indianapolis, is the Pingree monument at Detroit. T]\e statue of Benjamin Harrison, in University Square, was unveiled on October 27, 1008. and is the work of Charles Henry Xeihaus. This was the last addition to the statuary of Indiana])olis. It is to be hoped that before it is too late the citv will secure some specimen of the art work of the notable Indiana artists Janet Scudder. Amalia Kussner Coudert, and George Gray Barnard. CHAPTER XXXVll THE SOCIAL SWIKL. The social liomogeiieit}' that existed in the little village of Indianapolis prior to the com- ing of the capital disappeared soon afterward, not because the capital came, but because pop- iilation increased ; and by that time conditions were more settled, and people were not so much dependent on each other that they were ijnpelled to overlook the considerations that create social dividing lines. Cluirch organiza- tions had been formed, and had begun to en- force their disciplines, which were vastly more strict then than now. Dancing was not toler- ated by any of the early sects, Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists or Newlights. If noth- ing worse, it was frivolous and consequently young people of religious families did not dance or go to dancing parties. Meanwhile the ungodly danced on, and their dancing in the early period was very largely a display of personal agility and vigor. There were no round dances, and none of what are now called square dances, but good old-fashioned reels, and jigs, and contra-dances, in which the man, or woman either, who could cut an artistic pigeon wing, or jump up and crack the heels thrre times before lighting, was a person wlio had just cause for ))ride. A generation passed before there was any break in the old time country dances. There were no dancing mas- ters to make innovations. Every man wa,« the arcliitect of his own terpsichorcan fortunes, and danced according to the dictates of liis own conscience. Then came a change. \\lii(li Lew Wallace records thus: "In the winter of "43, a wuiidcTing (lanriiig- niaster opened school in Indianapulis. grcnth to the delight of the young society. Togctbcr witli the usual Terpsichorcan accom|ilishMieiits. he tauirbt a new science — the SciiMK-c (if Man- ners. Tlir worthy profcssoi- was liis (iwn ob- ject-lesson, lie clung to tiic old raslii<iii>. wore frilb'd sliirt-bo^oms, silk stocking?, and pumps ablaze with silver buckles. He also made bis nwn music. The Eisher"s Hornpipe witii which be ^pr(l a quadriUe was tearing enough to ha\c ([uicki'ned the bones of the unknown in a catacondt. He enrolled me as a l)upil of his academy ; and, simple as the topic looks, L am bound to say there was never such a tempest of fun as when he called us out one by one to practice Iwwing, hat salutes, and posturing seated and standing. Since the day of his advent. I liave read and heard much of (Jolonial society. Colonial dames, Colonial beaus, and of their stately mannerisms. Xo (me, I yet think, ever reproduced them to the life like our old I)o-ci-do. In a mimtet he al- ways made nie think of France, and the king in a ball-room inqiosing form ujjon his cour- tiers — so solemn and gi-andiose was his depoi't- uient." ' Austin 11. Brown also liad vivid memories of tills courtlv dancing niastei-. He mentions I he first attempt at a pulilic ball at the old Mansion, the imitations to which were as fol- lo\\> : ■"The managers ot the anniversary ball I'c- quest the pleasure of your attendance on Tnes- (biv evening. Februarv 22. 1S;38, at the Gov- In cijnncction with this innovation he says: ■"In those days there was consiileralile opposi- tion on the ]iart of strict church members to crnor's Circle, at .■> o'clock. Isaac Blackford, W. W. Wick. David Cox, \\'. \y. McCoy, ■Tolm S. Bobbs. 11. W. EUswortii. .lobn Livingston, S. D. 'i'omlinson. Thomas A. Mcn-ris, V. C. Ilaima, E. K. Foster. X. West. Jr."' Autobiography, p. 01. I no HISTOHYOF GHKAIKi; I \ 1 )|.\ \.\1'( d.lS. 491 dancing, and llicir action inHuenced many of il the young I'olk.s not to i^ngage in an amiisc- nieul they consitleri'd sinful. The advent, a year or two hiter, of the e\er-to-be remembered Professor Follan.-bee, nicknamed 'Do-se-do', who opened a dancing school in the dining- room of Browning"? Hotel, soon had a ten- dency to lessen the prejudice against tlancing. My.-elf and sister attended this school, with the full encouragement of our parents, who looked upon dancing as an innocent amuse- luent. At the first meeting of the class lots were drawn for piirliK i>. This allotment car- ried with it not only an assignment of a girl jiartner for the fir.-t dance of each evening, but a condition to acconi])any her to and from the dancing hall during the entire season. It fell to my lot to have a beautiful black-eyed girl as my ])arlner whose parents lived near t'ottontown, on what is now Sixteenth street, near the canal, her father being superintendent of the flour mill of Xatlianiel West, owner of the cotton mill in Cotton town. Many a night I had to go out there and escort her to the hotel, and then back again home, both of us walking all the way. Indianapolis was not then blessed with paved streets, and even grav- eled sidewalks were few and far between. Mud was plentiful wherever the pedestrian went, but as the fashion then was to change shoes for dancing pumps or slippers before dancing, it mattered but little if our shoes were muddy, ^[uch of our direct roadway being through woods, I preferred to take the tow-path of the canal for our pathway. We all enjoyed the sdiool, however, as 'Do-se-do' was a good fid- dler and it was a delight to follow in his footsteps. Some of the more expert girls, notably Cornelia Wood, (who afterwards mar- ried Robert L. Browning) and Fannie Brown- ing (afterwards Mrs. Taylor) learned the ■Highland Fling" and 'Fishei-"s llorn])ipe", which s|iecialties they danced to jierfection and wore made the features of the closing danci's."" Mr. Brown's mention of the name of this teacher probablv saves him from a pseudony- mous memory for nobody else remembered him l)y any name imt "•Old Dos-a-dos." Possibly this title became to some extent generic, for some of the earlv dancers sav it belonged to a i[onsieur de Granville, who came a little later. The first mention of anv dancing master that I have found in any of the newspajx'rs is of tins one. On April ■>■>. ISIS, the Locomotive announced that, "Monsieur de Granville, late of Cincinnati, will open his dancing-school on next Wednesday evening, in the room immedi- ately over Mr. Davidson's store, entrance on Illinois street.-"' This teacher, who was also a notable, took thought f(U- the modesty and bashfnlness of the uninitiated by having at the start separate chu-ses for ladies and gentle- men. The ladies" class met at :? o'clock in llie afternoon, and the gentlemen"s class at 8 o'clock in the evening, ami thus they were al- lowed to work off their primal awkwardness in some privacy. Tradition has it that the climax of the career of Professor Follansbce, the orig- inal "Dos-a-dos"' was reachetl in a grand ball on the night of I'ebruary -^il. 1844, at Brown- ing"s Hotel, at which Mr>. Browning and Mrs. Charles Stephens acted as chaperones. James Dunlap, who was decidedly clever in several lines of art, made a pen and ink sketch of this happy occasion, now in possession of Mrs. Dr. John F. Johnson, which is reproduced in the adjoining cut. The chaperones are repre- .<ented seated in chairs. The couples in the foreground, from left to right, are caricature jjortraits of (1) Isabella Ste|>hens (Jlrs. James liussell) and James Wiley; {'i) Ann Morrison (Mrs. John ilurphy) and Aaron Ohr; (3) ilary Stephens (Mrs. Dr. Johnson) and "Count" Smith; ifavia Peaslee (Mrs. John l-:iliott) and Peter :>[(\'aught. James Wiley was afterwards a captain in the navy; and "Count"" Smith — his name was Lloyd Smith — was the model of fashion of his day. the best dressed man in the place, and a great beau. .\s a ladv of the time informed me. "He was a good beau, too. He always knew just what to do on every occasion." His nickname was uni- versal, and he is often referred to in the Lurotnolirp simply as "tlie Count"". The Ste))h- ens family were acquisitions from New Har- mony, whither Charles Stephens, an Ohio edi- tor, hail giMie in the ])almy days of the Owen socialistic settlement; and left it after social- ism had worked its customary failure. It must not be imagined that tlie o]tposition to dancing died out rpiickly as the result of these earlv lessons, but the advocates of ilanc- ing attained a more reputable standing, and became more defiant. In IS.-il, a new dancing school being advertised, "[ncognito"" attacked it in a newspa)" r ennniiiniie.ilion. saving, "there 492 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. is no greater exhibition oi liuniau depravity than for children to l)e edueatcd in dancing." To this "R. J. B." promptly replied: "I would wager a dish of oysters that your correspondent is one of those who would sit by a fire all night, and ridicule his neighbors, or would go to a chimney corner party and play such as dig- ging wells, measuring tape, etc., or, as our Hoosier boys would plainly call it, 'Gum suck- ing', and I suppose would think he was acting jierfectly consistent and prudent." - M. de Granville taught the waltz, in its old, slow and stately form — th(! other round dances had not yet come in — but his most im- portant introduction was the plain quadrille, or as it was then called the cotillion — for the cotillion originally danced here had none of the variations, or the round dancing, tjiat mark the cotillion, or German, of the present. For some years "cotillion parties"' were all the rage, though in 1851 a dancing teacher name(l Taylor located here for a time and taught the polka and otlier round dances. And it should be added that M. de Granville was not without rivals, for in 1848, Mr. lloffnuin had a dancing class, and apparently quite a suc- cessful one, for on Saturday, December ;}0, the Locomotive said : "On last Friday evening the pupils of Mr. Hoffman had a jiublic dance at the Ray House, together with a large num- ber of ladies and gents not pupils. There were -■) cotillions on the floor at one time, and, as our corresi)ondent ^lax has lieautifully ex- pressed it, 'The young, the gay, the beautiful were there, engaged right merrily in chasing the glowing hours with flying feet'." After these there were casual dancing-mas- ters until 1860, when Ben Gresh and Edward Hines located here at about the same time Hines taught for several Aears, but Gresh — lie was sometimes called Benjamin, but liis real name was Beniville F. Gresh — held liis "academy" here for thirty vear.s and then went out to the Klondvke to seek his fortune. On his rettirn he «ought to reestablish his school, but with little success. Not long after Gresh and Hines, Athlick Smith anneared as a dani- inii niaster. and was quit<' ])opnlar for a num- })er of years. Fi'oni 1S71 to 1879 Julius E. Heywood conducted a Dancing .\cademy, bl- eated at different times on East ilarket street, Indiana avenue, Masonic Temple, and East New York street, which received mucli of the best patronage. In 188.3 David B. Brenneke came to Indianapolis, and he has had almost a monopoly of dancing-teaching since then. He had been teaching at Evansville, and came here by request to take a class that met at Dr. Allen's residence. •■ Tliere had l)een stipulation for 33 pupils in tlie class, but there were 52 at the first lesson. His popularity was soon established, and, m addition to ordinary teach- ing, he had a class of l(i young ladies at the Kappes Scliool, and later was a regular meml)er of the faculty of Mrs. Sewall's Classical School for Girls. He also had large classes at La- fayette, Terre Haute, and other points, and prospered so greatly that in 1895 he put up his dancing academy at North and Illinois streets, which is one of the best appointed l>uildings of the kind in the country. Aside from his merits as a teacher. Professor Brenneke's popularity has been due largely to the fact that he en- forced reason in dancing. Neither his own classes nor anyone to whom he rented his hall were allowed to dance after midnight. There was some protest at first from renters, but they were simply given tlie choice of going elsewhere, and very few of them went. Nor lias Professor Brenneke ever taught fancy dancing or stage dancing. His attention has been given exclusively to society or "liall-room" dancing. During all these years the custom of danc- ing was extending to all circles. It is said that ^lary Bnnigli was the first of the church girls to break away from church restraints in the matter of dancing. She was a daughter of John Brough, later "War Governor" of Ohio, who was here in the fifties as Superin- tendent of tlie old Bellefontaine Railroad. Her levity ap))arentlv called for unusual efforts for reform, for Rev. ilr. Cunningham of the First Presbyterian Church married her.* and she became a verv pro]ier minister's wife. P>nt the churches were verv slow to lose their re- straining influence, and there wa-s no exten- sive departure from the old customs until after tlie war. It was not till then that Mrs. Gen- eral Love convulsed the town — her correspou- 'I "Locomoiicc, Janiuii-v 11. IS.")!. ' Now Hugh ^FcGowan's — northeast conuT of Delaware and Tliirteenth street. *Locornoiive. Februarv 'i'l. 1S(1(I. TIISTOltV or (JKEATER TNOfAXAmLTS. 493 dent really could not keep it — l)_v writing from Europe, "I understand that the s are learning to dance, and that to ease their con- sciences they are using a nielodeon for music.'" In 1867 there was a meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Peace in the Homo at the residence of Gen. Benjamin Harrison. The meeting was composed of ^Irs. Harrison and .Mrs. Fred Baggs. both of whom had young daughters who wanted to learn to dance, and thought their mothers cruel to refuse them, 'riiere was nothing at all in the way except the Jlethodist and Presbyterian Churches. The mothers felt that the girls should be allowed to leam. in a |)rivate class : "Imt"', observed ilrs. Harrison, "1 don't know what to do. Ben would never allow an uugodlv fiddle in the house." "Well, I will have it at my house," responded the Methodist delegate; and so the services of Athlick Smith were secured and a private dancing class was inaugurated, very select and very quiet. Xo reports of its meetings ap- peared in the society columns of any of the city jiapers. The members were ilamie Baggs (Mrs. Jos. W. Beck), Mamie Harrison (Mrs. Robert ^fcKee). ^fezzie Harrison. Mary Lord (Mrs. ^fary Lord Harrison), Xancv Newcomer, and Hautie Tarkington (^Irs. Ovid B. Jame- son). The young gentlemen were John Kitchen, IJussell Harrison. Walter Bradsliaw and Oeorge Xcwcomer. The class proceeded liannoniouslv and happily, the only cloud being that s()n\c «( the voung men showed a tendency at tinii's to neglect their partners and seek more robust exercise in sliding down the bannisters. .V year or two later a private class was formed in the nortlicast end for the Jameson and Wallace youngsters, and from that tiriu- forward the movement spread quite rapidly. By the time of the nineties, with their Charity Balls, Assemblies, and the Kirmess. the young per- son who did not dance had attained something of the Napoleonic condition of "a sceptred her- mit, wrapped in the mantle of his o\m orig- inalitv." Cards were tabooed in Indianapolis nioi-al cir- cles. In fact in the earliest j)eriod cards were used hv men practically for gambling only, and were not played by respectable women at all. This was not due merelv to religious re- striction, but was a common moral sentiment. As late as 1843 the law of the state provided: "That if any person shall vend, or cause to b- vended, any |)laying cards, or any obscene book, pamphlet, or print, he .sliail on conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not less than one nor more than three dollars for every sucli pack of cards, book, pamphlet, or print vended."^ But this grailuailv wore off, and in the latter forties ''the fashionable set", of which the Drakes and the Brownings were lead- ers, used to jilay cards socially ; but it was shocking to a large part of the community, and it was a long time before church people would tolerate social card-playing. But the rising generation chafed under the restraint. During the war some genius invented a deck of cards in which the suits were swords, drums, flags and cannon, and the face cards generals, captains and goddesses of liberty, a combina- tion which it were almost treason to object to. Then came a flood of other card games, notably "authors", which was rc>eeived because it was so instructive. But the ingenious friv- olous soon found that they could play the sim- |)ler card games, like ''muggins"' and "old maid", with these, and another intrenehment was carried. In my own family, which was Methodist, we broke into real card-playing in the later sixties, until some preaclier would come along and tire a sermon at the practice; then father would burn the cards, and we would !iave a dry sjjell for a year or so. In reality it was the association with gambling that made card-plaving obnoxious, and it was only as jieople grew to know that there was no nwes- sarv connection between the two that it wore otf.' The theater, and with it almost all shows I'xeept animal shows in the early days, and |)anoramas later, were not approved. In llie territorial period the theater proper caused no concern, because there was none of a pro- fessional character. \ Thespian Club was or- ganized at Vinccnnes in 1814, and was ai>- parentlv received with general favor, though that may be partially due to the fact that the editor of the Sun was a member. It was re- vived in 181!) with still greater success, one of its star performers being the veteran actor, Sol Smith, who was then an ajiprentice at the Sun f.ffiee. There never appeared any such hos- tilitv to amat^Mir theatricals as to professional plays, and tlic occasional stniUiug players of Rev. Stats.. 1843. p. !)8r.. ■id4 iiisioKv OK (,i;ka'1'i:i: ixdiaxai'oi.is. lilt' earlier iwriod joined in with a TiiefipiiUi (.'lub whenever tliev had opportunity. From these condition.^ there is no mention of the theater in the early laws, but in 1824 the law provided that, "'Every person who shall ex- hibit any puppet-sliow, wire dancing or tumb- ling, for nK>iiey or reward, shall be fined three iloliai-s fur eaeh offense."" " This prohibition continued in etl'et't until 1831 when the law was changed to read that "any person who shall .<liow or exhibit any animal or animals, or other natural curiosity, or any waxwori< or other figures, or any feats in tumliling, rope or wire dancing, for gain, without being li- censed according to law, so to show or exhiljit, sliall )k> fined in any sum not exceeding twenty dollars.""' There was more attention given to circus in the early discussions than to the the- ater, because circuses were more common, were wholly professional, and were not instructive : wliile some defended the theater on the ground of education, .\mateur iierfonnances were not considered so olmoxious as professional, because one of the weightiest arguments against the latter was the character of the people patron- ized, it being assumed as axiomatic that all actors and actresses were disreputables. But another objection that had more weight was that the shows took so much money away. It was not merely the expending of the money, but talving it out of circulation locally that disturlied the entire business element; and in an isolated place like Indianapolis this was a really serious consideration. There was a de- cided sentiment in the forties for absolute re- fusal of license to circuses, whicli. however, did not reach the stage of action. There is a scathing article in the Locoinoiive of May 8. 1847, reviling the circus as the extreme of idi- ocy and folly, which closes with these words: "Such are the pleasures for which Christians, or Professors of Eeligion, abandoned a good, sensible and learned lecture, by a clergyman, which would cost nothing, and learn llirni miii-h. to spend $2,000, see fools, and learn nothing."' This appeared over the signature ■'Tiniothv Tugmutton"", which was the nom de plume of Berrv Sulgrove, and yet Berry was always a stalwart champion of the legitimate drama. But all the criticism of the circus seemed lo June no effect in diminishing t'ne attendance; on the contrary it appeared to serve as an advertisement. On one occasion .lames ^1. liay went to a circus with his boy, and was so stricken with remorse when he re- Hected on the character of the entertainment !hat on the following Sunday he went to the two Sunday Schools and publicly apologized i'or his folly. The only effect of his self-abase- ment was to cause the perverse lx)ys to charge i hat, having seen it himself, he was now trying to bar others from the privilege. One of the most delightful bits of local his- rory that has been handed down to us is Mrs. Betsey ^Fartin's account of her removal from Holiert's Chapel on account of attending a cir- cus. Her parents had been Episcopalians but there was no organized church here in the earlier days, and after her first marriage to Samuel Goldsberry she went with him to the Methodist Church. After his death, two or three years, she fell from grace, and here is her account of it : "Well, I went to a circus. I had never seen one, and when I got there I saw I had plenty of company from Robert"s Cliapel. In a few days after I was waited on by Brother Henry Tutewiler, my confessor,* and told that I had to promise I would not go to a circus again, nor let mv children go that were under my control, and to be .sorry, and [ don't know what all he said: and then he said if I did not comply to peaceably retire. I told him I would do neither. I told him when I called on the Methodist Church to su])- l>ort my children, it would be time enough for them to meddle. The next to come was old Brother Foudray, and T told him if they had treated me right I might have listened to them, but not for 'them, after all that ilr. Golds- lierry and myself had done for the church, to have the assurance to come into my house and dictate what I should do or leave the church. Cillett" came next. They didn't want to turn mc out for such a trifle, and the first offense in 18 years. I asked Brother Gillett if he wanted me to say I was sorry, and I told him 1 was not sorry. 1 told him I had belonged t<i the church IS years, and I had never in one instance acted the hypocrite; and he knew I never was much of a ^fethodist, only to serve Rev. Stats.. ls-.'t. p Laws of is:il. p. liU 148. *i. e., her class leader. "Rev. Samuel T. Gillett, the ]iastoi-. ]1IST(1|;V OF CKKATKi; I X lUAX APol.ls. 49.-. the t'liun-li. J i^iiid to him again: "Do \un want me to say I am sorry when 1 am not?" He huighi'tl a little and said he was sorry, but he did not want me to lie. I suppose that was it, but he didn't say so. I told them 1 ditl not want a letter, for I was not a Methodist, only lor eonvenienee; and the Episcopalian ehiireh would be glad to get me, and it would not recognize them as a church, and they are not. So they read me out 'witlidrawn". * * * The tithers that were at the circus were all sorry but myscll'. and if I hail tohl them I was sorry it wmihl lia\c I n all right, liut they found out I didn't care Inr a churcli that i> not a church, and .lohn Wesley would say -d it he were here. He lun'er intended an- other church. * * * The Methodists harped on John \\'eslev being a ^letliodist, and all that kind of trash. Well, to satisfy invsclt 1 went to the State Library and examined Wes- ley's Works, and he invariably told them, when they wanted to form another and separate church he would not be their servant, nor leave the old A])0st(dic Church. But they, after Wes- ley's death, set up for themselves, without a i-cgular ordained bisho]), so you see they are not John Wesley's people, but are secessionists; liut if they can do any good let them do it; but thev are no Apostolic church. The niggers are ahead of them, for they have the succes- sion in a regular ordained bishop : but sonu' peo]>le are so bigoted if they were to read in Weslev's life what 1 did thev would not be- lieve.'' Fashion has, perhajjs. most to do with the rluinge in such things. It is the great agency I'lr the overthrow of custom, for there is noth- ing that can withstand it. Even the "plain ili-ess"' of the Quaker has finally succumbed to its ])ower. Some thirty years ago I had the )ileasure of several chats with Mrs. Priscilla l>rake about earlv times in Indianapolis, and nothing she told nu' impressed me so mucli as licr account of how the fashionable set used lo play battledore and shuttlecock in the corri- dors of the old Governor's Mansion in tlie Cir- cle. It seemed so foreign. It had been so transient that it left no trace. But it meant simply that from the forties on there was al- ways a yot. or, gradually broadening with the vears, several «ets, thai were ready to take u)) any fashionable fad. Possibly the horse shows that wc had a few vears ago, or anvthing else that has not hinged with .American ideas and stuck as a custom, will seem as odd a genera- lion or two hence as the battledore and shut- tlecock visitation does now. But prior to tiie forties the people here were not so sensitive to outside inlluences. Few of them had eitlier the time or the money to be fashionable, and those who had, shrank from the odium of being con- .-idered "stuck up". And then the community was so isolated tliat one who went out into the world and came back with novel ideas was somewhat in the condition of the educated Indian returning to the reservation. Quite re- cently a gentleman who came here from an- other city uiulertook to send his boy to school in a carriage, but he .soon discontinued it, at the boy's request. The other young Indians would not stand for it. The easiest way out, and the most rational, was to conform ito the custom of the country, and be with the crowd. But, to return to the early social divi- sions, the church element soon began to split on the lines of dignity and frivolity, and per- haps the line was best indicated by those who ])layed kissing games and those who did not. The latter class w'as small indeed at first, but it grew, like Mr. Finney's turnip, until we have reached an era when kissing games are frowned on even in children's parties. No doubt the changed views of matrimony liave had much to do with it. In the early jieriod marriage was recognized not only as hoiiora and right in all men, but also as a consumma- lion devoutly to be wished for, and there was not so much shying away from the subject of "sensibility" as there is nowadays. And the games ke])t this object in view. One of the oldest and most popular of these games was "Sister I'hoebe". which had numerous varia- tions, but is best rcmcnib(>red here in this form: "0 I dear Sister I'hoebe how happy were we. The night we sat under the juniper tree: We put on nni- night-caps to keep our heads warm, And two or three kisses, tliey did us no iiarni. Thev did us lu) harm, heigh IkiI 1 am a poor widow a marching around, .\nd all of mv daughters are married but one: So rise up my daughter and kiss wlmni you please, .\nd kiss whom you please, heigh hoi" 496 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOIJS. Scarcely less popular, and perhaps more cir.:- vivial was : "Come Philanders, let's be a niarching. Every one his true love a searching." These were common in almost every part of the country, and so were almost all of these games, though with some local changes in the words. Thus "Threading the Needle is recalled here thus: "Tliis needle's eye That you pass by Was made for to go through. And many a lass Have I let pass. But now 1 have caught you. And "Quebec" has its little variation: "We are marching onward to Quebec, And the drums are loudly beating; The Americans are gaining the day. And the British are retreating. "The wars are o'er and we turn back, To the place from whence we started. We'll open the ring, and choose another in To relieve the broken-hearted." A very interesting game given me by ^Irs. Kellogg, daughter of Nathaniel Cox. one of the earliest settlers here, is the following varia- tion of the game of "Marriage", which was played in Puritan New England more than a century ago : "Here comes my true love, and how do you do. And how have yoxi fared since last T saw you. Come my dear partner, and give me your hand ; I want me a wife and you want you a man; So married we will be. if we two can agree. And we'll journey on to Scotland, and ever happy be." Then comes a sort of anthem for the wedding ceremony : "Tf you want a kind companion To insure the cares of life, I'd advise vou for to marry. Therefore rise and choose a wife." And finally the triumphal refrain: "Now yoiv're married, joined in wedlock, Love her as you do your life. Hug her, kiss her, promise to protect her. Long as she remains your wife.'' And then there were' the forfeit games that introduced an element of humor, in which the sorrows of the condemned were alleviated by the pleasures of '"measuring tape'', "digging a well", "building a bridge", and the rest. But there were those who objected to such levity, and it does seem a trifle undignified to the present generation, but we should remember that this generation was shut off from most of the social am.usements to which we resort with no compunctions of conscience. I once asked an old lady of the stricter class what they did for amusement, and she answered: "\\'liy we talked ; and we had a good time, too. -V girl that was bright enough to carry on a conversation always had plenty of attention." No doubt; and this is still true; but conversa- tion as a steady diet is liable to pall on one's taste, and some of it must have been rather solemn. There is a local tradition of a very dignified beau who used to enter a parlor, ad- just himself in a chair; assume the upright position of a member of the order; and begin. "Tjet us converse." And then he would cut loose with edifving discussions. Of course that <ort of thing tends to intellectuality. It calls for some effort to lay in topics of conversa- tion, and to have something rational to say on them when one is making a habit of societv. But it cannot be called restful, and it is ob- viously a more trying thing at a function, where vou must talk to dozens of people, than in a limited company of those with whom you have much in common. There are very naturally manv intelligent people who have a lurking svmpathy with that character of Gelett Bur- gess's, who remarks : "There is nothing in Five O'clock Tea. To appeal to a person like me. Polite conversation Evokes the elation .\ cow might enjoy in a tree." And so there was naturallv a tcndencv nwav from this strictest forin of social life. One HISTORY OF (UiKATKi; IXDIAXArOUS. 49; «■* a Q O B Z < w '^ I a ■= J IS ^ B. ^-/ « ? Oh 4!J8 HISTORY OF GREATEE IXDIAXAPOLIS. line of relief was found in music, not indeed of the Jiighest order, but it would not have been amusement if it had been, for that sort of music means work. Tlie singing school was instituted at tlie beginning, in the old log school house at Kentucky avenue and Wash- ington street, and was kept up under various auspices for many years. It was devoted largely to church music, but it was a recog- nized amusement as it has been everywhere in the country. The principal secular music was rounds, or catches, among which "Scotland's burning"", and "Three Blind Mice" were not- able favorites. It is surprising that, with the start they have had on church music, the American people do not sing more than they do. ^lost of them enjoy it, and will join in a song at a religious or political meeting with pleasui-e. if they have any conception of the air or the words, and yet social singing, for entertainment is comparatively rare. When they asst'udile for a musical entertainment it is for tlie purpose of hearing one or more persons sing at a mark. Outside of colleges, jovial chorus singing is a rarity. Possibly the reason of it is that in our intellectual de- veloimient "guying" has been developed to an abnormal extent, and consequently the average American hesitates to undertake anything un- less he thinks lie can escape sarcastic comment ; and tliat is a high standard for we have num- bers of liright .\mericans who, if they ever get to heaven, and hear the angels will assert that they "flatted terribly"', if not something more unkind. But there \va>^ quite a litllc music of a so- cial cliaracter in Indianapolis, in the small sets, for music was always taught in tlie schools, and individuals here and there gained amateur acquaintance with various instruments. "Mrs. Tlios. Elliott CMaria Peaslee) informs me tliat at the beginning of tlie fifties music was i|uitt' a social feature. Among others Dr. Rdbert Mcriure played the guitar. John and James l~)iiiilap tlie violin, George Hunt (tlie dentist) the banjo, and Washinirton Pc-aslcr tlie comet. Several of tlie youns; ladies plaved the piano, and iiearlv evervbodv joined in s'liKing such popular songs as "Ben Bolt", "The Pirate's Serenade". ".\ Life on the Ocean Wave". "Lilv Dale"". "Old Dan Tucker"'. "Rocked in the Cradle of the Drop"", and Mv-;, Boltoi,"< "Pad- dle "^'onr Own Canoe'". Ami llicrr were other dixersious. The church social and the church supper came into popularity. The ehuTch fair sprang up, and notwithstanding the croaking of the unregenerate at the lottery features of the "grab bag"', and "Rebekah at the Well"" it lias persisted and grown to this day. And then there were a number of games that were con- ceded to be innocuous. All sorts of guessing games were popular, but most of all "charade?"", which in addition to their intrinsic merit liad the attraction of English fashion. The most notable blow at the old liarriers came in with Governor Wright's receptions. Governor Whitcomb undertook to entertain with quite elaborate refreshments, which were furnished by Parisette, the popular confec- tioner and caterer of the period, and in conse- quence his guests were invited, and rather limited. This caused criticism among the alisentees : and Governor Wright, who was strong on Democratic principles and agricul- ture, substituted a series of public receptions, to which a general invitation was extended. 'Hie Goveraor's House — the one in which all the governors lived for over twenty years — oc- cupied the eastern part of the present south end of the car sheds of the Traction and Ter- minal Station. The main entrance was from ^farket street to a hall on the east side of the house, and on the left were the double parlors, connecting with the hall at side and rear. .\t the back of the hall, behind the stair- case stood a table laden with red apples, to which the guests helped themselves, on the cafeteria basis. Here it was that "the prome- nade"' came into existence. Society grew weary of conversation seated or standing. It sought relief in motion. A couple st.arted on a prog- ress through the rooms, back through the hall, and through the rooms again. Others fell in, and soon a veritable procession would be circling around. It was a great invention. It had all the display capabilities of a refined cake-walk, and was a delightfully wicked a|i- proach to a grand march. The promenade came to stay for a long time, and indeed traces of it may be noted in many gatherings of the present. Tlie Civil War was a great social amalga- mator. Governor ^forton enlisted societv to help care for the soldier, and the Sanitarv Fair became the social feature of tlie iieriod. \'\'lien Oovernor ^forton m-nle lii-: appeal ""T i -« i IS! « ii I E » •i J g liisruiiv uF c;i;i:.\ti:r ]XDiAy.\i'OT.T,> 4!)!) ilie Patridtir Women of Indiana", on October 10. lS(il, liL' n>kod only for donations of sur- plus blankets, woolen shirts, drawers, gloves and socks, and that the women then undertake 'i'.e manufacture of more. He said: "The sew- ing societies of our churches have a wide ticld for exertion, wider and grander than thev will ever find again. Will they not give their associations for a time to this beneficent ob- ject? The niunerons female benevolent so- cieties, by giving their energies and organiza- tions to this work, can speedily provide the necessary supply. 'Let women through the country, who have no opportunity to .join such as-iociations. ennilato each other in their laljors. ai<(l see wlio shall ilo most for their country and its defenders in this hour of trial." Tliere was no need of a second appeal to the women whose sons, brothers and sweethearts had gone to the front. The response was so ])rompt and so liberal that before the winter was over notice was given that tlx' sup])ly was sullicient."' But the demand continued and broadened to cover medicines anil delicacies for the sick and wounded, and to i)rovide for the families of soldiers. The ex])erience of the women with church fairs had taught them that the most etl'ective way to accom])lish results was to pi-o- vide some sort of entertainment for tlie men. and coax the needed funds from them. Ami so the sanitary fair was evolved. Says Ter- rell: "One ])rolific source of the supply of money as well as of goods, was the 'fairs', which, for the last two years of the war, con- stituted a feature of social life that a stranger juight have easily mistaken for a fixed na- tional habit. Xeighborhood fairs, county fairs, state fairs, were constantly soliciting ])ublic attention in one quarter or another of the wlude country, and nowhere more generally or successfully than in Indiana. It is true we had no gigantic displays like those of Chicago or Philadelphia, for we were working only in a humble way, and depending solely upon our- selves : but the aggregate results make as creditable a showing as anv state can boast. * * * The State Sanitary Fair held at In- dianapolis, in the fall of 18(33, at the time of the State .Vgricidtuial Fair, was eminently '" Terrell's I'epoi't. Imliiniii in the llv/c, Yol. 1. p. 310. successful. The ])roceeds amounted to about forty thousand dollars." " This first fair at Indianapolis, called at the time the "Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Festival" was held November 18-2.3, 1863. at the Skating ]?ink. and was the great social event of the winter, though no social lines were dra\ni. Women who had never met socially found them- selves shoulder to shoulder in a common cause. They found that when it came to working the men "the Eternal Feminine'" ran through all of them. Staid church matrons found among fri\olous society women some of the most etfi- cient workers, and the society women found that their sisters were not at all slow. There had been numerous donations to the fair, of all sorts of articles, and every one of them was rattled olf, the prize list being almost as long as that of the Louisiana Tjottery. Moreover there Avere charades, and tableaux vivants, and other attractions of a near-theater character. Li 18fi4 the mix-up was much more strik- ing, for the opening attraction of the fair was an address by Bishop Ames, and the clos- ing one. on October 7, was a fancy dress ball. In the notice of the ball it is explained at some length that an erroneous impression has got out that it is to be a masque ball, but that in fact nobody in masque will be admitted. Moreover, in the course of the year an ama- teur dramatic association had been formed, with Mr. ?]dwin A. Davis, editor of the /i'<- viM'd Sliilutcs nf 1S70. at its head, and it contributed to the entertainments of the fair during the week, the plays "Money"', "The Serious Family", "Used Tji". "Box and Cox". and "The Limerick Boy", .\iniing the char- acters that attracted special commi'Tidation were ifr. Davis, as "Aniiiiadab". Mrs. Fred Baggs as "Lady Sowerliy Creamly", and ^[r. and Mrs. John S. Tarkington (parents of Booth Tarkington) as "^fr. and Mrs. Torrens" in "The Serious Family"; Professor Wheeler as "Sir Charles Coldstream", and Cai)taiu Hill as "Ironbrace" in "Fsed Up": Oscar Stone as "Stout" in "Money"; and Ezekiel McDon- ald a< "Paddy Afiles' Boy". Later additions to the club were Afajor Thatcher, Coleman P.. ("Tad") Patterson,' W. H. McCurdy. .Tohn Pomeroy, Austin H. Brown, ^frs. .\bby (^a<ly. Mrs. Stephenson and Mrs. Houston. 'fiKtidi Ihr W'lr. Vol. 1. 326. n 500 HIST()i;V OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOUS. In 1865 tlif fsociety came ou again with "Still Waters Run Deep" and some smaller ef- forts, and the fame of the performers spread abroad to such an extent that they were in- vited to Terre Haute, to give a performance there. Of course all this did not go on with- out attracting some notice in church circles, and one incident connected with it is notable as illustrating the changing sentiment of the time. ;Mrs. Fred Baggs, who had attracted at- tention by her histrionic abilitj', was a promi- nent member of Roberts Chapel, and two or three of the older ladies of the church who were not reconciled to such "goings on" thought she ought to be brought before the official board, and persuaded one of the members to bring the matter up. It is probable that no proposal for discipline ever caused more con- sternation in an Indianapolis church board. The members were all ao£;ressive Union men, who felt that it was hardly possible to do too much for the soldiers and their families, and, moreovei-. Sister Baggs ;\-as too earnest and effective a factor in church and Sunday School work to be lightly assailed. There was some discussion of the matter, in a spirit of disap- probation, nnd then Jlr. Baggs, who was a member of the honrd, arose and asked to be heard. He quietly took the full responsibility upon himself, saying that his wife had takeii no step without con.«ulting him, and thiit he had told her, if she could do anything to hdn the soldiers and their families, to go ahead. If the brethren felt that he had done wrong, his resignation as a class leader and m mem- ber of the board was at their command. Then John W. Ray. who had been restraining liim- self with difficulty, arose and stated that he thought such a proposal a disgrace to the church, and moved that all mention of it lie eliminated from the board minutes, which was duly done. .'\nd there the matter ended. Tlie dramatical entertainments went on. and in fair week. 1868, "The Drummer Bov of Shiloh" was given, for the benefit of soldiers' widows and orphans, by "two hundred ladies and gentlemen of Indianapolis". And thereby hangs a tale. In the winter of lS.")8-0. the new ^fetropolifan Tlieater was not doing very much business, owing chiefly to the hostile at- titude of the churches towards theaters, al- thousrh it had some high grade attractions — Haekett, the Florenc.es, Adah Isaacs "Nrenken, Matilda Heron, and others. At the same time the Widows and Orphans Society got short of funds. Mr. Sherlock, the manager of the thea- ter, was struck with the happy thought of ten- dering a benefit to the society, and did so. The society considered the matter; consulted with its brothers, and its cousins, and its un- cles; and then published a card declining the offer on the ground that it "could not accept money from such sources". The Journal, be- ing on a low moral plane, was reckless enough to criticise this position in an editorial leader. Then Rev. George P. Tindall took up cudgels for the society in a lengthy communication, and the Journal undertook to demonstrate that the Reverend George did not know what he was talking about. But Tindall belonged to the ehurch militant, and was not to be intimi- dated. On January 2T, 1859, he fired a ser- mon at the theater that set the whole town to talking. One of the actors replied to this from the stage, and then the entire church popti- lation mixed in. On February 6, Mr. Tindall repeated his sermon, by invitation, at Wesley Chapel, Methodist church; and on February Vl the Locomotive published it in full, at the re- quest of several citizens, at the same time charitably charging that the Journal and the Sentinel, which had sided with its political foe in this matter, were subsidized by the theat- rical octopus. By this time the situation was getting so warm that the yellow press sub- sided, and left Tindall and the society in pos- session of the field. Ten years later, when The Drummer Boy of Shiloh was put on the boards, the night of October 1 was set aside for a special benefit to the Orphan Asylum ; and Widows and Or- phans Society accepted the proceeds without a murmur. On October 7. in its notice of the last performance of the play, the Journal. which had evidently been nursing its wrath all these years, stated that "curiosity has trittmphed over prejudice so far in this city that each night large and brilliant audiences have assembled v.ithin the rink to patronize a noble charity". In fact Berry Sulgrove never got over the affair, and in his history he refers to it twice, with scorn and contempt breathing from his words.'- While all iliis was gniuij on at honn". manv ^"Jfiyl. / luliiuiiipdlis. ]ip. 01. "^liO. HISTOKY OF GEEATKi; 1 NIII AXAI'ol.IS. 501 nl the church boys were learuiug to phiy car(l> 111 the army — happy those who learned noth- ing worse! And tlicy were learning that card- playing did not necessarily involve gambling. 'I'herc were, of course, abundant opportunities r gambling if one had any desire for it, and icy were not restricted to cards. Comrade Harry Adams relates an instructive legend of III' of the boys who started a chuck-a-luck imc while his regiment was at New Orleans. I or counters he used a bo.\ of buttons, ]iur- . based of a cheap-clothing man wlio solemnly assured him that there were no other buttons like them in the city. But one day one of the players held out a button, and succeeded 111 matching it: whereupon he invested in a I" IX. and at the first opportunity ran them in "11 the unsusjK'cting chuck-a-luck man. The \i>tim noticed nothing imusual until he closed IS game and undertook to ])ut away the but- 'iis in the original box, in which he ke[)t them. With bulging eyes he viewed the pile nf buttons around the overflowing box, and then in astonisliment and despair ejaculated. "Mv Crod I llow that box have shrank!" Tuquestionably the candid historian of 1870, lixiking back over the past decade, would have ui admit that Satan had made some very se- ri'>us breaches in the old church barriers. And \rt it is not apparent that the church was at all damaged, for these were theological rather I ban religious barriers, and from the viewpoint I'i this age the church in the last century gave undue attention to theology, notwithstanding its many unquestionable virtues. Every sect "rnt about with a tbeoloffical chip on its shoul- der, and the jneserved sermons and other ]iuli- lications give one tlie impression that a large amount of the satisfaction of religion was found in the theological Donnybrook. And the most singular feature of it all was that no- body seemed to realize that practically all of ibcsc controverted theological positions were • ■ased not on e\i)ress teachings of the scriptures I'ut on human deductions from them, and espe- ially on deductions from the writings of Paul. in which", as good old St. Peter himself said, "are .some things hard to be understood, which thi'y that are unlearned and unstable wrest, a" tbi-y do also the other Scrii)tures, unto their own destruction", 'i'lie last century ]ireacbi'r. )il<c Hiuliliras, "Was iu logic quite a critic. Profoundly skilled in analytic; He could distinguish and divide A hair twixt Xorth and Xorthwest side." And yet, trained logicians as they were, no- body grasped the evident fact that'everv dog- matic theological position that is based on de- duction involves the implied absurd premise that the finite mind can fathom the inlinite. A popular old time formula for demonstrating the supremacy of logic was the proposition tliat "(Jod, himself, could not make two hills with- out a valley between them". But in reality the world is full of disproof of this statement, con- clusive as it may seem. There is no valley be- tween Bunker Hill and the Mount of oiives. There is no valley between hills rising from a common plain, like the buttes of the Bad Lands. And we may indulge the presumption that almighty wisdom and power might find other modes of (lecompli.shing this allegetl im- possibility. To illustrate the old church sit- uation the command, "Thou shalt not steal", is express and plain. There was never any sw- tarian controversy about it. nor even any indi- vidual difference of opinion, though it ha.s l)een charged in more recent times that ministers of wealthy congregations have sought to ajiolo- gize for some of the refined modern methoils of larceny. Ivpuilly explicit is the promise. "He that iielieveth and is baptized shall be saved", and all sects admit it; but when you pass to the time and exact mode of baptism you find all shades of creedal position, ba.sed on deduction, from the Quaker doctrine that, water-baptism is not essential at all to the hundred and one specifications of the proper form for the sacrament. It is |)erfcctly .'^afe to say that in the last century there was ten times as much discussion of the mode of bap- tism as there was of the sinfulness of steal- ing. For his timi\ 1 presinne there was no evan- gelical preacher who had more of what is Tailed liberalitv than Henry Ward Bi<echer; but it is a far cry from his "t^ectures te> Young :^ren". delivered" in this city in 1844. to the common church sentiment of today as to annisi^ ments. For theater-going his denunciation was as unsparing as of gambling, and dishonesty, thoufrh he maintained that Shakespeare was not so impure as Bulwer. Of dancing he said 502 lIISTUUr OF GIJEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. nothing except an incidental coiulciiuiation of Ijroniit^cuous pul)lic ballr:^. L'ai'(l-[)laying was rel'erred to only as an introduction to ganiDlmg, and in these words: "It begins thus: I'eepiug into a bookstoi-e, he watches till the sober customers go out ; then slijis in^ and with as- sumed boldness, not concealing his shame, he asks for cards, buys them, and hastens out. 'J'he first game is. to jiay for the cards. After the relish of playing for a stake, no game can satisfy tiiem without a stake.'" Just imagine anyone buying a deck of cards in tliat style toda}'. There arc two recent expressions of senti- ment that arc noteworthy. In the spring of lilOS the question of teaching dancing in the public schools was brought before the Protest- ant .Ministers .\ssociat'on of Indianapolis. A c(ninnittce was appointed to investigate, and on .lune 1, 1908. it reported that the polka, wait/, and other dancing steps were being taught as a part of the physical training, btit the boys and gii-ls were taught separately, the boys by a nuile instructor and the girls by a female. On these facts tliey reported this conclusion : ''We believe that the object aimed at by the physical culture teaching and training in our schools is the development of otir boys and girls into strong, graceful and healthy young men and women, and with this purpose we are in fullest accord. We are likewise in entire agreement wdth the .school authorities in the belief that Indianapolis deserves and must have the very best system possible to bring about this desired end, but we caution and urge those in charge of the work to see to it that they do not either by direct teaching or by simple suggestion create in the mind of the child a desire that can find satisfaction only in the ballroom." This was comjiarativcly easy, and was adopt- ed without serious opposition, btit one brother \vas not satisfied as to the high school gather- ings, at which the boys and girls danced to- gether, and which, by the way, they had been doing for a number of vears without attracting any comment. He offered this resolution: ''Be- lieving that the modern dance is a subtle foe to the highest and best development of our young people during the formative years of adolescence, we hereby express our conviction that dancing should not be permitted at the .social functions of our high schools." This presented a miu-h more ])erplexing ])rohlem, but after discussion the resolution was lost by the narrow margin of a vote of '2i to 22. i'mm a purely liistorical point of view, it is hardly i|uesti(inaljle that similar action by a similar body, sixty years ago, would have caused a lunnber of ministers to be requested to listeu f<u- a call to some other locality. The second incident was the presentation of the matter of the introduction of billiard and pool tables in the new Y. M. C. A. building wiiieh came up on February Vv^, liiO'i, at the '.Methodist .Minis- ters Association. After a brief discussion, a resolution was adopted by an almost unani- mous vote, "that it is the sense of this meeting that we as ilethodist ministei-s heartily ap- prove of the action of the Y. il. C. A. in seek- ing to bring to young men healthf\il and sane lecreation"'. It is noteworthy that while there have been concessions in social customs from the church side, there have been others of really greater importance from the other side. One of the most striking of these is the social use of in- toxicating li(|Uors. In 1883. llev. Thomas A. (ioodwin wi'ote, and without exaggeration, "Fifty years ago social drinking was common; today there is but little of it. The sideboard of the rich is not decorated with cut-glass de- canters, and the cupboard of the poor does not contain the jug or big-bellied bottle of fifty vears ago ; and the mert'hanfs counting-room has no barrel on tap for the gratuitous use of customers. Fifty years ago members of churches drank as others drank, and preachers drank also : and drunken lawyers, and drunken doctors, and drunken school-teachers abounded, and drunken preachers were not wholly want- ing. Fifty years ago good men engaged in the traffic, lint all this is changed."'^ And it is a fact that athei.sm and other forms of hos- tility to Christianity have last much of the aggressiveness and respectability that they bad fifty years ago. They have been wrecked on American common sense, which says to the free- thinker, "Suppose vou are right. Sujipose Christianity is a mere delusion. What ditl'cr- ence does it make to you? It is doing no harm. and it is causing thousands of people to lie- come better citizens. It is lessening crime and; wrong-doing of every kind. Y'ou profess to ^"Srrri/ti/-s;ir Years' Tussle irilh Ike Trnf- jir. p. ;u. iii.^i"oi;v OF GRKA'iKi; in;di.\\.\1'oi,is. .-.(K! belk've ill frut' thought. Why then do you coin- bat the belief of others when that belief is not hiu-iiiful?'" And so aggressive free-thought is not popular — it is not considered good form in polite society. Even the brilliant eloquence of Bob Tiigersoll was elfective only to give it a brief teiiipiirary standing. Free thought still exists, in alnuulanee, but it is far more tolerant than it was. Even our free-thinking Uernians have very little of tiie aggressive characteristics of their fathers. The evident fact is that we have been amal- gamating socially and morally as we have i-a- cially; and as communities and nations have alwavs done from the beginning. We have been rubbing the rongh corners oft' each other, and bori-owing some characteristics one of an- other. And in the matter of social amusements the tendency has been steadily towards the standard set by St. Paul concerning meat sac- rificed to idols. It is a waste of time to hunt up excuses for amusements. People do not dance or play l)illiards for exercise; they do not play cards or go to the theater for instruc- tion, thev do these things for recreation, and the desire for recreation is just as firmly im- planted in mankind by the power that made us as any other passion. It characterizes all the higher animals, and it is not confined to lambs and colts. You may sec an old, spavined, wind-broken hoi-se prance about and kick up his heels in a ])eriod of temporary good-feeling. It is iiseless to attem])t to persuade or compel mankind to abandon what is natural. The ut- most that can be done is to restrict natural propensities to rational and liarmless liounds. .Vnd are the changes that have come in these matters here beneficial or detrimental? As to that von are confronted by these considerations: If you do not believe in Divine guidance in worldly affairs, to say that the change is not beneficial is to say that our civilization is a failure. If you do believe in Divine guidance, to say that the change is not beneficial is to question the success of the Almighty in attain- ing His pur])0.scs. And whatever your belief,- vou may rejoice in the growing realization that "nobody is obliged to solve all the mysteries of the Divine plan, or to lay down with specific exactness the lines on which individual souls will be saved or lost. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE LITERAKY ATMOSPHERE. The muses must have lurked in the forest where Indianapolis now stands, for the tendency to poetiy as well as prose composi- tion was manifest from the first. At the first election, in 1822, not only did Morris ]\rorris issue a "pamphlet" or hand bill, but his op- jjonent for County Clerk, James M. Ray, was the ob.ject of a poetic eulog-y including the lines — "Full many a Jem of purest Ray serene The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. "^ Prom that time on there were occasional orisinal contributions in the newspapers, and occasionally somethin<i' like Dr. Cool's ode to Dr. Coe, which did not get into the news- papers. These efforts were seldom classic, and in the earlier period reached their high- est point in "The Hoosier's Nest," by John Finley, of Richmond, which appeared as the New Years Address of the JnuDial, in 1833. It has been supposed that this was the fii'st use of the word "Hoosier" in print, but it occui-s in the "carrier's address" of the Democrat .iust one year earlier, where, in ad- vising the legislature as to its attitude towards Congress, it says : "In favor much of lai-ge donations Ask for our hoosiei's' good jilantatidus. Urging each scheme of graduation As justice to the cominon nation." - But by this time Indianapolis had acquired a resident poetess. Nathaniel Bolton, who had been associated with (ieorge Smith on the ^News, May 10. 24, 1879. ^Democrat. January 3, 1832. Gazette, the first paper of the new town, haa met at JMadison, Sarah T. Barrett, a young girl who was attracting more than lucal no- tice by her poems. She was of New Jersey and Pennsylvania parents who came west and located on a farm near Vernon, when she was a small child. Later her father moved to Madison, to give his children some education. Sarah was already proficient in the ails of frontier housewifery, and she rapidly mas- tered the learning of the schools. From the age of fourteen she was composing almost continuously. On October 15, 1831, she mar- ried ^Ir. Bolton and they located at Indian- apolis, living first for two years at their Mt. Jackson farm, where the Insane Hospital is now, and then for three years in town, where ]\Ir. Bolton edited the D< mocrat. In 1836, having met financial reverses, they returned to the farm and opened a tavern, where for nine years they labored to better their circumstances and save tlieir farm. Mrs. Bolton during this time was usually "her own housekeeper, chambei'-maid and cook, besides superintending a dairy of ten cows, caring for the milk, and making large quantities of butter and cheese for the market." But little things like these did not sour her disposition, or interfei-e -with her social and literary life. Vivacious and aft'ahli\ she was known to her intinmtes as "Tittle." which was her middle name: and she was always a social magnet. The Bolton tavern became the great resort for parties of young people from the town, and there were always parties triven there for the members of the Oeneral Assembly during its sessions. Nor did the Boltons miss any of the town functions. If the weather was bad she would come in to the i-esidence of Nathaniel Cox, and there don her party fin(M'y. Society 504 HISTORY OF OREA'I'Ki; I N DlA.NAl'ol.ls. 505 then was largely on an inti'llrctiial basis, aini she won the respeet and friendship of most of (he jiroiiiinent men of the state. In fact, it was a.s mueh due to her as her husband tliat he was eleeted State Librai'iaii by the legis- lature of ISiil over -lohii H. Dillon— in the election two votes were cast for her. The office was of no material financial value, hav- ing a small salary and no perquisites but work, as the librai-iau wa.s custodian of tli'- '•ai)itol. ^Irs. Bolton helpetl in all depart- ments of the new office; iind it fell to her 1o si'w the cai'jx'ts for the Hou.se and Senate chambei's when they were retitted in 1851 for the assend)ly of tlie governors of the western states, on invitation of Gov. Wright. It was during the week or nioi-e of this sewing that she composed ""rMdille Your Own C'anoe."' which was set to music and was for some years a veiy jiopular song. ^Irs. Bolton's intei'csts were not merelx' domestic, social and literary. She took an in- telligent ]iart in polities as well. She was a Democrat, and maintain(>d her faith in both prose and vensc; but she laboi'cd for reforms as well as i)arty victory. Robert Dale Owen gets the credit for Indiana's early legislation for the separate property rights of women, and deserves much of it : but Jli-s. Bolton, while he was making the notable tight in the constitutional convention of 1851, was "writ- ing articles setting forth the grievances re- sulting from woman's status, as under the i-onniion law. and the necessity of reform; and scattering these articles through the newspa- l)ers .over the state to make public o|)inion."' The fight did not win in the convention, but it did latrr in the legislature. The women first showed their spirit in this cause, by pre- senting Ml'. Owen a silver pitcher, on May 28. 1851, through an organized movement of which Mrs. Bolton and ^Irs. Briseilla Drake were the movinii spii'its.' It was just at this time that the "Bloomer"' costume was at- tracting the I'idicule of the country, and even rational recognition of women's I'ights fell undei- the Lreneral condemnation, but the fight went on. 1 have before nie a letter of Robert Dale Owen to Mrs. Bolton, of July 6. 1851. in which, referring to this matter, he says: "It must be confessed that the whole atVair has been eminen'tly successful, and i)romises to leave behind it important results. To whom the ci-edit is due of effecting these I, at least, know, if the public does not. I think it will always be a pleasant refiection to you that by dint of perseverance through many obstacles, you have so efficiently contributed to the good cause of the pro|)ert.v i-ights of your sex.""' Indianapolis was always fortunate in its women of intellect and high character who wielded an infiuence for its uplift, and nat- urally there were some of especial prominence. Contemporaiy with Mre. Bolton and Mrs. Drake— who was a notably intellectual woman — was Mrs. Zerelda (i. W.dlace. She was one of "the beautifid Sanders girls"— the five daughters of Dr. John H. Sanders, who came here from Kentucky in 1829 and was one of the leading physicians of the place. He built the hou.se at ]\Iarket and Illinois streets that was later purchased by the state and wjis for .vears the residence of the governors. Zerelda, the eldest, at the age of nineteen, became the second wife of Oov. David Wallace, on De- cend)er 26, 18:^(). The othei-s became Mrs. ^IcCrea, of New Oi-leans; Mrs. Kobei-t B. Duncan. Mrs. David S. Beatty. and the youngest the wife of Dr. Richard J. (Jailing, inventor of the (iatling gun. Mi-s. Wallace was a thoroughly domestic wonum. devoted to her family, as testified by her step-son, Oen. Lew Wallace." but her (jomesticity extended to intelli'ctual affairs, and she joined its critic and student in the labors of her husbaiul and the education of the childi'cn.' She took an interest in iiolilics when yotuig. but did not participate publicly until pa.st three-score, when .she became noted as a teniperanc<' .speaker, and still later, on account of woman's lack of infiuence for tempi'rance. a champion of wonuui's sutVraire. My father told me that the strongest temi)erance speech he ever heard was in the nature of a sermon, bv Mrs. Wallace, on the moral responsibility ■''Mrs. Bolton's letter, in Woollen's Bio;/. mid irist. W,c/c//rN, p. 2'l(;. * The speeches are in f\dl in the Srnlintl. 'Sluv -MK Mmv :!1. June 3, 1851. ''This letter is owned by .Mrs. Chapin C. Foster. As to ]Mrs. Bolton see Jounuil, Feb- ruary 22, 1880. '^ Atiiohiofji-'iiilni. Vol. 1, p. 46. 'Jouniiil.'yhxy 17. 1884. "lOi; iiis'i'oin' oi-' (;i;ka'1'ki!. ixiuaxai'oi.is. i^ of the foiiiiiiiiiiity f(ir the lieeiise system, in which she took for a text Exodns 21, 2S and 29: "If an ox s'oi'e a man oi' a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be sui-ely stoned, and his flesh shall not be eaten; but the owii- ei- of the ox shall be quit. But if the i!.\ were wont to push with his hoi'u in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman : the ox shall be stoned, and his owner also shall be put to death." In the period sinee the wai- the intellectual intliienee of woman lias bi*en largelv exercised in a memorial volume that liears its own testimony to her ability. Mrs. Sewall was put in various otifiees of honor and trust, reaching' finally the international stage. She was president of the National Council of Women from 1801 to 1S99, and president of the Intei-national Council of AVomen from 1899 to 1904, besides representing- the p}Y- ernment at several foreign expositions and i-oneresses. Although not at all similar. Imtli wi'i-e charming socially, and both left a last- ing impress on Indianapolis. It may be added that Mrs. Sewall edit(Ml the "women's page" r{ Till Siiiiilm/ Tinns while that paper ex- THE PROPYLAEUM. through the numerous literary clubs. The fii-st of these was the Hesperian, which prob- ably attracted public notice most because it made an excursion to Mammoth Cave, and the member delegated as historian of the event wrote that it was "a very remarkable curiosity, but badly out of repair." But the club life g-ot past such crudities, and became an intellectual force of vast importance. Of the hundreds who have borne honorable part in it, none will grud<i-e special mention of two — :Miss Catherine Merrill and ]\Irs. May Wright Sewall. Both were teachers of rare ability. v,-ho have left theii- direct impress on many pupils now living. Both received not- able recognition from their sisters. Miss Merrill's admirers pi-eserved her literary work isted, and at the same time Mrs. Florence Atkinson edited that of the Sentinel. Although the first two newspaper offices were prepared for book work of plain char- acter, there was little call for their services in that line except for official publications, and none of that till the coming of the gov- ernment in 1825. Eev. J. C. Fletcher states that "the first book of any consequence pub- lished in central Indiana" was printed by John Douglass at the Journal office in 1828. and bore the title: "Polemic Discus-sions on Four General Sub.jects, viz. I. On the unit.v of the church in a lecture from AFatt. xxxvi, 18-20. II. Strictures oti the Independent Scheme of Church (iovernment. III. .\ lec- ture on the sub.iect of Covenanting, frmii ULSTOliY UF CiKEATKlt 1.\D1A.\A1'()1,1S. 507 I'salm IDo, ti-lO. 1\'. All ossiiy on Creeds iiiid Confessions of Faith. By James Dun- can."* There were, however, several similar publieations l)efoi<' tliat time. On April ."). 1824. the Ccii.sur advertised: '"Just published for the author and for sale at this office, 'The Christian's Duty, Stated. Proved and Ap- plied.' By Isaac Reed. A. .M." On :\rareh 1, 1825. the Jounidl advertised: "Just pul>- lished at this office, and for sale at the stores iif Jlr. Givan and .Mr. Ilawldns, A Discourse on Baptism by the Uev. Benjamin Barnes." On Sej)tember 1!). 1826, the Journal adver- tised: "Just published and for .sale at this office. Animadvei-sions on the principles of the Xcw Harmony Societ.v, together with a Dialogue lietweeu an Atheist and a Theist. By James Duncan. Price 25 cents." Isaac Keed was ;i Presbyterian ministei'. at that time preachinu- at Bloomiiiirton and Indian- apolis. JiJenjamin Barnes was a local Bapti.st preacher, who was then serving the newly organized Baptist congregation. For a nimi- ber of years the literaiy product was theolog- , ical, (ifficial anil political, outside of news- paper articles. Xowland sa.vs that in 1832 Capt. John Cain "published a book of mis- cellaneous poems, the first book of any kind, with the exception of the laws of the state, published in the place."" I find no contem- porary mention of this, hut in 1832, Cain, who was then postmaster, published "The Officer's Guide and Farmers' ^Manual," a populai- legal treatise on the duties of minor public officers, with \o'j;i\ forms of various kinds, the Declaration of [lulependence, state and na- tional constitutions, etc. '" Books of this kind had been published long before this. One called "The Indiana Justice and Farmers' Scrivener" is advertised in the oldest pre- sei-A'cd copies of the Gazette, a.s published at that office." In fact, I find no evidence of the pulilica- tion of anything on a purely literary basis in a very early day. The earliest book of original poeti-j- known to be published at In- dianapolis was a somewhat pretentious effort in the stvle of Lalla Rookh, entitled "Gul/.ar. »A>(c,<(, August 1(5. 1879. " Rrminiscencex, p. 200. '"Democrat, October 13, December 29, 1832. ''Gazette. June 8. 1824. or the Rose Bower. A Tale of Persia." It was published at the Sentiiul office, and was by John S. Reid, of Fnion County, who used to contribute poems occasionally to the Sen- tinel. He had a "Jlouody on the Death of Gen. Jackson" in its issue of July 9, 1845. "Gulzar" was published that same summer, and ill (piantities that exceeded the demand. Thirty years later A. L. Hunt, the East Washinutou street auctioneer, used to vary the monotony of life by putting up a volume, with "I will now give you an opportunity to secure a copy of that thrilling poem. Guzzler, or the Horse Power. How much, etc." In 1846 John I). Defrees published "The Olio," a heterosireneous collection of prose stories, of 140 odd pages, "compiled and abridfred bv i:n()ch -May," father of Kdwin May, the architect of the State Iloii.se. In 1850 De- frees also published in i)am])lilet "A Few Poems," which were selections from current verse. So far as I have been able 'to ascer- tain, the Indianapolis original book product ])rior to the Civil War was on a basis strictly utilitarian, or at least intended so to he. While hooks were scarce in the early days as compared with the present, they were in reach of the earnest seeker in Indianapolis At the beginning of December, 1821. ^Irs. F^letcher recorded in her diary: "Today I fini.shed the Vicar of Wakefield," and "I com- menced to read the life of Washington." On December 27. 1821, she says: "^Mr. Fletcher was readinir Kobert.son's History of Amer- ica." On F'ebruaiy 12. 1823, she mentions reading "The Honors of Oakendale Abbey, a romance," and in January, 1824, speaks of i-eceiviiig three copies of The Caskit, a popu- lar magazine, which she en.ioyed. ^Ir. Fletch- er also mentions in his diary, in 1821. read- ing "the life of Daomon, who was hung in Xew Albany this year, which I read without much acquisition of knowledge." In Novem- ber he speaks of readini.' "a novel called Kmma. by some person unknown ;" and "on the 20th of Xovember I commence<l Dun- can's logic, which I have read once before." .\nd again. "December 4. 1821. I began read- in" the travels of Mungo Park in the interior of" Africa." In 1879. R.'v. J. C. Fletcher wrote: "Col. Blaki' (.lames) was the first ill Indianapolis to have a non-iirofessional col- lection of miscellaneous works that mii:lil be oOS HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOl.i.s. called a library. My father and IMr. Merrill were next in the list cif literary works. ^Ir. Merrill's beint;- the largest. Mrs. James Blake informed me last summer that she still possessed many of the volumes that hei" late husband first brought with him to Indian- apolis. Some of these books, such as a finely illustrated edition of (Joldsmith's; Animated Nature and the Arabian Nights Entertain- ment, were the fii-st, except the Bible, read to nie by my mother, that made an impres- sion upon me. " ' - ]\Ir. Fletcher mentions elsewhere, however, that Harvey Gregtr had "2,700 volumes in his library" when he came to Indianapolis in 1821, ^-^ and not all of these were law books. And G. J. Johnston, with \vhom ]\Ir. (iregu formed a partnership in lS'2'-i. also had (juite a library, as shown by this advertisement soon after: "Books Lost. Many of my books have been taken out of Mr. Gregg's office without leave or license, and have not been returned; among others are the following: 2d and 12th vols. Johnson's Works, od vol. Bingley's U.seful Knowledge, 3d vol. ^lassil- lon Sermons, 1st vol. Gil Bla.s, 1st vol. Uni- vei-sal History. I hope those who have them or any other of my books, will please return them immediately, as the sets are of no value without them. Ga. J. Johnston." " At this time 7nost of the books not bi-ought in by the immigrant settlers were bought at Cincinnati, but soon there began to be book auctions at Indianapolis. The first of these recorded was on January 13, 1825, "at the door of Wa.sh- ington Hall," at which "political, historical and miscellaneous works" were sold, and "gentlemen who wish to become politicians are requested to attend particularly."^'^ A little later some books began to be carried in the stocks of general stores. In July, 1829. McCarty & Williams advertised a special con- signment from Philadelphia, "at very re- duced prices for cash." including "RoUin's Ancient History : Sjiectator, new edition, in 2 volumes; Buck's Dictionary, gilt; Shakes- peare's Plays. 8 vols.; History of England; Godman's Natural Historv, in 3 volumes; '■-Neu'S. April 4. 1879. ".Veu's. June 14. 1879. "Westeni Crnttor. November 24. 1823. " Gazette. Januarv 11, 1825. Wilson's Hymns; Songs in the Night; Coquette; Peter Wilkins; Lady of the Lake; Devil on two Sticks; with a great variety of useful and interesting books too numerous to be inserted in a newspaper advertisement." It was not until 1833 that Indianapolis had a regular Ixjokstore of its own. (3n June 1 of that year, Hubbard & Edmonds, of Cin- i-innati, annimuced that they, in connection with \V. E. Dunbar, had established a branch store "near the Post Office, two doors west of II. Porter & Co. 's store, where they oft'er for .•^ale a general collection of books, and a good assortment of stationery." This store was known as "the Indianapolis Book Store," and it advertised very freely from the start, showing that practically all the books of the (lay were on hand ; not only school books of all kinds, law books, religious and standard works, but also all the novels available. Miss Austin's were among the first listed."* This firm continued until August 1, 1834, when Dunbar bought out the others and continued the business himself until March 26. 1835. The stock was then bought by M. il. Ilenkle, who made additions to it and opened a store "on Washington street 3 doors east of the bank." It is notable that most of the books sold in the West at this period were reprints of European works and the classics. This was jiartly due to the fact that there was comparatively little American literature, and partly to the fact that there was no copy- right on such books, which were "pirated" freely by American publishers and sold at fairly low rates. On February 1, 1837, Wm. G. Wiley announced a new book store "at the storeroom lately occupied by B. I. Blythe & Co. in Washington street, next door to H. Porter's store." From that time competition was brisk, and the supply of books for sale good. On June 23, 1851, the Journal con- gratulated its readers that. "We have in Indianapolis, among our advantages, four book stores, that will compare favorably with those of any town in the west," and added that "the condition of the book stores in a place is a sure index to the iiitelligence of its people." The booksellei-s at that time were Ross & Ray, John O'Kane. C. B. Davis and Samuel Jlerrill. i ^^Joiinial. June 15, 1833. niSToI.'V OF (;i!KATER INDIANAPOLIS. r.O!) The first library in Indianapolis of a ])iil)- lic character was the State Library, whii-li was established in 1825" from "the books now in the office of the Secretary of State, together with such as may be added to tln' collection in pursuance of this act, ov any other law, or by donation, exchanj,'e or other- wise." An appropriation of $oO was inadi- for the purchase and bindinji: of books, and $30 a year thereafter. This was increased in 1831 to .$100 a year, and thei-e were occasional extra provisions, as an ordei- in 1833 for a full set of Xiles Rcjrister. And on the same date the Secretai-y of State was directed to make no "expenditures of the Lilii-ai-y Fund in the purchase of novels or i-ouiauces. "" '^ This policy, which was strictly followed for some yeare, resulted in the accjuisition of some of the more notable publications of the time that otherwi.se would nyt have been in public reach. The library was in chartre of the Secretary of State until 1841. wh(>ii it was made a separate institution, and the iil)rarian was made custodian of the state house and. ijrounds. The pa.'-sage of this law was due to John Cook, who became the firet librarian. At this time the librai-y had about 2,000 vol umcs, but it was a mixed law and ireneral library, and continued to be so tmtil 18(i7. when the law books were put in a separate Jibrai-y under eharije of the Supreme Court. Cook lasted three yeai's, and was followed by Samuel P. Daniels for one year, after which John B. Dillon, the historian, was librarian for six years; Nathaniel Bolton for three yeai-s, and Cordon Tanner foi- three years. In this period tiie lilirai-y was reall.v an inHuential factor in tlie inteljeetual life of the eily. It enabled Henry Ward Beecher to edit the Indiana Fiirnur and (hirdcno-. He says: ""In the State Library were Lon- don's works— his Encyclopedia of Horticul- ture, of Agriculture, and of Architectui-e. We fell upon them and for yeai-s almost monopolized them. In our little one-story cottaire, after the day's work was done, we pored over these inonuinents of an almost incrc(lil)le industry, and read, we suppo.se. not only every line but much of it many times over. • • * We have had Ion;.' discu-- "Acts of 1825, p. 47. "Acts 1833, p. 232, 240. sions in that little bedroom at Indianapolis, with Van ilors about i>eai-s, with Vibert aljoni roses, with Thompson and Knight of fr\iits and theories of vetretabie life, and with Lo\i- ilon about cverythint; undei- the heavens in the liorticultiii-al world. ■'"' .\nd Lew Wal- lace wa.s eiiually benetitcd. I)ut in another way, for he testiries of tliis libraiy: "In the most impressionable pr-riod of my life I was introduced to Washington Irving and Feni- more Cooper, or, more plainly, to their works; and I reveled in them, especially Cooper's, whose subjects were iK^ttei- adai)ted to my opening mind. For months and months after that discoveiy my name figured on the receipt i-egister of tlii> library more fre(|uently than any other." -" Wallace gives a good picture of the place— "The library in the state-h(uise was .iust across the rotimda from the executive office. Two west windows, thougli fre(|uently nuid died by the fcstoonery of intrusive spidei-s. lighted the room of afternoons, but not of mornings. In the latter it was jicrvadeil with a gloom which, wliile somewhat troublesome to a visitor anxious to get a volume tpiiekly that he might sooner be gone, was yet in harmony with the delicious silence of the place." This (juality adhered long after, when several rooms had been added, and th.' place had become the depository <if troi)hies of the Mexican and Civil Wars. In faet, it rather inereased, for as the building grew older, and the stucco got knocked off the bricks of the great pillars, and the floors wore in ruts, it was really quite i-iunous, and gave the local mind something to grasp when read- ing Irving's description of the Alhambra. When the legislature was not in session the building was a charmingly dreamy jdacc, ami the library was the climax of it. But the library itself got into a laliier ruinous condi- tion in the war times, and tiie years follow- ing; and the reform efforts of Mrs. Oren, wJio took chai-ge of it in 1873, vigorous as they were, only ]>u1 it in a slate of visible repair. The truth is tlie ai)i)ropriations were too small to keep up repairs, never getting above $400 a year for books ami binding until 1889. In 18S8 I determined to try for an improve- '" Biography, lieecher t<: Scovil ^''Autobiography, p. 54. I' IDS. 510 HLSTOKY OF (IHKATKK IXDIAXAI'OI.IS. iiient. The rci-ently reoryanized Indiana His- tiirical Soc'ioty j'cadily agreed to devote its ett'orts to buildiiii;- up the State Library in- stead of a sepai-ate one of its own, and adopt- ed a memorial to the legislature asking an ap- propriation of il^o.OOO for one year, and $2,000 a year thereaftei'. for books and binding. Other state soeieties — the State Board of Ag- I'ieulture, Ilortieultural Soeiety, Horse Breeders, Sheep Breeders, Jersey Breeders, Short Horn Breeders, Hog Breeders, Bee Keepers, etc., were glad to .ioin in the move- ment on condition that the literature of their various lines be put in the library, and when the legislature met there was so strong an in- tluenee for Ihe proposed measure that it was rcadi'y ado|)ted. BTit one other factor in the iutiuence was added. I had to take the posi- tion of librarian and look after the interests of the Democratic party, which I did for four years. The same law transferred the battle flags and curios to the care of the State Geol- (gist. AVith the increased appropriation it was possible to })ut the libraiy in pi-esentable condition and make reasonable additions to it. In 1895 th(^ leuislature put the library under care of the State Board of Education, giving it power to elect the librarian; and in 1903 largely increased the appropi-iations. The library ha* now reached a coiulition where it is creditable to the state, and is ham- pered only by lack of I'com. This the present efficient libi-arian, Pi-of. Deman-hus C. Brown, is actively endeavoring to remedy by securing provision for a library building. But to return to early Indianapolis, the development of the State Library was neither i-apid enough ncr j-xipular enough to suit the ))ioneer readers of the place, and in 182S they ni-ganized a joint-stock institution called the Indiaiuipolis Library, with shares at $5 each. On July 9, 1828, the directors met to perfect the organization and arrange for opening the library in the "lilirary room at Mr. Cain's, opposite Washington Hall"". The association had at that time collected "between two and three hundred volumes'". Brown says that during most of its existence the library was kept in the "mansion"' on the Circle, and that Obed ?^iotc. Sr.. w;is librarian."^ This was kept up foi- four or livi' years, and went to |)ieees probably in part because the mem- bers had read all the books and lacked money for more, and in part because in 1834 Hub- bard Edmands & Co. opened a circulating li- brary in connection with their City Bookstore. In February, 1835, Rev. James W. McKen- uan came to minister at the First Presbyte- i-ian Church, and a few weeks later delivered a lecture at the Athenaeum on "Self Im- provement"' in which he laid especial stress on reading. The Journal followed with a long editorial of indorsement, and asked what had become of the Indianapolis Library, and called for its resuscitation. -■ This was not done, but a new organization wa.s formed, called the Young Glen's Literary Society, and for fifteen years it was the popular medium for culture of the younger men of the town. It collected a library of several hundred vol- umes,. and in addition to debates and literary exei'cises of its own it gave a sei-ies of lectures each winter from home and im])orted talent. It was incorjiorated in April, 1847, under the general law, as the Union Literary Society, and continued until 1S51. In 1854 its library was turned over to the Young Men 's Chris- tian .Association, which was organized in that year, and which continued the work of pro- vidiiiii' lectures for the public, and main- tained a considerable library. But the farthest reachintr of the library in- fluences of the early times was that of the Sunday Schools. The librai-y was a leading featiiT-e of the T^nion Sabbath School in In- dianapolis, and when the Indiana Sabbath School Union met in this place Autrust 3-6, 1827, it adopted the rules of the Indianapolis school as models for the state. They made the issuance of books rewards for memorizing seriptui'e, and thus worked doubly for the culture of the pupils This work of furnish- ing literature — particularly I'uvenile litera- ture—was continued by the Sunday Schools until long after the Civil Wai*. and indeed until after the city had established its free nublic libi'ary. In 1827 the State Sabbath School Union established three "deposito- ries'", from which the Sunday Scho<il books were distributed, at iladison. New Albany and Indianapolis, so there was always a full supply here to select from. And it may be "'Tfisf. liiih(iiiiij)tili'<. n. 99. --Journal. April 21. 1835. insTOIfV OF GREATKi; I XDIAXAPOUS. Killed tluit wiiil" tliere has been a fi:reat deal of full poked at Sunday School books, they ric'nded the best juveniles in the period, and without the sti-iet elassifieation that ol)tains tiiday. For example, the ■"Oliver Optics"' are \cry generally excluded from public librar- c'S now. but I was privile<j:ed to read all of tliein from a Sunday School library, and the buys were more than plea.sed to jret them. ( )winir to the very general attendance at Sun- day School in the early days, the circulation I if these books was almost univei'sal. 'i'here has been a ireneral misconception as a.s to the betzinniny of the County Libi'ary. Brown says: "The collection of books for the County Library bepan shortly after the or- ganization of the county, two per cent of the lot fund sales being set apart for that pur- pose. ""-■■ Sulgrove says: "This library was fnunded in 1844 on a public fund, of which .1 share was given tn eacli county foi- library purposes."" In I'eality the fii-sl finids wer<? fi'om the two per cent of the sale of lots, which was a.ssigned to that jiurpose by the act of December :U, 1821, creating Marion County,-' but this fund was not set aside at the time as provided, the money being turned over to the state. Tn 1841 lleiiry 1'. Cobui-n became inti'rested in the mattei', and at the next session of the legislature a law was passed authorizing him to investigate the matter, and, on the Audit(!r and Treasurer of State being satisfied of the amount paid over, they were to pay it to him. with six per cent iuterest. for the Marion County Library.-' M tliat time thci'e had been lots sold, since the passage of tlir two pei- ciMit law. to the amount of $!)1.47.'').sl. and therr was due to the libi-ai-y fund $1.8-20.:")1 with in1(Mv<t. Mr. Coburn accei)ted the trust, and ti'ustees foi- tlir librar>- were apDointed by the County Comniissionci-s on SeDtcmbn- 7, 1842, but there was some delay ^d)llut iii-ttiug the money, and Tio action was taken by these ti'ustees. The law was amended l>v acts of Fel)i-u:irv 11. 184M. and Jani'ary 1:1. 1844, which called for new truvtees; ;nid finally, on ,\pril 22. 1S44. tile tnistei's organized and began to ac-t. there beiu'^ present at the opening meet- 'IIisl. I iiiliiiini 1)1)1 /.•<. n. 90. -'Arts of 1S:.>1. p. 13r>. -'■Loral Laws of 1i^i:2. p. l:lo. ing Demas L. McFarland, George Bruce, H. P. Coburn. James Sulgrove and Dr. Living- ston Dunlaj), trustees. They appropriated *()((() for books, and authorized ^Ir. Sulgrove to sell -litiOO of the scri|) in which the state had !)aid its debt, it being then financially eni- barra.ssetl by the interiud improvement move- ment. They set aside $2,000 as a "resei-ve fund", the intei-e.st on which was to be used for the purchase of books. The firet lot of books were .selected by Mr. Coburn. and well selected. The first announcement of the open- ing of the library was made in the papers of January 8, 184"). It was to be open on Saturdays from 9 to 12 in the inorning, and 1 to o in the afternoon. A fee was charged of 75 cents a year for families and 50 cents for individuals. On Januaiy 7, 1854, when the first financial report was entered in the miinites, the trustees had on hand $2,456.00. This library was of irreat benefit to those who iiad access to it, but the fee kept out many who needed it most. It was not put on a fi-cc basis until after Miss Lydia Hlaich be- came librarian in 1892. The library now has 5.(i()0 volumes, and has a list of 500 ])atrons. The earlier librarians were Augustus Coburn. 1844-5; Napoleon H. Taylor, October-Decem- ber, 1845: Berry Sulgrove. 1846; P. H. Jame- son, 1847; John Caven, 1847-52; John Taft'e, 185.5-5; Calvin Tayloi'. 1855-S: John W. Ilam- ilfon. 1858-66; James A. Hamilton, 1866-70; J. W. Hadley, 1870-2: Horace lladley, 187:^ 5; Lizzie L. Hadley, 1875-80; .Mrs. Iv \V. Hadlcv, 1880-2; Bertha Witt, 1882-4; Lucy Phipp's. 1884-8; Jessie Allen, 1888-92. The next library that came to Indianai^olis was the Township Library of (Vnter Town- ship, formed under the state law of 1852, the first installment of between .■^0(1 and 400 vol- umes being furnished by the stat<'. This was the first absolutely free pid)lic library in In- diaiuipolis. and it was well patronized- in- deed, .so well patronized that the more popu- lar books were worn out. and as thei-e were not fimds to buy new ones the library fell into disuse, and was finally stored with the County Library, where it still n'nuiins. There wove two libraries of a semi-public character foi-med during the war period. The .\nies Institute was a literary and lecture associa- tion organized in 1860. cbi.'fiy by young Methodists. It collected a library of about 512 HISTOIIY Ol-' CUKATER INDIAXAP0LI8. 500 vohuBes before it went to pieces. In lS6.i the Yoiingr Men's Library Association was organized. It had a reading room on the third tioor of Hubbard's block, and had a small library, though its chief attention was to periodicals. The war left all library movements in In- dianapolis in a discouraging condition, and the new impetus required came in a sermon jireached on November 26, 1868. bv Kev. H. A. Edson-"A Plea for a Public Library". Thi.s resulted in the fonnation of the Indian- apolis Library Association, which was com- posed of 100 citizens, each of whom subscribed •$150, payable in annual installments of .$25. This library was ojiened on the second floor of Martindale's Block — where the Lemckc Building now is— in charge of Mrs. Mc- Cready, wife of the former mayor. It was hailed with joy by many citizens, but it also was on a fee basis, and did not reach the whole communit.v. In the fall of 1870, A. C. Shortridge, City Superintendent of Schools, called a iijcetiiig of a few friends to eonsidei' the school conditions of the city. There wei'i' present E. B. ]\Iartindale, John Caven, Addi- son L. Koache, Austin H. Brown, Simon Yandes, Thos. B. Elliott and H. G. Gary. Among other things Shortridge urged provi- sion for a free city library for the reference work of the schools. He with Judge Koache and Aiistin H. Brown were appointed to pre- pare a bill, which was duly done, ]Mr. Brown doing the actual drafting. This bill became the school law of Indianapolis of March 8. 1871. and included provision for a tax of 2 cents on .lilOO for a free public library— it was Inter increased to 4 cents. On the or- gan iza lion of the new school board and levy of the library tax, the Indianapolis Library Association donated its collection of Ixioks. amounting to 2,000 volumes, and the city library opened on April 8, 1873, free to the whole city. For the year ending June .30, 1909, the numbf>r of volumes in the library Avas 138.852. and the circulation 451,415. The city library was a great success from the start. The librarians have been Charles Evans. 1873-8 and 1889-92: Albei't Yohn, 1878-9; Arthur W. Tyler, 1879-82: W. DeM. Hooper, 1882-9; and Eliza G. Browning from 1892 to date. All of them were excellent librarians. Mi-. Yohn and ^liss Browning hav- ing been residents of Indianapolis i)rior to appointment, and the others having been brought from outside. Tlie imported ones did not get along with the school board, which was usually the fault of the school board. .\fter the second departure of Mr. Evans. Miss Browning, who had come into the li- brary in 1881, and had been Assistant Li- bi'ai'ian since 1882. was put in charge luitil the school board could "find just the librarian they wanted", and within a year they decid- ed that they had found her, and have never changed their minds. In April, 1907. ]\Iiss Browning opened cor- respondence with 'Sir. Andrew Carnegie for a ilonation to the city for a main librar7»' building and branches; and i-eceived the cu.s- tomary reply from his secretai-y, ^Ir. James Bertram, that these mattei's were taken up with the Mayor and City Council. As the library is under the school board, wliich is independent of the city government, the mat- ter was taken up by the Commercial Club, which requested the school board, to request the ifayor, to request ^Ii'. Carnegie for the donation. This was done and Secretary Ber- tram answered that Mr. Carnegie was no longer interested in main buildings for large cities, but was interested in branch libraries. Request was then made for $120,000 for six bi'anch libraries; and. on Januar.v 19, 1909, Mr. Carnegie tendered this amount, on con- dition that sites be furnish<'(l. an<l animal support of .$2,000 be guaranteed for each, which was aecepted on January 2G. The branches are located, three adjoining .school buildings— No. 3, at Rural and Washington streets; No. 49. at Kappes and ^Forris streets. West Indianapolis; No. 50, at Blount and Ghio streets, Haughville — also at Spades Place; Prospect and ^Madison avenue; and Broad- way and Fall Creek. The first three are ex- pected to be ready for occupancy by the spring of 1910, and the others within a year later. All are to be "neighborhood centers" as well as libraries, furnished with assembly room and club room in the basement, as well as adult and children's reading rooms, worlc room and delivery room on the main floor. There were those, even in the tifties. who nur.sed the delusion that .vou caiuiot have a literary atmosphere unless you organize and have someone read a paper. Berry Sulgrove HISTORY OF (iKKA'J'Ki; 1 N DIAN Ai'OLiS. r,^■^ was one of them, and he delivered a hot roast on the public for the small attendanee at Rev. Mr. Fisher's leetui-e before the Union Liter- ary Soeiety in 1S41S. elosina: with the words: "We hope ^Ir. Fisher and his younj;- friends of the Union Literary Society will find some solace for their mortification in the peculiari- ties of a state, so low in the scale of intelli- srence, without common schools, and ignorant of the claims of scientific and literai->- insti- tutions."-" Three years later he had an article on "fJtei-ature in Indianapolis", in which he said: "The complacency with which some editors assume for our city the charac- ter of a literary. I'eligions. benevolent city, must look a little ridiculous to anyone ac- quainted with its character and history. * * * As the illusion is the result of oui- vanity, it is a veiy natural illusion. It will require, howevei'. a very sliiiht ac(|uaintance with the varif)us literary enteri)i'ises that have been betrun, and blowed up in this town, to dispel it. Of all the societies and a.ssociatious that havi> been formed here, for the cultiva- tion of literary taste and the furtherance of literary objects, few survived long, and all are dead now. The old Historical Society is dead, the Citizens' Library Association is dead, the nmnerous debating clubs that have been -Pormed have generally died within a year after their creation. "The Union Literary Society, that has made more and moi-e determined efforts than all othei-s together, is dead. And none know better than its members that for eight years past its existence has been little moi-e than a fitful breathing spell, after which it relapsed into torpidity again. Its lectures, as long as they were free, were well attended ; and, as the president of it observed when the last one was delivered, it was becau.se they were free. When ]\Tr. Fi.sher of Cincinnati was procured to deliver a couple of lectures be- fore it, there could not be enough money raised from those that lieard them to ])ay liis expenses, and a few men. who felt that the credit of the town was at stake, raised the balance by voluntary contributitm. "The reading room project, that nobody o{)poses. only numbers about sixty subserib- er.s, and of that number eight-tenths are young men, -who, to say the least, are not rich. A short time ago a list of fifteen or twenty men was piiblished in our pajiers. who each owned more than $20,000 within the corporation, and only two of them have con- tributed a cent to tliis enterprise. Its chief support is derived from citizens who have settled here within a few yeai-s past. • • • Of that real unmixed liberality that can give a dollar without expecting twenty cents back as a dividend, our town is as destitute as any town. AVhile our county ranks second in pop- ulation in the state, it ranks third even in the number of its churches, sixteenth in tli'' number of its common schools, and fifth in the number of its libraries. It stands first in no intellectual or moral enterprise. In- dustry, energy and enterprise it certainly has, but that taste for intellectual ptn-suits. with- out which no community has ever become prominent in the history of the world, it certainly has not, and from present appear- ances is not likely to have."-' Among the educational infiuences that probably affected literary style, there are two or three that seem to me to be notably promi- nent. One of these was Professoi- IIoslioui-'s "Altisonant Letters". Samuel K. Hoshour was a native of Pennsylvania — an orphan, who attained an education by his own .stren- uoiLS effort. Well established as a Lutheran minister, he became convinced in 1835 of tlie necessity of baptism by inmiersion. ami adopted the creed of Alexander Cami)bell. Deprived of his position and sujiport by this act of conscience, he migrated to Indiana, lo- cated at Centei-ville. and obtained a su])port by preaching and teaching school. In IS'M he began editing the Wai/iu CoHiitij Chron- icle at Centerville. Here he began writing the "Letters to Squire Pedant, in the Ea.st, by Lorenzo Altisonant, an Emigrant to the West". As the name indicates, they were in high-flown style— or rather an exaggerated bui'lesquc of it— and included nearly all the rare words in the language at that time. Originally intended for amusement, like Franklin's advertisement for his lost hat. IMr. Hoshour saw that they would be useful in education, and began using them for reading and spelling lessons in the seminary at Ceu- ""Loc(i)n(il ifi Vol. I—;;:; l-'eliriuir\' •"). 1 S48. ■^ Locomotive, October IS. 1S.")L 514 jiisT()i;v OF (;i;i;ai'i:u ixdiaxai'olis. « tei'\'il!i', c-outiuuiiig tins lati'r m the semiuary at Cambridge. lie next realized thac they served the still more important fimetiou oi' teaching the avoidance of pompous writing, and it was in this res|)ect that tliey had their greatest value. ^Vmong his Wayne I'ount; pupils were Lew Wallace anil tjliver P. ^lor- ton. Wallace makes .special acknowledgment of his dcbi to '"Altisonant"-'' and no doul)t much of Morton's terse and .strong style was due to the same influence. But it went far beyond the circle of ini])ils, for tlie l)ook was widely read through Indiana for years. It went through four editions, the eai-lier ones published at Cincinnati, and the last at In- dianapolis, whither Professor Hoshour came in 1858 as jiresident of the Northwestern (Chris- tian University, and where he remained for years as professor of modern languages. The local edition was jirinteil by the Indianapolis Printing and Publishint;- House— the estab- lishment of J. ^1. Tilford at the southeast corner of Jleridian and Circle streets— later the establishment of Carlon & Hollenbeck— in which building a majority of all the books published in Indianapolis prior to 188U were piinted and bound. Another intluence which must have been potent was "'rhe Locomotive."' This really remarkable — for the time — weekly paper, was started in August, 1845, by three apprentices in the Joutnud office—Daniel B. Culley, John H. Ohr, and David K. Elder. It ran but a short time and dietl from lack of funds, but there was a call for it, and it came back on April 3, 1847, for another stay of three months. Again it succumbed, but on Jan- uary 1, 1848, it came back to stay for thir- teen years, most of the time under the man- agement of John R. Elder. It filled for that time much the same place that was later occupied by Ceorge Harding's Mirror, Her- ald and Review. It was distinctively a local and literary paper— had all the local gossip and published original stories, poems, conun- drums and other local product. Berry Sul- grove .says, "It was the first paper that the women and girls wanted to read regularly",-" and there were few of the men who did not read it also. Its files reveal a wealth of poetic aspiration in Indianapolis that is fairly startling.. There was poetrj' of every class from the most pathetic obit- uary to the most frivolous doggerel; and poetry on all subjects, from "Autumn" to "Pogue's Run", and, by the way, i't may be mentioned that in early times Pogue's Run was a very pretty stream. But the chief inspiration to song was love, and it was manifested in all phases, but espe- cially in "Lines to ^fiss J— y S— h," or some equally secret address that was understood by everyone in the place. It would be diffi- cult to mention an Indianapolis girl who did not get a poetic tribute in the Locomotive to her overwhelming charms, and finally some disgusted cynic showed his opinion of all of them by this, which was alleged to have come from "the anonymous box of the Union Liter- ary Society": "COMPARISON.^" "Diamonds that .shine on kingly brows, Pearls that deck the queenly spouse, Glittering stars that deck the skies Are not so bright as Sally's eyes. "The purest rose of ruddy hue That e'er w-as filled with morning dew— The honeyed drink the fairy sips — Is not so red as Sally's lips. "The scowling frown o'er Juno's eyes, The stormy, midnight, wintry skies. The deepest stain of foul disgrace. Are not so black as Sally's face." Poetry came to be a favorite medium of advertisement, as, for example, in an ode be- ginning: "Vain are ballads, odes or sonnets, E'en heroic vei-se would fail To describe the splendid bonnets Mrs. Bradley has for sale."^* This continued in use to some extent for many years. Older citizens will recall espe- cially the advertisement of Moses, the Op- tician, beginning: "^Aiilobioeirapli!/, [ip. 56-8. -''Hist. Indianapolis, p. 243. ■'■"Locomotive. April 24, 184(. '■'■^Locomotive. November 23, 1850. IllS'lOUV oi' (;i;i:.\TF.i; IXDl.VXAI'OT.TS. .-.i:. ■■(>li. sHy can yoii sci'. by tlif dawn's I'ai-lv liirh't .' All I iiu, T caiinDt ; I'm di'ticieiit in sijrlit." There was dialect poetry, loni; before ilr. Riley made it famous, as witiies.s this exiraet from — •'A NODE TO SPRING." By a Endicrnint Fai-mer. '"Well, sin-int;'. youv eiim at last, hev yon I The poit sez youv bin a sittin' in Old Win- ter's Lajt — now ain't you ashamed of yourself! I si)ose the old fellei'"s bin a bussin' ,von, I should think he had from your breth A hein' so eold- but that's the way them Old fellers hev a doin'. * # * " Lulc at them shepe a lien in The fens kornurs a waitin" for i:rass! YisI an' they bin a watin' sum of Them for weex I — An ef they wasn't I'old they'd a bin 'shakin' thur lox At y\\. an sed 'U dun it!' 'That thur Iz fi'oin Hamlet, won of Shakspui-'s plais), As another poit sez — '(Jras ditfurd maks The stumak ake' — so these shepe wil Never open thui- iz onto irras auiu Xo ! Xni- onto fodui." Even the ■"drop line", wiiieb many seem to su|)i)ose a ereation of Mr. Kiley. in his "(l(il)l)leuns will jrit you", is found in "Yet I swear by all creation. And this endless Yankee nation. That I love vou like tar- na- tion. "^'■■' Tn fact when one looks over the vast ex- panse of orisrin;d work in the Locomofin . and some additional in other i)apers. he is not sur]irised that when f'oy:treshall issued liis r<i(t.s ami I'oitii/ of till l\'(,\7. ill 18()(), he in- eliided the followint: who liad been residents of Indianapolis, in addition to Mrs. Bolton: Granville JI. Ballard, Samuel V. Moiris. Or- Ijheus Everts, Georjre W. Cuttei-. Henry W. Ellsworth, Sidney Dyer, John B. Dillon, Peter Fishe Reed, .Jonathan W. (Hudon. Dr. John Gibson Dunn and Rebeeea S. Nichols. There were othei's who did not show them- selves till latei'. It was ill this atmosphere that Jlrs. Robert Louis Stevenson developed. She went to school at the old Third Ward School— now John Ranch's ciirar factory— on New York street west of Illinois, and later to the old hiiih school when it was on I'liiver- sity S(piare. She is remeinliered as a >rirl who was clever at drawing- and who used to write stories for lii'r "eoin]iositions". Her father. Jacob Vandeirrift. was a partner in KrcHvlo Blake & f'o.. who had a planiiiir mill at the canal and Xew York street. In LS.")!. Vandeirrift and Colestock built tlv brick row at the southwest corner of Illinois and .Michigan streets, shown in the accom- )ianyin!j- cut. and Mr. Vandeirrift lived for .some time at the second door from the corner — later in the doiilile brick back of the row, as shown in the cut. When Fanny Vaii<le- grift married Samuel Osbourne, who had been private secretarv of (Jovernors Wriirht aiiil Willard, and later deputy clerk of the Sn- I)reme Coui't. her father built them a story- and-a-half cottaire at the northwest corner of St. Clair and Tennessee (now Capitol ave- nue) where they livetl till they went to Cali- fornia. The next owner remade the house in two stories. Later it was removed by Thomas Tafr.cart to the southeast corner of St. Clair and Senate avenue to make place for his ])reseiit residence. It still stands there, but has airain been remodeled, and now serves as till' I'nited Tabernacle Ba|)tist (Colored) church. The story of the Osliournes after they left here belonjrs to the world. Tliere were naturally opposiii>r views of the c-ase here.'* but they have no partieidai- eoiiiieetiim with the literary atmosiihen'. There is another Indianapolis product of the early period who sliouhi he mentioned. Rev. James Cooley Fletcher. He was a .son of Calvin Fletcher, born heic in 1S-J:<. Hu ^-Loro)ii()llvi . Ma.\- '.I 1857. -r.ornmolln . Maivh 27, 18r)2. '* Journal. January •_*7. 188!l. rAG HISTOllY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. z o Oi Z w > E- O J o o .. H o O ^ X :t3 u O "O o S mSTOliY OF CiltEATEi; IXDIANArOLIS. )ir was well educated, at Princeton and abroad, and in 18')() went out as a iiiissiouai'v to llayti. -In 1851 he left this field for Rio de .Janeiro, to heeome chaplain inissionary of I lie American and Foreign ('hristian Union, and remained in Brazil till 18o4, retuniiuf; later for two year.s more. In 1857, in con- .iunction witli Rev. D. P. Kidder, he puli- lished his "Brazil and the Brazilians"", whicli has g-one throuLili ntunerous editions, and is still a standard >m that sub.ject. Mr. Fletcher married a danyhter of the noted divine Dr. Caesar Malan of Switzerland. Their daojih- ter, Jidia Constance Fletcher, ha.s attained note as a novelist, nnder the pen name of "Geornre Fleming", thouo-h hei- earliest and most strikinji' novels, Kisinrt and Mirage oriijinally appeared anonymously in the "Xo Name Series." And in this iiei'iod also may be nn'iitioned a book, rather about Indianapolis than of it, ^Frs. Henry Ward Beecher's From Dawn In Daiilight. which was orifjinally published under the title of Tfnnhnxcences of a Mis- sliiiiary's Wif( . It ])ni-ported to give actual experiences of the Beeehers at Lawrencebury: and Indianapolis, the characters beinir very sliulitly disji-nised. but dozens of impartial witnesses at both jilaces ayree that it is essen- tially a work of fiction, and particularly in its most offensive featui'es. Thei-e had been some warmth displayed in Indianapolis over >^tatements made by Mr. Beecher after he went East,"'' but they were nothint;- to tlie chorus of indijinati(m at both Indianapolis and Fjawrencebin-g when jMrs. Beecher "s l)ook appeared. The first edition of his Lectures to Younpr Men wa.s published here, throufrh tlic efforts nf a number of his admirers, and it was a statenicnl in the preface to a revised edition that yavc ofTctise here. It was claimed by bis friends that he re-jretted bis wife's book, but hi' indnlyed in a few rather harsh remarks himself, such as characterizing; Lawreneeburt;- a.s "a town with two distil- leries and twenty devils".^" There have been periodical i-evivals of tlie discussion, in which the falsity and in.iustice of the book have brcu sluiwii. thondi not as fully as miyht have been done. One of the most notable of these was in the summer of 1884, when Simon Vandes foinid a c(i])y of the book on the circulation shelves of the City Library in which some "gifted Alexan- der"' had written a key to the characters, and removed it from the librai->' over the objec- tion of the librarian. The matter was sub- mitted to the sehool board, which sustained the comjilaint of ^Mr. Yandes. and removed the book from circulation. The incident naturally revived the discussion, especially as to the payment of Beecher "s salary, and may be said to have settled that matter very conclusively against ^Irs. Beecher.''" ili-s. Beecher evidentl.v yielded to the temptation to "make a good story". Some of her most pathetic scenes never occurred at all: and she wa.s not jiresent at some where she repre- sents herself as i)rcsent. Notwithstanding all this, however, l^eecher's Indianapolis friends generally stood by him in his later days of trial, and retained faith in his innocence. Local literature lariguislicd somewhat diu'- iiig the Civil AVar. possibly because mo,st of the people with proclivities for writing had gone to the front. After the war the city pa.ssed into the age of what ^lereditli Nichol- son calls "the cloak poets", chief of whom was Ben. I). House, who maintained a mili- tary cloak and ;i military air duriiiu: the twenty odd yeais he lived here. lie wrote some very spirited war poetry, and in tln' early eighties was something of a poetical dictator. At that time Nicholson was giving an imitation of a young man reading law, in William Wallace's office, b\it devoting most of his time to writing poetry and woi-shii)- ping House. It imiiressed me because 1 in- dulged in a poem at the time I dai-c to men- tion it because a newspaper syndicate actu- ally paid me for it— an elYusiim on the death of"<!eneral CranC— and Nicholson induced me to submit it to House. The oracle read it thoughtfully -almost painfully and Iheii pointed at these lines : "The sword is iniried. but the jilow Hangs in the tangled weeds of hate." '"'■Locomdlivr. July lH. 1851. '"Chirinvati ('niiiiiii rcial . December ItJ, 1871, p. V2. ■■'"City papers, June IM.'S. 1884. ■'^Sentinel, May 23. 188(). I 518 HISTORY OF (IKKA'I'KK INDIAXAPOLIS. "1 wish 1 had written those lines," Ik' said. "I would have built a poem around them." There is simply no resisting that sort of criticism. But of all the local writers of the period after the war. Dan L. Paine is ])roliat)ly tlie most notable for the qualit.v of his verso. ]\Iost of it was just soothin.u: music, but occasionally he attained a stirring heig'ht, as in his "At Elberou", written at the death of President Garfield, and widely published at the time, with g-eneral praise.'"' Collec- tions of poems of both House and Paine were made after they died, but for memorials ratli.'M- than for eonnnercial purposes.*" When the Journal started its Sunday edi- tion in 1880 and James Whiteomb Eiley came here as official poet, he undoubtedly brought a lighter vein into the local poetical product, though he did not always sign all of his lighter product, and nuich of it is not repi'o- duced in his volumes. He was known here before that time from occasional poems, and had made his first appearance here as a reader on IVIay 9. 1879. at a Light Infantry benefit, carrying the audience by storm. He was the most generous of men, and he re- cited for societies, church socials and all sorts of gnthei-ings until life became a bui'- den. and he had to quit, in self-defense. But with all his popularity there were few who really apjireciatfd his greatness as an actor: and it was that which gave his Doetry its great voaue at the start. When Rilev went to England in 1891, with AY. P. Fishback and ^lyriin b'eed. Sir Henry Irving gave a dinner for him. at which he induced ]Mr. Riley to recite. Among those present was CoqueJin. the great French actor, who stood at the far- ther end of the room, with his hand restin*;' on Trving's shoulder, and listened intentlv. -As Riley concluded he turned and said: "Irviup-. Nature has done for that nuin what you aiul I have been striving all these yeais to attain."' Ore of Air. Rilev's mest v(>inai'kable powers is that I'f imitaticn. wliich has perhaps its most notable manifestation in his .storv, "A Renuirkablc Alan"", but which he indulged occasionally in a more frothy way. To illus- trate th(> entertainment he contriluited in such lines. I venture to reproduce tlie fol- lowing illustrated poem from the Hcrahl of January 12, 1878: EZRA HOUSE. (After the manner of the Sweet Singer of jMiehigan.) Come listen good people, while a storv 1 do tell, Of the sad fate of one which I knew so pass- ing well : He enlisted in AlcCordsville, to battle in the South, And protect his country's union; his name was Ezra House. '"'Xnrs. Scntriiiliei- 20. 1881. ■"Wiclidlsiin "s '/'//( Honsicrs. pp. 2().')-7. "IT'S OH, I'M GOI.VG TO LKAVE YOV, KIND SCHOL- ARS," UK SAID. lie was a x'ounu' school-tearher. and rdui-atrd high In regard to Ray's arithmetic, anil alsd .\1- gebra. He gave good satisfaction, but at his I'luiii- try's call He ilropped bis position, his Algebra and all. ■'It"s oil! I "ill goinu' to leave yon. kind si'holais ' '. h(^ said — b'oi- he wi'oti* a composition the last day am! read ; And it lirought many tears in the eyes of the school. To say nothing of his sweetheart he was ud- iiiL; to leave so soon. HISTOKV OF (;i;i:.\li:i; 1 NDIAXAI'ULIS. n^9 "I have many rccdlloftions to taki- willi nn/ awa.N-, Of the lueri-y inspiiations in tln' si-hoiilrooni so gay : And of all that's i)ast and Liunc 1 will never regret I went to serve my eimntry at the liist ii\' the outset 1 ■ " He was a good penman, and the lines that he wrote • )n that sad oeeasion was ton fine for me tn i|U0te— For 1 WVIS thiTe ami heai-<l it. and 1 e\-er will I'eeall It brought the Imppy teai's In the eyes of us all. And when lie left, his sweet heai't she fainted away And said she eould ne\ei' Forget the sad day When her lover so noble, and gallant and gay. Said "Farewell, my true hivel" and went nmrehing away. He hadn't been L;on(» foi' more than two months When the sad news come — '"he was in a skirmish onee. And a eiMiel rebel ball had wounded him full sore In th(! region of the ehiii, thi'dnuh the can- teen lll> WOl'e". ]5ut his health reeruited uj). ;iud his wounds they got well : But while he was in battle at Hull Hun or .Malv.'rn Hill. The m-ws came again, so sorrowful to heai-— '•A sliver from a bombshell eut off his left eai'". But he stuek to the boys, and it's often he would ivrite. That "he wasn't afraid foi' his country to fight". But oh. had he returned (ui a furlough. 1 believe. Hi' wiinid not. Inday. have sui-h cause to iii'ie\('. V(n- in anothei- battle tli<' name T never heard Tk' was guiirding tlu- waiions when an acci- dent oeeui'red A comiade. who was \ii)der the influence of drink Shnt him with a musket through the right cheek. I think. Hut his dear life was s|)are(l. biil il hadn't been foi- long Till a eiuel rebel colonel came i-iding along, .\nd struck him with his sword, as many do suppo.se. F'or his cap-i'im was cut nil', and also his nose. I'>ut I'rovidenee. who watches o'er the noble and the brave. Snatched him once more from the .jaws of the grave : And .just a little while licfore the dose of the war. He sent his pictui'e home to his girl away so far. "UK SK.\T HIS PintllK HOME.'* And she fell into decline, and she wroti' in i-ei)l.v. "She had seen his lace again and she was ready to die": And she wanted him to promise, when she was in hei- tond). >Ie woulil oidy visit thai by the lii;ht of the moon. liul he ne\-e|- returned at the close of the WiW. And the lioys that got bai'k said he hadn't the lieart ; But he got a |iosition in a puwdcr-mill. and sjiid He hoped lo meil the doom that his i-nnntry denied. 5?0 liiSTUiiY Ui' UKEATiai IXDlAXAi'ULlS. ^Ir. Riley eonti-ibuted almost as imich to the life of the city in private as in piiblie. for with his friends he would often drop into dialect and say as funny things as he ever put in his published articles. In fact they seemed more so for they were so apparently unstudied, while his published work, though it has the art of seeming unstudied, is in faci the result of the most painstaking labor. I recall serving with him. on November 17. 1904, on a committee that was sent to Vin- cenues to meet the Liberty Bell, and escort it to Indianapolis. We were waiting there on the depot platform quite a time, and mean- while a fussy little switch-engine was chasing up and down through the large crowd, in a seeming eft'ort to run over someone. I turned to Riley and said: "Jim, how'd y' like to have a leg cut off by one o' them things?" In an instant he dropped into his hoosier facial expression and drawled out, "Wal, I'd kind o' hate to spile the set." And there was often a broad wisdom in Riley's jokes. Once, conung down Pennsylvania street, I saw him standing on the coping before the Denison hotel, apparently lost in thought. "What y' thinking aboiitr' I asked. He stepped down, took my arm, and, as we moved on, said in most thoughtful air: "I w;*f just thinking what an awful humiliation it must be to an Almighty God to create a universe, and then have to submit it to Am- brose Bierce and Bob IngersoU for criticism." Just think how many sermons are condensed in that observation. The chief literary development in Indian- apolis for more than a quarter of a century has been in the clubs. However it may have been before the war. the literary organiza- tions have not proven ephemeral in this later period. The Indianapolis Literary Cluli, an organization for gentlemen only, was started in 1877. and is still flourishing, in- cluding in its past and present membership nearly every man of any real prominence in the city in that period. The Women's Club was organized in February, 1875, and has practically the same record among the women. There are numbers of others of later date which coiild only be named here, and that is not worth while. At the present time there are forty regular and recognized literary clubs in the city. Whether they make a stinndating literary atmosphere is hard to say. Our j'ounger novelists, Elizabeth ]\Iiller (Mrs. Orin Hack), Meredith Nicholson and Booth Tarkington are emphatically not club products: and indeed it would be hard to name any literar}^ influence that was common to all of them except access to books and schools. When you come to seek the causes of literary development, you usually fail, and leave it as Albert Biishnell Hart does in his query: "Where did William Cullen Bryant find his model, when, in the year when Syd- ney Smith asked 'Who reads an American book " ' he burst forth with : ' Whither midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far through their rosy depths dost thou pur- sue Thy solitary way?' "And why, in the six years from 1881 to 1837, should Whittier, Longfellow and Oliver Wendell Holmes have made their first essays as poets?" ^^ These are questions that will never be answered. About all that can be said is that if the soil be not too unfriendly the literary spirit will develop, but it comes not from planted seed, nor from any known means of cultivation. "Slavery and Aholitio)i- >iiries. Vol. 16, p. 30. -Ameriran Nation CHAPTER XL. THE SOUL OF JrUSIC. There was some music in Indianapolis from the start. We have the records of Sidney ]\Ia.\\veirs leading the singing at the time of the sermon by Rev. L. P. Gaines in 1S"21 ; Mrs. Fletcher's mention of the violin playing of C'ul. A. W. Russell and James Blake in the winter of 1821; ]\Irs. I\Iartin"s reference to the singing school in the old log school house at Kentucky avenue and Washington street; and Nathaniel Bolton's account of tlic • young people taking moonlight rides in a .scow on the river, when "our bark floated over the waters to the sound of sweet music". The first I'ecord of any organized nnisical in- struction, though evidently in progress be- fore that date, appears in the Gazette of August 24. 182-4. in this notice: "To the members of the Society for the Cultivation of Church Music: Those who are leariiers, or .iust eonuniMicing lessons in Church Music, and who are anxious to learn, will attend at the usual place, on Saturday next, at 3 o'clock p. ni. Those whose knowledge of nuisic will render a ])erl'ormance in concert 'interesting' will please to attend at 4 o'clock p. m. Learn- ers will euib'race a ma.jority of those who have hitherto attended. — Precise punctuality is expected. Bring books; — they can be had at Pliipi)s i^- Co.'s store." That is all that is left to us of that first movement for musical culture, but it shows that the settlers were striving for the attainment of the ideal of heavenly .joys in the old Methodist hymn — "^Yhel■e a Fletcher unites With the old Israelites In singing God's praise. While the ;inufols sing bass." l-'ioni hri-e there is a lapse in musical his- tory until the l'"onrth of Jul.v. 1828, when a new organization burst full-fledged on the public view. In the announcement of the program it is mentioned as "the band of music", btit the Gozctli's account of tlie cele- bration says it was "inferspei-sed witli suit- able odes and other music from a select choir of singere, accompanied by instrmnental nuisic from the inembers of the Indianapolis llandelian Society". Bej'ond this we have no record of this magnificently titled organi- zation except the airs it played on this occa- sion, which were "Ilail Cohnnbia", "Auld Lang Svne", "Yankee Doodle", "Pula.ski's .March", "President's March", "Jefferson and Liberty", ami "llaste to the Wedding". From this time on to the forties the de- velopment of nnusic was slow and uneventful, but in 1840 an ejioch was marked by the or- tranization of The Indianajjolis Band. It was iiu>ori)orated by special act of February 15, 1841, the charter mend)ers being James Mc- Cready, Emanuel Haugh. Tlios. M. Baker, '- Allison, E. S. A. Tyler, Wm. Karne. Wm. Jones. 1). P. Hunt. John (lilli- laiul. James Vanblaricum. James Hodge, James G. Jordan, James Sharpe, Nicholas N. Norwood, Aaron 1). Ohr, John Ilodgkins, La- layette Yandes. Thos. 1). .Miller, Wm. Ibmld, Wm. Gaby, Abraham Byrd, Jacol) Smith, Samuel Delzell, Kniminitzky. Bottlis, John D. Morris ami James R. Nowland. The leader of the band, not in- cluded ill the incorporation, was .\braham Protzmann, a German, who in addition to leading jilayed the E flat elariiiet. Mc- Cready, who was later mayor of Indianapolis, played the bass trombone. D. P. limit. Jaiiics G. Jordan, and James McCord Sliarpe (commonly known as "Cord" Sharjici played the pieeolo. Kniarniel Iiani,di and Thos. i-,'1 HIST()i;V <iK (il.'KAl'KIi IXDIAXAPOLIS. Bakei- played B Hat tnnnhoiu's. Win. KariU' and E. S. .\. 'I'yler — the latter sometimes known as ".Sixiffofd "" ))nt more commonly as ■'Xc'd "'—played llie K fiat cornet, then usu- ally called the bujile. Louis Walk, John Gil- liland and James ^'anblaricum played the Frencli hoi-n. Aai'on D. Ohr played the B Hat clarinet, and Nicholas Norwood also playeil tlie clai-inet. Lafayette Yandes and Thcs. D. ]\Iiller (familiarly known as "Dave") played reed instruments, the names of which are now lost. James E. Xowland manipulated the bass drum. John ]\IcDou- trall, who was a member but not an incorpora- tor, i)laycd the ophicleide. He afterwards went to California and became very wealthy there — was at one time Governor of Califor- nia. His brother (jeor^e also went West and drifted down to South America, where he was found some years later, by Admiral Brown, chief of a tribe of Indians. The band was ([uite a gorsreous organiza- tion with its ureen coats, tight-fitting white pantaloons, and black velvet caps with gold bands. When it came to getting material for the coats for so large a company it was found that no store in town had enough cloth, and in consetiuence the cloth was bought from three ditt'ei'ent stores, and there was a slight difference in the shades. Howevei'. it was not noticeable in different uniforms, and ilc- Cready. who was the tailor, got along very well till he came to Louis Walk, who was the last man t« come in. Louis was a good-sized man. and it took all Ihe cloth left to fit him out. When he came in to try his coat on, he buttoned it up, and as he surveyed him- self, a rueful expression came over his face, and he exclaimed, "Py chiminy! 'Muc. dots too many differences". He refused to be placated until he was supplied with a uni- form that had more uniformity. Several of the charter members wei'c with the band but a shoi't time, and most of them learned to play their instruments after .ioinint;'. A few were fair musicians to begin with, among them "Xed'" Tyler, who was deputed to go to Cincinnali to buy the instruments. He stayed so Idiil' that some of the members be- came fearful that he had decamix'd with the money, but it was (vnly a ca.se of bad road>:. Tyler played the bass viol in a flute and slrini;' (irchi'strn that wa'< inti'ddnred in the First Preslnteriau church in 184t)-7. The in- novation caused some ob.iection in the church at the time, and a few of the members would not come in to services until after the music was over.^ The band was nonpartisan politically, play- ing for any party tliat paid. Its first service was a tri)) to the state line cast of Kichmoud to meet Henry Clay, in 18-tO. Although just organized it made the trip in its own band- wagon. It also gave concerts now and then. On one occasion it was scheduled for a con- cei't at Greencastle on the same day that a man was hanged there, and tlie jokers averred that it went ovei' to play for the hanging. It uave a concert at Danville on the way ovei-, but at Greencastle the weather turned very cold and the instruments froze up. so that the concei-t had to be called off. This was unfortunate, for tliere was a tremendous crowd there for the hanging. However, it is an ill wind that blows nobody good, and one man did well at the time. J. W. Smith, an In- dianapolis baker, had foreseen the oppor- tunity, and went to Greencastle and baked ginuerbread for two days steadily before the great event. He sold every bit of it. As a general rule, the band's undertakings were very successful, and it was quite a feat- ure of the town life, during its existence of something over five years. But it wore out gradually. If an instrument got broken it was not Tisually replaced, and the player dropped out. Others tired of the occupation, and when it was finally discontinued there were oidy lialf a dozen active niembei'S. who did n':t feel equal to pei-petmiting the former silories of the organization. Its place was filled by a new band— the German ililitary Band, which was incoi-jiorated on January ^■^. 1S4."). with Chas. Yoinigerman. Ferdinand Smith. Otto Schattei-. Coin-ad Youngerman. Frederick Schiltmeier. Jcseph Blickley. An- drew Ci'amer. Chai'les Heyeiliast. Wm. Wish- meier, Andi-ew Pi'otzman and Jacob Wise as chai'ter members. l''oi- some reason this band was not long-lived, and the town had to de- pend on imixirted musie foi- its functions an^l displays. On June 9. 1S41I. tlie Locomotirr 'As to Tyler, see Xnr.s. June -2. 1!)0l': Sni- 1in<]. June 3. 1902; Xoirlaiid's I'rotii. Cill-( us. |). 20.". HISTORY (IF CKKAIKi; 1 \ 1 )1.\\A1'0US. 523 (W. II. liass Phnl,, Company.) S. E. TYLER IN UNMrORM OF INDIANAPOLIS UANU. 524 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANA I'OI.TS. said: "Wliy is it that Indianapolis c-annot establish and support a Band, to play for the immerous public celebrations that take place in this city ? Is it because we have no per- sons capable of being: instructed, or because we are too indolent to undei-takc it? Country towns, with one quarter the population, can support good bands, and they are brought here at an expense of from $30 to .$60 to play, %vhen if we had a baud in the city it would get this money. Think of this, "and especially let the Germans consider on it, for they are celebrated as musicians, and see if it would not be a profitable business to estab- lish a band here. On the 4th of July alone $50 might be made." This mercenary appeal was apparently ef- fective, for the Saxe Horn Band, of tvvelve pieces, was organized, and incurred the criti- cism of the Locomotive by asking $50 for its services on July 4, 1851. The members of tlie band i-eplied by card in the Journal. stating that they had paid $247 for instru- ments, and had played gratuitously on several occasions, but uow were for reform— no pay, no play. The patriotic citizens rebelled, aiid got up "a band of martial music": and John R. Elder, editor of the Locomotive, gave the toast: "Our band of martial nuisic — The same kind oui- forefathers followed to the victories we celebrate ".= The Saxe Horn Band gave place to Henry Hahn's band, which was started as a string band, but added wind instruments. Among its members was John Philips, who came here from Cincin- nati and played a silver bugle that he had won in a contest. The brass band part of the organization became the National Guards Band, and was the lineal predecessor of the present City Band. In the militia revival preceding the Civil AVai'. each of the com- panies had its band, that of tiie City (irays being under the leadership of Jesse Bakei'. until he went west in the Pike's Peak excite- ment. The Civil War practically disbanded these organizations, as most of the mu.sicians fol- lowed the companies into the army, and went out as the Eleventh Regiment Band, twenty- five stroHg. under Carl A. Biedenmeister. Most of them were mustered out after a year's service, when it had been learned that a band was of little sei-vice in actual war. From the musicians left in the city there arose an informal sort of organization under the business leadership of Reinhold A. Miller (it was Mueller, but he Americanized because everybody called him :Miller). He is a native of Saxony, who came to Indianapolis in 1855. He was a member of the Hahn-Philips band, and played in the orchestra at the Athe- naeum. When the -Metropolitan (present Park) was built, he went there as leader of the orchestra, in 1859. In 1861 he was suc- ceeded by Bernhardt Yogt of Cincinnati, and played under him at the Metropolitan and the Academy of I\Iusie. In 1876, when the Grand was built, he went there as leader, and has since been in charge of the orchestra there as well as most of the time at the Park and English's; his actual leadei-shiji being chiefly at the Grand. From 1861 he has been the business head of the somewhat disjointed organization known as the City Band, calling in what musicians he needed on various occa- sions. In this way most of the music used on public occasions, and many of a private character, has been supplied in the last half centuiy. The City Band played when Lin- coln went through Indianapolis on the way to his first inaugural. It played when his re- mains M'ere brought here on the way to their last resting place. It played in the funeral proce.s.sions of Governor AVillard, General Custei-, and many other notables, and it played for all sorts of celebrations, balls, and jiarades." It bids fair to coTitinue for some time longer. There is no room to doubt that a new era in uuisieal culture in Indianapolis began about the middle of the last century, or that the influx of Germans had considerable to do with it. Before that time there had been nothing beyond elementai-y individual in- struction in vocal naisic, except for choir- singing." and in that line the choir of the Second Presbyterian Church was considered the best in the place, at least during Beech- er's pastorate. This developed later into a society for the studv of music— or at least the -JonriinJ. July 1, 1851: Locomolivc, June 28 and Julv 12. 1851. 'Press. "Slnv 1907. '4. 1000: .Y, September 21, IIIS'|(»|;V OF (iliKATKIJ IXDIAXAIMI.IS. society was composed l;ir>>fl\- of former mpiiibers of this choir— in which Prof. P. R. I'l'iU-sall was tlie instructdi-. i'earsall was a pi<iiic(M' ill liitrher musical culture, and laid ver\- creditably the fouiidatidus for discriini- uatinjr iiiusieal taste. If we may take the yeai- 1851 as the beginning of the new period, Pearsall had then been teaching for some time, and that summer advertised that he would open a new term of vocal music on July 7 "at the Indianapolis Female Institute, on I'ennsylvania street, west side, north of Market street" (^Miss Axtell's school) and would also give instruction on the piano, organ, iiielodeon, etc. The Jounial coiii- luended this instruction, with this forcible ar- muiient : ' '-Singing is very beneficial to the lungs, and especially so at this time of the year when the rarity of the atmosi)here weak- ens their power. Singing will strengthen the lungs of the young misses and cheer their spirits, great desideratums at this unhealthy season."* At the same time Prof. Wm. 11. Currie announced his location here and his readiness to give similar instruction. He was located at Mrs. Goldsberry's just across the street from his rival. The piano was common enough at that time. The first one was brought here in 1831, b.v James I^lake when he mari-ied, and brought his young wife (IMiss Eliza Spronle, of Baltimore) to this isolated frontier town. No doubt it was a solace to her, as well as a source of pleasure to tho.se who heard her play; and it was destined to make music long after it knew her touch, for it inspired Dan Paine's poem "Da Capo"', which ranks among the best of local jiroductions, and which deserves perpetuation here: DA CAPO. She sat at the old piano. Her fingers, thin and pale. Ran over the yellow key-board The chords of a minor scale. Her hands were withered and slirunken. Her fonii with age was lient ; They seemed twin spirits in look and tone. Herself and the instrument. *Journ(d. Jiilv 1, 1851. For the instrunu'iit, <iuaint and olden, With its single tremulant strings, Was little more than a spirit, And its tone seeiiictl a whirr of wings. And she— the keen chisel of sorrow And the ci-uel burin of care Had cut in her dear old features Deep furrows, here and there. Till all that was gross and earthly Had been chipped and smoothed away. And disclosed the patient angel Behind the thin mask of clay. She paused: and with upturned features And reminiscent eyes Was translated in one brief moment Back to young life's Paradise. « • • Xo strain from the old tone-masters, No burst of harmony gi-and Sprang from the old ]iiano At the touch of that magic band: But the simi)le airs of her girlhood Ri])I)led in melody sweet As in days when hei- sky was all sunshine, And the hours were as hap]i>' as tlcet. And s]>arkled the li'jht that vanished From eyes long dried of tears, .And twinkled feet to her nnisic That have moldcred in dust for years. .\nd as we watched and li.stened. She seemed to our moistened eyes Already within the jtortals That open towai-ds the skies. \or seemed it longer a maiwel That when in the morning gray The disciples came to the tomb of the Lord, To bear the body away. They found but his cast-otV gariiiciit With its odor of aloes and myrrh. And the stone rolled away from the open iloor Of an emptj' sepulchre Other pianos followed this one, and. in 1843, Mr, Parinalec undertook tlie manufac- ture of pianos at this jilacc. and proiluced .•)•?(! illSTOHV OF (iUEATER TXDT.WAroTJS. some whose tones, according: to the Joiiinnl. were ''equal, if not superior to those of east- ern instruments, such as are •••enerally in- tended for the western mai-ket."'' This enter- prise, however, did not attain any material success; noi- diil another piano factory started some twenty years Uiter at 161 E. Washing- ton street by Traeyser & Robinson, though the pianos of this firm took premiums at the State Fair of 1865, not only for the best piano made in the state, but also for the best square piano made in the United States, and this over twenty-seven competitors. In IS.'il. A. G. Willard. who was conducting a dry goods store, opened a piano ware-room in connection with it. opposite the Palmer House, for the sale of Gilbert & Co.'s pianos." His success invited competition, and. in January. 1852. Albert E. Jones oi)ened a music store under ]\[asonic Hall for the sale of all sorts of musical instruments and su])- plies, and as the special agency of Chieker- ing's pianos. 'j'his firm was comparatively short-lived, as was alsoi the music store of A. G. Crane & Co., which was established in 1855. and Willard — or, as the firm became. Willard & Stowell — had a practical monopoly of the business until 1865. when the Ben- hams established their store. They were en- terprising and popular, and gave vigor to local musical sentiment by starting, in 1867, the Western Musical Eevicir. They were succeeded in 1878 by J. B. Cameron, and in the same year the tirm of Theo. Pfafflin & Co. was started. Prior to 1878 there had been several other music stores established — Charles Soehner. in 1869; D. H. Baldwin & Co., in 1872 ; and Emil Wulsehner in 1877. There was a notable manifestation of lo- cal musical aspiration in 1851 : for in that year The Handel and Haydn Society was organized, and. on Decendier 2. gave its "fii-st public rehearsal'' at Concert Hall. The Senthiel's announcement of it says: "The jirogranune embraces a great part of Haydn 's sublime Oratorio of The Creation, and songs, overtures, etc., from the most popular operas. .\mong them is Russell's song. 'Man the Life Boat', which, if well executed, as we doubt not it will be. will alone be worth the jirice ^Journal. October 4. 18-43. Vournal. November 29, 1851. of ad:iii>sl()ii. The Society has a very power- ful chorus, supported by an orchestra com- ])osed of musicians who are among the best in the West. We hope, as this society is composed of our fi'iends and neighbors, that our citizens will give them a liberal sup- l>ort.'"' Cnfortunately the local papers which should have given accounts of the concert, and something about the societj' it- self, were filled with tiresome messages of the Governor and President, which came along .just then, and so this announcement is the chief contemporary record. However, I have found one surviving mend)er. 'Sirs. S. L. Hall, of Terre Haute (^Miss Sarah Mears), who was the youngest mendiei' of the organi- /atiiin. and she wi'itcs mc ( n Januarv 31. 1910: "As I rcciillcct. Mi'ssrs. Ddwnic and Currie or>;anized the society, and it c( ntinued about two years. They were nuisic teachers in In- dianajxilis. .A[r. Downie married ]\Ielissa (oildsberi'y, :uid .Mr. Currie married ^lary Switzcr. 1 thiid< the members of 'the Beeeh- er choir" were all members of this— Mrs. Ack- ley only a short time because of her leaving Indiana])olis. The ilisses Bassett were most enthusiastic members, and IMiss Julia Bas- sett took Mrs. Ackley's place as our best mezzo-soprano, her sister being one of the leading contraltos. I think that Mr. Love Jameson was one of our most enthusiastic members. .Mr. Albert Willard. son of A. (i. Willard. was also a membei'. .Mr. Edwin Coburn. Dr. Xewcomei-, and a .Mi'. Bowes, of IMichigan City, were mendiers, as I remem- ber. I was the youngest mendier. and left Indianapolis in 1852 to go East to school, and so can tell nothing of its passing away". The society gave three more concerts that winter, on January 18. Februai'y 21. and jMarch 2, all of which received tlattei-ing no- tices, but without much infornudion except as to the reiiortei-"s ideas of the nnisic. Occa- sionally these apj)eal to the uneducated of later date. One of the popular numbei"s in the.se concei-ts— it was I'epeated in all of them — was "Man the Life Boat", in which Professor Downie sang the leading part. The Jminitil critic said of it: "I am no .iudge of such pieces as 'Man the Life Boat,' par- ~S(iitiiiil. Peeember 1851. iiisToK'v OF (;i;i:.\'ii:i; ixdi.wai'oi.is. lietihirly wlu-ii the ImimI liiis tn stop and make i-i'C'onnoitcfiiit;- nf iiuiltcrs. whilst the man at tlie helm ii\n<ss tliiri' oi' I'luii- times over — ■ Ah. st'i'. one stands And wi'inys his iiands Amidst the tempest wild. For on the heaeli lie eannot reach He sees his wife and child'." '{"here are others wild have wnndeied why. at the most critical inonient. the movement of an operatic trai.'ed.\' is made to stop while somebody sinys ;i soni;. oi- the chorus takes a turn. But the notices usually were alto- gether eom|dimentary, the sinurers who were pa!-tieularly mentioned beinp: ^Ir. and ilrs. Dowide. iliss Clears, the blisses Ba.ssett and Love Jameson. The membership of this so- eiet.v was between forty and fifty, and in- cluded most of the musical taU'nt of the city. The selections yiven wei'e ehietly from the best oi-alorios and ojx'ras, interspersed with popular song's of the better class, especiall.v duets, trios and ((uartets. On one occasion the society sany' thi-ee of the poems of Mrs. Bolton, which 1 ad been set to music by Pro- fessors Downii: and Curi-ie. The Beecher ehoii-. most of whose mendiers were also meni- hei-s of the Handel and Haydn Society, was • piite a notable oriianizatipn itself. A. G. \Villai-(l was the leader. The leadinjj soprano, and briirht, particular star, was iMrs. Dr. Ackley, who was a dauy:hter of Professor Baldwin, the first president of Wabash, Ainong the men w'ho were members were Jolui L. Ket<'ham. Alex. Davidson (sou-indaw of (iovei'nor Xotile) and Lawrence Vance. In musical criticism, Berry Snlprrove was, at this time, monarch of all he surveyed, as also in art, architecture and literature. He wrote for both the JokiiiiiI and the Locomo- tive, and was almost certainly the author of the unsif,'ned articles on musical affairs that ajipeared in them. There was a state assem- bly of brass bands on Febi'uary 22, 1853, in which twelve bands gave a .joint concert, and then contested for a prize. It was a great occasion. Lieutenant-CJovernor AVillard made the weleominy- address, and William Wallac<' presented the [)ri/.e banner in a speech "whiidi di'cw the lireathless attention of the entire audience", and is published in full in the Locomotive of February 2(i. On this occasion Berry was one of the .judges; and ])robably wrote most of what appeared in the two i)apers concerninir it. He appears tti have been the sole .judge at a sinnlar contest held on November 29, of the same yeai-. ^ A good idea of the local nnisicai advancement may be had from two or three extracts from critical articles, all apparently from his pen. First ;t notice of .leniiy Liiid's concert at .Madison : "On last Friday we went to .Madison, in company with about forty from this city, to hear .Jenny Liiid sing. We expected to lieai' singing that surpasseil anything we had ever heard— perhaps we did. but we have been better pleased at concerts bv singers of less note. Jenny lias a powerful, musical voice, with complete conniiand of it. and i)ossesses the powei' of w.irbling, with all manner of variations. She is irood-looking. without be- ing particularly alti-active — a little above the medium height — fair hair, light complexion, bhu' I'yes, and very graceful. When she ap- ])eared. she leoki'd as if it required an effort to sing before so large an audience, but this soon wore off after she commenced. She was dressed richly, without man.v ornaments. "The orchestia — fifteen in numbei- — were of the best nnisicians — they piM'foriiied to perfection— but unisic lost its chariri in the 'Jenny Lind Hall'— they saw this— they knew it — and their frequent glances at the roof, the sides, the posts and cross-ties, and their laugh whenevei- the eye of one wordd detect the other examining these, plainly showed that they pitied the city and peoi)le that could not atVord a better building for them to exercise their talents in. "Of the building we must give a descrip- tion—it was built for a pork house, and was used foi- such. It is a large frame building, composed of the frame, outside weather boards, and shingled roof, uneeiled and with- out plastering. Along the centre is two rows of i-ough |)osts. held together by cross-ties as I'ougli. supporting a i-oof with rafters still rougher. Back and over the stage, and for ten feet fiom it on each side, was papered — ' Loeomotive. December ^^. 18"):?: Sittgrnve's liidiniiiijwlis, p. 21)3. 538 lllSTUlir OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. the balance was white-washed, inside and out. The only building it will compare with in this city is Browning's stable— if the mow and stalls were taken out, they wovUd look vei-y much alike — our readers can form some idea of the effect music would have in such a building".'' This includes every word that was said about Jenny Lind's singing. On November 24, 185], ]\[adame Anna Bishop and troupe appeared at ^Masonic Hall, on her "farewell tour," and the high grade of the performance was guaranteed by ' ' admission, $1 ; reserved seats, $2." The Journal's critique of the performance said : "We were disappointed in Madame Bishop's personal appearance. She is de- cidedly coarse in appearance, and does not produce at tirst a very favorable impression on an audience. There are various opinions in relation to her voice. — Some take excep- tions to certain peculiarities, but we think all will agree that in the whole round of operatic and ballad singing ]\radame Bishop is ex- celled by very few contemporary vocalists — that the defective features in her voice are more than counterbalanced by the sweetness, steadiness and strength of most of her tones, and her musical skill. Many of her pieces were loudly applauded and most of them en- cored.— Her 'Sweet Home' was enthusiastic- ally received, though some say it lacked senti- ment. The artistic execution was very fine. We must confess that we do not like her style of ballad singing as well as that of Madame Ablamowicz. and, perhaps, one or two other vocalists we have heard. We will not attempt to criticize her operatic perform- ances, for the simple reason that we are not entirely capable. They produced as good an effect on the audience as we anticipated, con- sidering that musical taste is not cultivated generally in our new city sufficiently to fully appreciate the highest descriptions of music. We will only say that our best musical ama- teurs were highly delighted with 'Casta Diva.' 'Lucia di Lamniermoor'. 'The Mexican Girl', and 'Linda di Chainouni'. "Signorina Lavinia Bandini, the young violinist, wielded a magie bow, and brought such music from her 'Cremona' as would make a cross-roads fiddler 'back square out'. Mr. Bochsa, director for the troupe, presided at the piano. He ably assisted the other per- formers in their parts with this favorite in- strument, and in his 'Bagatelles Improvisees', or, as near as we can translate it, his Extem- poraneous Trifles, he brought down the house in a torrent of applause, as a medlej' consist- ing of 'Yankee Doodle', 'Hail Columbia', "Star Spangled Banner', etc., etc., with bril- liant variations, leaped from under his facile fingers. Such tunes are 'household words' to most of us Hoosiers, and we can appreciate them either on the fife and drum or highly embellished with variations. Last, though not least, comes Herr Julius Seide, the flutist. He played several i)ie('es in a manner that has never been heard in this 'wooden couii- ti-\'. It is useless to attempt a description. With no apparent effort he called music from the flute which we have never heard equaled".^" The Madame Ablamowicz referred to .sang at :\rasonic Hall ^March 16-18, 1852, and thy Journal said: "This lady achieved a com- plete triumph on Tuesday evening, command- ing the enthusiasm of a large, fashionable, and discriminating audience. She labored under the disadvantage of having no other vocalist to assist her. The programme, too, was a ditficult one. Here an Italian piece from an opera, there a Scotch war song— here a favorite piece of Carrie's (local music teacher) and there a merry Scotch or Irish ballad. Success in such a varied field cer- tainly could hardly be anticipated, yet suc- cess Madame A. certainly had. Her Italian pieces elicited, from the best musical critics pi-esent, unqualified eulogy. Of her ballads, our judgment is that her etjual has never ap- peared before our public. In the 'Vale of Avoca', every syllable that she utters gushes, it would seem, from her very heart, and the hearer that thrills not with emotion beneath the spell must be more insensible than marble itself. This ballad, though we never liked it before, was here rapturously encored ; and when, in its stead, she playfully substituted another Irish ballad, 'Rory O 'Moore', it pro- duced an excellent effect. But of all her ballads, the singing of the 'Lass O'Gowrie' 'Locomotive, April 19, 18.51. "Journal, November 26, 1851. IIlSl(ii;V OF GliKATER INDIANAPOLIS. 529 pleased us iiicisl. Madaiin' A. \s voice is re- markable for its power and sweetness, and lias Ix'en cultivated to perfection. To this is added a eoui'teous desire to oblige, as evi- denced ill the i-ei)etiti()n of pieces, and a per- fectly cdiiiposed and refined demeanor".'' Tint one eompi-tent laborer had ali'eady ap- peared in this almost virsiu field, and that was T'rof. Peter Roebuck Pearsall, who for over thirty years instructed Indiana])olis in rausie, though he was .57 years of age when he came. lie arrived in Indianapolis Feb- PROF. PETER ROEBUCK PEARSALL. ruary 9, 1A47: his last concert was on Feb- ruary 9, 187S. On the 18th of the following month he was stricken with paralysis, while in Benhani's music .store, and died on the 23d, moiii-ned by Ihc whole community. Not only ■■; competent musician, but a man of high character, and a Chesterfield in nian- nei-s, he had won his way to many hearts during his long i-csidence. lie became the organist at Beechei 's old church in 1848. and in 1854 went tn Christ Church, where he re- ''Journal. Man-b 1 s:, 1S.')2. Vol. I— :!4 maiued while in active work. Wliile he I)layed other instniments. the organ was the one at which he excelled. lie began its study when he entered Xa/.areth Hall, Nazareth, Penn., in 1798, a boy of eight years, and at the age of fourteen was made organist of the school. He went back there to a reunion in 1873, being then the oldest hall boy living, and played on the instrument on which he had learned to play. His concerts were the chief local musical events for more than twenty years. Added to his talent, and his charming personality, he was a veteran of the \Var of 18T2: anil altogether it is very natural that "Father Pearsall'" holds a warm place in the memories of the older residents of Indianapolis. The development of musical culture from 18.j1 on was a thing of slow growth, with several contributing causes. The early work of the (ierman musical societies is mentioned elsewhere, and it no doubt had an inspiring ett'ect in other than (ierman circles. The opening of railroad communication with the outside world gave the town a higher grade of musical entertainments. The first of these that caused .special note was a concert by Ole Hull, on his first western tour, on December (). 1853. With him were ilaurice Strakosch as pianist, and Adelina Patti, his sister-in- law, then only ten years old, who was aston- ishing the country with her singing. Later came numerous musicians, vocal and instru- mental, who were touring the country, and probably none attracted more notice than The Black Swan. She was a very dai-k lirunette, otherwise known as ^liss fireenfield, who had made rpiite a sensation abroad as well as in the Ea.st, and whom Harriet Beechcr Stowe mentioned as liavini;' won hisrh commendation by her singing at the Duchess of Suther- land's. She sang here first on May 2. 18.55, and the critics noticed her remarkable eom- pa.ss "from a deep bass to a high treble"'. A Sandusky paper having (iiiestioncd the pi'o- [iriety of lier title: and having aske<l whether swans ever sing, and whether she was a "neirre.ss of beautiful foiin aii<l uraeeful mien", the Locomolivr i-cjilii'd: "There is an Australian swan which is l»lack, and this Miss (Irccnlicld is so lilack that charcoal will make a white mark on her. The mu.sic of a swan, as we understand it, is 530 HISTOIIV OP GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. ;i cross between the i|uaekjn^ of a duck ;iinl the liissiii.ff of a goose, but this blaek swan can pom- out musical sounds like an ebony nuisical box — and with just as much genius or soul. Her form is of the squat order, and her mien of the waddle style. The editor in the interior, who said that the Blaek Swan rivals Jenny Lind, forms his estimate of music friim quantity, not quality. The Swan, like many other good singers, has any amount of music in her lunus, with but little in her sour'.' = A notable evidence of higher musical as- piration came at the beginning of ^May, 1856, when a committee composed of L. H. Jame- son. J. L. Ketcham, A. G. Willard. Chas. N. Todd. 11. F. Smith, J. J. Drum, and G. S. Braun. ainiounced a nuisical convention, with sessions of four days and four nights, begin- ning May 18. Prof. Geo. F. Root, then of New York, was secured as director and in- structor, and music teachers, choir leaders, and friends of music generally were invited: the course charge being $1 for ladies and $2 for gentlemen. It was specially noted that "attention will be given to vocal training, time keeping, intonation, style and expres- sion, in connection with choir and congrega- tional singing, and glee and chorus practice". The convention was very successful, and wound up with two concerts, in which the solo singino- of ]\riss Twining, of Crawfords- ville. and iliss Bassett. of Indianapolis, were particularly complimented. But the conven- tion was not repeated, and there is no record of any other attempt at concerted work, beyond choir and cla.ss practice, for more than a decade. In the spring of 1859 In- dianajiolis had its tirst performance of full opera by Coojier's English Opera Troupe, at the ^retropolitan. Annie Milner was the prima donna-, and the company gave Bellini's "La Somnambula" on April 2. Donizetti's "Love Spell" (L'Elisir d'Ainore) <m April 4. and his "Daughter of the RegiTuent" on April 5. The performances wei-e kindly no- ticed, but do not appear to have been as well patronized as either Christy's ^Finstrels or The Peake Family of Swiss Bell Ringers, which followed in the same week. There were various teachei-s of instrii- -l,orn»iiifiri . 'S\nv ."). 1855. mental and vocal music, most of them not tarrying long, until I'rof. P. R. Pearsall came in 1847. He contributed materially to musi- cal progress by private lessons for a number of years, and his daughter. ]\Irs. Fleming, who sang in the Episcopalian choir, was one of the best anuiteurs in the city. But, with the exception of the convention of 185(5, the work was almost wholly personal, the choir work being the widest divergence, until Prof. J. S. Tilack came to the city in 1867. Profes- soi- Black is a native of Vermont, and had attained rank as a musical instructor at New- York, Philadelphia and Rochester before coming here. His classes were popular, and concerts given b.y them in 1868, 1869 and the spring of 1870 were hailed as great successes, the prominent feature being the concerted singing. In October, 1870. Prof. R. W. Sea- ger came here and on the 19th, 20th and 21st gave the Oi-atorio of Esther at the Academy of ^Music, with local talent, there being 70 adults and 50 children in the company. Pro- fessor Black joined enthu.siastieally in the enterprise, lakinu- the part of "King Ahasue- rus". and nearly all of his pupils partici- pated. ]Mrs. H. C. Hopkins was "Queen Esther"; ^[iss Nellie Ballard, the prophetess; Oscar Stone. "Haman", and E. C. ^layhew. "^lordecai'": while ]\Irs. Alice Porter. ]Mi.ss Hester Cox (S|)ades), IMiss Grace Wilson, ami ^Fi-s. J. J. Lodtre won many compliments. The att'air was so satisfactory to all con- cerned that a month later the Choral Union was organized, with Professor Black as di- rector until 1877. when he went South, and leiiiained ten years before returning to In- dianapolis. After his departure Emil Wulseh- ner was director for a year; Professors Leck- ner and Ernestinoff for a year. Professor Beissenherz for a year. The Choral T^nion was the great training school of Indianapolis in concerted nuisic. The first year it studi(>d glees, opera choruses. Hies's cantata "The Moi-ning". and Rom- berg's "Transient and Eternal". The second year was devoted to Haydn's "Creation"; and the third year to Handel's "^lessiah". In 1874 there was a notable activity in local nnisieal life. On May 6 was Professor l^lack's seventh annual concert, in w-hieh not iinly piTsent i)ni>i]s took part, but also his former pn])ils. ^Frs. IT. ("'. H(i]ikins. ^Irs. E. HISTOJJY OF GKEATKi; JM)IA.\A1'()I.IS. .-i:n \V. Halford, and Miss Jennie Hull, of New Voi-k. On May 19 came "Father Pearsall's benefit", in which all musieal Indianapolis partieipated. One of its features was a duet ■'Canuval of Veniee"' bv ■('harles Soehner ,ind Fathei- Pearsall. iniisie teaehers in this lily 2o years ago". Strakoseh was here on May 28 and 29 with Pauline Lueea in grand Italian opera. On June 2, 3 and 4 came the iirst ■'. Music Festival" of Indianapolis, given hy the Choral Fnion. with the orchestral music hy the local i'hil harmonic Society, the only outside attraction beinir the Boston Ouartette, :\Irs. H. ^r. Smith. :\rrs. Flora E. liarry. .1. Nelson Varley, and -M. W. Whitney. 'I'liose last took the solo parts in "The Crea- tion", which was given the first night, and the ■■ Messiah ■'. on the second night; and on till' third night gave a grand concert. 'riit' festival was a pronounced success, and the Choral Fnion uave anothei- on May 17, 18 and 19, 187.'). at the Academy of Music. The opening niudit was devoted to Haydn's oratoi-io "Till- Seasons": the second to selec- tions t'i-om the "^^essiah": and the third to :i concert b.v the solo artists. ^Frs. If. M. Smith. Miss Emma Cranch. AViri. .1. Winch ;nid M. W. Whitney. While a comph'te suc- rcss fi-om ;i musical point of view, the festi- \al was a failure financially. In consequence the Fnion contented itself in 1S7() with the production of Handel's "Judas ^Maccabeus" at the First Baptist Church, on :\Iay 2fi, with no im|)ortcd singers but ^Mi-. Whitnev and M. L. Wheeler, of Chicago. This ycai' also there was a split in the Ch<irMl Fnion, ;i innii- her of nieurbers withdi'awing and organi/.inir the Hai'Mionic .Society with Prof. W. H. Clarke a.s director. This societ.v produced the oratorio of Naaman at the Grand Opera House, on ^fay 30, assisted by the Indian- apolis Orchestra which had been organized a few 7i)onths earlier by Prof. Ora Pearson. Mrs. BaiMiieicr. ^liss Sallic Binirham. and ^^essI•s. Peters. Vaughan. Williams and Pro- fessor Looniis took the leading parts. Iiiniic- diately aftei- came what were practicall.v two rival concert.s, that of Pearson's Indianapolis Orchestra on May 31, and Professor Black's annual on June (i. The natural tendency of the rupture to in.iui-e the success of all these cITiirts was added to by the presence of .Mice Ojitrs with liiT coiiiii' opera troupe, wliicli "ms then at its best, and at its best was e.Ktremelv I)opular here. In fa<-t, this company may be said to have intnxluced ojn-ra boutVe to" In- dianapolis, and many theater-goers of that period maintain that there has never since been one that equaled it. In 1877 music was in the air. The local effort opened with a benefit to Professor Clarke by the Harmonic Society, on Jlay 15. The Jouniat said "the audience was pain- fidly small, but e.\cruciatini;ly select"; and that l'rofes,sor Clarke explained that "tlie l)ai-ty on the stage were the pei-fonners, for fear of mi.stake". On the 2;')th the Cecilian (dee Club gave a complinientaiy benefit to its leader. Frank Scott. On June 1 the operetta (if "(ienevieve'' was given by a company of forty local singeis, under Prof. Ora Pearson, at the (irand. This occasion was notable as the debut of Miss Lavonne Kaekley (a sister of .Marirarct Reid Kackle.v. now ^[rs. Stem), who took the leading character, though then a nnss of only sixteen years, and carried it with great success. On June 12 the Choral T'nion gave Mendelssohn's oratorio of "Eli- jah", at the First Baptist Church, with Mr. Whitnev as "Eli.jah" the other outside sing- ers bciiiir W. II Kcssenden and ;\Iiss Laura ^r. Cooke. In 1S7S. Professor Black having gone South, and Profe-ssor Clarke having re- signed, the two societies got together for a .ioint concert at Roberts Park Church on Jtnie 28, They took up Ha.vdn's "First Mass", undi'r the lcMd(>rshiii of Emil Wulsch- nci- of the (Jhoral Fnion. and had rehearsals at llarmiinic Hall -old Trinity Church, cor- ner of .\orlh and .Mabanui street.s. The con- cert was "a great success in everything but attendance". The tnith is that "hard times" was having a very marked elVect in Indian- apolis in the later seventies, and people did not Sfjuander nnich money foi- amusements. .Vi'vcrthelcsis. both societies came to the front in 1879. the Choral T'tdon <_'iving Haydn's "Cr-eation" at the (Irand on June 2. and the Harmonic jjroducing the caidata of "St, Ce- cilia's Day" on June 3. at llai-monic Hall, which p'M-formances nia.v be regarded as tlte "last words" of the two oru'ani/ations. In 1880 the chief musienl event was the Maennerchor's festival of Jime 18-20. in celebration of its twcnty-lil'tb anniversary. This was done on an impri'ssive scale, tln' ini- 532 HISTORY OF GREATEK INDIANAPOLIS. ported taleut being Lilliau Stoddard. ^Inie. S. J. Friedenheiiner. Emma Craneh, H. A. Bischoff. J. F. Riidolphsen. aud Echborn's Louisville Orchestra of 48 men. In this year also began a new era in Indianapolis music with the amateur production, on February 13 and 14, of "'The Proff Opera", for the benefit of the Oi-phan Asylum. A number of the performers were members of the Light In- fantry, and under the influence of the "Pina- fore" craze, which liad then set in strongly, this military orsanization took on an opera boulTfe existence. On January 13-15, 1881, the Light Infantry gave "Pinafore" at Eng- lish's, the characters all being taken by men. and "Pink" Hall, Jud Colgan, Bert" Eddy and othei-s added to their luster a.s star per- formers. It was a great success, and a re- turn engagement followed, in which, however, there was a slight change. At the la.st mo- ment ^Ir. 0. W. Williams, the "Josephine" of the company, contracted quinzy. and a telegram to Chicago brought jMrs. McWade ("Ada Somers"), who took the part.^= De- cember 8-10, 1881. the Light Infantry gave "The Pirates of Penzance" at English's, but this with ladies in the cast. Mrs. Spades and ^Trs. Bailey singing the leading parts. This was repeated on January 2, at a benefit for Prof. Ora Pearson. By this time the light opera furore was al- most universal, and Professor Pearson or- ganized the Indianapolis Opera Company, on a more ambitious basis. April 18-19. 1882, it gave "The Chimes of Nonnandy" at the Grand, with ^Irs. Enrique ^Tiller, ^li's. Leon Bailey, Professor Pearson and O. W. "Will- iams in the leading parts. This organization held together for some time. ]Most of the members took nart in "The Naiad Queen", which was produced through the week begin- ning April 9. 1883. under direction of Ai'thur C. McKnielit of Wasbincton City. But the company had its own enterprises also, and on :May 11 and 12 produced "Fra Diavolo" at the Grand, bringing "\Ym. Ca.stle. of the Ab- bott Company, from Chicago, to do the musi- cal bandit. The other leading characters wei-e as in "The Chimes of Normandy", and the othcT-s would be lost to fame, but that ]\rrs. T;each. the c\istodian of th(> Grand, has ''Hrrahl. Jatuiarv 22. 1881. preserved the old prograunnes. Among the characters are the well-known Indianapolis names of Dudie I\IcGuire, Julia Elliott, Net- tie Johnson, Blanche Dollens, Jennie Gold- thwaite, ^Irs. Ida Grav Scott, Mamie "\Val- laek. Adele Wallack, Sam Carey. Ferd L. flayer, Chas. B. Foster. W. Deil. Hooper, Sam D. ililler and Thos. Eastman. After this there was a lull in light opera, but it was revived later under Professor Ernesti- noff. On March 5-6, 1886. "The Mikado" was given with Lulu Burt ("Helen Ber- tram"), ]Mrs. Bailey, Fred Loomis and Sam L. Morrison in the leading parts: and Feb- ruary 22-23. 1889, "The Pirates of Pen- zance" was given ■with 'Sirs. Bailey and T.,eo- nore Snyder as leading ladies. During all this time there was on organ- ization that clung to higher musical culture, and that was the Matinee .Musicale. which was organized in 1876. and which has l<ept steadily on with its fortnightly meetings, stimulating musical taste, and encouraging young nnisicians to persevere. It also pro- moted acquaintance and friendliness among the musical, and that is important: for though music nuiy have charms to soothe the savage breast, it does not seem to have that effect on its producers, ^lusieians. on the average, are "scrappy" enough to be con- sidered natural Democrats. The clergyinan was both wise and witty who referred to his choir as "the Deiiartment of War". It was this tendency that made every musical or- ganization in Indianapolis comparatively short-lived, except the ^Maennerchor : and it survives, after ^inwv troublous times, most l)robably because it had outside animosities to engage the attention of its membci-s. and di'aw Ihem together. Ne.vt to it, the ^latinee .Musicale is the oldest nuisical organization in the cit.y, and the influence of its early years no doubt contributed largely to the conditions that made suceessful the first .May ilusic Fes- tival. Of eoui-se there were many other ele- ments in the production of that result, and among them may be suggested the constant cultivation of choral singing in churches and Siuiday Schools, and the teaching of singing in private and |)ublic schools. The ]iublic school work, up to that time, had been done chieflv bv Prof. (!eo. B. Loomis. and had tteen HlSTUllY OF GKKATKi; 1 XDIA.X AI'Ol.lS. 533 an iiuporUiiit aid to every cliild who liad any taste or talent for music. The first nmsie festival iu 18S() was ehietly an enterprise of the Grand Army of the Re- public, which had undertaken to raise funds for a soliders' monument, and was giving every energy to this enterprise. It held a great soldiers' reunion in Indianapolis the week following .Memorial Day, which fell on Sunday in that year. Tomlin.son Hall had just been completed, and the jtlan was evolved of dedicating it with a music festival for the benefit of the monument fund. The idea was pleasing to everybody, and with veiy little difficulty a chorus of 650 voices was organized, and an orchestra of (iO pieces. The only imported artist, and the only paid one. that season, was Lilli T.chmann. The leader was Carl Harus. who had been identi- fied with the muscial life of the AY est since 1852. and who made his first appeai-ance here as director of the German music fest of 18i)8. He came here for residence in 1882. The festival opened on Tuesday, June 2, with Misses Adam and Hes.sling, Mrs. J. P. Fren- zel, ^Irs. H. Schurmann. ]\rrs. F. If. Tjcvci'ing. lyirs. IJ. J. IIanui}ond and ^Messrs. Liiimann. Levi and Loomis. as stars, in addition to Miss Lehmann. On Wednesday night the festival was a "campfire", with addresses by Gen- erals Sherman. Logan. Bennett and Gibson, and [latviotic sonirs with Miss Annie Abromet, ifrs. U. J. Hammond. ^Mrs. W. C. Lynn. Mrs. Sam IMorrison. Andrew Smith. Burgess Brown and John G. Blake as soloists. Mr. and ilrs. Spades. ^Fiss Lulu Burt. .Mr. H. J. Schonaeker and Miss N. P. Johnson also ap- peared as soloists on other evenings, the fes- tival elosinsr on Friday night. Miss Lehmann received $800 for the three evenings she sang, and the profits of the festival were about $5,000. Tlie monument fund also received a lift the week following from the ,\mci-icaii Opera Company, which included the Theo- dore Thomas Orchestra, and irave benefits to the G. A. R. on June 7 and 8. On motion of AY. C. Smock, the Grand Army had decided fo I'cpc.-it the festival an nually, bu*^ this was imt done because tin' lesrislature of 18S7 varied the monotony of its ifreat senatorial fiiibt by passing the \)\\\ for the Soldiei-s" and Sailoi's' AbnuMiicnt. and therebA' took the work ofT the (Iraiid .\riiiy's hands. Two years ])assed without festivals, but the success had been too pronounced, and the memory of it was too pleasing for the matter to be dropped. In January, 1889, a May Music Festival Association was organ ized. chiefiy through the etforts of Carl liarus and J. H. Stem, and active preparation was begun for a festival that year. Gen. J. R. Carnahan was elected president, A. Kipj) vice I)resident. Henry C. Rogei-s secretary, E. B. Pfirter treasurer, and Carl Barns director. Nearly 700 names were enrolled in the chorus, and the members rehearsed faithfully on ^fonday ni;rhts at High School hall, with Julius Kohl as accompanist. The festival was May 27-29. with Emma Juch. Mme. II.t- bert-Foerster, ^Martraret Reid (Kackleyi. Aliss Von Doenhoef, Miss Piersc, Jules Pcr- otti. Signor Campanari and Emil Fischer were the solo vocal artists: while Max Ben- dix appeared in a violin solo, and Adele Ans der Ohe as a piano soloist. The festival was a great success, and every- body favored its continuance as a permanent institution. In 1890 it was held I^Iay l:?-16. The oi'chestra of 50 pieces was from the Met- ropolitan Opera House. New York. The not- able vocal soloists were illle. Clementina De Vere, Mme. Theresa Herbert-Foerster, ^Frs. Zelda Se£ruin-Wallaee. Jules Perotti, Emil Fischer. Chai'les Holman Black and Charles Knorr. The instnnnental soloists were John Cheshire (harp\ Franz \Yilczek (violin), and Victor Herbert (violoncello). In 1891 the chief vocal attractions were Emma Juch. Mary Howe, Clara Poole, AVm. Lavin and Emil Fischer; and the instrumental, AVilczek and Max Bendix. The orchestra was that of Theodore Thomas, conducted by him. In 1892 the star singers were Alme. Fursch-^fadi. Lena Little. IMariraret Roid, :\rrs. S. E. Ford. Caiiipanini and Ifeinrich Meyn. acconuianii^d by Damrosch ami his orclnsti-a. The insliMi- mental star was the violinist Brodsky. Tliis was the last year that the chorus was con- rlucted by Professor Barus, he being succeed- ed by F. X. Arens in the followiiiL' year. The festival in 189.S was a fizzle The diri'ctors had made a contract with Charles E. Locke for tlie SeidI orchestra, aiul a complcnicnl of soloi.sts. while a separate conti-act had l)ecn made with Afmc. Noi-dica. .\ few days be- fore the time set for the fcs|i\jil the dirTctnis 5:54 iiisTOKV OF (;i;i:atkr ixdiaxapolls. rceived a demand for about $3,000 increase on their contract ; and also for one day's postponement of the opening. This was re- fused, and the festival was off. The only consolation offered was a concert on May 22, for the benefit of the festival fund, at w'hich ]\Iadame Nordica, ^lai-u'aret Reid, Sadie Wal- ker and Schliewin. the violinist, appeared. In 1894 there were enoush attractions in the session, ]\ray lo-lT. to make up for the loss of the preceding year. The notable art- ists were Emma Eames, Emma Juch, An- toinette Trebelli. Clara Poole-King and Ger- trude May Stein, with Ben Davies, Max Heinrich, "Watkin ^Mills and E. C. Towne ; also Henri ]\[orteau (violin). Y. V. Rogers (harp), Felix "Wintei'nitz (violin), and Fritz Giese (cello). There was a change in the business management of the association this year, in which Mr. 0. R. Johnson had become secretary, and Mr. Ferd ifayer was put in charge of local contracts. For the first time receipts of the festival equaled the expenses, since the oi-ganization of 1889. The orches- tral music in 1894, as also in 1895 and 1896, was furnished by the Boston Festival Or- chestra, with Emil Mollenhauer as director. In 1895 the stars were I\Ielba, Nordica. Ger- trude May Stein. Julie L. Wyman, Rose Stewart, Mrs. Jennie Patrick Walker, Max Heinrich, W. H. Rieoer. Ben Davies. Wm. H, Clarke and Watkin :\ri!ls. In 1896 Nordica was here again, with Mme. Lohse-Klafsky. ]\Iiss Stein, Katharine Bloodgood. ^larie Bi'ema, ^Ime, Lillian Blauvelt, Signer Cam- panari, Evan Williams. E. A. ^McDowell. Bar- ren Berthald. D. ^T. Babcock and Van Yech- ten Rogers. In 1895 the festival was on I\Iay 13-16, and in 1896 on Mav 25-27. In 1897 the festival was held ^May 20-22. with ^fme. Calve as the chief attraction, and also as soloists Ella Russell, jMme. Clemen- tine de Vere Sajiio, Sarah Layton Walker. Ffrangcon-Davies. Barron Berthald, Evan Williams, Oliver "\V. Pierce and Morris ^Meck. Professor Arens conducted the chorus, and Frank Van der Stueken directed the orches- tra—the Cincinnati Syinnhony Orchestra, which was also entraged in 1898. The last year of the festival was 1898, and Van der Stueken conducted both chorus and orchestra. Thei'e was also a children 's chorus of 800 voice*, which was ti'ained bv Professor Er- nestinort' and ]\Iiss AVilkinson. The festival was held ^lay 4-7, and the chief attractions were Mme. Jaeoby, Mme. Gadski, j\Ime. Juch, Geo. Hamlin, David Bispham, Paul Haase and Ysaye, the pianist. At this festival Benoit's "Lucifer" was given for the first time in America. As it was just after Dewey's great victory, the festival took on a patriotic tinge. As spokesman, on the open- ing night. Bispham reciuested the audience to .join in '"The Star Spangled Banner''', Mmes. Jaeoby and Juch leading the singing. On the last night "America" was sung by the chorus, the audience .joining; and on Thurs- day night Bispham sang "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", the audience joining. The great drawing card proved to be Ysaj'e, on the clo.sing night. Notwithstanding its success in other re- spects, the festival of 1898 was a dismal fail- ure financially, leaving a deficit of about $3,000. This was so discouraging that the directors abandoned the festival enterprise. There was an effort in the fall of 1899 to re- vive it for 1900, but in December it was finally given up. There nuiy be some differ- ence of opinion outside, as to why the festival was a financial failure, but there is not much among the directors. One says: "The world did not produce musical celebrities fast enough". Another puts it: "The American public does not care for music; it pays to see celebrities. The star wha draws one sea- son is not a star the next, and conse((uently does not draw". A third says: "You haven't an adequate hall here. You must mak(> your money on stars; and when you have a r(>al •<tar. Tomlinson Hall is not large enough, and has not enough good seats". To the pio- posal to cut out the stars it is answered that, "if you did you could not even get a chorus to serve without compensation". Of course, there have been few traveling musical organizations in the United States since the Civil War that have not visited In- dianapolis; but since ll'e last ^lay festival the principal eft'ort to briu'i hi^h-grade mnsi- eal talent here has been by a woman— Ona B. Talbot. She began by bringing Theodnie Thomas with his orchestra, and Frederick A. Stock in ch(u-al work, in 1901-2; and since then has broucht DamrosclTs Xcw York Syiii- phony Orche-tra twice. Emil Paur's Pitts- lll.ST()|;V OF (;i;i-ATRi; ixdiaxai-olis. 535 Ml'. //. B'l.i.-! Photo Conipunij.J MME. CAHIER AS "UKl'HKUS.' (Sarah Layton Walker.) 53 G HISTOKY OF GltEATEU IXDIAXAPOLLS. bnrgr Orphestra three times. Dr. Kaii !Muck"s Boston Symphony Orchestra twice, the Knei- sel Quartet four times, aud the Heermanu Quartet ouce. Under her management the city has had visits from noted singers, Alice Nielsen. Jlelba. Calve. Seluimann-Heink ( thri'e times), Gadski. Bispham and Cam- ]')anari ; and of instrumental artists. ]\Iiclos. Biisoni, Paderewski (twice). Kosenthal. Ca- mero, De Pachmann (twice), Bernthaler. Ar- thur Rubinstein. Kubelik, Ysaye, Elsa Rueg- ser. (ierardy, Bromsen, Arnold Dolmetsch and others. Since 1906 the People's Concert Association has done a good work by provid- ing higli grade concerts at n^asonable prices at Caleb Mills Hall i Shortridge High School) and lias had large audiences. Perhaps its largest undei'taking has been bringing an- nually the Theodore Thomas Orchestra. In 1895. Karl Schneider organized the Indian- apolis Symphony Orchestra, which gave con- certs here with noted soloists. 1904-6. Per- haps the most notable musical event since the close of the ^lay festivals was the meeting of the thirty-second National Saengerfest at Indianapolis June 17-20, 1908. They had as soloists ilarie Rappold, Schumann-Heink, Adolf ]\Iuehlmann and David Bispham: with Danirosch's New York Symphony Orchestra. Indianapolis has been blessed by excellent music teachers from an early time, so much so that those pupils who went elsewhere for hisrher study had very rarely to "inilearn" what they had been taught here. The names of Professors Pearsall. Owen, Black, Seholtz. H. J. Sehonacker. Kai-l Schneider, Leckner, Newell, Ernestinofl'. Beissenherz and Bahr, Professor and ^ladanie TTeine. Professor and ^ladame Jaillet. the Schellscbmidts. ]Mr. and Airs. McGibeny. 0. W. Pierce. John Geiger. Edward Nell.Mv. Peek, Mrs. Hunter, and others, are widely remembered for their work of instruction. And they have had pupils who did them credit. There has not been a time in years when the city did not have a dozen talenled amateurs, who could be called on for genuine musical work. And the city has produced some professionals that have at- tained notable success: and others who de- served greater success than has yet come to them. One of the first to attain fame was Albert Ross Parsons. President of the Amer- ican College of ^Musicians of the TTniversitv of New York since 1893. He was a pupil of Professor Pearsall here, before the war. and went East as a "boy wonder''. He pursued his studies at Bufilalo. New York City, and, for five years, in Germany, under Carl Tau- sig and Prof. Theodore Kullak. President Parsons is an all-round genius, archanilogist. genealogist, composer, author and lecturer, as well as musician. He has published a num- ber of volumes dealing with the sulijects in which he ranks as an expert authority, some of which are of exceptional interest as dem- onstrating the connection between music and other arts and sciences.'^ Another .iuvenile prodigy is Thad Rich, son of W. S. Rich, and present Concert ^leis- ter of the Philadelphia Orchestra. He is of a musical famil.y, and displayed musical tal- ent very early. His father bought him a small violin and gave him his first instruc- tion: his first appearance in public was at a school exhibition, at the age of nine, and within three years after he was astonishing and delighting audiences in various parts of the state and at Chicago and Cincinnati. He became a pupil of Richard Schliewin, Charles Ehricke, and later Professor ^IcGibeny, and afterwards ])ut in six intermittent years in (ierinany. with Arno Hilf. Joseph Joachim. Hans Pfitzner and Artlnir Nikisch. His first appearance in Indianapolis after going abroad was on Octolier r,. 1899, at the age of 14. and his last was in a recital at Caleb ]Mills Hall on :\larch 19, 1907. In addition to play- ing the violin. ]\lr. Iiirli is a violin nudcer of marked ability.'" It seems jjroliable. how- ever, that even Rich will be surpassed by Ed- die Brown, now 18 years of age, the son of Jacob Brown, a Washington street saloon- keejier. He was one of ]\Ic(iiheny's pupils, and for the last tln-ee years has been at Buda- Pesth with Jeno llubaye, the Hungarian maestro. He is now under contract with Daniel ^Mayer. wIki managed Kubelik, Elma. and Paderewski. and he holds that Eddie Brown is the greatest violinist of his age in the world. Eddie made his first professional appearance in London. England. October 3, ^*W/io's WIkj. and lliniiniiiliind hhwiidn- pcclias. ^Wcics. Septembci' 28. 1899: April 3. 1907. HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 337 VJ07, with great success."' Ellis Levy, an- other Indianapolis boy of e.vtraiirdinary tal- ent, is now studying with Caesar Thomson, in Brussels, and there are others eomiuij; on, anionir whom may be noted two girls, ilarie Dawson, now studying here, and Vera Ver- barg, who goes out next season with a con- cert company. One of the most talented violinists Indian- apolis has produced is Jeauiiette Orlopp— or, as the name is sometimes written Orloff, which was probably the original form. She showed early musical talent, and was given her early instruction by Professor Beissen- herz, who recognized her ability and urged her hicher study. She then went to the Cin- cinnati College of ilusic. and studied under Leaudro Campanai'i. In graduating from this institution she won a gold medal and a post-graduate scholarship. Soou after she visited Italy with the Campanaris, and while at Genoa received a remarkable honor. The violin of Pagauini which had been kept sealed, under a glass cover, since the death of his only pupil Sivori, needed restriuging, and the work was delegated to Campanari. The violin was unsealed in the presence of the civil authorities and a concourse of musi- cians. After putting the violin in order, Campanari played two or three selections on it, and then called on ^Miss Orlopp, who played one of Beethoven's romanzes to a de- lighted audience. Prom Italy she went with strong letters to Wilhelmi, at London, and became his |)upil for more than a year. He was negotiating for her appearance under his direction when his untimely death occurred, iliss Orlopp has appeared .several times in Indianapolis, and is recognized bj' all who have heard her as an artiste of very high grade.'" For some months ^fiss Orlopp has been in negotiation with David Bispham for appearance in a novel nuisieal play contem- plated by him. The first Indianapolis singer to achieve real fame abroad was Margaret Reid ( Kack- \ey), now :^[rs. Hai'old Swain. She was born at Maysville, Ky.. and her parents moved here in her infancy. She probably learned to sing from the birds, for she made her first '"AVifs, October 4, 1909. ''Xcws, May 5, 1898; Press, March 23, 1900. public ap[)earance at the age of seven, at the Home Avenue, or Third Christian Church, of which she later became the leading soprano. With no special musical instruction but her choir practice and that of the public schools, she went to study at the Boston Conservatory of Music in 1884-5; and in the winter of 188G-7 went to Paris, where she studied with ^Ime. Leonard. She became favorably known as an artiste, and, among other engagements, sang at a large reception by Whitelaw Reid, in the presence of the official and diplomatic society of Paris. Returning to this country, she sang at the Indianaiiolis ^lay Festival in 1889, and received a great ovation, not only from the audience, but also from the local and foreign singers. She sang at Washing- ton at a memorable recei)tion of the Brices, at which ]Mme. Sealchi and Edward Lloyd, the noted English tenor, also sang. ]\Irs. Har- rison invited her to 5 o'clock tea at the \Yhite House, and President Harrison escorted her to the Green Room, where she sang at his re- quest. Her debut in opera did not occur un- til 1892, when the managers of the Metro- politan Opera Company, of New York, were thrown into eonstei-nation by their prima donna Marie Van Zandt, who avowed she was sick, and refused to sing. ^lanagers Ab- bey & Grau determined to try Miss Reid. It was a solemn proposition to take a young girl who had no expci'ience in opei-a. and put her before the footlights as "Ophelia", in ibn- broise Thomas' "Hamlet": but they risked it, and the result on Febnuuy 10, 1892, was more than a success. The audience, always ready for offense at a substitution, was skep- tical and critical at first, but it surrendered; and it closed the evening by calling her be- fore the curtain half a dozen times, amid tiunultuous enthusiasm. The following mouth she sang at the ^fay Festival h(>re, with great favor; and later in the year ti-aveled as solo- ist with the Seidl Orchestra and with Cam- panini. She was engaged for the May Fes- tival of 1893, and apjieared at the concert which took the place of it. In the season of 1893-4 she was with the Bostonians, and in the fall of 1894 went abroad, where she re- mained foi- .'ight years. Two .seasons were spent in London in an engagement at Covent Garden, ami Ihc remainder in opera on the continent. In l:i(i2-:! sh.- had an engagement o38 IIISTOHV OK (ilJKA'lHR INDIANAPOLIS. witli the New Orleans Opera Company, but became dissatisfied with their methods and withdrew from the company and from the stat;e. On Septemlier 9, 1893, she had mar- ried Harold Swain, a childliood lover, and since 19U3 they ha\e been living- quietly in New York City, where ]\Ir. Swain is a suc- cessful attorney.'** Another Indianapolis singer who has at- tained international fame is Marguerite Lemon. She is a native of the city, and of old Indianapolis stock; descended on her father's side from Jonah F. Lemon, who located northeast of Millersville in 1837, and on her mother's side from Thomas Wyatt, of English descent, who came to Indianapolis in 1835. She brought her musical talent into the world Avith her. for she made her first appearance at three years of age in a song at a Christmas entertainment at St. Paul's Church. She was educated in the loca' schools, finishing at !Mrs. Sewall's Classical. She had no special vocal training here, but became an expert pianiste under the instruc- tion of Professor Rahr. and sang for some time in the choir of the First Presbyterian Church. She went to New York to study, and was engaged for the First Presbyterian Church choir there, and also appeared in concert. Her voice attracted the attention of Conried. who made a three years' contract with her for soprano parts at the ^Metropoli- tan Opera House. But I\Iiss Lemon, after winning laurels in New York, decided to go abroad to perfect her foreign accents, and first went to Germany. An appearance in one of Henry Hadley's recitals brought sev- eral ofifers for opera, and she soon appeared as ^larguerite in "Faust", Eva in "Der ^Feistersinger", Elsa in "Lohengrin '". and Elizabeth in "Tannhauser". Her principal engagement was in Ma.v ence. but she has sung in.gastspiele in all the principal German, French and Italian cities. In the spring of 1908 she created a furore by her "]\Iadame Butterfly'", of which the Mainz Journal said: "Jliss Lemon impei'- sonated Ihe deceived and abandoned Butter- flv Avith delicafo feeiinu' in bdth singing and acting. The artist, indeed, seemed in atti- tude and gesture a real Japanese, and gave intense delight with her well schooled voice, which is capable of every modulation, and is now at the climax of its expressiveness. The sinuer acted with a conception of such clear- ness and iniity that one could not but feel the full agony and despair of the innocent victim. With no straining for supei-ficial effects she shows the two qiudities of effective art". Later ]\liss Lemon scored other suc- cesses in [Marta, in d'Allierfi's opera of "'Tief- lands", and as Nedda in "Pagliacci". In the spring of 1909 she was selected to create rhe title role in Henry Hadley's opera ■'Safic". Iler career has been one of steady advance, according to the musical critics of Kuro]>e. wlio. as is well known, are not inclined 10 view American ;irtists with friendl.v eye.'° Cora LaA'ina Isham ( Eastburn ) was an In- dianapolis singer whose future seemed a.s- sured. She is the niece and foster-daughter of D. J. Eastburn. She had her earl.v musical training here, and went on the stage in 189fi. >vith the Jeft'erson De Angelis company. Later she was with Alice Nielsen, and in 1900 was her understud.v. AVhile everything looked bi-ight, she found evidences of in- cipient lung trouble, and left the stage, and devoted herself to saving her health. About n year ago she was so much improved that she went to Pai-is and took up advanced inusieal stud.v, in which she is still engaged."'^ Charles Holman-Black. son of Prof. J. S. Black, grew up in Indianapolis. His early instruction was from his father. As he grew older, and his voice changed from a soprano to a baritone, he became a pupil of Signor Severini, who became nuich interested in him, and traveled with him in Germany, Den- mark and Norway. On his return he went into opei-a for two i^easons, after which, his friend and teacher Severini having died, he went to Paris. Here he became acquainted with the distinguished maestro Faure. who took him for a pupil for four years, dnrinir which he also followed the course of ~S\. Dn- "Prrs.s. May 2. 1900 ■. J„iirna1. :\ray ir>. 1892; Xrirft. February 11. 1S92: and Festival dates. ^"Mi'sictil Anioicd. January 2.'i, 1908: April 17, 1909; .l/»»sf»/'-v MagaziiK. December, 1908; Star. Julv o, 1908: Ausiust 9, 1908; Mav 2, 1909; .Y, ,rv, :\rMv 9. 1909. -"Press. March 3 and .\pril 24, 1900. IllSTOKV OF GKF.ATKi; IXDIAXAl'OI.IS. 539 (\V. //. Bass Photo Compantj.) MARGUERITE LEMON (as "Eva" in "Die Meislersingei".) 540 HISTORY OF OEEATER INDIAXAl'Ol.ls. vernoi at the conservatory. He was the first Auieriean invitetl to sing in the eoncei'ts of "La Trompette", and soon was singing in the most exclusive salons of Paris, in which congenial occupation he still continues. He has also appeared in concert elsewhere, not- alily in London, at the Promenade concerts. Crystal Palace, St. James Hall, the People's Palace, etc. Perhaps the highest rank attained by an Lidianapolis singer is that of Mme. Cahier, who grew up here as Sarah Layton Walker. Thoush born at Nashville, Tennessee, she is of iikl Indiana families on both sides, and her parents returned here when she was a child of six years. Her family had natural musi- cal tastes, and her mother, Mrs. I. N. Walker, and aimt, Mrs. Emswiler, of Los Angeles, California, were exceptionally good amateurs. ^Irs. Emswiler had a knack of getting music from children, and her imitations of chil- dren's singing were vastly entertaining to her friends. Before Sarah was three years old she was sinsiiin- .self-composed alto to two dozen airs, while Mrs. Emswiler sang soprano. Her music teacher here was Ernestinoff, and to him she owes her method and the broaden- ino- of her compass from one octave to three, without afl'ectinjT the quality of her voice. From here she went to Cleveland to take a position in the leading quartet choir; and while there she made two trips to Europe to perfect her musical education, studying on the first with Amelie Joachim, in Berlin, and on the second with Fidele Koenig. in Paris. After the second trip she was married tt) Morris Black, of Cleveland, law partner of James Garfield, who died of appendicitis about three months after the marriage. Thrown on her own resources, the young widow went to New York City to sinsr at All Souls Unitarian Church (Dr. Slicer's), and was soon singins;- in salon for the leadintr families. She made another trip to Paris, and coached in singing with Koenig, and in acting with Victor Capoul, the famous tenor and actor of the Paris opera. Her fourtli trip to Europe was to study with Jean de Retzke, for some fifteen months, after which she made her debut at Nice, on February 12. 1904, as Orjiheus in Orpheus and Eurydice. Her success was overwhelming with both the audience and the critics, who jiraised her act- ing as highly as her singing.-' One of them, speaking of the air "I have lost my Eury- dice", in which the pathos of the opera I'eaches its climax, said: "The tragedienne was the equal of the singer. * « * The three verses of the theme were sung splen- didly by her— the first at half voice, with a constrained sorrow, the second with a voice strangled and broken with sobs, and finally the third with a violent and tumultuous ex- [iression, and a veritable explosion of despair. I'his was art, and grand art, and I have no words to express the admiration that the Mudience felt for this eminent artiste." After this she sang thi-ough France in soirees, and through the German provinces in ''gastspiel" (i. e. as star for local companies), as also at Paris and Berlin. At Berlin she M'as called to the royal box and complimented, and in- vited to sing at the queen's church. This high honor being accepted, the queen attend- ed and received her afterwards. While at Frankfort on the ilain, Gustave Mahler — now of the Metropolitan Opera, New York; then Director of the Royal Opera at Vienna — came to hear her. and engaged her for three gastspiels at Vienna. On her appear- ance there .she was oft'ei-ed a contract for six years as the leading contralto, which she ac- cepted. When she made her debut at Nice, ilrs. Black met Dr. Carl Cahier, a native of Stock- liolm, who was conducting a sanitarium at -Xice, and about a year later they were mar- ried. In 1907 and 1!)08 she visited Norway and Sweden with her husband, and there re- ceived notable ovations. Being in Christiana on "children's day"'. 1908, when everybody does something for the aid of poor children. Dr. and Mme. Cahier took a piano in a wagon, dressed as gypsies, and went out in the streets sinuiui;- for the children's fund. After this her every jnililic appearance was the occasion for an outburst of applause. At Christiana the students unhitched the horses from her carriage and drew it through the streets— the first time such a demonstration has been made for any artist since Jenny Lind except Christine Nielsen. -''Nrus. :\Iarcli :i. HUM. CHAPTER XLl. Till-; .MEDICAL PROFESSJOX. The first practitioner of mcdiciue in this vicinity was the old French half-breed. Jean l^aptisto 15nictt (possibly Brouillette) who was located on White Hiver at the llaniiiton County line. Like other Indian doctors his system was quiti' uniform. He first dosed the patient with \egetal)lc emetics and cathartics, and then put him in a sweat-house until pei-spiring freely: after which he had him jump in the river for a bath. As most of his ]iatients were malarial the treatment was usually beneficial — his patients ordinarily looked a trifle emaci- ated when he got through with them, but ob- viously if there was a microbe left in them it was concealed in their bones. There was quite an extensive adoption of Indian root and herb remedies by the early settlers, and they were held in quite as high esteem as some of the remedies of the white doctors. Robert B. Duncan, who was a very observant and reflec- tive man, says of the early practice: "As might have been expected, there was some sickness in those early times, which, as I have always believed, was greatly aggravated by the ignorance of some of the earlier doctors. The ])hysicians who first came amongst us seemed to be whollv ignorant of the malarial diseases peculiar to the country. They gener- ally ]irovided themselves with a goodly su])- ply of the largest and most approved lancets and unmeasured quantities of English calo- mel. With these evidences of medical skill, a flaming sign, painted on a clapboard, wa-^ hung out. and as opportunity offered these men of science and great medical skill went forth first to take from the unfortunate patient all the blood that could be extracted from his veins without killing on the spot, then was dosed out calomel enough to kill the largest sized gorilla, which the patient was required to take in doses indicated. He was to b' kept confined in a close room so tiiat not a breath of pure, cool air could fan his cheeks or kiss his lips, and was to have neither meat nor drink, warm water alone excepted. This practice, while it lasted, greatly aggravated disease. It killed quick but cured slow. It was far less skillful than that practiced by the Indian doctors. Happily this ignorance was not winked at and soon gave way to a more in- telligent and health restoring system; not however, tmtil some of those practicing it had justlv subjected themselves to the soubriquet of 'Death on the Pale Horse.' " ^ In reality it -was not for years that reform came. The first physician here who made nnich protest against the extensive use of calomel was Dr. JouatJian Cool, but he fell a victim to intemperance and lost weight as a medical man. In 1849 Dr. David Funkhouser raised one of the greatest rows ever known in In- dianapolis medical circles by a paper read be- fore the Marion County iledical Society, at- tacking the use of mercury and bleeding in continued fevers, and reconinieinling instead the moderate use of quinine, opium, mild laxa- tives and alcoholic stimulants, with tlie use of turpentine or nitrate of silver in case of ulcerations. This assault on the prevailing practice of the time, sanctioned by Watson atul Wood, the latest and most approved authorities on practice, called for rebuke. In his ac- count of it. Dr. P. H. Jameson says: "Of course it met with a storm of disapproval. It was deprecated, ridiculed, apiu'oveil, denounced, according to tlie humor of the assailant. It was hrandeil as Thompsonianism. a low form of (piackery then prevailing, althouifh capsicum and lobelia had not been mentioned." - 'Tnd. ITlol. Soc. Pubs.. Vol 2. p. 401. 'lull. Mril. .IniiiiKil. Vol r.'. ]>. I3:i. 541 543 HISTORY OF gi:i:atki; i.xniAXAroLis. There were no wliite doctors here until 1831, and then the}" came in abundance. The first was J)r. Samuel G. Mitchell, in April. He first built a log house at the southwest corner of Washington and Tennessee street, aud later a frame honse at the northwest corner of Wasliington and ^leridian, where lie Hm-iI and liad his office. He was a native of Kniliuky. and came here from Paris, in that state. He was a very corpulent man, and never rode be- yond a walk. At the time of the Biackiiawk War. in is;i3, he was made surgeon i\\' the battalion that was raised here: and be tbeii had made a heavy leather belt, reacliing from breast bone to tiie hips, to facilitate rapid transit. Hi^ wife died in 18'29 and his daughter in 1832. In IS.'id he had a paralytic stroke. and was poor and helpless: but he had be- friended an orphan boy, named Palmer, who had become a successful physician in Oliio. and he took the old doctor and cared for him till his death in 1S37. The second physician was Dr. Isaac Coe. who arrived in May, from Xew Jersey. He located on Fall Creek, near where the City Hospital stands, and gardened extensively as well a.- practising medicine. Ih' was active in the religious and benevolent life of the village, and i- also rememhered for his free use of calomel and the lancet. Mrs. Ket- cham, who was one of his patients in childhood, says: "It is no exaggeration to say that his pills were as large as cherries; twenty grains of calomel was a common dose, and antimony till one was sure he was poisoned. He bled equal to any Italian, till his patient fainted awa\'". ^frs. Ketchani still carries the mark on her arm where lie bled her. But he changed. In 1S.3T he was one of the Ftmd Commis- sioners of the -tate. and spent much time in Xew York, where he became a convert to honie- ojiathy. He tried to practice it here, but it was not popular at that time. Peojile did not think they were getting enouijh for tlieir money. Dr. Coe spent mo^t of liis later years in the Northwest with his sons, Init on his death his remains wei-e brought here tor bnriil in the Crown Hill Cemetery. His tnemory is cherished as the founder — or chief one — of the first Sunday school. In July came Dr. l.i\ inus' 'i jlunlap. Ironi Cherry Yallev. New '\'nrlv. lie fomieil a part- Tiorship with Dr. Alitchell. and li\eil at bis house. He was the onlv ^urgoo i in Imlian- a polls until 1830, when Dr. Sanders came. Dr. Dunlap was a student, and kept at it after he entered the practice, taking his degree from Transylvania Medical College, at Paris, Ken- tucky, in 1830. He was ajjpointed Adjutant- (icneral in 183-") :■' was elected town trustee in 1831: was physician of the Deaf and Dumb Institute for several years; was postmaster from 1845 to 1849. He served in the city council from 1853 to 1859. In all these posi- tions he served eHiciently, and at the same time attended to a large practice, and was a close student. A.t the organization of Central Medi- cal College, in the summer of 1849, as the metlical department of Asbury University, he was made professor of the theory and practice of medicine, and was very successful as a teacher. He died in lS(i3, at a ripe old age, widely lamented. At about the same time as Dr. Dunlap came Dr. Kenneth A. Scudder, a young man of 22. Hi- was a native of Xew Jersey, and was very popular socially, and gave promise of a bril- liant professional career. In the winter of 1838-9 he had an attack of measles, and was convalescent when he ventured out to call on some patients, and suffered a relapse, from the effects of which he died on March «, 1829. The general sympathy was accentuated by the fact that he had married only three months before his death. The physicians of the city and "the Indianapolis legislature" adopted resolutions of regret, and wore crape on their left arms for thirty days, and the papers pub- lished eulogistic articles on the deceased. In August, 1831, Dr. Jonathan Cool ar- rived. He was also a native of New Jersey, and the best educated of the earliest physi- cians. He was a classmate of Judge Black- ford, at Princeton, "raduating with the highe.-t honors of his class: and then attended medi- cal college and took his degree. He received an appointment as army surgeon, and was sta- tioned for xHiie time at .Newport Barracks. Kentucky. 11" wa^ the lirst physician to pro- test ag'ainsi tlie e\ce<>i\"e use of calomel, and his conlroxersv with I)r. Coe on that suliject. together with b- downfall li\ inteni]ierance. are detailed in the chanter entitled "The De- mon Rnm". Although he became a hopeless drunkard, the tcstinionv to his intelliirence and ■Jdiirniil . AuL:"\ist ;'.0. l,sv'5 Jiisi'ouv ()|- (;i;i;.\ TKi; iNhi.WAroi.is. 543 Hiiil'onii gontlcin.inlv character is unaiiuiious. He lived with lii.s inotlicr, in the iiortlicasl part of the town till his death in 18-iO, and he was huricd by the side of that devoted and heart-brnkcii iimthci- in Greenlawii Cemetery. These were the only doctors resident in In- dianapolis for the four years following 1821. On July 4, 1835, Dr. Mitchell announced that he had "associated himself in the practice of Medicine and Sur>iery with Dr. \V. K. lloss, who has lately come to this place well recom- mended".^ -V year later l)i-. Koss announced that he had "settled himselt i)crmanently at Indianapolis'"' and gone into business for him- self — "His shop is two doors west of Mr. J. Hawkins' Inn"."' He was a young man of prom- ise, but he had an aversion for wild animals and snakes, and some six months later re- turnetl to the more civilized region of Ohio, whence he came." In Decemi)er, 1825, the city received a visit I'lum "Dr. L. P>. Bartle. Surgeon-Dentist" who pulled teeth witiiout pain, made false teeth, and also gave an en- tertainment "consisting of a variety of new and incomprehensil)le experiments".' There Were also several other doctors who located here in 1834-C, probably temporarily, as no special account of them is preserved, .\mong tluMn were Doctors I.aughlin, Saxton, and Morris. William H. iJlly, who was Auditor of State from 1816 to 1838 was a practicing physician, and devoted more time to that than to audit- ing, the latter being done by a competent dep- uty. Dr. W. H. Wishard says that he came here in the fall of 1824, and formed a part- nership with Dr. Jones, who came here from Kentucky about the same time. This date is too early. On May 9, 1826, an article ap- ])eared in the Gazette inquiring whether the state had an auditor, and suggesting that as 5fr. T.illy had "his family, property, etc.. in Kentucky alwavs, and is only absent one-third of the year in the sister state of Indiana" he could hardly be considei'ed as coming within the constitutional requirement of residence. This pointed criticism seems to have had some effect, for six weeks later Dr. Galen Jones offered his services to the people of Indian- *Gazetie. Julv 5. 1825. "Journal, Julv 11, 1826. "fnd. Med. Journal, Vol. 11, p. 202. 'Gn-elie. December 27, 1825. apolis," and the next week was announced the l)artnership of doctors Jones and Lilly, whose ollice was "in the small frame building on Washington street, near Mr. Henderson's Tav- ern"." This finn was wrecked by intemper- ance of both members. Lilly died in 182!), and Jones was at that time a dilapidated sot. He was saved, however, by the efforts of his wife, who got him back to Kentucky and straightened him up. He afterwards" main- tained an excellent practice there. He was a large, fine-looking man, and both he and Dr. Lilly were creditable practitioners. In 1828 Dr. Chas. McDougall came to In- dianapolis from Ohio, for a stay of four years. He formed a partnership with his brother-in- law, Dr. nuiihii), and they made a strong firm. Dr. ^IcDoiigall was ajipointed a suurgeon iu the T'nited States armv in 18.i2. He served in the HIackhawk and Seminole wars; was made a major in 1838: and served at West Point in 1846-8. At the beginning of the Civil War he was made medical director of the Army of the Tennessee, and in Septemiier, 1862. was put in charge of the ifedical Direc- tor's ollice at Xew York City. He was brevetted Brigadier-General, for meritorious service, in 1865; retired in 186H; and died on July 25, 1885. The next doctors after him were Dr. John 11. Sanders, who came in the winter of 1829-30, and Dr. John L. Mothershead. who came in 1830. They were both from Ken- tucky, and both graduates of Transylvania .Medical College. Dr. Mothershead formed a partnership with Dr. ^ritchell for about a year, and then with Dr. Sanders. They remained to- gether till 1839. a very popular and competent firm, w-hen Dr. Sanders went to Missouri for two years. On his return he formed a partnership with Dr. Charles Parrv, and later one with Dr. P. H. Jameson. He died April I. 185(i. Dr. ^lothershead practiced alone for sonu> time, but for a jieriod before his death, in Xovem- li( r, 1854. was associated with Dr. Rullard. Th(>se were the medical pioneers of Indian- apolis and though we ridicule their system of treatment, they were quite as fearful that someone who was ignorant of correct prin- ciples mighl practice medicine as the physi- cians of todav. P>v the act of Decendier 24. 'Jovrnnl. June 20. ISii;. "Jonrnal. June T,. 182(1. 544 HISTOEY OF GREATER INDIAIS'APOLIS. ^■'St^' OLD IXniANA MEDICAL COLLEGE. HISTOJtV or (iUKATEit l.NDlA.NAruLl.S. r^-j ISIO, each judicial district of the state was made a medical district, and live censors for cacli dii^ti'ict were named by tlie act. These were given power to examine applicants, and to grant license to practice on satisfaetorv ^ilowing of ability and moral character. They vvere also empowered to exclude from practice for immorality or intemperance. A curious provision of this law w-as the restriction of mileage charges to Viy^ cents a mile, going to and coming from a patient in day time, and double tiiat sum at night. On .lanuarv 1. 1819 ail act was passed creating a state medical so- ciety, com])osed of delegates from the district >ocietics. which were to meet at Corydon on Aijril !(•, following, and elect officers, and .idoi)t a constitution and by-laws, "not ineon- >ist('nt with the laws and constitution of this >tate nor of the United States". The state -ociety was emjjowered to fi.x the boundaries of the di^;tri(•ts, and "to settle linally all ditl'er- I'lices between the district medical societies, and also between individuals and the respec- tive societies in case of appeal"." By act of January 18, 1820, the state society was au- thorized to create as many local societies as it deemed expedient. Question arose as to the regularity of tho^sc associations, and on petition of a immber of 'physicians, a law was passed on February 12, 18v'.5, for the incorporation of state and dis- trict societies — each judicial district consti- tuting a medical district. To organize the state so(-iety "not less than five" were neces- sary, and in the districts not less than six physicians were to meet and elect officers, in- cluding three censors. The state society was composed of delegates, from one to five from each district, and was empowered "to estab- lish a uniform system of tlie course and time of medical study, and the qualifications neces- sary for license" : also to levy a tax of $3 per vear on each mendx-r of the society. Candi- dates for license were examined by the cen- sors, who granted diplomas or refused. In the latter case there was a right of appeal to the district and state societies, the decision of the latter being final. The censors were enjoined not to give license to anyone of im- moral character. This was was slightly amended bv the act of .Tanuarv .30, 1S30, and all actions of the societies in the past were legalized. It was continued in force till re- pealed by the revision of 1843. In the spring of 1833 the Central Medical Society was organized at Indianapolis, with Dr. Mitchell as president and Dr. Livingston Dunlap as secretary. On December 10, 1833, at the meeting of the State Medical Society at Corydon, Dr. Livingston Dunlap was elected secretary. The first meeting of the state so- ciety at Indianapolis was on January ly, 1835. But the most notable meeting was that of the Central Medical Society on November G, 1834. The county government was then in the hands of a board of justices, and the board had cut doctor's bills, offering amoiuits "which can be considered in no other light than as in- tended not to compensate but to insult"". Dr. Scudder had attended a pauper, at the request of the overseers of the poor, from August 5 to September 23. "His bill was $34. .JO, and the justices allowed $5 in county orders, worth not more than -$3,121/^". Dr. .Coe had been called in consultation in this case, and his bill of $3 was refused entirely. Dr. Dunlap was employed by the overseers of the poor to attend an old soldier. He called on him five times, "a distance of 5 or 6 miles, and fur- nished medicine for the whole time of his sickness. His bill was $13.75, for which the board allowed $3. in county (U'ders, e<iual to $1.8714". On this showing the society adopted stirring resolutions that until these l)ills were allowed as presented, witli no deductions, no member of the society would attend any paujjer siipjMrted by the county, without a written assurance of reasonable compensation, "ex- cept in sudden and dangerous emergencies"'." No account is preserved of the results of this defiant stand. The county board did not al- low the bills, however, and there is no men- tion of a doctor's bill in its proceedings for the next five years. On July 6, 1829, it al- lowed $G.50 to Dunlap and McDougall "for four days attendance and medicine on Abijah Smith, a paui)er"'. There may be some con- nection in the fact than on the same day they fixed a price for pauper collins of 50 cents a lineal foot. The |)robability is that the em- ployment of doctors for paiijiers was turned over to the overseers of llie poor, 1. <■.. made '"Ads of JSm. p. 3C. Vol. I— as ''Gnzetlc, November Hi, 1834. 54{i UISTOUV OF (;i ATKi; 1M)1AXA1>()L18. a township exjjL'use instead of a rnuntv r.x- pense. That appears to liave bei-onie a cus- tom, for in 1849, the Supreme Court deciilcd that tile count)' was liable for attendance on a pauper, by a physician, on order of the over- seers of the poor, although the primary lia- bility was on the overseers.'- The laws at the time were not very clear. Paupers were '•'farmed out" or ".sold" to the person who dl- fered to care for them cheapest, and who was required by law to furnish them the "coiiiiiidii necessaries of life"". At the same time tlic overseers were autlmrized to look after tran- sient sick poor, and "grant such temporary re- lief as the nature of the case may require"". '•■ The earliest provision for medical treatment for resident paupers was by the act of Febru- ary 17, 1838, which authorized the overseers, in case of sick paupers to get "such physicians to attend to them as the sick shall prefer, and in case no preference is signified, the said over- seers shall employ such best physician in thr county as caji be procured". There was im provision for cm])loymeut of a physician i)\ the countv to attend to all the poor, until the act of May 27, 18.=i'?. A new State Jledical Society was I'oiinnl under the law of IS'i.T, and pursuant to a resolution l)y it. the ])hysicians of the fifth judicial circuit met at Indianapolis on May 1, 18'2fi. and organized a district society, whose annual meetings were to be on the first ^Fiin- day in ^lay, and semi-annual meetings on thr day preceding the meeting of the State society. Dr. Isaac Coe was made president; Livingston Dunlap. secretary; Kenneth A. Scudder. treas- urer; Drs. Laughlin. Saxton and Morris, cen- sors, and Drs. Mitchell, t'oe and Saxton. dele- gates to the State society.'* This system oT vohmtary organization of societies by physi- cians, with absolute power over granting id' licenses to practice medicine appears to haxc continued until the law authorizing it wa- drojiped in the revision of lS-1.3. lender it all practitioners who were not "regular" seem In have been .«hut out — at least none advertis<Ml — until 1836. when "botanic" and "Indian"" doctors began to .ippcar. Tlie first of these '= Board vs. Wil~(in. 1 ''Act of .Tanuarv :i(i. 1; 1831. ^*Gazettr. Mn\ ■>. ls-.>( Ind.. p. 478. ;■.'!; ib.. February 111. was .S. 1[. .SeUnan, au Indian doetor, wlm was located at Columbus, but toured the state, and advertised widely.^^ In fact there was an un- usual amount of medical advertising in the sjiring and stmmicr of 1836. Among the In- dianajiolis regulars who had cards in the pa- ])crs were Drs. Luke Munsell. J. S. Bobbs. F. Hidl'enstein. J. L. Richmond and George W. Clears. ilcCluer & Jordan, and Sanders (.\: .Mothershead. On June 19. Dr. Abner Pope — he had a di- ]tlonia from the Botanic ^ledical Society of Maryland — announced that he had a full stock of "Thompsonian Botanic Medicine, at his new store on Washington street, two doors east nf the post office"'. It may be added that there was a notably large proportion of "vegetable remedies" among the patent medicines adver- tised at this time, and on July 9, Morrison & Tinnlinson. the regular druggists, advertised a stock of botanic medicines. The term "Thompsonian"' refers to Dr. Samuel Tliomp- son. iif ^[assachusetts. the leader of the new rnlt. who was a jihilosopher as well as a doc- tor, lie maintained that man was composed (d" four "elements, earth, air, fire and water""; that the taking of mineral drugs carried hini downward to the grave, while the use of plants, whose tendency is upwards, carried him in the o|)posite direction. Possibly not all who used thc> medicines adopted the philosophy, but they were (|uite po])ular. Pope maintained his store for fifteen years or more, and was a well-known resident of the city after that. Two years after Pope came William Kelly Frow- hawk Fryer, an Indian doctor, who was at least "great in that strange spell, a name"". He showed bis I'aith by offering to buy. or exchange medical treatment, for roots of "co- hunbo. rattleroot. white snakeroot. sarsaparilla, angelica, ginseng, black snakeroot. elecampane, and ]ioplar root bark"".'" There was not a little conflict between the regulars and the botanies, the latter urging that the regulars were inur<lering people with in'neral drugs, and the former denouncing the liotanics as absurd ignoramuses. Many sto- ries wcri' |)ut in circulation on both sides, some ]i()-sib|y with no foundation, and some very Will founded. Oliver II. Smith records a ■■hniniiil. April 9. 1836. ■■luuriKtl. ^lav 10, 1838. I1IST0]{V (JF GKEATEH I M)|.\NAr(i|.|s. 547 story 111' ii root iloctor who could not euro oiio of his patient? with his reguhir stock of roots, aiul. confusing cahmius with calomel, thought to try the system of the regulars by giving her ii ilec-oction of calnuiiis root. He stated the result thus: "She drank it with some ditli- culty, turned cimt in the bed and died. Still, 1 don't think it was the calamus that killed )ier, as all tiie caiani\is doctors are giving it ill heavier doses than 1 did." '' There was enough id' truth on hoth sides to make the j)utilic •'Hesitate to draw the line Between the l\Mi. wlicre (!od has not,"' as .loa(|uiii Milln- puts it. and the controversv no doiiht had a heneticial cll'ect in producing the jireseiu situation in which the use of reme- flies usually is dictated by their effects, and not by their sources, .\fter IS^.T. liuliana was a free-for-all medical state until 1 ss."). In tliat year the h'gislature ])assed a hiw proliibiting the ])ractice of medicine without a license from the County Clerk, to whom, as a preliminary, proof had to he made of graduation from "some rc])- utalile nuMlical college", or that the apjjli- cant liad "resided and ])racticed medicine, .sur- gery and nhsti tries in this state, continuously, for ten \cars immediately preceding the date of thi' taking ell'ect of'th's act"^.Tuly IS, IS.s;."'). The [iitlliniii Mctlicnl Jniininl for .\pril irave the law a rather feeble indorsenuMit. but said. "It will probably make a few of the liun- •dreds cd' (piacks who now infest Indiana seek more congenial climes, and if enforced will prevent (piacks from other states from set- tling within our borders". The serious ipiestion was what was a "re|)- utal)le medical college", which was left to the .■judgment of the clerk: and as his fee came only on admission of the ii|iplicant, he was usuallv lilicral in his vii'\v>. The law was amended in l.siil b\- making the license good for the entire state instead of for the eounty <inly. a< originally. There was a great deal of di-((inlrnt among the profession over the sit- uation, bnl not nntil 1807 could a basis for a law be reached bv the several "scho(ds". .\fter much iiegotiati(m, th(^ societies of tiie four leading schoids a|)|iointed committees to act 'Kiirhj Iii(7!(i}ifi Tridh. p. 1".' .jointly, ami on December 10. 189G, tlie.se met at the office of Dr. W. X. Wishard, 18 East Ohio street, and agreed on a law. 'J'he "old school" were rei)ri'sented by Drs. W. N. Wis- hard and (ieorge F. Edeiiharler of Indian- apolis, (i. W. II. KeiniHT of Muncie. T. C. Kennedy of Shelbyville. ami A. M. Owens of I'^vansville; the homeopaths bv Di-s. 0. S. Run- nels and F. C. and \V. D, Stewart; the eclec- tics by Drs. W. F. Curreyer, Henry Long and C. G. Winter; and the physio-medicals bv Drs. v.. M. Haggard and A. W. Fi.sher. The biusis agreed on, which was formulated and jiassed liy the legislature, was for a State Board id' Aledical Registration and Examination, to con- trol all future licenses. The board was to be comjioscd of live members. Each school was to nominate two. and the Governor was to select one from each school, and the fifth at dis- cretion. The wording of this provision was changed in the law as passed, by dropping the uomiiuiting ft'alnre and i^rovidiiig that the (i'ovei-iu)r should a])point five from the four schools having tb.e largest numerical re|ire- sentation in the state — which were the fr)ur nameil — but no school should have a majority of the meiid)ers. Apjdicants must be graduates id' a medical silmol tb;it complies with the M]inimnni reipiirements fixed by the board, or ]iass an examination by it. 'Chere was a good deal of opposition to the bill i)ut it |)as.<ed, on March .">, ISOT. and is still in force, except that in 1i)().') the membershi]) was increa.sed to six, and the osteopaths were taken in on the same basis as the other schools. liulianapolis had no niedical college until IStS. On Xoveniber 1 of that year the trus- tees of .Vsburv I'niversily established one here — The Indiana Central Medical College — as The medical department of that school. For the first year it occu]iied the third lloor of the Johnson building, and the ne\t year it was moved to ilatthew Little's building al the southeast corner of Washington and East streets, a two-story brick. The facnlly the first year was announced as comimsed of .loliii S. Robbs. M. D.. Trofes.sor of (iet)ernl ami S))ecial .\nalomy: L. Dindap. M. D.. Professor of Surgery and Surgiial .\naloMi\ ; T. W. Cow- gil, ^L D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Jledicine; C. G. Downey. A. M.. Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy: V,. W. Mears. M. D., Pi-ofi— or of Ohsi.trli- and Disea-es of 548 IllSTOKY OF CHKATEK INDIAXAPOLIS. Women ami Chiklit'n ;, J. S. Harriswi, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Medical Jurisprudence ; R. Currau, M. D., Pro- fessor of Pathology and Physiology.^* This program, however, was not fully carried out. Dr. Bobbs Avas made Dean of tlie medical faculty, and held the above chair till 1850, when he took the chair of Principles and Prac- tice of Surgery which was originally held by Dr. A. H. Baker, instead of Dr. Duulap, whose chair was Theory and Practice of Medicine. Dr. Dunlap served till 1851, and was then suc- ceeded by Dr. E. Deming. At the same time Dr. Clears, was succeeded by Dr. S. E. Leonard, Dr. Harrison by Dr. C. G. Comegys, and Dr. Bobbs by Dr. Daniel Meeker. Dr. Cowgil did not serve at all ; and Dr. David Funkhouser was Demonstrator of Anatomy for the first year. Dr. f'urran had been Professor of An- atomy and Physiology, and Professor Downey had held the chair of Xatural Science at As- bury before the medical college was established. The college was continuel for four years, the first class graduating in 1850 and the last in 1852. There were ten graduates in 1850, eighteen in 1851, and twelve in 1852. Most of these were from outside points. Among those knoAATi in Indiannjjolis as practitioners afterwards were J. W. Hervev and Delanev Wilev of the class of 1850, J."M. Tomlinson, E. N. Todd, J. W. Gordon and I. A. Butter- field of- the class of 1851, and T. M. Stevens of the class of 1852. There was some opposition to the school on the ground that it was a ^fethodist insti- tution — so much so that a friend of the insti- tution explained that several of the faculty did not belong to any church." In fact the only intolerance shown in the school was strictly professional, and the only special case was that of David J. Lee. David had been study- ing with Dr. L. Abbett. who was a botanic, but decided to acquire the learning of the Egyp- tians, and procured a regular ticket for the college lectures. His fellow students, however, disturbed his peace by yelling "steam", "yarbs" i?nd other derisive epithets when he appeared. Dr. Meeker rebuked the class, and tried to give Lee a fair showing, but in vain. On January 34. the faculty adopted a resolution ''^Locomotive. December 9, 1848. ^^Senfhicl. March 14, 1850. that Lee had not matriculated properly, and therefore was not a member of the class. On the same day Dean Bobbs notified him to re- turn his ticket and his money would be re- funded, adding, "It is hoped Mr. Lee will understand that the harmony of the class ren- ders this step necessar}'." Lee closed the in- cident with a warm card to the public, in \vl\ieh he said that all the botanies asked of the allopaths was that "we may be placed on an (■(]iuil footing witli them, and our 'School' will leave theirs as far behind as the canter- ing horse, with blacksmith bellows for pill- liags, freighted with lobelia, cayenne pepper, and other coarse fodder (according to Profes- sor Curran), can leave a go-cart laden with calomel, o]>ium. antimony, and other death- dealing articles used by the Scientific Murder- mis (^'uaeks." -° Indianapolis has seen the birth of many medical colleges, which "like snow iipon the ilusty desert space, have lingered a little 'hour or two and gone". Among those that fol- lowed the Indiana Central Medical College, were Indiana Eclectic Medical College, organ- ized in 1880, lasted ten years; Beach Medical College, organized in 1884 and merged with the preceding Eclectic Medical College in '86 ; Indiana College of Medicine and Midwifery, chartered in 1878 and discontinued; Eclectic College of Physicians and Surgeons, organized in 1800, extinct in '95; American Medical Col- lege organized in 1894, graduated one class;' University of Medicine, organized 1887. grad- uated one class; College of Liberal Medicine died a-bornin'. These, it will be noted, with all other like institutions, were organized pre- sumablv to fill a long felt want, that was sub- sequently discovered to be not a vacancy, but a satiety. The first medical college in the state was the University of iledicine of Xew Albany, which was organized in 1833, and was a fail- ure. The institution next in order of nriority was the Indiana Medical College of Laporto, Indiana, which was organized in 1844 and con- tinued until 1848, at which time it beffan a migratory career, going to St. Charles. Illinois, thence to Rock Island. Illinois, in 1849. and finallv to Keokuk, Iowa, where it remains as the College of Physicians and Surgeons. -'" Locornotirr. Fcbruarv 8, 1851. HISTOIJV OF PxREATKR I XDIAXAPnT.l- .-)40 'I'lie princi])al collejii's of the state, liowever, have been what were familiarly known as the Modieal College ol' Jmliaua and the Central College of Ph\sieians and Surgeons, which .irter in eifeet reappeared as the State College .1 Physicians and Surgeons. The Medical t'ollege of Indiana was organized in 1878, when the Indiana Medical College, organized in 1868, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons, I'l-ganized in 18^:?, were united to form this '•illege. It was formerly the iledieal Depart- ment of P.utler University, but severed its iipimeetion with that institution in 1883. In 1110.5 it consolidated with Purdue University. the Central (^"ollege of Physicians and Sur- L^rons. and the Ft. Wayne College of Medicine, iiii-iiiing the Indiana >[edical ('oUege, the School of Medicine of Piirdnc University. Dissatisfaction amongst the medical profes- -ii>n in Indianapolis through the outcome of his consolidation, coupled with the desire of ilie State University at Blooniington to have ■ ■ Medical College of its own. as a conii)lement .Mid fulfillment of the premedical course, which iwis a part of the curriculum of the State I iiiversity, lead to the estalilishment in 1907 "< the State College of Physicians and Sur- Livons, which was organized and r\in as a branch if the State I'niversity. The rivalry exist- iiir in this particular, between the State Uni- MTsity at Blooniington on one hand and Pur- 'liie University 071 the other, led to one of the inn>t spectacular fights, in the legislature of IIM17. that the medical profession of the state had ever seen, iioth of these large iinivcrsi- tirs, endowed liy the -^tate, went before the Ngislature asking for enactments legalizing the ^ilan^: that tliev had already started to carry out. Kach side had good grounds for its claims, I. lit the legislature felt that it would be a mistake to divide the medical education of its -tiideiits lictween two universities. The eon- ■^■.|iien(i' was, that neither university got the ^"vctrd plum. Sul)se(pient!y the matter was ;Hljii>trd by cMiiipromise and mutual agreo- M-iit, and at ])resent tlie medical education of !'■ state is centered in the University of In- ■ ina, ].)asses througli its jurisdiction, and is • nducted liy one of the largest and best '(|ulpped ])lants of the country at Indianapolis. With true catholicity and breadth of view, the li -isbitiirc in ])assing the enabling act for tb' above mentioned eoiisolidation. provided that other recognized schools of medicine should be provided for in the curriculum of the univer- sity as occasion might arise. The requirements of medical education, in the present day and age. are so exceedingly rigid and based on such high standards, that it is exceedingly unlikely that in the future any so called private or independent colleges can be established and successfullv main- tained. Indiana, through her Board of Medi- cal Registration and the laws behind it, is in the forefront as to educational requirements on medical subjects. The hospitals of Indianapolis did not come early, and have been due chietly to the urging of the medical profession. The founders of the Indianapolis City Ilo.spilal were leaders in the profession of medicine during the dec- ade preceding the war. Dr. John S. Bobbs, the "father of cholecystotomy". and Dr. Liv- ingston Dunlap, with a number of citizens, memorialized the citv council, presenting the city's needs in ]8.')4. wdien the po]nilatioii was less than "20,000. 'I'he proposal did not arouse enthusiasm, but in January and Februarv of IS.").") there was considerable small-pox, wJiich cau.sed a panic, anil on March 10 the council ordered the erection of a hospital. Grounds were bought northwest of the town — the jires- ent site— plans were prejiared, ami a building was begun. But the small-pox disappeareil and the panic with it, ami the erection of ilu' building was suspended repeatedly. It would |irobablv not have been finished at all imt for th<^ eft'orts of Dr. Livingston Dunla|), who was councilman from the Fifth Ward, and who lin- allv succeeded in getting it eom|)leted in the si)riiig of ISoO, at a co.st of .some .$:10.000. Then came a hall on account of the e.\|H'nsi' of furnishing and conducting it. 'Hie eoinuil had an elephant on its bands. I'roposals to sell it, and to turn it over to the Sisters of Charity were defeated, but, on July -.'1. 1S(;(>, it was granted to a society of lailies for a home for friendless women, and would prolmblv have licfu devoted to tliat \\<o but for the e(niiing on of the Civil War. When the volunteers liegaii assembling ben' at the new State Fair (I rounds (Morton Place) the first hospital in Indianapolis was o|)ene(l in a barracks. 1i»\'.'(» feet, under charge of Dr. W. B. Flilrlicr until he went "IT with his 550 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAT'Of JS. regiiiu'iit. It \\;i> soim outgi'own, and it is nverml tliat the <i(k were in some cases housed in the cattle ^tali^. On ilay 18, 1861, the <-ity turned its h<)s]iital liuilding over to the I'nited States froveriinient, wliich used it as a iniiitarv hos))ital until July J, 1861, and then I'onr months longer as a soldiers' home, sur- lendering it to the city in Xovember, 18(51. 'J'he national government, during its occupancy, added two 3-story ells to the btiilding, am! also put up fences, out-buildings and wooden liarracks for wards. After an effort to sell these, it turned tliem over to the city in lieu of rent. In the spring of 18GG preparations were made for occupancv. bv partiallv furnishing it, and on June 29, 1866, the Hospital Board of the Council, of which Dr. John il. Kitchen was president, elected Dr. Green Y. Woolen, the first superintendent. It was opened for pa- tients on July ]. The old buildings were used until the present south wing was con- structed under Dr. W. X. Wishard's superin- tendency, from July 1. 1879, to January 1, 1887. Dr. Woolen's surgical staff comprised Dr. John S. Bobbs. Dr. J. S. Athon, Dr. I,. D. Waterman and Dr. John A. Comingor, the latter resigning after a continuous service of a quartei- of a century. The medical consult- ants were Dr. James H. Woodburn and Dr. J. .M. Gaston, and Dr. Robert N. Todd and Dr. T. B. Harvey, who served the hospital up to Ihcir respective deaths. Dr. Woolen's house ])hvsicians were Drs. W. W. Fulev and E. lliidlev. The first civic patient treated in the City Hospital was a man who fell from a hotel win- dow in Indianapolis, and was taken to the hos- ]iital when it was used as a United States mil- itary hosjiital, with Dr. J. Kitchen, of Indian- i']wlis, as military surgeon of the post, and Dr. ^[ilton 'SI. Wishard medical officer in cliariie. The man died, and rtimor has it that the $60 found on his person was expended (as he had no heir) in ]ilanting the sixty soft maples wliich now embellish the hosjiital grounds. Dr. Wishard's services as superintendent were marked by the rebuilding of the hospital and tlic establi-^hment of the Training School for Xurses. under the auspices of the Flower ^lis- sion. It was during his service, also, that the r.ntiscptic methods were introduced, mainly tlii-niigh the instrumentality of Dr. .lolm Chandlers. Of Dr. Chandjcrs's relation to this innovation. Dr. Wishard has furnished the fol- lowing note: "'I'o Dr. John Cliandjcrs belongs the credit 111' lirst introducing antiseptic methods in treat- ment of wounds in the city of Indianapolis and ^. in the City Hospital. In the spring of 1881:, || 111'. Chandx'rs made an aminitation at the hos- pital. u>ing antiseptic methods, and sidise- (|Uenlly did a number of other operations in whicli antiseptic dressings were used. In the beginning Dr. Cliambers used carbolized gauze and applied 'jjrotective' as an outer dressing, and also used a carbolic acid spray during the time of tile operation, following the general methods then in vogue with the advocates of antiseptic .<nrgery. Dr. Chambers soon modi- tied his technique, but continued from that time to follow antise])tic methods, and tliey were adopted in the hospital. About this time Dr. \V. X. Wishard, who was then superinten- dent of the hospital, was influenced by the re- ports of the Emergency Lying-in-Hospital of Xew York to ado])t antiseptic methods in the obstetric ward, with the result that deaths from puerperal sepsis were practically done away with. Dr. W. X. \\'ishard subsequently re- ported the results in the Iving-in wards to the Clarion County Aleilical Soeiety. and great skep- ticism was sliown by some of the meinbei-s; it was claimed that the new building, ami clearing away of the old building accounted for the disappearance of ])uer]ieral peritonitis. In the summer of 1886, Dr. Wishard and Dr. ]\Iar.see visited the hospitals id' the ^[issouri Pacific Railroad system, where the aiitise]itie treatment was in full ttse. 'i'he results in the dilferent hospitals visited were highly gratifv- ini;', and from this resulted Dr. ^larsee's eon- M'tsiiin to antise])tic surgery, referri-d in by liiin in bis remarks liefore the ilarion CniintN' ^ledical Society. With great seriousness nf manner he said: "Brethren, I would not know a microbe if I were to meet one coming down the street: but I do know that whereas I w;\- once blind, thank God I now see." And then he detailed how his eyes had been opened by seeing the results in other hospitals of the new method of treating wminds. l-'rom tliat meeting, now historical, microbial derision ceased in the Marion County Society, and the opponents of the germ theory of wouml in- Jl TTTSTOKY OF GTJKATF.n IXDIAXAPOLTS. .-.51 1 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLTS. fection and contagious diseases liocamc a silent and rapidly decreasing minority. During the Civil War there were four Sisters of Charity who devoted themselves, free of charge, to nursing the sick at the Indianapolis hospital. When Sisters Athanasius, Hen- rietta, Frances Ann and Helena had finished their work for the soldiers, they established tliemselvcs in a little frame house near the rolling-mill on South Tennessee street, but shortly moved to a larger house on Georgia near Tennessee, where Sister Henrietta had charge; then as quarters became too narrow they procured a double frame house where the South Tennessee street car stables are now lo- cated. Thus it remained until St. Vincent's Hospital, at ^'ermont street and Liberty, was erected for them, in 1880-1. They remained here until the jn-esent hospital was opened in 1889. The Sisters of Charity have never lim- ited their ministrations to the professors of a particular creed, or to the members of any ^jjecial occupation. The walls of creed and of jii-ejudice have, therefore, fallen at the ap- l)roach of a tenderness so gentle and univer- sal. The present hospital building is at the south- east corner of South and Delaware streets, ad- jacent to the Union Station, and accessible by "the street cars. The location is central to the railroad and manufacturing interests of the citv. After twenty years of occupancy at this location the Sisters purchased a large tract be- tween Illinois street and Capitol avenue, on the north bank of Fall Creek, and are even now breaking ground for what promises to be one of the finest and best equipped hospitals in the country. In the latter part of May. 1910, the Sister Superior. Bishop Chatard and Dr. Pfaff, head of the surgical staff, collectively drove the first pick into the ground and threw the first sjiadeful of earth, which marked the beginning of tliis mighty and noble enterprise for "sweet charitv's sake". The Protestant Deaconess Society of In- dianapolis was organized on January 2. 1895. with 14T members. It began its work by ac- quiring the northwest corner of North Senate avenue and West Oliio street, then occupied in part bv two two-story frame residence build- ings, one on T^orth Senate avenue, the other fronting on Ohio street. The former, con- taining eighteen rooms, was immediately ren- ovated, anil with the aid of various societies of the Protestant churches and the German Ladies" Aid Society, was furnished for the temporary use as a hospital and Deaconess's Home. The latter building served to accom- modate infectious cases and house the sisters isolated to nurse the same. The hospital prop- er was opened on October 1, 1895, with a capacity of fifteen beds. Repeatedly was this capacity increased through voluntary surrender of their private rooms on part of the sis- ters, until finally lack of room demanded re- fusal of admittance to many. As applications for treatment became more frequent, the management found itself forced seriously to consider the erection of a perman- ent building, possessing all modem conven- iences for the treatment of the sick and the care of the aged. Ground was broken in May and the corner-stone laid with proper cere- monies on Sunday. July the 3d. The build- ing is 195 feet on Ohio street by 135 feet on Senate avenue and constitutes a hollow square open to the north. It is four stories high in- iluding an eleven-foot basement. This hos- pital, like St. Vincent's, is crowded to the doors ; another evidence that the increasing de- mand for hospital facilities in Indianapolis surpasses the accommodations. At the close of the Epworth League Inter- national Conference held in Indianapolis, in 1889, the Committee on Entertainment found in its hands a surplus of about four thousand dollars. After careful consideration it was decided to appropriate this money toward founding a hospital and nurses' training school. A legal corporation was formed in which the three Annual Conferences and the Women's Home ]\Iissionary Societies of the State wore represented, and. later all these several l)odies elected trustees and pledged themselves to the support of the organization. In this way the enterprise of the Methodist Hospital was launched and the entire ilethodism of the state fully committed to it. On February 10. 1902, a "hospital service" was held in all the Methodist Churches in In- dianapolis, and offerings of thirty-two thou- sand dollars were made, which sum was after- ward increased to nearly fifty thousand dol- lars. Other subscriptions taken throngli the >tate since then brought the aggregate aniMuiit HiSToiiv OF (;i!K.\'i'i:i; ixdi.wai-oi.is. 553 of pledges up to alwut one hundred tlu)ii:rand dollars. At the ])re>('nt time the efforts of the Meth- odifts have crvstalli/.ed in the shape of a large hospital building, thoroughly modern and up- to-date in every respeet, with provision for charity patients and also those of means. The success of the institution has been such that ))lans have been drawn and funds raised for the erection of an additional building to ac- commodate the overllow, and it is no idle pre- diction that their present spacious location on the corner of Capitol avenue and ICth street, will at no very distant date be covered with nianv buildings all devoted to the care of the sick.' CHAPTER XLII. COUETS. BENCH AXD BAR. I .lu(Ji;c W'iek toiik Ills Diitli of office before Judge -Mile^ Eggleston. of tlie Tliird Circuit, on FeliruMi V ^^i. M<'i'>. liut as the associate judges Wry mil ck'ctt'il in time for tlie spring term, no session of court was held in Marion County until Thursday, September 2(i, lis-i'^. On that (lay the court assembled at John Carr"s house, but it was too small for court sessioils, and all that was done there was to organize for- mally, in compliance with the law, which called for sessions there ''until a more convenient room can Ijc had'". (_'ourt was duly opened in the presence of Judge Wick and associate judges James ^lellvain and Eliakim Harding. The judges. Clerk James JI. Ray, and Shcrirt' Ilervey Bates, presented their commissions and took the oaths of office, including the oath against duelling, wliich was very stringent. Fourteen rules of practice were adopted, and the following attorneys were admittecl to jirac- tice: Calvin Fletchei-, Hiram M. Curry. Obed Foots, Daniel B. W'ick (a l^-other of the judgt-). Oliver H. Smith, James Xoble. James Rari- den, James \\'hiteomb. Lot Bloomfield and Har- vey Gregg. All of these except the first three and the last were non-residents. It has often been stated that Calvin Fletcher was "the only lawyer" in the early settlement, but in a let- ter written by him on January 17, 18".i'i. lir says: "We have two attorneys here besides my- self — one was here when 1 came, and one lias come since". Eev. J. C. Fletcher conjectures that the one who came first must have been ( 'nrr\ . as ]\r understood that Foote came shortly after his father. This is probably coiTc.-t. ^[r. P'letcher came here first in August, 1S21, and went back to Oliio for his wife, returning for settlement 071 September "iS of that year. The e.vact date of Foote's arrival is not known, but he was here at the sale of lots in Octibn-. l^'.M. Curry did not :iiip<'ar much in iiraclicc. as he t:iok the ]ios;tion ot dejnity clerk uiidci' James M. I'ay. and went farther wc?t at an early ibi\. .Mr. l-'letrlu'i- mentions meeting Hai'vey (iregg here on l)ecend)cr 31, 18"?1. on an in\estigating visit, and says that he returned the next spring for settlement. But Xowlaml says that Gregg was here at the sale of lots in Octolier, and gives a family traditi(m of his hiding some money under tlie carpet at Xow- land's Tavern, where he lodged, and forgetting about it.' In the afternoon of the first day. John A. Breekenridge of Kentucky was ad- niitted to practice "ex gratia". He loi-ated licre soon after, and was for a time a ])artiiiT of :\Ir. Fletcher. After the admission of tlic lawyers, the Court adjourned to meet in the afternonn at the hoTise of Jacob R. Cruniba\igh. tlie second ju>- tice of the peace at Indiauaoolis. which was at the southwest corner of ^farket and Missouri sti-eets, and the remainder of the session was held there. The first business of the after- noon was the presentation by the shei-ilV of "good ami lawful men and discreet honse- liolders to serve of grand jurors", in the per- sons of Josejih C. Reed, who was nuide fore- man. Jeremiah Johnson, Isaac Wilson, (ieoriio .Smith. Asahel Dunning. Daniel Pattingalo, Wm. D. Rooki'i-. .\lexis Jackson. Peter Har- monson. Aaiou Lamlieth. James Givan, Thos. O'Xeal, Archibald C. Reid, Daniel Yandes and Jolm Packer. The macliinerv for criminal business was completed liy ii|i|ioinl ing ('al\in Fletcher prosecuting attorney. The court next gave its attention to the I's- tablishment of "jirison bounds" for insolvent delitors. an important matter at that time, for ^Jirmiiii^rrncrs. p. 1 K!. iiisT()i;v OK (;i;i;ati:i;, ixdiaxai'oi.i tln' state liad a systi-iii of iiii]iiis(iniiu'iit t'lir (Iclit. tlimigli it was not a vury oppiv^siVL' one. ll \va< eliii'lly desijriu'd to prevent debtors from leaving tlic state with their ]iro|)erty, to the eonfusion of their eicditors; anil tlie debtor eonld be releasi'ii by giving np his propei'tv subjeet to execution. If lie were not able to sui)port himself in prison the county took care (if liini and cliarged the cost to the complain- :int. If the complainant refused to pay the debtor was at once released. Tiie debtor was allowed to roam outside of jail, within prison bounds, which were not more than (iOO vards from the jail. (Ml giving bond that he would i-cmain "a inic prisoner", and not. try to es- cape. The bounds estalilishcd for Marion County began at the northwest corner of Nc« York and East streets; thenc-e west on the niirtli I. lie of Xew York street to the west line of ilcridian street: thence south to the north line of Ohio street: tlu-nce west to the west line of Illinois street : thence south to the .soutli line of Washington street : thence east to the center of .Meridian street: thence south to the center of Georgia street : thence east to the south line of Xorlh Carolina street: thence northeast to the west line of East street : thence north to the point of beginning. Following this came the naturalization of Itichard Good, "lately from Cork, in the Kingdom nf li-eland"". which description would indicate that he repudiated the "I'nion", and renounced allegiance to George IV. with all liis heart. Next the court granted a tavern li- cense to .Tohn Hawkins — the first liquor license granted in Marion Count v — for hi« hotel on the north side of Washington street, midway be- tween ^leridian and Pennsylvania. It was also one of the comparatively few licenses granted hy a court. Originally licenses were granted bv the county commissioners, but the act of January .5, ]821, transferred this power to the Circuit Court, and this system was in force until the power was restored to the Com- missioners hy the act of .Tannary 20. 1S2-I. The same act re(|uired the grand jury to investigate tlie tavern business and they indicted John Wyant. Samuel ^[cGeorsfe, Peter Moasc, James Paige, ^foses Cox. Jeremiah Johnson. Jacob B. Peid. Jacob Landis. Pobert Siddell, Jere- miah Collins, and TIenrv Ogden for .selling without license. The indictments against the last six were nolled on the ground that they hail ])aid their tax and rec(;ived permits from the Clerk, which was the lawful mode beiwien sessions of the County Commissioners mider the old system. The others" cases were con- tinued to the next term when Wyanfs imlict- ment was quashed: Closes Cox stood trial and was acquitted; and the remaining imlictments were nolled. 'Hie process of obtaining a license from the ctnirt was the same as obtaining it from the commissioners. The ajjplicant liad to file tiie certificate of twelve reputable citizens that he possessed the statutory qualifications, and that it was desirable to license him for tlie conven- ience of travelers. He then gave bond to obey the law and paid his licen.=e fee of .$10. In addition to John Hawkins, the court licensed Thomas Carter, Pobert Siddell and Asahel Dunning at this term. At the next session the grand jury reported that John Hawkins. Thomas Carter and .\sahel Dunning had coni- l)lied with their bonds as tavern-keepers, but that Pobert Siddell "has not since he openeil a tavern kept two spare beds nor a sutticient stable, and has suffered and ]iermitted gam- bling and other disorders in his house kept as a tavern". Pobert was indicted for his short- comings, but apparently the lesson was not heeded, for he kept on being indicted and fined, until his croditrrs also fell upon him, and it was but until Octoljer 11, 1824. when the shcr- ifT made the tell-tale return: '"Nothing found in my bailiwick of which to make the am.ount re- quired herein"", and thereafter Pobert had an- other vocation. At the first session, Daniel Yandes, who had been returned on the grand jury was excused for "indisposition"", and at the same t<^rm he. with Andrew Wilson, John MeCormick and Wm. Foster, all millers, were indicted for "ob- structing White Piver"', which was then unques- tioned as a navigable :-tream. There was a warm fight made on these cases, for none r)f the defendants had dammed White river en- tirely, but had only erected "wing dams", or had dammed one channel, leaving another open. Public sentiment was with the defendants, for mills were essential to (he existence nf (he connnunity. Foster's ease cauu' to trial first, at the 'SUy Term. 182.3. and he was fountl guilty and fined 1 cent, whereupon his attor- neys filed a motion in arrest of judL'ment. .\t the Xovemher term .lohn MeCormick was like- r,o(j JIISTUKY UF UliEATEU l.\ D1A,\ Al'UJ J,S. wise tried, found guilty and fined one cent. At the same term Yafides and Wilson were tried and found not guilty. The court then sus- ])ended judgment in the Foster and McCormick cases, and tliat was the last of the obstruction of White Kivcr at this point. At the close of the first term the court al- lowed Crumljangh $7.50 for the iise of his house, and adjourned to the next session, which ended the distinction of Crunibaugh's house as court house. 'J'iie second session began May 5, 1823 at Carr's and adjourned to Henderson's Tavern, where the New York Store stands. The third session opened at Carr's, November 3, liS'23, and adjoui'ned to Harvey Gregg's house, where the City TJbrary now stands. The fourth went from Carr's to John Johnson's house — about 114 ]-:ast Market street, on April 12, 1824. The fifth, on October 11, 1824, went from Carr's to the new court house, which was sufficiently advanced for use. At the May ses- sion, 1823, Ciiarles Test, Philip Sweetzer and Rethuel F. Slorris were admitted to practice, and at the Novcml)cr term Martin il. Ray, Amos Lane, James Dulancy. Craven P. Hester, Ga- briel J. Johnston and James Forsee. ^Ir. Johnston settled here and formed a partner- ship with Harvey Gregg. At the spring term of 1 824, Moses Cox and Josiali Polk were added to the list, and these were all tlie attorneys of record until the court was settled in the new <-ourt house. The business of the court was chiefly civil, and not involving large amounts. The criminal business was chiefly in the line of affrays, as- saults and batterv, and violation of the liquor laws. On November :!. 1823. the Western Censor proudly called attention to the fact that "there lias not been a single trial ior felony before tlie court in three terms''. There was, however, an indictment and conviction of one Robert Jfassey. at the spring term of 1823. for a challenge to fight a duel, which was close lip to the felony grade under the rigid laws that had been enacted to stop duelling. Robert was evidently not emisidereil a grievous of- fender, for lie was fined one ct'iit and costs and imprisoneil I'oi' sixtv davs. The absence of crime was verv notable : .=o much so that Now- land says: "For the first fifteen years after the settlement of Indianapolis, we had neither fire engines nor ])olice officers, and during that entire time there was but one fire, mie burglarv and one homicide. * * * 'p[jg ijui-^rlary was that of Jacob Landis's grocery, by an old man named Redman and his son-in-law War- ner. Suspicion pointed to them, and a search warrant issued to Sheriff Russell to search their house. The missing articles were all found there with the exception of a bolt of brown sheeting. The sheriff had noticed that Mrs. Warner was much larger in front and more rotund in person than she was but a few days before, and suspicioned that there was 'some- thing more than meal' concealed there, and asked for an examination. She was very in- dignant that a gentleman should wish to ex- amine a lady in her condition ; but the sheriff could not he put ofl' ; he had seen too many women in that situation, and never knew one to assume so large projiortions in so short a time. The search disclosed the missing goods. "^ At the April term, 1826, Timothy N. Warner was indicted for larceny, and Samuel Redman, Peggy Redman and Sally Warner for receiving stolen goods. Peggy was found not guilty, and a nolle was entered in Sally's case. Samuel was tried, convicted and sentenced to a year and a day in the penitentiary and a dollar fine. On April 29 Warner entered a plea of guilty and was given fifty dollars fine and two years in the penitentiary. But this was not the only offense of this class. A year earlier, at a special session in June. 182.5, David Ross was convicted of lar- ccnv, and sentenced to one dollar fine and one year in the penitentiary. On November 26, 1826, Archibald Crawford was convicted of lar- cenv, and sentenced to one dollar fine and one year in the penitentiary. At the September term, 1833. "William Johnson, a person of colour"', was convicted of larceny and sen- tenced to five dollars tine and four years in the penitentiary. The addition of these, how- I'vcT-, leaves the record a remarkably clean one, and there was but the one homicide, as Mr. Nowland says. This was almost phenomenal in an American frontier town, at a time when drinking was almost universal, and when fight- ing was verv common. But in the frontier fighting of that period the use of weapons was the exce|)tiiin Miid not the rule. It was almost a )ioiiit of bdnnr to rrl\ on the means of com- bat tliat nature suiiplicd, and though the eon- -Reminisceiircs. p. 2T3. HisT()i;v ui' (;jii:aii;i; indiaxapolis. fine, and costs,, like to occurred on Jlay tests were sometimes brutal it was rare in- deed that one was fatal. And there was no pressing obligation to fight. In this coimnu- nity, at least, it was no disgrace to have a tlireatening enemy put under bond to keej) the peace. There are several traditional cases of gentlemen who reached tlie point whore thev "had to have it out"', and went off into the woods by themselves and pummeled each other to mutual satisfaction.' This may have been due to unusual sensitiveness, or possibly to re- gard for the law, for fighting was usually ])unished promptly, and no favoritism was sliown. When Calvin Fletcher was prosecutor he became exasperated one day with Squire Foote. and undertook to chastise him, in which be did not succeed as fully as he probably an- ticipated. But he performed his official duty by having himself indicted, and on May 8, 1823, pleaded guilty to assault and battery and paid his two dollars any other freeman. The homicide referred 8, 1833, while the National Road bridge was being constructed. Williani McPherson, who was clwking for Wernwag. the contractor for the bridge, asked Michael Tanblaricum to take him across the river in his boat. Vanblaricum consented, but when ont in the river, where it was eight or ten feet deep, intentionally upset the boat. The traditional accounts of the af- fair are somewhat varied, and none agrees exactly with the statement in the local paper at the" time, which was as follows : "The names of the j)ersons who were in the boat were a Mr. Lewis, Michael Vanblaricum and William Mc- Plierson. The two first named succeeded in gaining the shore, and the latter in climbing on the canoe, which lay bottom u]nvards. After this some conversation of an unkind character passed between Vanblaricum, who had over- turned the boat, and IMcPherson, who was sit- ting on it in the water when Vanblaricum again swam towards ^IcPherson in a seemingly angrv manner, and McPherson in attempting to reach the oi>posite side was drowned." There was no doubt more in the case than this, for the account adds. "We forbear further com- ment and publication of circumstances and evi- dence as detailed, for the reason that great ex- citement prevails at present."' Xowland says that Vanblaricum grabbed McPherson and went down with him, and that finger marks were found on iIcPherson"s throat; also that lie had manifested a dislike to McPherson for- merly, and said he would drown him when he got into the boat. The afiair was a tremendous shock to the town. McPher.son had been here for about three years and was very popular with the young people. In fact his social standing is said to have been the cause of Vanblaricum's ill-natured animosity. The young men of the town held a meeting, at which J. L. Mothers- liead was made diairman and J. 'SI. Moore sec- retary, and passed resolutions of regret and sympathy for his relatives. They also resolved tiiat "we will wear crape on the left arm for thirty days, and unite in forming the funeral procession". Tlie funeral was very large, and the services impressive. The coroner's jury re- turned a verdict of murder, and Justices Brad- k'V and Wingatc bound Vanlilaricum over to the Circuit Court. IIo was indicted for mur- der and tried at tlie fall term; and on October 2 was convicted of manslaughter, and sen- tenced to twenty dollars fine and five years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. This ver- dict can be understood on the theory of Now- land. who says: "Although he had said he would drown him, and did. there were none who believed that he intended to do so, but only to scare him, and went farther than he in- tended ; indeed he told the writer so himself after he had paid the penalty of his crime, and could have no inducement to lie." The defend- ant could not testify in his own behalf at that time, but it was an age when "horse play" and rough ])ractical jokes were common, and there was'^probablv something in the surroundings of the case that gave it that color. There was- no manifestation of public disapproval of the vcr<lict. Tradition has somewhat conllieting explanations, including one to the effect that McPherson was not a Joseph, and that Van- blaricum liad occasion to resent his attentions to liis wife.'' On February 0. 1835, Governor Xoble issued a full jiardon to Vanblaricum, ti> take etfect April 1. following. The Circuit Court was tin- only state court \'^uJ!irnir. lILsl., p. 77. ^Indiana Dnnorrttt. Mav 11. 1S33. '•[[ollowny's ludianapnlig. p. V<. 5,58 IIIS'I'OKV OF CIJKATKU IXDIAXAPOLIS. ill Marion (.'(uiiity. t'.xcL'pting dI' cinu'M' tli(_' Su- ]>rfiiie Court iind the Justioes' cDurt.^, n;it,l lS"^i). when bv act of Jamiarv '^o, |iro\ ision \\ii> inade for probate court? in all the eounties. The object of this law wa< to have some eoii- viniious mo(U' of trau?aetiii>; jiroliate Imsines.s, which was much internipteil by the iiiterniit- tciit sessitnis of the Circuit Coui't. The law jirovidcil for a probate judge in each county, elected by the people, for a term of .-jveii years. TTiese court.s were given exclusive juris- diction of all probate business, with direct ap- ]ieal to the Supreme Court, but in 1S:58 this was changed by ju'ovision for ajipeal to the Cir- cuit Courts. The law also jjrovided that "Xo person shall be elected such judge, or receive a commission therefor, irntil he shall first ob- tain a certificate from either one of the presi- di'iit judges of the Circuit Courts, or from one of the judges of the Supreme Court, that he is qualified to discharge the duties of such office, but that this condition shall not he so con- >trued as to require any such applicant to be a ])rofessio!ial charac ter." In consequence of this ])rovision, and of the very small salaries al- lowed, very few (d' the judges were men of any legal training, except what they may have ob- tained as justici's of the peace, or iit some other indirect wav. This svstem was continued until Tn the Con<titutinnal Convention of 1S.")()-.">1 tlii're was a notable sentiment against lawyers and high-salaried couits am(mg the mendiers who were not of the legal profession. It re- sulted in some absurd ])rovisions, among which the mo«t stujiid was Article 7, Section 21. that ■■K\ery ])erson of good moral character, being a voter, shall he entitled to admission to ])rac- tice law in all courts of justice". Tn realit\ this has Ijcen much mcu'c injurious to the pub- lic than to the law\(M>. though the lawyers ha\c made nearly all the complaint about it. and ])ro|)erly so, bccairse it brings reproach on th" ])rofession. l!ut at the same time there has not been the syin])athy with the profession in this matter that there might have been if flu- profession had shown more zeal in enforcing the provision for '"good moral character". There is not nnich encouragement to respect for a profession when the peojjle .see. as they have .seen in Clarion Conntv. a man adnrtted to ])ractice who had been disbarred in a neigh- boring (-(ui'ifv. ai:d aeothei' who had just re- luin._d fii.ni a term in the penitentiarv for comjjlicity iu a burglary; and lioth on tlie mo- tion of reputable attorneys, who had allowed their generosity to outrun their sensi' of pub- lic duty. But in the Constitutional Conven- tion, with all its diversity of sentiment, there was imiversal agreement that the probate court svstem was very bad, and ought to be changed.'' There had developed a state in which it was .-aid that "in a majority of cases where an- es- tate has passed through the probate court, it is found to be insolvent"' : and this although it had been supposed that the decedent was leav- ing something for his wife and children. This was partly due to an oppressive fee system, and partly to the incompetency of the judges, who were necessarily called upon to decide all sorts of questions in chancery and real estate law that might well puzzle a learned judge. It was claimed that the system had resulted in de- l\'ctive land titles all through the state. After considerable discussion the Convention eon- ( liuled to leave the matter to the legislature, which, by the act of ^[ay l-t, lS."i'2, transferred all probate jtiri-diction to the Court (d' Com- mon i'leas. In 1S4S there had been a special Cmirt of Comnuin IMeas crrated for Tip|)ecauoe County, and ^Farion Countv decided that it wanted one also, and one wa< created by the act of Jan- nary 1, 1S4!I. Tlie object of these courts was to relieve the |ire>>ure of business in the Cir- cuit Courts: and thev were given concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts in all civil cases, but no jurisdiction of criminal or pro- bate business. This law was reiiealed by act of .Tanuarv 12. 1852. and the i)usini'ss trans- ferred to the Circuit Court; but liy the act of May If. 1S.')2. a geiu'ral system of Courts of Comon rieas uas ottblished. Under this law the Court of Common Pleas had exclusive jurisdiction of probate business, except that the Circuit Court had concurrent jurisdicti(ui id' actions against lieirs, devisees, and sureties of ailniinistrator-. executors and iruardians. and also in suits for the ))artition of real estate and a.ssignmeut of dower. It also had concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court in civil cases, in criminal cases for les< than felonic>. and in cases of felonies not punishable with death, if the accused vohintarilv snbniitted t" ''('iiiixliliit iiiiiil Dchiitrs. |)ii. 1 lU'i.V'O. !l HISTORY OF GRKATKll l.\l)J.\.\Al-(»|.ls. :>:}[) the JHi'i^dictiou ol the court prior to iiulicl- iiu'iit. These courts continued until abolished by the act of ^[arch (i, 1S73. Before that time the pressure of legal liiisi- iies~ liad been relieved by the oroauization of two other courts. By the act of December "^ii. l!S»!."), .Marion County was made the Sixteenth Jutlicial Circuit, and the Criniiual Circuit Court was created. The Governor was author- ized to appoint a .jud;re and prosecuting attor- ney to .serve until I he next general election, anil (iovernor .Moi'tnn appointed George II. Chapman judge, and William W. Leathers jtros- ceuting attorney on Deceudjer 21. Tlie consti- tutionality of this act was vigorously attackeil. I'll! it was sustained bv the Supreme Court, and the Criminal Court has since been a fixture. By the act of February 15, 1871, the Superior Court was created, with concitrrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court and Court of Connnon Tl''a< in all civil cases except slander and the probate business, of which the Court of Com- mon Pleas had exclusive jurisdiction. It eon sisted cu-iginally of three judges, each with a ■■room"", who were to be appointed by the Gov- ernor until the next general election. Gover- nor Baker a])pointed I-'rederiek liaml. ."Solomon I'dair. and TToratio C. Xewcomb, and the coui-t (jpened with a general ternt session on March i;. ls;i. .\ fourth judge was added in 18T7, l.ni the law for this was rejiealcd in 18T9. Tile State Suiu-enii' Court and the V. S, DiMriet Court were removed to Indianapoli- im mediately after the completion of the court house and the removal of the capital. The first session of the Supreme Court at this place began (in Ma\ :l. lS->."i, witli James Scott. .le->e I,. llohiKin. and Isaac lUackford as judges, and Henry 1'. Coburn as clerk. The fir.-it session of the C. S. District Court be- gan on ^[ay 2. 182."). with Benjamin T'arke as judge. Henry Hurst as clerk, and John Vawter as imnsjial. '{'here was no session of \]\i- r. S. Circuit Couft at Indianapolis, or, for thai matter, in Indiana, until 1837, the first session being opened on December 4 of that year with Justice John :\rci,ean of the Supreme Court sitting with .IndL^e Je.«se L. Holman of the District Court. This nuinner of holding r. S. Cireuit Court continued until 18()9, there being no Circuit Court judges till Mav 1(1 ol' that vear. On the ])assage of the law of ISfi'.t. Thomas II. I Iruiiuiiniid w-ii" a)ipointeil Circuit Judge for this cireuit. Trior lo thai time, the Justices of the Supreme Court, fol- lowing Judge John iIcJx>an, who were as- signed to Circuit Court duty on this circuit, were Xoah llavnes Swavne, David Davis, John Marshall Harlan, iNfeilville Weston Fuller. John iLarshall Harlan, and David Josiah Brewer, in the order named. 'I'he first U. S. District Judge was Benja- min Tarkc, who was ap])ointed to the oflice .March lU, 18U, and served till his death on July 1."), 18;5.'), He was a native of New Jer- sey, who located at A'incennes in 1801, ami soon took high rank as a lawyer. He scu'ved as a captain at the battle of Tip|iecanoe, was the loading member of the first constitutional con- vention of the state, and in disinterested pub- lic service was one of the most useful citizens the state ever had.' The first case heard by him at Indianapolis was on January .">. 1825. entitled "Cniteil States vs. Sundry Goods, Wares and Merchandizes"'. It was a libel for the con- fiscation of liquors and other goods of Wm. II. Wallace, charged with illegal trading with the Indians on I'ippecanoo River, which was filed by Charles Dcwcy, then District Attorney, and later one of the ablest judges of the state su- jjrenu' court. It resulted in judgnu'nt of for- feiture of the goods seized, oni'-half to the United States, and one-half to the informer. Eilward ilcCartney. Tlie -ei ond Hislricl Judge was Jesse Lynch Holman, a native of Kentucky, who was com- mi.'^sioned Se])teml)er Ki, 18;i.">, and served till his death. March -28. 184-2. He read law in the oflice of llenrv Clay, and removed to Indiana in 1808, where he was a terrilm-ial circuit judge, and from 181(i to 18;i() oiu> of the judjres of the Supreme Court of Indiana. Following him came Klisha MilU Hunt ingloii. coiinnis- sioned Afay 2. 1842, and servimr till his death on October 2(i, 1Sfi2. in his term was heard the notable fugitive slave case of.Vaughan vs. Williams. Yaughan, a citizen of ^tissonri. sued Williams, in 18-I.-.. fnr reseiiiiii; A'aughairs fugitive slaves, which he had found and arrested in a cal)in near N'oblesville, in Hamilton Countv. Williams demurred on the ground that the Ordiiuince of 1787 rwpiired the reliirn of fuu:iliM' -Lives only to one of the 'Iflxl. of liididiiii. .\iii. ('i)iiiiiiiiiiiriiillli Sr- ri<:<. p. :;2!). ofiO HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAl'OLIS. IIIST()|;v OF GREATER INDIAXAl'OLIS. .-.(ll tliirtt'Cii original states; but tiic coiiil ruli-il tliat thu constitution superseded this, and that |ihiintiir was entitled to recover if he proved title to the negroes. On trial it appeared that \'aughan had bouglit thcni of one Tipton, who previously had taken them into Illinois, and kept them till he gained residence, and voteil as a citizen of Illinois, which made them free under the law of that state. The jury, as in- structed by the court, returned a verdict for the defendant.' Judge Huntington's successor was Caleb Jilood Smith, a native of Boston, who studied law at Cincinnati and Connersville before lo- cating at Indianapolis. He was a noted orator; and was intluential in securing the nomination for the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, in whose cabinet he served as Secretary of the In- terior. He resigned this position to acce]:)t the position of District Judge on December 22, lSf)2. His service was terminated by death a little over a year later; and he was succeeded by Albert Smith White, of Lafayette, who also bad a short term, dying on September 4, 1864. President Lincoln then appointed David ^fc- Donald, (iiic iif the ablest of our federal judges, who took ollice on Decend)er 13, 1864. He was a professor of biw at Indiana Universitv. wliicb conferred on bint the degree of LL. D. His monument, however, was his "Treatise" on powers, duties and procedure of Justices of the Peace, wbicl) is the best known and most widely useil law te.\t book ever produced in Indiana. Since its publication, in 1856, it has goiu' throngb six revisions by various au- thors, the last in IHHi. Tt was during Judge .McDonald's term that certain members of the Knights of the Golden Circle were tried for treason by a military commission, which met in the TL S. Court room. After the convic- tion and sentence to death of Lamhdin V. 'MU- ligan. ,i|)|)lication for a writ of habeas coi-pus was made to I'. S. Circuit Court. Judge Mc- Donald and Supreme Justice David Davis, who sat with him on the Circuit bench, being un- able to agree on the three main questions in- volved, certified them to the Supreme Court, which decided them in favor of Milligan, hold- inir the militarv conimission unauthorized." Jud-e MrDonald dic.l on Auyust 2.5, 186!). "A'auiiban vs. \\"illiams, ?, McLean. |>. ''-W. ■'In re :\rilligan. I Wallace, p. 2. Vol. I— :!6 and was succeeded by Walter t). tlreshani, who was commissicmed on .Sejitcndper 1, 1869. He was not considered a profound lawyer at the time of his appointment, but ho was a man of ability, and President Grant, who appointed him, had known him as a good soldier, and as such had made hira a brigadier-general. He developed as a judge, bis chief failing being an imi)etuous nature, which caused iiim to ad- mjnisti'r wliat be considered justice like a road- roller when he once got his bead set. The business of the court increased largely during bis administration, due largely to the hard times of the seventies with their crop of bank- ruptcies, receiverships and foreclosures; added to which were the Whiskey Ring cases, the first election cases, and others. The most not- ai)le decision of this period, however, was by Judge Drumniond of the Circuit Court in the receivershi]) of the I. 11 & W. Railway. It had become a fashion of railroad companies controlled by bondholders to pile up floating • lebt preparatory to receivership and foreclos- ure. This caused great hardship to employees and material men, and John M. Butler, of the lirni of McDonald iV" Hutler, made a deter- mined fight in this ease for a modification of the old e(|uity rule which gave tiie mortgagee absolute priority in such cases. Judge Drum- niond recognized the justice of tiie plea, and announced the now celebrated "six months rule", which gave precedence to claims for la- lior and nuiterial, for six months prior to the receiversjiip. The decision was warmly con- tested but the rule was sustained by the Su- preme Court,'" and has since been established law. It is doubtful if any decision in tiiis country ever brought larger and more just re- lief to a large class of men. In April, 1883, Judge Greshain resigned to ;i(ce|)t the position of Postmaster General in I'residcnt .Vrthur's cabinet. He was s\icceoded by Wm. .\llen Woods, a native of Tennessee, who lutd been elected to tb(> Suprenu' liencii of the state in 1880, and resi<rned to lake this position. He was commissioiu'd on Afay 2, 188.1. The most notable events of his term were the election ca.ses wiiich are iiresentt'd in the chapter entitled "A Political Epoch". Judge Gre.sham managed the Poslonice Depart- ment will) vigor. Tliere were no Star Route '"Fosdick vs. Schall. iif) V. S.. p. 2:i.">. .)(,■.' IlISTOlfV OF (IHKATKU I XDIAXAI'OLIS. or othei' scandals in his term ; nml lir also ex- cluded the I.ouisir.na t,«ttciv Irom the iiiaiU iu spite of strong o]i])osit ion. (In I he ileatli of Secretary Folger in 1884, lie was nuuie fSee- I'etarv of the Treasury, hut served hut a sliort time. He resigned from the eahinet in Oetoher of that year, and on Deeeniher U was apiiointed U. S. CircTiit Judge. This position he held until ^larch 5. lS9.i. when he was made Sec- retary of State hy President Cleveland. As Secretary of Slate he was kept busy by the Samoan and Hawaiian complications, the re- j)eal of the reciprocity treaties by the Wilson l)iil, and the smaller affairs of San Domingo and Bluefields, but he handled them all witli i-onspicnons ability till his deatii. on Mav "JS, 189.5. From the District bench. Judge Woods was nominated V. S. Circuit Judge by President Harrison, and commissioned on ^lareh K. 1892. He served in this capacity uiiiil hi- death on June 29. 1901. He was siicceedi'd a- District Judge by John H. Baker on March 39, 1892. He served for ten years, and. hav- ing attained the age of 70 years, resigned undei- the ]n-ovisions of the law providing fin- retire- ment on full pay. under those e(unlitioiis. Judge Baker was a general favorite, and on his retirement he was given a banqni't hy the bar. on December 30. 1902. the first ociunenee id' the kind in the history of the court since its organization in 1817. His successor. .Al- bert B. Anderson, was nominated by President lioosevelt. and was jiromptly confinn.ed b\- the Si nate on December 8, 1902. He did not take otlice for 10 days, however, as Judge Baker was engaged in trying the case of one Jennings against a number of whitecappers who liad a--' saulted him. and the expense and tronliie to th'' parties of a new trial was cons'dered all ai-onml as sufficient rea-^mi for delaying the change of judges. Judge .Vnderson took tlie oath of of- fice and began his duties on December 18: and in his service has impressed ttie ])ublic as a judge both competent and upright. TJie character of the leu'al ]n-()fession divides its history naturally into three pei'iods. The first was when tlie lawyers "traveled the cir- cuit", riding horseback from county-seat to eoiinty-scat as the court held its sessimis in the various counties of the circuit. M times they woTilil he ab-cnt tVom home f ii- weeks; ami occasionally when on the move, stopping at laiiii houses, or e\en lamping out. I'suallv, lio\ve\ef. the evenings were passed in company aronnil the tireplaee of some tavern, and this developed a capac-ity for self-entertainment iu story-telling and jiraetical jokes. There were few law libi-aries, and but few books could be carried. In consequence there was a greater reliance on the application of commonly recog- nized principles of law iu argument; and there were no\y and then instances of cases won h\ sharp-witted lawyers before the unU'arned jus- tices of the peace of those days, by adroit twist- ing of the law. This feature of [jioneer his- toiy has perliaps been more fully recorded than any other, and for this vicinity, it is preserved so well in Oliver H. Smith's "Pearly Indiana Trials and Sketches" that it would be unnec- essary repetition to say much of it here. It may be noted, however, that reailine>s and wit counted for a great deal under those con- ditions, and that the sharpest-witted of our early lawxeis was Hiram Brown, a Pennsyl- \anian, wiio took up the study of the law at the age of 28, in the office of and by the ad- vice of the noted "Tom" Corwin, after failing financially in mercantile business. Of the many stin'ii^s ]uvserved concerning him. ime by I{ev. J. C. Fletcher is wortliy of note, as it prob- ahlv fufiiishes an explanation, in part at least, of why Simon Yandes did not attain a bril- liant legal career. He had graduated \vith high honor at Harvard and began tlie juactice here. in connection with Calvin Fletdiei-. with e\ei-\ promise of success. But he was quite eccentric. anil especially so in the matter of forming theories for action under various contingencies. One of these was that th.e best way for a young lawyer to attract public notice, and win sue- ii's~. was to attack ohli^r and established attoi-- ne\s personally, in trials, when opportunity was presented. I'nfortunately fiU' liim lie tirst |nit ids theory to the test with Hiram Brown, and Ml-. l-"lercher gives the story thus: "'Mr. Yaniles, though still young, was c\- rremelv tall, loosely jointed, and somewhat >lo\\ in movement. His audience eotn.prised all h'- Mumg compeers, who closelv watched the le- sults of liis eastern training, and gauged the caliber of their future op|}onent. The knowl- edge tliat they were so watching him spun-ed him to the utmost, and he became very bitter towai'd ^Ir. r>rown. His tall I'oi-m swaved back and forth, while his voice i-ose to a roar in lllSToK'V OF GlIEATKH. I N 1 >1 A N A IMil.l >. .JG3 i-ariit-'sl (lemmciation ol! lii,< o])i)i>iiem, wlio, .-c'ciningly cowed, hid liis facr in his hamls on ihc T.ihlf. Apparently contented with hini.^eif anil hi^^ elfort. Mr. Yaiides pansud a moment to take a di'ink of water and note the elTeet on the jury, when, to his horror, .Mr. Brown slow- ly i-ai<ed liis head, a wicked twinkle shiniiifr in ills eyes as he jrlanced sidewise at the jury, and in .1 ilcar, sharp whisper said: "If that younj; man should ever live to get his growth he will make a very severe man." The head dropped into the hands once more, ^[r. Yandes, utterly i-on founded by the suddenness of the retort, and. the roar of laui;hter from jnd<;e. har and jury, dropjied the further prosemtion of his speech." In eonneclion with this .Mr. Kletelier adils: ■•.lanie-i Iiussell Lowell, the poet and diploma- list, once told me while visiting me at Naples, Italy, that Simon Yandes was in his class at Harvard, and that he (Yandes) was the first man in the class. "While we', said Mr. Lowell, 'were ])laying at law, Yandes studied law and inipioved evi'i'y advantage all'orded by Harvard. The recollection of him at the Dane law school give mc the highest res])ect for the man". Simi- lar views coiu-erning Mi', ^'ande- wi're ex- pressed to me in Paris, France, l)y (Jcorgr liemis, Esq., of Boston, who is in some respects our first authority on international law. Be- mis was also a classmate of Jlr. Yandes.'"" It may also he mniiioned that the tendency of .Mr. Yanih-^ lo ""play theories'" stood him in good slead. for he develo]ied a theory of the rei iirreiice of panics and financial depressions that made hiiii a handsome fortune. It was based on the pro|iosition that "good tinu'S make bad times, and bad times make good times"' — ;'. '■,, when times are Hush ])eople become e-\- Iravagant, go into debt, and create the condi- ticms that pi-od'.n-e panics: and in hard time~ thev cccnomi/.c and produce the conditions tlial cause pros|iciit\ . It worked like clock-work, at li'Msl until after the demonetization of silver upset the ordinary economic movement : and b\ buying real estate in what be had decided would be vears of lowest pri(es, ami selling in yeai- .d' highest prices, he amassed his wealth. Ill' put his fortune to good use, too: not onlv ill liand-nmr limrfactinns at his death, but in lii,- life. He was extremclv secretive in his Auirust ".'.■•.. 18;9. .L'ood work.-, but It IS .pule eerlaiii llial he was the chief su|)port of John B. Dillon in his old age: and when "Fncle Jimmy" Blake died prac- tically baukruiit, and his home |)roperty passed to ;Mr. Yandes, he managed to bt Mrs. Blake live ill it the rest of her life without even sus- pecting that «lie did not own it. There is an- other fact about Simon Yandes known, to but few, and that is that he drafted, and, although not a member of the legislature, secured the jiassage of the '"year of redemption" law.'- Be- fore ISIil holders of junior incumbrances, who had not been made ])arties to foreclosure, or in general on slierilf"s sales of real estate, were not aflected by a sale, and could redeem while their liens existed, hut the o\nier had no right of redemption at all. The attention of Mr. Yandes was drawn to the matter by a hard case, where a morts.'ao'or was unable tempiu'arily to protect his ])ro|)erty, and he at once ])re- ])ai"ed the bill. There are few laws, indeed, that have given so great, mi ecpiitable, and so ra- tional relief to end)arrassed debtors. But. to resume: the tendency of the early ])erio(l was to make ready lawyers, and "all- round"" lawyers. There were no specialists. .\s the country settled, and railroads were built, the necessity for riding the circuit disapneared. Libraries increased: decided cases multiplied. Xo matter what his logical abiliti-s, a lawyer had to keep in touch with the rulings of the courts. T'nder the.se conditions the (dd tinu' circuit lawyer canu; to his best, and it may fairly be said that the tridden age of the In- dianaiiolis bar was the twentv years following the Civil War. I,i'gal business was abundant and profitable. The line was beginning to Im" prettv clcarlv drawn betwe<Mi civil and criminal practice: but there were few lawyers who aimed at civil ])i"actice who were not (pialilieil to trv a criminal case if thev I'ked. .\bout the lii"st specialization bevond that was bv .lolni .V. Finch, who took up insurance law as a sjie- ciallv, and nnide •! notable success of it. Tbi'ie were three firm< in this pi-riod that were preeininenl in the volume of their luisi- ness and the staudimr of their mi-nibers — Ueii- dricks. llord I'it Uendrieks: M. Donald X" Biil- ler: and TTai"rison. Ilinc'^ iV Mill-r. flie mem- bership changing somewhat from I in- (o time, r.overnor— later Viee-Pr.'-.'. -i II.- '■ ' ''"" ulr;,K tb "Arts of /.sv;/. p. » 564 HISTORY OF GKKATEi; IXDIAXAPOLTS. senior memher of the first, retired aud was sucteeckHl l)y Go\-. C^oiirad Baker, a lawyer of tlie t^aiiie class. Senator Joseph E. McDonald and Jolin M. Butler were the leading members of the second firm, but a large part of the work was done In' George Bntler, a younger brother of John M. — in fact he worked himself to death, and was cut off from the promise of a brilliant professional career at a comparatively early age. Benjamin Harrison and W. H. H. Miller — later Attorney General of the United States — are known to the whole country. Judge C. C Hines, their partner, was a fine lawyer who retired from the practice largely to give his attention to his invalid \rife He was suc- ceeded in the firm bv John B. Elam, still one of the ranking lawyers of the city. Close up to these firms were a number of others, largely of younger men, Dye & Harris, Claypool, New- comb & Ivetcham, Taylor, Rand & Taylor, Smith & Duncan — later joined by John R. Wilson, Byfield & Howland, Byron K. Elliott, James R. ilitchell, Gordon, Lamb & Sheppard, Judah & Jameson, Finch & Finch, Hanna & Kuetler. Herod & Winter. Avres & Jones. Mc- Lain & Baker, A. G. & G. T. Porter. Ritter, Walker & Ritter, Young & Pritchard, John E. Scott, Thomas L. Sullivan. Caleb Denny, David Turpie, Charles W. Fairbanks, Vinson Carter, McMaster & Boice, Buskirk & Nichol, Wm! Wallace, T. S. Rollins, and othei-s, who made up a bar of high quality. The first law school in Indianapolis was that of Xorthwestern Christian University, opened in 1856. It was not much of a school, the in- struction being given by John Young, then president of the institution, and there being four graduates to the time of his resignation in 1858. He was succeeded by Judge Saml. E. Perkins as "Professor of Law", and the school grew under his administration — it being made a department with a faculty, of which Judge Perkins was a dean. There were 18 graduates in the three years ending in 1861. The shock of civil war did not leave much of the law de- partment, thouirh it was continued in a small way witli ,7udge Perkins and Judge David Mc- Donald as instructors. At the beginning of the seventies it was revived and reorganized, opening January 16, 1871, with Byron K. El- liott. Cliarles H. Test and Chas. P. Jacobs on the faculty. Later Judge H. C. Xewcomb succeeded Judge Test, but the school was dis- continued after a few years. The next school, organized through the efforts of Judge Elliott, was known as the Central Indiana Law School, and was a wholly private undertaking. It was incorporated July 1, 1879. Judge Elliott was a great student, with Ijoth the desire and the ability of imparting information. He had an indomitable will that carried a frail body through a life of hard work, and gave him an enduring monument as a jurist aud a legal writer. Associated with him in this school were Judge James B. Black and Charles P. Jacobs, with some special lectures by John R. Wilson and F. J. Van Vorhis. The school was quite successful, but went to pieces after the election of Judge Elliott to the Supreme bench in 1881. and the appointment of Judge Black to the Supreme Court Commission in 188"^^. John R. AVilson was a large factor in local legal instruction. Coming here from Virginia. a young man of limited means aud almost un- known, he made his way by application and ability to the front ranks of the profession, and at the same time to the affectionate respect of all who knew him.''' He was one of the men that God made ; aud there was never a person in Indianaapolis to whom so many yoimg men were indebted for friendly aid and counsel as to him. Abotit 1877 the law stu- dents of the city organized a moot court — it was probably the first successful effort of A. F. Potts at promotion. At fir.sf, one of their nundjcr was chosen to act as judge, but Jolni L. Griffiths was then reading law with ilr. Wilson, and ^fr. Wilson was persuaded to join the organization and serve as judge. He gave as much care to the preparation of his de- cisions as a Supreme Justice — sometimes more. After the moot court disbanded he had law classes for .several winters, iisually going over some new law book. These were entirely free to any of the law students of the city, and were well attended. It may be mentioned here that ^Fr. Thaddeus Rollins also gave this same kind of gratuitous instruction for a year or two. In 189-1 the desire for a law-school again became imiierntivc, and the Indiana Law School was organized. The chief factors in the move- ment were Byron K. Elliott, John R. Wilson. Addison C. Harris, Charles W. Fairbanks, and iWrc-.s'. Julv 16 and 18. 1907. IIISTUUV OF G HEATER INDIANAPOLIS. .,(;.-i W. P. Fisliback. It was opeued on Ottober '2, 1894. (Ill the basis of a two-years course, and a senior class was foriiud the first year from ad- vanced students, cliietiy from Indianapolis of- fices, so that the first class graduated in the spring of ISOo. Jn addition to the five gentle- men named, who formed the faculty, the first resrular lecturers were James B. Black, Charles \y. Smith, Will. 11. 11. Miller. Wm. P. Kappes, Wni. F. Elliott, .lohn A. Finch. Charles F. Collin. .John L. (.rilliths, Charles \V. Moores, Thaddeus S. IJollins, Evans Woollen, and Miss Laura Donnan. Special lectures were given by the .judges of the Supreme and Federal Courts, and also by Charles A. Korbly, Daniel P. Baldwin and Ons O'Bryan — the last-named on prnbate practice. Instruction in elocution and oratory was given by Prof. T. J. McAvoy. The school was successful from the start, and in 18!)G an alliance was made bv it with The Indiana Dental College, The Medical Col- lege of Indiana, and Butler College, by which The I'niversity of Indianapolis was formed. Thus far, however, the L'niversity has been lit- tle more than a name, each member preserving its individuality very completely. In 18!)!1 the need of an executive otHcer who could give full attention to the law school was felt to be ur- gent, and the ])lan was amended, Mr. James A. Rollback being made Secretary and Professor of Law. with the active management of the school. In 1901 he was made dean, on the death of Mr. Fishback, who had served in that cajiacity from the beginning of the school. The institution is now in a flourishing condition, and ajiparently on a permanent basis. The average attendance is about 75, the graduating classes usually consisting of from 30 to .50 members. Tn the last quarter of a century there is .senerally conceded to have been a lowering of the dignity and standing of the legal profes- sion, not due so much to its members, as to changed business conditions. In the process of systemizing many corporations have their stall' attorneys, who are in a sense simply of- ficials having in charge a department of the business. In fact there seems to have grown up a need of atlenfion fo business details that tends to a universal making of barristers with no counselors. The change is hard to define, but there is a feeling among the older prac- titioners that the profession is not as inde- ])eudeut as it formerly was. Possibly the large increase of lav\Ters, and the competition for business that has arisen to some e.\tent may be factors in it. If this idea of a change iii the relative position of the legal fraternity is true, it of course applies to the whole coun- try, and is not peculiar to Indianapolis. There was a "Law Library and Bar Asso- ciation" organized at Indianapolis in the early seventies, but it did not prosper, and it was decided to begin anew. On November 30, 1878, forty of the leading lawyers of the city met at the office of Dye & Harris and organ- ized The Indianapolis Bar Association. Na- jioleon B. Taylor was made president : John T. Dye and Livingston Ilowlaiul. vice-presi- dents; John A. Henry, secretary; .John M. .hidah, treasurer. The executive committee was composed of Solomon Claypool. W. H. H. Miller, John M. Butler and .John S. Duncan; and the committee on ''admission", or mem- bership, of Oscar B. Hord, Lewis C. Walker, Wm. Wallace, 11. C. Newcomb, C. C. Hines, Ferd Winter, and Samuel II. Buskirk. The dues were made .$•") a year, and the membership increased very rapidly. The old association met and donated its property — consisting of .58 volumes of ilaine report* and .$."i4.95 — to the new association, after which it disbanded. Special attention was given to the accuniu- latioTi of a library. On February 11, 1879, it was ordered that .$000 be invested in books; and on .\pril S it was reported that the re- ports of Iowa, Michigan, California and Ohio had been iiurchased. On June 10 the dues were raised to .$20, and a coininiltee was ap- ])ointed to solicit donation to the library fund. On September 13 it reported $950 subscribed, which was duly invested in books. The library gi'cw steadily until 1899. when a special im- petus was given. Mrs. Susan W. Butler, widow of .Tohn M. Butler, died in the spring of that year, and bv her will left a large interest in real estate, estimated at .$(10,000, in remainder on the death of her daughter Margaret llui- ler Snow, to the association, for the erection .if a building, to be known bv her husband's name. Immediately .after this, Mr. and Mrs. Snow donati'd to the association the entire law librarv of Hutler, Snow & Butler. On March 5, 1900, the law library of Lucian Barbour was donated to the association bv his daugh- ter.s, ^Ir~. M;ir\ H. .Tackson and Miss Sallie W. 566 HISTOEY OP GREATEK INDIANAPOLIS. Barlxnii'. On May 28, 11)02, Win. Watson Woiilli'ii pri'seiitt'd to the ai^sociatioii liis eol- It'ctioii of Indiana legal publii-ations, iiielud- iiig annotated reports, statutes, etc., tlie gift to beeonie etfecti\e at his death. Exclusive ol' this, the library now has over T.OOO volumes. It is much used by students of tiie Indiana Law School, to whom this privilege was ex- tended on J line 4, lilUd. The association lias h.ad cpiite an active ex- istence, and has been instrumental in securinx numerous reforms connected \\'ith court proced- ure. Its most notalde back-set came in 1897. The street railroad com])any was then coii- troll(>d by Yerner and Melvee. and had made a large increase in cajiitalization. E. Dwiglit Church and others, who had been induced to buy some of the new stock on advertisements of it that were made, lirought suit in the Fed- eral Court for the appointment of a receiver, the cancellation of TO per cent of the stock, and the winding up of the company. Their right to any remedy being questioned on the hearing. Judge Baker was reported to have said : "]f the law does not give any relief, and I do not know that it does, there ought to he by po]iular subscription a lot of lamp-posts provided for hanging up the fellows who go into such business."'"'* The next day the ar- gument was continued, and Judge Baker again warmed up sufficiently to observe, as reported. "So far as McKee is concerned, if the truth is set up here in this bill it would be no in- justice to him to hang him"". Mr. Perd Win- ter, counsel for the defense replied: "It has been a long time since men have been hanged for such things ;"' to which Judge Baker re- joined: "I confess tliat with these Napoleonic systems of highway robbery I have no sym- pathy. These fellows will go on until finally they will induce the ]ieo]de of tliis country to lyiuli them."" Mr. Winter, wdth some warmth, then said: "1 think it hardly legiti- mate for the court to make such comments as these, which are caught up and nublished in the newspapers. The Scnliiirl this morning had a great deal of this. The remarks tlic court is niakinn- here are being u-^ed in the legislature for the purpose of wiping out this street-car company;"" and the interchange of observations continued until the court in- structed Mr. Winter to sit down.'"' The reports [uiKlislicd by the nioi-iiing iiajiers were substan- tially the same. Xaturally the episode created some excite- ment outside of the court, and on March 1 the Bar Association, by a vote of 10 to •.'. a(lo|itcil a motion dllVred bv W. A. Ketchani Icir a lommittee to investigate the matter ami repoi-t whether the language was used a- rc- jiorted. Judge Baker declined to receive this committee, on the ground that he was not a mi>mber of the association; and the committee reported that there was some question as to the language used: and recommended tliat no further action be taken, and that it be dis- charged. Instead of this, the matter was re- ferred back to the committee with instructions to ascertain whether the language was used, and report. On ^tay 3, the committee finally re- ])orted that the language "was used by him substantially as reporti'd", but "was not in- tended to advise or counsel lawlessness in any manner'", and was used "for the sole ]Hir|)()se of ex])ressing his condemnation of the deal- ings which were described in the bill"". The committee again recommended no further ac- tion, and asked for discharge. Tlie members wfU' out in some force that evening, and the rcjiort was adopted by a vote of 25 to IG. And so the incident closed, leaving the layman tn wonder whether judges sliould say what thev leallv think, or whether Indianapolis la\vy( r- are unduly sensitive. It was only two years rarlier that W. P. Pishback in his account of bis visit to Lord Coleridge mentioned that in discussing the ilafia riots at New Orleans his lordship said that "there were times when the swift methods of Judge Lvnch became neces- sary ill a comniuiiily where criiiK^ is influential ■and powerful enough to deliauch or intimidate courts or juries". .Vnd ^Ir. Pishback adds: ■''Iliis language from the Lord Chief-Justice of England, while he was assuming the wig and gown, surprised me.""'" < ^'Xcirs. Pebruarv 11. 1S9r. '•■Yc»'.v, Pebruarv 12, ISO:. ^''•Ri'rnJlcillons of Lard ('(jliTiili/i\ yi. 0. CHAPTER XLlll. TIIK ClirK'CIIES. The question wliii-li was the Hrst clmieli in i-oiikt of .Meridian and .Maryland, and put Indiana])olis is one whose answer depends on up a one-story brick ehureh. which was used the definition given to the word "ehureh". for ii.ariy twenty years. Perhaps the prioiity sliould be given to the From July. IHM)'. to Kebruary. l.s:{4. there Baptist organization, whieh was offieially was no regulai' pastor, but sei-vi<-es were lieid pronounced "a reiiular liaptist ch)U-ch"' on (piite regnhirly with lirethren Hyron I.aw- October 10, ISi'i': altliough the .Methodisl renee, Janieson Hawkins and K/ra Fislier "ela.'<s" luid l)ecu established as a "station"' otifieiating. In 1S.'!4 K/ra l-'isher aeeepted tlie on a "circuit" in \^^2\ -. and the I'resbyte- [)astorate, and held it for a year. when, in rians had engagec! a pieacher for intermit- July, 1835, he was succeeded by Dr. John L. tent service foi' the year beginning October Kieinnond, who officiated regularly until 1, 1822. An account of thi'se early move- 188!). Di'. Kichniond w;is highly esteemed, ments has been uivrn in the chapter on "The i)oth as a clergyman and as a physician, lie ^Vforal Foundation". John Ilobai-t, who is was not oidy a man of ability but also one known to fame as "the first native poet of with a sense of humor, autl a readiness of Indianapolis", commemorated the establish- c.xpre.ssion that are almost essentials for a meiit of th(> Baptist Church in some lines, be- po|)uliir s|)eaker. Among the anecdotes pi-c- giiniing: seived relating to him is one of his over- whelming a boaster who was enlarging on the "In tw<'nty-two a liniiililr few. Fertility of his farm by telling of a farm Who di(i the Script\ires search. whei'c. "the pumpkins gi-ew so tliick aM over In Jesus" luimi'. toiietlici' came. one of the fields that if a man would kick And fnriiiiMl a Haptist cluncli " one on one side of the field it would shake those against the fence on the other side"'. John was not very inspiring as a poet, but In November. 1S:^!I, Rev. (Icorgc K. Chandler he was always strong in his i)rcsentalion of was called to the pastoi-itc and served ini- facts. The Bapti.st church was handicapitcd til May, 184:-); when he resigned 1.. ac<-ept the by lack of funds for a number of years, and pi'csidency of Franklin College, and was an niiuht not have liveil throueli but for aid eflicient agent in the upbuilding of thai in- frnm the Home .Mission Society. .\s it was. stitution. its pastorate was much bi'okiii. Heii.jamin F(n- the ne.\t three years the situation was Barnes served in 18-_':5 and 1824; and then not eneouraL'iug. C. B. Phillips preached ocea- there was an inferinission of 18 months with sionally, ami in October |)roposed (o preach ?io rcL'ulai- pastor, and occasional services and regularly for a salary of ^'■i^tO and board, Iireachiui: hv bretliren Fa.ssett. Harncs, This the congregation was obliired to .i.'cline Smock and Fisher. In December. 182fi. Abra- for lack of resources. It is interesting to liam Smock was called to preach, and served note that at this time Henry Ward Ueeeher until 18:?(), with the exce|)tion of six months was getting the salary of $1)00 at the Second in the winter of 1827-8. In 1820 the c"n>.'re- Presbyterian Church, of which his wife eom- gatioii purchased the lot at the southwest plained later. 'I hen .Mr. I'liillips iniderlook ocr 5G8 HISTOT!Y OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPOLlS. I to establish a new Baptist Church, aud dis- organization was becoming serious, until a council of the churches of the Indianapolis Association was called, which condemned the Phillips movement, and the danger was averted. In September, 184-4. James Johnson was called as pastor for a year, but resigned after six months, and the church had no regu- lar pa.stor till 1846. ileanwhile Ur. Rich- mond preached occasionally and administered the offices of the church. In 1846 the Bajitist Church in Indianapolis was started in a more stable epoch by the coming of Timothy K. Cressy. He was one of those men in whom the union of l)usiness sense with religions fervor makes the com- posite essential for the effective aid of strug- gling congregations in all sects. Born in Connecticut, a graduate of Aauherst and New- ton Theolouicai. he pledged himself to mis- sionaiy work in the West, and for tliirty-five 'years pi'oseeutecl that work in Ohio, Indiana. ^Minnesota. Illinois and Iowa, until called to his reward in 1870, at Des Moines. Before coming here he had been agent of the Ameri- can and Foreign Bible Society, for nearly two years, in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. In that ('a])acity he first visited Indianajiolis. and found hcvc in the Baptist Church ^Irs. Burkitt, wlio. as iMiss Ellick. had been in his bible class in Boston. She took an active interest in securing his location here, and so did Nicholas ]\[cCarty. Si'., who got up a subscri]>tion for the ]iurpose. and thereby se- cured an ecpial conti'ibution from the Iloiiii' I\Iission Society. l\Ir. Cressy wrote of his service here: "July 3. 1846, I arrived in Indianapolis to take pastoral charge of the church. They had a little old cracked and dilapidated meeting- house, about as large as a Yankee school- house, which it was dangerous to occupy in a storm : also a bell hung on a frame in back of the nieetinsi' house. As there was a divided church to be i-eunited, a ineeting-house to be built, and a reputation to be earned fen- the church, I bad previously told the brethren that I eonid not undertake so desperate a case unless they would settle me foi' five years and the Home ^fission Society conunis- sion me for Ihe same length of time. This was done, and T I'cmained the five yeai's and one more. While at Indianajiolis. I baptized seventy into the fellowship of the church, ami received a large number by letter; also the church M'as enabled to build on the site of their old structure a brick house of worship, seating some four hundred, with basement rooms for prayer meeting and other pur- poses."' At this time there was little inter- est in mission work in Indiana among the Baptists, and in 1845 the State Convention had raised only $150 for Home Mission work. Says Cressey: "With such a field before me, both in Indianapolis and throughout the state at large, every religious enterprise moving tardily, I determined, by the help of Cod, to make some things move. And some things did move. Within three years the Conven- tion raised over $3,500 for state missions, and had over thirty missionaries in the field; I, meantime, writing many articles for the local, state and national press, and dealing my best blows in favor of missions, Sunday- schools, ministerial education, and ministerial support. Meantime I endeavored not to neg- lect my pulpit and pa.storal work. "^ By 1852, the church at Indianapolis had ad- vanced so far that it lost interest to Cressey, and on ilay 2, he preached his farewell ser- mon, and two days latei' started to St. Paul, to take chai-ge of an invalid congregation there. Great as the progress was that had l)eeM made, his successor Sidney ]\r. Dyer did not feel that the position was a "flowery bed of ease". This was largely due. no doubt, to a pathetic misfortune which befell him at the start. He preached his introductory sermon here on October 18, 1853. and on ilonday re- turned to Louisville, whence he came, to set- tle his affairs there and forward his goods. On Tuesday afternoon he received a disjiatch to retui'n, as his wife was dangerously ill. On Wednesday he arrived and found her dead, of cholera. He was left with three young children, the youngest but a few months old. and the oldest in feeble health. His first inclination was to seek some other field, but he overcame it, and labored on for over Four years. But it is easy to understand how he wrote forty years later: "In trying to jjet a clear coneejition of the work before 'Seventy-Fifth Anniversary. First Baptist Church, p]i. 84-5. II1ST(»|;V (IF CliHATER INDIAN Al'ol. IS. :)69 me I found matters in a vory unsatisfactory condition. Tlic ufw house was occupied, but with some heavy hills to meet, witli surround- ings, unsightly and appalling. The stumps from the foundation were piled against the building, and were the refuge of a number of vagrant swine. The memliership was re- ported as above a hundred, but a cai-eful can- vas of the- roll fcjund only seventy odd in active connection witli the church, being about equally divided between the Xortli and the South; many of them holding the ex- treme views of the sections from which they came. This was the occasion of constant heated faction, and led to two or thi'ce ef- forts for a division, only [)revented by the firm yet i)ru<leiit action of the jiastor and more thouizhtfiil brethren. The salarv was $600 from the church and -fiOO from the Baptist Home ^lissionary Society, to be paid quarterly; but at no time did the pastor re- ceive more than $25 (i. e., in ca.sh) during an.v (juarter. the pa.v being orders on stores or pi-oduce. and his wood mostly of refuse from a factory. Disheartened and sad. I cer- tainly should have I'csigned. but the Lord was blessing my work, and nearly every month from one to six were baptized. This state of things continued, more or less marked, for the near five years of my pastorate. That j)rog- rcss was made is shown fi-om the fact that in tliis time the actual menibershi]) had doubled, ovei' sixty by bapfisni, and the church was able to pay iri.v successor $1,500 a year — each (|u:irter's rate deposited in bank to be drawn at the pastor's option. ]My hard- e.st and most trying experiences of life were met during my niinistrv in Indianapolis: but now, as I look back, some of the recolhictions are i-edolent and precious."' Sidney Dyer was one of the besi known Baptists ever called 1o Indianapolis. Born at Canibridge, N. Y., in 181-t, he was largely self-taught. He entered the arm.v as a druni- mei' boy, and served for ten years, the Blacl<- hawk War falling among his experiences. He began stud.x-intr theolotry in 18-30. and was ordaini>d in 1842. He fiist went as a mission- ary to the riioetaws. but was soon called to Tiouis'.'ille as seci-elary of the Indian Mission Board, whence he was called to Indianapolis. He fillcfl a lar<;e si)aee hei-e. It was a time when sei'ious poetry was appn'ciated. and in his grief he found a solace in song. His contributions to the local press were very frequent, especially to the Journal. :Nrany of them were songs; and one, "The Grave of Lily Dale", which was set to nuisie by W. AV. Currie, a local nuisic teacher, became one of the most popular songs of the day. He wrote while here seveial hynnis and songs for spe- cial services in his chui-ch and Sunday school. In 1851 he had published the "Southwestern Psalmist", at Louisville, for the use of Bap- tist churches, wiiich contains 16 of his hynnis ; and in 1850 a small volume of poems, entitled "Voices of Xature". He resigned liis charge here in 1857, and in 1850 was made secre- tary of the American Baptist Publication So- ciety, which position he held for a inntiber of years, and was then made critic of tlie society. His work was at Philadelidiia. but he resided fir.st at "Woodbury. X. J. ; then for 6 or 7 years in Florida : then in Germantown, where he died Decendier 22, 1898. After leaving here he published numerous volumes, pro.se, poetrv, and musical compositions— a cantata of "Ruth" being tin- best known of the last. His daughter Matlii'Mrs. J. H. Britts. of Ladoga. Ind. — is widely known as an author of juvenile books, and a writer for periodicals and newspapers. She was edu- cated at the Baptist Seminary in Indian- apolis. After some correspondence, in whieh lie stipulated for ;i larger church building ".so soon as directed b.v the Pi-ovideiice of (iod", Bev. James J. Siinnioiis. of Providence, R. I., accepted the pastorate, and entered on his duties in Xovember, 1857. After consider- ing several sites, the congregation decided on the northeast corner of Pennsylvania and Xew York streets, and it was purchased in June. 1858. for $6,750. The payment of this, and the erection of the niission at South and Xoble streets were heavy burdens; and an- other was ad<led. .\boiil 5 o'clock on the morning of January 27. 1861. the old church at ^Feridian and Maryland streets was dia- covei'cd to be on fire, and in a short time was in a.shes. Mr. SiimiKPiis. who bad taken a I'adical stand on slavery, wrote, in 18!t7: "Oiw meeting-house was burned because tlu' doctrine of cmanci|jation was preached with- in its walls." The ti'ilslees at once rented Masonic Hall for public meetini:s and Sun- 570 1ST(»I;V Ol" (iltKATKIl IXDIAXAI'OMS. (lay school purposes; and i)rayei- and cove- nant meetings were held at private rcsidcnees and the seminary. In Oetolier. lS(il. ^Ir. Sinnnous felt called to another field, and his resignation was accepted with expressions of rcErret, and eonnriendation to his new charge. About this time IJev. lleni'v Day came to the city to rest and recruit his health. He was called to the pastorate and accepted, preaching his first sermon on January 5. 1862. He remained for fifteen years, longest in service and most loved of the Baptist pas- tors here. He was devoted in his pa.storal labors, and was brought in closer sympathy with the peojile through his wife— =-Suzanna ^IcCarty, a daughter of Nicholas ilct'arty— who had been an active worker in the elmrcli and Sunday school almost from childhood, and who wa.s married to Dr. Day, December 7, 1857. His first laboi-s were largely for the ei-eetion of the church — to wliicli hi' cun- tributed genei-ously from his salary — but this was imi)eded liy the calls for special service brought l)v the war. and it was not until ^[ay 4, 1864, that it was dedicated. The cost for lot. building and furnishing was about $'^5,- 000. When the church's own affairs were cared for its energies were reddubled in mis- sion work both at home and abroad. The church was builded up under Dr. Day. and in the words of Dr. ^Nfaitin: ""When he re- signed the pastorate on December S, 1875, the church was prosperons, nnited and happy". Dr. Day resided in Iiidiana])olis iintil his death, mi August 1. 18i)7. and freqnenth j)reached and performed ])astoral work in vacancies of the pastorate. He was a man of fine education, and befoi-e coming here had. in addition to pastorates at Providence, Phila- delphia and Ashland, Mass., held the profes- sorships of ]\Iathematics and later Physica' Sciences at (Jeorgetown, Ky.. and of Natural Philosophy. Asti'onomy and Civil Engineei-- ing at Brown rniversity. After considerable search, the congregation extended a call to Rev. Wai-ivn Randolph. D.D., wild accept(>d, and began his .service on January- 1, 1877. He was a man of na- tional prominence. A native of New Jersey, he ui'aduated at Brown T'liivei-sity in 1851 ; and had filled pulpits nt I'awtucket. Provi- dence, (rermantown, Boston ajid Phihidi]|)hia. Pie was secretarv of the Iiiternatidiial Sim- ilay School Lesson Committee from its start ill 1872; and was secretary of the American Baptist Publication Society from 1871 to 1877, resigning it to come here. < >ii account of his connection with it. tin- International Lesson Connnittee met here in ]\Iarch. 1877, and on ^larch 28 a public meeting was held, with addresses liy Dr. John H. Vincent. H. F. Jacobs, and Dr. John Hall. Dr. Randolph wji.s especially energetic in Sunday school work, and in organiziuii' church work of all kinds. On January 3. 1879, he tendered his lesignation, to take effect on April 1. He went from here to New|)()it. \\'here he served lill his death, in 1899. (^u June 5, 1879. the church extended a call to Rev. Henry C. liable, who had just closed a successful pastorate at Brookline. ^[ass. He accepted, and began his work in September. He was an energetic pastor, and a notable effect was the organization of the Yoke-Fellows Society by the young men of the church in 'Slay. 1880. It reached a mem- bership of over 100, and was active not only locally but also in oi-ganizing societies thi-oughout the state. A state convention was held at Lafayette in 1882. The organization was kejit up for about five years, and then dropped out of active existence. In June. 1882, 'Slv. ?ilabie received the degree ef Do-- tor of Divinity from the T'niversity of Chi- cago. Sir. Mabie had at the time gone to Kiirope for his health, which was much im- proved; Init he did nvt wholly recc vei-, and on May 8. 1884, resigned on account of fail- ing health. Afterward he was with the IMis- ''iionary ITnicn for a uuniber of years; and he is now a lecturei- to Bajjtist seminaries on Foreigii Missions. The church was without a remilar nastor for the rest of the year, but at the beuinnine- of 1885 Dr. Reuben Jefitery accepted a call He is generally conceded to have been the ablest, intellectually, of the Baptist pastors here. Born in Lancastei-. England, February 15. 1827, he came to this country at the age of 10. and at 20 began his clerical work at Nantucket. He had filled impm-tant (lulpits at Brooklyn. Albany and Denver, his iiios! notable work beins at ?ilarcy Avenue Church, lirroklyn. which he built un from a strug- gliuEr eongi-egation < f 40 to l.OOO members. llisr(»i;v OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. 571 I'lulcr his si'i'vice tlu't'c wrn' notable revivals in the sprinj^s oi' 1885 and ISSfi; ami the rliiirch was usually filled wlirii he preached. He teudered his resiunation Se|)1enii)eV 1:5, 1888. hut at the re(|uest of the ehureh eou- tinued his service to the end of the yeai-. lie enji-aged in no active work after leavinij here, but lived with his son at Brooklyn, wliei-e he died on December 1-1. 1889. After four rncniths' vacancy, the piili>it was filled by AV. V. Taylor, who was called from East ()rani;e. N. .1. In addition to excellent jiastoi'al work, Mi'. Taylor secui'cd an e.xten- went fi'om here to I'edtlie ^Memorial Church. Newark, when he left here in 1906. Follow- ing- 'Sly. Villei-s came Frederick E. Tayloi'. wlio is still in charge. He is a j^'radnate of Coluate Seminary, ordained in 1888. He served as assistant pastoi- at Peddie ]\Iemorial and the Second I}ai)tist Church of St. Louis, and was jjastor of Central Church, Brooklvn. from 1899 to 190:?. He was with Dr. Chap- man in evangel i.stic woi-k from 190:! to 19(l(). All of these later pastors have? been com- l)atatively youn<;' and eneriictic men, and un- dci- them ihe prosperity of the church has FIRST B.APTIST CHURCH. sive remodeling of the church, addinii hand- .some stone porticos at the front and si<le, now seatinLT and new windows, all at a cost of over $22,000. He .served until the middle of ITay, 1894, when he i'esit;ncd, and the pul- ])it was vacant until the close of the yeai-. l)r. I). -J. Ellison, who had been called fi'om .leise>- City then beyan his service of three .years, which was a period of prosperity and blessinjr to the church. He was followed in 1898 by Thomas .Teliferson Villers. who served for ei»ht yeai's. He is a Viruinian. born ]\lay 23. 18(il. and ordained in 1888. He bad suc- cessful pastorates at (iloucester. IMass.. and Syracuse, N. Y., before comintr here: and been contiiuious. ( )n -lanuary :!. 11104. the church at Peini.sylvaiiia and XCw 'I'ork streets was desti'oyed by fire. su|)])osed to result from a defective furnace. The coni;'re<iation de- ciiled to rebuild elseuhere, and secured the present site at .Meridian and X'ei'mont streets. The handsome stone edifice llierc is a model of convenience in modern church archilec- ture. The corner-stone was laid on Tlianks- "'i\ iny day, 190.'5. and the church di'dieated in Xovember. 190(;. The cost was $7.").00(l foi- the lot and .$150,000 for the buildinii'. The membership of the church is now 1.120, and the Sunday school enrollment 1.200. And scattered over the (;itv ;ire other cbni'ches. its HISTOEY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. mission children, some of them in almost as flourishing condition as the mother church itself. In the year 18.56. there was some considera- tion of organiziiio- a second Baptist society in Indianajiolis, hut after the resignation of ilr. Dyer in 1857 the proji'ct was abandoned. The chui'ch, however, pledged its support and cooperation to a mission Sunday school which had been conducted for over a year, opposite Little's Hotel, on East Washiugton street, by brethren Joseph Sutton, Louis IMoss and A. G. AYallace. In September. 1859, an offer was made of a Icit 80x126 feet at the corner of South and Noble streets, for church and Sunday school purposes, by Messrs. Calvin Fletcher, Stone. Witt, Hoyt and Taylor. This was accepted, and though the parent church was then in the struggle of building -i new house for itself, a little chapel was erected there, and the East "Washington street school was removed to it. This was continued as a mission until August 31, 1869, when a church was oraanized with a membership of 76 ; and received the property as a gift from the parent church. This, the South Street Baptist Church, worshipped in the chapel un- til 1882, when, having attained a member- ship of over ;^00. the corner-stone of a new edifice was laid. The new church was dedi- cated and occupied in 1883. The pastors in charge have been, William Elgin. 1869-71 : H. Smith, 1871-3: G. W. Rilev. 1873-4; J. S. Gillespie, 187-t-7: I. N. Clark." 1878-85: C. H. l\rcDowell. 1885-S: A. B. Whitnev, 1889-94: C. E. AV. Dobbs. 189.5^7 : F. G. Parrish, 1898- 9; J. A. Kuowlton. 1899-1904; L. D. Bass. 1904-7; Cromwell P. Kirby, 1907 to date. The chvirch has at present a membership of 380, and 262 enrolled in its Sunday school. The second swarm fi'om the hive went to the North, where an inviting field was pre- sented. It began hy a nunibei' of Baptists i-enting a hall over a grocery at the south- east corner of Broadway and Cherry, on January 1. 1870. On March 22 the North Baptist Mission Sunday school was organized ; and officers elected ; and on ]\rarch 27 its first school was held, with 13 teachers and 29 scholars, in addition to the 6 officers. Within two weeks the hit at the northeast corner of Cherry and Bro;idway was bought for $1,000. and a conti-act made for a building 32x45 feet. It was completed at a cost of $2,600, and occupied by the school on July 3. On September 19, 1871, the North Baptist Church was organized, 32 of the membere coming from the First Baptist, and on October 16 the church building was dedicated. It was occupied for 20 years, and then the society decided to move still farther north. A lot was purchased at Fifteenth and College ave- nue: the corner stone was laid in 1892; and the church dedicated in November, 1893. The name was then changed to College Avenue Baptist Church. The new building was par- tially destroyed by fire in February, 1906; but was speedily rebuilt and rededicated in September of the same vear. The pastors have been E. K. Chandler, 1871-3; J. B. Shoff. 1873-5; I. N. Carman, 1875-8; G. H. Eliiin, 1879-82: D. D. Reed,, 1882-3; R. E. Xeiuhbnr, 1884-9; J. F. Williams, 1890-5; C. A. Hare, 1895-8; W. C. Taylor, 1899-1903; H. N. Queisenberry. 1903-7; W. G. Eversou, 1908 to date. Prior to this northward movement, in 1864. another mission school had been .started in the old Apollo Garden at Kentucky avenue and Tennessee street. The home of beer and the- atricals was transformed by ]Mi-. and ^Mrs. Uriah (iregory, Air. and Airs. Alilton Huey. Aliss .\inui Jones into a place for instriiction and worship, and others quickly rallied to their aid. Afr. Henry Knippenberg being made the superintendent of the school. It re- mained a mission of the First Baptist until 1872, when the Ciarden Baptist Church was organized. The mission Sunday school, in the meantime had removed, first to the corner of AVashington and Alissouri streets, and then to Bright street above New York, where the church still preserves its name. The pastors in charge have been, successively, Samuel Cornelius, Philander Shedd, Cvrus B. Allen. B. F. Patt, John Sheppard, A. B. Charpie. G. AY. Tcrrv, Ohas. L. Berrv. John L. Bevl, Halle P. Fudge, E. AL Ryan, Jos. E. Sherrill, and AA'^m. H. Harris. Twenty-three member.s of the First Baptist Church were dismissed to join this church at its organization. The Fii-st German Ba]itist Church, coruei' of Singleton and Iowa streets, developed front a mission started by the First Baptist Church in 1872 at North and Davidson streets. In 1883 th(> cliui-ch was organized, and in 1901 HISTOTIV OF GHKATi:!! JM )1 AXArOLTS. 573 it sold tlu' (j1(1 inTiiiertv. In i;)02 the present ehurcli was liuill aud dedicated. The pastors in charge have been G. Koopmaun, 1873-6 ; E. Tsehirch, 1877-80; A. Boelter, 1881-3; F. A. Lieht, 1883-7; A. JI. Petersen, 1887-91; A. Heinz. 1892-6; A. Freitasr, 1896-1900; E. Schueller. 1900-1: R. M. von .Millei', 1901-5; H. Sellhorn. 1906 to date. It had in 1909 a iiieiiibersliip of 62, with 110 in the Sunday school. On :May 1, 1888, the First Baptist Church organized a mission school on Twenty- second (now Thirtieth) street, and it grew so rapidly that on July 11, 1889, eleven mem- hcrs of the First Baptist were dismissed to join in organizing Fniversity Place Church, which is now located at Meridian and Thirty- third streets. In September, 1888, a few Baptists living on the East side determined to start a Sun- day school, and on September 16 it was be- gun in a part of the large house south of the arsenal grounds which had been built and occupieil by Herman Sturm. This school prospered sreatly. and on ^larch 3, 1902, was made a station of the First Baptist Church. On March 15, 1904. an independent church was organized under the name of "Woodruff Place Baptist Church, which is now located at ^Michigan and Walcott streets. In the preliminary period C. A. McDowell, A. B. Charpie. and A. D. Beriy served as pastors. After oraranization the pastors wei-e A. D. Bei-ry. 1894-1904: Fredei'ick Donovan, 1904-5; Fred Glendower Kenney, 1905-9. The church was badly daraased by fire in June, 1909, but was at once rebuilt and enlarged. The society is in flourishing condition with 348 membci's and 323 in the Sunday .school. When or- ganized in 1894. there were 120 members of the ?"'irst Baptist dismissed to join it. West of White River, the first mission of the First Baptist Church was in 1878, in West Indianapolis. The ground was donated by Julius F. Pratt, and a sum of money by Nicholas ^FcCarty. This developed into the River Avenue Baptist Clnu'ch. The Tlaugh- ville mission was established in 1890, with J. G. Holmes as superinlmdent. It devel- oped into the Germania Avenue Church. In October, 1892, twenty scholars and teachers organized in Greenleaf hall. North Indian- apolis, with Henry Fitch as superintendent. In June, 1901, the corner stone of a clnu'ch Iniilding was laid, and it was completed in .\ovember. In June, 1907, the Thirty-first Street Baptist Church was organized on this Foundation. Its pastors have been H. A. Bel- Ion. 1897-8; Chas. West, 1898-9; R. E. Neigh- bor, 1S99-1903; S. A. Sherman, 1903-6; R. D. Licl<lidci- 1906 to date. This is a |)rosperous church, M-ith 22.") meiiibers, and 140 in the Sunday school. Emmanuel Baptist Church is a swarm from South Street Baptist Church, in March, 1899, rhi' new church organizing on April 9, 1899. The society bought a double store building at Woodlawn avenue aud Laurel street, and re- iiiodel"d it for its piuposes. The pastors have ])een C. H. :\rcDowell : P. H. ^McDowell, and, since February 1, 1900, John R. Henry. This is known as a live church. It not only has 225 members, and 175 in its Sunday school, but it has organized five missions. One of these is on Bluff avenue, half a mile beyond the city limits; and one at Whiteland. Ind. Another is at Beech Grove, an Indian- aj)olis suburb, the building there being dedi- cated on October 18, 1908. Churchman Ave- nue Baptist Church is a mission from Em- manuel in 1904. Its pastors have been Charles W. Swift and I. W. Stark. It has 70 members, aud 80 in the Sunday school. The latest is the Southern avenue Sunday school, which is located east of Shelby street. It was first held in the school house on Shelby street, but on June 13. 1909, it moved into its new building, from which the plasterers' scaffolds had not yet been taken, and opened business with 126 present. Tuxedo Parle Bai)tist Chnirh. on Garfield avenue, north of Washington street, grew out of a union Sunday school which was organ- ized and ccmducted in(le|)endcntly for several years, but on Di'cembcr 14, 1S99, ai)i)lied to be recognized as a mission of Woodruff" Place l-Japtist Church. This was granted, ami the relation continued till it was organized as an independent chui'ch on Jiuie 15, 1902. It is prosperous, having 155 meiiibers. and a total Sunday school enrolluuMit of 'M-i. The pas- tors have been L. 0. Stierin-;-. 1902-7: Allen O. Hess, 1908—3 monllis: V. O. Clutton, 1908 to date. The pioneer church of the cohu-ed Baptists in Indianapolis is known as the Second Bap- tist Church, located on ^Michigan street, be- 574 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. twei'U ludiaiia avenue uikI West street. .Must "f its early history was uathered up \>y l»ev. .Mose.s Broyles, its most noted pastor, and told by him with L;reat frankness. The he>;iiinin!^ of the chnreli was in 1846. when I'J(h'r Charles Sliaehel eanie here from Cincinnati. and uatheri'd tiie seattei'ed Baptists into a church, wliich worshipped usually at th^ lioii.se of Deacon John Brown. In 1848 Eldei- Joshua Thurman was called from ^Madison as pa.stor, and the next year a little chui'ch. 2()x:50 feet, was built on ^lissouri street, be- tween New Yoi-k and Ohio. Troubles arose in the church, pi'obably on account of the jias- tor. Hroyles says that "he was an excellent preacher, but that he did not act prudently as a pastor". In the winter of 1851, the chui'ch burned, uninsured, and the conofrega- tion moved back to Deacon Brown's. In 1852 Elder Jesse Young- was called to the pastorate for a year, and in 1853 Elder Jo- sei>h J. Fitzuerald. The latter was a youni;' ]ii'eacher from ^Fadison, who also taui;lit school here. Some slanderous reports about him appeared in the ^Madison pai)ers, which were brought here and caused him to leave the pastorate. He afterw-ards acted as a missionary iji the West, and for five or six years in Liberia, where he was said to be very sncccssfid. lie was succeeded by Elder (ieorao Butlei', fi'om Vincennes, for a year; and then, in 185fi, Elder Pleasant Bowles was called from Kalamazoo. He was a good- lookinu' youiiii' man, with wiunino' ways, and a good preachei'. But the men found that not only "his conduct towards the female ■^ex was unbecomini;- in a minister, lint that he would not do to trust with the money". Added to these weaknesses, Bowles joined the ^lethodists and tiied to hreak up the ehnicli. Then they rose in wrath and tired bim. In 1857 ]\Ioses Broyles. who had been of tb' conuresation, was oi'dained anil made pastor. He was quite a notable cbiii-actei-. P>cirii a slave, and sei)arated from his nai'cnts at the aae of four, he had the goixl fcirliuic tn fall into the hands of a kiiidh- mastei-, and an'nn<.i wbite boys who Ir-e.-itcd bim well. Fi-nni tbciii he learned to read, and by hard woi'k [lusbi'd through the elementary bi-aneties; after' wbicb he had nearly thi'ce years of seliooliug at Col- lege Hill, ten mil(>s below ^Fadison. In the spring of 1857 he cainc t<i Indianapelis to teach school, and he contiiuieil to teach for twelve years after he entered the ministry, at a little house on ^Finerva street, between -Michigan and North, which still stands. He had to do so at first because the church could only pay his board for his services, for three >eai'S. But he worked ahead, and soon the church began to grow. In 18(54, the church had to be enlarged, and it was doubled in size. In 1867 it was aaain outgrown, and the con- gregation decided on the substantial buildini;- wliieh it now occupies. It was built 63 feet square, with basement and auditorium above, the latter having galleries on three sides. The cost of the building aiul lot was about .'ii'iS.OOO. Here he preached till the time of his death. August 31, 1882. And he labored nuieh out- side. He was tlie chief factor in organizing the State Association of Colored Baptists, and was the life of their church in this city. Since his day the pastors liave been J. ^I. Harris, J. AV. Carr, Charles Johnson and B. J. Prince, the present incundient. Tic ehureli is in flourishing condition, with 400 nu^mbers, and 200 Sunday school pupils. Early in 1867 came a development that was a sore thorn in the fiesh to F^rother Broyles. The Central Christian Chui-ch purchased a lot at Second (Eleventh > and Lafayette streets, on which was a soldiers" barracks— a relic of Camj) Carrington — and started a colored mis- sion church. Elder Daniel Orr. who had come Fiere from Kentucky during the war. ami. after some service as a soldier, had been oi'diiined in 1866 as a Baptist minister, joined till' Christian i Camjihellite'i Church and took I'harge of this mission -. and some white breth- ren assisted in the Sunday s-hool. F^i-oyles says they tried to pro,selyte the Baptists of the vicinity, but "I took great jiains in ex- plaining the difference between the doctrines held forth by that church and that of the JFis- sionary Baptist Church. There were oidy thi'ee mendiers of this church that joined that one. Two of them returned and thaid<ed the FiOi'd that they had once more irturned home". The mission did not succeed, and in 1873 it was sold to !\Fount Zion Baptist Church, whicli was oi'ganized in tlie previous year. It occunied the church nearly fert>- years, remodeling it twice. In 1!)08 the con- gi'CLration beuan work on a new bi'iek chui'ch. which will ciist almut ^Id.llOO wh.'U com- HISTOID OF ui; HATER INDIANA I '( tl plctcil. 'I'hc pMsttirs i)f .Mount Zioii Churcli iiavt.' lieeu Win. Siiijili'toii. 1). Slauulitcr, II. Bloodwoith. Jaiiics Moi'ton, B. F. FonvU, ami (i. Will. Ward, wlio is now SLTvini;-. Tlii' clniirli lias ;-!.")(l iiiciiilicrs. and ITti Sunday scliool seliolars. Early in 1874. Elder Jacob K. Kaynor be- •jan hoidint; prayer nieetiugs and preaching in the northeastern part of the city near the old sewing-niachine factory. As a result nf his work New Hethel Bajitist Church was iiruranized on July -1-. 1874. Mr. Rayiior was i-allcd a.s pastor, and a church was erected the next year, and dedicated in November, ls7r). Raynor served for ten years, and has iieen followed li.\' J. Franklin and Nathaniel .\. Seymour, tln' present incumbent. The , church has a iiirinbci-ship of 422, and the Sun- day schd'il an average attendance of 60. This iliurch ])ut up a new building in 1901 at lolo -Martintlale avenue, at a cost of $.").00(). and has been much liami)ered by debt ever since. Another of the oldei- churches is Olivet, which was originally oruani/'.ed south of the city as Lick Creek Church in September, 1867. Later it sold its pi-opcrty and moved into the city, locating on Hosbrook street, whei'c Elder An- d<'rs(in Simmons preached in the seventies. It MOW has a ciiurcb building at Leonard and t'r.pspect streets, with Rev. KimbMll Warren as pastor. Barnes Chapel. !)-_'7 West Twenty-fifth sti'cet. was or-ianized as a ciiuicii in 1887. antl named in honor of A. A. Barnes, wlm ilonatrd the lot. and contributed to the build iii'j^. It was the oiitiirowth of a mis,sioM. Tln' pastors have been C. T. Lewis, C. II. Taylor. I). W. Ilestoii. C. Jones. '!'. T. Cariienter. P. J. Siiiitb. 11. Diipce, J. C. Jones. C. C. Alex- ander, and Tlios. I\. I'rinliss. now servinu'. Tliere are 72 members. Trinity Baptist Church, located at .\llier1 and Ilalbone streets, was oruani/.ed .Noxmiber l(i. l'.l()2. and com- ]ileted its (•liurcli biiildinii in Sei)temt)er. 1907. It has o2 members, and 20 in the Sunday scIkoI. B. F. Ferrill, C. C. Wilson and J. Averet have officiateil as pastors, and A. 11. ^larlowc i^ now in charge. There are about a dozen small coiiLireu-ations of coloi'cd Bap- tist-: of coni))aratively later oriraiiization. bii^ tlieii- pastors ai'c not sntTiciently iiiteres* ■ I to answer !-e(|ne«ts fer inroriiiMtioii. The l''i'ee\\ill B.'iptists are a sepai'ate i r;.;an- izatio'i, I'.avinu three churches in Indianapolis. As the name indicates, they incline to Armin- ianism, which means that they are "not quite so predestinated as the others'". The First Freewill Baptist Cliiireh. now located at Col- ton anil ilinervji streets, was organized in 1882, and has had a rather strenuous exist- ence. Its church building was completed and dedicated in 1908. It has at pi-esent 97 mem- bers and 35 in the Sunday school. Its pastor is Rev. Ben.i. ^Iclnlosh. The other two Free- will Baptist churches are St. Johns, at Briiiht- wood, of which Rev. E. ^I. Turner is pastor, and Freinenl. of wliicli Rev. A. Johnson is pastor. The Presbyterians were not long after the !5a[)tists in their formal chnrch organization. As has been mentioned in the cliapter entitled, "The iloral Foundation", this was made on July ."). 182:^, at Caleb Scnddei-'s cabinet shop, and H meeting-house was completed and oc- cupied in the same year. .\t that time Rev. David Proctor was devoting three-fmirths of his time to the Indianapolis l^ri'sliyterians. and the remaining fourth to tiiose at Bloom- ington. His year ended October 1. 182:1 and be was not recalled. lie was regarded as toi' i-old and formal for a frontier jireacher, and was never settled as a past(H- after leaviii'.;' iiere. thouuli he preached (|nite often. 1 b- mairid a woman of consider:ible wealth, and settled at Frankfort, Kentucky, wberc be died on January 18, ISfi'i. The First Presbyterian iiiceiiiiL; house was on Pennsylvania street, on lironnd now occu- pied liy the Talbott block. The subscription for it was $1,200. but the cost was ^l.fiOO, and the bnihlinu committee. Dr. Isaac Coe, James Blake, and Daniel Vandes, arranged to coni- iilete it by yiviii^ the carpenters orders on Nicholas McCai-ty for goods, for their work. and paying ^Ir. ^IcCarty when they i-euld Most of the liiiiibi'r was rnrnisbrd by lliraii: Bacon. It was a combination cliur"li and school, and Mrs. Ketcluim de<cribes it tliii--: "The first r'resb\-1erian Clinrch was on Penn- sylvjinia street, about half way between !\Iar- ket and l Uiin. It w.is so far back that tli- rear enil. the school room, wiis on the ,-dlc\ l-'niii tbe L'ates it was very pretty rising' '.zronnd. •.n-assy to the I'roni doors. One smallish wiiulow was biuli up o\ir the pulpit wbicb was between tile two front di'ois. tbe 576 HISTORY OF (;i;HA'1'KR ixdiaxapolis. gable end toward tlie street. Two aisles ran down from the doors. Two rows of seats in the niiddli\ and one on the north and one on the south side. The back part or school room was shut oft' by a kind of water-gates. When the ehureh was finished these were raised and the aisles ran through little gates. Pews were in the church, but here the seats were with- out any backs. A row of desks all around the west and north sides dignified it into a school room. The ceiling of the church went to the roof, but this was low, and the space above was open to the clrarch, with seats, but so daik no choir ever sat there. The whole was an original specimen of architecture, espe- cially the bell tower. Surely there never had been so funny a little thing. The steps ran up out of the school room, and it was the delight of the boys to ring the bell, and the girls to hear. The stove in this room was a long high one with the door and hearth in one end. I have seen, for punishment, two standing on the top of this stove and one on the hearth." After ^Ir. Proctor's departure, B. F. Mor- ris, James Blake and Dr. Coe were appointed a committee to procure a preacher. They wrote to Rev. Samuel D. lloge. of Ohio, but he had just accepted a professor.ship in the college at Athens. They M-rote to Rev. Wm. I\rartin, who liad aided in organizing the church, but the letter miscarried, and. not hearing frmn him, they wrote in IMarch, 1824, to Rev. (ieiirge Bu.sh, a licentiate of the pres- bytery of New York. He came out on July 9, bearing a commission as missionary from the General Assembly, and having ministered until September 6, was unanimously called to the pa.storate. On IMarch 5, 1825, the pres- b\'tery— the church had been tran.sferred to Salem Pi'esbytery— was called to Indianapo- lis to ordain him. The ceremony was held in the new court house. Rev. ^Tr. Crow preach- ing the sermon. 'Sir. Dickey giving the charge to the pastor-elect, and ^Ir. Reed to the peo- ple. On IMarch 9, Mr. Bu.sh left for Phila- delphia, to attend the (ieneral Assembly, and when he returned on July 27 he brought with him ^Frs. Bush, whom he had married in 1823. She was a daughtei' of Hon. Lewis Condit, of ]\rorristown. Xew Jer.sey, and was much esteemed by the people of Indianapolis. (ieorge Bush was one of the most accom- plished scholars tliat ever located here, al- though he was a young man. He had gradu- ated with high honor at Dartmouth and Pi-inceton Theological School, and served as tutor for a year in Princeton College. He had several oft'ers of professorships, but pre- ferred ministerial work. His moral charac- ter was beyond reproach, and he was a man of progressive character generally. It is re- corded that he bi'ought the tirst wood-saw and the first pair of India rubber shoes to Indianapolis, and these novelties were natur- ally objects of general curiosity to the com- munity. But he was clearly out of place in the Presbyterian Church, and his ordination as a Presbyterian clergyman can be under- stood only on the supposition that his views of church government changed materially thereafter. His service was very acceptable to the church until December, 1826. when he stated in a sermon that "there was not a shadow of authority in the sci-ipture for any government beyond the bounds of a single church, from whose decisions there was no appeal but to the court of Heaven".- The elders remonstrated with him, and tried to secure at least a promise that he would re- frain from preaching such doctrine, but he i-egarded it as a conscientious duty. After extensive correspondence and discussion, he submitted his view's to the session, on March 3, 1828, in a counnunication. stating, in sub- stance, " (1) That he believes there is but one Catholic Church, and that all distinct organi- zations, as E|)iscopal, Baptist, Presbyterian, &c., are a sinful rending of Christ's one body. (2) That Christ Jesus is not only spiritually but also ecclesiastically the only head of His church, to the exclusion of an.v visible head, in any shape Avhatever, and that all appeals from the presbytery of a single church re- (|uiring an authnritative decision are to be made directly and immediatel.v to Him. i'-U That evei-y individual church, properly con- stituted, is entirel.v competent to the final de- cision of whatever cases of discipline ma.v occur anions' them". This communication was in ex)ilanation of another, a mouth earlier, in which 'Sir. Bush stated to the ses- sion "the terms on which he is willing to continue to Iqiior with us". These terms were in three pi'opositions : ''1'' ""That the male -Miiini( n. HLSTOHY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. or? members of the clmrch be privileged to at- tend the nicetingrs of tlie session, but without the rifrht to vote or speak unless permitted." (2) "That the session give their full consent and hearty eoneurrence in what he conceives his permission from a higher source to talk, write, piiblish and preach, relative to the con- stitution, laws, and order of church, what- ever, whenever, wheresoever & in what waj' soever he might deem proper." (3) "That the session should guarantee him $300 for % of his time for one year." To these terms the session, which was then composed of Elders Isaac Coe, Ebenezer Shai-pe. Caleb Scudder, John G. Bro\vn and John Johnson, declined to accede, and on March 4 adopted resolutions, of which the first three are as follows: "Resolved, (1) That so far as we understand the views of our pastor, the Rev. George Bush, relative to church government, we cannot approve them as a whole as being scriptural or expedient. (2) That believing the Presbyterian form of church govei-nment to be most conformable in its institutions to the word of God of any in existence, and best calculated in its effects to promote the peace, purity and edification of the Church of Christ, we cannot consent to abandon, it for any other, much less for one which we believe not warranted by scrip- ture and untried in practice. (3) That how- ever serious the consideration of dissolving the endearing connection between jiastoi' and people, we feel it to be a solemn duty to God & his church not to use our influence to continue the relations now subsisting be- tween our pastor and this people, if it can be done only on the terms he has proposed." The other resolutions included a ileterniina- tion to bring the matter befoi'c the church and the presbytery "for advice and direction", and a letter to the pastor stating his views as they understood them, and refusing to accept them. On ^NFarch 10 the church members held a meeting in the school room to discuss the matter. ]\Tr. Bush was present, and opened the meeting with prayer. Aftei- considei-ilile discussion Robert Gowdy. Alexandei' Fra/.ier and Xoah Tjcvei-ton "expi-es.sed tlieii- unwill- ingness to part with l\Tr. Bush. & were de- sirous as they were not well acquainted with the principles of church govt, that ^Iiv Bush be invited to preach thei-eon. to which effect Vol. 1—37 ^Ir. Gowdy made a motion". To this Eben- ezer Bharpe and Doctor Coe objected, saying they were "unwilling to countenance and sup- port the preaching of error with no one to contradict it. which they conceived to be run- ning into temptation, but expre.s.sed their willingness if desired to meet a public discus- sion of the subject". "Without further action the meeting adjoui'iied to ^larch 18. "to allow time for further consideration". On ]\rareh 18 the church members again met in the school room, and there was an- other reading of Mr. Bush's fomier letters, and also of one of that date in which he said he co!isidered himself "as standing in the attitude of a candidate for permanent settle- ment, the term of his previous engagement having expii-ed and that the true question is not whether the chui'ch shall forthwith cea.se to be a Presbyterian society, but whether it will agree to the three propositions he has made to the session. That he had hardly any hope we should asree to his terms and did not think on the whole there was sufficient ground for a break in the church and therefoi-e wished to withdraw quietly a!ul that the elders and brethren would confirm their love to each other". It was explained verbally that he did not intend "to decline continuing as the pastor of this church", but "wished his proposals to be taken up and acted upon by the memb(>rs". There were then submit- ted to vote five questions, prepared by the session, as follows: (1) Are you willimr to make the alterations proposed by Jlr. Bush in the form of the government of this church? (2) Are you willinsr Mr. Bush while he con- tinues our pastor should preach on the s\ib- ject of church goveriuuent those views which in his cori-esponilence with the ses,sion he has stated he holds and shall endeavor to prove? (^) Will you and sihIi as may unite with you guarantee to ^Fr. Bush three hundred dollars for three-fourths of his time for the present year? (4") Are you willing to con- tinue Mr. Bush as your pastoi- if liy so doing you must break off connection with the Pres- byterian Church? (5") Do you approve of the three first resolutions adopted by the ses- sion on the 4tli instant and which have now been read relative to the proposals of the Rev. I^Ir. Bush and our referring them to the de- cision of the pi'esbytei-y ? IIIS'I'OKV OF GKKATEl! I M )|.\ \ AIM H.IS. On tlie first two questions KobiTt (iowtly alone voted "aye"' and twenty-one voted "no". Noah Leverton and Ensley T. Gowily declined to vote on any of the questions. On the last three questions there was no atifinna- tive vote, Robert (iowdy voting- with the ma- jority on the ;h'd and 5th and declining to vote on the 4th. In addition to the vote, word was received from Phanuel Orahain. ]\Iary Carothers, Jlrs. Elizabeth .Morris and Daniel Yandes that, "We do not w-ish to continue the services of our pastor on the above named terms (as specified), nor to withdi'aw from the Presbyterian Church, nor to encourage him or anyone to ])reacli against the Presby- terian form of church government". These members, for various T-easons. were unable to attend. This action would seem to dispose of the case, but on March 20 the session decided to call a meeting of "the congregation" for iho next evening, and notice was duly j)ublished in the Joiinial: "The members of the Pres- byterian C'lnirch in Indianapolis rtniue.st a meeting of the couuregatinn « « * ^^ take into consideration certain pi'ojjositions of the Rev. George Bush, relative to his contin- iiance as pa.stor of the congregation". At the same time a notice ap])eai*('d in the Journal calling for a meeting of "the congregation" on the 22nd to elect trustees, etc.. which ex- pi-es.sly stated that "a general attendance of pewholders and those w'ho conti-ibute to the temporal support of the Gospel therein is re- qnested". The audiences of ^Ir. Bush aver- aged about twice the number of church mem- bei-s, and this meeting was eaptui-ed by the Bush adherents, who did as they liked. The church minutes recite that it was "a meeting composed of the members of the congrega- tion and of persons of other denominations", and that it "passed certain resolutions ap- pi-obatory of Mr. Bush as a preacher, & of his deportment as a man. evidently intended to compel the church to continue him as pas- tor. But not considering the doings of the meeting as matter of record which should be entered on the sessional book no copy of the resolutions i)assed at the meeting is insei'ted here". On the 31st the .sr«ssion ajmointed Dr. Coe a delegate to the Wabash rresbytery, wnth ]>owei' to act. 'i'lii situation was submitted to the i)iesijytery, which advised that the ses- sion a.sk to liave the pastoral relation of Jlr. Bush to the church dissolved, and on this re- quest being submitted, appointed a meeting at Indianapolis on June 20 to consider the application. On June 22 the relation was dissolved. Jlr. Bush then began preaching at the court house to a congregation composed of a few members of the chui-ch and other .sympathizers, and apjieaied to the synod from the decision of the presbytery. The synod sustained the presbytery but made some com- ments on "heated feelings" and the like, ap- parently intended as oil f<ii' the troubled wa- ters, and thereuiton both the session and Dr. Bush appealed to the (ieneral Asembly, where, "after considerable discussion and mature deliberation, it was resolved that this busi- ness be dismissed on account of informality, and that the papers be returned to the re- spective parties". And so this matter came around to j.fr. Bush's point of view, that the congregation was caimble of dis]>osing of its own troubles, and would have to do .so. ^Ir. Bush resolved to stay. There was a great deal of sympathy for him, especially outside of the church, and this was increased by the death of his young wife on Xovendier !•, liS27. leaving an infant child. She was a most amiable and attractive woman, and had won the heaits of all. IMrs. ilerrill weaned her own baby ;ind took little Lewis Bush to nurse. The fiuii'i-al was large and impressive, the school chihli'cn joining in the procession and marching two and two to the old cemetery on Kentucky avenue. The ser- mon w'as pi-eacbed by AVm. Ijowry, a young licentiate who had come that spring to supply the ])ul]iit in the (|uarter wiien ^Ir. Bush was away, and who was drowned the next Febru- ary while attempting to ferry Driftwood." The prayer was made by Ebenezer Sharpe: and both sermon and prayer were long re- membered by the hearers. Mr. Bush's serv- ices were held in the coui-f house, and were well attended, especially wbile the legislature was in session, but he found that synqiatby was a \^vy unstable foundation for a chui'ch, and in the spring of 1820 he went back to the East. He there left the ministry and engaged in literary ])ursuits. I'l-ectini;' a lasting;- monu- ■Joiiniiil. Februai-v 2S. 1S28. HISTOKY OF GKEATHH IxVDIANAPOLIS. 579 ■■'^.. REV, GKORGE P. BUSH. LtR. ISAAC COE. 580 HISTOEY OF GRKATER INDIANAPOLIS. meut to himself iu his Notes ou the Pentateuch — a work so successful from the start that the first volume had reached the sixth edition before the series was completed. In 1831 he was elected Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Literature in the University of the City of New York, and later Superintendent of the Press of the American Bible Society. In 1845 he publicly avowed his support of the :^ystem of Emanuel Swedenborg. This was not prinuirily due to any study of Sweden- borg but to his own developing views on the nature of the spiritual bod.y, the interpre- tation of prophecy, and other abstruse sub- jects. After one of his addresses a lady spoke to him of the similarity of his views to those of Swedenborg, and on examination he found this so true that he allied himself with the "New Church". The final separation was probably the best thing that could have happened, both for Mr. Rush and for the Indianapolis church, for it would be an absurdity to expect to build up a church of any denomination under a pastor who persisted in preaching against the funda- mental principles of the church. It is stated in the life of Prof. Bush, published under Swendenborgian auspices, that in the troubles at Indianapolis "his congregation was sev- ered in twain"."* This was not true of the church membership, which was 50 at the time the actual separation began in iFarch, 1828. The church had begun with 15 mem- bers in 182.3, and 51 had joined since that time, 39 of them diiring the three and one- half years of Mr. Bush's ministry, from October 1, 1824: and 16 had gone out by death and dismission. In the year to April 1, 1829, there were 3fi accessions and 9 dis- missions, etc., leaving the membership 77. To April 1, 1830. the accessions were 44 and the deaths and dismissions 22, making the membership 99. This growth was principally due to the efforts of Rev. John R. Moreland, who was called to the pastorate in October, 1828. He was a genuine frontier product, with several years' experience as a flatboat- man, who did not learn to read till he was eighteen, and entered the ministry compara- tively late in life. Rev. James Green says: "PTis preaching, naturally, was not charac- *Neic Chnrcli Tracts, No. 10, p. iv. tei-ized by polish of diction or the graces of oratory, but did abound in a rugged and pointed eloquence that was not destitute of impressiveness and effect". Mrs. Keteham says he was "a real i-evival preacher, who meant good and was good. He wept with his congregation". Mr. Moreland died in the pastorate, Octo- ber 13, 1832, and was followed by Rev. Wm. A. HoUiday, who served as stated supply from February, 1833 to 1835 ; Rev. James W. McKennan, installed June 16, 1835, i-esigned April, 1839 ; Rev. Samuel Fulton, stated sup- ply, January to April, 1840; Rev. Phineas Gurley, installed December 15, 1840, resigned November 28, 1849; Rev. Charles S, Mills- principal of a local female seminary— stated supply, November, 1849, to September, 1850, Rev. John A. McClung, installed December 31, 1851, resigned September 29, 1855; Rev. Thos. M. Cunningham, installed May 7, 1857, resigned l\Iay, I860: Rev. J. Ploward Nixon, installed April 17, 1861, resigned April 14, 1869; Rev. J. F. Dripps, temporary supply, May to October, 1868, during the pastor's absence in Europe; Rev. Robert D. Harper, D.D., installed October 19, 1869, resigned February 23, 1871 ; Rev. Jeremiah P. E. Kum- ler, installed October 1, 1871, resigned Sep- tember 14, 1875; Rev. Myron W. Reed, in- stalled October 4, 1877, resigned April 1. 1884; Rev. Matthias L. Haines, installed April 12, 1885, and still officiating. Several of these pastors were of more than local celebrity. Dr .Gurley was called from here to the First Church of Dayton, Ohio; and from there to F Street Church in Wa.sh- ington City, later known as "Lincoln's Church". In 1859 Dr. Gurley was made chaplain of the Senate, and during Lincoln's administration he was his honored friend. He was pi-esi^nt at his death-bed, and preached his funeral sennon. Dr. Gurley was always popular as a preacher and as a man, and during his pastorate the old church on Penn- sylvania street became too small for the con- gregation. A new location was found at the northeast corner of the Circle and Market sti-eets— where the American Central Life's building now stands. The cornerstone was 'aid on October 7, 1841, and the new church dedicated on May 6, 1843. The life of Dr, McClung— like Dr. Gurley, he received his I HISTORY OF GEEATICR TM)l.\XAi'()I.IS. 581 D.D. after Icaviiisj here — reads like a I'O- niauce. Converted at sixteen, and entering the ministry with the highest promise, he found himself unable to answer some of the infidel arguments of Gihljon and, in 1831, a.sked leave of his presbytery to surrender his license. He took to tlie law, and followed it for fifteen years, attaining high standing in it and in political life. In 1S:5"J, soon after leaving the ministry, he wrote and published the pioneer stories that were printed under the title, "Sketches of Western Adventure", which has been more widely read than any othei' book of American frontier adventure, and which is the basis of everything since written covering the same i)eiMod. In 1848 his mind was turned again to tlie evidences of Christianity by a sermon lie heard, and on reading Sir David Dalrymple's reply to Gib- bon, he found the oli.jeetions that had trou- bled him veiy fully answered. Tie then made a careful and exhaustive examination of the whole ground of the cvidencrs, with the result of convincing hiuiself, and I'cturning to the faith and to the nunistry. Soon afterward he was called here. AVhile here he showed an especial interest in proph- ecy that caused some of the conservative afterwards to doulit his sanity, but he com- manded the interest of all. In the winter of ]8r)4-5 he di'livered a series of Sunday even- ing lectures on the i)ro[)hecy of Daniel that attracted general attention and crowded the church. He left here on account of ill health, first trying residence in the South, then in Minnesota, then again in the South, but with littli' imi)rovement. On August ii, 18r)rt, while traveling for his health, he came to Tona- wanda. on the Xiagai'a Hiver, nine nnles above the falls. On the tJth he started to walk to Niagara. On the next day his clothing was found on the jiier at Sehlosser, six miles above the f^dls. and thi-(>e days later his bruisi'd body was found in the rivei' fai' below the falls. He was an expert swimmer, and fond of the i-ecreation, but unacquainted with the dangei'ous chai-aeter of the stream. Tlis death catised many surmises, and it was surely a strange climax that a life which had been so Inrtrely passed in mi<_dity mental and spir- ituid maelstroms slmuld end liv this terrible physical powei'. Dr. Cunningham wms nciled as a preacher at Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. During hi.s pastorate here plans were made for a new church at the southwest corner of New York and Pennsylvania streets, which were carried out in the pastorate of ]\Ir. Xixon, who followed him. The cornerstone was laid on April 2l', 18ti6, and the church was occui)ied on December 29, 1867, the cost beino- $104,117.74. It was not dedicated until after the debt was fully paid, on April 24, 1873. Myron W. lieed was one of the most widely popular preachers Indianapolis ever had. If he did not call siruiers to i-e])entance lie at least called them to church. His record as a soldier, his non-clerical ai)i)earance and maimer, and his cordial good fellowship at- tracted many, while his keen intellect, out- spoken courage and pungent wit reconciled all to his lack of conventionality. He went from here to the First Congregational Church of Denver, where he preached for eleven years, and then took charge of an independent congregation at the Broadway Tem|>le until his death on January 30, 1899. A .series of his sermons at the latter place was published here in 1898, under the title "Temple Talks". ^Ir. Reed was as popular in Denver as he was here, and became more widely known throiieh i)olitical prominence. Ijcaving here a Republican, he was nominated for Con- gress by the Democrats of the Denver dis- trict in 1886, and, though the district was normally from 6,000 to 10,000 Heiuiblican, lost it liy only 803 votes. Later he affiliated with the People's party, and declined the nomination for Congress in 1892, which Lafc Pence, another Indiana man, accepted, and was triumphantly elected. And .Matthias L. Haines— longest in serv- ice, and destined to stay for life if his con- gregation decide the matter— if he were work- ing among the Miami Indians they have a personal name that they would pi-ohably give to him — Al-wa-non-dah. It is translated, " Hverybody loves him". He is a native of IndiaiKi. born at .\urora, in 18.^50. His ances- toi's for three generations were physicians. He graduated at Wabash in 1871, and at Union Theological, of .\'(nv York, in 1874. He was called to the Dutch Reformed Church of Astoria, New York, and served there for eleven years, being called to Indianapolis in 1885. In addition to liis church work he 583 HlSTUliY UF ur.EATEE IXDIAXAPOLIS. has taken an active and useful interest in the charitable, literary and civic att'airs of the city. Under his pastorate came the last move of the church. In 1900 the United States goverjunent wanted to buy the church, with other property on the block, to make room. for its new federal building. A consideration of the residence location of the congregation showed that its geographical center was far to the north. It was therefore decided to' locate at Delaware and Sixteenth streets. The old church property was sold to the govern- ment for .$65,000, and the congregation moved to a temporary frame structure on the east side of Delaware street between Fourteenth and Fifteenth while l)uilding at Delaware and Sixteenth. The chapel of the present stone building at that point was completed and dedicated on June 7. 1903. Tlie main Iniilding was occupied and dedicated October 4, 1903. Its cost, including the ground and the furnishing of the church, was $114,000. The church has at present 836 members and 740 on the Sunday school rolls. Few jieople evei- raised more disturbance in this world, unintentionally, than Rev. Sam- uel Hojjkins. of Waterbury, Connecticut. He made some unkind remarks about the doc- trines of original sin and the atonement, as to which of necessity no one can speak with authority who has not fathomed the infinite : and also put altruism on a pedestal by de- claring +hat selfishness, of whatever nature, was inherently and essentially sinful. These doctrines spread, and in 1836 Dr. Albert Barnes, who .s\^npathized with them, wa.s tried for heresy by the General Assembly and ac- quitted. In 1837 the General Assembly ruled out the Geneva Synod, and several others ; and also repealed the "Plan of Union" under which the Presbyterians and Congregational- ists had been working harmoniously on the frontier for 3.5 years. In 1838 the commis- sioners from the excluded synods a.sked ad- mission and were refused, whereupon they and theii' friends organized an assembly of their own. There were 140 commissioner.s who remained in the first assembly, and 136 who went to the new one. both parties claim- ing to be the genuine assembly. The former became known as "the old school", and the latter as "the new school", and for 32 years the church was thus divided. Presbvterians all over the country began discovering that they could not be saved under the .same roof, and new cluirehes were started in all direc- tions. In Indianapolis there were fifteen members of the First Presbyterian Cliurch who with- drew, and, on November 19, 1838, organized the Second Church. They were Bethuel F. ^Morris. Daniel Yandes, Luke Munsell. Law- rence M. Vance, Jlary J. Vance, Sidney Bates, William Eckert. Alex H. Davidson. Robert Mitchell. AVilliam S. Hubbard, J. F. Holt, ;\f. R. Holt. John L. Ketcham, Jane Keteham. and Catharine ^lerrill — a goodly company. They made three calls for ministers, fortu- nately for them all unsuccessful, and then called young Henry Ward Beecher from Law- rencehurg. He accepted, and began work on July 31. 1839, by which time the member- ship had increased to 32, without any pastor. The new church held its services for a year in the county seminary, on University Scpiare, and then moved into the lecture room of its new building at the northwest corner of Cir- cle and ^larket streets. The church was fully completed and occupied October 4, 1840. It would be superfiuous to attempt a gen- eral sketch of Henry Ward Beecher. He came here in the flush of his youth, and with much more liberal ideas than his distin- guished father, who had been tried for heresy tm account of his "moderate Calvinism" in 1835. The whole Beecher family were of the New School : ;\[rs. Stowe nuide Sanniel Hop- kins the central character in her novel. ""The ]\Iini.ster's Wooing". Henry had all of his father's warm antagonism to slavery and in- temperance, and was utterly fearless in speech and action. He whacked sinners as lustily as he rebuki^d sin. His elo(|uence and wit won liiiii faviu' with people who did not auree with his ideas. Outside of his puljiit life he \\as one of the people, not in any affectation but because he was genuinely interested. He talked agriculture with farmers, helped at fires, and lab(uvd fni- im]irovements. He chatted, .iokcd and romiied until he convinced the ]iublic that a man could be a Presby- terian )ireacher and still really enjoy him- self. He would alai'iu the carpenters who were working on his hoase by "skinning the cat" on the exposed joists: and when ex- hausted would lie down in the arass and TIISTOKV or (;i!K.\TKK 1 XHI W APOIJ^. 583 THE HOUSE BEECHER BUILT— "PAINTED WITH MY OWN HANDS" (South Side of Ohio. Ijetwocii Alabama and New Jersey Streets.) 581 HISTORY OF GKEATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. work on a sermon. "When he left, in 1847, his departure was regretted by the general public as well as liy his eongregation. There were notable revivals during his ministry, es- pecially in the spring- of 18-12, 1843 and 1845. and when he left, the membership of the church had reached 275. For six montlis after Beecher left, the ehnreh was supplied by Rev. Shubert Granby Specs, and then for sixteen months was va- cant. In October, 1848, Clement E. Babb, a yonng: licentiate of the Presbytery of Day- ton, was installed. He was at the time a student at Lane Seminary. Beecher 's was a hard place to fill. Init Babb did very well. It is recorded that. "In the spring of 1851. because of the blessing of God upon the labors of C. E. Babb. pastor of the Second Church of Indianapolis, the church edifice became too small for the congregation, and it became a question with the church whether to en- large their building or to colonize and form another church '".■■ The latter course was taken and the Fourth Chui-ch was formed. Mr. Babb resigned, on account of failing health, Januarj- 31, 1853, and the piilpit was vacant for eleven months. On January 1, 1854. he was succeeded by Dr. Thornton A. trills, who remained till February 9. 1857. when he was released to take the position of Secretary of the Committee on Ediication of the General Assembly. On August 6, 1857, Rev. George P. Tindall was called and re- mained with the church till September 27. 1863. On January 17, 1864, Rev. Hanford A. Edson. who had been preaching at Niagara Falls, entered this jiulpit and remained until ]\rarcli 10. 1873. Following him. Dr. John L. "Withrow served from October 19. 1873. to July 1. 1876: Rev. Wm. Alvin Bartlett from October. 1876. to June. 1882: Rev. Arthur T. Pierson from September, 1882, to May. 1883 : Dr. James ^IcLeod from December. 1883. to October. 1889: Rev. Joseph A. .Milburn from June, 1890, to ^larch, 1901 : Rev. Owen Davies Odell from April, 1902, to date. The history of the church has been one of quite steady progress. In 1864 it was decided to remove from the old church on the Circle, and work was bfo-nn at the noi-thwest corner '^Moorr's Historji of IJir I'n ttjnjh rij <if Fii- dia)ia)ioUs. p. 83. of Vermont and Pennsylvania streets. The cornerstone of the present handsome stone church was laid on ilay 14, 1866. The chapel was occupied December 22, 1867, and the com- pleted building was dedicated January 9, 1870. The entire cost of the property was ^105,000. The mission at Michigan and Black- ford streets (Fifth Presbyterian) was begun in 1864: that at Union and ]\IcCarty streets (Sixth Presbyterian! in 1867; that at Chris- tian avenue and Belief ontaine (Memorial) in 1869: that on West :Maryland (Twelfth Pres- byterian) in 1874: that on West and Norwood .streets (Mayer Chapel) in 1894. The mem- bership of the church at the close of 1909 was 700, and of the Sunday school 250, flayer Chape!, a tlourisliing mission of this church, is named for Ferdinand L. flayer, who furnished most of the means for purchas- ing the lot and erecting the chapel in 1894. The building was enlarged in 1897, and addi- tional ground was donated by William S. Hubbard in 1895. Regular services, of an evangelistic character, are held every Wednes- day and Sunday evening. The chapel has 86 members, and 450 are enrolled in the Sunday school. The primary and class rooms are oc- cupied through the week by the Free Kinder- garten : and the trustees of the chapel also give free quarters to the Children's Aid Asso- ciation for a Pure ^lilk Station. Rev. A. R. ]\Iiles is the pastor in charge of the work, which has largely the character of a ''neigh- borhood house", as well as of a mission. ^Mothers' meetings and boys and girls' clubs; are among the regular institutions of the mis- sion. In 1851 both of the schools in Indianapo- lis showed a disposition to spread, and the old got a few days the start. On September 23. eighteen members of the First Church as- .sembled at the house of Caleb Scudder and oruanized the Third Presbyterian Church, now known as the Tabernacle. Notable among them were James Blake. Jolni W. Hamilton. Caleb Scudder. H. C. Newconib. Nathaniel Bolton. Dr. W. C. Thompson, and C. B. Davis. The new congregation worshipped for some time at Temperance Hall, on Washington street, but bought property at the northeast corner of Ohio and Illinois streets, and finall.v completed and dedicated its church there in 1859. The first pastor was David Stevenson, IIISTOKV OF GKKATKii l.N J)l AN Al'OLIS. 585 wliii i-aiiie from tlii' presbytery of Elizabeth- Inwii, and was iiistalle(l in July, 1852. He left in October, 18(JU, on account of failing health. The pastors following- him were George Heckman, 1861-67; Robert Sloss, 1868-72 : and 11. ^M. ilorey. In Seiitember, 1869, came the reunion of the old and new school Presbyterians in Indiana, and on July ."). 1870, the united Presbytery of Indian- apolis bejian its session at the Third ('hureh. All of the seven Presbyterian Churches then in Indianapolis were represented and the oc- casion was one of rejoicing'. In 1883, the Third Church being without a |)astor. and a church l)eing desirable in the rapidly iirowing' northern district, a number (if menibei's of the Second Church transferred to the Third, and on July 12. 1883, its name was changed to the Tabernacle. It occupied the old building until December. 1885, when it removed to a temporary frame structure at [Meridian and Second streets, while its new church was building. The chapel part of the structure was completed and first occupied on February 24, 1889. It is a whispered tradi- tion that Dr. Arthur T. Pierson, of the Sec- ond Presbyterian, had agreed to go to the new flock when the delegation from his church went to it, but he had a loud call from Wanamaker's Church at Philadelphia, and resiuiied on May 25, 1883, to accept it. The reoi-ganizcd church was without a pastor until Xiivembcr 9. 1884. when Rev. J. A. Rond- thaler was installed, and remained with the church until Jfay. 1896. He was very popu- lar in the chui'ch and out, and had advanced Iiractieal ideas. In 1892 the church began publishinu- a little monthly paper, called The Hicoi'l. which continued for two yeai'S, and then became intermittent, foi- special occa- sions. In 1892 the ebui-ch also opened a read- ing room and social ])ar]ors foi' the use of the l)ublic as well as the church members. Dr. Rondthaler was the object of some criticism by the pedestrians for his devotion to the bicycle, but he was an effective jiastor. Ife was followed by Dr. J. Cumiiiin-iS Smith, on Jauuai'v 1. 1897, who remained until his death in July, 1904. In December, 1904, Rev. Neil .McPher.son came to the church from Can- ada. He was an honor graduate of Queen '.s University, Kingston, takinu- the mast(n-'s de- gree in arts and the bachelor's <legT-ee in thc- ologj'. For eight years he served at St. Paul's in Hamilton, and was called from there to the Tabernacle, where he still re- mains. The church is in flourishing condi- tion. Its membershii) is 948, and there are 751 on the Sunday school roll. It wa.s on September 4, 1851, that Rev. Clement Habb i-ejtorted to the new school presbytery the desirabilitj- of another church and the presbytery i-econnnended its fornui- tion to the Second Church. On September 23 the Third Church was organized in the old school presbytery, and on November 30 the Fourth Church was organized in the new school, twenty-four members of the Second Church being tlismisst>d to organize it. The new church secured the service of Rev. George ]\I. Maxwell as stated sui)ply, and he re- mained until December, 1858, when he was relea.scd on account of failing health. His pastorate was a time of struagle. The church first held its services in a hall at Pennsylvania and Washington streets, and later in one at Delaware and Virginia avenue. The new church building at the southwest corner of Delaware and AFarket was finally completed and dedicated on September 13, 1857. It was occupied for sixteen years, when property was purchased at the northwest corner of Penn- sylvania and Pratt streets, and the new church erected thei'e was dedicated on April 19. 1874. In January, 1892, the session de- cided to move farther north. The church property was .sold, and the Peck Mission prop- erty, on Delaware above Seventeenth, was bought of the Second Church. It was occu- pied until 1895. when the present building at Alabama and Nineteenth was completed and occupied. The P(>ck Mission building was re- moved to the rear of the same lot and is used for a chapel. The succession of jiastors, since I\Ir. Maxwell, has been A. L. Brooks, Septem- ber, 1859, to March 9, 1862 : Charles \V. Mar- shall, Julv 20, 1862, to October 4. 1870: John H. :\rorron. December 27, 1870. to 1872: Ed- ward Beecher Mas(m, March 17, 1873. to March, 1^70; .\ui;iistns Ilarl Caiwier, Novem- ber 1, 1S7'I. t(i July 9. 1SS5; George Lorain IMcNutt, Jannarv 1, 1886, to Ai)ril 1, 1889; Edwai'd P. Whallon, :\Iay 1, 1889, to :\lay 1, 1891 ; George Lewes ^Mackintosh, November 5. 1891, to June 30. 1907: Robert Ncwcomb Fultnn, September 15. 1!I07. bi dale. Mr. oSfi HISTORY OF (ii;HATi:R IXDIAI^APOLIS. ^Mackintosh was released to accept the presi- deuey of Wabash Collese. His successoi- \v;is called from the Contiresational Chiii'ch ;it Littleton, a suburl) of Boston. He is a arail- uate of Boston rnivei'sity and the Hartford School of Theoloiiy. The present memher- ship of the church is :{()() and the mnnliei- en- rolled in the Sunday school is 1200. The Fifth Presbyterian Church originated in a mission school started in 1864 by mem- bers of the Second Church on the east side of Blackford street, below ^lichi^an. The build- inu was dedicated on Jfav 1."). In the fall of The Si.xth I'rcsbyter'ian Church, or Olivet Church, as it was oi'iiiinally named, was a colony from the Second Church. On June ■J2, 1867. a committee was instructed to se- cure a site in the southwestern part of the city, and the corner of I'nion and ]\IcCarty streets was selected. A frame chapel was ci'ected and dedicated on October 20. On .Vovembei- 20 a church orofauization was formed with twenty-one members, and Rev. •T. B. Brandt was called as jiastor. The prop- erty, which had cost about ^;5.000. was do- nated bv the Second Chui-cli. and its incni- FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 1866 it \'as purcliased by the Third Church, which took cliariic of the school. In October. 1867. the clnii'ch was organized and Rev. "William B. Cliamberlain was called from ^fadison as jiastoi-. and served until 1873. In 1873 a new buildins: was erected at the south- west corner of Michigan and Blackford streets. In 1890 the conirreaation decided to change this to a Congregation.d Church, and it has since been known as the People's Con- gi'egational Chui'cli. The Presbytery of In- dianapolis relinquished the property on con- dition of the new organization a.ssuming the debt wliii-h i'i'maiii<'(l nii the church buildiiiir. bees also contributed largely to the brick church which was erected six years later at a cost of about $7,000. and dedicated on Jan- uary 25. 1874. In 19()!t this church had 175 mendiers, and 214 in the Sunday school. The pastors have been John B. Brandt. 1867-8; L. A. Aldrich. 1868-70; J. K. Scott, 1870-2; J. B. Brandt. 1872. after whom the i)astorate was vacant several years; J. ^I. Crawford, 1879-80: C. :\I. Living'stone. 1881 ; AV. A. Pat- ton, 1882-3; (ieo. Booth, 1884-7: Chas. E. Evans. 1887-8: J. E. Brown. 1888-93: E. A. Allen. 1893-8; A. R. Wood.son, 1898-1901: L. W. A. Luckv. 1901-3: R. F. Soutre. 1903- IIISTOIJV OF CKKATKIJ 1 X DIAN AIM il.IS. 587 (J: AVin. :Me:\raxton, 1907-8; Thos. C. :\rcXary. 1!»(I8 io date. The Seventli Preshyteriaii Clnircli. a mis- sion of the First Church, originated with Wm. R. Crajfr, a staid old Scotehiiiau whose Sab- bath quiet was disturbed by the reprobate youth of the soutlieast part of the city. A eonsideratiori of i-emedies, from poliee to di- vine s'raee, led to choiee of the last, and as an elder of the First Chureh lie submitted the ease there. The chureh was favoi-able. ^Ir. t'raig: and X. ]\r. Wood were appointed a com- mittee to establish the school, and $130 was appropriated for the work. Peter Routier's carpenter shop on Cedar street was rented and the Sunday school was opened with seven pupils the fii'st day. Thomas ^lelntire aided in the oruanization, and ^M. il. Wood was superintendent. The (|uarters proved insutR- cient. and a jiei-manent home was determined I'll. James ^I. Ray seeui-ed the donation of a lot on Elm street, noi-th of Cedar, from Calvin Fletcher. A. Stone. AV. S. Witt, Elisha Taylor and James .M. Ilonyli. wlio owned the addition. The Board of Church Extension l>ledu'ed ;|'oOO foi' the in'w buildiim. and Thomas ^Iclnlire tind James W. Hnnvn were made a committee from the First Church to superintend the construction. Subsci'iiitions of over $3,200 were obtained, and the new buildinff was dedicated on D(H'ember '14. 1865. The First Church maintained, as missionai'ies in this Reld. successively. \V. \V. Sickles, Thomas (Jalt aiul C. JI. TTnward. ( )n Xovem- l)er '27. 18(17. the Seventh Church was orjran- ized, with 23 members. C. M. FTowai-d served as pastor till October, ISCi). and left the ehnrcli with over 12o members, .\fter him J. B. Brandt served for one year, and then re.sisrned to become Secretary of the Y. ^I. C. A. of the city. In 1909 tliis church repoi-ted 4(i9 m(>nii)ers. and 341 in the Sunday school. The Eiiilith Church, now West Washinji- ton Street Presbyterian Chureh. srew from Indianola Mis>iii)n. which was started Julv 15, 1870, by IT. IT. Fulton. E. C. Williams and John 0. Blake, thnc youn<'' meiiil)ers of the Thii-il Church. Tin' property had been occupied by the Methodists for several years, but they yot discouraszed and quit, and the buildinir was rented for the mis.si(iii. This building'' was at Lansin'jr and WashinL;ton, buf a I'emoval was made to "Walnut and Drake streets".'' where a frame scliool house was bouirht and made intd a church. Hei'c, on October 1. 1871. the Eiiihth Church was or- L'anizcd. with 7 members, and Kev. J. i{. Sntiierland as the first pastoi-. This church was iuirned, and a l)rick chureh was erected on tile same site. The mw church was badly damasred by a cyclone, and the di.seourayfed members sold the property, disbandeil. and transferred to Tabernacle Church. In 1892 Dr. Kondthaler trot them braced uj) for an- other effort. A lot was secured at Washiui;- ton and Aliley avenue, and a chapel erecteil, which was dedicated September 25, 1892. It was badly damasred by fire on February 12. 1897, but was promptly repaired. Rev. W. B. Dunham serveti as pastor of the mission from 1892 to 1S99. On :\lareli 12. 1901. duriiijr the ministry of C. L. Luc:is, tiie [iresent West Washington Street Church was orjranized. Mr. Lueas served till 1903; J. C. Christie. 1903 to 1907; F. W. Kirkpatrick, 1908 to date. The church has 140 members and the Sunday school 200. The Xinth Presbyterian Chureh orieinated in a mission at Xorth and Railroad sti'eets. started by the First Church in July, 1870. Railroad .street was then the third street east of East street. The ^Methodists had had a mis.sion there, known as "the Saw-mill ]Mis- sion'', but abandoned it. The property was |)urchased and donated liy James W^. Brown, and the leaders in the mission work were Cen. Beni. TIarri«on, Dr. C. C. Bui^ess, Capl. E. !'. Tlowe and others. On February 18, 1872, the .Xinth Presbyterian Church was or- jranized with 14 members. L. Faye Walker was the first iiastor. Tlie eliurch dissolved in 18S1 and was reor<;aiiized as a coloi'ed Pres- byterian eliurch — the only one in the city. The ne\\- oriianization ])urchased the old ITni- versalist Chui-ch on the north, side of ]\Iichi- iran east of 'iV'nnessee, and moved there in 1881. In the winter of 1907 the buildinir was condemned by the city autiiorities as unsafe, and in January, 1908, it was sold, and later torn down. The cony'reyation tlien purelinsed "i. e.. Ohio and Ilanlini;' streets. The streets west of the river at that time were named without regard to those ea.st of the river, though the names were in several cases tb<' same. 588 HISTORY OF GEEATER IXDIANAPOLIS. property at Senate avenue and Fourteenth street, which was remodeled and occupied in December. 1909. In the winter of 1869-70 the session of Second Church decided to eomiiieniorate the reunion of the two .schools by a new mission. On itarch 17, 1870, a committee was ap- pointed which purchased a lot at the south- west corner of Bellefoutaine and Christian Avenue. A chapel was built there and dedi- cated on ]\Iay 8. The mission was rather un- successful, and there was talk of abandoniutr it, but on October 13, 1870, tlie session of Second Church decided to oo on, and the woi'k was put in charge of the Young ^Men's Association of the church. The work was pushed with vigor, and, in the spring of 1878, forty members having expressed a desire to unite in a nev.- church, tlie Tenth Presby- terian, or ^Memorial Churcli was constituted on March 12. Rev. 11. A. Edson was released as pastor of the Second Church and began service with ^Memorial in April. Property for a permanent church was bought soon after, at Christian and Ash (Eleventh and Ash- lancFi, and the corner-stone was laid on April 7, 1874. The chapel was opened for services on March 7, 1875. 'Mr. Edson remained witli the church for twenty years and retired chiefly on account of illness in his family. He is a man of broad culture, educated at Williams College and the University of Halle. He held but three charges— at Niagara Falls and the Second and ^Memorial Churches here. The last is a memorial to him as well as to Presbyterian I'eunion, for his long devotion made it a success. He has another memorial in our public library which was largely a re- sult of Thanksgiving sennon preached by him on November 26, 1868. His successor at ^femorial Chui-cli was Rev. Frank O. Ballard. D.D., the present incumbent. The church had a narrow escape from destructicm by fire on November 22. 1908, but the damage was fully covered by insurance. The church now has 652 members, and the Sunday school 600. The Eleventh Presbyterian Church, now kmnvn as Ti'oub ^lemorial. was organized April 18. 1875. under the Home ^lissions Connnittee of the Presbytery of Indianapolis, with 37 members. The pastors, from the or- ganization, have been C. A. Quir(>ll 9 months, B. F. Woods 1 year. W. B. Chamberlain 4 years, C. H. Raymond 2 years, N. S. Dickey 1 year, Samuel Sawyer 1 year 6 months, John IMcComb 1 year 6 months, J. T. Orton 3 years, M. ]M. Xawson 7 years 3 months, Vic- tor Demaree 2 months. Geo. B. Troub 2 years, 3 months, \Vm. C. Logan since November 17, 1907. The name of the churcli was changed to Olive Street Presbyterian Churcli on April 15, 1887, the church then being on Olive Street north of Willow. The present build- ing is at Cottage and Edgewood. The name was changed to Troul) ^Memorial on ^larch 11, 1908, in memory of Rev. Geo. B. Troub, who was killed by a Shelby street car on August 29, 1907, while riding on his bicycle from the new site to the old one. The Twelfth Presbyterian Church was the outgrowth of a mission established July 25, 1869. by several young men from the Pres- byterian churches, who rented for the pur- pose an old building on West Street near Georgia that liad been originally a soldiers' barracks. The young men in charge of the Sunday school — Henry D. Carlisle, P. L. Mayhew, R. D. Craighead, Leroy W. Braden, and Charles ^Meigs— also conducted religious services and did some preaching. In 1874. largely throu>;h the assistance of Thos. D. Ki)igan. funds were raised to buy a lot : and in 1875 a chapel was erected on Maryland street, west of West street. On June 14, 1876, the Twelfth Presbyterian Church was organized with 14 members. Rev. E. L. Williams was the first pastor. In 1909 the church had 90 members and 50 in the Sun- day school. The present pastor is Rev. Wm. A. Hendriekson. In 1877 the Second Church started a mis- sion in the Exposition Building on the old State Fair grounds. It grew and in 1881 a new home was needed. A lot was purchased on Delaware north of Seventeenth, and a chapel was erected and occupied on December 25, 1881. The expense, about $3,300, was met by contributions from members of the Sec- ond Church and the Peck fund. This organi- zation has been erroneously called the Thir- teenth Presbyterian Church, but it was only a mission Sunday school. The property was sold in 1892 to the Fourth Church, which oc- cupied it until 1895: and also occupied the field of the school. East Wasliiu'jton Street Presln-terian HISTORY OF CxREATEE INDIAXAPOIJS. 589 Church was organized February 22, 1888. It was a development from a Presbyterian mis- sion which liad erected a ehapel on Washing- ton street, between State street and Arsenal avenue, which was dedicated on September 4, 1887. The pastors in charge liave been K. P. Whallon. December 1. 1887. to :\Iarch. 1889 ; T. N. Todd, July, 1889, to July, 1891 ; F. C. Hood, September 15, 1891, to October, 1896; A. L. Hossler. March 3, 1897. to :\rarch. 1898; Alexander T^rquhart, August. 1898, to November. 1900: F. C. Hood. :March, 1901, to Julj-, 1907; H. C. Calhoun, January 1, 1908, to date. The church has a membershii) of 225, and the Sunday school of 300. Home Presbyterian Church, at Thirty-fii-st and Rader streets. North Indianapolis, was organized February 7, 1897; and the church building was dedicated on September 16. 1900. The pastors in charge have been David Van Dvke, 1897-8 : E. C. Trimble. 1898-9 : J. E. Brown. 1899-190.3: A. L. Duncan. 1903-6; Frank B. Stearns. 1906-7; Geo. D. Adamson, August 1, 1907, to date. It is a prosperous organization, with 221 members in the church and 250 in the Sunday school. Grace Presbyterian Church, at Capitol ave- nue and Thirty-Second street, was organized September 26. 1897. Th(> corner-stone of the building was laid on September 26, 1898, and it was dedicated on December 10, 1899. The pastors have been Walter ^I. Elliott, October 9, 1898, to September 12. 1900; R. C. Hunt, December 10, 1900, to December, 1901 ; C. A. Foreman, Januam- 11. 1902. to September 3, 1908; E. S. :\rarshall. January 1, 1909, to date. The church now has 150 members and the Sunday school 200. This church has al- ready developed a mission. The prospective fa.shionable suburb of Meridian Heights had a union Sunday school for several years, which wa.s discontinued early in 1906. In response to a call from the neighborhood it was revived in August. 1906. under the care of Grace Church.- In the fall of 1908. the school house at Central avenue and Forty- Sixth street, where it had been held, was found inadequate and a movement was started for a church building. Silas Johnson donated a lot at Park avenue and Forty- Seventh street, and a committee from First Church raised funds for a building. A for- mal church organization was made on ^farch 15, 1909, and the new building was dedicated on November 14, 1909. Sutlierland Presbyterian Church, at Twen- ty-eighth and Bellefontaine streets, was or- ganized in July. 1908. It is a growth from a mission Sunday school and Christian En- deavor Society that were established bj' Memorial Church five years earlier. The First Church has contributed largeh' to the sup- poi't of this organization, it.s donations includ- ing the lot and building, which was erected in 1905. The chui-ch has 64 membej-s, and there are 150 in the Sunday school. Rev. William Carson, the present pastor, has been the only one in charge. Irvington Presbytei-ian Church was organ- ized in June, 1906. The corner-stone of the building, at John.son and Julian avenues, was laid in April. 1908, and the church was dedicated in December of the same year. Jonathan C. Day has been the only pastor. The church has 240 members, and 150 in the Sunday school. The United Presbyterians have been repre- sented in Indianapolis for three score years, their first church having been built in 1849. The earlv ]instors were J. C. Steele, 1849-53; Samuel Wallace. 1854-8; Gilbert Small, 1860- 7; A. W. Clokey. 1868-9. In 1869 the church went to pieces, and remained so until 1872, when it was reoi-ganized and still continues as the First I'nited Presbyterian Church. The present building of this church is at Park avenue and Twenty-second street, and before locating there it was at Massachusetts ave- nue and I]ast street. The pastors since the reorganization have been J. h. Clark, 1872-5; H. G. McVev, 1875-6; J. P. Cowan, 1880-92; J. A. Litteil, 1893-1900: C. M. Lawrence, 1900-5; D. G. :\rcKay. 1906-8; G. L. Brown, 1909 to date. The church is in a prosperous condition, as are also the other two churches (if this denomination in the citj'. Woodruff Avenue T'nited Presbyterian Church is located at Arsenal avenue and Twelfth street. It was organized November 21, 1892, and Rev. J. P. Cowan. D.D., has been its pastor from the start. Dr. Cowan is the "oldest inhabitant" among the protest- ant ministei-s of the city, having come here in 1880 as pastor of First Church, and re- mained ever since. He is a native Iloosier, born in Rush county in 1847. He was edu- .j!tO ILISTUKV Ui'' liKEATElt 1M)L\XAP0L1S. (•;it('(l at ]\Iiaiiii riiiversity and Xenia Theolog- ical Seminary. His lirst pastorate was at Des Moines, Iowa, after which he came here. Dr. Cowan was moderator of the General Assem- bly of the United Presbyterian Chiircli in ] 908 : and has served as a member of the l-Joard of Managers of Xenia Seminary since ISS:?. For twentv-two years he has been Seci'etary-Treasurer of the Indianapolis ]Min- isters' Association. The other church of this denomination — AYitherspoon United Presby- terian Church— has a coloi'ed congregation. It was organized April 30, 1907, and is lo- cated at 712 N. West street. C. W. McColl was pastor in 1907-8. and D. F. AVhite, the |)resent pastor, followed him in 1909. CHAPTER XLIV. THE CIirifCllES (Continued) 'I'lir Methodists uu(|uesti()iial)ly luiil ihr first I't'licrious orjranizatiou in Indianapolis. whicli was a "elass"' that met at Isa;ic Wil- son's cabin in 1821. The okl ^NFethodist Disci- pline defines a eluirch, or "society", as it was formerly called, as "a •company of men hav- ing- the form and seeking- the power of godli- ness, united in in-der to pray together, to re- ceive the word of exhortation, and to watch over one another in love, that they may help eacli otlii'r to work out their salvation". Tliis would seem to apply to a "class'", but a class is by the same Discipline a subdivision of a church or society, for special purposes. Of course there might be only one class in a church, but the two are distinct. In the fall of 1821 William Ci-avens was delegated In- tlie ]\Iissouri Conference, to which Indiaii.-i belonged, to oi'ganize a circuit, with Indian- apolis as a station, and did so. It is quilr probable that stewards were elected soon after, but the records are not preserved, and there is no definite information as to this. The first chui'ch buildim;-— they were always called "chapels" initil some years after tin- Civil War- was built in 1823. In 1824 tli.- Missouri Conference was divided; and Illi- nois Conference was formed, comjjosed of Illinois and Indiana Districts. Indianapolis remained a circuit station imtil 1828, when il became a separate charue with a "stationed preacher". In this earliest |)eriod. the pastors, or cii-- enit preachers, were William (^ravens, 1821 ; James Scott. 1822: Jesse Ilaile and Georgi' Horn, 1823: John ^Miller. 1824: Thomas Ilew- son. 1825: Edwin Ray. 182() : Xehemiah B. (Iriffith. 1827. The pi-e.siding elders (now called district siipei'intendents) were Samuel Hamilton, 1822: William Beauchamp, 1823: .59: •loliii Strange, 1824-11. These were mostly strong frontier preachers — men who were en- grossed in their work, enduring its extreme hardshi])s gladly, and usually sacrificing their lives, for though they were comparatively voung men, William Beauchamp died in 1824; Edwin Rav in 1831; John Strange in 1833 ; N. B. (iriffith in 1834. Beauchamp was a notable oratcn- — sometimes called "the Demosthenes of the West", — and of literary ability. He was for some time editor of the Western Christian Monitor, published at Chillicothe, the only Methodist paper at the time; and published a volume. "Essays on the Truth of Christianity". But of all of them John Sti-anue was easily first in oratorical powei'. and his utter devotion to his ^Master's cause made him almost an ob.ject of adora- tion. He refused to acce])t as a present from a friend a house and lot. because if he did he could no longer sing : "Xo foot of land do 1 possess. No eottasre in the wilderness." Hi' swayed audiences alunist at will. Says Smith: "B.v his sudden exclamations he would thrill a whole congregation as by a shock of electricity. Sometimes when speak- ing of (iod's love to man in the redemption of the world, the .ioys of Chri.st's great salva- tion, the glory of heaven, his sold would bo filled with such heavenly rajdure that he would exclaim in his pecidiar voice, 'Alleluia! Alh'luia I Alhluial' when the people would catch the spirit, and from i'V(>ry part of the congiv'gation shouts of praise would ascend to heaven. Sometimes, when portraying the torments of those shut \\]i in the prison-house of hell, and describinu: tin- wicked as in ,■592 HISTOIJY OF GKEATEE INDIANAPOLIS. crowds they urgt'd their way down to black- ness and darkness, the sinners in the congre- gation wonld scream out, crying for mercy. Seizing upon the occasion, ilr. Strange would exclaim, in his inimitable way, "A center shot, my Lord; load and tire again!" The back- woods hunters knew well how to apply such expressions. * * * "His powers' of description wei-e of the finest order. He could so describe a scene that you would seem to behold, in undimmed light, that which he was portraying. When he was preaching the funeral sermon of Rev. Edwin Kay, in Indianapolis, toward the close of the discourse, while describing the second coming of Christ, his bringing with him 'them that sleep in Jesus', descending 'in the clouds of heaven', he stood erect for a mo- ment, then, looking upward, cried out. 'AVhere is Edwin Ray?' Still looking ujiward, he said, 'I see him; I see him!" and then with both hands raised as if welcoming him, he ex- claimed, in a voice that seemed to go up to the clouds, 'Hail, Edwin! Hail, Edwin! Hail, Edwin ! ' The effect upon the congregation will never be forgotten by those who heart! that sermon and felt the power.'"' The obvious fact is that John Strange w-as a great natural actor, nnconseious of it per- haps, but nevertheless an artist of the high- est type. And he loved Edwin Ray. They had had their little clash not long before. The village belle, the tavern-keeper's daughter, had been converted at a revival in the little log church. She was active in her church duties, but she retained her worldly dress, with ruffles, flounces, ribbons and rings, in .spite of remonstrances from her class leader and sisters in the church. Then the young preacher was instruct'Cd to visit and rebuke her. He went and in a few weeks called on John Sti'ange, the presiding elder, to consult him about his marriage. "To whom?" asked Strange. "To Sallie Nowland, " meekly re- plied Ray. "Sallie Xowland! Sallie Now- land ! It will never do in the world. "NAThj', she is not even entitled to a ticket to love feast: and if you had done your duty yon would have turned her out of meeting long ago. She wears a high-head bonnet, ruffles. ^W. C. Smith's Indiana Miscellany, pp. 154-6. rings, flounces and furbelows— no, you can never have my consent. Brother Ray." "But I did not come to ask your consent. Brother Strange ; only to consult you, as the discipline requires. I intend to marry Sallie Nowland, luffles, rings, flounces and all, and I now ask you to marry us next Wednesday," answered the young pastor. And John Strange mar- i-ied them ; but he did not live to know that the ornate convert lived to an old age of good works despite her dress; and that her son John W. Ray, maintained the standard of .Methodism long after she was gone. The first of the stationed preachers was James Armstrong, in 1828; and following him, until the division of the charge in 1842, came T. S. Hitt, 1829-30; Benj. C. Stevenson 1831 (died); James Havens, 1831; C. W. Ruter, 1832-3: Edwa^-d R. Ames. 1834; J. C. Smith, 1835; Anunistus Eddv, 1836; J. C. Smith. 1837; Allen Wiley, 1838-9; W. H. (ioode, 1840-1. The presiding elders, after John Strange, were Allen Wilev, 1829-31; John Strange, 1832; Allen Wiley, 1833; James Havens, 1833-6 ; Augustus Eddy, 1837- 9 ; James Havens, 1840-2. These were all strong men— men whose names are treasured in the annals of Indiana Methodism. Father Havens, Allen Wiley and John Strange are hei'oes of an hundred stories. Allen Wile.y was one of the most learned of them all. He was self-taught but he was one of the most proficient Latin, Greek and Hebrew scholars in the West. W. H. Goode was a man of culture, and served later as principal of the New Albany Seminary and of the government academy for the Choctaws, at Fort Coft'ee. .\ngustus Eddy was called to Indianapolis as post chaplain during the civil war. Benj. C. Stevenson, a -young man of much promise, died before actually entering on his work in this charge. Edward R. Ames is better known to the country as Bishop Ames. John C. Smith was a forcible preacher, and the author of a volume "Reminiscences of Early ^lethodism in Indiana". He passed his later years in Indianapolis. It was during his pastorate, in the spring of 1838, that "the great revival" occurred in old Wesley Chapel, which resulted in 265 additions to the church. Among the converts were IMorris Morris, Austin AV. ^Morris, Jesse Jones, James Yohn, Samuel Beck, Henry Tutewiler, Judge Wick, IIISTOKV OK (JltEATF.n 1 XDIAXAI'OI.IS. 593 Win. Jhinnaiiian. and otliurs that it is hai-dly ]>()ssiljle to think of as ever univjrent'i-atc — they v.-civ fatliers in Israel so lonj;. The Methodists worshipiied in a hewed log liuilding on the south side of Maryland street, at the alley between ^feridian and Illinois streets, from l.S"J5 to 1829. Then they ereetetl ii bi'iek ehui'eh at the southwest eorner of ('irele and ^Meridian sti'eets. whieh they oeeu- ]iied until 1846, when the walls cracked, and it was torn down and rephieed by a more substantial building, which still stands, re- modeled as a business block. The first brick J. P. Lindernum, 1853; J. II. Noble, 1854-5; James Hill. 1856-7: E. T. Fletcher, 1858-9; C. D. Battelle. 1860-1: S. T. Gillett, 1862-3; Wm. McK. Hester, 1864-6; Chas. X. Sims, 1867-9; R. Andrus. 1870. The presiding elders were James Havens, 1842-3: Lucien "W. Berry. 1844-5: Edward R. Ames, 1846-9: C. \V. Kuter. 18.50: James Havens. 1851: B. F. Crarv. 1852-5: AVm. C. Smith. 1856-9: James II. Noble, 1860-1: James Hill, 1862-5: S. T. (iillett, 1866-7: B. F. Rawlins. 1868-70. A part of the.se have been mentioned. Lucien W. Berry was a notable man. both as a THK THIRD WESLKY CH.XPKL. HUll.T 1S4G. (Fi-om an old cut.) church cost $3,000; the second $10.1)00. In 1842 the conference divided Indianapolis sta- tion into two charges, making Mei'idian street the dividing line: and the .Methodists east of it formed Koberts chapel. In 1S45 the west- ei'ii cliai-ge was again divided. Wesley chaiiel remaining as the central charge. whil(> Strange chapel was built for the Mcthnilists vvesl of the canal. The pastoi's of Weslev f'ha|>('l lo 1870 were Lucien W. Berry, 1842-3: AV. W. Hibhen, 1844: Wm. V. Daniels, 1845-6: F. ('. Holli- dav. 1847-8: J. S. Bavless. 1849: B. F. ("rary. 1850; AV. C. Smith. 1851: John Keariis. 1852; Vol. 1—38 preacher and an educatoi'. He was made pi-esident of Asbury I'niversity in 1849, to succeed Dr. Simpson. He remained there five years and then resisrned. AVithin a year he was elected president of Iowa Wesleyan Uni- versity. From tliei'e he was calle(l to the presidency of the .Methodist college at Jetfei-- son City, whei-e he died the next year. July 23. 18.58. S. T. (iillett, "the sailor preacher", was always a great favorite in Indiainipolis, whei'c he resided many years. Fnrthiir no- tice of him will be found in the chaiitc^i- "Some Old Time Religion". ])i'. Sims was in the Ihish nl' inanhodd when 594 IllSTOKV OK GHKATKU l.\ DIAXAl'Ol.lS. he came to Indianapolis in 1867. He M'as born in I'nion County. Indiana, and had not sei'ved outside of Indiana at that time. Gradu- ating- at Asbnry (now De Pauw) in 1859, he served as principal of the Thorntown Acad- emy for some months, and, in 1860. accepted the presidency of Valparaiso College. In 1862 he went to Richmond. Indiana, as a pas- tor — then to AVahash. I^vansville. Indianapo- lis. On leaviuL'' here in 18611 hr went to ^ladi- son Avenue ('hnrcli, Broi)klyn; then to St. Paul's, Newark: and Brooklyn and Summer- field chni-ches. Brooklyn. On November 17, 1880. he became Chancellor of Syracuse Uni- versity and I'cmained there for thirteen yeai-s. resigniuii' in 189.'> to return to his old church at Indiana|)olis for five years longer. He built U|) Syi'acuse T^niversity to a great insti- tution, inci-easinu its assets from $350,000 in 1880 to .•^1.800.()()0 in 189.S: and the number of its students fi-om 3(10 to 900 in th(> same time. lie urged on the p(>(ii)le of AYcsley Chapel tlu' need of a new chui-ch building, and in 18(i9 a lot was |iurch;ised at the southwest corner of ^Feridian and New York streets and the corner stone of the new building was laid. With the parsonage, it cost +100.000. It was dedicated on Decemljer 10. 1871. ^leainvhile the congregation worshi|)]>cd in the old Uni- vei'salist Church, on tln' noith side of ]\Iiehi- gan street, between Illinois and Capitol ave- nue. Here ^Mr. Sims diil some of his most effective preaching. People did not think of him as an orator— he was so natural in his speech— but he had an exquisite gift of pathos. One series of four evening sermons at this place, on the crucifixion and the scenes lea<ling to if. will never be fortiotteu by those \vho heard them. He was called ba'-lc to In- dianapolis in 1893 an<l remained till 1898. when he w,ent to the First Jlethodist Church at Syracu.se and remained thei-e luitil 1906. On account of failins; health he tiien rcsi<jncd and retired to his farm near Liberty, in rnion County: from which he came for .some months to ;u>t as H(>ld seci-etary for the ^lethodist Hospital at Indianapolis. He died at his farm home on March 27. 1908: and impres- sive memorial services were held for him at .Alei'idian Street Church on :\Iaivh 29. 'I'he name of the church had been cliauL'cd from Weslev Chaiiel to ]\[eridian Street Church in 1869; and the new building was oc- cupied until November 17. 1904. wlu'u it was desti'oyed by fire. It was then decided to move farther north, and the present property at the northwest corner of ;Meridian and St. Clair streets was ])urchased for $40,000, anil the corner-stone of the new church was laid on November 30, 1905. The Sunday school room was completed and occupied on August 19. 1906. Like its predecessor it is of stone. While it was building the church services were held first in the Propylaeum, and later in Caleb ilills Hall. In addition to the main iiudience room and Sunday school room the building has a ladies' parlor, six class rooms, pastor's study, with boy's club room, kitchen and dining room in the basement. Its cost, aside from the ground, was .$125,000. Since the change of name to Meridian Street, the pastors, in addition to ]\Ir. Sims. have been Bishop Thomas Bowman (supplv^, 1870: Reuben Andrus, 1870-1; H. R. Nayfor. 1872-4: G. D. Watson. 1875-6; Stephen Bow- ers (supplvi. 1877; W. C. Webb, 1877-9: H. J. Talbott, 1880-2: John Alaba.ster, 1883-4; J. E. (iilbert, 1885-8: H. A. Cleaveland, 1888- 93: Charles N. Sims, 1893-8; Wm. A. Quavle. 1898-1901 ; Jo.shua Stansfield, 1901 to date. These were all able jtreaehei's. ^Ir. Quayle is also quite widely known as a lecturer and essayist. Br. Stansfield was called here from Bay City. ^Michigan. He is an Englishman l)y birth, and it is a notable coincidence that two other of the older Indianapolis pulpits— Rob- erts Park and the Second Presbyterian — are also occupied by men of English birth. At jiresent the chui'ch has 753 members and 609 in the Sunday school. In jiassing, it may be noted that, on July 12. 1909. the north spire of the church was struck by lightning, during a remarkable electrical stoi'm. but no damage was done beyond knocking off a numbei' of the tiles. When IndiaJiapolis station was divided by the conference, on October 19. 1842, it had about 600 members; and some 60 members at the northwest of the city were added to the castei-n charge, to eiiualize the two. John S. Bayless was assigned to the new charge, and Mhen he came he announced that he was go- in<; to pi'eaeh if he had to do it in the market- house. He was spared this, for the eourt- house was secured for Sundavs, and the so- iiisTouN' OK (;i;i'..\Ti;i: imhanai'oi.is. 595 ciiil iiieetiiiirs (if the cliuieli wcro lu'ld at pri- vate resideiioi's. At tlic first (iiiartcrly con- fiMviicf. on Di'cfiiilici- "^4. \SV2. Saiimcl Beck, Andrew Hi-oiisc. ilenry Brown. Samuel (iolds- lieiiy and .(olm !•'. Ilill were cleeted trustees and action was tai^eii tin- a clnircli building. A lot was purchased at the northeast corner of I'ennsylvania and ^Market streets for ;!!l.:iUO. and in the s|)i-in!i- of lcS4:? tlie corner- stone was laid hy Dr. Matthew Sinipson. President of Ashui-y I'niversity. who also dedicated it in Au<,nist. 184(). 'i'iie basement was finished and occupied in the spi-iu'': of iS43. The buildina: cost $7,000. and the main audience room seated about 500. The church had a bell-tower and steeple: and l\e\'. T. .\. (Jiiodwin says: ""It was only In- the sti'ata,y:em iif desirini.'' a place for a town clock, and l>y ut'ttinji' subscriptions for that s|)ecific pur- pose, mostly fi'om non-members, that the pas- tor could overcome the .scruples of the trus- tees enouirh to allow a cupola u|)on it. There were probably not ten churches with cupolas in the state at that time.'"- Tn fact, however. tlir town clock was not added until ten years later, and was i)aid for by a s|)eci<d city tax. But a bell was put in the towei' in 184<S. and is still amontr the treasures of the chur<'h. In 1843 the church was named IJoberts Chapel, in honor of Bishop Robert Riehfoi-d Koberts. who presided at the conference of 1S42. which established this charee. and who died on March 2(>. 1843. It was always "a workine- church"', punctilious in its class services, and strong: in revivals and missions. In 1848 .some of its members started a mis- sion Sunday .school in the Madison Railroad depot, which developed into, and was organ- ized as tlie "Depot Mission" on November 17. 1849 — later becominj: Asbury Chapel — now Fletcher Place Ciuirch. In 18"):? a Sun- <lay .school was organized at J. \V. D(Hsey"s tnidei' direction of the Roberts Cha])el (|uar- tPi-ly conference. which devel(i|>ed into "North .Street", later "Trinity", now "Cen- tral Avenue" church. In 18G0 the x\nies In- stitute was oi'iranized by younir men of the Nb'thodist Church in Indianajtolis. and did cNteiisive mission woi'k in the city. Two ol its schools were followed li\- Presbyterian churciies. "Inilianola" and "Ninth": and two developed into .Methodist churches, "Third Street"— now "Hall Place", and "Ames". In 18()7 John A. Wilkins was ap- liointed to take charue of a mission school which the Y. 'SI. C. .\. had stai'ted in Spief^el i^ Thoms" chair factory. The school was re- moved to Wriuhts Hall, and in the fall of 18fi8 was organized as (irace Church by mem- bers of Roberts Chapel. In 18(i8 the <ild church was sold to E. B. Martindale for .$40,000. reserving the bell. l)ulpit and seats. The trustees purchased .1 lot at the iiortheasl corner of Vermont and Delaware streets and. within 30 days from surrenderinir the old buililin.ir. erected a "Tabernacle", at a cost of $1.78.'). whii-h was dedicated Ausrust P. 18()8. by Bishop Thonuis Bowman, 'hen pi'csident of .\sliiir,\" Iniver- sity. .Meanwhile the couiireeat ion had held theii- Sunday .services in Morrison's Opera Hall, and their weekly services in Wesley Chap<'l. On May 14. 1870. the cornerstone of the new church was laid, and in that month the name of the church was changed to Roberts Park. The Sniida>' school I'ooni was completed and dedicated on Deceiubci' 2"). 1S7(I. The main buildine was finished an<l dedicated on -Vueust 27. I87(i. The <-ost of the huilding and gi-ounds was in round num- bers $140,000: and it left thi' congri'iration with .-1 debt which was not finally dis|)osed of until 1!I01. when a jubili'e was held in com- memoi'atioTi of the event. Fm- the dedication Sarah T. Bolton wrote one of the most charm- inir of her poems, "The Old Bell", begin- ning : "The|-e lives in each hell — As old Icirends tell A beautiful Spirit, that lauehs and sings. When the good b(>ll rings Merrily. But sobs and si<jhs. .Vnd troubles the air. with its nmurnful ericas When the bell i-ings drearily. If so. the Sprite in the ancient bell. Whos" voice I'ose and fell To-day. in the paths of azure air. Calling oui' feet to the Mouse iif P|-ayer. Has a stoi'\- to tell," -Tin !•! rill ii' iini nf Ann riiini Milliinh k;. The |)astors of Ihi'^ Bavless. 1842-4: -b hn ehni'ch were -lolm S, .. Smith, 1844-(): Sam- 596 HISTORY OF GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. iiel T. Gillett, 1840-8; Geors-e M. Beswick, 1848-9: John H. Hall, 18-19-51; William Wil- son. 1851-3: Samuel T. Cooper. 1853-4; H. N. Barnes, 1854-6 : John W. T. :Mc:\Iiillin, 1856- 8; Charles W. Miller. 1858-9; William Wil- son, 1859-61; Jacob Colclazer, 1861-3: John V. R. Miller, 1863-5; A. S. Kinnan, 1865-8; M. H. :\Iendenhall, April-September. 1868; Fernando C. Holliday, 1868-71: Gilbert De La Matyr, 1874-6 : Jeremiah H. Bavliss. 1876- 8 ; S. il. Vernon. 1879-81 ; Ross C. Houghton, 1882-3: I. H. McConnell. 1884-6: S. A. Keen, 1887-8 : C. A. Van Anda. 1889-92 : T. I. Coul- tas, 1893-7: C. E. Bacon. 1897-1903: Albert Hurlstone, 1903 to date. Dr. Hurlstone is of English birth. He was called here from New Albany, and is a popular and efficient minis- ter. Van Anda and Coultas were polished speakers, who drew from the general public. Ross C. Houghton made a tour of the world with Bishop Harris, and was suspected of writing "The Bread Winners", but proved an alibi. Jeremiah H. Bayliss was later edi- tor of the Western CJirisfian Advocate. Gil- bert De La ]\Iatyr was a man of great force and intense feeling, whose warm heart carried him o\it of church work twice. He was so im- pres,sed with the right of the Union cause that he helped enlist the Eighth New York Hea^'y' Artillery and went out with it as chaplain in 1862. serving for three years. He was so convinced that the severe hard times of the seventies were caused by the resump- tion of specie payments and the demonetiza- tion of silver that he accepted a nomination of the National party for Congress in 1878. and, being indorsed by the Democrats, was elected from this district, defeatinsr John Hanna by 18.720 to 17.881. After his term iu Congress he went to a charge in Denver. Colorado, and has since died. Dr. Holliday was a popular pi-eacliei- and the author of the standard history of Indiana ^lethodism. A. 8. Kinnan was a notable revival preacher; there wei-e 1.000 accessions to the church in his three years of service. Mc^Mullin was a notable orator of his day. Charles AV. ililler became involved in a scandal while here, and was expelled from the conference." The first three pa.stors have been mentioned heretofore. Roberts Park is one of the strong churches "Joiinial. April 12, 1860. of the city, having a membership of 1.350. and the Sunday school 722. In 1845 a second charge was cut otf from Wesley Chapel to accommodate members in the northwest part of the city. The society was organized as the Western Charge, but a frame buildintr was soon erected on ^Michigan street, west of the canal, and it was ehri.stened Strange Chapel, in honor of John Strange. The location proved unsatisfactory and in a short time the building was removed to the east side of Tennessee street below Vermont. The membership leaned to "old fashioned ^Methodism", and on January 12, 1869. the quarterly conference adoptecl a resolution that "the prosperity of the charge, spirit- ually and financially, will be promoted by its adherence to the old usages of the chui'ch. especially in the seating of the congregation and singing, and that the conference hereby pledge the charge to stand by these usages"'. In other wortls the women were to sit on one side of the church, and the men on the other : and there was to be no choir nor instrumental music. This was especially in accord with the views of Alfred Harrison, the wealthiest member of the church, who believed in stabil- ity in all departments of religion. Goodwin says that when Daniel De ^lotte— the first ^Methodist preacher in Indiana who ventured to wear a beard — came once to preach at Wesley Chapel, his beard so offended ilr. Harrison that he walked out of the church and -would not listen to the sermon. This was not unprecedented, for Goodwin says that the cause of the ostracism of Lorenzo Dow by the iVIethodist Church was his wearing a beiud : and also that when Daniel De AFott appeared at conference unshaven. Rev. John A. Brouse offered a r':>solution of censure. But Brouse wore a wig; and when De Alott in I'eply. ob- served that he wore no hair which the Lord had not t;i\'en him, Brouse saw trouble ahead, and withdrew the motion. In 18t)9 the lot on West ^lichigan street was sold, and a new brick church was built at the southeast corner of Michigan and Ten- nessee streets. Pi-ovision was made in the deed that old time usages should continue. Th(> church cost $13,000 and was dedicated Jaiuiaiy 9. 1870. Later in the same year the chui-eh split on the question of receiving L. M. Walters, who had been assigned to the TTTSTORV OF (; IM'.ATF.Il IXDI.WA I'OI.IS. 59: chiU'yc by tlic coiifpiTiK'e. ami tlir wi'jiltliiiT pai't (if till' ('()ii<;re^a1i(in withdrew aiul lifuaii woi'shippiiisr in the old Univei-salist Cliiircli. just across Michifiau street, which had re- cently been vacated by the Wesley Chapel coiiirreiratioii. 'I'lie reiiiaindei- continued as they were, witli Mr. Walters as ])asti>r until Smulay, January S. 1871. when the church was destroyed by tire. The eon^n-c^^ation then removed to Kuhn's hall. On March (i. 1871. the quai'terly cont'crencc appointed <i commit- tee with full power to buy a lot and build a church. At the same time the name of the church was chan.ized to St. -Tohn's .Methodist as California Street Church, ilr. Walters ended his service in 1871, and wa.s succeeded by J. E. Brant. 1871-0; J. II. Ketcham. 187(i- 8; Thos. G. Beharrell, 1878-80; W. H. Ilal- sted. 1880-1; W. B. Collins, 1881-4; J. A. Ward. 1884-5; F. D. Anderson, 188r,.S ; Wm. Tclfer. 1888-9: :^rorris Woods, 1889-i)l : \l. \l. Bryan. 1891-:{; Homer .\sheroft. 1893-(; ; W. S. Kiddle. lSi)ti-<): .J. W. J. Collin.s. 18!)'.)- I!t(t2: John JctVrics. 19()L>-r) ; L. S. Knntts. U)().'»-7; James Ili.xon. 1907-8; J. L. Stout, 1908 to date. The present membership is 205. and there are 1()2 in tln> Sunday school. The First (icrman Methodist Episcopal KOI?ERTS I'ARK CHURCH. P-piscopal Church. The pastors of Strange Chapel precedin-; .Mr. Walters, were, in order of service, Wesley Dorsey, I). Crawford. Win. Jlorrow. T. G. Beharrell. Frank Tavloi'. Iv I). LonfT. T. S. Webb, G. M. Boyd, (friffith .Mor- jran. William Graliam, X. ]j. Bi'akeman. J. C. Keed, Janu's Havens. J. W. (irecii. C. S. Bur-ner. G. W. Telle, J. W. T. .McMiillin. T. G. Hehari'cll is known as the anthoi- of a Biblical Biography, which was piinlccl at In- dianapolis in 18()7. The new St. John's Church was located at California and North streets, but the name did not adhere, and it ha.s alwavs been known Church, at New Jersey atul New York strcH'ts, was organized in 184(). with 1-") memlx'rs. The pastor in 1840-7 was Louis Xippert. tlie lirsl (ierman Methodist ])reachci' in the city, Tlh lirst church buildin<r was erected in IS.'iO be- tween New Jei'sey and East, ami in this new bnildinir there was a yreat revival luidrr the fourth pastor. J. II. Barth. who served in 18.")()-2. The second ami third pastors were Charles Baur. 1847-8. and Konrad Miith, 1849-.")(). Succcediui!; Barth the jiastors have been J. II. Barenburir. 1852-4: G. A. Breuni^', 1854-5; J. liier. 185.5-(): H. T,n<-l<emeyer, 185(i- 7; :\Iax Ilohans. 1857-8: G. F. .Mueller. 1858- •jiJS JIlSTOliY OF CI.'KATKU IXDIAXAPOLIS. 60; J. Hoppen, 1860-1— died durinir pastor- ate ; J. Schneider. 1861-2 : W. Ahreiis. 1862-3 ; G. A. Brexinig', 1863-4; A. Loebenstein, 1864- 6; H. G. Lieh. 1866-8; G. Trefz. 1868-71; G. Nachtrieh, 1S71-4; H. (;. Lieli. 1874-6; K. Bo- zenhardt, 1876-7: J. Rothweiler. 1877-81; (^tto Wilke, 1881-4; J. G. Sehaal, 1884-5; J. S. Sehneider. 1885-90 ; J. C. IMarting, 1890-5 ; P. W. Griewe, 1895-7; F. A. Hamp. 1897- 1904: Hermann Rogratzky. 1904 to date. Tlir. society prospered, and in 1868 a more eapaeions chnreli was needed. The site of the present building was purchased Decem- ber 19, 1868, but the erection of the building was soiniMvhat delayed by lack of funds. The basement was finished and occupied on Christmas, 1869 ; and by the persistent enei-gy of ;Mi-. Tivf/. the liuilding was com})leted, and dedicated < n A])i'il 17. 1871. Its cost, in- cluding the site was $27,500. This is the parent (ieriiian ^Methodist of the city. It has at present 200 members, and 160 in the Sun- day si'hool. Blaine Avenue Church, though recent in Indianapolis, had its origin in the fifties, in a class, with David Johnson as leader, of llethodists living between Eagle Creek and \Yhite River. It met for some time in the old schoolhouse on what is now Belmont avenue, and then disbanded: but a Sunday school that had been organized in 1858. by Fred- erick Reisner continued: and when the school house was built at Howard and Reisner streets it was moved there. Prayer meetings and occasional preachings were also held at this place, and in 1882 the class was reor- ganized. Four years later a church was erected on what was then Wjlliams street. It cost about $2,500. and was dedicated on Feb- ruary 6. 1886. by Presiding Elder TTalstead. It was remodeled and enlarged dui-ing Key. Zaring's jiastoi'ate. and rededieated on July 1, 1894, the first sermon being preached by Rev. Chas. N. Sims. At this time the name was chanired to First Church, but during the pastorate of Rey. S. L. Welker the name was changed again to Blaine Avenue Church. ^Ir. AVe]l\ei' was succeeded in September. 1907. by Rey. Josej)!! K. Ake. the present pastoi-. The present membership of the church is 287, and of the Sunday school 241. Another old snburbnn chni'ch is ^lapleton ^lethodist. It 'jyvw fi-oni a class formed in 1843. which was composed of half a dozen women, ami met at the house of Delanson Slawson; later at the old log school house. The I'arly ])reaehers who visited them and held seivices were John L. Smith, Lucien Berry, Frank Hardiu and H. J. Aleck. In the summer of 1855 Rev. H. J. Meek, a.ssisted by George Havens, a local preacher, held a proti'acted meeting at Sugai- (irove; and there, with hoards laid on logs for seats, Suuar Grove Jlethodist Church was organized with 33 charter members. On August 23 the society met and elected trustees, and also ap- pointed a building committee. Thomas Ruark donated half an acre of ground in Sugai- Grove for the church; and Noah Wright yave an acre for church purposes, on which a ]iarsonage was built later. A frame building was at once erected, at a cost of $800; and served the congregation for near half a century, being repaired and refitted in 1884 at about the original cost of the church. The corner-stone of the present building was laid in 1899. and the church was dedicated in June, 1900. The present mem- bei'ship is 205. with 274 in the Sunday school. The present pastor, F. A. Lester, has served for two years. In 1849, a mission church was formed by members of Roberts Chapel living in the southern part of the city. It was called the ■'Depot ]\Iis.sion" because at first it met in an upper room of the old Aladison depot ; and officially it was the Depot Charge, with Rev. Samuel T. Cooper as pastor. In 1850 a lot was piirchased on New Jersey street, near South, and a building was begun which was completed and occupied in 1852. It was then named Asbury Chapel. After more than twenty yeai's at this point a lot was pur- eha.sed at Virginia avenue and East street, and a brick church was finished sufiiciently for occupancy in 1874, when the name was changed to Fletcher Place Church. It was dedicated on December 13, 1874. The pastors following Mr. Cooper, in chronological order, have been J. B. De Alotte. 1851-2; Sanniel T. Gillett, 1852-3: Samuel P. Crawford, 1853-4; Jas. T. McMullen. 1854-6; Joseph Cotton, 1856-7: F. A. Hester, 1857-9; E. D. Long, 1859-60: John G. Chaffee, 1860-1; R. ^\. Barnes, 1861-2; J. W. Mellender, 1862-4; F. C. Hollidav, 1864-6; John H. Lozier, 1866- I I HISTORY OF CKKATKIJ. I X DIA NAI'ol.lS. 599 ■-; Samuel T. (iillrtt. ISOS-TO; Charles Tins- lev, 1870-3; G. L. Curtiss, 1873-6; John S. Tevis. 1876-9: G. L. Curtiss, 1879-82; John 11. Doddridtre, 1882-5; J. A. Sargent, 1885-6: •Fiplin S. Tevis. 1886-9; C. C. Edwards, 1889- 'Xi: li. Roberts, 1893-8; C. W. Tinslev, 1898- 1900; V. W. Tevis. 1900-2; JL B. Ilvdc, 1902- .'); Geo. David AVolfe, 1905 to date. The iliureh ^vas twice damaged by fire, ouee from lightning, but not seriously. In 1894 a swarm I if bees took possession of the upper part of the spire, and their flight caused an investi- iration by firemen, who mistook them for smoke. The church is in good condition, with .")()6 members, and 331 on the Sundav school nills. On -May 17, 1^.')4, (uie of the Koliei'ts Chapel classes led by .1. \V. Dorsey, a school teacher, organized as the Seventh Church. They met in Doi'sey's school house, near the corner of New Jersey and Walnut till the end of the \'ear. ^FeanwhiU' they i)urchased a lot at the mii'thwest corner of Xcn-fh anil Alabama, and i-rected a small church on the west side of it. They niiived into this, with Rev. Griffin as I>astor, and adopted the name of North Street Nfcthodist Episcopal Church. It was more ecinunonly called the North Street ^lission. however, as it did not become .self-sui)porting till 1867. In Jainiary of that year, under the pastorate of W. J. Vigiis, who had come t(i the church in 1864, a new church was com- |)leted and dedicated by Dr. T. :\I. Eddy, on the east side of the lot. The society now took the name of Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church. In the summer of 1870, a ^lethodist church was oriratiized by Rev. B. F. Morgan which built a church at Ma.s.sachusetts avenue and Oak street. Tliere were about 80 charter mcmbeis, iiKist of them ''lil)eral I'liited lirethren". who had left their church on ac- count of a schism in 1869. Rev. Amos Han- wa.v, one of these, succeeded to the pastor- ate in September, 1870. In 1877 this church and Trinity con.solidateil. Tlicy leased a lot at Butler and Colleire avenues and moved the ^Massachusetts avenue church to it : and en- larged it sutTiciently for the new society. The name was then changed 1o Central Aveiuie ]\I. E. Church. This building was damaged by a tornado on :\Iarch 4. IMSO; but was rejiaired and occuiiied until June. 1.S93. when the pres- ent building was (lcdicatc(|. Its cdi^ncr-slnne !iad biH'u laiil in May, 1892. The pastors nf Central Avenue have been B. F. ]Morgan, Reuben Andrus, J. N. Beard. Abi.iah Mai-ine, A. W. Lamport, J. H. Ford, A. Gobin. W. V. Wheeler, II. A. Buchtel, J. R. La.sby, A. W. Kellogg, and \Vm. Wirt King, present incmn- bent. It is a strong church, with 1.082 mem- bers, and 1,350 in the Sunday school. In 1864 a class of 36 members was formed in the northern part of the city with Jesse Jones of Strange Chapel as leader. In the spring of 1866 a site was purchased on the north side of Third street, between Tennessee and Illinois, under the direction of Ames In- stitute, but the Institute was unable to finish it, and turned the property over to Jesse Jones, who completed it at his own expense. The location was considered disadvantageous, and in December, 1885, on proposal of Rev. J. W. Duncan, then pastor, it was decided to move. A site was purchased at Sixteenth street and Hall Place and the ccn-ner-stone of the new church was laid on July 26, 1886. The chiu'ch was dedicated on .Vovendier 28, 1886, by Dr. C. N. Sims. The name was changed from Third Street to Hall Place Church. The pastors since ]\Ir. Duncan have been JIarshall B. Hyde. George Cochran, J. A. Sargent. George M. Smith. R. E. Vest. (ieorge S. Henninger, Festus A. Steele, and John Ratrle, the jiresent incund)ent. Of these George M. Smith was noted for charitable and social work. He went from here to the Methodist Church at Shelby ville, which be made known throughout the country for work in these lines. The church has 360 ■mbers and 27 in the Siuidav school. In Jidy. 1866. Hev. Joseph Tarkington or- ganized a mission in an unfinished building at .Vorwood and Illinois streets, and services were held there till cold weather cau.sed re- moval to an unoccupied grocery room on .Madison avenue. Meanwhile a lot was pur- chased by members of AVesley Chapel on South Illinois street, and a small frame build- ing erected. Rev. L. iM. Walters was sent 1o the charge as missioiuiry |)astor in Septem- ber. 1867. A revival meeting the following winter added about 100 to the miMnbeishii). and the building was too small. The prop- ei-ty of th(> Tndianajxilis .Mission Sunday School, at Madison avenue and Tnion street was then bontrht, for ;f'5.000. and occujiied in (i()(l HISTORY OF (ilJKA'I'KI! I XDIAXAPOLIS. fl \'. Presb. Church. 'i'iPre.b Church. S'. Johns Cath, Church JME^ n_rtj '"hn. Episc. Church. Wes ley Chapel . Baptist Church. Ch ristia II Ch a p e I . i'- Krebb. Oil ti I ch. Robert s Chapel (\V. 11. lia.-i.-i Phfitn Cinnpany.) INDIANAPOLIS CHURCHES, 1854. iiisioi;^' OF (;i;kati:i;, indianai'oi.is. GUI JiiiK'. liSfi!), It \v;is a siil).staiitial brick Iniild- iui;-. 4Ux7l' IV'ct. 'I'lic L'liuri'li, wliicli had Ix'cu Ames' Chapel, was now ealled .Madison Ave- nue Chureh. After a lonjr stay here the so- eiety boiiuht a new site on .Moi'ris street near ^ladison avenue, and the corner-stone of the l)resent church was laid in 1905, the church being- completed and oeeupietl in 1906. The present jiastoi' is Fianklin F. Lewis; and the church has .SBli members ami :]()4 in the Sun- dav school. Ft is now called .Morris Street M.' E. Church. (Ji'ace Churcii was practically organized on Septendjer 10, 18()8. by a number of members of Roberts Cha])el, in the eastern part of the cit.v; who jietitioiied the confei'ence for n preacher, pleduiuL;- $5,000 for a chureh build- ing. In comidiance with the re(|uest Kev. \V. H. ^Mendeidiall was appointed. By Sep- tendjer 22 about 100 members of Roberts Chapel had .joined the new church, and it was formally organized on that date. A site for a church was obtained at ^Farket and East streets. ;ind a building was erected at once. It was dedicated on {'"cbruary 21. 1869. by Bishop Clark. The church at the present time lias 281 meiid)e)-s aniF 198 in the Sunday school. The pastors of the church have been :\I. 11. Mcndenhall, J. W. Lock. T. 11. Lynch, J. P.. Lathrop. G. P. Jenkins, S. Tincher, Gilbert De La .Matyr. S. ,T. (iillett, .1. \V. Duncan. T. IT. Lynch, S. A. Bright, T. H. McClain. C. W. Tinsley, L. D. Moore, L. K. Kennedv. 1). A. Robertson, M. L. Wells, 11. J. Black. 11. X. King, L. (i. Ivnotts. J. L. P'unkhouser, J. ilachlan, and W. M. Zaring, the present pastor. The cliurch has had two small fires, and was once .struck by lightning, witli small damage. Blackf(U-d Sti-eet Chui'ch. at the <'oi'ni'r of lilackford and .Market sti'cets. was organized in 1869. by Rev. Wni. II. l\endrick. with 30 miMnbers. It grew out of a mission of Wes- ley Chapel, and was for some j'cars later aided by that church. 'F'Fie present site was secured atid a smalF building was erected in 1873-4, under the pastorate of H. N. King. The pastors succeeding Mv. F\inL'. witFi the dates of tFieir accession. ,irc -1. Wharton. ,1875; Amos FFaTiwav. 1SS1 . T. M. (luild. 1884: W. F. Sheridan. 18<.-,; T. 11, F)evall, 1>>S9; T. P. Walter, 1890: W. S. Hiddle. 1892; C. W. Crook. 1896: J. T. .Fones. 1898; E. 1'. .Icwctt, 1903; IF. S. JleaiFen, 1905; Samuel L. Welkt'r, the present iueumbeut, 1908. The chureh was enlarged under the pa,storate of W. F. Sheridan at a cost of $2,500. It was badly damaged by tire in 1896, but was repaired ; and was again re- modeled and repaired in 1900. Ft Fias always l)een known as a revival church: and has now 235 mend)ers, and 181 in the Suiulay school. Firoadway ]\F. E. Churcli was organized in 1874, and built a small chapel at Yandes and Seventeenth streets. In 1881 the congrega- tion removed to Si.xteenth and liellefoutaine; and in 1894 to their present location at Broadway and Twenty-second. The churcli then erected was i-eplacetl by the i)resent one in 1908. The jiastors in succession have been Revs. Reager, Black, .M. L. Wells, Wydnuin, Frank Tincher. .Fohn W. Tevis, T. W. Xoi-th- cott, Geo. II. iFurphv, L. F. Dimmitt. V. W. Tevis, C. W. Tinsley, Worth ^M. Tipjiy, and Layton C. Bentley, the present incumbent. This is a strong church, with a membership of 740 and 722 in the Sunday school. The Second (ierman JFethodist, at I'ros- liect and Spruce streets was organized in 1874. and the first chureh, a frame structure was built the same year. 'I'he pastors in charge have been G. Nachtrieb, 1874-5 ; T. ScFiumberg, 1875-6: J. C. ]\Iartin<i-, 1876-9; Theo. TFiorward, 1879-82; J. Bier, 1882-3; W. Meier, 1883-4; II. E. Wulzen, 1884-7; :\r. (icorg. 1887-92; J. T. Barth, 1892-5; A. Har- well. 1895-8; C. E. Ploch. 1898 to date. The first building was jiartially desti'oyed by tii'e in 1882. but was rebuilt and cnlai'ged the same year. In 19t)2, the present brick church was erected at a cost of $10,000. The church is free from debt; and has 140 members and 150 in the Sunday school. F'^dwin Ray Af. E. Church was organized August 13. 1879, and built its church at Woodlawn avenue and Laurel street the same vear. The pastors in chari;e have liecn Wm. B. Clancy, ('. W. Lcc. K. K. K'awls. .1. K. T. Lathrop, C. C. Edwar<ls. (I. W. Smith, and II. C. Clippinger, now in charge. This is a live congregation with 735 ineudjci's and 565 in the Sunday school. Ft staite<l Barth Place Church, at Shelby and ^Martin streets, which now has 132 mi'iiibers and 216 in its Sunday school, as a mission: and also Woodside M. E. Church, at Southeastern and Temple, wliicii 602 HISTOTJY OF (iKKATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. has 142 members aiul 2"2() in tin- Sunday school. Kiiiu' Avenue ]\I. E. Church, at Kin^- ave- nue and Walnut street, was a eolony fioin Meridian Street Church organized on Janu- ary 1, 1884. The corner-stone of the church buildiiiff was laid on ]\Iarch 1, 1884, and it was dedicated November 1, 1884. The pas- tors in charg-e have been J. E. tJilbert. S. J. Wilson, E. R. Johnson, W. 11. Wooley, J. (!. Campbell, H. C. Weston, C. U. iStockbargei-, O. B. Rippetoe. A. AV. Wood, N. A. Cham- berlain, H. H, Dunla\y, J. C. Kemp, and J. F. Rainier, who is now serving. The church has 300 membei-s, and there are 200 in the Sunday school. P^ast Tenth street ^I. E. Church was organized and the church occu- pied, without any special ceremonies, in 1888. The pastors have been Rev. Bailey, 1888; Samson Trieeher, 1889-93; B. W. Cooper. 1893-5; J. T. O'xNeal, 1895-7; Charles Tiuslev. 1897-1901: W. E. Edgin. 1901-4; C. W. Crooke, 1904-5; E. A. Campbell, 1905-7; W. J. Collins, 1907 to date. The Sunday school division of a new church building was dedicated en October 11, 1908; and the main part is now in process of construction. Brightwood M. E. Church was organized in 1886. Its building, at 2402 Station street, was dedicated in 1904. The pastors have been A. A. Jones, 1887-9; T. W. Northcott. 1890-2; W. W. Revnolds, 1893; D. A. Robertson. 1894-5 ; W. W. Revnolds, 1896-9 ; 11. J. Black, 1900-2; W. J. Collins. 1903-7; E. M. Cham- bers, 1908 to date. It has 428 members and 473 in the Sunday school. East Park M. E. Church, at New York street and Beville ave- nue, is a development from a mission school that was started in a store-room at East Washington street, bv Mrs. S. C. Heath, of Roberts Park church. The pastors have been W. F. Walker, E. F. Albertsou, :\Iiss :Marv M. Dennis, E. L. Winnner, T. K. Willis, D. A. Robertson, H. W. Baldridge, F. A. Lester, and C. C. Bonnell. the present incumbent. .\ woman pastor was a rare exception in In- dianapolis, but iliss Dennis served acceptably for a year and a half. The church was or- ganized on ]\Iarch 14, 1893. and its bviilding was erected in 1894— dedicated June 22. It was rebuilt in 1909. The church has 222 members and 273 in the Sunday school. Cajntol Avenue M. K. Cliui-ch is the suc- cessor of Hyde Park Church, which was or- ganized in 1894, and built a ehurcli that year on Thirtieth street near Illinois, which was dedicated on December 16, 1894. On July 6, 1905, the corner-stone was laid of the pres- ent building, at Capitol avenue and Thirtieth street. The new church was dedicated Octo- ber 5, 1905, President E. H. Hughes of De Pau\\- ofiliciating; and the name was changed to Capitol Avenue. The pastors have been R. Scott Hvde, 1894-5; J. W. :\[axwell, 1895-6; Robert Zaring, 1896-8; W. :\I. Whit- sett, 1898-1900; J. W. Baker, 1900-3; J. T. O'Neal, 1903-4;' E. H. Wood, 1904-7; W. II. W.vlie, 1907 to date. The church has 535 mendiers and there are 397 in the Sunday school. Nippei-t ^Memorial Church — formm-iy Fourth German il. E. Church — is an offshoot of the First German Church. A Sunda.x school was organized February 19, 1893, and the church society on April 9, 1894. The cor- ner-stone of the church building, at Tenth and Keystone streets, was laid on June 17. 1894; and the church was dedicated on Sep- tember 23, 1894. The pastors have been Heniy R. Bornemann, John Claus. Herman C. Beyer. August J. Weigle, and A. C. Bauei'. who is now serving. The church has 83 mem- bers, and there are 99 in the Sunday school. Wesley Chapel— th(> second, and present of that name — was a mission of Blackfoi-d Sti'eet Church. The soeiet.v was organized March 22. 1895, and the building at Ehler and New York streets was dedicated the saitu' (lav. The pastors have been Revs. Biddlc l^odkins. Stout. W. AY. Reynolds, AY. B. Far- inei- and J. AY. Culmer. There are 280 mem- bers and 244 in the Sunda.v school. River- side Park ,M. E. Church was organized Ajiril 23, 1905. Its buildintr, at Chicago and Hard- ing streets, was dedicated on Alarch 18, 190(i. G. F. Hubbarth, the first pastor, served till 1908; and Dr. Alfred Kunnner since then. The mendier.ship is 100 and the Sunda.v selioul enrollment 200. Tuxedo AI. E. Churcli was the result of ;i local denumd from Methodists residing in that suburb, who called on Rev. Robert Zar- ing, of Irvington M. E. Church, for assisN ance. He appointed Thomas E. Smiley, a local preacher, to assist them, and in Jann- ai'v. 1904. a mission was oi'ganized. A hall llis'rol;^' OF CU'KA'I'HU 1 N DIA XAI'ol.ls. (io;? was rent 'd for services, ami a Sunday school was started on February 28. The church so- ciety was organized on(>ct(il)cr 1. 1905, and the cornei'-stniie of tlie buihlin}? was hiid on Ocfohei- It). It was dedicated on February 20, 1!H)(1. .Mr. Smiley sei'ved for two years, and has been followed by S. L. Welker and James Hisson, the present pastor. The church has 283 members, and 301 in the Sun- day school. Thomas E. Smiley was known for a number of years in Indianai)olis as a contributor of verse to the local press. The oriraiiization of tlie ^letlKidist Church amonur the colored people has lontr been dis- tinct from that of the whitcsj and is in three branches: The African ]\r. E. Church, which was oriranized in 1816, by followers of Rich- ard Allen, for which reason they wei'e form- erly called "Allenites"; the African M. E. Zion (Jhurch. which was oriranized in 1820; and the Colored .M. E. Church, which was set apart after the Civil War by the },\. E. Church, South. The first branch is i'ei>re- sented in Lndianapoiis by ei^ht churches, and the second by four. The oldest of the A. ^1. E. churches is now known as Bethel A. M. E. Church. It was originally oi'ganized in 1836, and foi' thirty years was the only A. ]\I. E. church in the city. The society was small and poor, and its meetings were held in private houses luitil l.s41, when a small frame building wa.s erected on the north side of (jleorgia street between .Mi.ssis.sippi street and the canal. In l.s.")7. when the original Episcopal Church was i-emoved to make way for the present Christ Ciiurch. it was bought by Bethel Church and lemoved to their (Jeor- gia street site. It was used by them until it was destroyed by fire on July fl. 1862. The mcst notable church events before the war w^ere occasional visits of Kev. Paul C^uiiui, nf Baltimore, later a bishop of the Colored Meth- odist Church, who was a man of ability,, ami much esteemed by everybody. These visits were always occasions of revival and building up of the church. Dur-ing four years of the war, 1861-5, llie pastor was W. R. Revels, brother of the Mississippi i-ceonstruction sen- ator, who was also a man of .some ability. Another wooden structure was erected on Ceorgia street after the fire, and the congre- gation occupied it till after the war. At this time it was Iciiown as "•the .African M. E. Church ■■ or "the Colored .M. H. Clnu'ch'", there being no other. In 18()6 the Allen Mis- sion was stai-ted on Broadway between Cheri'y and Christi.m, by Rev. Wliittou S. Lankford and it shortly developed into Allen Chapel, or Allen A. M. E. Chun-h. At the same time the other church tletermined to move. They secured a lot on Vermont street west of Mi.ssouri, and began the erection of a sub- stantial brick building, which they occupied in 1869, when it was only partially finished. The name of Bethel A. .M. E. Church was then adopted. For some time before movin.ir into this chui'ch the congregation worshi])ped in old Strange Chajjcl, on Teiniessee street. These were the only A. ]\I. E. churches un- til 1875, when Simpson Chapel was organized. Simpson t^liapcl is the earliest of the A. M. E. churches that has |)resei-ved its rec- ords. It was organized by Daniel Ellison. B. J. Wood and C. 11. Taylor, local preachers, and an unpretentious fiame building was erecteil at .Misso\iri aii<l Eleventh streets. The pastors have been, in succession. Rev. Dr. Marshell, W. Taylor. Daniel Jones, Simon G. Turner, Charles Jones. A. A. Price, (!. A. Si.ssle, E. D. ililler. T. L. Ferguson, L. JI. ITagood, (j1. a. Sissle. E. L. (iillian. AV. IT." Riley, N. 11. Talbott. \V. 11. Sinmious and J. S. Bailey, the pr<'sent |)astor. The church in time iiutgrew its (|uartei-s, and on August 20, 1899, the corner-stone of the present brick veneei- building was laid. The church now has 350 members, and 125 in the Siuidax' school. In 1879 the West Mission was organized, occupying a room on Blaekfoi'd sti'cet, south of North, which soon developed into Zion's \. M. E. Chui'cli. Othei's were organizerl later, there now being eight A. M. E. churches in the city. The A. M. E. Zion Church was not represente(l in Tndianaiiolis initil 1886, when Lovely Lane Church was established at 568 Virginia aven\ie. There ai-e now four churches of this <lenomination in the I'ity. It ditl'ers from the .\. M. E. ( 'luireli aliout as the ^lethodist Protestant lilies from the Methodist Lpiscopal. the chief point being that it does not recognize a sep- arate order of Ijishops— at least not one oi-- ilained by "laying on of hands". The Col- ored 'M. E. Church had its fiist congregation (il'L'.anized in Indiananiilis in l-'eln-uarv. The (;()4 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. corner-stone of its chureh on Drake street. near We.st, kivown as I'hillips Chapel, was laid on June 14, 1908, by Bishop C. H. Phil- lips, A.M., M.D.. D.D. This denomination is essentially Southern and this chureh belongs to the Tennessee Conferenee. It has had two pastors, J. F. Taylor and Thomas A. AVilson. It now has 47 iiieinbers, and 30 in the Sun- day school. , Of the se\-eral otfshoot sects of the Metho- dist Church four are represented in Indian- apolis. The oldest of these is the Methodist I'rotestant Chureh, whose first congregation here was organized in 1880. and esta])lished at Hoyt avenu(> and Dillon (later Shelby), with John P. Williams as pastor. Another I'hureh of this denomination was organized in November, 1901, by the Jlethodist Pi-otestant Chi'istian Endeavor of Indiana. The corner- stone of ils building' at Villa avenue and Prospect street was laid on January 8, 1902. and it was dedicated in June of the same vear. Its pastors have been A. B. Williams. 1901-3; S. S. Stanton. 1903-4 -. W. C. Reeder. 1904 to date. It has 200 members and 275 in the Sunday school. The Free [Methodists have a chureh at 1114 East Tenth street, which was organized in November, 1907, by Rev. U. E. Harding, and was formally incoi'- porated as the First Free ^Nfethodist Church of Indianapolis on January 25. 1909, by Jos. B. Lutz. the present pastor. It has 47 mem- bers, and 50 in the Sunday school ; and, in addition to the usual church functions, car- ries on the work of the East Tenth Street Mission, which was established in 1903. It has no chureh building as yet. but is planning for one. The Original ^Methodists have a small congivgation at 2201 Nortli Arsenal avenue; and the Reformed Methodists have one at 90'2y-, North Behnont avenue, with Rev. Martha A. Swigert as pastor. The Congregatioiudists were among the 7)ioneers in Indianapolis, although they had no church oi'ganization in the first qiutrter of a century of the town's existence. David C. Proctor, who visited the cit.v for a week in May, 1822, and later served as the first pas- tor of the fii'st Presbyterian Chureh, was a Congregationalist. scut out by the Connecti- cut Missionary Society. So was Isaac Reed, who on July 5. 1823. "preached as moderator in the fonii;itioii ut' the church of Indian- apolis". The Coiniccticut ^lissionary Socie- ty was the first home mi.ssion organization of the country, and it was very rea.sonably said in 1827 that "half the Presbyterian churches in Indiana had been planted by its mission- aries." The First Presbyterian Chureh of Indianapolis recognized the obligation on September 20, 1823, by a formal resolution of thanks to the society for sending Mr. Proctor, and expressing appreciation that they, "in addition to their exertions to pro- mote the interests of religion in their own country, and also to spread its light among the nations of Asia and the Indians of Amer- ica, are doing so much to sujtply with preach- ing and the orilinances of the Gospel the new settlements in our Western country". The two churches wei'e acting together in the early period, under what was called "the plan of union", by which the missionaries of either church "settled" churches of the other, and served them. The Presbyterians seemed to get the best of it in Indiana, but when it is considered that this work was merely gathering together persons already church membei's. it means only that there were more Presbyterians who desired church organization than there were Congregation- alists. There were several unsuccessful efforts to organize a Congregational Church in Indian- apolis, but they were usually thwarted by some new missionary enterprise of one of the' other churches. Not tnitil 1S57 did success come. On August 9 of that year, in the senate chamber of the old state eapitol, Ply- mouth Congregational Church was b(n'n. It was an occasion of general interest, and the council that assisted in the organization was composed of Rev. ]M. A. Jewett, pastor of First Church. Teire Haute; Dr. T. M. Post, pastor of First Church. St. Louis; Dr. 11. M. Sfoi-rs, pastor of Seventh Street Church, Cin- cinnati ; Rev. S. P. Fay. jiastor of the church at Dayton, and Dr. Sturtevant. president of Illinois College. The church was organized with 31 member^, of whom 5 came in on profession of faith, ^^ld the rest by letter from other churches. For several months pi'ior to the organization these members had maintained reliaious services and a Sunday school iu the senate chamber, and they ctm- • inued to woi-ship there, with fiu^ exception HISTORY OF (MtKATKi;. 1 XDI AXAl'OLl.s. 60.= (if a short period when services were held at Kamsey's Hall, on Illinois street, until their cliiireh building was ready for oecupaucy. This first ehureh buijtliuir was on ileridiau street, opposite C'hi'ist Chureh— now eovered liy the Eufilish Hotel. The front part, con- taiiiinu: the leeture room, study and social nionis, was completed and occupied in Sep- tember, 18.59. The renuiinder was finished and dedicated on April W. 1871. The con- 'jre<.'ation occupied this building' until 1884, under the pastorate of Oscar C. IMcCidloch, when it built a handsome chur<'h at the south- east corner of New York and .Meridian. This liuilding: was occupied until September 15. lltOl. when it was delivered to the United States as a part of the site for the federal building. The sellin<r price was .$48,000, and the sale was eonsunuuated in Autrust, 1000, the cougrefjation reserving the right of occu- pancy for a yeai-. Th(> church then pur- ehasiMl tiie buildiiie- erected by the Seventh Day Adventists at Oenti-al aveniu' and Four- teenth streets, and occupied it, after some re- modeling, until September, 1908. While the ehanges were being made in the Central .\veuiie Church, the congregation was given the coiiiplinieutaiy use of the Jewish Syiia- L'ogue. on Delaware street. On May 1^5. 1906. I lie .\(>rth Couijreeatioual Church united with i'lyinnuth Church, the united congregations retailing the latter name. On July 10. 1908. I'lymoiith and Mayflower Churches united. lakiiiiT the name. The Fii'st Congregational • 'hureli. They occup.v the former ^TayHower liuildiuL'. at th(> southwest corner of Deleware and Sixteenth sti-eets. and Rev. Harry 15lunt. nf Plymouth, is the present pastor. This chureh now has :189 members, and 121 in the Sunday school. Plymouth Church had nine pastors, in the following order: W. C. Bartlett, :Mav to Antrust, 18,58: \. A. Ilvde, 1858-67: E. P. Ineersoll, 18H8-71 : J. L. Bennett. 1871-3: O. S. Dean. 1873-7: Oscar C. :\rcCulloch. 1877- !n: F. E. Dewhtn-.st. 1892-9: IT. C. :\Ieserve. 1900-4: Harry Blunt. 1904-8. Of these. Na- thaniel Alden H.vde was longest indentified \ ith Indianapolis. He was born Mny 10, 1827. at Stafford. Coiui.. of Pilgrim stock, the "Alden" in his name being for John Alden. of "Ma.vflower" fame, of whom he vas a descendant on his mother's side. He graduated from Yale in 1847. and Andover Theological in 1851; preached at Central \'illage and Rockville, Conn., in 1851-3; was assistant secretary of the Children's Aid So- ciety of New York Cit.v in 1854-1): preached at Dayton and ('incinnati in parts of 1857-8; aiul was then called to I'lymoiith Church. During his service there, on August 28, 1866, he married Laura K.. daughter of Stoughtou A. Fletcher, Sr. In 1867 the State Associa- tion of Congregatioiud (Churches asked for a superintendent of missions in Indiana. The .American Home Missionary Society told the brethren to name their man. They promjjtly united on Mr. Hyde, who reluctantly con- sented to serve. He tilled this position most acceptably until 1873, when he resigned and soon after accepted the pastorate of May- tiower Church. He served as pastor there till April n. 1888. and as pastor emeritus, which he was formally made on resigning; he su|)- plied the pulpit between succeeding pastor- ates until his death, on July 19, 1901. After his, resignation inucli of his time was devoted to the charity work of the city, the Art As- .sociation. and other interests of a pul)lic character, as well as the general interests of the Congregational Chureh. .Mayflower Chureh had its inception in a Sunday school that was started by the Y. M. C. A. at a private residence on the corner of Jack.son and Cherr.v streets. On ;\Iay 23, 1869, ^layflower Church was organized with 13 members, 5 from Plymouth, 2 from Third Street ."\I. E.. 1 from Roberts Park :\I. E., and '■i from the Fourth Presbyterian. C. M. San- ders was called as pastor, and served until November, 1S70. He was followed by 0. W. Barinnii in 1871-2. and he by Dr. Hyde. A church building was erected at St. Clair and East streets, which was dedicated in Janu- ary, 1870. This was occupied until 1894, when the chapel of the chureh building at the southwest corner of si.xteenth and Delaware was completed and occupied. The main church building was com|)lete(l seven years later and was dedicated on Oclober 20, 1901. After the resignation of Dr. Hyde. Rev. Fred- erick S. Huntington was called to the pas- torate, but died of typhoid fever before ar- riving here. The pastors succeeding were Kinion D. Evans. 1888-90: John W. Wilson. 1S91-7; Henrv \. Kinnev. Januarv to Feb- (illli IIISToKV ol' K.\'l'i:i; IXDlAXAl'ohls. niiirv, 1898; S, A. llovt. 1898-9; H. S. Os- -o(m1, 1900-4: Arthur J. Franc-is. 19()4-fK 11. J. Van Aukon. 190() to the rMinsDliiUitinn with I'lymouth. The most widi-ly laiowii of tlii> Conprefra- tional pastoi-s was Oscar C. 'SI. .^^f'Cullol'll. who occupied a hirue place in the life of th'' city. Indeed his was a I'eliyioii of life. lie loved to call '.he church "the house of life": and he preached eloquently from the text. "T am come that they misiht have life, and that they might have it nun-e abundantly". He was a native of Fremont, Ohio, boin Jul.v 2. 1843. His father was a druggist and he learned the liusin(>ss. puttiu'.;- in his spaiv time readini;' good literature. On arrival at manhood he went to Chicago .-ind liecaiin' salesman for a wholesale drup house. While in the city he srave much attention to mission and charitable woi-k. In 1867 he gave uj) his employment and entered Chicago Theo- loo'ical Seminai-y to fit himself for the niin- istry. His fii-st ])astorate was at r'heboyuan. Mich., where he remained seven years; and from where he was called to Plymouth Church in July 1877. He found it a pooi' and weak conirreuation. with an inconvenient buildinff. heavily mortgaoed. His preachiuu' and work built up the eonsregation. and his original genius financed a new church ju'o.iecl by an issue of .4!2r>.000 of fifteen-year bonds. The new church was occupied in 1884. and was a new ehiu-eh in its devotion to instruc- tion, charity, helpful recreation, and the gen- eral uplift of hiniianity. But his woi-k was not confined to the church. On 'JMianlcsgivini!' eveniui;'. 1878. he attended the atuinal meeting of the Indian- ai>olis Benevolent Society — an institution that had existed continuously for fortv-lhi'ei' years, and had bi>en a thiim' of pride and t:en- ei'al interest in the eai'liei- \('ai-'^ nf the i>lace There were OTily seven persons nresent, and they were somewhat discouraged. A motion wa>» made tn disband. ]\T"Culloch opnosed it. He spoke of the worlc tlia* wms being dour elsewhere and (if the need .f ;ind opp(U'- tunity for woi'k here, 'i'hi' iiiDtion to disband was withdrawn. an<l one to "n on was sub- stituted. He was elected president, and he was re-elected to that position annually throughout his life. The work at once liegan to l)e svsteiiiatic and etifeelive. The recoi-d of visits and investigations was opened Jan- uary 20, 1879. and in April an employment agency was started. In December the work was reoi'ganized as The Charity Organization Society. ^In the fall of 1880, the Friendly Inn and woodyard was opened, which became a nightmare to the professional tramp and a i-elief to the neetly man. In 1881 a success- ful campaign was made to i-efoi-m abuses in the county jioorhouse. and in the same year was organized the Children's Aid Society, from which developed the free kindergartens. In December, 1882, preliminary steps were taken for the Flower Mission Training School foi- Nurses, the active work beginning in the following September. In 1883 the establish- ment of the county workhouse was secured. Ill 1885 the Dime Savings and Loan Associa- tion was formed. In 1888-9 the work reached out to the state. Mr. MeCulloch formulated bills for the State Board of Charities and Corrections and the Board of Children's (iuardian.s. They fortunately came before the gi'cat Democratic lefoi'm legislature of that winter, and Mr. MeCulloch found an able and vigorous co- ad.iutor in Samuel E. INIorss, of the Sentinel, by whose aid they became laws ; and they have i-evolutionized charity and correctional work in Tn<liana. By this time the Associated Charities of Indianajiolis had become an or- ganization of national repute, and at the Na- tional Conference of Charities and Correc- tions at Baltimore, in 1890, Mr. MeCulloch was nuide its president, and the annual meet- ing for 1891 was fixed at Indianapolis. It convened in ]\Iay. and was a great siu'cess in evei-y way. especially as an iiis()iration to organized charity throughout the state. It was the climax of his public w(U'k. In June. 1891. he went to Europe, hoping by rest and change to regain the health he had broken by overwork. On his return, without physi- cal bi'nefit. he i)reached one Sunday, and then in patience waited the call to lasting Ix'alth and rest, which came on December 10. 1891. In 1892 a volume of his most striking and characteristic sermons was jjrinteil in this city under the title, "The Open Door". Although the first preacher who delivei'ed a sr'rmon at Indianapolis was a ".Newlight ". who might be r-laimed as a "Campbellite". or "Christian", the sect had no formal or- I IIIS'l'()i;V OF CK'KATEK IXDIAXATOMS. 607 i:aniz;iti()ii lu'ii' for iiioiv than a decade later; llioutrh sev<'ral of its ijieinhers united and rented a lojr liouse on .Market street, where they held ])r:iy(>r meetings and oeeasionai services. In January. 18oS, .John O'Kane. a \'iri.nnian. who had heeii doiny: evantrelistie wnik in Oliio and eastei-n Indiana, as well as teaching school, made a trip as Tar west as linlianapolis. Xo chureh was oixn to him, anil preaehinji for three successive evenings in the log house showed that it was in- adi-(juate foi' those who wished to hear; but the lesiislature. which was in session in the old court house, ottered him that building on Saturday evcniiiLis and Sundays, and a season iif I'cvival folhiwed. He was one of the most noted debaters of his church, locally, aggres- sive, ready and with a keen wit that often took the form of ingenious invective oi- eut- ting sairasiii. A lather ]iom[)ous "orthodox"' minister havinu declined to debate with him. Init intimatinu his readiness to meet AJex- .indei- Campbell. (_)"l\ane leveled his long thin liuLier and answered: '•'\'(iu! Vou debate with Alexander ('ami)bell I Why. if one of his ideas should get into your head it would explode like a bond)shell." He made one or two visits to Indianapolis in the spring, and on June 12. 1KV.I. "the Church of Christ" at this point was organized at the hous(> of Benjamin Koberts; and Peter II. Roberts and • lohn II. Sanders wei-c chosen the first ovci'- seers. The church had no regular pastor for nine yeais. hut O'Kane wa.s among those who \ isited it and i)reached at interv;ils. In 18411 he located at Indi;in;ii)olis and engaged in the book and stationery business, preachinu- when occasion ott'ered. lie took an active intci'cst in organizing Xoi'thwestern Christian Cniver- sity, and in IS")! was appointed general agent and solieitor foi- 't. to its material advan- laire. In 1S.")() he removed to Independence. Missoni-i. and died in that state in 1881. .\mong othei's who visited the cinirch were ■ leliii L. Jones and Thomas Lockhart. who ;ra\'eled together ;is evangelists in central In- diana; Lo\-e 11. .lameson. .Miehacl Combs. ,\n- Irew I'rathei' ;ind T. J. .Matlock. Chauiicey Hutler. father <if (>\id Bidler. .served as ])as- loi' for idiout a year in 18:50-40. Butler I\. Siiiitli. a blaeksmitli. who came here in ISL'M and was one of the lonnders of the ehureh. preached oecasii nall\'. He devoteil liimsell' wholly to the ministry later. The fir.st regu- lar pastor was Love 11. Jameson, who took eharge October 1, 1842, and served till 1853". He was :i notable exami)le of jtersonal effort. Horn in Jeffer.son County, Indiana. .May 17, 1811. with only fhi> in.struction of his parents and the country s"hools of the territory, he became " eonvertetl " and was induced to en- ter the ministry. He preached for the first time on December "25, 1829 : and feeling a need for more education he took up the study of (Jreek. using as a text-book Ironside's Ci-anuTUir. which was written in Latin. From that time on he was self-instiaicted. with the' exception of attenilance at D. I). Bi'att"s sem- inary at Rising Sun, in the sunuuer and fall of 1833. He became a good Greek scholar, and proficient in the natural sciences and Miusic. In 18r)il the directors of Xorthwest- ern Christian University, on reconnMcndation of the faculty, gave him an honoi-ary degree of A..M. He taught school both before and after connng hei'c. He resided in Indiaiuip- olis after I'csigning his pastorate, and was for numy years a trustee of the Deaf and Dumb .Vsyluin, and one of the active pro- ;iiotei-s of Xorthwestern Christian University. In the Civil AVar he went out as chaplain of the Seventy-ninth Tiuliaiui, hut was obliged to resign after two \cars of service on acci>unt id' ill health. He wa,s noted as a singei-. and com])()sed a ninidier of hymns, of which "(iathering Home" was perha|)s the most jiopular. His death occiu'red ;it Indianapolis, en .\pril (i. 18(12. During the ministry of ^Ir. Jameson, in IS.")], it was decided to make a change of lo- cation, and a substantial brick church was built on the southwest corner of Delaware and Ohio streets, where Butler K. Smith's house had stood. In the spring o\' 1SS2, a conuiiittee was appoiided to build an addi- tion at the west end of this, fronting on Ohio street. This was comi)li'ted in tinu' for the semi-centeiuiial of the church, which was celebrated oTi June 12. l.^S:5. with memoi'ablc enthusiasm. Here the conurcgation i-<'mained ten years longer. In 1S!I() it was dccidetl to move farther nei-lh. and a lot at th<' corner of Ft. \V;ivne aviTiue anil Walnut street was secured. The w.irk was bceun in ]\Iay, 1892, the coiMierstone beiui; laid on July 26; and the church was dedicated en .\piil Ki. 1893. DOS HISTORY OF GREATER INDIAXAPOLIS. the dedication sermon being preached by J. II. Garrison, of St. Louis, editor of the Christian Evangelist. The cost of this handsome build- ine:, with the furnishings and the lot, was $•47,500. The pastors of the church, now known as Central Christian Church, since Love It Jameson, have been Eli.jah Goodwin, 1856-9; Perry Hall. 1856-62 : Otis A. Buraess, 1862-!) ; Wm. F. Black, 1869-77: Joseph'^B. Cleaver, 1877-8; Urban C. Brewer, 1878-81; David AValk, 18S1-5; Edwin J. Gantz, 1885-8; David R. Lucas, 1888-95; John E. Pounds. 1896-8; Allen B. Philputt. 1898 to date. Of these Elders Burgess, AYalk and Lucas were espe- cially ]»oiiular i)reachers. Elder Black became involvcil in a scandal and was dismissed from the pastorate. Rev. Allen B. Philputt. the present pastor, is popular both in and out- side of his church. He is a native of Ten- nessee, born in 1856. He graduated at In- diana T^niversity. and later studied at Har- vard ; and then studied theology at the Epis- copalian Divinity School at Philadelphia. His first call was to Bloomington. lud.. wher^' he remained for six years, during two of which he also served as instructor in the uni- versity. He was then called to Philadelphia, where he served for ten years, and from there was called to Indianapolis. The Second Christian Church is the only colored congregation of the denomination in Indianapolis. It M-as establi.shed as a mis- sion of the First or Central Church in the spring of 1867. The white brethren aided largely in the early -work, and especially W. W. Dowling and J. M. Tilford. A modest frame building was soon erected on First 'Tenth) street west of ^Mississippi. Later it occupied a building at old Fifth and Illinois streets foi- a time, and then went to its pi-es- cnt building at Missouri and Thirteenth. It was organized as a church in 1868. with Ru- fus Conrad as pastor. The present pa.stoi- is H. L. Herod, who appears to make no reports to anybody of mendiership or church work. The Third Christian Church grew out of a Sunday school that was organized in the spring of 1867 at the Northwestern Christian T^niversity. by Prof. A. C. Shortridge and others. The church was organized in the University Chapel on December 10. 1868. It was without a i-cgular jiastor for the first year, and since then the pastoral .succession has been, Austin Council, Elijah Goodwin, John C. IMiller, Dr. Ryland T. Brown, J. L. Parsons, AVm. Holt. Robert C. ]\Iatthews, S. H. :\Ioore, D. R. Van Buskirk, Burris A. Jenkins, Carlos C. Rawlinson, Charles B. Xcwnan, and Harry G. Hill. The last re- port of the church showed 1,740 members and 1,250 in the Sunday school. The first build- ing, a frame, on Home avenue near Ash, was tknlicated on October 23, 1870. The second was dedicated on January 1, 1888. The con- gregation is now contem]i]ating a thii'd. to be located at Seventeenth and Broadway. The Fourth Christian Church began as a mission school in a dwelling on Blake street on June 28. 1868, and in November of that year moved to a room at the corner of New York and Blake. That winter the church was organized, with Elder J. B. New as pas- tor. In the summer of 1869 the congregation removed to a hall on Indiana avenue, and re- mained there for a year and a half. On January 1, 1871, a frame church at Fayette and Walnut was dedicated. Its next move was to Pratt and West streets. The present ]iastor is Wm. H. Smith, and the member- ship is reported 250. The Fifth Christian Church, otherwise known as Olive Branch, was organized in 1868. Its church building at old Fifth and Illinois was dedicated on December 25, 1870. It lost its building and went to pieces in 1880, most of the members going to the First and Sixth Churches. Later it wa.s revived and established at 1120 S. Meridian street. Fi'cd H. Jacobs is the pres- ent pastor and the reported mendiei'shiii is 150. The Sixth Christian Church, at Elm and Pine streets, wa.s organized February 14. 1875. The corner-stone of its church was laid in 1888 ; it was dedicated in 1897 ; the mort- gage was burned on October 10. 1909. The pastors have been J. M. Caniield. A. L. Or- cutt and C. W. Cauble. The membership is 600. and the Sundaj' school has 250 enrolled. The Seventh Christian Church is a Noi-th In- dianapolis congregation, with building at Udell and Annette streets. The present pas- tor is Clay Trusty. The membershi]) is 432. and the Sunday school has 300 enrolled. Bis- marck avenue, or Haughville Church, was or- ganized in the .spring of 1889. and its build- HTS^T0T7Y.()F nUKATKlJ IXDIANArOT.IS. 609 (]V. JI. liass Photo Company.) CHRIST CHURCH. GIG jiisToi.'V OK (;i;i:a'iki; inihanai'oi.is. ing was erected iu the same year. Its pastor is S. F. Powers. There are 364 members, aud 150 in the Sunday school. Hillside Avenue Cliureh, at the corner of Hillside and Nineteenth streets, was organ- ized August 2G, 1892, and the church was built the following winter. The succession of pastors has been 11. L. Hendei-son, \V. C. Payne. Om.'r IlutlVrd, M. L. Pierce, E. W. Hammond. S. J. Tomlinson, R. A. Smith, O. E. Tomes, R. A. Smith, and Charles M. Fillmore. The church has 260 members and 275 in the Sunday school. North Park Church, at the corner of Kenwood and Twenty-ninth streets, was organized June 20, 1897. The pastors have been J. ^l. Cantield, 1897-9; C. M. AVatson, 1890-1900; J. P. Meyers, 1900-2; Austin Hunter, 1902 to date. Under Mr, Hunter a new church has been begun, and is a]>]M'oaching completion. The church has 561 members and 300 in the Sunday school. In 1896 the Christian Church Union was organized — incorporated December 4 — "to preach the gospel, organize and maintain Christian churches and Christian Sunday schools'". It has 66 members, from the va- rious Christian churches, and has been th(> active missionary ortranization of the denom- ination since its oruanization. Other Chris- tion churches that have been organized are apparently flourishini;'. Englewood Church, at 35 N. Rural, has 500 members aud 460 in the Sunday school. O. E. Tomes is pastor. Irvington, or Downey Avenue Church, has 490 members and 475 in the Sunday school. Chas. H. Winders is pastor. Morris Street Church, corner of Blaine avenue, west In- dianapolis, has 500 membeis and 200 in the Sunday school. West Park Chujch is the outgi-owth of :i tent meeting held by the Union in 1904. It was organized with 60 members and now re- ports 240. F. P. Smith is the pastor, and the church is located on Addison street, north of Washington. Columbia Place is a new church oruanizcd in 1909, and its building on Foi'ty- seeond street was di'dicated in 1909. Cen- itenary is a new church that has no building yet, and is holding services in Odd Fellows liall at Tenth and Rui-al streets. It was or- ganized in 1909. South Side Church is an- other new church with no building, but using a hall at Hai-|ic>r and ('(ittage. It has had two pastois, M, V. Reckhoft' and B. J. McKane, and reports 20 members and 50 in the Sun- day school. ]\Iost of the members are from Si.xth Church. The Church of Christ is an independent society, located at 916 W. Twenty-ninth street, whose charter members were "Dis- ciples" who withdrew from the Seventh Christian Church iu 1893. The church has no pastor in the ordinary sense, but is served by its two elders, Daniel Sonnner and A. W. Harvey. It has no Sunday school. The First Christian Church, at Seventeenth and Columbia, is not a congregation of the "Dis- ciples" or "Campbellites", but of tlie "Stoneites" or "Xewlights" faction that did not luiite with the "Campbellites" in 1832. This coniiregation was organized on June 29, 1898, and built a Sunday school at ;\Iartin- dale aud Seventeenth streets in 1907. They were preparing to build a church when the German Evangelical oft'ered to sell the build- inu- now occupied, and the offer was accepted. J. F. :\Iorris was pastor, 1898-1906: Rev. WUes, 1906-8; C. O. Brown, 1908 to date. The church has 61 members, and 102 in the Sunday school. John McClung, the lirst clergyman that preached in Indianapolis, was a membei- of this denomination. They are sometimes called "Old Christians" by the Disciples. Thei-e is sometliinff attractive about Christ Church to most people, and it is the only old building of any size in Indianapolis that is attractive. An ideal of church architecture, nestled down between the big Columbia Club and the big Board of Trade, it strikes one as a step out of the present into the pa.st ; and the imjiression is strengthened if you accept the kindly invitation at the side of the ever- open door — "Come in: rest and pray". It is old— built in 1860- and it stands where its predecessor was built twenty-two yeai-s ear- iiei-— more than three score years and ten of church, occuiiancy of that site, which is more than can be counted f(U' any other church in the city. In its prime it had abundant com- jiany, for the cii'cle was the church center— the First Presbyterian on the east, the Sec- ond Presbyterian on the west, AVesley Chapel on the south and Christ Church on the north : and later in that period came Plymouth Con- gi'egational .iust across Meridian street from ; iiisToiiv OK (;i;i:ati:i; i.ndi.wai-oi.is. (iU Christ C'luirch. Now they are all gone; auit in fact Christ Chiireli is tlie "oldest iiiliabi- taiit" of the cirele. for every one of the old l)iiildiiij,'s there has been removed, except that the old walls of Wesley Chapel still remain in part in the building at the southwest cor- ner of Jleridian street and iloniunent place. Gone, too, are the Governor's ^fansion that stood in the center of the cii-cle, and the Marion Engine House that stood on the north side of it — these ltoui- so lontr that tiiey are not even memories except to a cdiripai-ative few of the oldest residents. As an organization the Episcopalian eongi-e- sration was not among the earliest, but thei-e were some Episcoi)alians among the e.irliest settlers, notably (ieortre Smith, tlu' firsi news- paj)er publisher, but they usually attended the churches of other sects, except on occa- sional visits of an Episcopalian minister. There were several of these. A Rev. Mr. Pfeiffer preached here about 1823-4 and htiyt- tized an infant. Rev. Jlelancthon Hoyt was here for a time as a missionarv; and Rev. Jehu C. Clay, later Dr. Clay, of Piiiiadelphia. came afterwai'ds and was i'e(|uested to settle, but did not. Rev. Henry M. Shaw also vis- ited the place. In Apiil. 1837, a movement for organization was inaugurated. On .July 4, 1837. Rev. James B. Britton located here. and on July 9, the Sunday following, held .sei-vices. On July 13 thirty resident Episco- palians associated themselves as "the Parish of Chi'ist Church", and on August 21, for- nudly organized by i-lccting Aithur St. Clair senior warden: Thos. Mc()uat. junior wai'den ; and James Morri.son, Joseph ]\r. ^foore and AVm. Ilannanian, vestrymen. On :May 7, 1838, the corner-.stone of the first cburch was laid: and it was occupied on Xovend)er 18: aiul <ledicated <in December It; of the .same year by Kt. Rev. Jackson Kempei-. D.D.. ]\Ii.s.sionary Bishop of Indiana and Mis-souri. It was a fi'ame buildiui;-. con- sidered at the time the handsomest church structure in Indiana ; though there was noth- ing especially handsome alxnit it. except thai it had a spire when spires were nut very connnon. In 18.")7 it was moved away to serve as a meetiuL' place foi- the ])eople of Bethel A. M. E. Church, until it was de- stroyed by fire a few years later. The pres- ent church was cdmpleled ;ind dcciipird in 18()(). except that the spii'c was not added till 186!l. The chimes wei-e addeil in the spring of IStil. Many I'cmember how (iei>rge Hard- ing used to revile them on the ground that they interfered w-ith innocent Sunday slum- ber, but he had little sympathy in his on- slaughts, for til all Indianai)olis people who had any sentiment those chimes serve the essential purposes of the bells of Shandon. Taking it altogether, it is not strange that in 19(H), when there was a movoneut on foot to abancliin the "Id ehiireh. and the Colundiia Club had an option on the property, there arose a general remonstrance airainst the pro- posal. The removal pi-o.ject was therefore abandoned, and the chui'ch was repaired and a Sunday school room added. It now has 'I'Ai conununicants, and 9.') in the Sunday .school. The reetoi-s of Christ Chui'ch have been James B. Britton, 1837-40: .Moses H. Hunter. 1842-3; Samuel Lee Jnhnson. 1844-8: Nor- man W. Camp. D.I)., 1849-52; Joseph C. Tal- bott. 18.')2-60; Horace Stringfellow. Jr., 18(i()-3: Theodore J. Holcomb. 18ti.3-4: J. P. T. Iimraham. 18(i4-8; Benjamin I'Vanklin. 18(58-72; E. A. Bradley, D.D., 1872-88; J. II. Ranger, 1888-96; A. J. (Jrahani, 1896-1901; James D. Stanley, 1901 to date. Of these Mr. Johnson and Mr. Hanger died in office. Mr, Talbott's service was ended by his con- secration as Bishop of the Xorthwest. .Mr. Stringfellow resiiined nn account of criticism from outside of the church. lie was a Southerner, and in the time of the Civil War partisan feeling ran high. Moreover, there were a numbei' of pi'ominent Democrats in his congregation, and no elVort was spared by their yiolitical enemies to cast odium on them. I'he Jonruiil's mildest term foi- a Democrat was "copperhead", and. as is usual, there wei'e many who swallowed all their party or- igan ;-iaitl. and enlarged on it. Under these eonditions Mr. Stringfellow and his wife fui'nished some food to i-ebel pi'isoners in tie- city who complained of a hick of it; ami this action called forth bitter criticism. .Mr. Sti'intrfellow felt that his usefulness here was ended and handed in his resignation. His congregation unanimously re((ucsted him not to go, and his vestry puiilicly (>xpressed their confidence in him and condemned the injus tice of the eritieisni: but lir insisted mi his 613 HISTORY OF (i HEATER INDIANAPOLIS. resignation, and probably under the circum- stances he was right. But he was brought back later. In the spring of 1866 Christ Church had grown overcrowded, and there was consideration of a new parish. Some of Mr. Stringf allow 's old friends invited him to visit the city, and he came in the latter part of June, and preached on July 1 at Christ Church in the morning and at Grace in the evening. The new parish movement then took form. Con- sent was obtained from Bishops Upfold and Talbott on July 7, and on August 9 the name of St. Paul's was chosen, and Mr. Stringf el- low was called as rector. The preliminary organization meeting was held at the office of Alford, Talbott & Co., under Morrison's Opera Hall on South Meridian street, and W. B. Thurston, R. L. McOuat, Jos. A. Moore, H. J. Horn, Wm. Edmunds, J. 0. D. Lilly and D. E. Snyder were chosen for ves- ti-jnnen till the Easter election. The old Mili- taiy Hall, where the Lombard Building now stands, was secured for services temporarily, and Mr. Stringfellow preached his first ser- mon there on September 2. There was some consideration of the site taken later by Rob- erts Park Church, bait the present site of St. Paul's at New York and Illinois was chosen, and the corner-stone was laid on June 6, 1867, by Bishop Talbott. The chapel had been completed and occupied on December 25, 1866. The cojupleted church was dedicated on May 31, 1868. The original chapel was a frame structure which was destroyed by fire January 9, 1889: and its place is covered by the present parish house, which was built in 1895-6. The parish reports 552 comiinnii- cants, and 128 in the Sunday school. The petty political prejudices of the war times were transferred from Christ Church to St. Paul's for several years; and though there was not the open reviling, facetious Republicans used to call it "the Church of the Holy Rebellion", notwithstanding a ma- .jority of its original vestry were Republicans. But that wore off in time, as the general war prejudice did, and people who had regarded each other as red-handed monsters came to find each other fairly decent folk. The truth is that in the war time Christ Church was one of the few where a Democrat could wor- ship without being hit periodically with a religio-political brick, and that was the height of its offending. Rev. Stringfellow remained with St. Paul's till July 1, 1869, and then left his established and prosperous parish to take charge of St. John's Church, at Montgomery, Ala., impelled by the call of conscience that his services were more needed in the struggle of the church in the Soutli. He was in fact a simple, kindly, manly man, and one incident has caused him to be re- membered with affection by those who were young when he was here— he was the first pastor who had a Christmas tree in his church in Indianapolis. The succeeding rectors were Treadwell AValden, 1869-72; F. M. Bird, 1874; John Fulton. D.D., 1875-6 ; J. Sanders Reed, 1877- 81; F. M. S. Taylor, 1881-2; J. S. Jenckes, 1883-92; G. A. Carstensen, 1892-1900; Lewis Brown, 1900 to date. When the main church building was dedicated. Bishop Talbott an- nounced that by agreement the church had been made the Diocesan Cathedral, which re- lation continued imtil 1885, wlien St. Paul's became an independent parish. During the cathedral period the i-ectors were officially deans, though the cathedral was not conse- crated till June 4, 1875, and the first public installation was on June 6. Among the nota- ble events in the church's history were the funeral of Bishop Talbott on January 19, 1 883 ; the funeral services of Vice-President Hendricks, who was Senior "Warden at the time of his death, on December 1, 1885; the funeral of Bishop Knickerbacker in January, 1895; and the consecration of Bishop John Hazen White on ilay 1, 1895. On June 25. 1882, the church building was badly wrecked by a tornado— onn of the few that ever reached Indianapolis. The tower was blown over and fell thi-ough the roof on the north side, and the belfry arch was hurled through the roof of the chancel and vestry-room in the rear. With genuine religion the Hebrew congregation tendered the use of the syna- gogue on Market street while repairs were be- ing made : and so did Cbi'ist Church : but the chapel was not injuT'cd and so the invitations were declined with hearty thanks. In 1865 the parish of Grace Church was organized by a small colony from Christ Church, composed chiefly of Deloss Root. J. (). D. Lillv and Nelson Kingman, with their t JlISTUliY OF GREATEli IXDIAXAPOLIS. 613 families. M. V. Averill was called as rector and remained until 1867, wlien he was suc- ceeded by Dr. C. B. Davidsciu. He retired in (Jetober, 1870, and James Kuncie followed liim in 187]. The con-jretration built a mod- est frame church at the southeast corner of Pennsylvania and St. Joe streets, and in- curred a debt that became a heavy burden after the panic of 1873. After unsuccessful efforts to settle it the ])ropei'ty was taken by the diocese, and P-islioj) Talbott runted the church and the little buildin^ back of it, where a J^irls' school had been carried on, to Mrs. Sewall, for her classical school. When Bishop Knickerbacker succeeded he was shocked to find that a orymna.sium had been installed in the church buildinij: so he got possession as soon as possible, and in 1884 re- stoi'ed it to chiu'ch uses. The i-evived parish did very well, and in ISSfi Bishop Knicker- backer announced that he had taken it as the bishop's church. It was never formally made a cathedral, but it went by that name until 1904, when Bishop Francis cut off part of its dignity and added it to its name, making it the Oi-ace Pro-cathedral. In 1888 the build- ing was removed to its present location on Sixteenth street, east of Central avenue, where it was enlarged, and is still in use. The parish has quite a fund for a ijew build- ing, composed in part of a handsome beq>iest from Bishop Knickerbacker. and one of 1,200 acres of western land, which has much in- creased in value, from Delo.ss Root: and tlnj erection of a new building is contemplated in iniO. If has now 278 communicants, and there are 10.3 in the Sunday school. The Church of the Holy Innocents was developed from a Sunday school mission of Christ Church that was organized in July, 1866, at the residence of James ^feade, No. 50 Forest avenue, by Rev. C. C. Tate, assistant rector of Chri.st Church. The school grew rapidly, and a chapel was built on a lot at Fletcher avenue and Cedar .street, which was donated for tluit purixise by S. A. Fletcher, Jr. It cost $1,800, and was opened for sei-v- ice on January 6, 1867. Afternoon Sunday services were regularly held by Mr. Tate un- til the following July, when he accepted .-i call to Dayton. On Jainuiry 1, 1868, he was succeeded by Ceo. B. Engle. as assistant rec- tor of Christ Cliun-b. who sei-ved the mission in that capacity until January 4, 1869, when the parish of the Holy Iiniocents was organ- ized, and Mr. Engle was called as rector. It reports 75 communicants ajid 6S in the Sun- day school, and E. C. Bradley is the present rector. St. George's Church was organized in 1872,. as a mission of Christ Church, and the cor- ner-stone of a building was laid at Church and Morris streets in 1875. The rectors have been E. A. Bradlev. 1872-88; W. 11. Bam- ford. 1888-9; John Brann. 1889-94; J. H. Ranger, 1894-5; A. J. Graham, 1897-1900; J. D. Stanley, 1901-4; Geo. G. Burbanck, 1904 to date. This flouri.shing little church was transferred to the diocese by Christ Church in 1904. A new church was built in 1906-7 and was dedicated on April 28. 1907. It re- ports 98 communicants, and 171 in the Sun- day school. St. David's Church, at Talbott avenue and Twenty-first street, was organized in 1898, and still wor.ships in a chapel. C. S. Sar- gent has been rector from the start. It re- ports 125 communicants, and 105 in the Sun- day school. In addition to these parishes, there are two unorganized missions in the city. St. Albans, for deaf unites, has 35 commiuiicants, who meet at Christ Church. St. Philip's is a mission of St. Paul's Church to colored people, and has 120 conununicants. It should be added that the Diocese of In- diana was divided in 1899, thirty-one north- ern counties being constituted the Diocese of Michisran City, and the remainder of tfie state the Diocese of Iiuliana. Bishop John Hazen White, Foui'th Bishoj) of Indiana, was made bishop of the formei-, aiul Joseph ]\I. Fi-ancis, who had been rector of St. Paul's Church at Evansville, was elected bishop of the latter, and consecrated on September 21, 1899. The Lutheran Church has found more grounds for internal dissension than any othei- protestant church- which is saying a great deal- and thei-e are now in the United States 25 separate Lutheran associations with separate governments, besides about 150 in- dependent or free churches which flock by themselves. Three of these as-sociations are represented in Tndiana))olis. known connnon- ly as the "General Synod", the "'Synodii'al Conference" or ''^fission Svuod". and the (>U IIISTOKY OF (.iKKATKU JXDIAXAPOLIS. "Joint Synod of Ohio and other states". The first is represented by the oldest Lutheran ehureh in the eity. l\Uo\vn eonniionly as tlie First Enirlish Lutheran Chureh. hut oftieially as ilt. Pisirah Lutheran Chureh. It was or- ganized in Jamiai-y. IS-il, by Kev. Abraham Reck, with 20 members. A building was erected in 1838 at the southeast corner oi' ^leridian and Ohio streets, where the Board of Trade building now stands. 'Sir. Reek was made consi)ieuons by the drowning of his son Luthei-— the tiist fatality to those who went out from Indianapolis as soldiei-s in the ^lexican War. Jlr. Reek had resigned the pastorate in 1840, and his earlier sueces.sors were A. A. Timper, 184:0-3 : Jacob Shearer, 1843-5; A. TI. :\Iyers, 184.1-50; E. R. Ouiney, 1851-3. Mr. (iuiney died in office, ami after an interim was succeeded by J. A. Kunkle- man. who served until ISGtJ. Under his pas- torate, in 1861. a new church was built and dedicated at Alabama and New York streets. Pastors followintr him were J. W. Stucken-^ berg, H. L. Baughei-, AV. W. Criley. J. AY. Rumple, M. II. Richanis. :Mr. Richards re- signed on January 1. r877, to accept a pro- fessorship at .Muhlenberg College, Pennsyl- vania, and was succeeded by 6. F. Behringer, and he in 1879 by John B. Baltzley. Jlr. Baltzley resigned on September 1, 1883, and was succeeded by his son John, who had been assistant pastor since Alarch, 1881. He served until 1890. In 187(1 the chapel of a new building at Walnut and Pennsylvania streets was completed and oceuiiied. For ten years no active effort was made to complete the main building, and then a .strong effort wa.s made which succeeded. The pastoi"s follow- ing :\Ir. Baltzlev have been A. R. Steck, 1891-4: D. L. :McKenzie, 1894-7; AY. AY. Criley. 189S-1905; R. Foster Stone, 1905-6; C. Roll in Sherck. 1907 to date. Air. Sherck is a native of Alichigan, educated at Olivet College, Alichigan, and AYittenberg College, Springfield, 111.: and at Chicago Theological. He filled pulpits at Nokomis, 111., Harris- burg, Penn., Sioux City. Iowa, and Lincoln. Xebr.. before cominu- here. The church has 250 members, and 80 in the Sunday school. There is one other church of the General Syno(' in the city, known as the SccoikI Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, on Hosbrook street, near Woodlawn avenue. John W. Neuhauser is the pastor. The oldest representative of the Synodical Confereni-e in Indianapolis is St. Paul's Evjingelicai Lutheran Church at Xew Jersey and AlcCarty streets. This congregation was organized on Jiine 5, 1844, at a meeting held in the old seminary building. A site was ob- tained on Alabama sti-eet below Washington, and a church was erected and dedicated on Alay 11, 1845. The succession in the pastor- ate has been Theodore J. G. Kunz, 1842-50; Charles PVinckc, 1850-68; Chr. Hochstetter, 1868-77; C. C. Schmidt, 1877-87; Fr. AVam- beganss, 1887-1903; Richard D, Biedermanii, 1903 to date. In 1860 the congregation out- grew its (|uarters, and a new church was built at East and Georgia streets; dedicated Xovember 3, 1860, by Dr. Wyneken. Presi- dent of the synod. This church was de- stroyed by fire in 1882, and the present chureh was built, and dedicated on July 22, 1883. It has 1,100 conununieant members, and is the "mother ehuich" of the other (Jer- man Luthei'an chui'ches of the city. The Sunttay school has an enrollment of 220, which is the same as the enrollment of the parochial day .school. Thei'c have been three school buildings, practically adjoining the three churches, and built respectively in 1847, 1859 and 1872. The present school teachers are D. Fechtnuuui, II. Hahn, Theo. Wallis and II. Alerz. Both ehureh and school work are conducted in Gernuin and English, and the school course is equivalent to the first eight grades of the eity schools, but witli special attention to religions instruction. The other Lutheran churches of the Synodical Conference are the Trinity Danish Church, at AlcCarty and Xoble, Hans P. Bei-thelsen pastor; Ennnaus (German and P^nglish) Church, at Orange and Laurel, Theodore F. Schurdel, pastor; St. Peter's (German > Church, at Brookside and Jefjerson avenues. Carl P. Schultz jiastor: and Trinity (d'er- man) Church at East and Ohio, Peter Send pa.stor. The only reju-esentative of the Joint Synod of Ohio is a small church on East Washington street, organized two years ago, with Rev, Hahn as i>astor. M CHAPTER XLV. THE ClirKcilKS (Conlitmed). There are seventeen Citthulic (■liurclics with resilient pastors in the City of Indianapolis.' In thirteen of these churches the English hiiiLTiiasre is used in the public service; in two (iernian is spoken, and there is one ehiu'eh for the Italians and one for the Slo- venians In the larp:er chnrches sei'viee is held at ditl'erent hours in the forenoon in order to acconunodate tlie inend)ers who otherwise could not find room: the afternoon or vesper service is not obligatory except for the childi-en who attend the instruction in Christian <loctrine. Each church is under the direction of a pastor, aided whei-c neces- sai-y by assistant ])riests, niaUinu the number 'This sketi'h of the Catholic Cliuieh in In- dianapolis was kindly i)repared for this vol- lune by the Rt. Rev. Denis O'Donaghuc, whose official service here for more than a third of a century makes him pre-eminently an authority. lie is a native of Indiana, horn Xovember :50. 1S48, in Daviess County, mar thi' |)i-('sent town of Conuelton. After till- ordinary education of the conniion schools, he passed three years at St. ]Mein- rad's College in Spencer County, entering at the a^fc of ifi: then four years at St, Thomas' Sciiiinai\-. at l'.ardstowu, Ky. : then thi'ce years at the (Irande Seminaire, at .Montreal. He was oi'daineil at Indiana|)()lis September (i, 1S74. and was stationed at St. John's. \\liere he remained for eleven years, filling various offices, lb- was then made rector of St. Patrick's, where he continued in service nnlil made Mishcp of Louisville, in 1910. iVishop O'Douae-hue is widely known as a loi;ician. a liniiiiist. and a clergyman who takes an intelligent interest in public alTairs. For a number of years he has been one of the vice-i)residents of the Imliana Historical of clergNinen engaged in chui'cli wi)i-k at this time thirty-two. The Catholic population of the city as nearly as can be determined by the best statistics available is not less than 1wenty-si.\ thousand. This niunbei' includes all who have been baptized in the church and ha\e not abandoned the practice of their i-eligious duties. Attached to all the churches are paro<-hial schools attended by more than four thousand children, and conducted by re- ligious connnunities among whom arc the Sis- t(>rs of Providence, the Sisters of St. Francis, Sistei-s of St. •Iose|)li and the Sisters of St. Benedict. .\l)out ninety teachers are cm- ployed in the primary and high schools. Societ.v. In 1899 he was mailc X'ii'ar (len- eral, and in IftOO titiilar Bisho]) of Pomario. This 1itlc comes from the old Roman town of I'diiiaiiii. which was on the north coast of .\frica. where the Alg<'rian city of Tlemcen, IV Tilimsan, now stands. It was a cathedral town till the Arabs captured it in 1080. and Ihe see became nominal. In the Koman church, an episcojjal see oiice created never eoes out of existence, but continues in title: and the church sometimes has need of two bishops in one diocese, but can have only one bishop of any diocese. lIiMice this title caimi to Iiidian;i when an auxiliary bishoi) was needed here. In February, 191(1. liishop O'llonairhue was made Bishop of Louisville {Shu: Febrmiry 10, 1910); ami after .i fe\v weeks, during which he \\;is the recipient of many testimonials of the liieli esteem ui which lie is held, bnlli ill and mil of llie church, he departetl on March iJS for his new Held, escorted liy a larye body of the i-lerev of Indiana and Kciit iicUn'. iSlnr, March IM), liilO.^ 616 HISTORY OF GREATEK IXDIAXAI'OI.IS. The principal Catholic church in Indian- apolis is SS. Peter and Paul's Cathedral at the corner of Meridian and Fourteenth streets, adjoining the residence of Bishop Chatard. The former bishops of this diocese resided at Vincennes. liut on his arrival her'c. the present bishop took up his residence in this city; and subsequently the name of the see was changed from Vincennes to Indian- apolis. Bishop Chatard is a native of Balti- more, -where he pursued his early studies; later he entered the Urban College of the Propaganda in Rome, where he was gratin- ated with the title of Doctor in theology, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1862. After serving sevei-al years as Rector of the Ameri- can College in Rome, he was, at the death of Bishop de St. Palais in 1877, appointed to the bishopric of Vincennes. He arrived iu Indianapolis August 17, 1878, where he has sincje resided. SS. Peter and Paul's congregation was or- ganized in 1891. holding services for the first time on Easter Sunday, 1892. The begin- nings of this parish were very modest, not more than fifty families being registered as members. The small chapel used at first as a place of worship was thought sufficiently large to accommodate the people for a num- ber of years, the Cathedral being only a thing thought of in the distant future. But the rapid growth of the parish soon made a larger house of worship imperative, accord- ingly steps were taken in 190.5 for the erec- tion of a Cathedral. "Within a year the edi- fice was completed except the facade, and was dedicated and opened for service on Christ- mas day, 1006. The church has three marble altars of excellent design and is artistically decorated. The growth of the parish has been remarkable. Whereas in the beginning one mass in the small chapel was sufficient for all the members to comply with their obliga- tions on Sunday, now five masses on every Sunday are well attended. The Rev. Joseph Chartrand. pastor of SS. Peter and Paul's, has been associated with the congregation since his ordination 17 years ago. The parish has schools for boys and girls, and within the last year the Sisters of Providence have re- placed the original school building by a brick and stone academy which is considered as one of the finest educational institutions iu the city. The first Catholic church in Indianapolis, a frame structure known as the Holy Cross Church, situated at the northeast comer of Washington and California streets, was built in 1840 under the direction of Rev. Vincent Bacquelin, who resided in Shelby County. The pastor, who visited his fiock once or twice each month, met his death in 18-46 by a fall from his horse while returning from a visit to a sick man near Shelbyville. The Catholic population increased, so that in 1850 a new church to replace the Holy Cross was built on Georgia street near Capitol avenue under thp direction of Rev. John Gueguen, and was named by him St. John's. The present St. John's church, fronting on Capitol avenue, was erected in 1867 under the administra- tion of the late IMonsignor Bessonies, who continued as pastor of the congregation until his retirement from active service in 1890. He died February 22, 1901, in his 84th year, and his remains were interred in a vault erected in one of the side chapels of the church of which he had been pastor for thirty-three years. St. John's Church is a spacious and imposing structure, being one of the largest church edifices in the city. The present pastor, Rev. F. H. Gavisk, chancellor of the Diocese of Indianapolis, has been in charge -since 1892, and during his administra- tion extensive improvements have been made. He has three assistant priests to aid him in the parish work. The congregation, although several times divided by the formation of new parishes, numbers more than four thousand souls. Connected with the church are several religious and benevolent societies. The con- gregation maintains a parochial school for boys conducted by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, also a parochial and high school for girls under the management of the Sisters of Providence in St. John's Academy, erected in 1S73. About six hundred pupils attend these schools. St. ]\[ary's Church on east ^Maryland street was begun in 1856. and was opened for serv- ice on the 15th of August, 1858. The first pastor iu charge was Re\'. L. Brandt, who visited the German Catholics once a month from Vincennes. but he wa.s sent to ^Madison to organize a congregation there befoi'e the IIIS'I'OIJV OF CUKATEIJ l.XDlAXAi'Ol.lS. 617 ehnrch bnildin;:- wjis cDiiiiik'tL'd. He was suc- ceeded by Ki'v. Simon Sicurist, who continued as pastor of the eonyi-egatiou for lo years until liis deatli in 1873. He is still well re- membered by the older members of the parish as au enerii'etic worker as well as a zealous pastor of souls. Under his administration the congregation gvew in numbers and met with success in all its undertakings. St. Mai'v's was the first church built in Indian- apolis for the use of the German Catholics, and the same edifice is still in use. The pres- ent pastor of the congregation, Very Rev. A. Sclieideler, V. G., has been in charge since 1874. and under his judiciou-s management many costly improvements have been made. Notwithstanding the division of the parish some years ago. also tlie formation of new pai'ishes near liy and the encroaeliment of business houses in close proximity. Saint Mary's Church continues pro.sperous and is held a.s a favorite place of worship by its devoted members. The parish has' flourishing schools for boys and girls, and a fine hall for the use of religious and benevolent societies connected with the church. The erection of a new and more elaboi-ate church to replace St. Mary's is contemplated by the management, and a site for this jiurpose has been pur- chased in a suitable location. The formation of St. Patrick's parish dates from the year 18(i4. The ground, half a square on the southwest corner of Dough- erty fnow Woodlawn avenue") and Hunter streets was donated by ]\Ii's. Phoebe Dough- erty, for whom the street was named. ,-\ small brick church was built under the nuui- agement of Pev. Joseph Petit, ami was opened for service June 29, 1865. It bm-e the name of St. Peter's Church, and served the congregation as a house of worship for six years. In 1870 Pcv. P. H. Fitzpatrick. who was then pastor, couuncni'ed thi' ere(>tion of the present church, which was na.med St. Patrick's. The buildin? was coMU^h'ted and opened foi- service with appropriate cere- monies in August, 1871. A school for boys was built opposite the '-hurch in 1878. and the Brothers of thi> Sacred Heart were ])laced in charge. The Pev. Patrick McDermott be- came pastor in 1870. and was succeeded by Pev. TTuLdi O'Xeill. who had charge of the li.iri-li foi- two yeai's. On the retirement of the latter in 1885, Rev. Denis 0"Donaghue, then chancellor of the Diocese of Indianapo- lis, was appointed pastor and the following year was named permanent rector. Under his administration the pi-esent academy and residence of the Sisters of Providence was ei-ected, the boys' .school enlarged and a com- modious parish i-esidence built on Prospect street. The church, too, has been entirely refurnished and decorated. The Rev. D. O'Donaghue, who in the meantime had been named Vicar Genei'al. was in 1900 appointed by Pope Leo XIII to be Auxiliary Bishop, and on April 25 of the same year was con- secrated titular Bishop of Pomario. He con- tinued the pastor of Saint Patrick's Church till made Bishop of Louisville, in 1910; being as,si.sted in the pai-ochial work by Rev. Ray- mond Noll and Rev. William Keefe. The con- gregation niunbers 2.700 souls. Twelve Sis- ters of Providence teach the children of the parish, about 450 in number. St. Joseph's congregation was organized in 1873 under the direction of Rev. Joseph Petit, who built a small church on Vermont, near Liberty street, close to where the Home of the [.little Sisters of the Poor now stands. The site proving imsuitable, the location was changed in 1879 to the corner of North and Noble streets, where the present St. Jo.seph's church was built under the administration of Rev. Herman J. .Vlerding, who continued as pastor of the congregation luitil the year 1900, when he was ajipointed Bishop of Fort Wavno. This church was opened for service July 4th, 1880. The building is of gothic design, spacious in size and arlisticall.v fur- nished. Shortly aftei' the completion of the church the Sisters of Providence erected a lai'iie academy and school for the children of the congregation. In 1881 the parish built a school for boys, with a large and attractive hall on the second floor for the use of societies connected with the congregation. The i)res- ent pastor of St. Joseph's is Rev. F. B. Dowd, who took charge in 1900. Under his adminis- tration a parish residence, costly and elegant, has been built, and other substantial improve- ments made. Although two churches have been built in recent years within the original territory of St. Jo.seph's, the c(mgregation is still larw and flourishing, the attenilance lui Sunday laxiuL"- the capacity of its bouse (ilS JllsToi.'V OK (;i;i:a' 1 \l)l WAl'ol.lS. of worship, '['hr py.stor requires tlie help ol' an assistant priest, the position beinjr now- held by Kov. Vineent Dwyer, whose etfieien; serviee is niueh uppreciatetl. 'I'he formation of a new eonsrresation for the German Catholics in the southern part of the city was commenced in 1875 under the direction of the Franciscan fathers. Ground was boujiht on the corner of Union and Palmer streets, and a combination buildintr to serye as eliui-ch. school and residence of the cleriry was tii-st built, under tln' manasc- ment of Rev. Ahirdus .\ii<lri'srlti'k. tlic tii-st under tlir pastorate of Kev. Ki-aneis Ilaase, wlio had riuirge of the parish for several yeais. The church is of spacious size, ele- ijautly furnished and artistically decorated. The coni;reuation numbei-s 4.500 souls. The Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondolet, ilissouri, conduct the parish schools, attended by 750 children. The priests attendinp: this church are from the Saint Louis province of the Franciscan c<immunity. The pastor and his assistants arc appointed by the provincial, the parish work lieiny: cai-ried on under the direction of the liishop of tlie diocese. Many INTERIOR OF ST. JOHNS CHURCH. pastor. Thr corner-stone was laid Septeinl)c!- 19. by the Rev. Bede O'Connor, chancelloi- (d' the diocese, who on this occasion pi-eached his last sermon. lie died the next day in Terrc Haute on the way to his home in Vincennes. The cong-regation of the Sacred Heart num- bered at first but few faunlies. but the erec- tion of the chui'ch gave an imjndse to settle- ment in that ])art of the city, so that in a fe\v yeai's the number of Catholics had so in- creased that a new church became necessary. The present building, a splendid gothic ecli- fici\ was conniienced in ISs:-!. nnder the man- agement of Rev. Ferdinand Bergmeyer. It was enlarged and completed two years latei- <;f til" members of this eoiiiiiHiiiity are en- gaged in teaching, others aic em])l(iyed in parocliial work. They wear the habit and follow the rule of the order founded by St. Francis of A.ssisi. formally ai)pi'(iv(>d by Pope Innocent III. in 1216. Ry a division of St. John"s pai'ish in 1S7I1, a new congregal i(]n was organized fur the aceonniiodation of the Catholics in the noi-th- western part of the city. (Ji'ound was |)ur- I'hased in what was then known as Rlake's Woods, on the coi'ner of AVest and St. Clair streets, and the church of St. Pi-igid was com- pleted and ojiened for s(>rviee in .Tannai'y. 18S0. Tlie F{m-er(>nd Daniel Currau was the HISTOKY OF GKFA'IKi; J XDlANAI'Ol.IS. (;]9 founder and first pastor of this eon»rctration. and it was throuoli his en('r<i(>tie hilxirs that the work was prosecuted with success. He still holds the position as pastor, and is as- sisted by the Rev. John V. ^IcSliane. The conurre^ation at first was not large, but it has irradually grown in size until it is now num- bei-ed among the important pai-i.shes of the city. A pastoral residence was bnilt in 1881, and later a parish school was established, con- ducted l)y the Sisters of St. Francis from (tidenburg. Indiana, attended at this time by L'dii children. .Xttached to the church are several religious and benevolent societies that do effective work in the cause in which they are engaged. .\ few years atro this congre- iratioii was divided by the formation of a new parisli farther north, yet it has on its rostei- of mrirdw rship not less than l.fiOO soids. St. Francis de Sales eongi'egatidn in Bright- wood was orgainzed as a mission in 1881, and was for several years attended from St. John's liy the Rev. Charles Curran. The ground and church on Depot street was bou'jht from a reliaioas denomination who wished to change their place of worship. .\ftei' the retirement of Rev. Charles Cnrran. who did most effective' woi'k while in charge. Ihe mission was attended from the Sacred Heart Church for several years, 'ilie firs; resident pastoi- was the Rev. Victoi' J. Bi'uck- er, who assumed charge in Januai'v. IftOO. T'ndei' his administration the parish was re organized and inqtortaid im|)i'ovements made. A brick Dastoral residence was imilt the first year, and latei- a connnodious school huildin'.:' with a ball on the upper floor was erected. The i)arisb school is in cliarge of the Sistei-s of St. Francis, and it has proved very ac- ceptable to tile people who previous to its establislunent had no school of their own. Father Biaicker. who is both an artist and a musician. di'Vot(>s much of his sjiare time to the dramatic- and musical c\dtiire of tin- young people of his congregation. St. Anthony's Church is situated on War- man avenue near Vermont street in the west^ side of the city. Tt was decided to build :i chundi in that part of the city as eai-ly as 188(i, but the work was not undertaken until three years lat(i'. 'I'Ik' lirst pastor was i]v •Rev. Francis B. Dowil. undrr whose adminis- tration a cond)ination clnifch and sciiool was built, also a pastoral residi'in-r. The church was dedicated on F\>l)ruary the first, 18'J1. 'i'he congregation, fi'w in lunnber at first, grew rapidly so that soon the chui-ch edifice liad to l)e eidarged and a parish school built. l"'ather Dowd had chai-ge of the congregation for nine years until his transfer to St. Jo- seph's Church in 1 !)(!(). The present pastor, Kev. Jose|di V. B.\ inc. recognizing the ne^d of a larger house of worship, soon conunenced the erection of a new church, which was coni- [)leted and opened for service Xovend)er lo, 1904. The conirregation continues to increase, so that the prese^it membership is counted at 1,7(10 soids. with 800 children attending the pai'ish school condu<'tcd by the Sisters of I'l'ovidenee. The Church of the .\ssumption, situated on Blaim- avenue in west Indianapolis, was commenced early in the year 1894, and was completed and dedicated August the l'2th the same year. The first pastor. Rev. Joseph Webei-, under whose management the congre- gation was oruanized, is still in charge. Soon aftei- till' church was completed a suitable pastoral residence was built. The pai'ish had at the beginning but few families, but its L;i-owth has been uninterrupted, and at i)res- ent the number of souls is counted at 950. In 189") the Sisters of St. Benedict erected a parish school building, which has been en- larjicd within the last year. The school, hav- ing -50 children in attendance, is conducted by the Benedictine Sisters from Ferdinand, Indiana. Attached to the church are several societies of religious, benevolent and social charactei'. The Holy Cross congregation was organized in 1896, inider the management of Rev. Will- i.'ini F. (Juigley, who for many years had been the associate pastor of St. Patrick's Church, lie purchased uround on Oriental street ni'ar Market and commeiK-ed the erection of the cliiircl:, bill the work undertaken was cut short iiy his unexpected death a few weeks after the corner-stone was laid. He was suc- iN'pded by the Rev. Denis McCabe, who con- tinued llic work to completion, and later built ,1 pastoral I'esidence. \\<' had charge of th.- pai'ish for seven years until his death on .\pril n, 191):!. The presi'iit pastor. Rev. .lames .1, Wade, was then iilaced in charge, ;iii(l iiiidi'i' Ilis ;idiiiinist rat ion the pai'ish has 620 HISTORY OF GEEATEIJ INDIANAPOLIS. prospered, luakiiig additional improvemeuts and paying off a heavy encumbrance. The increase in the meiiil)ership of the congrega- tion, now niTnibering over 2,000 souls, will soon require the erection of a larger church wliich will be undertaken at no distant day. 'I'he parish .schools conducted by the Sistei-s of Providence are attended by 400 pupils. The several societies attached to the church have always been active in lending aid to the pastor in his work. The Rev. John Costello. a native of Indianapolis, is the a.ssistant pa.s- tor of Holy Cross Church. The Holy Angels' Chureli is situated at the corner of Northwestern avenue and 28th street. The site was purchased in 1899. but the eongreafation was not orcranized until four years later. The building of the church, un- der the direction of Rev. James L. Carrico. was commenced in 1903, and on October the first of the same year was completed and opened for service. The building is of ro- manesque style, beautifully situated and finely furnished. The congregation when or- ganized had but thirty families, but at pres- ent has over one hundred and fifty, and con- tinues to enjoy a healthy growth. In 1907 the parish built a modern school building, the upper story of which is u.sed as a hall for the societies connected with the congregation. The school, attended by about one hundred children, is under the management of the Sisters of St. Joseph. In 1906 the Church of the Holy Trinits'. situated at the corner of Calvelase and Holmes avenue, in the district formerly known as Hfiughville. was built by the Slo- venian Catholics, under the direction of Rev. Joseph Lavric as pastor. The church, a hand- .sonie and spacious edifice, was dedicated by Bishop O'Donachue on Anril 28. 1907. The congregation. n\unberintr five hundred mem- bers, is now under the eharse of Rev. John ~\\. Smoley. The preaching in this church is in the Slovenian language. All the members of the congregation are from a part of the .Austrian pmpire where this lansxuage is spoken, and they prefer to hear the gospel preached in their mother toncrue. A Congregation of the Italian residents of Indianapolis was organized in July. 1908. un- der the management of Rev. ]\[arino Priori, who came to America as a missionarv and was appointed to take charge of his country- men living here. A large house was pur- chased on Stevens street near East, the first floor of which was converted into a chapel for use until a church will be built on Stevens street. This congregation is made up of Italian.s who are not members of other par- ishes in the city, and numbers about one hun- dred and fifty families. Service is held in the chapel regularly, the pastor residing there, and the congregation .soon expects to build a church of proper size for the accom- modation of the Italian people of the city. The congregation of St. Philip Neri's was organized in the beginning of the year 1900, under the direction of Rev. George Smith as pastor. The church, located at the corner of North and Rural streets, romanesque in style and beautiful in appearance, was dedi- cated on June 27th, five months after the work of construction began. Adjoining the church is a pretty parochial residence erected at a cost of six thousand dollai-s. Later thi- Sisters of Providence commenced the erection of a large school building which is nearing completion. The congregation numbers one hundred and fifty families, and starts out, under the direction of its energetic pastor, with briaht prospects of success. St. Catherine's Parish was organized in the southern part of the city in January, 1909, under the management of Rev. Otto C. Bosler. The corner-stone of the church was laid July 2.5th, and the work immediately pushed forward to completion. Besides the auditoriinn for public services, the building as designed also includes four school rooms connected with the main edifice so arranged as to add much to the fine architectural ap- pearance. The people composing this con- gregation were taken from St. Patrick's and the Sacred Heai't jiarishes, a])out one hundred and twenty-five families. The older parishes, particularly the former, extended substantial aid to this new foundation. The pastor, a native of Roekjiort. Indiana, ordained in 1904, had his first charge as assistant priest in Ilauffhville, and foi' the last four years was one of the associate pa.stors of St. T'atrick's Church. '{'he Chui'ch of Our Lady of Tjourdes is a mission i-ecently established in Irvins-ton for. the convenience of the Catholics in the east- HISTOJ.'Y OF (iJtKATEi; 1 X I HAXAPOLIS. 621 cm section of the city. The Kev. Josepii i'oelhuis, formerly assistant priest at the Holy Cross Church, is the resident pastor in charge. A large plat of ground near the corner of Washington sti'eet and Audubon Koad, with a fine residence, was purchased in 190it. and a suitable chapel arranged for regular sei'vices. This new congregation ex- pects soon to build a church of suitable size tor the convenience of the increasing Catholic |)opulation in that part of the city. The Connnunity known as the Little Sis- ters of the Pool- came to Indianapolis in 1873, introduc'd by the late Bishop de St. Palais. 'i'hey inuiicdiatcly built a house on Vermont sti'cct near East, where they commenced their work of charity. PVoiu the beginning they met with much encouragement, and their benevolent work was soon recognized by the f)eople of the city. The original building has since been enlarged and now furnishes a com- fortable home for the aged jioor. who seek shelter and comfort undt'r its i-oof. The only requirement for admission is that the appli- cant be without means and has i)as.sed the age when the chances of self suppoi-t are troiic. There is no religious test. The poor of any creed or of no religious profession are received without question, provided they be well behaved. The community has no income from investments of any kind, and depends entirely for the support of the inmates on the alms solicited fnmi charitably disposed people. Individually the Sisters own no property, and receive no salaiy or recom- pense for their work e.Keej)! their maintenance in the house they serve. The Community originated in a sea coast town of Brittany in France in 1840. Its inception appears rather an accident than design. A few pious women, led by motives of charity, began the work of providing for the helpless poor by asking alms from door to door. Those engaged in this work were soon formed into a conununitj' under the name of the Little Sisters of the Poor. The irrowth of the little society was rapid, and houses were soon established in many of the countries of Europe and in other lands. The first Home of the Little Sisters in America was founded in Brooklyn, New York, in 18fi8. They have now fifty Houses in the United States, two beiui: in Indiana. The Indianapolis Home is eared for by fifteen Sisters, and supports on a yearly average one hundred and twenty-five aged poor, men and \vomen. The House of the Sisters of the Good Shep- herd, situated in the southern part of the city, on Kaymond street, west of Meridian, was founded in 1873. The pui-po.se of the in- stitution is to furnish a home for females of waj^vard character who need reformation, guidance and protection, and to reclaim such as have fallen from the pathway of virtue. The Home is not a prison but rather a house of reform and perseverance where sub.jects, regardless of their religious persuasion, conu^ voluntarily or are sent by i)arents or guard- ians. Employment is furnished for those fitted for it, while those of a tender age are taught the common branches of education, and are kept until able to care for themselves. The Home is maintained by charitable offer- ings, and by the work done by the inmates at some employment suited to their capacity. The professed sisters wear a white habit, and never leave the convent except on urgent busi- ness calling them to another city. The out- door work is done by lay sisters who dress in black, and practically follow the same rule of life as the professed members. The Com- munity of the (lood Shepherd was founded in France about the close of the seventeenth century. It numbers a large membership, and has many houses in Eurojie and America. The institution known as St. Vincent's In- firmary, was established in Indianapolis in the year 1881, and was located on Vermont street near Liberty. The building there was .soon found inadequate, and the location be- ing also ob.iected to by resident property owners, the site a few years later was re- moved to the corner of l)elaware and south streets, where the present St. Vincent's In- firmary was built on the gi-ound formerly oc- cupied by the Ray House. This institution proved a great success. After the City Hos- pital, it was the first venture of the kind as a pi-ivate enterprise, tried in the city, and it was then thought generally that it would prove to be of (loubtful ntilit\-, l)ut experi- ment soon showed the contrary to be the case. The Infirmary is owned and eondticted by the Sisters of Charity from the Baltimore division of that numerous community, w-hose miitlici' house is in France. These Sisters 6'22 HISTORY OF GHEATEK I XDIAXAl'Ol.IS. I'ouduet hosijitals in nearly every country ol' the civilized world, two being in Indiana. The Diocese of Indianapolis maintains three asylnnis for the care of orphans or de- j)endent childi-eii, one at Yincennes, one in Terre Haute, aud the third. St. Vincent's Training School, at T^.") South Alabama street in Indianapolis. This school receives the or- jihans from St. Ann's asylum who have at- tained their l'2th year and ai'e not called for by relatives or guardians. The pupils are instructed in the lines of manual training at such occupation as suits their capacity, and when of suilicient age. they may obtain out- side occupation, still making the school their home. This institution was established by Bishop Chatard in 18!)0 for the purpose above mentioned, and is in charge of the Sis- ters of Providence, seven in number, who gratuitously give their service to the work. The first I^nitarian society in Indianapolis was formed on February 13. 1868. at a meet- ing called by George K. Perrin, J. B. Follett. and others. It was decided to secui-e the services of a pastor, and ilorrison's Opera Hall n-as secured for holding the services. On April 12 the tii-st services were held, con- ducted by Dr. (i. W. Ilosmer, of Antioch Col- lege. On Jlay 14 the society organized for- mally, electing officers, and services were held finite regularly for several weeks in ]\Iorri- son's hall, after which the society met for a time at the oftice of Judge David ^IcDonald. of the federal court, who had l)een a member from the start. In October. ISfiS. Rev. Henry Blanchard delivered a sermon before the so- ciety at the Academy of ^lusic. and was at once called to the pastorate. lie accepted. and began his service in January, 1869. He was a popular pulpit orator, and his audi- ences averaged about -lOO— the largest being estimated at 1,200. A Sunday school was organized which reached an enrollment of 120. Mr. Blanchard remained foi' about two years, and after he resigned no other pastor was called, and the congregation dissolved. After this there was no I'nitarian Chui'ch in the city until 1903. when All Souls Uni- tarian Church was oi-i;anized. Elmer E. Xewbert was secui-ed as jiastor, and served for three years. His sucees,si)r was Frank Scott Corey AVicks. the |ii-esent pastor. The society purchased the frame cliurch buildini; <iu Delaware, .south of Fifteenth, which had Ijeen used by the P'irst Presbyterian Churcli while it was erecting its present building, and has since occupied it. The present mem- bership is 160, and the Sunday school has 60 on its rolls. The first Univei'salist society in Indianapo- lis was organized in 1844, but it was not a strong organization and soon went to pieces. In 1853 another church was organized under the name of '"First Universalist Church of Indianapolis''. Rev. B. F. Foster, Grand Secretary i)f the order of Odd Fellows, and ihe most eminent clergyman of the denomi- nation in Indiana, was the first pastor. He .served until 1860, when he resigned and was followed by W. C. Brooks for one year. ^Ir. Foster then resumed the pastorate until 1866. when J. 'SI. Austin, of New York, served about six months. .Mr. Foster, who was at that time State Librarian, i-esumed charge until 1869, after which time there was no regular pastor, though occasional services were held for some time. The .society never had a building of its own, but worshipped at dift'ei-ent periods in the court house, in the old seminary buildint;-. in College Hall. Teni- ]ierance Hall, ^lasonie Hall, and the hall at Delaware and ^Maryland streets. In 1860 the members of the society found that they could not harmonize in this world, and a number of them withdrew. The seced- ers raised $3,000 hy subscription, of which .i=1.000 wa.s from John Thomas, the wealthy manufacturer who led the movement, and liui-chased a lot on the north side of ]\Iichi- gan street, half way between Illinois and Cai)itol avenue. Here they erected a substan- tial brick church, of which C. E. Woodbury and ^V. W. Curry (later Secretary of State i were pastors for a year. The congregation then went to pieces, and ]\Ir. Thomas took thi- building for what the congregation owed him. paying also some $5,000 of othei- indebtedness. It was occupied l)y Wesley Chapel congrega- tion while they were building at New York and ileridian streets: later by a division of Strange Chapel, when it split in 1870. This wa.s called the Couflrreirational ilethodist Church and had for pastor J. W. T. Mc:\Iul- len. noted for eloquence, and as the first iMilonel of the Kifty-first Indiana Regiment. Still latei- till' liuildinu- was occupied by the I iiist(ii;n- ()1 CI i;.\ii;i; ixdi.wai'oi.is. G23 Xinth Presl)yti'ri?iri (culoriMl i Cliiii-ch, until it was coiulciiiiii'd as iiiisat'i' l)y tlie city au- thorities, and torn down. l*"or a long time there was no I'niversnlist Chiu-ch in the eity, l)iit. tliere is now a small eongreiratiou with a 'huieli at Fil'teeiith and New Jersey streets. Tlie advanee ir'uard of tlie Salvation Army iMuded in New "^'ork in the spring of 1880, .ind there were two or three etYort.s to estab- lish a station here in the uext decade, but none succeeded until 1S9"2. I'ossihiy the rea- son was tliat thiMv were no slums in Indian- ;i|)olis. l)ut the ai'm>' has found plenty of iiiatei'ial to work on since that lime. It now maintains tliree institutions here, its liead- i|uarters, in the lialdwin block, which .serves the purpose of an intellisreiice ofifiee as well IS directing the affairs of the army; an in- dnstrial school .it 111'.") Kast Tenth street, w hei-c transient men ai'c cared for and pay I'nv tiieir hoard and lodL'ing in work; and a mission hall on South ('ai)itol avenue, where irligicnis services are held every night. The iitHcers. fi-oin lii'utenant uj). correspond in a way to clei-gymen. None of them are "com- mi-ssioned" until after a satisfactory course ill a "Training Home", or school, of which there is one at Chicago and one at New York. The sergeants and ti-easnrei's and secretaries ;ii-c usually local membei's who follow their iiistomary vocatiorLs, and give what time they can to the ariny work. The religious work is independent of all clnuchi's but friendly to all. .\ Salvation .\rmy convert, if he does not feel ccpial to iindiM-faking army work, is I'ecommended to .join some church, making his own selection. None of the officers or wor-kers have any guar- anteed salary. Each station is self-snpjiort- ing. and if receipts are small, expenditures nnist correspond. There are about fiO active workers at Indianapolis, and about 120 who ai'e counted as regular subscribers to the work. 'I'he work hei'c is in ehai'ge of Ma.joi- Wm. E.scott, and consists of religions work iiid practical chai'ity to "the ])ooi-est". Special features are made of the Thaid<sgiv- iig and Christmas dinnei-s, but the really 'jr(>at work is the steady, never-ending relief I if the sick, and helpless, and destitute. One of the interesting characters among the work- ers, who has been hei'e several times in the last ten years, is .Vdjntant tjiinia Wcstlirook. who was one of the original seven who came to this country with Connnis-sioner Kailton, in 1880, and "planl"d the cdlurs on Ami'i-ican soil". The Volunteers of America were organized in 18;)(j— incorp(n-ated November tj, 189G — after the ruj)ture between Ballington Booth and his father. There wei'e also attempts to locate a station of this here, before the one in ]!)()"2 succeeded. It was in charge of Lieuten- ant JIa.jor V. J. I'reston, who has been iu charge ever since, except abotit eighteen months in li)()4--'5, when Captain Beisner and Ad.jutant A. •>. llaie were in charge. Its woi'k is similar to that of the Salvation Ai-my, except that all its work is done at the Mis- sion Hall, and no lodging house is maintained. The ^lission Hall was established at fj:n \V. Wa.shington street on November 1, 1902, and was removed to its present location at 44 S. ('apitol avenue. The Voliuiteers give a Christmas dinner, and an annual outing for poor ehildi-en on the last Thur.sday in Jtnie, at Riverside I'ark. The Volunteers have 38 in their active work here, and about 90 who are counted as sustaining members. The pro- motions are all on merit, and to reach the rank of major one must pass examinations about equivalent to thos(> of the ordinary can- didate foi' oi'dination. Christian Science was introilnccd in In- dianapolis in 1889 when a few persons who had heard of it elsewhere organized a cla.ss to study it, and called a teacher for the usual course of lectures. One membei' of this class, Mrs. Aiuiie B. Dorland. stiulied later under ;\Iis. Mary Baker Eddy, and then took uj) the woi-k of a teachi>r and piactitioncr in this eity. On ^lay 28, 18ft7, a permanent (U-gaiii- zation of church workers was effected, and incorporated under the state law as "First Church of Christ, Scientist, of Indianapolis. This church holds regular .services in the east ]iarlor of the Proi\vlaeinn, and maintains a public Christian Science reading room at 15 and 1() Lombard Building;-. The ])r<'sent mem- bership of this church is l-IO. In August. 19fl.'3, anothi'i' society seemed desirable, and the Second Church was organized. It began liolding services in Shortridge High School buildinn-. but grew so rapidly that a lot was |)urchasi'd at ^leridian and Walnid streets, and ,'1 liuililin'j ^ealiu'j- ."lOO was erected. This C24 HISTORY OF GIJEATEK INDIANAPOLIS. -J < z « ffl H CO O O Z H HISTORY OF Cltr.ATEH INDIANAPOLIS. 6'?5 was used for lliree yeai's. wlu'U it bucaiue too small, and meetings are now held in the (irand Lodge auditoiiuiii of the Masonic Temple. It also maintains a reading room at till Odd Fellows Hiiilding. The meuiber- shii) <kt' this elnii-<-li is ahniit 4(10, but the aver- age attendance is twiee that number. These ehurehes have "" readers'' instead of [)astors. There are two readers for each meeting, the first of whom reads from the Bible, and the second from "Science and Health, with Key to the Scri|iture.s"'. They have their own hym- nal for sung service. Prayer is silent, fol- lowed by the Lord's Prayer repeated audibly. \vith "spiritual interpretation" by the pastor in i-esponsive reading. In addition to these two churches there are :5.') accredited practi- tioners of healing on the Christian Science system who maintain pul)lic offices. The Pentecost Rands of the World is one (if the babes and sucklings among religious deiKiminations, having been in existence oidy ,1 quarter of a century. It originated in the missionary preaching, in Michigan, of Vivian A. Dake, an Independent ^lethodist, and in LSSr> he and six others inc(n-i)orated under the laws (if Illinois as a religious society under the above name. Their theology is very simi- lar to that of the ^Methodists, but with the understanding that the effects of faith and jirayer are just as great as in New Testament times. They believe in direct answer to l)rayer not only for healing the sick but also for financial aid when needed. The work of this sect was begun in Indianapolis in 1890 by Thomas II. .Xelson, one of the seven origi- nal incor])orators and directors, and present l)resident of the society. The work here has been remarkable. The large stone church and headquarters, at 'I'l-i North New Jersey street, includes a church room, a residence of eighteen rooms back of it. and a printing office in the basement, in which are printed tracts, books, and a weekly pai)er. The Ifintld of L'mhI. whicli is the organ of the sect. The j)rititing oftice has three ])re.sses, riui by elec- tricity, and there is a fully e(|ui|)ped bind- ery included in it. The work is done with- out charge by twenty-live • ■ inissionaries" who live at the residence witli Mr. Nelson and family. Back of this laigc building is the Free Shelter House, maintained on a charity basis for the relief of the destilllte. wbiell Vol. 1—40 was built in 19()S, and gave shelter to 4,000 persons in 1900. The remarkable fact is that this church building was erected "without money and without price". The labor was donated; the Bedford limestone of whicli it is constructed was donated at the quarries; the money for the freight was "prayed for", and was do- nated with such regidarity that the work was never impeded for want of material, althongh there are 'SO carloads of stone in the building. There is no eifort to secure members to the church, the work being on a missionary basis, but the Sunday congregations average 250, and the Siuiday school abotit W) in attend- ance. Although holdiuir to faith healing, this sect denounces Christian Science teaching, and believes th(u-onghly in "matter" and "l)ain". ]\Irs. Eddy is held up as the prophetic Antichrist. The church was nine months in buildinir. and was dedicated on January 1. 1902. In Jaiuiary. 1910, the society completed the purchase of 20 acres on AVest Washington street, between Big and Little P^agle Creeks, to be used as a "camp ground", including the notorious resort known as "Eagle's Nest". All orthodox churches are to be al- lowed to use these grounds for camp-meetings or other religious meetings. The society also has 210 acres about 10 miles west of the city, near Bridgeport, on which are maintained an Orphanage and an Old Folks' Home. The Ori)haimge is for children who have lost both parents, and fotmdlings. the charges being taken with the purixise of rearing them. It is supplied with almost everything needed for tht^ work, and everything is donated. In- dianapolis is now tiie hea<lquarters of this sect, which has branched out extensively, having missions in Egypt, India, Sweden and other foreign countries. The orphanage is a feature of the work, and there are three maintained in the United States in addition to the one in Indiana. The II i raid of Luiht publishes no secular advertisements of any kind. The Society of Friends was not largely repi-esented in the early settlement of In- (lianai)olis, the only one recorded being "Un- cle Billy" Townsend, who came here and built a cabin in 1S20, prei)aratory to bringing his familv in the rollowiipe sprini;-. He was 62G iiis-1'iinv OF (;i;i:atki; ixdiaxai'hi.is. from (luilfdnl lOiiiity. North Carolina, and would probably l)e accounted a "Progi-es- sivc" in the latter day classification of Fi'iends, as he was no stickler for mere forms. It happened that he had put his cabin in what was later laid out for Kentucky avenue, and when General Can-, the Agent of State, told him he woidd have to move it, Billy remonstrated on the onmnd that the avenue was "'all woods'' on both sides of it, and when his protest fell on deaf ears he put oft' his shad-bellied coat, observing: "Lie there, Quaker, until I administer to the gineral a trentle chastisement"". But the general was a man (>f peace, and declined to quiet title in that way. so the matter was compromised on a basis of temporary toleration. About 1825 Billy removed to Hendricks County, which he represented in the legislature in the wild-eat currency days : and he then gained wide note by introducing a bill requiring the State Treasurer to issue to each citizen enough paper moin^v to |)ay his debts. This was set for discussion on a legal holiday, and after a vehement debate was passed hy an over- whelming vote, but not until it had been amended by a provision of a heavy penalty for anyone who should call for more money than he Tieeded. The next accession of Friends was in 1834, when Jacob S. "Willets and Robert R. I'nder- hill. with their families, located here. Robert rndei-hill was accounted the wealthiest man in Indiana in his day — rated at half a million. He brought his family here from New Yoi-k in a carriage, and after arriving traded the cai'i-iat'c for the entire scpiare on which Short- ridge High School now stands. Here he erected a laru'c brick residence on the east half of the southwest quarter of the square. Across Pennsylvania street, on the square be- low, where the Second Presbyterian Church now stiinds, he built an iron foundry and operated it for a number of years. Soon after these two came H\igh Smith, a shoe- makei'. 'from Cincinnati, and his wife Sai'ah, who for many years had a school at the south- east corner of Alabama and ^Market streets. Then came Mary White and Sarah Weaver, with theii' families, and John Reeve from New Jei"sey, with his family. A jietition was now sent to Fail-field Monthly ^Meeting, the nearest to this place, for an '"indidged meet- ing"" at Indianapolis, which was granted on Sejitember 1-^. 1836. The sessions of this meeting were held at a small frame house just north of CnderhilFs foundry, under care of a committee from Fairfield ilonthly ]\Ieet- ing. It was continued for about two and one-half years, and then discontinued on ac- count of the removal of part of the members and olher discouragements. The half dozen Friends who were left con- tinued to hold meetings at Robert Uiulei'- hilTs. As there were no ministers among them they were usually silent meetings, ex- cept that about the middle of the hour Robert Underbill would read a chapter from the Bible. In 1834 he went for a long visit to New York, and the meetings were then held at the house of William and Hannah Hadley. on North Pennsylvania street. The tide of immigration now brought several accessions, among them Alfred Johns(m and John and yiavy Carter. The meeting grew too largi' for the Hadley home, so they rented a build- ing at 426 North Pennsylvania, tised as a church by the English Lutherans. About this time Thomas and Hannah Peai"Son came into the meeting, and were especially wel- come, for Hannah Pearson was a minister, and the first resident one, in their meetintr. In ^fay. 1855, a reqiiest was made to Fair- field .Monthly Meeting foi' an established meeting at Indianapolis, which was granted in Seiitember, 1855; and from that time dates the organization of the First Friends Church of Indianapolis. The first step was to provide a church building, and it was decided to go farthei- out from the center of the city than the other denominations had done. The plan ado|>teil was to buy the triangle boundi'd by Fort Wavne avenue, St. Clair and Delaware streets, for $2,800. reserving a lot 100 feet s(iuare at the corner of St. Clair and Dela- ware foi- the church, and selling the remain- der, primarily to Friends who might desire to locate there. It was agreed to erect a two- storv building, the lower one to be used for a school. As they lacked about $3,000 of the money needed they had to seek aid from i>ther ineetings, and the two-story proposition was found a serious obstacle in getting dona- tions; as was also the proposal to have seats with h:\rk^ and ends S\ii-l! scats were noth- fclli iiis'ioiiv oi' (;!;k.\- XDIAXAI'OI.IS. G2r in^' less than "pews", iiiui the usual Kiieiuls' iiieetinu'-hduse of the time was a low one-storj' liuiltlin;/, twiee as louji as wide, with a mova- ble pai'titioii to separate tlie business lueet- inus of the men and the women. However, the members jjersisted. and the ehureli was <-(implete(l au(l occupied in December, 1856, til'' tir.st service beinsr conducted by Eleazer liales, a noted Plaintield minister, who dedi- cated it to the Lord, free ficim incumbi-anee. Tlie churcli ui-ew slowly but steadily. In l>s.")!t the Tndiana|)olis meetin«;' was made part <it' Hi'idneport Monthly Meeting', and its mem- l)ership was then 57. In LSGo the member- ship had reached 150, and Indianapolis was granted its own Jlonthly Jleeting:. The .Monthly, (Quarterly and Yearly iMeetings of the Friends are governmental and disciplin- ai-y organizations, cori-esponding in general to the presbyteries, synods and conferences of otlier Protestant sects. Their ministry, under the old system, wa.s not paid ; and called for uo special training or education, as all preach- ing, prayer and other worship was on motion of the Spirit : but ministers were recorded or designated by the meetings as their gifts ap- [)eared. In ^><21 the Friends divided, part Following the teaehings of Hlias Hicks, which inclined to Initarianisiii. The.se are com- monly Iniown as "Ilicksites" and the others as "'Orthodox"'. Although the Ilicksito movement was quite strong in the East it had few adherents in Ijidiana, and the church here was Orthodo.x. Another division began in the foi'ties on the teachings of Joseph <iurney, against adherence to mei-e tem]>oral forms; the o|)position being led by -lohn Wil- bur. The foi-nier ai-e sometimes called "Gur- ney''. or "Progrcsvsive" Friends, and the latter "Wilbur" or "Conservative" Friends. The foi'mer, to which the Indianai)olis church belongs, diseai'ded distinctive dress, and have usually adopted paid ministers, singing, ])i'e- seribed services, insti'umental music, and I'e- vival methods. They have also oi'ganized the "Five Years' ^Meetings", with advisoi-y rather than governnn'iital powers, and most of them have ado|)ted a ■"Fniform Disci- jiline". Their national oriian is '/7m .l//irri- cim Frii 11(1. a Philadelphia weekly publica- tion. The first resident ministers followini;- Han- nah Pear'son were l)a\id and Hannah Tatum. who were here from is.'Ss to l»(j(j. In 1862 came James Trueblood. who.se wife, Jane Trueblood, an Englishwoman, was an efKcient minister for :!0 years in the Indianapolis church, and also a prominent worker in the city's charities. ]n 1864 came James Smith, whose wife Sarah Smith, also an English- woman, and an efficient mini.ster, became even more ])rominent in charitable work. She made her name Sarah J. Smith, to distinguish herself from Sarah Smith the Friend school • eacher. She and her hnsban<l began the work among homeless and destitute women which developed into the Home for Fi'iend- less Women on North Capitol avenue; and when the Women's Prison and Girls' Re- f(n-matoi'y was (>stablished she was made its sujK'rintendent, and served until the infirmi- ties of age caused her to resign. Other min- isters of the early period wei'c Barnabas C. Hobbs. Enos G. i'ray. Calvin W. Pritchard. Drusilla Wilson, William S. Wooten, Anna iMills, John Stanton, James Adams, and Jo- seph John Mills. The jegularly employed ])astorate began in 1888. w'hen Levi Rees was called, and .served until 18<)8. Following him camp Thomas C. Brown, 1893-7; Albert J. Brown. 1897-1902; and Moiton C. Pearson, 1902 to date. The religious work of the Friends in In- dianapolis can hardly be separated from their charitable work. During and after the Civil War, Jacob Willitts and his son Penn had charge of the Frecnlman's Aid Society in a one-story building on Pennsylvania street north of Washington — an enter])rise of West- ern Yearly Meeting that was of vast service to the colored refugees. The ()|-phan .Asylum was an ob.iect of their special interest. Dru- silla Wilson was president of the board of maruigers from the early si.xties till she went to Columbus, ^Mississippi, to take charge, with her husband, of a colored school there for the Freedman's Aid l^oeietw She was succeeded as president by Hannah llailley. who served for some 20 years. In 1868. as colored or- phans were not admitted to the asyhim, she initiated the movement for a colored ori)haii asylum. Some of the largest donoi's, who were not Friends, made it a condition of Iheii- gifts that the institution should always be eonti-olled by Friemls. and it has always lii'cn controlh'il b\- boards of manauers anil 628 HISTORY OF GREATER INDIANAPOLIS. directors who were members of the Friends' Church. In 1887 the women of Western Yearly fleeting organized to establish a boarding home for girls, and opened it in Augn-st, 1890. It was an up-hill work to maintain it until William Hadley Ballard, seeing the importance of the work, deter- mined to give it a permanent home as a memorial to his little daughter. He accord- ingly erected the tine bxiilding, with all con- veniences, known a.s the Bertha Ballard Home, with accdniiiiodation for 60 girls. This was put in the hands of the association, which had been incorporated, and is now self-supporting. An early mission Sunday school of Friends, in 1866, at East and St. Clair streets, devel- oped into Allen A. M. E. Church. A mission established in 1890 in West Indianapolis grew beyond tutelage, and in 1904 was set off as a new meeting, with 17.3 members. David Com- mons is the present pastor. A later mission was established in Haughville. where it has a church on Holmes avenue with 100 members. Josiah Pennington is the pastor. The Friends' Church had no regidar Sunday school of its own until 1863, when one was organized with Nathaniel Carpenter as super- intendent. A Young People's Christian En- deavor Society was organized in 1889. A small organ was introduced for the Sunday school and Christian Endeavor work; then a piano for the Sunday school ; and finally an organ for the church. The project of a new church building was talked of for a do^en years before it finally ripened into action. Then the site was se- cured at Alabama and Thirteenth streets, and the present modern and handsome build- ing was erected, at a cost of .$30,000. It was dedicated in the fall of 1895, the dedication sermon being preached by Benjamin F. True- blood, the distinguished secretary of the .A.mer'ican Peace Society, who is a native of Indiana and a graduate of Earlham College. In this church, on June 4, 1905, was cele- brated the fiftieth anniversary of the church, with appropriate s(>rvices. including a his- torical review by Elizabeth Harvey Cox, which is more than a history of the church; it is a history of the Friends in Indianapolis. The church at the pi'esent time has 962 mem- bers, and 300 on the Sunday school roll ; and is recognized as one of the live churches of the city. There may have been Jewish visitors to Indianapolis prior to the coming of the rail- road, but none settled here until 1849. when Closes Woolf and Alexander and Daniel Franco, of Plymouth. England, came to the city. In 1850 the Knetier family came from Hungary. In 1853 Adolpli De.ssar, ]\[ax and Julius Glaser, and ^lax Dernham joined the colony. In 1855 Herman Bamberger and Jacob Goldman settled here. Oi'-ganized con- gregational life dates from November 2. 1856, when fourteen Jews met at the house of Julius Glaser and organized the Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation. The officers elected were Moses Woolf, president ; Dr. J. 'SI. Ro- senthal, vice president ; Max Glaser. treas- urer; Adolph Dessar, secretary: and ilax Dei-nhain, Adolph Rosenthal and Julius Glaser, trustees. At the same meeting enough money was subscribed to buy three and a half acres of laud south of the city for a Jewish burial ground. In 1857 a room on the third flooi- of Blake's block, opposite the Bates House (now Claypool Hotel) on Wa.sh- ington street, was rented by President AVoolf for divine worship. In the fall of that year Rev. ^I. Berman was engaged for the holi- days, and remained with the congregation for a year, holding services on Saturday morn- ing's. But othei-s of the faith were coming to In- dianapolis, anil the congregation found their quarters too small, so, in 1858, they estab- lished themselves in a hall on Washinutou street, across fi'om the eoui't house, and the noted Dr. Isaac il. AVise came to dedicate the hall to its new use. The dedication was on October 24, and on the night of the 25th a dinner was given at Parisette'.s. the leading caterer of the time, with prominent people as guests, toasts, and all the accompaniments of a gala occasion.- In a short time Rev. .Tndah Wechsler was engaged as Rabbi, and re- mained in that capacity till 1861. ^lean- while there had been a considerable influx of Jews from various European eoiuitries. and with somewhat conflieting ideas of church usage, so that there was a difference of opin- 1 -Best account is in TIk ('i(i:rn. October 26. 1858. IIISIDin- (IF (iKKA'I'RR IXDIANAI'OLIS. 629 iiiu ;is to a siKx-fsstii- to Uabbi Wuchsk-r; but finally Rabbi Max Closes was secured. He was of the prosrressive type, and first intro- duced sinuiug by a choir in the congreiration. In 18t)l}-4 J{al)bi Kallish was in charji'e; and after him Jiulali Weclisler came afrain. and i-emained until 18()7. Uuriim- his I'abliinatc tlie coniireuation decided on permanent <|uarters. On 'J'hanksirivino- day. 1S64, a committee with -Morris Solomon at the head was appointed to hokl a fair and raise funds, and the woi'i< was jirosecuted thereafter with sucii success that in 186.5 the corner-stone of the Temple on Mai-ket street was laid by Ral)l)i Lillien- thnl and (iovernoi- Conrad Baker. Followiii';' Rabbi Weclislei-. came l\abl)i Mayer blessing, on October 21. 18ti7, for a stay of forty years. He is a native of Ger- many, born in (iostyn, Posen. December 10, 1S4:5. His father was a Ral)l)i, and so are his bi'others, Henry J. Messiny of St. Louis, ;md A. J. iMes.sin»; of Chicaiio. His father was also a wi-jter on reljufious topics, and the j>ret'ace of one of his books was written l)y Sir .Moses ]\Iontefiore. Afayer INressin'r was carefully educated, and after I'cceivins" his deirree. in 1860, he was chosen Hal)bi of Meek- lenbui'ir-Schwrrin. Four years later he snc- ceeiled his tatliei' ;is Kabl)i at (iostyii. He serv<'d in the (ierman army iluriiiLr the Aus- tro-l'iMissian wai-. b\it secured his I'clease aftei' its close, and cami> to New York in 1867. He was called from New York hei-e, and bejran his work at once on arrival, officiating at the services for the Holy Days, which I)e<ran the day after his arrival. He was an enthusiastic woi-ker and educator, and made his eonyreua- tion the foremost i-eformed eonjire^ation of the state. On his arrival he instituted Friday eveniiii: services, and started a (hiily Hebrew class and a Sabbath school fni' tin' children on Saturday mni'innjrs, after the services. l.Mti-i' 111' tiiiii< lip (Irpartmeiital woi'k on Sun- day iiiorniniis, in which the younii- people took part <_dadly. and the Temi)le has lonu' had the unique feature of a Sunday school. His work has not bei-n limited to his church, but has reached nut in all rharitable and hu- mane lines. .Mtcnlion lias often been at- tiacted by his work, hand in baud witli l-"a- thei' Ressonies and Oscar McCullouiih in the ehaiities of the city. He is on the boards of thr Industrial lloinr foi- the Hlinil. tlu' Fresh Air Mission and tlie Indiana Red Cross. He was the first president of the local Humane Society. At the same time he has always taken an active and stimulating- part in the special charities of the Jewish church: and in his service he has gone out to all jiarts of the state. He came here in time to join with Dr. Wise, of Cincinnati, in dedicating the ]\rarket Street Temple, and had the satisfac- tion of aiding in the dedication of its succes- sor. There had been some advocates of a change of site, and in 1897 when the Ohev Zedek Hinigai-ian congregation offered $10,- 000 for the old Temple it was decided to ac- cept it. .\ new site was pui'cha.sed at St. Joe and Dehnvare streets, where the corner-stone of the new Temple was laid on June 5, 1899, and the handsome building was dedicated on November 8, 1899. In 1907, at the close of his forty yeai-s of labor. Rabbi Messing retired as active head of the congregation and was made Rabbi Emeritus. In 1909 he left foi- an eight- nmiitlis toui' of Europe anil to the Holy Land. Habbi blessing was succeeded by Rabbi Morris M. Feuerlicht, who had been his as- sociate Rabbi since 1904. Morris M. Feuer- licht is a son of Rev. Jacob Feuerlicht, an able scholar and teacher, who has served sev- eral promiiii'nt congregations, and since 1904 has been superintendent of the Jewish Home for the Aged, at Chicago. .Morris M. Feuer- licht was born January 17. 1879. He was educated at the Brinnner School, Ho.ston, and the University of Cincinnati and Hebrew T^nion College, receiving his degree of Rjdjbi in 1901. He afterw:irds did post-graduate work at the Chicago Fniversity. He served ■■IS Rabbi at Lafayette before coming here. Since coming he has taken an active part in the literary and charitable life of the city, as well as actively pursuing his chiiicli work. He is president of the (Children's Aid So- ciety, which has been an important coadjutor of th" Juvenile Court. The membership of the Temple at present is "J-J.') heads of fann- lies and there arc loO children in the Sab- bath school. It is worthy of note that the Indiauai)olis Hebrew congregation has shown the greatest libei-alitv by tenderiiiL' the use of the temple to ^leridian Street Church, St. Paul's Church and to Plymouth Church con- gregations when their ehui-ches were de- stroved. The Jewish sei'vices beinir on Fi'i- 630 iriSTUliY OF (iKEATKi; 1 XDIANAI'OLIS. day and Saturday, leave the Temple free on Sunday. The example in toleration is well worth consideration by Christian sects; and a number of Christian ministers have ex- ehanp-ed jjulpits with Kabbis JMessing and Feuerlicht. The Hungarian Ohev Zedek (Love the Truth) congregation was organized in 1885, by Israel Click, who was not a rabbi, but a teacher and "cantor''. He served until 1889, and was followed bv K<ibbi Fedennan, 1889- 94; Kabbi Klein, 1894-7; Rabbi Jacob Hart- man, 1897 to date. The congregation first Hebrew congregation which worships at ]Mad- ison avenue and Union street was organized in June, 1904, by Rabbi Charles Hoffman, now of Newark, N. J. He was succeeded by Rabbi Samuel B. Kaufman, who established a Hebrew school and Sabbath school in con- nection with the temple M'ork. He resigned in 1908. and was succeeded in 1909 by Rabbi Hirsh Coldberg. The Polish congregation holding services at Eddy and IMerrill streets, known as Kenasses Israel, was organized in 1892. The Rabbi in charge is I. Y,. Neustadt. a thorough Talmudic and Hebi'aic scholar. THE JEWISH TEMPLE. \\iirsliipi)ed in a hall at the southeast corner of Ohio and ]\[ai'ket streets. It then went to a hall at Virginia avenue and Louisiana street vintil 1897, when it purchased the Mar- ket street Temple. This is an orthodox con- gregation, following all the old usages, such as the men wearing their hats during the .services, etc. It formerly maintained a daily school (except on Saturdays) which was con- ducted in Hebrew. (lerman and English, but this has been discontinued for several years. The congregation includes 57 heads of fami- lies. Most of the services are in Hebrew. There are three other orthodox Hebrew congregations in Indianaiiolis. The United and an active worker in the Jewish Federa- tion. He is also Rabbi of the Shaare Tefila congregation, which holds services on Meri- dian street near Nerwood. The services of both these congregations are held in Hebrew. The Adventi.sts are in a general wa.v the successors of the "Millerites", who began looking for the second coming of Christ in 1843. Xotwithstrinding disajipointments there were over 50,000 of them who still adhered to the faith at the time of William Miller's death in 1849; and there are over 90.000 of them now in the six sects into which the mil- lennial churches have divided. Of these much the strongest is the Seventh Day Adventists;, HISTOKV OF (IKKA'I'Ki: 1 M M A N A rol.l; (i31 wild have ;il)out ]S>W cliurehi's and over 57.- (KM) iiieiiihi'i's. Four (if the seels are eoiiitrre- Lratioiial in lidvernnient. hut tile Seventh Day Adveiitists and the Chui'eli of (lod each have eonferene(>.s that are supreme. The Seventh Day Adventi.sts, the onl.y one of the sects represented in Indianapolis, hold that the mil- lennial pnipheey was fidfilled in 1848 : that the Day of .Iudj;iiient is in pro^-i'ess : that the ■'eh'ansina' of the sanctuary " has occurred; that total abstinence, vegetarianism and hy- triene are essential features of reliiriou: thai the gift of |)ropliecy still exists, and was ac- corded to Mrs. Ellen G. White: that the Tnited States is "the two-horned beast"; that the dead arc unconscious; that the wicked are punished by annihilation- and that salvation is free to all who accept its conditions before death. Their baptism is by immersion. Their liea(l(|uarters arc at Hattle ('reek, ^lieh.. and they have seven publishing- houses in various parts of the world, with sanitariums and sem- inaries in several states and missionaries all over the earth. The first known organized work of the Sev- enth Day Advenlists here, was a nii.ssion es- tablislu'd on ("hei-ry street (Tenth) in 1884. A l)uilding was erected at Fourteenth and Central avenue in 1888: and the First Church was organized there on August 25, 1888. In W(Y.] this was .sold, aiid in 1904-5 the present building Avas ei-eeted at 515 East Twenty- third street. It was dedicated on (^ctobei- 8, 1905. This chui'ch has 92 members, and 86 in the Sunday school, though two other churches Inive been set olf fi'om it. The Sec- ond Seventh l)a\ .\ilventist Church is at Thirteenth and j-fural strect.s, and has 54 members. The Thii-d. or West Side Church, is at 212fi W. :Michigan street, and has 38 members. The church <u-gani/.ation is es,sen- tially missionary and evangelistic, and there is seldom a i-cgidar |)astoi-a1e in a church, thiiuijli lliere are elders who have charge of them and ai'e for the time being their min- isters. The ministei-s iti charge for 1909-10 are E!dei-s ^Fori-is Lukeiis. .\. li. Miller and W. A. Young. There is much moi- udrol of the members by the cidei's than is com- mon in other cIuii-cIk's. and their membiTship is notably exemplary. The ^loraviiin Chui-eli claims In be the nld- "st of the jirotestanl eliiin-lies, and with snirie reason, for it was originally organized by the followers of John Muss, and IkkI over 2(iO,(K)0 members at the time of Luther's Keformation. Its episcopal or apostolic suc- cession came from the Austrian Waldes.ses, through liishop Stephens in 1467. It was badly cripjiled by i)ersecutions in the Seven- teenth centuiy, but was reorganized uiuler Count Zinzendoi'tT in the Eighteenth, and be- came notetl in America for its )iiissi(jn work amoiiL'- the Indians. In fact it may almost chnni iirecedenee at Indianapolis, for, al- though there is a tradition of an eai-lier Cath- olic mission, the only certainly known mis- sion to the Indians on White Hivcr was that of the .Moravians, 1801-6. The first church organization was made at Indianapolis on Decern bei- 8. 1894. The corruM'-stonc of the i-hurch building at College avenue and Twen- ty-si.\th street was laid in 1901, anil the build- ing was formally opened on October 26 of that year, but was not dedicated until 1909. The pastors have been AVm. Vogler, 1894- 190.?: AF. E. Kem|)er. 1903-5; (ieorge J. Crist, 1905 to date. The church has 107 mem- bers, and 210 in the Sunday school. The IMo- ravian Chui-ch has no fixed creed, but its teachings are those of the pi'otestant church- es in general, except that it leaves to the in- dividual his choice of belief as to the "mys- teries'', such as the Trinity, predestination, the sacraments, the method of regeneration, etc. They believe in the con.scious existence iif the soul after death, and the resuri'cetion of the body. The offici,-d name of the church is I'nitas Frali-um. oi- I'uity of Bretlu-en. but they arc sometimes called I'nited Kn-tli- r-en or I'nited Brethren in Christ. What are moi-e conniKiuly known as the I'nited Hrcthi-en, howevei', oi- moi-e pr(i]>ei-ly, "rniled Hrethren in Chi-ist ", are thi- mem- bers of a denominalion foi-mally organizcil in 1800. as the result of a i-cvival moveiiK'nt bc- •jnn among the (iei-iiians of Pennsylvania ami .Mai-yland in 1765 by I'hilip William Ottcr- bein. a miinstei- of the (Jei-irian Heformeil ('hui-i-h. and .Mai-tin Koelnii. a Meiuionite min- ister. The theolog\- of the chun-li is .\niiin- lan. anil it has no oflicial cennection with either the .Moravians or the .Melhodisls. tlioui;h its orijanizalinn is vi'vy similar to the l;ittei-. Origiiudh- its ser\-iccs were conducti'd in (ienrian. lint they ai-e now almost wholly 632 HISTOKY OF GKKATEK IXDIAICAPOLIS. in Enulisli. Womeu have been aihiiittcd to the ministry on equal terms with men since 1889. Tlie first society of this denomination in Indianapolis was organized in 1830, and in 185] it built a luiek church at the south- east corner of Ohio and Xew Jersey streets which was occupied for a quarter of a cen- tury. In 18(ii) there was a split in the socie- ty, and the majority reorganized under the name of the Liberal United Brethren, and closed the dooi-s of the church to the minor- ity. The .minority brought suit, and recovered po.ssession of the property on August 31, 1870. The Lilierals then disbanded, most of the members going into the Jlethodist Church. The pastors up to 1870 were J. D. Vardaman, A. Long, A. Davis. :\r. Wright, D. Stover, C. W. Witt, P. S. Cook, William Nichols, L. S. Chittenden. J. S. Wall, Amos Hanway, B. F. ]\Ioi'gan and W. J. Pruner. Amos Hanway, the liest known of these, went off with the Liberals and became a ^Methodist. The United Brethren afterwards removed to Oak street, between Vine and Cherry; and later built their present church at Park avenue and St. Clair, of which Rev. Elmer E. Swords is pastor. The Second United Brethren Church was oi-ganized in 1889, and at one.' built its chui'ch at Dearborn and Eleventh streets. The i)astor is M. K. Richardson, and it has 125 members, and 100 in the Sxinday school. The Rcfdriiied Church in the United States, formerly known as the German Reformeil Church, is an offshoot of the Reformed Church of Germany, one of the great sects resulting from the Reformation. It is rep- resented in Indianapolis by six churches. The First Reformed Church, at Ohio and Noble streets, the oldest of the,se, dates hack to 1852. In the fall of 1851 the Board of Do- mestic IMissious sent Rev. George Lang here as a mis.sionary. and lie began pi'i>acliing every Sunday in the court house. He soon gathered a permanent congregation, and on June 24, 1852, tlie corner-stone of a church building was laid on a site on Alamalia sti-eet. half a scpiare north of Washingtmi. Tlic church was comjilcted and dedicated on l)e- cembei- 5. 1852. Mr. Lang served until l!*5t), and his successors have been, M. G. J. Stern, 1857-65; Henrv Echmeier, 1865-8; J. S. Barth (supply). 1868-9; H. Helming. 1871- M); Jolui Kettiu, 1881-:3; C. F. Keller, 1883-6; C. AVisner, 1880-8; J. G. Steinib, 1888-9; W. Wittenberg, 1899-1901; C. Wisner, 1901-5; H. Helming (supply), 1905-7; Frederick W. Engelnumn, 1907 to date. During tlie pas- torate of ]\Ir. Echmeier the church was en- larged; but the congregation outgrew it, and in 1889 moved to a new building at Noble and Ohio streets, which was dedicated on Sep- tember 1, 1889. This church now has 108 members, and 50 in the Sunday school. The Second (St. John's) Reformed Church was organized as a free church in 1859, with C. E. Kuester as pastor till 1866. Then C.J. E. Steinbaeh, a Lutheran missionary worker, ministered to it for two years'. On January 1, 1868, the congreaation called M. G. J. Stern in his place ; and in 1871 the second Reformed Church was organized, ~Slr. Stern serving as its pastor for over thirty yearsT^ Connected with this church is a German- English parochial school. The first church building was on East street, south of ^lerrill. The present one is at the corner of ilerrill II nd Alabama, and Henry AV. Vitz has been the pastor since January, 1898. The church has 467 members, and 387 in the Siuiday school. In 1S80, sixty of the members of tht> First Church left it and organized the Third (Immanuel) Reformed Church. Its buildins at New Jersey and Prospect street was dedicated Alay 29, 1881. The pastors have been Herman Helming, A. G. Gekeler, E. Yornholt and William Knierim, the pres- ent incumbent. It is a strong church, out of debt, with 450 members, and 310 in the Sunday school. St. Paul's German Reformed Church, at 709 N. Belmont avenue, was organized May 26. 1884, and the building was dedicated in .Xovember, 1885. The pastors have been N. Rene, 1S84-7 ; W. Diehiii. 1889-92; F. Kalb- tleisch, 1893-1901 ; L. D. Bans. 1902-5; L. W. Stolte, 1906 to date. This church has 164 members, and 175 on the Sunday school lull. There are two other, later and smaller churches of this denomination. Butler Ale- iiioiial Church, twenty years old, is at Tenth and Oakland avenue, and J. F. Grand is the pastor. Central avenue is at the corner of Twenty-first aiul Central avenue, and Henry F." Gekeler luis been the pa.stor since its or','anization. June 9, 1905. The buildim:- JiisT(ii;v (IF (;i;i;.\'i'Ki; india.xai'uus. 033 was purchased from tlie T'nited lirethren, who erected it in isns. This church has 7() nieuibers and So in the Snnday school. It is the only Enuiish church of this denomina- tion in the city, the other five beiut;- Ger- man. The denomination has had a mission Sunday school at Ra.vmond and Chestnut streets since litOT, but no conj;resatiou is yet oriranized there. Tlie German Evaugelical Church is the .\nii>rieiui ivpi'csentative of the national Prot- istant Church of Prussia, wiiieh was formed in 1S17 l)y a union of IjUtheran and Cal- vinistic ehui'ch(>s. Its oldest congregation in Indianaj)olis is Zion's Church at 32 W. Ohio street. It was organized in April. 1841, and the corner-stone of its fii-st bvulding (frame) was laid in lf^43. on the present site. The building was completed and dedicated on ilay IS. 184"). T'ntil then the church had no reg- ular i)astoi'. but was sei'ved by Eev. J. G. Kuuz. In 1844 Rev. J. S. Isensee was called and served from 184a to 1850. Following iiini were Adolph Rahn, 1850-1: Carl Riele, 1851-3: C. E. Zobel. 1853-4; C. E. Kuester. 1854-D; Hermann Queuius, 1859-83: J. C. I'.'ters, 1883 to date. The pastorate of Mr. ((luenius was closed by his death on -Taiuiaj-y (i. ISS.!. 'I'he membership is I'oiujted by fam- ilies, of which there are 308: and the mem- bcrsbi]) of the Sunday school is 488. '!"he corner-stone of the present briclv riiurcji wa.s laid on July 1, 1866: and it was dedicated on February 5, 1867. 'i'he paro- chial school was established in 1841. and in 18(10 a two-slory brick building was erected for it in the reai- of the church. It was con- tinued until 1880. aiul then stopped until ISS.j. when it was revived for one year, and tlien finally discontinued. The Ladies' Aux- iliary Societ.y of this church does charitable work over the city, iiulependent of the Char- ity Organization. It was organized in 1883 and has 550 mendiers. This is the parent church of this den(miiiuition. There are now three othei's: St. John's Chiurh, at Sanders aiul Leonard streets, Theodore Schory, i)astor: St. Lucas Church, at Temple avenue and New York. John A. Reller. pastor: St. Paul's (iiuich. Cohunbia avenue and Seventeenth, Ciuistian Hansen, pastor. St. John's was or- canized Julv l:*>, 18!)(;. bv the mi.ssion board. and became self-supporting in three years. Its church was built in the sununer of 1897, and dedicated on August 8, 18;)7. Mr. Schory has been the pastor from the organization. The church has 457 members, and 3"25 in the Sumlay school. St. Lucas is still a mi.ssion, organized in April, 1904. Its building was erected in the spring of 1906, and dedicated in July. It has 56 members, and 70 iu the Sunday school. ISh: Reller has been the pas- tor since the organization. The Evangelical Association is a sect that was organized by Jacob Albright, a .Metho- dist evangelist among the Germans of West- ern Pennsylvania, iu 1807. It is very simi- lar to the ]\Iethodist (Tuircli in organization and doctrine. It grew rapidly, and in 1901 had 27 annual conferences— one in Japan, one in Switzerland, two in Germany. Its first society in Indiana])olis was organized June 19, 1855, as Inuuiinvul Church, and its first building was on Xew Jer.sey street, be- tween ]\Iarket and Ohio. On August 23, 1870, the name of the society was changed to Sa- lem Church, but it it now known as First Chui'ch. Evangelical As.sociation. It was originally a Geiinan church, but all services ai-e now in Enulish. The pastors, with years of accession, have been ]M. \V. Steffy. 1855: H. Kramer, 1857; M. Hoehn, 1858: M. Krueger, I860; A. B. Schafer, 1862; G. G. Platz, 1863: J. .M. Corner, 1864; J. Fuchs, 1865; F. Witthaup, 1867; I, Kaufmaiui, 1868; Conrad Tramer, 1870; M. Hoehn, 1871: H. L. Fischer. 1874; Conrad Tramer. 1875; ('. F. Hausing, 1878; I. Fischer, 1880; M. Hoehn, 1883; :\I. AV. Steffy, 1885; C. F. Hausing. 1888: J. M. Hang, 1891: 1 T. Schleucher. 1893; F. Schweitzer. 1894: W. G. Hraeckly, 1897: Frederick Rausch, 1899; J. H. Brei'sh. 1903; S. H. Baumgartner, 1907; (J. B. Kimmcl, 1909. The corner-stone of the present church, at New York ami East street, was laid in 1882. and the church was dedi- cated Xoveudier 4. 1882. The dnu-ch has 240 members and there are 400 enrolled in the Sunday school. Tiiere are two later churches of this sect: Second Church, at Wilkins ami Church streets, of which ('has. F. Hausing is pastor: and Grace IVIi.ssion. on Beville ave- iHie near ^Fichiiran. of wbieli Daniel E. Zeehiel is i)aslor. CHAPTER XLVl. ■R08TE]! OF crrv OFFICIALS, 184T-1909. MA^()l!. — Saimiel Henderson, 1847-9; Ho- ratio ('. Newcomb (resigned Xovember 7, is:)l ). 1849-01 : Caleb Scudder. 1851-4; James .McCreadv. 18o4-6; Henrv F. Wi^t (died Xo- vuniliiT S. 18r)(;). 1856: Charles Coiilon (filled \aoaiu-v to Xovember 22). 1856; William John Wallace (resif;ned Mav 3, 1858), 1856-8; Sam- uel D. Alaxwell. 1858-63; John Caven. 1863-7, 1875-81: Daniel Macaiilev. 1867-73; James L. Mitchell. 1873-5; Daniel' W. Grubbs, 1881-3; John L. McMaster. 1883-5; Caleb S. Dennv, 1885-9, 1893-5; Thomas J.. Sullivan, 1889-93; Thomas Tagjr;ii-t. 1895-19(11 ; Charles A. Book- waiter, 1901-3. 1906-9: John W. Holtzman,^ 1903-5; Samuel L. Shank, 1910. City Clehk.— Daniel B. Culley, 1853-4; James X. Swectser. 1854-5; Alfred Stephens (died October 14, 1856), 1855-6; Frederick Stein (to fill vacancy), 1856-7: Geo. H. West, 1857-8: John G. Waters, 1858-63; Cvrus S. Butterfield, 1863-7 : Daniel M. Ransdell 1867- 71; John K. Clinton. 1871-5; Benj. C. Wright, 1875-9; Jos. T. Alagner, 1879-83; Geo. T. Breunig. 1883-5; :\Iichael F. Shields, 1885-7; John W. Bowlus, 1S87-9: Elias B. Swift. 1889-91 : Kandall .F. Abrams. 1891-3; Lee Xix- on, 1893-5 : ('has. H. Stuckmever, 1895-9 ; John F. Geckler. 1899-1901; Chas. X. Elliott, 1901-3: Win. M. Fogartv, 1903-5: James Mc- Xultv, 1906-9: Edward A. Ramsav. 1910. City CoMPriioi.i.KU. — Wm. W. Woollen. 1891-3: Preston C. Trusler. 1893-5; Eudorus ^r. Johnson (resigned .lune 30. 1901), 1895- Breunig, Julv-Oetober. 1901. 1901-3. 1906-9; 'By act of Manli 6. 19()5. the Mayors term. formerly endina' in October, was extended to the .succeeding January, making the years fol- lowing calendar xcars. The term was made four years, and the incumbent not eligible to a consecutive second term. 1901; .Jacob P. Dunn, 1903-5: Geo. T. Howard Kindiall, 1910. City Civil Exgixeer. — James Wood, Sr. (died Xovember 15. 1862). 1845-55, 1858-62; .\ni7.i B. Condit. 1855-6: Daniel B. Hosbrook'. 1.S56-8: James Wood, Jr. (died July, 1866). 1S62-6; Joshua Staples, Jr., 1866-7; E,. M. Patterson (resigned June 1, 1881), 1867-73. 1878-9. 1S79-81; James W. Brown, 1873-5; P.ernhard H. Dietz (resigned June 10, 1878), 1S75-8: Thaddeus Keed (removed July 14, 1879), 1879; Samuel H. Shearer, 1881-90; A. 1'. Shauver, 1890; Henrv A. Mansfield, 1891-3 ; Charles C. Brown, 1893-5; Bernard J. T. Jcup. 1895-1901, 1903-5; James B. Xelson, 1901-3: Blaine H. Miller, 1906-9; Henry W. Klaussman. 1910. City JtiKiE.— John X. Scott, 1867-8. Police Jldge.— E. C. Buskirk. 1891-3 (;eo. W. Stubbs, 1893-5. 1901-3: Chas. E. Cox. 1895-9: Wm. C. Dalv. 1899-1901; Thos. C. Whallon. 1903-9; Janies A. Collins, 1910. City Solicitor. — Bvron K. Elliott, Xovem- ber 11. 1872-:\[ay 12, 1873. City .Vttouxey". — Andrew (resigned April 3. 1848). 1847- Tavlor, 1848, 1853-6: Wm. B. Edwin Coburn, 1849-50: William Wallace (re- signed October 28, 1850), 1850; Abram A. Ili^mmond, 1850-1; Albert G. Porter, 1851-3: •John T. ^Forrison. 1856-7; Benjamin Harri- son. 1857-8; Samuel V. Morris, 1858-9; Bvmn K. Elliott (resigned October 31, 1870), 1859- r,l, l,S(;5-70. 1873-5: James X. Sweetser, 1861-3: Richard J. Ryan, 1863-5: Jonathan S. Harvey, 1870-3; Casabianca Bvfield (depo.sed May 8, 1876). 1375-6; Roscoe 0. Hawkins, 1876-9: John A. Henry. 1879-82: Caleb S. Dennv. 1882-5: Wm. L.' Taylor, 1885-9; Leon if. Carnahan -8 ; Xapoleon B. Greer, 1848-9; 634 IS'lOin- OF (lUEATElt IMJlANArolJS. 635 O. Baik'V, ]M.S!i-!n ; A<iiiilla (}. .)oih>.<, 1803-3; .Idhii E.'Scott, IS!):]-."); ,7iuiifs B. Curtis. 18!).".- :: John W. Kern. Is!i7-l!t()l ; Frederick A. .Io>^. 1901-:!: Ilcnrv Wiirruiii. l!l03-5: Fred- . IK k I-:. MniM.ii. 1;hi(;-<(: Cniir \). i^dwen. lIHlIt; Mrrle X. A. Waliver, liMH. Coiii'oiiATiON Counsel. — Frederick K. Mat- ron, lilOi); Joseph H. Kealing, 1910. BoAHU OK Trm.ic Works. — .\. W. Gondii, 1891-:!: :\I. M. Defrees. 1891-:); Adolpli Schcrrcr. 1891-:i: James .V. Wihliiian, ls93-.J: Andrew Kramer. 1 8!):i-."') ; Frederick J. .Mever. 1893-.) : W. B. Jlolton. Fehruary to October. 1 89.5 ; John Osternian, February to October. 189.5; E. L. .\tkinson. F'ebruarv to October, 1895; M. A. Downiiijr. 1895-9, "l903-5 ; E. A. Austin (resigned December 8. 189(V). 1895-G : \V. Scott .Moore. 1 89.5-9 ; .Martin ('. .\udersoii (died October 13. 1897), 1897: Tlios. .1. Moni- iromerv (died December 20, 1899), 1897-9; .loseph T. F\ninin<j (resigned Mav 25, 1900), 1899-1900; Albert Sahni, 1899-1901; Jos. W. Smith, 1899-1901 : Charles .Maguire (filled Fanning"? vacancy). 190(1-3: Tiarojd C. ^le- grew, 1901-3; Edwin D. Eogsdon. 1901-3; Jacob Woe.s.sner. 1903-5; David Wallace, 1903-5; Joseph T. Elliott, 190G-9; Preston C. Trusler, 190(i-9: Fred J. ilack. 1906-9; Chris- tian A. Sciirader, 1910; Charles L. Hutchinson, 1910; Edward J. O'Keiliy, 1010. SlX-IiKTARV BOAUO OF PUBLIC WoHKS. — Bart Parker. 1891-8; (^has. H. Spencer, 1898- 1901; iMerle Sidener. 1901-2; E. F. Harris, 1902-3: W. K. Williams. 1903-5: Frank .1. Xoil. 190r> to date. BoAHn oi- PuHLic SaI'Hty. — Kdward ifaw- kins, 1801-3; W. A. Sullivan, 1891-3: Bobert Catterson, 1891-3; Nicholas R. Buckle, 1893-5; John B. Conner, 1893-5; John F. White, 1893-5; Charles Maguire, 1895-8; Fred J. Mack, 1805-0: Thos. J. Morse, 1895-9; Chas. C. Both. 1898-1900; Nelson J. Hyde, 1899- 1901; W. S. McMillen. 1899-1901; John H. Mahonev, 1900-1; Wm. Iv English, 1001-2; Conrad "Keller, 1001-3: Wm. H. Schoppen- hor.st, 1901-3; Robert A. Bryson, 1902-3; Thos. Madden. 1903-5; Frank Straub, 1903-5; John Q. Hicks. 1903-5: Lew \V. Cooper, 1906-9; Charles W. Tutewiler. 1006-9; Wm. Schopjien- horst. 1006-9; William K. Davis. 1010; Elmer F. Gay, 1910; Jesse S. Sisslof. lOlo. Skcretary Board of Public Safety. — John L. F. Steeg, 1891-3; Richard C. Herrick, 1803-8; Edward II. Davis. 1899-1901; John B. Wood. 1901-3, 190(;-0. 1910; Edward Mc- Laughlin, 1903-5. Chief F'ire FLngixeer (known as Super- intendent of Fire Department after 1891). — Thomas M. Smith, 1843-7 ; Joseph Little, 1853-4; Jacob B. Fitler, 1854-5; Charles W. Purcell, 1855-6; Andrew Wallace, 1856-8; Joseph W. Davis, 1858-6;i; John E. Foudray (resigned November, 1859), 1859; Charles Hicbmann, 1863-7, 1868-70, 1872-4; George W. Buchanan. 1867-8; Daniel Glazier (killed March 11, 1873), 1870-3; Michael G. Fitchey, 1873-6; W. 0. Sherwood, 1876-8; John G. Pendergast, 1878-82; Joseph H. Webster, 1882-9. 1891-5; Frank L. Doughertv. 1880-01; Thos. F. Barrett, 1805-1901 ; Chas". E. Coots. 1901 to date. iiuu.DiXG Inspector. — M. G. Fitchey, 1803; John G. Pendergast, 1893-5; Geo. W. Bunting, 189.5-7; John C. Robi.son, 1807-9: Jacob H. Hilkene. 1899-1900; Geo. V. Bedell, 1900-1: Samuel G. Bartel, 1901-3; Geo. W. Stanley. 1903-5; Thos. A. Winteriwvd, 1906 to date. City Marshal.— William Campbell, 1847-8; John L. Bishop. 1818-9; Sims A. Col- lev. 1849-50. 1851-2; Benjamin Pilbean. 1850-1, 1853-5; Elisha McNee'ly, 1852-3; Geo. W. Pitts, 1855-6; Jefferson Springsteen. 1856-8, 1859-61; Augnstine D. Rose, 1858-9; David W. Loucks (died Ajiril 24, 1862), 1861-2: John Unversaw. 1862-9; George TafFe. 1869-71: Thomas I). Amos. 1871-3; W. Clin- lon West. 1873-5: Eli Thompson, 1875-7: Alonzo D. Harycy. 187 7-9: Richard S. Colter ( legislated out of office April 16. 1883), 187-0-83. Captain of the Watch. — Jefferson Spring- steen, 1854-5; Jesse M. Yani)laricum, 1855-(;. 1862: Chas. G. Warner, 185(5-7 ; Augustine D. Rose (resigned September 14. 1861), 1857-8: 1850-61: Samuel Lcfever, 1858-0; Thomas A. Ifamsey, 1861-2: John R. Cotton, 1862. Chief of Police (Superintendent of Po- lice after 1891).— David Powell, 1864-5; Sam- uel A. Cramer. 1865; Jesse M. Vanblaricum. 1865-6; Thomas S. Wilson, 1866-9; Henry Paul, 1870-1: Eli Thompson. 1871-4; Frank Wilson. 1874-6; .\ustin C. Dewev. 1876-7: Albert Travis. 1877-80. 1887-01; Robert C. Williamson (legislated out of office April 1(!, 1883), 1880-3; John A. Lang, 1883-7; Thoui- ()3f> HISTOKY OF GREATER INDIANAPOI.LS. a^ F. Colbert, 1887, 1S91-3, 1895-T ; V,vo. W. Powell, 1893-5; James F. Quigley, 1897-1901; George A. Taffe, 1901-3; C. "L. Krueger, 1903-5; Robert Metzger, 1906-9: Martin J. Hyland, 1910. Street CoioiissioxEU (corresponding of- iice known as Foreman of Street Repairs after 181U, and Superintendent of Street Repairs af- ter 1897).— Jacob R. Fitler. 1847-8, 1855-7; John Bishop, 1848-9 ; Geo. W. Pitts, 1849-50 ; Geo. Youngernian, 1850-1 : Joseph Butsch, 1851-2; Hugh Slaven. 1853-3: William Hugh- ey, 1853-5; Henry Colestock, 1857-61; John A. Colestock, ]861-;5: John M. Kemper, 1863-5; August Richter, 1865-9; August Bruner, 1869- 73; Tlios. Wiles, 1873-5; Stephen Mattler (deposed Mav 8, 1876), 1875-6; Lcander A. Fulmer, 1876-85; Chas. S. Rouev, 1885-9; Derk De Ruiter. 1889-91: Patrick Harrold. 1891-3; J. L. Fisher, 1893-5; Geo. H. Herpiek, 1895-1901, 1903-5; Wm. H. Evans, 1901-3; Joseph L. Hogue, 1906. City Gas Ixspectok. — George H. Fleming (left city in March, 1871), 1868-71; William S. Cone (resigned Xovember 6, 1871), 1871 ; E. T. Cox, 1871-3; Ryland T. Brown, 1873-4: Alexander Robertson (defaulted — office abol- ished), 1874-5. ]\rAi!KET PIASTER (East Market). — Jacob Miller (resigned August 2, 1852), 1847-52, 1854-5; Sampson Barbee, Sr. (resigned March 20, 1848), 1847-8; Geo. W. Harlan, 1852-3, 1856-7; Henrv Ohr, 1853-4; Richard Weeks, 185.5-6, 1857-8; Charles John, 1858-61, 1862-3, 1864-7 : Thos. J. Foos, 1861-2 ; John J. Wen- ner, 1863-4: Sampson Barbee. Jr., 1867-8; Gideon B. Thompson, 1868-9: Theodore W. Pease, 1869-70; John G. Mardick, 1870-1; John Unversaw, 1871-4; John F. Gulick. 1874-6; William Shaw, 1876-7; Jehiel B. Hampton, 1877-8 ; Joseph M. Sutton, 1878-9 ; Albert Izor. 1879-80; James A. Gregg (to De- cember 31. 1881),- 1880-1; Orville B. Rankin, 1882-4; Wra. H. Pritchard, 188.5-6: Benj. Alldridge, 1887-8 ; J. E. Isgrigg, 1889-90; Jno. P. Schiltges, 1891-2: Armin Koehne. 1893-5; E. M. Goebel, 1895-1901: Thomas Shufelton. 1901-3; James A. McCrossan, 1903-5; Joseph Foppiano. 1906-9; Carlin H. Shank. 1910. 1884-6, 1891-2 ; Richard Wells, - The act of ^larch 8, 1881, required election of officers bv council for terms running two rears from following January. Market Master (West Market). — Roger R. Shiel, 1877-8; Charles X. Lee (resigned February 15, 1879), 1878-9; Levi H. Rowell (tilled r>ee's vacancy), 1879; Ix'rov C. Mor- ris, 1879-80; Ed. A. Guthrie (resigned Octo- ber 4, 1880), 1880; Abraham L. Stoner (re- signed Jlay 14, 18S3), 1880-3; James R. Shel- ton, 1883-4; Thomas Kearnev. James B. McCaffrey, 1887-8: 1889-90. Market Master (South Side Market). — Joseph Wagner, 1899-1901 : Eliot T. Oburn, 1901-3: James T. Smith, 1903-4. City Weigh ^Iaster. — ■ John Patton, 184:-S; Adam Hauffh, 1848-56; Willard Nich- ols. 187 6-8: John W. Smither, 1878-9; Will- iam P. Ballard, 1879-80; Jesse De Haven, 1880-4; Edward J. Conwav, 1885-8; Harrv Phillips, 1889-91: Jos. C. "Cabalzer, 1891-3: Charles 0. Britton, 1893-5. Sealer of Weights and ^Measi'res. — Joseph W. Davis, 1853-4; Jacob T. Williams. 1854-6: Hugh J. Kellv, 1856-7: James M. Jameson. 1857-8; John' G. Hanning, 1858-9; Cyrus S. Butterfield, 1859-61 ; James Loucks, 1861-6; John L. Bishop, 1866-7; Augustus Bruner. 1867-8; Samuel B. Morris, 1868-71, 1873-4: William H. Phillips. 1871-3: Ignatz Cook (office abolished), 1874-5. LvsPECTOR OF Scales, Weights axd Measures.— J. M. Bartlev. 1902-3; Patrick .1. Ryan, 1903-5 ; Isidor Wulfson, 1906 to date. City Coyi^iissioxERS. — Edmund Browning, 185.5-61; Xathan B. Palmer, 1855-8: J. M. Talbott, 1855-8; W. Clinton Thompson, 1855- 61: G. K. West. 1855-8; David S. Beatv, 1858-61, 1863-6: Adam Gold. 1858-61: Adam Knodle, 1858-61; James Blake, 1861-4; Wm. Boaz, 1861-4; Andrew Brouse, 1861-4: .lames Sulgrove, 1861-6 ; Lemuel Yanlaningham (resigned November 27, 1865), 1861-5: Aegidius Naltner, 1863-6; David V, Cullev (resigned November 27, 1865). 1863-5; Will- iam Coughlen. 1866-7: J. W. Davis, 1865-6; T. L. Roberts. 1865-6; William Braden (re- signed Mav 21. 1870). 1866-70; James N. Rus.^ell (died November, 1869), 1866-9: Thomas Schoolev, 18(i6-9; Samuel M. Seibert. 1866-73; James C. Yohn. 1866-9, 1879-85; .Tohn F. Ramsev. 1869-73; Joseph M. Sutton (resigned June' 27, 1873). 1869-73; Ignatius Brown (filled Russell's vacancy). 1869-73; WilliMiii S. Ilubliaid, 1871t5; George W. Alex- HISTORY OF (;i;i:.\Ti;i; ixdi.wapolis. 637 midur, ]Sr3-."): William .1. l-'JlioU, 1873-5; .). (Icorgc Stilz, 18:3-."); Peter Weis, 1873-5; John L. Avorv, 187:,-!): J. S. Hildebrand, 1875-9; (ion. W. Hill. 18:5-84: Wm. Mansur, 1875-9: KolxTt II. Pattor.<on. 1875-9; William ifadlev. 1S79-89; .Michael Steinhauer, 1879-84; Xewtoii Ivellog-e. 1879-84; F. \V. Hamilton, 1884-5, 1889-90: Augu.-^t Kuhii. 1884-5: John L. F. Steeg, 1884-8, "l 891 ; Joseph T. :Ma<jner, 1885-8; Wm. Johnson. 1885-8: James Renihan, 1885-90: John K. Klder. lsSii-90; Ivan N". Walker, 1889-9(1: Horace llailley, 1890-1; Jame.s Smith, 1891; ('has. K. Balke, 1891; Wm. M. ("oval, 1891. CiiiKK or Assessment Biheau. — ^f. L. Jeffer.son, 1893-5; Wm. A. Hughes, 1895-7; Mvron D. King. 1897-1901; Samuel P. Stod- dard, 1901-3: .M. F. Lahey, 1903-5; W. 0. Mc- Kinuev, 1905-.S: Eugene F. Harris, 1909; Henry M. Cochrane, 1910. BoAui) OF Health. — W. Clinton Thompson, 1849-50. 18()9-';0: James S. Harrison, 1849-50; David Funkhouser (resigned March 4, 1850), 1849-50, 1857; (ioorge W. Mears (resigned September 14, ]8(;i)', 18.50-3; 1854-5, 18G1, 1863-9; Livingston Duiilap, 1850-3; John L. Mothershead, 1850-5 ; Patrick H. Jameson, 1853-4, 1855-7; Charles Parrv. 1853-4, 1857-9; John S. Dobbs, 1854-7; Talbot Bullanl. 1855-7; James H. Woodburn. 1857-01, 1889- 90; John :M. Kitchen, 1858-(il; Clay Brown, 1861-2; Mansur H. Wright. 1861-5; John M. Gaston, 18(i-M. is:i--i: Will R. Bullaid, 1864-6; Emil Kline, l,s(;5-i;: Thos. B. Harvey, 1866-7, 1869-:i : Robert X. Todd, 1866-9; John P. Averv, 186: -S; John A. Comingor. 18(;9-:3; Guido Bell. ls:o-4: Wm. Wards, 1872-4, 1877-80, 1881-8; Samuel A. Elbert, 1873-1, 1876-7; James S. Athon, 1874-6; A. Stratford, 1874-6; Charles E. Wright. 1874-6; Francis ^r. Hook, 1876-7; Joseph W. :\Iarsee, 1876-7; Thomas \. Hrvnn. 1877-8: Henry Jameson, 1877-80; William E. JefTries. 1879-S1; Elijah S. Elder (resi<:ncd November 10, 1883), 1880-3; Wm. J. Elston, 1880-1 ; Moses T. Run- nels. 1881-3: John A. Sutcliffc, 1881-8; Ed- ward J. Brennan (filled Elder's vacancy), 1SS3-8: John X. Hurtv. 1889-90; S. E. Earp (resigned :\rarch 15, 'l889), 1889: Otto B. Pettijobn, 1889-90; Frank A. :\Iorrison, 1891; H. S. Cunningham. 1891: W. J. r.rowning, 1891. BoAiii) OF PriiLic Health and Charities. —Frank A. Morrison, 1891-3, 1895-1901, 1906-9; Allison Maxwell, 1891-3, 1895; Geo. J. Cook, 1891-3; Franklin W. Hays, 1893-5; Francis J. Hammond (resigned May 18, 1894), 1893-4; Joseph 0. Sfillson (resigned May 13, 1894), 1893-4; Patrick H. Jameson, 1894-5; S. E. Earp (resigned March 22, 1895), 1894-5; Martin H. Field, 1895-7; Lewis C. Cline, 1895-7; John E. Lockridge, 1897-9; Charles B. Durham, 1897-9: E. D. ^rofl■ett, 1899-1901 ; J. F. Bcnham, 1899-1900; E. C. Rever, 1900-1, 1903-5; Geo. H. F. House, 1901-3; Geo. D. Kahlo, 1901-3: Frederick C. Heath, 1901-2; H. M. Lash, 1902-3; Thos. E. Courtnev, 1903-5; .\lbert C. Kimherlin, 1903-5; Edmund D. Clark. 1906; Thos. B. Xoble. 1906; Mavitv J. Spencer. 1907; Paul F. Martin. 1909. CiTV Saxitakian. — Frank B. Wvnn (from April 1), 1895; Chas. E. Ferguson, 1895-7; Edmund D. Clark, 1897-1901 ; Eugene Buch- Icr. 1901-3. 1906-9; M. J. Spencer, 1903-4; T. A'ictor Keene, 1904-5; Chas. S. Woods. 1910. f;iri'ERi.\"TE\i)EXT City Hosimtal. — Grcen- Iv V. Woollen. lS(i6-70; Evan Hadlev, 1870-1; Jo.seph W. :\Iarsec. 1871-3; A. W. Davis, 1873-4; W. B. .McDonald, 1874-6; Flavins J. Van Vorhis, 1876-7; W'm. H. Davis, 1878-9; Wm. M. Wlshard, 1879-87; John H. Oliver, 1887-91: Geo. F. Edenharter. 1891-3; Charles E. Ferguson, 1893-4. 1895-7; Wm. M. Wright, 1894-5; Charles H. C. Poucher, 1897-9; M. J. Si)encer. 1899-1900; N'onnan E. Jobes, 1901-3; Paul F. Martin. 1903-5; .Xornum E. Jobes (re- signed Julv 15. 1907), 1905-7; J. L. Free- land, 190:.' SuFEiiiXTENDENT Cffy Dispexsaky. — Will- iam B. Fletcher. 1875-9; Caleb A. Ritter. 1879-82; John J. Garver, 1882-7; G. W. Combs, 1887-9; F C. Woodburn. 1889-01; Chas. X. :\rctcalf, 1891-3; E.lward I). MolVcil. 1893-4; John A. Lambert. 1891-5; Leonard Bell. 1895-7: M. J. Spencer. 1897-9; John F. Benham. 1899-1901; Chas. O. Lowry, 1901-3; Henrv Lohrmann. 1903-5; Edgar F. Riser. 1906-9; Harry Dunn. 1910. BoAi.'i) (IF Park Commissioxehs. — E. F. Clavpool. 1S95-6: W. II. Leedy (resigned May 9, 189(;). 1895-(;: Oran I'errv. 1895-6; Henry Clav .\llen (resigned Xovember 2, 1896). 1895-6; Frank A. M:\\\^ (deposed September I. 1S9.-). 1895: Albrrt Libber, 1S95-6: SlrrliiiL' 638 llISTOltV OK (MM'.ATKi; 1 X I )| A \ A l'( H.IS. Holt (resigned October 1897), 1895-7; K. \V. E. Engli.-^h (resigned August 24, 1900), 1.S97-1900; Clias. K. Coffin, 1897: Isaac King, 1897-1902: George Merritt, 1897-1906; M. A. Downing, 1901-3, 190C-8: Fred Mack, 1903; lliram Brown (resigned Jamiarv, 1906), 1904-6; A. J. Lauck, 1904-6; John" J. Appel, 1907; Dr. Henrv Jameson, 1907; Ferdinand L. :Maver, 1907. ' ('i.KUK OF Park Board. — Wni. K. HoUowav (resigned April 1, 1897), 1895-7; Charles H. Sjx'ncer, 1897; Otis Hann, 1898; Bert Feible- man, 1899-1903; Blvthe Q. Hendricks, 1904-8; Leroy E. Snyder, 1909. City Commox Council. — Charles W. Cadv, 1847-8; Uriah Gates, 1847-8; Abram W. Har- rison (resigned June 7, 1847), 1847; Morris ]\rorris (filled Harrison's vacancy), 1847-8; Cornelius King. 1847-8, 1849-50; Samuel s! Kookcr, 1847-8, 1849-51, 1856-7; Henrv Tute- wiler, 1847-9: William L. Wingate, 1847-8; Matthew Alford (resigned March 12, 1849), 1848-9: Frederick H. Brandt, 1848-9; George A. Chapman, 1848-9; Thomas Eaglesfield, 1848-9: Eoval :\[avhew, 1848-9; Hiram Seibert, 1848-9, ] 8.54-5: Hervey Bates, 1849-50: Will- iam Eckert, 1849-51; James Gillespie (died Xovember 2, 1849). 1849; David Y. CuUev (filled Gillespie's vacancv), 1849-53; William Montague, 1849-50; James Sulgrove, 1849-50, 1855-6; Samuel Hetzelgesser, 1850-1; Joseph ^r. Landis, 1850-1 ; Andrew A. T/>uden, 1850-3 ; George McOuat, 1850-1; Thomas Buchanan. 1851-3; George Durham, 1851-4, 1856-9; Xa- tlian Edwards. 1851-4; Geo. W. Pitts, 1851-6; Charles Woodward, 1851-2; Samuel Delzell, 1852-4, 1855-7: Jacob B. Filler, 1852-3; John Greer, 1852-3; Wm. A. Bradshaw. 1853-4; Carlisle. 1853-4; Livingston Dunlaji. : Wm. H. Karns. 1853-5; Xicliolas :\Ic- 1853-4: Douglass Maguire, 1853-6; H. Xelson, 1853-5; Horatio C. Xew- 1853-4: David Strickland, 1853-4: Ed- win H. Wingate, 1853-4; John L. Avery, 18.54-5; Wm. Boaz. 1854-6 (resigned Mav 31. 1866). 1863-6: Sims .V. Collev. 1854-5. 1862-9: Canada Gowan. 1854-5; Alexander Graydon. Jr.. 1854-6; Wm. H. Jones, 1854-6; Daniel Keelev, 1854-6 : John Trucksess, 1854-5 ; Sam- uel Beck, 1855-6 ; Samuel M. Douglass. 1855-6 ; .Vndrew W. Fuf|ua. 1855-6; Berl S. Goode. 1855-6; Ileinv .1. Horn, 1855-6: Win. Man- sur. 1855-:: J. B. K. Reed, 1855-(;: Henrv Daniel 1853-9 Carty, Henry comb. Huscher, 1856-7; Adam Gold, 1856-7; Xixon Hughes, 1856-7 : William McKee, 1856-7 ; Frisby S. Xewcomer, 1856-7 ; Xathan B. Pal- mer, "l856-7; Robert M. Patterson, 1856-7; Thomas Cottrell, 1857-60, 1867-73; Joseph K. English (resigned Xovember 12, 1859), 1857-9; Stoughton A. Fletcher, Jr., 1857-9, 1862-5; Geo. W. Geisendortt' (resigned February 2, 1862), 1857-62; Robert Greenfield, 1857-9; William Hadley, 1857-9; Jonathan S. Harvev, 1857-8; Erie Locke, 1857-61, 1869-72; Stephen McXabb, 1857-65, 1866-7; Myron Xorth, 1857-9; Albert G. Porter (resigned April 30, 1859), 1857-9: Jacob Vandeijrift (resigned Oc- tober 12, 1861), 1857-61; Jacob S. Pratt (re- signed March 24. 1860), 1858-60; Theodore P. Haughey, 1859-60: Ernest H. L. Kuhlman, 1859-63; Alexander Metzger. 1859-63; Charles Richmann. 1859-63: Samuel M. Seibert. 1859-63 : Herman Tilly. 1859-61 ; Andrew Wal- lace. 1859-63: John Blake (resigned April 4. 1864), 1861-4; James G. Douglass (filled Blake's vacancy). 1864; Austin H. Brown, 1861-75; W. Clinton Thompson (resigned ilav 1, 1867), 1861-7; Wm. Allen, 1863-6; Henrv Coburn, 1863-9; William Cook, 1863-5; Ros- well B. Flmerson, 18()2-7; Horace A. Fletcher, 1862-7: Charles Glazier, 1863-9; Patrick H. Jameson, 1863-9: Samuel Lefever (resigned March 12, 1866), 1863-6: Joseph Staub, 1863-T ; Wm. Jolni Wallace (resigned Febru- ary 15. 1864). 1863-4; Adolph Seidensticker (tilled Wallace's vacancy). 1864-9; Julius A. Grosvenor (left city: seat declared vacant). 1865-7; G. A. Foster (filled Grosvenor's va- cancv). 1867-9; J. Henrv Kappes, 1865-9; Wm.' H. Loomis. 186.5-9 ;" John B. McArthur, 1865-9: Christian F. Schmidt, 186.5-9; Charles Kempker (filled Boaz vacancv). 1866-7; James Burgess, 1867-9; Joseph W. Davis, 1867-9; Henry Geisel, 1867-9: Samuel Goddard, 1867-9; Wni. H. Herscher, 1867-9; Ambrose P. Stanton, 1867-9; James H. Woodburn. 1867-75; Henrv Gimber, 1869-70, 1871-6: Temple C. Harrison, 1869-71 : Christoiiher Heckman. 1869-72: Leon Kahn, 1869-71, 1872-6, 1879-81: Hobert Kennington, 1869-75; John L Marsee, 1869-:2, 1877-79; John S. Xewnian. 18(;9-72: John Pvle, 1869-71; James McB. Shepherd. lS(!9-:i. 1873-5; Isaac Thai- man. 1869-77, 1880-9; Frederick 'Ilioms, lSf!9-72: Wm. W. Weaver. 1869-72; C. E. Whit^it. lS(;!i-:3: Wm. D. Wiles, 1869-73: Ed- 4 r 1 IS'I'OKV OF CKKATKK 1 N'l )| A \ A l'( U 039 ward Reagan, 1870-4; John H. Batty, 1871-4; Win. II. Craft, 187 1-7; Hoydon s". Bifrhani, lsn-.3: Frederick C. Bollinaii. 187i-(i: David- (lihson, 187-.i-4; E. J. Hardestv, 187-^-4: Joliu '1'. I'ressley, 1872-4 ; Frederick P. Rush. 1872-4 ; l.ynian Q. Sherwood, 1872-4; Justus ('. Adams, 1873-7; 'S[. C. Anderson, 1873-5: Calvin F. Darnell, 1873-7, 1888-9; Wm. .AIcLau<;hlin, 1 873-5: Thos. H. S. Peck, 1873-4; Ralph C. J. Pendleton, 1873-4: Isaac W. Stratford, 1873-7: James E. Twiname. 1873-5; Boswell Ward, 1873-(;. 1881-4; Heurv F. Albershardt, 1874-r); Patrick II. Curran, ' 1874-6 ; Geo. W. (Jeigcr, 187l-(i: Marshall E. Hall, 1874-6; F'rancis il. Hook, 1874-6 ; Thomas Gladden, 1874-6; Robert C. Magill, 1874-7; Enos B. i^ecd, 1874-8; John Stuckmeyer, 1874-6; Will- iam Buehrig, 1875-7: John J. Diffley, 1875-7; (ieorge Kenzel, 1875-7; James C. Langhlin, 187.5-7; Daniel M. Ransdell, 1875-7; Wm. F. IJeasner, 1875-7, 1878-9; Frederick Schmidt, 1875-7; Geo. C. Webster, 1875-7; Joseph W. Bugbee (expelled April 15, 1878), 1876-8; N'orman S. Bvram, 1876-8; John L. Case, 1876-8: Albert Izor, 1876-8; Martin McGintv. 1876-80; Thomas J. Morse, 1876-9; Milton Ponder. 1876-8; :\[ichael Steinhauer, 1876-8; Jolin Thomas. 187(i-8; Arthur L. Wright, 1.S76-9: Wm. G. Wright, 1876-8; Robert B. I'.airbv, 1877-9; Marcus L. Brown. 1877-80; William M. Cochran, 1877-8; Josiah B. Dill. 1877-9; .Tames T. Lavman, 1877-9; Thomas C. Heading. 1877-9; Abraham L. Stoner, 1877-8; Wm. II. Tucker, 1877-80; Isaac C. Walker, 1877-9; James E. Watts, 1877-8; Geo. P. Wood. 1877-80; George Anders(m. 1878-9; Henrv Bermann. 1878-80; Jacob ^I. Bruner, 1878-9; Matthew M. Cummings, 1878-9.1886- 9; M. Horace M( Kav, 1878-81 ; Frank A. Maus. 1878-9; Sheldon Morris. 1878-9; Chris 11. O'Brien, 1878-9; Christian Off. 1878-9; Omer Rddibaugh, 1878-9; Samuel Showalter. 1878-9; Gottlieb Sindlinger. 187«-9; John L. F. Stecg. 1878-9: Christian F. Wiese. 187 8-80; Jacob Bichr. 1879-80; Peter F. Bryce, 1879-80; Harviv (i. Carev. 1879-80; James T. Dowling. 1879-86: John T. Downev. 1879-81. 1884-6; Francis W. Hamilton, 1879-80; Chris II. llar- iiioning. 1879-80; George King. 1879-80; Win. C. I.anib. IS7ri-,sl : Wm. If. Morrison. 1S7'.I- ^1: .I<ilin »)"Ciinncir. 187!i-.sl, IS8,><-9; John 1.'. i'.ar.-^on. 1879-84. 1886-91; llrnrv J. I'ricr. is;!i-81: Calvin F. l?ool<cr. ls7'.t-S0. 1S.S(;.7; Josejih 11. Sheppard, 1879-80; William E. Shilling, 1879-81 ; Flavins J. Van Vorhi.s. 1879-81; Collins '1\ Bedford, 1880-4; Wm. l-\ \. licrnhamer. 1880-1; Allen Caylor, 1880-4; Fdward 11. Dean, 1880-4; John W. Fultz, 1880-4; Patrick Harrold, 1880-4; Ernest H. Koller, 1880-4; John A. Lang, 1880-1; Henry J. ^[auer, 1880-4; James A. Pritchard, 1880-4; Wm. G. White, 1880-1; Nelson Yoke, 1880-4; Fdgar Brundage, 1881-4; Barton W. Cole, 1881-4: John R. Cowie, 1881-4: Simeon Coy, 1881-91; John Egger, 1881-4; Frederick Hart- man. 1881-4; Ernest F. Knodel, 1881-4: Philip Reichwein, 1881-4; Han^ev B. Stout, 1881-4; George Weaver, 1881-4; Frank Benja- tnin. 1884-7; John R. Cowie, 1884-6; William Currv. 1884-6; Philip J. Doyle. 1884-6; G. F. Fdenharter, 1884-7: P. M. Gallahue. 1884-6; Charles E. llaugh, 1884-7; Fred Mack. 1884-7; John ^ioran. 1884-6; Robert C. McClelland. 1884-9; W. C. Xewcomh, 1884-6; J. F. Kein- ecke, 1884-7; R. II. Rces, 1884-6; M. M. Rey- nolds. 1884-7; J. L. Sheppard, 1884-6; Theo- dore F. Smither. 1884-7: (leo. W. Spahr, 1884-6: Preston C. Trusler, 1884-6, 1888-91; J. W. Wharton, 1884-6: P. H. Wolf, 1884-(;; David F. Swain. 1886-9: Henrv L. Smith. 1886-9; Chris F. II. Waterman. '1886-7 ; Ed- ward Dunn. 1886-91; Jos. H. Howes. 1886-7; Michael J. Burns. 188(i-91; Cornelius Me- Groarty, 1886-7; Frank if. Dell, 1886-7; Chas. H. Stuckmever. 1886-9; Abner I,. Xowland. 1886-7: Thos. Jfarkev. 1886-91; .lolm II. II.- rig. 188(i-7; Elton B." Elliott. 1888-9; Wm. II. Wils(m. 1888-9; John C. Finch, 1888-9; Wm. T. Long, 1888-9: Jos. L. (iasper. 1888-91; Win. E. Davis. 1888-91 ; Wm. J. Parkinson, 1888-9; Wm. :M. Hicklin, 1888-91; Patrick J. Kellev, 1888-9: James Johnston. 1888-9; Frederick W. Gaul. 1888-9; .John A. Weber. 1890-1; David A. Meyers, 1890-1: Henry Sweeiland. 1,S90-1 ; Edward J. Slu'rcr. 1S!I0-1 ; Otto Stechhan. 1890-1; M. I). Yontz. 1890-1; Emil C. Kassnian. 1890-1; Wm. W. Wodlleii. 1890-1; Robert Martindalc. 1890-1: W. 11. Cooper. 18110-1; Kobert C. Mctiill. 1890-1; Fdward .\. .\ustiii. 18!)0-i: Ohif R. Olsen, 1890-1; .Martin .1. Murphv. 1890-1; Charles A. Gauss. 18i)0-l : 1.'. .1. N'olan, 1890-1. I'miiK \i:\\ ClIAItTKl! — CorN't'ILMKX AT I.M.ci:. — llriiiN W. I.aut. 1892-3; John B. Mc- Gullin. 1SI»2-:!: K.lward J. Shcrer. 1892-3. 1895-7: Martin J. Murpbv. 1892-3; Fred.'riek (i40 HISTORY or GREATER IXDIAXAPOLIS. Srhra.ler, 1892-3; Robert C. McGill (died .^fay ;, 1893), 1892-3; Henrv C. Habeny (filled A[cGiir.s vacaucv), 1893; Lucius W. Drew, 1893-5: Charles " Krauss, 1893-5; Geo. Merritt, 1893-5; Henry Rauli, 1893-5; Theo- dore Stein, 1893-5; Edward G. Stott, 1893-5; Geo. J. Dudley, 1895-7; Robert :M. Gladden, 1895-9; Thos. J. jMontgomerv (resigned Oct. 2(:, 1897), 1895-7; Albert E." Rauch, 1895-9; John O'Connor, 1895-7 ; John ]\Iahonev, 1897- 9; James H. Costello, 1897-9: Albert Harston, 1897-9; Edward W. Little (elected Xov. 22, 1897 — ^Montgomery's vacancy), 1897-9; Albert Daller, 1899-1901"; Chas. M. Dickson, 1899- 1901 ; Geo. H. Evans, 1899-1901 ; Wm. Kaiser, 1899-1901: Conrad Keller. 1899-1901; Wm. H. Wheeler, 1899-1901 : Lew. W. Cooper. 1901- 5; Jacquelin S. Holliday, 1901-3: Harold C. Megrew (resigned Oct. I'l, 1901). 1901; Wm. P. Sprav (elected Xov. -1, 1901 — ^legrew's va- caucv), "l901-3 : Edward G. Sourbier. 1901-3; John L. McFariand, 1901-3; Harrv M. Halde- man (resigned Xov. 17, 1902), 1901-2; James H. Billingsley (elected Dec. 11, 1902— Halde- man's vacancv), 1902-3; Charles G. Davis, 1903-9; Frank S. Fishback, 1903-5; Otto Hoff- man, 1903-9; J. Edward Krause, 1903-5; Al- bert E. Uhl, 1903-9; Benj. A. Brown, 1906-9; Chas. L. Hartniann, 190(5-9; Henry C. Smith- er, 190fi-9. TTndkh Xi:w Chartei! — Ward Councilmen. —Thos. B. Linn, 1892-3: John K. Allen, 1892- 9 ; A. A. Young, 1892-5 ; Jolin Purvear, 1892-7 ; James H. Costello. 1892-7; Wm.' H. Cooper, 1892-7; Jos. L. Gasper, 1892-5; Emil C. Rass- man, 1892-3: John F White. 1892-3: Geo. E. Colter, 1892-9: P. J. Rvan, 1892-5: Chas. A. Gauss, 1892-3: Olaf R. Olsen (resigned). 1892; Chas. P. Froschauer (elected XoV. 10. 1892— Olsen's vacancv), 1893-3; Anton Schmidt. 1892-3: Henrv Holloran. 1892-3: 0. M. :Murphv. 1893-7; G. W. Shaffer. 1893-9; Henry Magel. 1893-5; J. H. Schmid. 1893-5; Wm. Hcnnessv, 1893-5: Chas. Koehring, 1893- 5; Wm. Kaiser. 1893-5; Daniel W. O'Brien, 1893-5: Gavin L. Pavnc 1895-7; :\rahlon P. Woodv. 1895-7: Frank K. Wolcott, 1895-7; Duncan Dewar. 1895-7: Frank S. Clark, 1895- 9 : J. H. Kirkhoff, 1895-1 : ,Tas. T. Smith, 1895- 7: John G. Oidever, 1895-7: Willis F. Smith, 1897-9: John R.' Crall. 1897-1905: Thos. A. Bowser, 1897-9: Riehanl :\icrrick, 1897-9; Edward D. MotVctt. isn:-!); J„lin A. V(in Spreckelson, 1897-9; John H. Scanlon, 1897-9; James W. McGrew, 1897-1901: Edward G. Bernaucr, 1897-1901: Wm. W. Knight, 1897- 1901; John :M. Hisjijins (resigned 1901), 1897-1901; John WoL^ifter (elected Julv 18, 1901— Higgins's vacancy), 1901-5; Harry E. .Veglcy, 1899-1903; James H. Billingslev. 1Si)9-i905: James R. Munro, 1899-19oi : -Micbnel Horan, 1899-1901; H. C. Megrew, US!)9-1901: Henrv L. Spiegel. 1899-1901; Saml. Y. Perrott; 1899-1901; James Reilly, 1899-1901; James D. Moriaritv, 1899-190.5; .Michael C. Kellv, 1899-1903; Frederick W. Ep- jiert, 1901-9; Andrew H. Wahl, 1901-5: Wm. A. Rhodes, 1901-9; Thos. A. Wynne, 1901-3; Christ. H. Warweg. 1901-3: .Michael J. Shea, 1901-5; BenJ. F. Wvsons, 1901-3; James E. Herrv. 1901-3 : Gustav J. T. ilever. 1901-3 : Al- Ijert E. Cottev. 1903-9; James B. Murrav, 1903- 5 ; Daniel Linus, 1903-5 : John W. Storm, 1903- 5 : Jas. F. Sullivan, 1903-9 ; Fav Wright, 1903- 9 : John H. Hamlet, 190G-9 ; John F. Wood, 190(!-9: Wm. J. Xeukom. 190G-9; Wendel 0. Bangs. 1906-9; Ed. J. Stickelman, 1906-9; Theodore Portteus. 1906-9; Harry E. Rovse, l!tO(;-!); .lolm L. Donavon, 1906-9; Jacob H. Hilkene, 190G-9; Louis F. Henry, 1906-9. Board of Aldeumex. — Thos E. Chandler, 1877-80: Henrv Coburn, 1877-81; Robert S. Foster. 1877-9 :"Gottlieb C. Krug, 1877-8: Rob- ert C. McGill, 18:7-8; Horatio C. Xewcomb, 1877-8: William IL Snider, 1877-9; Isaac W. Stratford, 1877-9: William Wallace. 1877-8; William D. Wiles, 1877-9: Daniel W. Grulibs (resigned Mav 1, 1881), 1878-81; Diedrich Mussman, 18:8-84: William F. Piel, 1878-80; Jonathan :M. Ridenour, 1878-80: Harrv E. Drew, 1879-84: James T. Lavman, 1879-84; .lobn Xewman, 1879-84: Hiram Seibert. 1878- S4: Fram-is W. Hamilton. 1880-4: Wm. H. Tucker. 1880-4: George P. Wood, 1880-4; Derk Do Ruiter, 1881-4: Brainard Rorison, 1881-6; W. F. A. Bernhamer, 1884-(; ; S. H. Cobb, 1884- 6; W. A. Cox, 1884-6; Thos. E. Endlev, 1884- 7; Isaac King, 1884-7: James McHugh. 1884- 6: H. J. Prier, 1884-7: James A. Pritchard, 1884-7: Thiimas Talentire, 1880-6: John S. Croslev, 1886-7 ; Granville S. Wright, 1886-9 ; :\Iarcus L. Brown, 1886-7; Henry W. Laut, 1886-91: John Rail. 1886-9; Lorenz Schmidt, 1886-9: i\richael W. Toomev. 1888-9; Miles M. Revnolds, 1888-91: James H. Tavlor, 1888-9: Will. E. I'ousev. 1888-9: :\nilard F. Cnnnett, "I * IIIS'I'OIJV (IF CI.'KA'I'KR IXDI.WAl'oi.I^;. r.41 isss-ii: llarrv W. Siiiitli, 1888-91; Timothy J. Clnik. l^SS-!i: Isaac 'Jlialiiian, 1890-1; Saimicl \'. IVnott. 1.S!)0-1: Geo. T. Brounig, 1890-1; M. II. Fanvll. 1890-1 ; Thuo. T. Smithcr. 1890- I: -Fames ]{i>illv, 1890-1; John ,1. BlackwcU, 1890-1; John V. Keinecke, 1890-1. PitKsiDKXT.s Ro.Miu OF An)EinrEN. — Horatio C. Newcomh, 1877-8; William D. Wilos, 1878- 9 : Jonathan M. Kidenour, 1879-80 : Henrv Co- l)urn, 1880-1: ;Tainos T. Layman, 1881-:i; Biainard I{(.ri.<on, 1884-5; Tlios. J. Endley, 188(1-7; (Iranviile S. Wright, 1888-9; Isaac Tlialman. 18l)(i-l. Ci-KUK Bo.VRD 01' Aldkumen. — Geo. T. Breu- nig, 1877-8.'?; Frank W. Ripley, 1884-5 ; Jos. T. Fanning, 1886-7; Samuel V. Pcrrott (from Oct. a, 188: ), 1887, 1890-1 ; Mi.liael Toomey, 1888- 9. DisTiiicT CouNCiLiriON (Ihider Law of 1909).— Wm. H. Johnson, 1910— ; John Blum- lierg, 1910—; Charles F. Copeland, 1910—; Geoige L. Denny, 1910-; Frank E. McCarthy, 1910—; Fred C. Owen, 1910—; George B. Ru- hcns. 1910—; Charles B. Stilz, 1910—; James E. Trov. 1910—. 614^^1 'i- r THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 Jl 3 1205 02529 2549 UC SOLITHFRN RFfilONAI LIBR6RV F«ni ITY v li: I I '"'Hi n: [M :i-;ii III D 000 813 551 9