THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 C 
 
 MEN OF MARK 
 
 OF 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 ALFRED COX 
 
 CHRISTCHURCH, N.Z. 
 
 WHITCOMBE & TOMBS (LIMITED) 
 
 1886
 
 PREFACE 
 
 ALTHOUGH NEW ZEALAND must be spoken of as still 
 in its immaturity, the time has arrived when a brief book 
 of biography of men who have already done good service in 
 public life may be made a matter of interest to a large 
 number of people throughout the Colony. 
 
 The design of the present publication is to point out 
 to show at a glance in the form of short biographical 
 notices who have distinguished themselves politically, 
 officially, or as enterprising and energetic colonists in New 
 Zealand. In this attempt to place on record the acquire- 
 ments and services of conspicuous men, past and present, 
 connected with the history of New Zealand, many 
 omissions will probably be noticeable. The desire of the 
 Editor has been to put forth a sober chronicle of facts, and 
 to make up a roll of the men who have made their mark as 
 colonists. This is the scope and object of the present pub- 
 lication ; and although such notices will in many instances 
 be somewhat brief, all sources of information have been 
 utilised to make them accurate. 
 
 In the old world there are standard works, in which are 
 recorded the names, titles and achievements of men of birth 
 
 602924 
 
 ~
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 and of wealth inherited. In the work now undertaken it is 
 proposed to write down the names and doings of men who, 
 urged on by a spirit of self-reliance, have faced and con- 
 quered obstacles ; of men who, in some form or other, have 
 contributed to the history of their adopted land. Of such 
 men there is amongst us, and has been a considerable 
 number, a bulky roll indeed of those who, whilst engaged in 
 large undertakings of a private nature, have never forgotten 
 the duty they owed to the public. 
 
 The publishers desire to acknowledge their indebtedness 
 to Mr. Robt. Lamb, M.A., for the valuable assistance 
 received from him in reading and revising proofs.
 
 THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS 
 
 IF the honour of the actual discovery of New Zealand in 
 1642 has to be awarded to Tasman the Dutch Navigator, 
 the greater honour of having been the first to land on its 
 shores, in 1769, has unquestionably to be given to Captain 
 Cook, the world-renowned Navigator, of His Majesty's ship 
 " Endeavour." 
 
 Shortly after, in the year 1772, Marion du Frene and 
 Crozet, with two ships, anchored in the Bay of Islands. In 
 1774 Cook again visited New Zealand, spending several 
 months in Dusky Bay and Queen Charlotte's Sound. His 
 last visit was in the year 1777. 
 
 Prior to the appointment of the first Governor, New 
 Zealand, with its thin population of whites scattered along 
 the coast, was a dependency of the Colony of New 
 South Wales. The first systematic attempt to colonise 
 it was made in the year 1825, by a Company under 
 the command of Captain Herd a scheme quickly 
 abandoned owing to the ferocity of the Natives. 
 In 1833 James Busby was appointed British Resi- 
 dent, and instructed by the Home Government to live
 
 VI THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. 
 
 at the Bay of Islands. It is recorded that in the year 1838 
 this harbour was visited by fifty-six American ships, twenty- 
 three English, twenty-one French, one from Bremen, twenty- 
 four from New South Wales, and six coasters. In 1840 
 Captain Hobson, R.N., was ordered to New Zealand as 
 Consul, carrying with him a commission as Lieutenant 
 Governor in case he could successfully treat with the Native 
 Chiefs. Since his rule a succession of Governors has been 
 appointed by the Home Government. 
 
 In 1839 the Tory, the foremost ship of the N.Z. 
 Company's fleet, sailed into these waters with the first 
 organised band of colonists destined to break in upon the 
 long undisturbed reign of the Maori. A struggle ensued ; 
 and the dark-skinned race retreated. The fifty years that 
 have since elapsed are a record of unprecedented progress 
 in colonization. The woodland valleys soon rang with the 
 sound of the axe and the saw.' In the North, wide stretches 
 of native fern were swept away in the crackling flames of a 
 summer wind. The country is now sprinkled with ricks and 
 folds, and herds fatten upon the fresh pasture. The plains 
 of the South, once wild and silent wastes of tussock and 
 sand, seen from the summit of the bordering hills, spread 
 out beneath the observer's feet one vast carpet of bright 
 squares of all shades of green and yellow, fringed by the 
 white ocean beach and bounded by the snow-capped ranges 
 of the Southern Alps. Smiling homesteads and snug farm- 
 yards nestle in the shelter of clumps of blue-gum and fir ; 
 while away on the horizon broad rivers sweep across shingle
 
 THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. VII 
 
 beds to the sea, and gleam at sunset like threads of silver. 
 English salmon, trout, perch and carp people the streams ; 
 the hare, the sparrow and skylark, grouse, pheasant and 
 quail have found a home in the fields and woods. 
 Groves of orange and lemon, the vine, the mul- 
 berry and the olive begin to crown the river banks of the 
 higher latitudes. The face of the country is fast being com- 
 pletely changed. The canoe of the Maori, like the moa, 
 will soon belong to the past. White sails dot the bays and 
 lakes. Bright little steamers ply to and fro, and, with the aid 
 of the iron-horse, convey the harvest of three million acres 
 of waving grain and the fleeces of thirteen million sheep to 
 the large shipping centres. Fleets of the finest ocean 
 steamers link us to the sister colonies and take us round the 
 world in ninety days. The architect and engineer are 
 busy. Splendid buildings in various styles of architecture 
 adorn the streets of the larger cities. Tunnels have 
 been pierced through the hills, and harbours scooped 
 out on the coast. A continuous track of rail, broken 
 only by the blue waters of Cook Strait, will soon unite 
 the sub-tropical forests of the northern peninsula with 
 the eternal snows and glaciers, the land of lake and fiord. 
 The postal, telegraphic, and telephonic systems are complete. 
 Companies are forming to develop agriculture and convert 
 minerals into tangible wealth. Factories are rearing their 
 smoking chimney-stacks in every direction. Dairies, flax- 
 mills, breweries, fellmongering works and potteries supply 
 the wants of the colony, and quicken the export trade.
 
 VIII THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. 
 
 Quartzmines, collieries, and quarries vie with one another in 
 bringing to the surface the stores of valuable metals hidden 
 in the bosom of the earth. In politics activity is as notice- 
 able. The first Parliament assembled refused to go forward 
 till the principle of self-government, unrestricted and res- 
 ponsible, was conceded. A flourishing press and full reports 
 of parliamentary debates, have awakened keen interest in all 
 classes. Probably in no country has there been greater 
 progress in political education. 
 
 While large numbers are ever joining in the race for 
 wealth and power, the higher life and well-being of men are 
 not forgotten. Fortunately among the early colonists were 
 men of sterling qualities who could appreciate high-class 
 education, secular and religious, and who hastened to secure 
 this boon for their children. A system of secular scholar- 
 ship, as perfect, perhaps, as human systems can be, is the 
 result. Under government control primary and secondary 
 schools conduct the young scholar to the portals of the 
 University, whence, after graduating, he launches out fully 
 fledged into the sphere of life's work. These advantages 
 are open to both sexes alike. Two New Zealand maidens 
 were the first in the British Empire to claim for their sex the 
 honour of graduating. Normal schools supply an efficient 
 staff of teachers, and, to complete the system, agricultural 
 colleges, schools of art, public libraries and museums have 
 been established as adjuncts of the University.* 
 
 * In 1881, as the result of compulsory education, over 97 per cent, of those between 
 the ages of 15 and 20 years could read and write.
 
 THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. IX 
 
 The religious wants of the Colony are also fairly provided 
 for. Owing to endowments having been granted to the 
 more influential bodies, Anglican, Presbyterian, and Metho- 
 dist Theological Colleges are now beginning to furnish their 
 own ministry. And if religion is not taught in the Govern- 
 ment schools, the buildings are freely placed at the disposal 
 of the laity. In 1881, while 87,811 were receiving instruc- 
 tion on week days, 78,891 young people were attending the 
 Sunday school. Thus the religious-political problem of the 
 age has already been solved in New Zealand. There is no 
 State church. Religion is found to flourish best when spring- 
 ing from an independent root. 
 
 Philanthropy too has advanced hand in hand with pros- 
 perity. Hospitals and asylums, institutions for the deaf and 
 dumb, and for other sufferers have been erected. Nor has 
 sympathy been narrowed. Justice has been extended im- 
 partially to the Native race. Placed on the same footing 
 with the colonist, the Maori enjoys to the full the benefits of 
 education and government. Divided into electoral districts 
 the tribes send up their representatives to share the powers 
 of the legislature and to stand shoulder to shoulder with the 
 Executive of every Ministry. 
 
 Perhaps a surer test of advancement is the development 
 of a taste for literature and the fine arts, and the study of 
 Nature's laws for its own sake. We are told that " Geology 
 does better in re-clothing dry bones and revealing lost crea- 
 tions, than in tracing veins of lead and beds of iron." There 
 are grains of gold to be gathered of a higher kind than is
 
 X THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. 
 
 found in river sands "the gold-dust of noble thought." 
 From the rush of fortune-seeking some have stood aside and 
 striven to amass this nobler spoil. But it is a work not of 
 one age, but of ages. The flowers and fruit of genius require 
 generations to bloom and ripen. But the sowers are at work, 
 and already there are indications which inspire confidence 
 and hope in the future. 
 
 To the men who have made such things possible, and 
 who have laid the foundation of another Britain, ourselves 
 and posterity owe a debt of gratitude. Over many of them 
 the green turf is growing. It is our duty to preserve their 
 names from wholly passing into oblivion. To fill in the 
 canvas of each life would require a biography, and is beyond 
 the scope of the present work. To describe colonial life, its 
 ups and downs, in true colours, belongs to the pen of the 
 historian and novelist. We can at best give a chronicle of 
 bare facts. But sufficient is told to bring us into closer con- 
 tact with men whose names are daily on our lips, and to 
 indicate the way by which some who once donned the blue 
 shirt and moleskins of the miner, have won respect and 
 honour, and come to hold the reins of government. 
 
 There is something ennobling in the thought that so 
 much should have been accomplished in so short a time by 
 a handful of hardy Britishers at the Antipodes. Various are 
 the motives that led them to forsake the land of their fathers, 
 prepared to swim rivers, sleep in the flax, and cut their way 
 through the forest or the swamp. But success as a whole must 
 be attributed to the methodic boldness and energy common to
 
 THE COLONY AND ITS FOUNDERS. XI 
 
 Englishmen natural forces that expend themselves uncon- 
 sciously in deeds, not words. There was no sparing of 
 muscle or mind. Throwing off the bonds of caste which in 
 the old country checks the free circulation of the nation's 
 life-blood, they stood upon the virgin soil as brothers. Says 
 Carlyle : The real creators and eternal proprietors of 
 England are all the heroic souls that ever cut a thistle, 
 drained a puddle, contrived, did or said a valiant thing in 
 England. 
 
 And to find drones among the founders of the Colony 
 would be almost as hard as to select the more worthy workers. 
 Hence the difficulty and delicacy of writing a book of this kind. 
 The publishers feel that it is not as complete as they 
 could wish. Names may have been omitted which by right 
 should find a place on the pages following. But, if such be 
 the case, let no man feel aggrieved. True worth does not 
 lose in quality by not being trumpeted before men. Modesty 
 is, perhaps, the most pleasing trait in the character of a 
 public man ; and at the present moment we have pleasant 
 recollections of obstacles cast in our v, r ay by such men in our 
 midst men whose diffidence could only be overcome at last 
 by pleading duty towards the younger generation.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND, 
 
 ABRAHAM, The Right Rev. Charles John, 
 D.D., son of the late Captain Abraham, R.N., of Farn- 
 borough, Hants, was born in the year 1815, and educated 
 at Eton, and King's College, Cambridge, of which he was 
 successively Scholar and Fellow. Whilst acting as Assistant 
 Master at Eton College, he was appointed Archdeacon of 
 Waitemata, New Zealand, which office he continued to hold 
 till 1857. Dr. Selwyn, Bishop of New Zealand, who had 
 long looked forward to his coming, at once gave him the 
 important position of Principal of St. John's College, Auck- 
 land. The country was rapidly becoming peopled with 
 English immigrants, and the Church was firmly taking root. 
 After the lapse of seventeen years, Bishop Selwyn found it 
 necessary to divide the Colony into four dioceses, and 
 himself shepherded one-fourth of his largely-increased flock. 
 Archdeacon Abraham was then consecrated first Bishop of 
 Wellington. In 1870 he resigned his see, returned to 
 England, and was appointed a coadjutor Bishop to Dr.
 
 2 MKN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALANK 
 
 Selwyn, in the diocese of Lichfield. He was by the side of 
 the Bishop of Lichfield in the last moments of that great 
 and noble divine. He held a prebend in the Cathedral 
 Church of Lichfield from 1872 till 1876, when he was ap- 
 pointed Canon Residentiary of Tattenhill, Staffordshire, 
 1875-6. 
 
 ANDERSON, John, was born in 1820, at Inverc.sk, 
 about six miles from the city of Edinburgh, and the greater 
 part of his early life was spent in Scotland. But in both 
 England and Scotland Mr. Anderson gained much ex- 
 perience of his business. On arriving at Lyttelton, in the 
 year 1850, he decided to settle on the plains. Xew-comers 
 who in later times reach Christchurch by way of the tunnel, 
 but faintly realise the labour that early settlers, with their 
 families, had to face in dragging themselves and their 
 belongings over the hill in those good old days, when men 
 pointed to the bridle path with pride as a great engineering 
 triumph Mr. Anderson was the first to set up a black- 
 smith's forge in Canterbury, and for a time with no covering 
 but the sky. A rough shed was soon erected, and thence- 
 forward, by continuous expansion, this primitive smithy has 
 grown to what is now known as the " Canterbury Foundry " 
 a name well known in the engineering and agricultural 
 circles not merely of Canterbury but of New Zealand. Mr. 
 Anderson, the founder of this large and successful estab- 
 lishment, still, with his sons, retains the management of the 
 business. Although he has never had much to do with the 
 politics of the country, colonial or provincial, he has done a 
 fair share of municipal work, having from first to last held 
 a seat in the City Council for over ten years. He was 
 elected Mayor of Christchurch in 1869, tne >" ear m which 
 the Duke of Edinburgh visited Canterbury.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 3 
 
 ANDREW, The Rev. John Chapman, was born 
 in the year 1822, at Whitby, in Yorkshire, of which place 
 his father, the Rev. James Andrew, for many years held 
 the living. Mr. Andrew was at school at Whitby, with 
 Mr. Dufton, a strict disciplinarian of the old school, 
 and afterwards a divine of some reputation in the south 
 of England. At the age of thirteen he was sent to St. 
 Peter's School, at York, of which Archdeacon Creyke 
 was then the head. He there soon won the founda- 
 tion scholarship, and afterwards gained an exhibition from 
 the school of ,50 a year, to be held during the Uni- 
 versity course. In 1840, Mr. Andrew was elected ex- 
 hibitioner of University College, Oxford. The tutors 
 at that time at University College were Sir Travers 
 Twiss, D.C.L., F.R.S. ; the Rev. Charles Claughton, D.D., 
 afterwards Bishop of Colombo ; William Donkin, the 
 eminent mathematician ; and Dean Stanley. Mr. Andrew 
 took high honors, both in classics and mathematics, in 
 1844, and was then for some little time one of the staff 
 of masters who first opened, under Dr. Woolley, the now 
 flourishing school at Rossal, in Lancashire. In 1845, Mr. 
 Andrew was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 
 and shortly afterwards returned to reside and continue his 
 studies at the University. After a year or two's residence, he 
 was appointed Mathematical and then Greek Lecturer, after- 
 wards full tutor to the College. His vacations were spent in 
 travel first in central and southern Europe, and then for 
 several successive seasons in Norway and Lapland. In 1857, 
 Mr. Andrew, with his wife, landed at Wellington, N.Z. After 
 visiting Manawatu he came on to Lyttelton, and subsequently 
 took up a run on the south bank of the Waitangi, where he 
 lived many years, and devoted himself, with considerable 
 success, to the work involved in the personal superintendence
 
 4 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 of a New Zealand sheep station. Shortly after the discovery 
 of gold in Otago, Mr. Andrew sold his pastoral property, with 
 the intention of visiting England. Before, however, proceed- 
 ing to England, he travelled, with a view to investment, 
 through a considerable part of the North Island, and partly 
 succeeded in carrying out his intention. He visited England, 
 where, with his family, he remained two years, and then 
 returned to New Zealand, where he solely occupied himself 
 for a season in looking after his sheep and station. He 
 then entered the Provincial Council of Wellington, as the 
 representative of Wairarapa, and continued a member until 
 the abolition of the Provinces. In 1870 Mr. Andrew, after 
 a contested election, was returned as one of the two 
 members for the Wairarapa in the General Assembly, and 
 again at the election following in 1876. In Parliament Mr. 
 Andrew gave a qualified and independent support to the 
 Vogel Government. In 1876 he left Wellington Province 
 for Nelson, where he was shortly after elected as Principal 
 of Nelson College, which office he still holds. In 1878, Mr. 
 Andrew was appointed a Senator and Fellow of the New 
 Zealand University at the foundation of that institution, and 
 is at present Vice-Chancellor. He was also employed by 
 the University to inspect and report on the secondary schools 
 of the Colony. Mr. Andrew was one of the earliest ex- 
 aminers for Matriculation and Junior University Scholar- 
 ships; and in 1874 he had the satisfaction of placing, for the 
 first time, a lady's name on the list of scholarship winners 
 Miss K. M. Edger. This lady was the first in the whole 
 extent of the British Dominions to claim the honour for 
 her sex of having taken the Bachelor of Arts Degree. 
 In 1868, Mr. Andrew became a member of the Welling- 
 ton Education Board, and continued to do active work 
 as such till 1876, when he retired from Wellington. He
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 5 
 
 has for several years held a similar position in Nelson. 
 Mr. Andrew has attended the General Synod of the 
 Church of England, as member for Dunedin, and once 
 for Nelson. He was made a Justice of the Peace by 
 Sir Edward Stafford's Government, and is probably the only 
 clerk in holy orders on the New Zealand bench. 
 
 ARNEY, Hon. Sir George Alfred, was the seventh 
 son of -- Arney, Esq., of the Close, Salisbury. He was 
 born in 1806, and was educated at Winchester and at 
 Brasenose College, Oxford, taking the B.A. Degree in 1829, 
 and the M.A. in 1830. In the year 1834, he was called to 
 the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. and went the Western Circuit. 
 Having arrived in New Zealand in 1858, he became Chief- 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he held 
 up to the year 1875. Chief-Justice Arney held a seat 
 in the Legislative Council for some sessions, and had 
 previously been appointed a member of the Executive 
 Council. On resigning his position as Judge, he returned to 
 England, where he lived up to the time of his death in 1883. 
 
 ATKINSON, the Hon. Major Harry Albert, 
 
 Member of Parliament for Egmont, was an early New Zea- 
 land colonist, and one of the first settlers that risked his 
 life and property in the Province of Taranaki. Major 
 Atkinson had much to do with Provincial affairs in the 
 Province which he selected as his home, and was ever ready 
 to buckle on his sword, literally as well as metaphorically, to 
 serve the Colony on the many occasions on which the North 
 Island settlers were called upon to fight. The records of Par- 
 liament and of the Colony show that such devotion to the 
 public service was duly appreciated. Major Atkinson sat 
 in the Parliament of 1863, and on the formation of the
 
 6 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Weld Ministry held the office of Defence Minister. His 
 speech, delivered in Parliament on the occasion of the 
 second reading of the " Militia Act Repeal Bill," showed 
 the wisdom and energy of a rising statesman. He explained 
 what measures the Government proposed to adopt for the 
 defence of the North Island, after the English troops should 
 be withdrawn and sent home. He then drew a picture of 
 the condition of the country, stating that although it must 
 be admitted that actual hostilities had ceased in the northern 
 part of the island, the Maori prisoners had escaped from 
 Kawau, and the Colony was trembling in the balance of 
 peace and war. He pointed out, further, that the district 
 of Taranaki was unsafe, even within five or six miles of the 
 town of New Plymouth ; that the Hau-hau fanaticism had 
 taken a deep hold on the Northern people, and was, un- 
 happily, fast spreading all over the island ; and that, in the 
 opinion of the Government, the time had come when a 
 self-relying spirit must be awakened, and the people of the 
 Colony must be prepared to depend on themselves solely. 
 This was the point that the Ministry held to be abso- 
 lutely necessary for the good government of the Colony. 
 The position at that time taken by the Government with 
 regard to the Imperial troops was this, as stated by Major 
 Atkinson : " We do not require your troops a day longer, 
 and we do not mean to pay for them; but if you choose 
 that they remain in the Colony henceforth for Imperial pur- 
 poses, very good ; here they may remain." He concluded 
 in these words : " Whatever may be England's duty in the 
 matter, our duty is to face difficulties and overcome them ; 
 and thus, by our votes on this Bill, show to the country that 
 we are prepared to undertake this work. And relying on 
 God's strength, let us work out our salvation with fear and 
 trembling." Before the end of the session of 1865, Mr.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 7 
 
 Weld, not receiving the support that he considered his 
 Ministry entitled to at the hands of his party, resigned the 
 Premiership, and the Ministry ceased to exist. This 
 Government was succeeded by the Stafford Ministry. In 
 1867 Major Atkinson moved a series of resolutions relating 
 to the " Militia and Volunteer services," one of which was 
 to the effect that the militia and volunteer services should 
 not be charged Provincially ; another, that " a stricter and 
 more uniform system of discipline should be introduced into 
 the Volunteer service." Subsequently, he introduced into 
 the House the Bill to " amend the Volunteer Act of 1865." 
 In 1868, in criticising the Native policy of the Government 
 at great length, he maintained that the Colony was still in a 
 critical position in regard to Native affairs, quoting in support 
 of his contention the reports of resident magistrates in 
 Native districts, and of Judge Maning, who, speaking of the 
 state of the Native mind at that time, wrote : " My hope for 
 the establishment of peace is greater than my expectation of 
 seeing it established for a considerable time." Another 
 authority, Mr. Parris, said : " The continued existence of 
 the King movement stands in the way of the probability of 
 the continuance of peace, notwithstanding the profession of 
 the natives to the contrary." In 1869 Major Atkinson does 
 not appear to have been in Parliament. In 1873 he was 
 again ^returned to the House of Representatives, and in 1875 
 became Colonial Treasurer under the Premiership of the 
 Hon. Dr. Pollen ; and, later on, Secretary for Crown Lands 
 and Immigration. In 1876, when Sir Julius Vogel became 
 Premier and held the office of Colonial Treasurer, Major 
 Atkinson held the offices of Crown Lands and Immigration. 
 Whilst a member of this Ministry, he moved the second 
 reading of the Abolition of Provinces Bill, which was passed 
 by a large majority of the House of Representatives in a 

 
 8 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 House of 69, the majority being 35 in favour of Abolition. 
 This Bill was subsequently passed through the Legislative 
 Council and became law. Towards the end of the session 
 of 1876, he became Premier and Colonial Treasurer, holding 
 that position to 1877, when Sir George Grey came into office. 
 In 1879, when the Grey Ministry was defeated, Mr. (soon Sir 
 John) Hall became head of the Ministry, in which Major 
 Atkinson retained the office of Colonial Treasurer. On the 
 retirement of Sir John Hall from the Ministry, owing to 
 ill health, in 1883, and the succession to the Premiership of 
 Sir Frederick Whitaker, Major Atkinson continued to hold 
 the office of Colonial Treasurer. In 1884 he became 
 Premier, holding in addition the offices of Colonial Treasurer, 
 Commissioner of Customs, Commissioner of Stamp Duties, 
 and Minister of Marine to i6th August, and from the 28th 
 August to the 3rd September, when his Ministry was suc- 
 ceeded by the Stout- Vogel administration. 
 
 BALLANCE, John, member for Wanganui, was one 
 of Wanganui's earliest settlers, and long connected with the 
 newspaper press of the Colony in that district of Wellington. 
 Mr. Ballance was elected to Parliament in the year 1876, 
 and sat for some sessions. In the election which took place 
 in 1880, he was defeated.- He had previously been included 
 in Sir George Grey's administration, but resigned his port- 
 folio before that Government ceased to exist. In the general 
 election of 1884 he was again returned to Parliament, and, on 
 the re-construction of the Stout- Vogel administration, was 
 offered and accepted the portfolio of Defence and Native 
 Affairs. Mr. Ballance was Minister for Native Affairs and 
 Minister of Defence from i6th August to 28th August; 
 and again Minister for Native Affairs, Minister of Defence, 
 and Minister of Lands from 3ist September, 1884.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 9 
 
 HARTLEY, the Hon. Thomas Haughton, 
 
 barrister, was one of the earliest settlers in the Province 
 of Auckland, New Zealand. Mr. Bartley was nominated 
 to the first Legislative Council held in Auckland under the 
 New Zealand Constitution Act, and was a member of the 
 FitzGerald ministry, and represented that Government in 
 the Legislative Council. On the retirement of Mr. Swainson 
 from the position of President of the Council, Mr. Bartley 
 occupied the Speaker's chair up to the time of his retire- 
 ment from the Council. 
 
 BATHGATE, John, M.L.C. Mr. Bathgate was 
 educated for the law in Scotland, where he practised his 
 profession for some time before coming out to New Zealand. 
 He was admitted a practitioner in New Zealand in 1872, 
 and has been a resident in Dunedin, Otago, since that year, 
 following his profession. In provincial as well as in colonial 
 politics, Mr. Bathgate has taken an active part, having for 
 some time held the office of Provincial Solicitor in the 
 Province of Otago. In 1871, he was returned to the House 
 of Representatives as member for Dunedin city, a position 
 retained by him during that and the two following sessions. 
 Amongst the important measures with which Mr. Bathgate 
 was connected during his political and parliamentary career, 
 was " The Attorney General's Bill," the object of which 
 was to make the office of Attorney General political, by 
 requiring that he should become a member of the Legis- 
 lature. This had been the rule during the greater part of 
 the Parliamentary history of the Colony, and had been 
 departed from for some sessions, owing, it was said, to the 
 paucity of lawyers in the Legislature. This bill, after con- 
 siderable discussion, was withdrawn by consent. Mr. 
 Bathgate has earnestly sought to curtail all unnecessary
 
 10 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 expense in connection with the civil service ; and he is in 
 strong sympathy with those who urge the humanity and 
 necessity of limiting the sale of intoxicating liquors. In 
 
 1872, he accepted orifice, and received the portfolio of 
 Commissioner of Customs in the Waterhouse Ministry. In 
 
 1873, he held the portfolios of Minister of Justice and 
 Commissioner of Stamps. He also brought before Parlia- 
 ment a " District Courts Bill," which the House accepted, and 
 read a second time ; also an " Insolvency Bill," which passed 
 the second reading, and other Bills to consolidate existing 
 laws. Before the following session, he retired from Parlia- 
 mentary life, and was appointed to a District Judgeship in 
 Otago, which office he held up to the time of his appoint- 
 ment as Immigration Agent in England for that Province. In 
 1885, he was nominated to a seat in the Legislative Council. 
 
 BEALEY, Samuel. Born in 1821 in Lancashire. 
 Mr. Bealey entered Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his 
 B.A. degree in 1851, and in the same year he sailed for 
 Canterbury, New Zealand. With the late Mr. John Bealey 
 he purchased land orders for 1,000 acres in the proposed 
 new settlement, and on arrival they found ample occupation 
 in selecting this land, in forming and stocking stations, and 
 in building small dwellings in Christchurch in which to live. 
 The Messrs. Bealey passed a pleasant and not unuseful life, 
 keeping ever before them that one main object the en- 
 deavour to help in moulding the future of what would one 
 day form a considerable part of a great nation. After a short 
 time the New Zealand Constitution Act came into force. 
 The elections for the Provincial Councils throughout the 
 Colony soon followed, when Mr. Samuel Bealey, in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. Thomas Cass, the Chief Surveyor of Canter- 
 bury, and with Mr. Richard Packer, was elected for the city
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. II 
 
 of Christchurch, for which place he continued to sit until his 
 election to the Superintendency in 1863. Mr. Bealey's 
 Executive consisted of Messrs. Tancred (president), Rolles- 
 ton, Ross, Stevens, and others ; subsequently, Mr. (now Sir 
 John) Hall joined, undertaking with his usual energy and 
 ability the Secretaryship of Public Works. Mr. Sale was 
 deputed to the supervision of the Westland gold fields. 
 The harbour works at Port Lyttelton were chief among the 
 public works of Mr. Bealey's time, to which he devoted 
 much care. A Commission of engineers and masters of 
 vessels was appointed, who drew up an able and exhaustive 
 report on the subject, recommending the formation of a 
 breakwater. To Mr. Bealey's strong support of this very 
 effective method of protecting the shipping from the easterly 
 swell and the S.W. gales, is due the present superior harbour. 
 The prison labour gang were set to work at Officer's Point, 
 and, later on, in the Superintendency of Mr. Rolleston, the 
 corresponding breakwater at Naval Point was constructed. 
 During Mr. Bealey's Superintendency, there was also under- 
 taken a considerable extension of the Southern railway. At 
 the close of his term of office, he retired into private life, 
 returning temporarily to England for the education of his 
 family. 
 
 BELL, Sir Frederick Dillon, was born in 1822, and 
 educated in France. He joined the New Zealand Company 
 in 1839, in England, and was assistant secretary and for some 
 time chief secretary in the London office. He came to New 
 Zealand shortly after the Wairau massacre, still being in the 
 Company's service, and for several years went to and 
 fro among their settlements. In Auckland he negotiated 
 large purchases of land for the Company, and acted as 
 agent for carrying out Lord Stanley's agreement of 1843.
 
 12 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 At Nelson, he was engaged in the settlement of many im- 
 portant land questions, and was chairman to the body of 
 landowners there, who remodelled the scheme of that settle- 
 ment and adjusted the differences between the Company 
 and its purchasers, by what were known as the resolutions 
 of 1847. He also assisted in the final settlement of the 
 Wellington land question and of the difficulties between 
 the Company and its purchasers there, besides being 
 engaged in negotiations with the Natives in the Wairarapa 
 and other places, in the acquisition of land for the Company. 
 In 1847, he was appointed to succeed Mr. J. T. Wicksteed 
 as Resident Agent for the Company at New Plymouth, and 
 during his residence there he purchased, among other lands, 
 what is now known as the Bell Block. In 1848, he was 
 transferred to Nelson, also in the capacity of Resident 
 Agent for the Company, succeeding Mr. Fox, who had been 
 appointed Attorney General of the Southern Province. 
 He had only been in Nelson a short time when the serious 
 illness of Colonel Wakefield, the Principal Agent of the 
 Company, called him to Wellington. On the death of 
 Colonel Wakefield, which occurred very shortly afterwards, 
 Mr. Fox took the position of Principal Agent, and Mr. Bell 
 resumed the resident agency at Nelson. Later in the same 
 year (1848) he was called to the Legislative Council of New 
 Munster, and retained his seat until 1850, when he resigned 
 with others, consequent on a difference with the Home 
 authorities as to the powers of the Members of the Council. 
 In 1846, he had been made a Justice of the Peace for the 
 Colony, and, in 1848, a Justice of the Peace for the 
 Province of New Munster. He remained Resident Agent 
 at Nelson until 1851, when, on the Company surrendering 
 up its charter, he received the appointment of Commissioner 
 of Crown Lands for the Wellington district ; and, in the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 13 
 
 same year, of Commissioner under " The New Zealand 
 Company Land Claims Settlement Ordinance," having 
 already been appointed a Commissioner to Investigate Titles 
 to Land in the New Zealand Company's Settlements. In 
 1853, he was elected to represent the Wairarapa and Hawke's 
 Bay District in the Wellington Provincial Council, and con- 
 tinued to do so until 1856. At one time he was a member 
 of the Provincial Board of Audit. In 1854 he was sum- 
 moned to the Legislative Council sitting in Auckland ; and 
 shortly afterwards, in the same year, became a member of 
 the Executive Council. When the representative system 
 was introduced, in 1856, Mr. Bell was elected to represent 
 the Hutt in the new Assembly, and was Colonial Treasurer 
 in the first responsible Government known as the Bell- 
 Sewell Ministry. The Ministry had a brief existence. 
 Later in 1856, Mr. Bell was appointed a land claims com- 
 missioner, under "The Land Claims Settlement Act 1856." 
 At the general election in 1861, he, was elected for Wallace, 
 in Otago, and. in 1862, he joined the Domett Ministry as 
 Colonial Treasurer, Commissioner of Customs, and Minister 
 for Native Affairs, but soon resigned the two former port- 
 folios. Amongst other offices which he held earlier in 
 1862 were: Commissioner under "The Auckland Immi- 
 gration Certificate Act 1858 Amendment Act 1861," Com- 
 missioner under "The Pensioners' Claims Act 1861," and 
 ad interim Secretary for Crown Lands during the absence of 
 Mr. Domett. As Native Minister in the Domett Ministry, 
 he again visited Taranaki with the Governor and Mr. 
 Domett, and went with the troops when they took possession 
 of the Tataraimaka block. He also went with Mr. Gorst 
 to New South Wales and Victoria to raise the Waikato 
 Regiments, as well as on business connected with the 
 Panama Mail service. The Ministry were turned out in 

 
 14 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 1863; and, in 1864, Mr. Bell removed with his family to 
 Otago, where he became largely interested in pastoral 
 pursuits. In 1865, he was elected to represent Mataura in the 
 Otago Provincial Council, and in the same year was ap- 
 pointed one of a commission to inquire into the condition 
 of the Provincial Civil Service. In 1866, he was elected for 
 Mataura in the House of Representatives. In 1869, he was 
 elected for Dunedin in the Provincial Council, in the room 
 of Mr. Vogel, who had resigned. In the same year he 
 again took office in the Government, being a member of 
 the Executive, without portfolio, in the Fox Ministry. At 
 the end of 1869, he was sent home, with Dr. Featherston, 
 as Special Commissioner to raise an Imperial force of 1000 
 men ; to confer with the Imperial Government as to the des- 
 cription of force (in addition to those already authorised) it 
 would be most advantageous for the Colony to employ for 
 its defence ; and also to obtain the Imperial guarantee to a 
 loan of ;i, 000,000 for immigration and public works. 
 Returning from England in the year 1871, he was re-elected 
 for Mataura, and succeeded Sir D. Monro in the Speaker- 
 ship of the House of Representatives. He was in the same 
 year also elected for Otaramika in the Otago Provincial 
 Council, which constituency he represented until 1873. In 
 1873, he was created a Knight Bachelor. At the general 
 election of 1876, he stood for the constituency of Waikouaiti, 
 but-retired from the contest. In 1877, he was summoned to 
 the Legislative Council. In 1880, with Sir W. Fox, he was 
 appointed a Royal Commissioner under " The Confiscated 
 Lands Inquiry and Maori Prisoners' Trials Act 1879." 
 Having concluded the preliminary investigation under this 
 Commission in December, 1880, he received the appoint- 
 ment of Agent General for the Colony succeeding Sir 
 Julius Vogel. In 1881 he was created a K.C.M.G.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 15 
 
 BICKERTON, Alexander William, F.C.S., 
 late Associate of Royal Exhibition, and Senior Queen's 
 Scholar of the Royal School of Mines, London ; Colonial 
 Analyst, and Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Canter- 
 bury College. Born at Alton, Hants, in 1842, Professor 
 Bickerton was educated at the Grammar School of that 
 town. An orphan, he was taken by an uncle to Bridge- 
 water to be educated as an engineer. He passed through 
 the drawing office and the workshop of the railway works. 
 He also gained a prize studentship, a full certificate, 
 and several medals at the local School of Art. After- 
 wards he entered a civil engineer's office in London, and 
 attended the classes at South Kensington. Finding the 
 exposure necessary for an engineer too severe for his health, 
 he had to relinquish that profession, and finally devoted his 
 attention to science. He obtained an exhibition in the 
 Royal School of Mines, London, gaining in the competition 
 three National medals, six first-class advanced Queen's prizes, 
 seven second-class, and three third-class advanced prizes. 
 The first year's study at the School of Mines placed him at 
 the head of the list. Of the three subjects of his year, he 
 obtained the highest place in mechanical drawing and in 
 chemistry, and the second place in physics. This position 
 also secured him the Senior Queen's Scholarship. During 
 his stay at the School of Mines, Mr. Bickerton was teaching 
 evening classes of artizans, under the Science and Art depart- 
 ment. These classes being the first really successful technical 
 classes among the London artisans, attracted considerable 
 attention. Some articles were written on them by Mr. 
 Bartlett, in the Society of Arts Journal, and in consequence 
 of the classes gaining the largest success in prizes in the 
 Kingdom, the only surplus Whitworth scholarship given to 
 evening classes was presented to them. On finishing his 

 
 1 6 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 course at the School of Mines, a post on the staff of the 
 Hartley Institution, Southampton, was offered to him, and, 
 whilst there, he was appointed lecturer on Science at Win- 
 chester College, and Public Analyst to the main division of 
 Hampshire. When, in 1873, it was decided to appoint a Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry and Physics to the Canterbury College, 
 New Zealand, Mr. Bickerton's reputation as a successful 
 teacher and investigator induced the Commissioners to offer 
 him the appointment before advertising. This offer was ac- 
 cepted. When Professor Bickerton came to Canterbury, the 
 College was not built, but a course of lectures was given by him 
 to crowded audiences at the Oddfellows' Hall. These lectures 
 confirmed his reputation as a successful teacher. Since that 
 time he has been regularly engaged in University work, with 
 occasional evening classes ; the evening classes last year 
 being attended by 79 students. The following is a list of 
 some of the Science papers written by Professer Bickerton : 
 " On a new relation of Heat and Electricity, giving a theory 
 of the Electric Arts ;" " On Temporary and Variable Stars ;" 
 several papers " On the Problem of Stellar Collision ;" " On 
 the Origin of double Stars, of Nebulre, of the Solar System 
 and Universe ;" " On Agencies tending to alter the eccen- 
 tricities of Planetary Orbits, and other questions of cosmical 
 Chemistry and Physics." Professor Bickerton is also an 
 enthusiastic student of systems of education, and has 
 written many papers and given addresses on the subject ; 
 and it must be very gratifying to him that, notwithstanding 
 most of his papers on these subjects have met with serious 
 criticism, yet a large number of reforms suggested in them are 
 already accomplished facts. He is the designer of several 
 pieces of experimental apparatus, the most successful of 
 which is an extremely effective and simple model to repre- 
 sent the motions, the kinetics, and the phenomena of the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 1 7 
 
 solar system. The Education Department have had printed 
 the first part of a book written by him, giving an account of 
 many new and simple experiments intended to enable 
 school teachers to illustrate their science teaching without 
 the costly apparatus and labour of preparation which experi- 
 mental work usually demands. 
 
 BOWEN, Sir George Ferguson, K.C.M.G., was 
 the eldest son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, a benificed 
 clergyman in the north of Ireland. Born in that country in 
 1821, he was educated at the Charterhouse, and at Trinity 
 College, . Oxford, where he obtained a scholarship in 1840, 
 and graduated B.A. as first-class in classics in 1844. In the 
 same year he was elected to a fellowship of Brasenose 
 College, and became a member of Lincoln's Inn. From 
 1847 to 1851 he held the post of President of the Univer- 
 sity of Corfu, and was Chief Secretary to the Government 
 of the Ionian Islands from 1854 to 1859. Thereupon he was 
 appointed Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the 
 new colony of Queensland, in Australia, comprising the 
 north-eastern portion of the Australian continent. After a 
 successful administration in Queensland, in November, 
 1867, he succeeded Sir George Grey as Governor of New 
 Zealand, arriving at Wellington in May, 1868. In May, 
 1873, he was gazetted Governor of Victoria, in succession 
 to Lord Canterbury, whose term of office had expired. 
 He held that post until 1878, when he was appointed 
 Governor of Mauritius. Sir George is the author of "A 
 Handbook for Travellers in Greece," one of Murray's series; 
 " Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus : a Diary of a Journey 
 from Constantinople to Corfu," 1852; and "Ithaca in 
 1850," second edition 1851, third edition 1854, translated 
 into Greek, Athens, 1859. 
 
 c
 
 1 8 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 BO WEN, Charles Christopher, was born at Milford, 
 in the county of Mayo, Ireland, 1830, and was the eldest son 
 of Charles Bowen, one of the founders of Canterbury, who was 
 Speaker of the Provincial Council from 1855 to 1864, when 
 he returned to England, where he died in 1871. Mr. 
 Charles C. Bowen was educated at Rugby and Cambridge. He 
 left Cambridge, before taking a degree, to join the first party 
 of Canterbury colonists about leaving for New Zealand, and 
 he acted as private secretary to Mr. Godley till that gentleman 
 returned to England, after the establishment of the settle- 
 ment, in December, 1852, in which year provincial institu- 
 tions were created and established under the Constitution 
 Act. Mr. Bowen has held various public offices, both 
 colonial and provincial. He was for some years Provincial 
 Treasurer and, till 1859, a member of the Provincial Execu- 
 tive, which worked with Mr. Moorhouse to inaugurate the first 
 railway in New Zealand, and to constrnct the Moorhouse 
 tunnel, a great enterprise in those days. He then returned 
 to England. In 1861 he published, in Vacation Tourists, 
 edited by Mr. F. Gallon, an account of an expedition 
 to the seats of the old Inca civilisation in the Peru- 
 vian Andes. He returned to the colony in 1862, and, 
 in 1864, accepted the office of Resident Magistrate at 
 Christchurch, which he continued to hold up to 1874. In 
 1868, when Mr. Moorhouse was about to retire from the 
 superintendency, Mr. Bowen was invited by the leaders of 
 both political parties to stand for the office of Superintendent, 
 and there is little doubt that he would have been elected 
 without opposition had he chosen to yield to the request of 
 his many friends. After some consideration, however, he 
 declined to stand. In 1872-74, he was chairman of the 
 Canterbury Board of Education, and president of the Col- 
 egiate Union, which was affiliated to the New Zealand
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 19 
 
 University as precursor of Canterbury College. In 1874, 
 he accepted a seat in Mr. Vogel's coalition Government as 
 Minister of Justice, and was called to the Legislative 
 Council. A vacancy, however, occurring immediately after- 
 wards in the representation of Kaiapoi, Mr. Bowen resigned 
 his seat in the Council, and was elected, after a contested 
 election. He took an active part in the debates on the 
 abolition of provinces in 1875 and r ^76; but apart from 
 any special question, he expressed a decided disbelief in the 
 system of party government in the Colonies. As Minister 
 of Justice, he endeavoured to secure an improvement in 
 prison management, and introduced the " mark " system 
 into the gaols of the Colony. In 1877, he prepared and 
 carried through the House of Representatives the Educa- 
 tion Act, which inaugurated for the first time a national 
 system of primary instruction in the Colony. On the 
 defeat of the Whitaker- Atkinson Government, in 1877, he 
 retired from office. He represented the Kaiapoi district in 
 three successive Parliaments, and retired, at the general 
 election of 1881, to pay a visit to England. 
 
 BRACKEN, Thomas, poet and journalist, is a 
 native of Ireland, in which country he was born on the 2ist 
 December, 1843. He arrived in Victoria in 1855, and 
 resided for some time with his uncle, the late John Kernan, 
 J.P., of Moonee Ponds, near Melbourne, who for many 
 years was one of the principal breeders of draught stock, 
 and an extensive hay-grower in that Colony. Being of an 
 adventurous disposition, Thomas Bracken, when a mere 
 youngster, made his way to Bendigo, and was apprenticed 
 to the druggist business in Sandhurst. After serving two 
 years at the old Medical Hall in that town, he "threw physic
 
 20 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 to the dogs," and made his way to the Back Creek rush. 
 Like many old colonists, Mr. Bracken turned his hand to a 
 great many things ; he was digger, storekeeper, stockrider, 
 shearer, and bushman by turns. His first efforts in the 
 literary line were made in the pages of the Australian 
 Journal, to which periodical he was a contributor for some 
 years. In 1869 he came to Otago, and, while working at 
 Hamilton, he succeeded in carrying off the Caledonian 
 Society's prize for the best English poem, defeating a large 
 number of competitors. In the following year he was also 
 fortunate in securing the prize. During the past twelve 
 years, Mr. Bracken has been connected with the Dunedin 
 press. He took an active part in starting the Otago Guar- 
 dian, and he was also connected with the New Zealand 
 Tablet. Ten years ago, he, in conjunction with Mr. Bathgate, 
 established the Saturday Advertiser, and at the present time 
 he is associated with that gentleman in the proprietorship of 
 the Evening Herald. At the general elections in 1881, Mr. 
 Bracken was returned to Parliament for Dunedin Central; and, 
 at the elections in 1884, he was defeated by only three votes. 
 Mr. Bracken is the author of several works, including : 
 ' Beyond the Tomb, and other Poems," " Flowers of the 
 Freelands," " Pulpit Pictures," " The New Zealand Tourist," 
 ' Paddy Murphy's Budget," and " Lays of the Land of the 
 Maori and Moa." He has also made a name for himself 
 as an elocutionist and lecturer. In connection with Oddfel- 
 lowship, Mr. Bracken has played a prominent part, he having 
 occupied the position of Deputy Grand Master of New Zea- 
 land in the I.O.O.F. For the last six years he has been a 
 member of the Committee of the Dunedin Athenaeum, and 
 in 1884 he filled the office of Vice-President of that Institu- 
 tion.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 21 
 
 BRANDON, Alfred de Bathe, barrister and 
 solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Mr. 
 Brandon arrived in Wellington in December, 1840, in the 
 ship " London. 7 ' He very early took a part in politics, and 
 became a member of the Constitutional Association of Wel- 
 lington, agitating for representative government. In 1853, 
 on the election of Dr. Featherston to the Superintendency 
 of Wellington, he was appointed by him to the Provincial 
 Solicitorship, and made a member of the Provincial Exe- 
 cutive, which position he continued to occupy during the 
 whole time that Dr. Featherston was Superintendent, with 
 the exception of a few months. He was elected a 
 member of the Provincial Council in 1853, and con- 
 tinued to represent the Porirua constituency during the 
 existence of Provincial institutions. In 1858 he was elected 
 a member of the House of Representatives for the district 
 of Porirua, and sat for that constituency until the end of the 
 session in 1881. In 1883 he was called to the Legislative 
 Council. Mr. Brandon, both -in and out of Parliament, 
 was a declared Provincialist, and always opposed every 
 attempt to interfere with Provincial institutions. Gene- 
 rally, in Colonial politics, Mr. Brandon was to be found 
 amongst the opponents of Mr. Stafford; and during Mr. 
 Weld's tenure of office was one of his steady supporters, 
 especially on the question of the " self-reliance " policy. 
 He was also, subsequently, a supporter of Sir William Fox 
 until the year 1870, when Sir Julius Vogel, the Colonial 
 Treasurer, introduced his financial policy, of which Mr. 
 Brandon thoroughly disapproved, and on the want of 
 confidence motion, in 1872, he voted against the Fox 
 Ministry. He was also a supporter of the Hall and Atkinson 
 Ministry, on account of their opposition to further bor- 
 rowing, but disapproved altogether of their electoral policy.
 
 22 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 BRITTAN, Joseph. Mr. Brittan, though not one 
 of the Canterbury Pilgrims, so called, was among the very 
 early settlers, and took a somewhat prominent part in the 
 affairs of the Canterbury Province. He came to the Colony 
 in the "William Hyde," early in the year 1852. Soon 
 after his arrival he became engaged in Provincial politics, 
 obtained a seat in the Provincial Council as member for 
 Christchurch, and ultimately became Provincial Secretary, 
 under Mr. FitzGerald, then, for the second time, Superin- 
 tendent. Both as a member of the Council and in his 
 official capacity, he distinguished himself greatly. As a 
 speaker he took a very high rank, possessing a fluency and 
 force of expression, a power of lucid statement, and a readi- 
 ness in debate which, with one or two exceptions, had never 
 been equalled in the Council. His attention to the mani- 
 fold duties belonging to the office of Provincial Secretary 
 was unremitting, and in the discharge of public business he 
 displayed a shrewdness and accuracy of judgment, com- 
 bined with strictness of principle and a high sense of 
 honour, which gained him the confidence of his colleagues 
 and of all with whom he was brought into contact. In 
 addition to his ability as a speaker, he was a practised 
 writer and journalist. He was the first editor, and then for 
 several years proprietor, of the Canterbury Standard, his able 
 management of which no doubt materially contributed to its 
 political influence. Mr. Brittan took a prominent part at a 
 public meeting at Christchurch, to consider the action of the 
 General Assembly re responsible government. Towards the 
 end of 1857, on the departure of Mr. FitzGerald for England, 
 he became a candidate for the superintendency, but was 
 defeated by Mr. Moorhouse. He subsequently withdrew 
 for a time from public life till the close of 1859, when he 
 came forward in opposition to the railway scheme, which,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 23 
 
 proposed by the new Superintendent, had been received 
 with great favour by the public. The public, however, had 
 apparently not lost confidence in him personally ; for, m 
 April, 1860, he received a pressing requisition, signed by 
 men of all parties in Provincial politics, to represent the 
 Christchurch country district in the General Assembly of 
 the House of Representatives ; but he declined on account 
 of his disapproval of the railway scheme. In 1861 he re- 
 entered the Provincial Council as one of the members 
 for Christchurch, being on two occasions returned at the 
 head of the poll. Throughout the following session -he 
 took a leading part in the proceedings, especially in the 
 famous " siding " inquiry ; but early in the next year he 
 resigned his seat in the Council, and from that time took 
 no further part in political affairs. About the middle of the 
 year 1863, Mr. Brittan, who had always been noted as a 
 zealous and competent magistrate, succeeded Mr. John Hall 
 as Resident Magistrate for Christchurch and Kaiapoi. His 
 health failed, and at the end of nine months he was com- 
 pelled to resign. At various times he held several other 
 public appointments, including that of member of the 
 Board of Education, and was connected with most of the 
 local institutions ; but for some months before his death 
 the gradual decay of his bodily powers compelled him to 
 abandon all active duties. He died in Christchurch on the 
 z6th October, 1867. 
 
 BRITTAN, William Guise. Born at Gloucester, 
 England, 3rd December, 1809, he was educated at Ply- 
 mouth Grammar School, under the headmastership of Dr. 
 Macaulay, and rose to be head of the school. Mr. Brittan 
 studied medicine and surgery, and afterwards went two or 
 three voyages to India and China, as surgeon of the East
 
 24 -MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Indiaman " General Palmer." He married, and settled at 
 Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, in 1841, and became editor and 
 part-proprietor of the Mercury newspaper. Becoming in- 
 terested in New Zealand matters, in 1849, through Edward 
 Gibbon Wakefield, he took an active part in England, 
 as a member of the Canterbury Association. Having 
 been placed on the Committee of Management for the 
 founding of the Canterbury Settlement, he arrived in Can- 
 terbury in one of the first four ships, in December, 1850. 
 As chairman of the Council of Land Purchasers, Mr. 
 Brittan did good service to his fellow colonists. He was 
 their representative in their dealings with Mr. Godley, the 
 agent of the Canterbury Association. Having ceased to 
 occupy an official position under that body, he continued to 
 enjoy its confidence in a high degree. Active, vigilant, and 
 industrious in public affairs, he occupied a leading position, 
 and was appointed Resident Magistrate on the 25th Sep- 
 tember, 1856. He was also for many years president of the 
 Farmers' Association ; became Chief Commissioner of the 
 Waste Lands Board 3oth September, 1856 ; and as Chief 
 Commissioner of Crown Lands during twenty years, he 
 proved himself a useful, conscientious public sen-ant, and 
 was highly respected. With the exception of one contested 
 election (in 1853), he never made an attempt to enter into 
 politics. Mr Brittan was among the first to cross the Port 
 hills, and settle with his family in Christchurch. An enthu- 
 siast in cricket, he took every opportunity to foster the game, 
 and with such success that he came to be spoken of as the 
 father of cricket in Canterbury. 
 
 BROOME, Frederick Napier. Mr. Broome was 
 the son of the late Rev. F. Broome, rector of Adderley, 
 Shropshire, and was born in Canada in the year 1842, and
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 25 
 
 emigrated to Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1857. After 
 visiting England in 1864, he returned to Canterbury, 
 and, in 1867, went back to England. Almost immediately 
 on his arrival in England, he was employed by the Times 
 newspaper, and for five years was one of the special 
 correspondents of that journal, which he represented in 
 Russia on the occasion of the marriage of the Duke of 
 Edinburgh. He has held the post of Secretary to the 
 Commission for the completion of St. Paul's Cathedral ; 
 also to the Royal Commission on unseaworthy ships. He 
 has been a contributor in prose and in verse to the Com/till, 
 Macmitlan, and other magazines, and has published two 
 volumes of poetry, " Poems from New Zealand," 1868, and 
 "The Stranger of Seriphos," 1869. In February, 1875, 
 Mr. Broome was appointed Colonial Secretary of Natal, and 
 in February, 1878, Colonial Secretary of the island of 
 Mauritius. His last appointment was to the Governorship 
 of Western Australia. 
 
 BROWN, Archdeacon, who died lately at Tauranga 
 at the ripe age of 81, may be fairly regarded as one of the 
 pioneer missionaries. When he arrived in New Zealand, in 
 in 1830, the operations of the missionaries were confined to 
 that portion of the North Island which lies north of Waite- 
 mata. At this time, of the western coast, and particularly 
 Waikato, scarcely anything was known, except what was 
 learned from the slaves captured in Waikato by the northern 
 chief Ngapuhi. The Missionary Conference chose Messrs. 
 Brown and Hamlin for carrying the Gospel southward. 
 Mr. Brown formed a station, at the then populous settlement 
 of Mahamaha, and laboured for many a year, and with 
 considerable success, as a missionary over a. large Maori 
 territory.
 
 26 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 BROWN, Professor John Macmillan, M.A., 
 
 Late Snell Exhibitioner, Balliol College, Oxford English 
 Language, Literature, and History. Mr. Brown was born 
 in 1846, was trained at Irvine Academy, and from 1865 to 
 1869 was a distinguished student of the University of 
 Glasgow. He passed in first-class honours in Mental 
 Philosophy, and was the author of a remarkably able essay 
 which gained the rector's prize. He had awarded to him 
 the prize for a set of verses which displayed very con- 
 siderable imaginative power. Somewhat later in his course, 
 Mr. Brown gained two of the said rector's prizes, open to 
 the competition of all students in the University. In 1870, 
 he obtained the Snell Exhibition of ^120 a year for five 
 years, and went to Balliol College, Oxford, where he left on 
 the minds of his tutors and compeers the same impression 
 of varied attainments and eminent ability as in his Glasgow 
 career. He was expected by his College to take the very 
 highest honours ; but a temporary failure of health during 
 his last year and at his final examination interfered with his 
 success. He received a large number of testimonials 
 from the Professors of the Glasgow University and from 
 fellows and tutors in Oxford, showing how conscientious and 
 successful a student he was, how much was still expected of 
 him, and how fitted he was for the position that he was 
 appointed to fill in 1874, on the Professorial staff of the 
 Canterbury College, New Zealand. In May 1875, Mr. 
 Brown began the work of lecturing in Classics and English, 
 but no trained students in Latin and Greek appeared. 
 Elementary classes in these subjects had to be started to 
 supply material for real University work. But the number 
 and efficiency of matriculated students grew so rapidly that 
 in 1878 these were dispensed with, and candidates began to 
 be sent in from the College to the University examinations
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 27 
 
 under the new and stricter regulations which had been 
 passed by the Senate on the recommendation of the Pro- 
 fessors; and, from that year onward, the great majority of the 
 scholarships in Classics and English offered by the University 
 to undergraduates have been gained by students from Canter- 
 bury College. By the year 1879 the numbers attending Mr. 
 Brown's lectures had grown so large that the governing body 
 offered him an assistant ; but he preferred to divide the sub- 
 jects of his chair, and develop the English Literature part. He 
 accordingly gave up Classics, and added English History to 
 English Literature. Since then the attendance at his English 
 lectures has grown from less than a score to between one 
 and two hundred. Two of the classes are now too large for 
 the lecture-room which seemed when built in 1878 to be 
 large enough for the next fifty years, and these two lectures 
 have to be delivered twice each week. Mr. Brown has 
 elaborated a new and highly practical method of teaching 
 English composition, which rarely fails to develop a taste 
 for composing even in the most backward students; and this 
 method is gradually being introduced by his students into 
 the schools of Canterbury, and is revolutionising the 
 teaching of English. His students have passed into other 
 provinces and professions as well, and are marked by their 
 wide reading in English Literature and taste in writing. He 
 has also done his share in the development of education 
 over New Zealand as a whole. He was an active member 
 of the Royal Commission which investigated, in 1879, the 
 state of higher education in New Zealand, and which 
 reported how university and secondary education could best 
 be developed. He has taken, for six years, a large part 
 in the deliberations of the University Senate, having been 
 appointed a Fellow in 1879. For many years-he has been ex- 
 aminer of teachers in English and history for the Government
 
 28 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Education Department ; and he has helped to conduct 
 the annual examinations of several of the secondary schools 
 of the Colony, giving exhaustive reports on each. He has 
 also acted as examiner in the Matriculation and Junior 
 Scholarship examinations for the University. These, and 
 the duties of his professorship, have occupied so much of 
 his attention that he has not had time to publish any of his 
 lectures or elaborate them into a book, though frequent 
 requests have been made for the publication of several 
 courses, and, in reply to a widely-signed petition, he re-de- 
 livered publicly one course upon Shakespeare's Henry IV. 
 and Henry V. In 1875, he aided in starting the -Ye:v 
 Zealand Magazine, and in it appeared an article by him 
 on Greene, the Elizabethan dramatist, which has been 
 quoted as an authority in the new edition of the Ency- 
 clopaedia Britannica, and in various editions of Greene's 
 works. The only other acknowledged publication of his 
 is an address to the Canterbury College Dialectic Society, 
 oh " Student Life, and the Fallacies that oftenest beset it," 
 though various addresses delivered by him to the undergra- 
 duates, to graduates, and to the Teachers' Institute, have 
 appeared in the Christchurch newspapers, and have been re- 
 printed by newspapers and magazines throughout the Colony, 
 in Australia, and in England. But the work with which his 
 name is most identified is the remarkable growth of Canter- 
 bury College, standing as it now does in the premier place 
 amongst the University institutions of the Colony for the 
 numbers attending lectures for the number of under- 
 graduates and for the proportion of degrees, scholarships, 
 and honours taken by its students. 
 
 BROWNE, Sir Thomas Gore, K.C.M.G., son 
 of Robert Browne, Esq., of Mereton House, Bucks, and 
 brother of the Bishop of Winchester, was born in 1807
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 29 
 
 Entering the army at sixteen, he served for many years in 
 the 28th Regiment ; acted as aide-de-camp to Lord Nugent; 
 was Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, and 
 for some time Colonial Secretary. In 1836, Major Gore 
 Browne exchanged into the 4ist Regiment, and served 
 during the occupation of Afghanistan. After the massacre 
 of our troops at the Kyber Pass, the 4ist joined General 
 England, and advanced to the rescue of General Nott and 
 his troops. During that war, Major Browne held the com- 
 mand of the 4ist, and also commanded the reserve at the 
 disastrous battle of Hykulzie, and, by forming a square when 
 the van of the army had been broken, was enabled to 
 repulse the enemy and cover the retreat. He held the 
 command of his regiment at the battles of Candahar, 
 Ghuznee, Cabul, and during the march through the Kyber 
 Pass, where he commanded the rear, and under General 
 M'Gaskell at. the storming of the hill fort at Istaliff, the 
 most daring action during the war. His gallantry and 
 humanity were praised in the General's despatches, which 
 were quoted in both Houses of Parliament, and for his 
 services he obtained a lieutenant-colonelcy, and was made 
 a C.B. On his return with his regiment from India, 
 he exchanged into the 2ist, which he commanded until 
 made Governor of St. Helena, in 1851. From St. Helena 
 he went in 1854 to New Zealand. On the breaking out 
 of the Maori war in the last year of his government, 
 Colonel Browne showed a vigour which was denounced 
 by some persons, but which was essential in resisting the 
 land league and the Maori king movement. In 1861, 
 having completed his term of office, he was succeeded 
 in the government of New Zealand by Sir George Grey, 
 and he himself succeeded Sir Henry Young as Governor 
 of Tasmania. He resigned the last-mentioned office in
 
 30 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 January, 1869, when he was created a Knight-Commander 
 of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. As Sir 
 Thomas Gore Browne he was appointed Governor of the 
 Bermudas in July, 1870, and resigned that post in 1872. He 
 had succeeded in gaining the esteem of a large body of the 
 colonists of New Zealand, nor did he want the respect of 
 the Natives, a large number of whom, whilst finding fault 
 with his policy and certain administrative acts, honoured 
 him as a straightforward man who made no attempt to 
 deceive them. An extract from the Spectator (London), 
 headed " Hopes for New Zealand," runs thus : " A new 
 Governor has been appointed for the Colony, Colonel Gore 
 Browne, who was lately Governor of St. Helena, and of 
 whom we have heard, through more than one channel, such 
 accounts as induce us to believe that he is a highly intelli- 
 gent and upright man, with strong aspirations to do good." 
 Our informant says, from personal knowledge, that Colonel 
 Browne is imbued with the " right principles " for his task ; 
 is heartily in favour of responsible government ; approves of 
 an elected Upper Chamber in place of a nominee Council ; 
 and altogether promises to be a good Governor. 
 
 BRYCE, John, was a North Island settler, and long 
 connected with the district of YVanganui. Mr. Bryce was 
 returned to Parliament as the representative of Wanganui 
 in the year 1871. Before entering Parliament, he took a 
 very active part in local politics, especially at the time when 
 the desire to constitute a new and separate Province of the 
 district of Wanganui was strongly manifested by the settlers 
 in that locality. This result would doubtless have been 
 witnessed had not the " New Provinces Act " been repealed. 
 Up to the year 1879, Mr. Bryce spoke and voted in Parlia- 
 ment as an independent member, not closely allying himself
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 31 
 
 with the Ministry of the day or with the Opposition. In 
 that year, on the 8th of October, on the retirement of the 
 Grey Ministry, he was offered and accepted the portfolio of 
 Minister for Native Affairs, under the Premiership of Sir 
 John Hall. This position he gave up early in the year 1881, 
 owing to a difference of opinion with his colleagues on the 
 question of Native policy. Mr. Bryce at that time was 
 strongly of opinion that it was a necessity, in the interests of 
 the peace of the Colony, that measures of active pressure 
 should be at once undertaken by the Government. In this 
 opinion his colleagues did not seem to have acquiesced, and 
 in consequence he resigned, still supporting the Ministry of 
 which he had been a member upon all other questions of 
 policy and administration. In the year 1882 he again joined 
 the Ministry, reconstituted under Sir Frederick Whitaker, 
 and continued in office under the Premiership of Major 
 Atkinson during the remainder of its existence to 1884, 
 when the Atkinson Ministry resigned and were succeeded 
 by the Stout- Vogel Administration. In 1879 ^ r - Bry ce 
 brought forward his Bill dealing with confiscated lands 
 and the trial of Maori prisoners. In moving the second 
 reading of that Bill, he said that it was necessary, to 
 satisfy the Maori people, that an inquiry should be made 
 into certain Maori grievances, whether substantial or 
 otherwise. He thought that for the sake of maintaining 
 our credit, in the Colony and elsewhere, that an inquiry 
 should be made into the promises which it was alleged had 
 been made to the Natives by all former Governments ; and 
 in speaking of the necessity of some such measure as that 
 of the proposed Maori Prisoners Trial Bill, he said that in 
 his opinion, if the Maori prisoners were at once released 
 from custody that the peace of the country would be 
 endangered. This Bill passed the second reading by the
 
 32 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 large majority of 45 in a House of 69, and included among 
 its supporters Mr. Sheehan, who had, in Sir George Grey's 
 lately defeated Ministry, held the office of Native Minister. 
 Whilst in office in 1882, Mr. Bryce brought in his bill 
 intituled " The West Coast Peace Preservation Bill," em- 
 bodying the policy of the Government, which in effect was 
 a complete acceptance of the views held and expressed in 
 Parliament by him from first to last in relation to the West 
 Coast Native difficulty. This bill also was passed through 
 Parliament by a considerable majority. Under its authority 
 the celebrated prophet (so-called), Te Whiti, with his astute 
 military coadjutor Tohu. were made prisoners for illegal 
 assembling, and were kept under control in different parts 
 of the Colony for a lengthened period. He also brought 
 in a Bill during the same session to grant an amnesty to 
 natives who had committed crimes during former wars. 
 The Amnesty Bill passed through Parliament without 
 ODposition. When the West Coast of the North Island was 
 in a chronic state of disturbance, and the settlers calling 
 that line of country their home had to fight to resist aggres- 
 sion and to hold their own, Mr. Bryce was to be found 
 amongst those who took a prominent part in the warlike 
 operations undertaken by the Colony. 
 
 BULLER, James, the late Rev. Mr. Buller was 
 born in Cornwall, England, December, 1812, and left 
 England for New Zealand in 1835. He came out as a 
 missionary, under the auspices of the Wesleyan Church. 
 He was for three years on the Hokianga. His first work, 
 he says in his " Forty years in New Zealand," was to learn 
 the Maori language. Neither lexicon nor grammar was at 
 hand. The language had been reduced to writing, and 
 some portions of the scriptures, with a few manuals, had
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 33 
 
 been translated and printed. He had some difficulty, he 
 says, "in laying hold of a barbarous tongue." With the aid 
 of translations, however, and by daily intercourse with the 
 natives, he managed to prepare a grammar and a vocabulary 
 for his own use, and ere long he was able to take some part 
 in school instruction. At the end of a year he made his 
 first attempt to preach in Maori. Mr. Buller has written 
 fully on missionary life and work. He says truly that the 
 missionary, to be useful, needs varied talents besides those 
 which a Christian minister in a civilised community is 
 supposed to have. Skill in husbandry and horticulture, a 
 practical knowledge of mechanics, and an acquaintance with 
 surgery and medicine are highly important. Mr. Buller 
 spent upwards of forty years actively engaged in preaching 
 and teaching, visiting and residing at times in the settle- 
 ments at Kaipara, at Auckland, at the Thames, at Welling- 
 ton, also in various parts of the South Island. His term 
 at Kaipara extended over fifteen years ; at Wellington 
 he remained five years. His circuit there was an exten- 
 sive one embracing the wide plains of the Wairarapa, 
 now studded with towns and covered with farms. Besides 
 his European congregation, he had six Native churches 
 under his care, with more than one hundred communicants; 
 preaching four times on Sundays twice in English and 
 twice in Maori ; his journeys stretching to Waikanae in 
 the north, along the coast, and to Masterton in the cast- 
 Occasionally he visited Wanganui, Nelson, and Wairau. 
 In 1860 he was transferred to Christchurch, his sphere 
 extending as far south as Waimate 140 miles. Whilst 
 stationed here he visited Otago and Southland, and sub- 
 sequently the West Coast, then rapidly becoming a populous 
 and flourishing goldfield. After a six years' residence in 
 the South Island he returned to Auckland. In 1870 he 
 
 D
 
 34 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 took up his abode as superintendent minister at the Thames. 
 He was elected President, successively, of the Australasian, 
 and New Zealand Wesleyan Methodist Conferences the 
 highest position in the gift of the Wesleyan Church. 
 Mr. Buller, in his " Forty Years in New Zealand," under 
 the heading of Physiology, speaks of the Maoris as being tall 
 and of good muscular development, and rarely inclining to 
 corpulency ; and of the half-castes and quadroons he says 
 " they are a fine breed." He refers to Maori legends, their 
 mythology, their religion and their morality, their domestic 
 habits, social life and occupations, their mode of govern- 
 ment, their war customs and their capacity speaking thus : 
 "In mental power they compare favorably with the average 
 European. Their senses, seeing, hearing, and feeling are 
 remarkably acute. In spirit they are independent, and will 
 defend their rights in the face of death. Their genius for 
 war is unquestioned." On Mr. Buller's retiring from active 
 service in the ministry, he lived in the Provincial District of 
 Canterbury, in the neighbourhood of Christchurch, where 
 he died, on the 6th November, 1884. 
 
 BULLER, Dr. Walter Lawry, C.M.G., F.R.S. 
 
 The subject of this notice is an Anglo-New Zealander, 
 having been born at Newark, in the Bay of Islands, on the 
 9th October, 1838. He is the eldest surviving son of the 
 Rev. James Buller, the veteran missionary and able preacher 
 mentioned above, who has been aptly termed the "Bishop of 
 the Wesleyan Church in New Zealand." He received his early 
 education at Wesley College, Auckland, under the direction 
 of the Rev. J. H. Fletcher, now Principal of Newington 
 College, New South Wales. On leaving school he entered 
 the service of the Union Bank at Auckland, where he won 
 rapid promotion, but at the expense of his health, which
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 35 
 
 completely broke down under the continuous night-work. 
 By medical advice he then took a year's rest at Wellington, 
 during which time he devoted himself principally to literary 
 and scientific pursuits, for which he had at an early age 
 developed a natural taste ; and during this interval of leisure 
 he enjoyed the intimate friendship of the late William 
 Swainson, a celebrated ornithologist in his day, whose 
 extensive collections in natural history and valuable stores 
 of information were always at the command of his willing 
 disciple. In 1861 he gained the first prize for an essay on 
 "The Moral Welfare of New Zealand," offered by the 
 Auckland Association, and open to the competition of all 
 colonists under the age of 26. In 1865 he was awarded by 
 the Royal Commissioners the silver medal of the New 
 Zealand Exhibition, for an "Essay on the Ornithology of 
 New Zealand " which was published by command, and 
 afterwards reprinted, with other essays, in the " Transactions 
 of the New Zealand Institute." (vol. i.) Having acquired a 
 competent knowledge of Maori, Mr. Walter Buller was, as early 
 as 1855, appointed Government Interpreter at Wellington ; 
 and whilst holding that office, he started, and conducted as 
 editor, a weekly newspaper in the Maori language, called Te 
 Karere o Poneke. This journal, although originated by private 
 enterprise and made self-supporting, received afterwards 
 liberal assistance from the Government. In 1859, he was 
 appointed Native Commissioner for the Southern Provinces, 
 and during his location in Christchurch undertook and 
 carried through to a most successful issue the experimental 
 partition and individualization of the Kaiapoi Reserve (see 
 Parliamentary Reports). In 1861 he acted (by Governor 
 Browne's special desire) as honorary secretary of the 
 Kohimarama Conference of Native chiefs, and prepared the 
 proceedings for publication. In the same year he was
 
 36 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 appointed editor of the Maori Messenger, a bi-monthly 
 journal in English and Maori, issued under the authority of 
 the Government ; and he was likewise the promoter and 
 first editor of Te Manuhiri Tuarangi or Maori Intelligencer. 
 In February, 1862, his name was placed on the Commission 
 of the Peace, and two months later he was appointed 
 Resident Magistrate of the Manawatu district. He held 
 other concurrent appointments ; and in April, 1865, he was 
 gazetted a Judge of the Native Land Court. During this 
 disturbed period he performed many special services in 
 connection with Native affairs, for which he received on 
 eight different occasions the official thanks of the Govern- 
 ment. He was likewise an active contributor to scientific 
 literature, having during this time written and published 
 numerous papers and memoirs on biological subjects, but 
 chiefly on his favourite theme of ornithology. He was 
 elected successively a Fellow of the Linnean, Geological, and 
 Royal Geographical Societies, and Corresponding-member 
 of the Zoological Society of London. In 1866 he succeeded 
 Major Durie as Resident Magistrate (with extended jurisdic- 
 tion) and Sheriff of the Wanganui district, which appoint- 
 ments he held till 1871, when he obtained leave of absence 
 on liberal terms, and went to England as Secretary to the 
 Agent-General. Before his return to the Colony three years 
 afterwards, he was called to the Bar by the Honourable 
 Society of the Inner Temple, and had produced his well- 
 known work, entitled " A History of the Birds of New 
 Zealand." He had also taken so active a part in the Vienna 
 Exhibition that Dr. Featherston, in his official report to the 
 Government, declared that the great success which had 
 attended the New Zealand court was mainly owing to his 
 individual zeal and energy. As an author he was singularly 
 fortunate. Every copy of his beautifully illustrated book
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 37 
 
 was subscribed for before the last page went to press, and 
 several crowned heads were among his subscribers. The 
 University of Tubingen conferred on him the honorary 
 degree of Doctor of Science, and he received decorations 
 from the Grand Duke of Hesse, the King of Wiirtemburg, 
 and the Emperor of Austria. The work was highly eulo- 
 gised in Nature, The Academy, and other scientific reviews, 
 and the London Daily Telegraph, in a leading article, 
 described the author as " the Audubon of New Zealand." 
 Published originally at five guineas, the price rapidly rose, 
 till at length a copy fetched at public auction in Melbourne 
 the sum of ^37 ios. In recognition of his liberal treat- 
 ment by the Colony, the author presented twenty-five copies 
 of his classical work to the Government for distribution 
 among public libraries, and donated to the Colonial Museum 
 the whole of the collection of birds on which the descriptive 
 letter-press was founded. On his return to New Zealand in 
 1874, Dr. Buller was admitted a barrister and solicitor of 
 the Supreme Court, and has since devoted himself to the 
 active practice of his profession. He has enjoyed a large 
 and lucrative business, having attended more especially to 
 Native work, earning from Mr. Justice Gillies on one occasion 
 the graceful tribute of being " the supreme advocate for 
 the Maori race." In 1875 Her Majesty created Dr. Buller 
 a C.M.G., in recognition of his labours, and in 1876 he 
 achieved the " blue riband of science " by his election as a 
 Fellow of the Royal Society. In the midst of professional 
 business he continued from time to time to make contribu- 
 tions to zoological literature, besides publishing some inter- 
 esting papers on Maori subjects ; and in 1882, at the 
 invitation of the Government, he prepared for official publi- 
 cation a " Manual of the Birds of New Zealand," illustrated 
 by photo-lithographic prints from the plates in his larger
 
 38 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 work. In 1883 he received from the New Zealand Exhibi- 
 tion the gold medal " for Science and Literature." At the 
 present time he is a governor of the New Zealand Institute, 
 president of the Wellington Philosophical Society, and 
 corresponding member of several scientific unions in Europe 
 and America. He is said to be retiring from practice, and 
 has announced his intention of shortly proceeding to 
 England for the purpose of bringing out a new and much 
 enlarged edition of "The Birds of New Zealand," after 
 completing which he will return to the Colony and probably 
 devote himself to politics. 
 
 BUSBY, James. In the year 1831 a letter, ap- 
 plying for British protection, was sent to King William IV., 
 from the Natives of New Zealand, signed by thirteen of 
 the Bay of Islands chiefs. At this time the Bay of 
 Islands was often visited by whalers, and Europeans were 
 beginning to settle themselves along the northern coast of 
 the North Island. This written request for British protection 
 led to the appointment of Mr. James Busby as British 
 Resident ; but having no means placed at his disposal for 
 maintaining his authority, he wo,s powerless to do much 
 good, and was facetiously described by the Natives as a 
 man-of-war without guns. Mr. Busby occupied this position, 
 having his head-quarters at the Bay of Islands, until the 
 arrival in the Colony of Captain Hobson, R.N., who was 
 appointed Consul, and, subsequently, first Governor of New 
 Zealand. In 1835 a confederation of the Bay of Islands 
 tribes was formed and acknowledged by Great Britain, who 
 presented them with a flag as a token of their independence. 
 In 1836 the church missions were extended to the Thames, 
 Tauranga, Rotorua, and Waikato.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 39 
 
 CAMERON, General Sir Duncan Alexander, 
 G.C.B., was born in 1808. He entered the army in 1825, 
 became Captain in 1833, Major in 1839, Colonel in 1854, 
 and Major-General in 1859. He served with distinction 
 in the Crimean campaign of 1854-5, having commanded the 
 42nd Regiment at the battle of Alma, and the Highland 
 Brigade at the battle of Balaklava. In 1863 General 
 Cameron was sent out to New Zealand to command the 
 troops, with the local rank of Lieut. -General : and in 
 1864 was nominated a Knight Commander of the Order 
 of the Bath, Military Division, in recognition of his 
 services in New Zealand. Sir Duncan Campbell was 
 made Colonel of the 42nd Foot, Sept. gth, 1863. From 
 1868 to June 1875, he was Governor of the Royal 
 Military College at Sandhurst. He was created a Knight 
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, 1873; and in 
 January, 1875, he was promoted to the rank of General 
 in the army. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Dr. John Logan. Dr. Campbell 
 was born in 1817. He is the only son of the late Dr. John 
 Campbell, of Edinburgh, and grandson of the late Sir 
 James Campbell, Bart., of Aberuchill and Kilbryde, Perth- 
 shire. Dr. Campbell was educated at Edinburgh, and took 
 the degree of M.I), at its University. In 1839 he declined 
 a commission in the East India Company's service, and left 
 home for Australia, reaching Sydney in the same year. In 
 1840 he arrived in New Zealand. Foreseeing that the future 
 capital of the Province of Auckland, if not the metroplis of 
 New Zealand, would most probably be fixed somewhere on 
 the isthmus between the waters of the Waitemata and those 
 of the Manukau, he settled on an island in_the Waitemata 
 Harbour, waiting until the Government made its selection
 
 40 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 of a site for the capital. That was made in September, 
 
 1840, when Auckland was founded ; and at the first sale, in 
 
 1841, the firm of Brown & Campbell purchased the 
 allotment in Shortland Crescent, on which it has ever 
 since conducted its business, being the first established 
 and now oldest mercantile firm. In 1848 Dr. Campbell 
 revisited the Mother Country, spending about fifteen 
 months in travel in India, the East, and the Continent 
 before reaching home. He returned to Auckland at 
 the close of 1850, and in the following year left on a 
 business visit to California. Dr. Campbell has taken his 
 share in all matters pertaining to the development of the 
 Colony, whether commercially or politically. He was 
 Superintendent of the Province of Auckland in 1855-6, 
 and was at the same time a member of the Stafford Ministry, 
 and represented the city in the House of Representatives. 
 He resigned the superintendency and the seat in the Cabinet 
 shortly afterwards, and left for the Mother Country, but 
 returned to New Zealand at the close of 1859, and at the 
 request of his former colleagues, still in power and office, 
 re-entered the Assembly, as member for Parnell, unopposed. 
 He again re-visited Europe in 1861, returning to Auckland in 
 1871, since which date he has been a resident there. He has 
 taken no part in political life since his return in 1871, but 
 has done good work in many ways, notably when Chairman 
 of the Board of Education, and as member of the Waste 
 Lands Board. Dr. Campbell is also intimately connected 
 with the leading local institutions the Bank of New Zealand, 
 of which he was one of the founders, and on the directorate 
 of which he holds a seat. We find his name on the 
 directorate of the New Zealand Insurance Company, and 
 not a few other well-known institutions. Auckland also 
 owes to him its Free School of Art, which he maintains at
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 41 
 
 his own sole cost. Dr. Campbell is the author of " Poe- 
 namo," a book depicting the first settlement of Auckland, 
 which a reviewer speaks of as written in a style "humorous 
 and fanciful, and with a circumstance and reality that pic- 
 tures the scenes in life-like colours. Many pleasing traits 
 of the Maori character are given and probably rescued 
 from oblivion." 
 
 C ARC ILL, Captain William. In the year 
 1845-46 Captain Cargill, with others in Glasgow and Edin- 
 burgh, conceived the project of organising and maintaining 
 in the southern part of the Middle Island of New Zealand 
 a Free Church Settlement. In the columns of the Of ago 
 Colonist, during the year 1863, appeared a series of able 
 and well-written papers on the origin and principles of the 
 contemplated Otago scheme of settlement. To the late 
 Edward Gibbon Wakefield must be attributed the honour of 
 proposing the scheme and of carrying it into practical effect. 
 Mr. Wakefield at this time was the life and soul of the New 
 Zealand Company, and it was while that Company was at 
 its zenith, after having founded the Cook Strait Settlements, 
 that he at once turned to advantage the unparalleled move- 
 ment which had taken place in Scotland in the disruption 
 of the Established Church. Looking at the movement 
 with the eye of a statesman, Wakefield perceived the very 
 thing which he wanted an enthusiasm which he sought to 
 enlist in the great purpose to which he had devoted his life, 
 viz., systematic colonisation. Entering into communication 
 with Captain Cargill, a reputed descendant of one of Scotland's 
 well-known martyrs the celebrated Covenanter, Donald 
 Cargill- Wakefield hoped to produce, through him, an 
 amount of influence among the adherents of the Free Church 
 which might greatly tend towards the popularity and success of
 
 42 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 colonization. In 1844 the Company had chosen Christchurch 
 as the site of the settlement, but subsequently adopted 
 Dunedin. It was then visited by Colonel Wakefield, the 
 Company's agent, the final purchase from the Natives of the 
 Otago block of 400,000 acres was completed, and the land 
 conveyed to the New Zealand Company by grant from the 
 Crown, under the public seal of the Colony. In 1846 the 
 preliminary work of survey was begun. In 1848 the settlers 
 arrived. The ship " John Wickliffe " was the first to reach 
 Port Chalmers, with ninety passengers; the "Philip Laing," 
 with twenty-three immigrants, was the second. Captain Cargill, 
 who was the first agent of the Association in the Colony, 
 arrived in Otago, with his family, and retained chief direc- 
 tion of its affairs until the Constitution Act came into force 
 throughout New Zealand. At the first election of Superin- 
 tendents and Provincial Councils, he became Superintendent 
 of Otago ; and was again elected to that office in 1856. He 
 was also a member of the first House of Representatives 
 that met at Auckland in 1854. The settlement of Otago 
 thus formed, although special, was certainly not exclusive. 
 Only the Presbyterians received endowment, but all other 
 denominations were at liberty to establish their own 
 churches, and were entitled to equal political and social 
 rights with the members of the endowed one. The Church 
 endowed did not become a State or Established Church. 
 Prior to the receipt of the Constitution Act, and its be- 
 coming the law of the land, there was much anxiety and 
 excitement in Otago. It was a question whether, when it 
 came, it would confirm to the Association the privileges 
 which had been fairly purchased ; whether, when incorporated 
 with the rest of the Colony, the settlement of Otago would 
 be made what its religious, intelligent, and far-seeing 
 founders in Scotland had designed it to be. When the new
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 43 
 
 Constitution Act was actually received in New Zealand 
 and proclaimed, Otago as well as all other parts of the 
 Colony rejoiced. The people met and passed resolutions 
 embodying the thanks of the Otago colonists to Her 
 Majesty for the measure of popular representation, and for 
 other political rights which the new Constitution contained, 
 especially the clause which enabled the Association to 
 transfer its powers to the Provincial Council of Otago. 
 Captain Cargill spoke of the Constitution Act as a " Signal 
 and heart-felt act of emancipation." Sir George Grey, some 
 twenty years after this, in 1875, in a lecture delivered by 
 him at Dunedin on " The early history of the Colonies," 
 spoke thus of the founder of the Otago settlement : " The 
 first settlement here was established under a man who had 
 served his country in many climates and parts of the world ; 
 who had been a distinguished soldier, and who was then 
 approaching the decline of life. He possessed not only 
 great sagacity, but extraordinary wisdom. I am particularly 
 struck by this characteristic; and I almost believe that a 
 more wise and sagacious man than Captain Cargill never 
 existed. The leader of those who settled in this country, 
 he was accompanied by other men of great experience, and 
 of great goodness of character. I firmly believe that so 
 long as this country lasts, there will be families who will 
 trace back, with pride, their origin from the men who 
 founded this province." (" Old Identities/' Otago, 1879.) 
 Captain Cargill died in the province of his own creating, 
 but not before witnessing the success of his early and 
 enthusiastic labours in aiding to rear, in the antipodes of 
 his native land, a thriving and self-supporting settlement, 
 founded on a solid basis, pleasurably suggestive of Home 
 associations. He may fairly be regarded as the great 
 prototype of what was humourously spoken of as an " old
 
 44 MEN" OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 identity." The story told of the origin of the term is to be 
 found in Bathgate's " Sketches of people and places in the 
 Province of Otago, New Zealand." Mr. E. B. Cargill, in 
 speaking of the new arrivals, said that the early settlers should 
 endeavour to preserve their old identity. The strangers who 
 were inclined to laugh at the latter as a set of old stagers, 
 caught up the phrase, and dubbed them " old identities." 
 
 CARLETON, Hugh, arrived in New Zealand and 
 became a settler in the Bay of Islands, in the Province of 
 Auckland, in the early days of its establishment. Mr. Car- 
 leton is well known throughout the colony, from his having 
 done good and long-continued service as a politician, pro- 
 vincial and colonial. He was for many years Speaker of 
 the Auckland Provincial Council, and carried a resolution in 
 the Council declaring that the provincial system had become 
 obsolete. He was elected to the first parliament under the 
 Constitution Act assembled in Auckland, in 1 854. In this par- 
 liament his name will be found amongst those who successfully 
 battled for "entire ministerial responsibility;" and, until the 
 last few years, he has been in every parliament that has been 
 called together in New Zealand. He introduced a bill to 
 enable barristers and solicitors to act as general practitioners. 
 In the House, Mr. Carleton held the office of " Chairman of 
 Committees " for a considerable period ; indeed, up to the 
 time of his retirement from politics. He is well known as 
 the author of more than one work dealing with questions of 
 interest occupying the minds of the early settlers in the 
 North Island. His last work, a very complete biography of 
 the late Archdeacon Henry Williams, who figures largely 
 in the early history of the northern division of the North 
 Island, establishes Mr. Carleton's reputation as a writer 
 above average merit.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 45 
 
 CHAPMAN, Henry Samuel : born at Kensington, 
 in Surrey, July 21, 1803 ; died at Dunedin, New Zealand, 
 December 27, 1881. Mr. Chapman was a member of a 
 family, which, in the last century, after amassing consider- 
 able wealth in commerce with the American Colonies, had 
 become impoverished in the wholesale ruin brought about 
 by the War of Independence. His father was a civil servant 
 and lived to the age of ninety-four. Mr. Chapman was sent 
 to a good school at Bromley, in Kent, until he was about 
 sixteen years old. He obtained a situation in Messrs. 
 Esdales' bank; but his eyes, which, throughout his life, were 
 a source of trouble to him, failed, and he was withdrawn 
 from the bank, ordered not to read for twelve months, and 
 frequently subjected to severe operations. He next entered 
 the office of a bill-broker, and devoted his spare time to 
 studying German. At the same time he read incessantly, 
 " I had not the means to get a library," he once remarked, 
 "I had to sell one book to get another." In 1821, his 
 master sent him on a business mission to Amsterdam; there 
 he enjoyed the favorite pastime of skating for miles across 
 the flooded country. Often has he sped across the frozen 
 Haarlem Lakes, where now waves a sea of corn. In 1823, 
 he was sent as a merchant to Quebec. Thus he began his 
 colonial experience, which lasted nearly fifty-nine years, and 
 which he always spoke of as being very pleasant. He was 
 one of that class of colonists who never thought of making 
 money ; but they worked hard when work was required of 
 them, and never forgot to enjoy themselves on every pos- 
 sible occasion. Canada was a wonderful country for a 
 sportsman in those days; and shooting, skating and sleighing 
 kept up the spirits of the people. Here, Mr. Chapman 
 developed the powerful physique which enabled him to 
 accomplish the pedestrian feats required of him on circuit
 
 46 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 in the early days of New Zealand. Having a taste for 
 politics and journalism, he sided with the popular party and 
 wrote for the press. Meanwhile he made annual business 
 journeys to England. On the return voyage, in 1833, he 
 took a complete printing plant to Canada, and in Montreal 
 started the Daily Advertiser, the first daily newspaper pub- 
 lished in British North America. Mr. Chapman remained 
 two years in Montreal, taking an active part in the bitter 
 controversy which then raged. Only those who are familiar 
 with the style of the press in those times, as compared with 
 its moderate tone in our day, can appreciate the position of 
 a journalist and politician of fifty years ago. The gulf be- 
 tween the Popular Assembly, on the one hand, and the 
 Upper House and Government, on the other hand, widened 
 and deepened, resulting in a deadlock. The Popular As- 
 sembly then secretly sent Mr. Chapman to England, to confer 
 with the leading members of the Liberal Party in the Im- 
 perial Parliament, and to petition for the introduction of 
 elective institutions in Canada. Crossing on the ice into 
 American territory, he sailed from New York, on January i, 
 1835, his fifteenth and last voyage. In conjunction with 
 Mr. Arthur John Roebuck, whom he had met in Canada, 
 he commenced to bring the grievances of Canada before the 
 English people ; and for some years the English people were 
 forced to keep their eyes open to the abuses existing in the 
 Canadian Legislature. He was a firm believer in the ulti- 
 mate success of peaceful agitation, and refused to support 
 the leaders of the rebellion which broke out in Canada two 
 years later. That fearless advocacy for which he was re- 
 markable, is believed to have subjected him to much long- 
 continued persecution, but it had its triumph in the ultimate 
 adoption of the views he strove for, not only in Canada but 
 in later times throughout the vast Colonial Empire. Mr.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 47 
 
 Chapman remained in England until 1843, an d this was one 
 of the most active periods of his life. He contributed in- 
 numerable articles to the leading periodicals of the day. 
 mainly upon political and politico-economical subjects. 
 During this time he was closely associated with the leading 
 thinkers and politicians in Great Britain ; with John Stuart 
 Mill, one of his most intimate friends ; with Richard Cob- 
 den in the Anti Corn Law agitation ; and with Roebuck 
 and others in writing the celebrated " Roebuck Pamphlets." 
 His pamphlet "Will Cheap Bread Produce Low Wages?" 
 had a wonderfully large circulation. He helped to edit the 
 Works of Jeremy Bentham ; and his articles on " Weaving," 
 and on " Wool and its Manufactures," which appeared in 
 the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," published in 1842, were 
 the products of the knowledge acquired whilst on the Royal 
 Commission to enquire into the condition of the Hand-loom 
 Weavers in Yorkshire. His knowledge of law led, in 1840, 
 to his being called to the bar. His most important work at 
 this time was in connection with the colonization of New 
 Zealand. One of his many articles on New Zealand is the 
 only account given of this colony in the " Encyclopaedia 
 Brittannica." He acted in conjunction with Ed. Gibbon 
 Wakefield ; and, on February 8, 1840, in which year the 
 first colonists sailed for Cook Straits, appeared Mr. Chap- 
 man's "New Zealand Journal." This journal was continued 
 for some years, and being devoted exclusively to New Zea- 
 land and its affairs, is of historic value. In 1843, Mr. 
 Chapman received the appointment of Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of New Zealand. Arriving at Auckland, he at once 
 proceeded to Wellington, where he lived for the next eight 
 or nine years. Sometimes important cases had to be tried 
 at Nelson and Taranaki, and these places he had to visit. On 
 one occasion, at least, the circuit was performed on foot. This
 
 48 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 was in 1845. Mr. Chapman went up the coast in a vessel 
 which could not make New Plymouth, but landed him not 
 far from Kawhia. He walked to Kawhia, thence to New 
 Plymouth, and thence to Wellington. The whole distance, 
 about 300 miles, was walked in eleven days. At the time 
 of the native war, fighting occurred at the Hutt, and leaving 
 his residence at Karori, he, with the settlers, took refuge in 
 Wellington. In 1852, he was appointed to the Colonial 
 Secretaryship of Van Dieman's Land. Owing to his favoring 
 the abolition of the transportation of convicts, and conse- 
 quent disagreement with the Governor, Mr. Chapman re- 
 turned to England. His work on Responsible Government, 
 written on the voyage, attracted much attention. He 
 rejected the offer of a West Indian Governorship, and 
 returned to Melbourne in 1854. As member for St. Kilda, 
 he sat with Messrs. Childers, Vincent Pyke, and others, in 
 the first Victorian Parliament. In 1857, and again in 1858, 
 he held the office of Attorney-General. Experience had 
 made him a strong supporter of free-trade principles ; and his 
 widely-read lectures encouraged the borrowing of money for 
 the construction of colonial railways. As Law-Lecturer at 
 the University, he attracted large and enthusiastic classes. 
 His home was the constant resort of the literary section of 
 Melbourne Society. He obtained a temporary seat on the 
 bench of the Supreme Court, during the absence of Sir 
 Redmond Barry ; and his numerous decisions as Equity 
 Judge are contained in the regular reports issued by Wyatt 
 and Webb, Vol. I. By him also were drawn up the 
 clauses of what was probably the first Ballot Bill introduced 
 into a British House of Parliament. It became law, and 
 from Victoria the use of the ballot has spread over the 
 whole Empire. In 1864, Mr. Chapman was appointed 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. He was
 
 MEN OF MARK OP' NEW ZEALAND. 49 
 
 stationed at Dunedin, where he lived for the last eighteen 
 years of his life. In 1866, he suffered a disastrous loss 
 through the foundering of the s.s. "London" in the Bay of 
 Biscay. His wife, his eldest and youngest sons, and his 
 only daughter were lost. During the nine years of his final 
 judicial career, Mr. Chapman always took a keen interest in 
 a variety of social subjects, and was always ready at call to 
 address a meeting or deliver a lecture. He was a keen 
 student of philology and of the science of language, and 
 was the author of numerous " Miscellanea." Anglo-Saxon 
 language and literature maybe said to have been his hobby. A 
 large number of his important judicial decisions are collected 
 in several volumes of reports. His retirement from the 
 Bench, in 1875, was contemporaneous with the retirement 
 of Chief Justice Sir George Arney, and of Mr. Justice 
 Gresson. He then occupied himself with private studies. 
 His time was largely devoted to philanthropic objects ; but 
 occasionally he accepted special commissions to try circuit 
 cases. By far the most important duty to which he devoted 
 himself was that in connection with his position as a Mem- 
 ber of the Council, and subsequently as Chancellor of the 
 University of Otago. In this institution he took the keenest 
 interest, and to its well-being he gave a large amount of his 
 time and energy. On December 27, 1881, having some 
 months before entered his seventy-ninth year, he died at 
 Woodside, his residence in Dunedin, after an actual illness 
 of a few weeks' duration. He was a man of extraordinary 
 cheerfulness and joviality, and his keen wit and piquant 
 style of anecdote went a long way to establish that social 
 reputation which was as much a part of his being as the 
 honour and influence gained by his great learning and com- 
 manding intellect.
 
 50 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 CLIFFORD, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., was one 
 of the first settlers that arrived in Wellington connected 
 with or under the auspices of the New Zealand Company. 
 He was amongst the first also to enter largely into pastoral 
 pursuits in the South Island, having taken out a license for 
 depasturing stock on native grass lands in the district of 
 Marlborough. Mr. Clifford was an active member of the 
 association in New Zealand which agitated for representative 
 institutions before the Constitution Act, passed by the 
 Imperial Parliament in order to secure self-government to 
 the colony, became law. Well-informed, from a seven 
 years' residence in the colony, of its actual wants and 
 political aspirations, he took an active part whilst in 
 England, in 1850, in attending specially to New Zealand 
 matters during their discussion in Parliament. In some of 
 E. Gibbon Wakefield's letters, published by his son, Mr. 
 Clifford was again and again urged to devote himself to this 
 work. Mr. Wakefield writes thus to him in February, 1850: 
 " As the case of New Zealand is very urgent, and there is no 
 one here who can so well as yourself represent the colonists, 
 who desire a change in their mode of Government, I have 
 hoped that you would be able and willing to talk the matter 
 over with me. At present the intention of the Government 
 is to make no change as to New Zealand ; but if any 
 person will act with vigour for the colonists thus early in the 
 session before the House of Commons becomes tired, I 
 have a confident hope that some great change may be 
 brought about this year. There is now a body organised 
 for the purpose of moving Parliament in such cases ; but 
 unless that body be moved by some special organ of the 
 Colony, they will only treat with general matters, and 
 nothing will be done. My hope has been that you, with 
 such co-operation from me as I can give, would undertake
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 51 
 
 for the colonists, as a business, the task of moving the 
 Colonial Reform Society in their behalf." What colonial 
 reformers in those days desired and successfully battled for, 
 was " the reality of local self-government." That it should 
 be straightforward and unmistakeable ; not a mere show of 
 words, with all sorts of restrictions and outside interferences 
 that would destroy the reality. Nothing less would satisfy 
 them. The colonists foresaw that a time was fast coming 
 when the Imperial authorities would be glad to offer them 
 unqualified self-government. "With it," said Wakefield, 
 " we shall do wonders in colonisation ; without it, nothing." 
 Mr. Clifford returned to the colony in time to be elected to 
 the first parliament called together under the new Constitu- 
 tion, in 1854. Proceeding to Auckland among the first 
 representatives, he took his seat, and was elected to the 
 office of Speaker of the House, a position which he occupied 
 for many sessions. Mr. (now Sir Charles) Clifford has not 
 resided for some years in New Zealand, but he is still the 
 owner of valuable property in the colony. 
 
 CONOLLY, Edward Tennyson, the only son of 
 Dr. John Conolly, was born August 31, 1822. His father, 
 Dr. Conolly, was eminent for his works on insanity, and for 
 the reforms he introduced in the treatment of the insane. 
 Mr. Conolly was called to the bar by the honourable society 
 of the Inner Temple on the 3oth January, 1852, and 
 practised for thirteen years in England as a member of the 
 Home Circuit. He came to New Zealand in 1865, was 
 admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court 
 in October of that year, and has since that time resided and 
 practised at Picton. He represented the town of Picton in 
 the Provincial Council of Marlborough from January, 1867, 
 until the abolition of the provinces in 1876. At the general
 
 52 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 election in December, 1881, he was elected a member of 
 the House of Representatives for the electoral district of 
 Picton ; and was re-elected in July, 1884. In October, 
 1882, under the Whitaker Ministry, he received the portfolio 
 of Minister of Justice ; and on the retirement of Mr. 
 Whitaker and the reconstruction of the Ministry under 
 Major Atkinson in September, 1883, Mr. Conolly retained 
 that office and also became Attorney General, holding both 
 appointments until the resignation of the Atkinson Ministry 
 in August, 1884. 
 
 COSTLEY, Edward, was one of Auckland's earliest 
 settlers. Mr. Costley amassed considerable wealth, and at 
 his death, in 1883, left a large sum of money in the hands of 
 trustees, as endowments to the library, and to various chari- 
 table institutions in the city of Auckland. The public library 
 is said to have received as its share of this endowment the 
 sum of ;ii,ooo, which is to be partly expended in the 
 erection of the library building. Of the charitable institu- 
 tions mentioned in the will, the Public Hospital received 
 
 COWIE, the Right Rev. William Garden, D.D., 
 
 Bishop of Auckland, New Zealand, second son of Alexander 
 Cowie, Esq., formerly of Auchterless, Aberdeenshire. Bishop 
 Cowie was born in London in 1831, and educated at 
 Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He graduated B.A., 1855 ; M.A., 
 1865 ; D.D., 1869. After taking holy orders he officiated 
 for some years as an army chaplain. In 1864, he was 
 appointed domestic chaplain to Bishop Cotton, of Calcutta ; 
 and he received the rectorship of Stafford in 1867. In 
 1869, he was consecrated Bishop of Auckland, in succession 
 to Dr. Selwyn, Primate of New Zealand, afterwards Bishop
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 53 
 
 of Lichfield. Bishop Cowie has published some sermons, 
 " Notes on the Temples of Cashmere," and " A visit to 
 Norfolk Island." 
 
 CRAWFORD, James Coutes, M.L.C., is the 
 son of Captain J. C. Crawford, R.N., who married the 
 daughter of Admiral John Inglis, R.N. Mr. Crawford was 
 educated at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, where he 
 gained a gold medal. He joined H.M.S. Prince Regent, 
 120 guns, carrying the flag of Rear- Admiral Sir William 
 Parker, in the Channel Fleet. He saw much service on the 
 East and West coasts of South America, in Spanish waters 
 at the time of the first Carlist war, and in the Mediter- 
 ranean ; and, for saving two lives, he received a medal from 
 the Royal Humane Society. In 1837, he became a sub- 
 lieutenant, but, seeing no hope of promotion, left the navy, 
 and sailed for Sydney. In 1838, he paid a brief visit to 
 New Zealand. He landed at Wellington again in 1846, 
 after having been for some time a run-holder in Queensland. 
 In order to drain the swamp land of the Hataitai Peninsula, 
 Mr. Crawford excavated what was the first tunnel in New 
 Zealand. In 1860, he was appointed a member of the 
 Legislative Council; and, in 1862, made a geological survey 
 of the Province of Wellington. He is a member of the 
 Geological Society of London, and a corresponding member 
 of the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Austria. In 
 1879, Mr. Crawford published his " Recollections of Travel 
 in New Zealand and Australia." 
 
 DEANS, William and John, of Riccarton, Can- 
 terbury. In the Autumn of 1842, the Canterbury Plains, 
 then a wilderness, had been abandoned for the second time 
 as unfit for colonisation. The operations of the early
 
 54 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 colonists were again limited to trading with the Natives of 
 the coast and of the Peninsula in flax and other natural 
 products. The family of Deans has descended from the 
 Deans of Kirkstyle, Riccarton, Ayrshire, Scotland. The 
 story of the settling of the two brothers, now known as 
 the " Pioneers " of Canterbury, in their future home, affords 
 an interesting glimpse of the " early days." William Deans 
 came to Wellington in 1840, and John arrived in Nelson in 
 1842. Shortly after this the brothers pitched their tent at 
 Riccarton, where they erected the first house built on the 
 plains. It still stands. A few weeks afterwards John went 
 over to Australia for the first lot of stock destined to graze 
 on this wide extent of pastoral country. He brought back 
 sixty-one head of cattle, three mares, and forty-three sheep, 
 all of a good class. He also brought seed wheat for five 
 acres, seed oats for three acres, barley for three acres, 
 lucerne seed and potatoes. In 1846, there was a fine crop 
 of wheat at Riccarton, yielding from sixty to seventy bushels 
 to the acre. In potatoes over thirty tons were grown on 
 two and a-half acres of land. In 1846, leave was obtained 
 from Government to lease land from the Natives, who were 
 still the owners. In 1848, the New Zealand Company had 
 purchased from the Natives all the land along the East 
 Coast, and the Messrs. Deans were enabled, at last, to 
 effect an exchange of their Wellington, Manawatu, and 
 Nelson land orders for an equal quantity at Potoringamotu, 
 which they now named " Riccarton," after their native 
 parish in Ayrshire. They named the river "Avon," after 
 the Avon which flows into the Clyde, near Hamilton, and 
 which forms the boundary of their grandfather's property in 
 Lanarkshire. As graziers the Messrs. Deans took up the 
 " Homebush Run," in the Malvern district. In 1851, Mr. 
 William Deans was drowned near Wellington, at the age of
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 55 
 
 34. On January ist, 1852, Mr. John Deans sailed for 
 England, and returned to his home in Canterbury in 1853. 
 He died, after a lingering illness, in 1854, also aged 34 years. 
 
 De LAUTOUR, Cecil Albert, was born in India, 
 in 1845, and educated at Cheltenham College. In 1873, he 
 came to New Zealand. After six months residence in Auck- 
 land, he left for Otago, where he engaged for eight or nine 
 years in station life. Being incapacitated by a severe acci- 
 dent in 1872, he became connected with the press, and for 
 five years was part owner and editor of the Mount Ida 
 Chronicle, a goldfield's newspaper. Mr. De Lautour repre- 
 sented Mount Ida in the Otago Provincial Council until 
 the abolition of the Council. He was returned to the 
 House of Representatives of the General Assembly in 1875, 
 on the Provincial ticket, and sat for three successive ses- 
 sions for Mount Ida. In 1884, he contested Newton with 
 Mr. Peacocke, but was defeated. In 1878, Mr. De Lautour 
 devoted himself to the study of law, still continuing, with 
 the consent of his constituents, to represent Mount Ida in 
 Parliament. By the Law Practitioners' Act of 1882, Mr. 
 De Lautour was admitted to the Bar as a barrister and solici- 
 tor of the Supreme Court. In politics he has been written 
 down as a Liberal. His father was a Judge of the High 
 Court in India, and his grandfather was, at one time, High 
 Sheriff of Hertfordshire. 
 
 DICK, Thomas, one of Otago's earliest settlers, was 
 a member of the House of Representatives in 1861, 1862, 
 and 1866, and resigned in 1867. He was elected Superin- 
 tendent of Otago in 1865. Mr. Dick was returned to the 
 House of Representatives for Dunedin West in September, 
 1879, and in 1880 he was offered a seat in the'Hall Ministry,
 
 56 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 and accepted the office of Colonial Secretary. In the year 
 1881, he continued to hold that office ; in 1882 and 1883, 
 he held the offices of Minister of Justice and Minister of 
 Education, as well as of Colonial Secretary. Under the 
 Atkinson Ministry, in 1884, he was Colonial Secretary 
 and Minister of Education; at the general election of that 
 year, when he was again a candidate for a seat in the House 
 of Representatives, he was defeated. 
 
 DOBSON, Edward, Member of the Institution of 
 Civil Engineers. He arrived in Canterbury in 1850, and 
 was engaged for many years as Provincial Engineer. He 
 was a member of a Commission appointed in 1854 to report 
 upon the several modes of communication between Lyttelton 
 and Christchurch, and the Lyttelton and Christchurch Rail- 
 way with the Moorhouse Tunnel, \\as made under his super- 
 intendence. He is the author of numerous professional 
 works, and in 1870 was awarded the Telford Gold Medal of 
 the Institution of Civil Engineers for a " Memoir on the 
 Public Works of the Province of Canterbury, New Zealand," 
 read before a meeting of the Institution in London. Mr. 
 Dobson is still a resident in Christchurch, practising his pro- 
 fession of civil engineer. He has been quite lately engaged 
 in delivering a series of lectures on the art of constructing 
 buildings, bridges, and like works, at the Canterbury 
 College of the University of New Zealand. These lectures 
 have been attended by a large number of students and 
 others, who have gladly availed themselves of the oppor- 
 tunity of acquiring knowledge of a. technical and practical 
 character. 
 
 DOMETT, Alfred, C.M.G., son of Mr. Nathaniel 
 Domett, was born at Camberwell Grove, Surrey, May 20,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 57 
 
 1811. He matriculated at Cambridge, in 1829, as a mem- 
 ber of St. John's College; but, after three years' residence, he 
 left the University without graduating. In 1832, he pub- 
 lished a volume of poems. He then travelled in America 
 for a couple of years ; and, after his return to London, 
 about 1836-1837, he contributed some poetical effusions to 
 " Blackwood's Magazine." One of these, " A Christmas 
 Hymn," was greatly admired, and has been frequently re- 
 printed. Mr. Domett afterwards spent two years in Italy, 
 Switzerland, and other Continental Countries. He was 
 called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1841. Having 
 purchased some land of the New Zealand Company, he 
 went out to New Zealand amongst the earliest settlers, in 
 May, 1842. On the introduction of the new Constitution, 
 framed by Lord Grey, in 1848, Mr. Domett was appointed 
 Colonial Secretary for the Province of New Munster ; and, 
 in 1851, he became Secretary for the whole of New Zea- 
 land. Later, he resigned both these offices, and for a time 
 accepted an inferior appointment, though with far more 
 arduous duties, as Commissioner of Crown Lands and Resi- 
 dent Magistrate of Hawkes' Bay. Afterwards, he was 
 chosen to represent the town of Nelson in the House of 
 Representatives, and, in 1860, he was re-elected. In 1862, 
 when affairs in New Zealand were in a most critical position, 
 Mr. Domett was called upon to form a Government, and he 
 succeeded in doing so. After the resignation of his Govern- 
 ment, he was appointed Secretary for Crown Lands with a 
 seat in the Legislative Council, and to this there was added 
 the post of Commissioner of Old Land Claims. In 1865, 
 he became Registrar-General of Land, and five years after- 
 wards he was requested to undertake the administration of 
 Confiscated Lands. For the signal services rendered by him 
 to the colony, he was created a Companion o f the Order of
 
 58 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Saints Michael and George, 1880. He retired from public 
 duties in 187 1, and returned to England. Soon after reaching 
 England, he published " Ranolf and Amohia : A South-Sea 
 Day Dream," 1872, a poem descriptive of the scenery of 
 New Zealand, and of the habits, legends, and character of 
 the Maori inhabitants. In 1877, he published a volume 
 of poems under the title of " Flotsam and Jetsam : Rhymes 
 Old and New.'' His other works are " Venice," a poem, 
 1839; "Narrative of the Wairau Massacre," published by 
 the New Zealand Company, 1843 : " Petition to the House 
 of Commons for the recall of Governor FitzRoy," published 
 by the same Company : and " Ordinances of New Zealand, 
 classified," published by the New Zealand Government, 
 1850. His "Ranolf and Amohia" was very favourably 
 criticised by Browning, Tennyson, and Longfellow. The 
 Spectator, Examiner, and Illustrated London S'c'tcs were 
 equally warm in their encomiums. 
 
 DONALD, William, R.M. William Donald was 
 sent down from Wellington to Lyttelton, in the year 1850, 
 as colonial surgeon, and was there to welcome the first body 
 of Canterbury colonists, on their arrival in December of that 
 year. From that time until he was visited with a severe 
 affliction, he took a leading part in all public affairs, both of 
 Church and State, especially in connection with Lyttelton. 
 He was a member of the Church Committee in early days, 
 and afterwards one of the first body of the Church Property 
 Trustees, and among the most zealous and active promoters 
 of church organisation and church work of every kind in 
 the diocese. Afterwards, when the Diocesan Synod came 
 into existence, he became one of its foremost members, as 
 one of the Synodsmen for Lyttelton. He also represented
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 59 
 
 the laity of the diocese in the General Synod of 1865 and 
 1871. He was a Fellow of Christ's College, Canterbury, 
 and a member of the Cathedral Commission ; and took a 
 warm interest both in the College and in the Cathedral, at 
 the consecration of which, on All Saint's day, in 1881, he 
 was present. The orphans of the Asylum, in Lyttelton, lost 
 a true friend when he was no longer able to visit them. He 
 died June 29, 1884. 
 
 DUNCAN, Thomas Smith, Crown Prosecutor for 
 the Supreme Court, Christchurch. Mr. Duncan was born 
 in 1821, at Perth, North Britain, where his father had been 
 Procurator-Fiscal. He entered the law profession, and 
 practised in his native town. On his arrival in Lyttelton, 
 being a passenger in one of the historic first four ships, he 
 settled down at Decanter Bay, Bank's Peninsula. In 1856, 
 he returned to Lyttelton, and resumed the practice of his 
 profession. In 1858, he took his seat as representative of 
 Akaroa in the Provincial Council of Canterbury, in its 
 ninth session, when Mr. Moorhouse was superintendent. 
 His colleagues were Messrs. R. H. Rhodes and A. E. 
 White. Shortly after this he succeeded His Honor Judge 
 Gresson as Provincial Solicitor, and was the first Crown 
 Prosecutor in the district, holding the latter office till his 
 death. During his career in the Provincial Council he was not 
 regarded as a keen party politician, but he took a very active 
 part in promoting the construction of the tunnel, and of the 
 railway works generally throughout Canterbury. He was 
 President of the Law Society from its commencement in 
 1868. Mr. Duncan carried on business for upwards of a 
 quarter of a century ; at present the firm is known as that 
 of " Duncan, Cotterill and Martin."
 
 60 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 DUNCAN, Andrew, was born in the West of 
 Scotland, and came out to the colony with his parents 
 about the year 1860. Having made Canterbury his home, 
 Mr. Duncan ere long established the large Ferry Road 
 Nursery, Christchurch. He took a promint part in public 
 affairs for many years. He was Mayor of Christchurch at 
 one time, and he was also a member for the Heathcote in 
 the Provincial Council for a considerable period. In 1873, 
 Mr. Duncan contested one of the seats for Christchurch in 
 the General Assembly, but was unsuccessful. Thereafter 
 he refused when asked to come forward again. In 1875, ne 
 went to the old country as Emigration Agent for the 
 Provincial Government of Canterbury. After his return, in 
 the following year, he was appointed member of the Board 
 of Education, and was by that body made Commissioner of 
 School Reserves in the Province. Various other important 
 offices were also intrusted to him. He always took an 
 intelligent interest in all matters affecting the agricultural 
 interests of the colony, and was for a long period a member 
 of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association, of 
 which he was President at the time of his death. Mr. 
 Duncan was an esteemed office-bearer in the Presbyterian 
 Church, and his death was a severe loss to his co-religionists. 
 He died loth December, 1880. 
 
 EVANS, L.D., barrister, arrived in New Zealand 
 with the first settlers introduced by the New Zealand 
 Company. He practised his profession in Wellington up 
 to the time of his leaving for Victoria, Australia, where 
 subsequently he became a Minister under the system of 
 responsible government. Dr. Evans was a member of the 
 Provincial Council of Wellington, and took a prominent 
 part in discussions on political questions, especially on the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 6 1 
 
 great question of introducing into the colony a representa- 
 tive form of government. 
 
 EYRE, Edward John. Mr. Eyre, born August 15, 
 1815, was the son of the late Rev. Anthony Eyre, Vicar of 
 Hansey and Long Riston, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. 
 He was educated at Louth and Sedborough Grammar 
 School. Failing to obtain a Commission in the Army at 
 seventeen years of age, he determined to try his fortune in 
 Australia; and, having arrived at Sydney in the year 1833 
 with a capital of ^400, he engaged in sheep-farming. He 
 was successful, and invested the profits in the purchase of 
 an estate, situated on the Lower Murray River, upon which 
 he settled and remained for several years. During this 
 period he was appointed Resident Magistrate of his district 
 and Protector of the Aborigines. In the numerous dis- 
 putes which arose between the European settlers and the 
 aborigines, he acted with much discretion, striving to up- 
 hold, as much as possible, the rights of the wandering 
 tribes. In a work entitled " Discoveries in Central Aus- 
 tralia," published in 1845, he earnestly pleads their cause. 
 In the meantime he distinguished himself as an Australian 
 explorer. In the years 1836-1840, he conducted an expedi- 
 tion across the unexplored country from Sydney, on the east 
 coast, to the Swan River, on the west ; Port Philip, Adelaide, 
 and King George's Sound being the intermediate points. He 
 also undertook several explorations towards the interior, 
 both from Port Lincoln and from Adelaide. A very full 
 and interesting account of this expedition is to be read in 
 his published work, " Journals of Expedition of Discovery 
 into Central Australia, and overland from Adelsl.de to King 
 George's Sound, 1840-1841, in which is included an account 
 of the manners and customs of the Aborigines, and of the
 
 62 MEN OK MARK OF XEW ZEALAND. 
 
 state of their relations with Europeans." On this expedition 
 he was sent by the colonists of South Australia, with the 
 sanction and support of the Government. Mr. Eyre was 
 shortly after this, in 1846, appointed to the Lieutenant- 
 Governorship of New Munster, Xew Zealand, during the 
 Governorship of Sir George Grey. He remained in Xew 
 Zealand six years, residing generally at Wellington ; but ad- 
 ministering the government of the Middle Island. Having 
 served his full term as a Colonial Governor he returned to 
 England in 1853. Whilst in Xew Zealand he made an un- 
 successful attempt to ascend the snowy slopes of the Kai- 
 kouras. He overcame the difficulties for some considerable 
 distance, when his native guide met with an accident which, 
 terminating fatally, caused the enterprising explorer to give up 
 the attempt. The year after his return to England, he was 
 appointed to the West Indies as Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 Island of St. Vincent, and afterwards of the Leeward Islands. 
 On July 13, 1 864, he was made Captain-General and Governor- 
 General-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Jamaica. The island 
 was in a condition of retrogression, and an insurrection 
 having broken out in October, 1865, ne proclaimed martial 
 law, and used very vigorous measures for its suppression. 
 His policy was completely successful, and what was at the 
 time believed to be a dangerous rising was crushed. His 
 measures, more especially in the trial by court-martial, and 
 condemnation to death of George William Gordon, a 
 mulatto of property, excited much resentment among certain 
 sections at Home. Governor Eyre was recalled, but a com- 
 mission of inquiry exonerated him from the charges brought 
 against him. His enemies instituted legal proceedings, both 
 criminal and civil, extending over a period of about four 
 years, and entailing an expenditure in his defence of over 
 ;i 0,000 ; but, in every instance, they failed to substantiate
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 63 
 
 a case. Full particulars respecting the life and public career 
 of Mr. Eyre are to be found in the interesting memoir by 
 Mr. Hamilton Hume, published in 1867. 
 
 FEATHERSTON, Dr. Isaac Earl. Dr. Feather- 
 ston arrived in Wellington, New Zealand, with the first settlers 
 introduced into the colony under the auspices of the New 
 Zealand Company. He soon became conspicuous as a man 
 fitted for political life, and took a prominent part with Fox, 
 Stafford, Fitzherbert, Monro, and others in the battle carried 
 on by colonists to exact from the Home Government a 
 full concession of the right of local self-government. Dr. 
 Featherston was the first elected Superintendent of the 
 Province of Wellington, retaining that responsible position 
 until his departure for England to hold the office of Agent- 
 General for the colony. He also represented a constituency 
 in Parliament from its first meeting. He was not included 
 in a Colonial Ministry until quite at the close of his Parlia- 
 mentary career, and then for a short time only. In Parlia- 
 ment he spoke and voted with Mr. Fox, and with those who 
 protested vigorously against the native war, which grew out 
 of the Waitara dispute, always contending that it was un- 
 called for, and might have been peacefully arranged by a 
 wise diplomacy. He was, from first to last, a consistent 
 champion of the cause of provincialism. Dr. Featherston 
 was spoken of in his last days as one of the most effective 
 speakers in Parliament. He was not often heard within its 
 walls, but often enough to prove to even unsympathetic ears 
 that he had the power, although he chose to exercise it 
 sparingly. He died in England, in 1877. 
 
 FENTON, Francis Dart, barrister-at-aw, belongs 
 to an old Yorkshire family, which has produced lawyers for
 
 64 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 generations back. He arrived in Auckland in 1850; though 
 booked for Canterbury he stopped, weary of a voyage of 
 one hundred and forty-nine days, at the first port the ship, 
 " Barbara Gordon," reached. For two years he sojourned 
 at Waikato, and obtained his earliest insight into Maori 
 modes of life and thought. At that time there were no 
 white inhabitants in the Waikato district except the mis- 
 sionaries, a few Pakeha-Maori traders, and some dozen 
 settlers who were mere squatters on native land. In 1851, he 
 was appointed by His Excellency Sir George Grey to a posi- 
 tion in the Deeds Registry office at Auckland; and, shortly 
 after, was made Resident Magistrate and Collector of Cus- 
 toms at Kaipara. In 1856, he succeeded Colonel Nugent as 
 Native Secretary. Mr. McLean (the late Sir Donald) was then 
 Chief Commissioner, and the distinct lines of native policy, 
 which were respectively adopted by the Commissioner and 
 the Secretary, and which alternately gained ascendancy in the 
 native administration of the colony in after years, soon 
 brought them into conflict. Governor Gore Brown sided 
 with Mr. McLean, and Mr. Fenton was relegated to the 
 Resident Magistracy at Raglan. This new office gave Mr. 
 Fenton abundant opportunity of seeing the dangerous Maori 
 King movement. In consequence of a paper he sent to the 
 Governor, he was made Resident Magistrate at Waikato, 
 with power to introduce his new plan of " law and order." 
 The reports on native affairs prepared by Mr. Fenton, and 
 published in the Blue Books of 1860, form a most valuable 
 contribution to New Zealand history, and describe Maori 
 life, habits, and national aims at that critical transition 
 period. These reports, though shelved for a time, were 
 brought into prominence by Mr. Forsaith, M.H.R., moving 
 in Parliament for their production aud publication. This 
 led to the appointment of the celebrated Waikato Commit-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 65 
 
 tee, and ultimately to the overthrow of the Land Purchase 
 Department. When, in 1864, Native matters were handed 
 over by the Governor to responsible Ministers, Mr. Fenton 
 was at once summoned to bear a hand in moulding the 
 Native policy of the Government. The Maori war began to 
 loom so largely in New Zealand affairs as to dwarf every- 
 thing else. In order to deal justly with the source of 
 trouble, the Native titles to land, Mr. Fenton was employed 
 to draw up the Native Lands Act of 1865. -^ s Chief Judge 
 of the Native Lands Court, he personally administered the 
 Act with success, to the general satisfaction of Europeans 
 and Natives. Mr. Fenton was also charged with the entire 
 working of the " New Zealand Settlements Act, 1863." In 
 1869-70, he sat in the Legislative Council, and during that 
 time he drew up, and was instrumental in passing through the 
 Council, the "Native Lands Act, 1869," and the "Native 
 Reserves Act." He joined in obtaining the rejection of Sir 
 Cracroft Wilson's plan for the employment of Ghoorka 
 regiments in the war. Judge Fenton was also the first 
 Commissioner for distributing the ,200,000 voted by Par- 
 liament for the "restoration of New Plymouth," after the 
 Maori ravages. For two years he was District Judge of 
 Auckland in addition to his other judicial duties. In 
 1881-82, he retired altogether from the public service, 
 having held the office of Chief Judge of the Native Land 
 Court for seventeen years. The lapse of time has shown 
 that his opinions on native matters were correct. An erudite 
 lecture on the origin of the Maori people, tracing their 
 ancestry back to an Arabian tribe, gained for its author dis- 
 tinguished recognition from a learned society of Paris. 
 The lecture is now published with amplifications. Amongst 
 the many services he rendered the colony, is the conser- 
 vation of the colonial domains under the Domain Act, 
 
 F
 
 66 MEN OF MARK OF XE\V ZKALAXD. 
 
 prepared by him in 1861. As president of several important 
 local societies and Boards in Auckland, as founder and 
 perpetual vice-president of the Auckland Choral Society, 
 and as an enthusiastic patron of music, Mr. Fenton has 
 done honourable duty as a citizen of Auckland, while per- 
 forming his higher duties on behalf of the colony. In 
 accepting the office of Chief Judge of the Native Lands 
 Court, he stipulated that he should not be removed from 
 Auckland, and up to the time of his final retirement, he 
 remained the only officer at the head of a principal depart- 
 ment of the public service who continued to administer its 
 affairs from the old capital of the colony. 
 
 FERGUSSON, the Right Hon. Sir James, 
 Bart., K.C.M.G., son of the fifth baronet, was born at 
 Edinburgh in 1832, and succeeded to the title on his 
 fathers death in 1849. After leaving Rugby School, he 
 entered the Grenadier Guards, and attained the rank of 
 Captain in 1854 : but in the following year he retired from 
 the army. He represented the county of Ayr in the House 
 of Commons in the Conservative interest, from December, 
 1854 to April, 1857 : and from October, 1859, to 1868. 
 He held the office of Under-Secretary for India from June, 
 1866, to July, 1867 ; and Under-Secretary for the Home 
 Department from this date till August, 1868, when he was 
 appointed Governor of South Australia, and sworn a member 
 of the Privy Council. On March 2, 1873, he was appointed 
 Governor of New Zealand, but he resigned that post in the 
 following year. He was appointed Governor of Bombay in 
 the room of Sir Richard Temple in February, 1880. 
 
 FIRTH, J. C. Mr. Firth is well known throughout 
 the colony as an old, active, and enterprising Auckland
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 67 
 
 settler. He held a seat in Parliament many years ago, and 
 took a prominent part in the settlement of the Native 
 rebellion. When the outlaw, Te Kooti, the Chief of the 
 Hau-haus, was sought for throughout the length and 
 breadth of the North Island, and proved to be quite beyond 
 the grasp of the Colonial Government, Mr. Firth's personal 
 influence with the Natives was sufficient to arrange an inter- 
 view with him. For the last twenty years he has been 
 engaged in the enterprise of improving and opening for 
 settlement a large area of land in the Upper Thames 
 and Waikato districts. This estate contains 60,000 acres, 
 one-fourth of which has already (in the year 1885) been 
 brought under cultivation. Mr. Firth cleared about fifty 
 miles of the river Thames from rocks and snags at his 
 own cost. 
 
 FITZGERALD, James Edward, was born at 
 Bath, England, and educated at Christ's College, Cam- 
 bridge. When the idea of organising a systematic scheme of 
 colonisation and special settlement in New Zealand was 
 conceived in England by the founders of the Canterbury 
 Association, Mr. FitzGerald was at once captivated by it. 
 He entered readily into the efforts made to mature the 
 scheme : and, attending meetings in many parts of England, 
 spoke enthusiastically of the natural wealth of New Zealand, 
 and of her great future. Mr. FitzGerald arrived in Lyttelton,. 
 Canterbury, in one of the first four ships. He brought out 
 with him the plant and staff for the Lyttelton Times, the 
 property of Mr. Shrimpton of Oxford, and edited that 
 journal for two years. For the same period he held the 
 offices of Inspector of Police and Immigration Agent in 
 Lyttelton. Upon the passing of the New Constitution Act, 
 which conferred upon the colonists of the respective pro-
 
 68 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 vinces the right of electing their own Superintendents, he 
 was elected first Superintendent of Canterbury, a position 
 which he continued to hold up to the year 1857. He then 
 went to England as agent for the Province of Canterbury. 
 On his return, he engaged in farming ; and, subsequently, 
 brought out the Press newspaper, to the columns of which 
 he was a frequent contributor. Mr. FitzGerald sat in the 
 first Parliament called together under the Constitution Act, 
 and was Premier in the first representative Ministry formed 
 in New Zealand. It is matter of colonial history that this 
 Ministry had the confidence of Parliament, but resigned 
 owing to a disagreement with the acting Governor, General 
 Wynyard, as to the nature and extent of the responsibility to 
 be vested in Ministers. Mr. FitzGerald stood firmly by his 
 colleagues in demanding the substance of government, in- 
 stead of its shadow the power of dealing directly with the 
 general interests of the colony, instead of the bad system 
 due to the nominee composition of the Legislative Council. 
 Up to the year 1866, Mr. FitzGerald held a seat in the 
 House of Representatives. Whilst in Parliament he took 
 up very enthusiastically the cause of the Maoris, urging the 
 House to make every possible effort to prevent so clever 
 and interesting a race from degenerating into something 
 even worse than the savagery from which it had but lately 
 emerged. His great speech on the whole question of Native 
 Affairs was delivered in the Assembly in 1862. In 1865, 
 he became Native Minister in the Weld Government, and 
 held office while that Ministry lasted. Mr. FitzGerald was 
 an elected representative in the Provincial Council of Can- 
 terbury. On his retirement from Parliament he was ap- 
 pointed to the office of Comptroller, and subsequently 
 of Comptroller and Auditor General, a position that he still 
 occupies.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF XE\V ZEALAND. 69 
 
 FITZHERBERT, Sir William, C.M.G. (1872), 
 K.C.M.G. (1877), M.A., Cantab, M.I)., Royal College of 
 Physicians, London, was a Brown's University Medallist and 
 a Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, and practised as a 
 physician in Hanover Square, London. In April, 1842, he 
 sailed for Wellington, N.Z., in the " Lady Leigh," which he 
 purchased and freighted on his own account. In 1843, 
 Governor Hobson placed his name at the head of the list 
 of the New Zealand magistrates and offered him a seat in 
 the first Legislative Council, an honour which he declined, 
 preferring to devote his time to colonial pursuits, and be- 
 coming an owner of ships and whaling stations as well as a 
 general trader to England and the Australian colonies. He 
 joined the Constitutional Association, and became an active 
 political agitator ; the objects of the association being 
 accomplished after eleven years* struggle by the proclamation 
 of the Constitution Act in 1853. He was for many years 
 elected a member of the Wellington Provincial Council, and 
 held the joint offices of Secretary and Treasurer to the Pro- 
 vince ; and Superintendent of Wellington in 1871, he 
 remained so until the passing of the Abolition of Pro- 
 vinces Act in 1875, a measure to which he was strongly 
 opposed. Sir William was also for many years a Member 
 of the House of Representatives for Wellington City, and 
 subsequently for the Hutt District. In 1864 he became 
 Colonial Treasurer, and as a member of the Weld Ministry 
 took an active part in 1 the removal of the Seat of Govern- 
 ment from Auckland to Wellington. In 1866, as Colonial 
 Treasurer, he was entrusted with a special mission to 
 England, as agent with regard to the claims raised 
 by the Imperial Government against the Colony for 
 the employment of British troops in t!>* suppression 
 of the Native rebellion, amounting to some ^750,000.
 
 70 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 After many interviews with the members of the English 
 Cabinet, extending over some months, he succeeded 
 in obtaining a remission of the whole amount, and conse- 
 quently was enabled to arrange for the consolidation of the 
 New Zealand Loans upon far more advantageous terms than 
 he would otherwise have obtained. Sir William was chosen 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1876, retiring 
 in 1879, when he was appointed to the Speakership of the 
 Legislative Council, which position he now holds. 
 
 FITZROY, Captain, R.X . arrived at Auckland as 
 Governor of New Zealand, in December, 1843. On his 
 landing, a levee was held at Government House, when two 
 addresses were presented by the Natives : in one they com- 
 plained of not being allowed to sell their land : in the other, 
 of the high price of tobacco. It was one of the first duties 
 of the new Governor to go to Cook's Straits in a ship of war 
 and inquire into the tragedy of the Wairau massacre. He 
 went across the Straits, and met Rauparaha and Rangihaeata 
 in the presence of five hundred Maories and twelve 
 Europeans. The murderers evinced no fear, but justified 
 their conduct. The Europeans, they asserted, were the 
 aggressors, and, as for themselves, they had violated no Native 
 law in killing their prisoners. Rauparaha was the spokes- 
 man. They were told by the Governor that they had 
 committed a horrible crime in murdering men in cold blood 
 who had surrendered ; but as the English had been the first to 
 attack, he (the Governor) would not avenge their death. 
 The rule of Governor Fitzroy was short, but eventful. At 
 Wellington and the Hutt the decision of Mr. Spain, the 
 Commissioner sent from England to examine the claims of 
 the New Zealand Company to lands, was resisted by Rau- 
 paraha and others, and violence and bloodshed were the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 71 
 
 result. In the North dissatisfaction culminated in Heki's 
 war. Governor Fitzroy was thus placed in special diffi- 
 culties. There was general discontent in the Native mind, 
 and, at the same time, there was a want of money and troops 
 to prevent a Maori rebellion. The declared and persistent 
 enmity of the New Zealand Company was another source of 
 great evil. During the years 1843-7, the Company, without 
 much scruple, occupied Native lands on the strength of very 
 doubtful rights. The result was a series of fierce and 
 bloody conflicts. The needed relief at last came, in the 
 form of grants of money and large bodies of troops. A late 
 author, in writing of Captain Fitzroy's governorship, says in 
 conclusion, " Captain Fitzroy has been described as ' the 
 man who lost Kororareka, but who saved New Zealand.' " 
 
 FOX, William, K.C.M.G., son of George Town- 
 shend Fox, Esq., J.P., and Deputy-Lieutenant for the 
 county of Durham. Born in 1812, he was educated at 
 Wadham College, Oxford, proceeding B.A., 1832 ; M.A., 
 1839. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 
 
 1842, but in the same year emigrated to Wellington, New 
 Zealand. Mr. Fox was thus one of the earliest settlers in 
 that province. He left England with a view of following 
 the avocations of a private colonist. He, however, in 
 
 1843, succeeded Captain Wakefield at Nelson as the Resi- 
 dent Agent of the New Zealand Company. This appoint- 
 ment he held till early in 1848, when he received the 
 appointment of Attorney-General of the Southern Province, 
 which he accepted on condition that self-government was 
 immediately to be bestowed on the colony. Finding that 
 it was not, he resigned, and shortly afterwards, on the death 
 of Colonel Wakefield, principal Agent of the Company, suc- 
 ceeded to that office, thus being placed in charge of the
 
 J2 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Company's interests in the whole of the Southern settlements, 
 including New Plymouth. In this position, being brought 
 immediately before the eyes of the colonists, he was ap- 
 pointed Honorary Political Agent in England for the 
 settlement of Wellington. He visited the principal ports 
 and settlements, and explored parts of the country. In 
 1851 Mr. Fox published his history of the " Six Colonies of 
 New Zealand/' in which is to be read a full and faithful 
 account of New Zealand as it then existed. His fellow 
 colonists were not long in making the discovery that in Mr. 
 Fox they had an able speaker and a politician o*" promise. 
 He was elected, in 1853, to the first Parliament called 
 together under the new Constitution Act: and in 1856 he 
 formed an administration which lived but a short time. His 
 Ministry was succeeded by one formed by Mr. Stafford, 
 whose Government, on the i2th July, 1861, was defeated 
 by the Opposition under Mr. Fox, on the question of their 
 administration of Native affairs. At the time Mr. Fox was 
 spoken of as leading the Philo-Maori party in Parliament. 
 He formed a new Ministry, which held office til] June 6, 
 1862. In 1863, he again headed a Ministry, composed of 
 himself and Messrs. Whitaker, Gillies, and Russell. In 
 1864 this Ministry resigned owing to serious differences 
 with Sir George Grey, the Governor, relative to the conduct 
 of the Waikato war, and the confiscation of the lands of 
 Natives in rebellion. Mr. Fox, when not at the head of a 
 Ministry, was generally to be found at the head of an 
 organised opposition, and played that role with spirit and 
 effect. He was Premier again from 1869 to 1872, being a 
 colleague of Sir Julius Vogel in 1870, when the great Public 
 Works scheme was originated. With Sir F. Dillon Bell, in 
 1880, he was appointed to the West Coast Commission to 
 inquire into and unravel the intricacies of Native Land
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 73 
 
 titles, and to settle questions relating to confiscation on the 
 AVest Coast, a labour and responsibility all previous Govern- 
 ments had shirked. His final report was accepted by 
 Europeans and Maories as a satisfactory settlement of the 
 whole question. By his advice large and valuable reserves 
 were set aside, and grants issued to the aggrieved parties. 
 If, in a long and arduous political life, Mr. Fox (afterwards 
 Sir William) had done nought else in the interest of Euro- 
 peans and Natives but the settling of this important matter, 
 he would be entitled to every honour and emolument the 
 colony can bestow on its most worthy statesmen. In his 
 later work, "The War in New Zealand," which gives a full 
 account of the Native war, Sir William Fox shows that the 
 blame of the war v;as not to be laid at the door of the Colonial 
 Government, nor was it due to>the greed of the colonists, as 
 it has been slanderously asserted. The Government had 
 striven to administer justice impartially, and up to 1865 
 had expended large sums upon the Natives. Internecine 
 war of one tribe with another continued for centuries had 
 become their second nature. In the Appendix to the 
 Journals of the House of Representatives, 1863, is to be 
 found a reliable and most interesting paper, headed 
 " Notes by the Colonial Secretary," written by Sir 
 William Fox during his visit to the Waikato, in December, 
 1 86 1. In his history of the war, speaking of the relations 
 existing between the Natives and the colonists, and of the 
 fallacies that were then current and have been again revived, 
 he notices the following : ist. It has been inferred from 
 the pertinacity with which the Maoris fought, that some 
 deep-seated wrong was inflicted upon them by the Euro- 
 peans. This inference, he says, shows very little 
 acquaintance with the Maori race. For centuries past, 
 as far as we know, till the colonization of- the country.
 
 74 UEX OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 the several tribes waged constant and internecine war 
 with each other. As soon as their crops were in the 
 ground they began fighting, and generally fought till they 
 were ripe. The most trivial cause would give rise to the 
 most bloody war, and the feud would be handed down from 
 father to son. The habit of fighting, and disregard of life, 
 had become a second nature with the Maori. 2nd. The charge 
 brought against the Colonial Government, that the Natives 
 had no proper tribunals before which their disputes, particu- 
 larly relating to lands, could be settled, is a very great 
 mistake. As early as 1 849 a system of Resident Magistrates' 
 Courts was established in Maori and mixed districts, unless 
 the resident Natives refused to have one, or drove the 
 Magistrate away, as in the case of Mr. Gorst. These 
 courts were presided over by European Resident Magistrates, 
 assisted in Native cases by paid Maori Assessors. In 1862 
 the Assembly passed a measure which received the Royal 
 assent, establishing a tribunal before which all questions of 
 native title can be settled. 3rd. That the Natives have 
 been debarred the franchise and electoral privileges which 
 the colonists enjoy under the Constitution Act, is also an 
 error. The Maori, if he chooses, can register and exercise 
 his vote as freely as the colonist ; and the doors of the 
 Houses of Assembly are equally open to him. For some 
 years Native representatives have sat in the General Assembly, 
 and have taken a part in the government of the colony. 
 4th. That the interests of the Natives are systematically dis- 
 regarded by the Colonial Government. This charge is 
 baseless : returns laid before Parliament, relating to Native 
 expenditure, disprove it. In 1865 these returns showed 
 that no less than ^61,071 had been expended upon the Maori 
 races, after the transfer of responsible government in Native 
 affairs to the Colonial Ministry. 5th. That the war had
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 75 
 
 been got up by the colonists for the sake of the military 
 expenditure, and that the colonists coveted the lands of 
 Natives, and were determined to have them at any cost, is 
 as untrue ; much less that they would take them at the 
 point of the bayonet. Every acre occupied by Europeans 
 in New Zealand has been bought, and at prices quite 
 equivalent to any value the land had, or ever could have had, 
 if the colonists had not gone there to give it value by their 
 capital and labour. In the Province of Auckland alone, the 
 natives still hold about 10,000,000 acres. The Government 
 has waited till the Natives have agreed to allow a railway to 
 be run through this vast district from Auckland to Welling- 
 ton, to open up the lands for settlement. Mr. Fox, in the 
 book referred to, gives a graphic description of the Pai- 
 Mariri, or Hau-Hau fanaticism. He speaks of it thus : " A 
 large infusion of Judaism, some leading features of Mor- 
 monism, a little mesmerism, a touch of spiritualism, occa- 
 sional ventriloquism, and a large amount of cannibalism, are 
 the characteristic features which it exhibits. Its rites are 
 bloody, sensual, foul, and devilish ; the least reprehensible, 
 and most orderly, consisting in running round a pole stuck 
 in the ground, howling, and uttering gibberish, till catalepsy 
 prostrates the worshippers, who sometimes lie senseless on 
 the ground for hours/' Within the last few years Sir 
 William Fox has become well known throughout New 
 Zealand, and in England, as a social reformer, earnestly 
 and ably advocating the disuse of alcohol. 
 
 GILLIES, Thomas Bannatyne, Judge. Mr. 
 Gillies arrived in Otago in 1852, where, for some years, he 
 was a country settler, and afterwards practised the profession 
 of Law. He was first elected to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives in 1860. He became Attorney-General in 1862 ;
 
 76 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Postmaster-General and Secretary for Crown Lands during 
 1863-4; and in 1872 was Colonial Treasurer. In 1865 he 
 removed to Auckland, then the capital of New Zealand. He 
 was elected Superintendent of the Province of Auckland, 
 1869-73 an d in 1875 he was appointed one of the puisne 
 Judges of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. He has 
 lately founded two scholarships in connection with the 
 Auckland University College. 
 
 GISBORNE, William. Mr. Gisborne was Com- 
 missioner of Crown Lands at Auckland, New Zealand, from 
 1848 to 1853. From 1853 to 1869, he held the position of 
 Under-Secretary in the Colonial Secretary's office. Subse- 
 quently, after having been elected to Parliament, he was 
 Colonial Secretary, and for some time also Minister of Public 
 Works, with a seat, first in the Legislative Council, and 
 afterwards in the House of Representatives. This was 
 during the years 1869 to 1872. He held the office of New 
 Zealand Government Insurance Commissioner from 1870 to 
 1875 ; an .d> in 1877, again became a member of the House 
 of Representatives. From July, 1879, to October of the 
 same year, he was a member of the Grey Ministry. 
 
 GODLEY, John Robert, the eldest son of Mr. 
 Godley, of Killegar, a gentleman of good landed property 
 in the County of Leitrim, Ireland. He was born in the 
 year 1814; and was sent first to Mr. Ward's preparatory 
 school at Iver, and thence to Harrow, where, in 1831, he 
 was a successful candidate for the Sayers Scholarship. He 
 declined to avail himself of the honour awarded to him, as 
 he wished to go to Oxford. In the following year he 
 obtained the Governor's Scholarship, and was admitted to 
 Christchurch, Oxford, where subsequently he obtained the 
 Fell Scholarship ; and on his examination for the Degree, in
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 77 
 
 1835, ne to k a second class in classics. After leaving the 
 University he studied for the law, and was called to the 
 English bar. He then travelled, visiting, amongst other 
 countries, Norway and Sweden. A book which he published 
 at an early age upon America, shewed how attentively he 
 had observed men and things in the course of a visit to 
 Canada and the United States. His " Letters from 
 America," which were published by Murray, in 1844, speedily 
 attracted the notice of political men on both sides of the 
 Atlantic. He first came into notice as a public man by the 
 preparation of a plan for extensive emigration to meet 
 the awful crisis of the Irish famine. Mr. Godley pro- 
 posed to convey a million souls to Canada. His scheme 
 was a wise one. More than a million Irish lay down 
 and died, and a still larger number emigrated to the United 
 States before that terrible crisis had passed. Mr. Godley 
 attended to all local county business when required, as a 
 Magistrate, Grand Juror, and Poor Law Guardian, and in 
 1847 he stood for his county, but was defeated. Shortly 
 afterwards he was introduced to Mr. Edward Gibbon 
 Wakefield. One of the results of this acquaintance was the 
 scheme for founding Canterbury, in New Zealand, Mr. 
 Godley becoming a director of the Canterbury Association. 
 During the next two years he was a regular contributor to 
 the Morning Chronicle, a journal regarded as the principal 
 authority upon all Colonial questions. In "The Canterbury 
 Papers," published in England in 1850, may be read an 
 interesting treatise on the capabilities of New Zealand for 
 colonization ; and another, setting forth the preliminary 
 arrangements and economy of the proposed Canterbury 
 Settlement. The Association had obtained a charter of 
 incorporation, and a certain sum of money had been placed 
 at their disposal as an advance repayable out of the funds
 
 78 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 which would accrue from the sales of land. Captain Thomas, 
 appointed agent and chief surveyor, arrived in Canterbury 
 in 1848; and, in concert with the Governor of the 
 Colony and the Bishop of New Zealand, he selected a site 
 for the settlement. Mr. Godley was a member of the Com- 
 mittee of Management, and from the first had been one of 
 the most efficient promoters. The Association appointed 
 him their chief resident agent. On the eve of his departure 
 from England, he addressed to Mr. Gladstone a letter " On 
 the Government of the Colonies," which was at that time 
 rightly spoken of as a masterly treatment of a subject of 
 the deepest importance to every English colonist. He sailed 
 for New Zealand early in December, 1849, arriving in 
 Canterbury, 1850. From the i6th December, 1850, to the 
 ist December, 1852, he was, in all but the name, the 
 Governor of the Settlement. On his return to Eng- 
 land in 1852, Mr. Gladstone offered him a Commissionership 
 of Income Tax in Ireland. He accepted it, but was shortly 
 after transferred to England, and, upon the re-modelling of 
 the War Orifice, was placed at the head of the Stores Depart- 
 ment. A further change made him Assistant Under- 
 secretary at War, which office he held under the successive- 
 Secretaryships of Lord Panmure, General Peel, and Lord 
 Herbert, until the time of his death. In 1854 he had been 
 appointed the first English agent for the Province of Canter- 
 bury, but had resigned in 1856. On the 28th of October, 
 1862, the Provincial Council resolved to erect a statue com- 
 memorative of the venerated founder of Canterbury. The 
 statue occupies a commanding position in Cathedral Square, 
 Christchurch. 
 
 GORDON, The Hon. Sir Arthur Hamilton, 
 G.C.M.G., is the youngest son of George, fourth Earl of
 
 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 79 
 
 Aberdeen, sometime Prime Minister of England. Sir 
 Arthur was born November 26th, 1829. In 1854 he was 
 elected in the Liberal interest for Beverley, and he retained 
 the seat until the general election of 1857. He was assis- 
 tant private secretary to his father, who held the offices of 
 Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister ; and he was 
 specially attached to Mr. Gladstone's Mission to the Ionian 
 Islands in 1858. He was appointed Governor of New 
 Brunswick in 1861 ; Governor of Trinidad in 1866 ; and 
 Governor of Mauritius in October, 1870. In 1871 he was 
 created a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George. When the Fiji Islands were erected into a 
 separate colony, Sir Arthur Gordon was appointed its first 
 Governor and Commander-in-Chief, February 4, 1875 ; also 
 Consul-General and High Commissioner for the Western 
 Pacific, 1877. He was nominated a Knight Grand Cross of 
 the Order of St. Michael and St. George in August, 1878, 
 and appointed Governor of New Zealand in 1880. He 
 resigned in 1882 ; and received the Governorship of Ceylon 
 in 1883. 
 
 GORST, John Eldon, Q.C., M.P., Solicitor-General 
 in the Salisbury Administration, was born in 1835, at Preston, 
 where his father and grandfather were successively Clerks of 
 the Peace. Mr. Gorst, about the year 1853, went from the 
 Preston Grammar School to St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated as third wrangler in 1857, and was elected 
 a Fellow. He then became a student of the Inner Temple, 
 and a pupil of Mr. Christie, the well-known conveyancer. 
 Three years later his father died, and Mr. Gorst without 
 waiting for his call to the Bar emigrated to New Zealand 
 in search of a more adventurous career. Devoting himself 
 at once to the interests of the Natives, he soon acquired their
 
 So MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 language. The relations between the colonists and the 
 aborigines were at this time most unsatisfactory. One war 
 was just ended, and another was imminent. At this critical 
 juncture Mr. Gorst received from Sir George Grey the 
 appointment of Civil Commissioner of AVaikato the very 
 centre and rallying point of Maori nationality. Mr. Gorst 
 managed to maintain himself in Te Awamutu for eighteen 
 months. In order to wean the young Maoris from the 
 influence of the King party, the Government, at Mr. Gorst's 
 suggestion, established an industrial school on a large estate 
 at Te Awamutu, and placed him at its head. The Kingites 
 had for some time past been issuing an occasional newspaper 
 sheet on a very small scale, supporting the principles of 
 Kingism. The press was a gift from the Emperor of 
 Austria, and the newspaper was called the Hokioi the 
 name of a fabulous bird of ominous portent. The Govern- 
 ment furnished Mr. Gorst with a printing press, and 
 instructed him to edit a newspaper in Maori, for the purpose 
 of counteracting the influences of the Hokioi. It was called, 
 apparently in contempt of its rival, the Pihoihoi the name 
 of a common groundlark, and equivalent to " the chirping 
 sparrow." "Great," says Sir William Fox, "was the bicker- 
 ing between the birds." The Kingites seem to have thought 
 the Pihoihoi more than a match for their champion, and a 
 strong party of 80 Ngatimaniapotos, armed with guns, 
 marched down to Te Awamutu, and forcibly carried off the 
 press, type, and the whole issue. The Chief, Rewi, had 
 heard that the Government were "going to dig round 
 about the King, until he fell of his own accord 5" and, look- 
 ing round to see where the " digging " was going on, regarded 
 the press and school as some of the "spades." During the 
 following night the Natives surrounded the station, shouting 
 threats of violence. They afterwards returned the press,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 8l 
 
 forbidding its' use. Mr. Gorst remained at his post until all 
 safety was at an end ; and at the end of April, 1863, with- 
 drew to Auckland. He accompanied Mr. F. Dillon Bell to 
 Australia to raise 5,000 military settlers, who were to be 
 located in the Waikato. After engaging in this work, he 
 returned to England, quietly resumed his legal studies, 
 and finally was called to the Bar in 1865. In the following 
 year Mr. Gorst entered upon a Parliamentary career, being 
 returned for Cambridge. In 1868 he lost his seat. A year 
 later Mr. Disraeli invited him to undertake, in the capacity 
 of honorary manager, the conduct of Conservative organi- 
 zation throughout the country. In 1875 he was returned 
 for Chatham. In 1885 he became Solicitor-General in the 
 Conservative Ministry, under the Premiership of the 
 Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 GOULD, George, J.P., was born at Hambledon 
 Lock, on the River Thames, about two miles from Henley- 
 on-Thames, Oxfordshire, April 23rd, 1823. He embarked 
 for New Zealand in the year 1850, and arrived at Auckland 
 in December. Not finding profitable occupation in that 
 Province, he sailed for Canterbury, where, roughing it for 
 a season, as all early colonists were compelled to do, he 
 devoted himself to very hard work. Mr. Gould erected 
 by his own hands and occupied the first finished house in 
 Christchurch ; he was also the first timber merchant on 
 the plains. But such a business hardly sufficed to satisfy 
 a man of his enterprising spirit. He then established 
 himself in general business, opening a store. Men who, 
 in those days, could not boast the luxury of a horse, 
 had to walk over the hill to Lyttelton and back. The 
 getting of goods from Lyttelton to Christchurch was both 
 tedious and costly, 305. to 405. per ton being paid for
 
 82 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 carriage. Mr. Gould subsequently went into partnership 
 with Mr. Grosvenor Miles, and from that time his course was 
 "plain sailing." In 1856 his relations settled in Canterbury, 
 where his father attained the ripe age of 85 years, and his 
 mother the age of 78. Mr. Gould, since his retirement from 
 active business, has warmly and liberally espoused the cause 
 of public institutions and enterprises. For many years he 
 was a member of the principal local Boards, philanthropic, 
 and educational. He was President of the Agricultural and 
 Pastoral Association for six or seven years, and has assisted 
 it largely by his valuable contributions. The Canterbury 
 Museum is also largely indebted to him for many collections 
 of art, conspicuous amongst which is the fine statuary, 
 mainly, if not wholly, his gift to the public. 
 
 GRESSON, Henry Barnes, late Judge of the 
 Supreme Court of New Zealand, was born in the year 
 1809, in the County of Meath, Ireland. His father was rector 
 of a parish in that county, and educated him at home up to the 
 age of 14 years. He was then sent to a private school in West 
 Meath, where he remained for three years He matriculated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, and took his B.A. Degree. He 
 studied with a view to the profession of a Barrister, and was 
 called to the Irish Bar in Trinity Term, 1833 ; but was with- 
 out any intention of offering himself for practice at that time. 
 In London and in Dublin he obtained experience in his 
 profession, and, in conjunction with a brother barrister, pub- 
 lished a book on Irish Equity Pleading. In 1854 he arrived 
 in Auckland, and thence proceeded to Lyttelton. At this 
 period in the history of the Settlement of Canterbury, there 
 was no regular session of the Supreme Court. Judge Stephen 
 used to come occasionally from Wellington to Lyttelton, to 
 deliver the jail, but there was scarcely any civil business.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 83 
 
 Shortly after his arrival in Canterbury, Mr. Gresson was. 
 appointed Provincial Solicitor and Crown Prosecutor. 
 These offices he continued to hold until December, 185 7,. 
 when he accepted the office of Acting-Judge of the Southern 
 Districts, including Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Canter- 
 bury, and Otago. About the year 1874 a resolution was 
 passed by a Joint Committee of the Legislative Council and 
 House of Representatives, that the judicial districts of the 
 Judges should be changed. Judge Gresson retired from the 
 office of Judge, preferring to remain and to make his home 
 in Canterbury. He held a Fellowship of Christ's Col- 
 lege, which he resigned on becoming Judge. He has 
 also been President of the Philosophical Institute, and Chair- 
 man of the Board of Governors of Canterbury College ; at 
 present he is Chancellor of the Diocese of Christchurch, 
 and member of the Standing Commission. 
 
 GREY, Sir George, D.C.L.; K.C.B., 1848; is the son 
 of Colonel Grey, who fell at the storming of Badajos by the 
 Anglo-Portuguese army under the command of Wellington. 
 He was born in the year 1812, and placed at an early age at 
 Sandhurst, where he distinguished himself. In 1829 he 
 entered the army as Ensign in the 83rd regiment; he 
 became Lieutenant in 1833 ; and Captain in 1838. In the 
 year 1837, he went out to Swan River, West Australia, to 
 conduct an exploring expedition to the northward, in order 
 to ascertain definitely whether any large river emptied itself 
 into the Indian Ocean on the west coast of Australia. The 
 story has been well told by the Rev. Julius E. Tennison 
 Woods, in his " Discovery and Exploration of Australia," as 
 well as by Captain Grey himself, in his work entitled 
 " Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-west 
 and Western Australia during 1837-8-9." These explora-
 
 84 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 tions involved considerable hardships, pluckily borne by the 
 young explorer. For some time he was Resident Magistrate 
 at Albany, Western Australia. Shortly after this, in December, 
 1840, Captain Grey was appointed to the Governorship of 
 South Australia, at a somewhat critical period in the finan- 
 cial history of that colony. Highly appreciated by the 
 Imperial authorities, in 1845-6 he was made Governor of 
 New Zealand, and entrusted with large powers in connection 
 with Native Affairs. He quickly acquired a thorough know- 
 ledge of the Maori language, and succeeded in impressing 
 the Natives with the conviction that he took a deep and 
 intelligent interest in their well-being; and he afterwards left 
 the colony with the confidence and expressed good wishes of 
 a large number of the Native race. He is the author of the 
 work entitled, " Polynesian Mythology, and Ancient Tradi- 
 tional History of the New Zealand Race ; " also of " Pro- 
 verbial Sayings of the Ancestors of the New Zealand Race, 
 1858." Captain Grey was knighted in 1848. In 1852 an 
 Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, giving represen- 
 tative institutions to the colony. This Constitution Act was 
 proclaimed in 1853. The General Assembly, however, was 
 not called together until after Sir George Grey had left New 
 Zealand. For eight years he had administered the Govern- 
 ment with ability, if not always with popularity. He went 
 next to Cape Colony, of which he was appointed Governor in 
 1854, receiving also the High Commissionership of Kaffraria 
 and adjacent territories, and he remained there up to the year 
 1 86 1. He was then re-appointed to New Zealand, holding the 
 office of Governor up to the year 1867, when he was succeeded 
 by Sir George Bowen. He retired on a Governor's pension in 
 1872, and visited England. Shortly after his return to the 
 colony, he was elected Superintendent of the Province of 
 Auckland (1875), and entered the Colonial Parliament as
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 85 
 
 one of the representatives of the City of Auckland. 
 He was Premier of New Zealand from 1877 to 1879, 
 and still has a seat in the House of Representatives, 
 being known as the leader of the Liberal party. Sir George 
 Grey's public spirit and liberality have quite recently been 
 shown in his presenting to the citizens of Auckland a 
 library valued at ^"30,000, and second to none in the 
 Southern Hemisphere. His many gifts and accomplish- 
 ments appear in his eloquence in Parliament, in the interest 
 he has invariably taken in scientific questions engaging the 
 minds of experts in the old world, and in his devotion to 
 the cause of general culture. 
 
 HAAST, Professor Julius von, C.M.G., Ph.D.. 
 F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S. Professor von Haast 
 was born at Bonn, Germany, ist May, 1824, his father being 
 a merchant of that city, and for many years occupying the 
 position of Burgomaster. After passing through the Gram- 
 mar Schools of Bonn and Cologne, he entered the University 
 of Bonn, and devoted a considerable portion of his time to 
 geological and mineralogical studies, forming a collection of 
 minerals, which, in a recent review of his work in the German 
 Die Natur, is described as being ofconsiderable value. After 
 leaving the University he spent some years in France, and 
 afterwards returned to Germany. For eight years previous 
 to his departure for New Zealand, he made extensive journeys 
 over the chief parts of Europe, visiting Russia, Austria, and 
 Italy. A large part of these journeys was spent in mountain 
 explorations ; and during the eruption of Mount Etna, in 
 1852, he ascended the mountain for scientific purposes. Dr. 
 von Haast arrived in Auckland in 1858, where he met Dr. 
 Hochstetter, a distinguished member of the" staff of the 
 celebrated "Novara" expedition. As Dr. Hochstetter's
 
 86 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 companion, he visited a great part of the North Island 
 south of Auckland, and a portion of Nelson, writing full 
 reports of all he saw to the leading German periodicals. At 
 the request of the Provincial Government of Nelson, he 
 then started on an expedition to explore the western and 
 southern portion of the province. During this journey, in 
 addition to the discovery of the Grey and Buller Coal Fields, 
 and of several gold-bearing districts, he filled in the topo- 
 graphy of a large part of Nelson, and added largely to the 
 knowledge of the geology, as well as of the fauna and flora of 
 these alpine portions of New Zealand. On his return, the 
 Government printed a full report of the journey, and of the 
 scientific and other discoveries made. In the beginning of 
 1 86 1 Dr. von Haast was appointed Provincial Geologist of 
 Canterbury; and during a number of years he devoted about 
 six to eight months of the year to the investigation of the 
 physical geography and geology of that province, to which 
 at that time the county of Westland belonged. The result 
 was the publication of the "Geology of the provinces of 
 Canterbury and Westland," a work well-known to his fellow 
 colonists, and highly appreciated by the scientific world. 
 Reports and papers on the Geology and Physical Geography 
 of Canterbury were from time to time forwarded by Dr. von 
 Haast to the Geological and Royal Geographical Societies of 
 London, and were printed in their "Transactions." During 
 the explorations at the head of the Ashburton River, and in 
 the neighbourhood of Mount Cook, glaciers were first 
 encountered a discovery that the non-scientific world was 
 somewhat slow in admitting. In recognition of his services, 
 the Royal University of Tubingen created him a Doctor of 
 Philosophy in 1862. He was made a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society in 1867. Some fifty academic and learned societies 
 in various parts of the world have elected him a fellow, or
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 87 
 
 honorary, or corresponding member. The Emperor of 
 Austria has conferred upon him a patent of hereditary 
 nobility, a number of sovereigns in Europe have sent him 
 their orders, and Her Majesty has lately created him C.M.G. 
 In 1863, he furnished a valuable report on the question of 
 artesian wells, predicting that an almost inexhaustible supply 
 of good water would be obtained by deep borings in Christ- 
 church. During his explorations as Provincial Geologist, he 
 commenced the formation of the Canterbury Museum the 
 first Museum of the Southern Hemisphere. The entire 
 collection consists of over 150,000 labelled specimens, 
 thousands of which are of great rarity and value, and 
 many are quite unique. The Museum is a monument of 
 his labours, and renders him deserving of the gratitude of 
 the people of New Zealand. Dr. von Haast has taken a 
 great and active interest in higher education ; he, together 
 with Bishop Harper, of Christchurch, founded the Canterbury 
 Collegiate Union, 1872. From this small beginning the 
 Canterbury College was instituted, and affiliated to the New 
 Zealand University, of which he is a Fellow and a Member of 
 the Senate. In Canterbury College Dr. von Haast is Pro. 
 fessor of Geology and Palaeontology. He was on the 
 General Committee of the " Art Exhibition of Canter- 
 bury, 1870." He was also a contributor to the Paris 
 Exhibition, having with Mr. Dobson, then Provincial En- 
 gineer to the Province of Canterbury, exhibited specimens 
 of the several rocks and minerals which had been met with 
 in the excavation of the great tunnel connecting Lyttelton 
 and Christchurch. In 1862, he founded the Philosophical 
 Institute of Canterbury. The proceedings of the Institute 
 are from time to time published, and attract the attention of 
 scientists throughout Europe. In 1884 Dr. von Haast was 
 presented with the gold medal of the Royal Geographical
 
 88 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Society, the first bestowed for exploration in New Zealand ; 
 and the President expressed a hope that, in thus rewarding 
 Dr. von Haast, they were " encouraging scientific activity 
 in a colony that had distinguished itself by its enlightened 
 policy towards education and science." He has been lately 
 appointed to represent New Zealand at the Colonial Exhi- 
 bition to be held in London in 1886. 
 
 HABENS, Rev. William James, Inspector- 
 General of Schools. Mr. Habens was born at Brighton, 
 1839, an d educated at Puget School, Brighton, 1846 to 1855; 
 and at Hackney College, London, 1859 to 1863. He 
 occupied himself as an accountant from 1855 to 1859. In 
 1862, Mr. Habens graduated as B.A. at the London Uni- 
 versity. In January, 1864, he arrived in New Zealand, and 
 was the Minister of the Congregational Church, Christchurch, 
 from that time till July, 1878. He held the office of 
 Secretary to the Canterbury (afterwards North Canterbury) 
 Board of Education, from January, 1877 to May, 1878 ; and 
 became Inspector-General of Schools in April, 1878. 
 
 HADFIELD, The Right Rev. Octavius, Bishop 
 
 of Wellington, New Zealand. Bishop Hadfield was pre- 
 viously Archdeacon of Kapiti, and Commissary for ten 
 years to the Bishop of New Zealand, and subsequently to Dr. 
 Abraham, the first Bishop of Wellington. For many years 
 before his elevation to the See of Wellington, having his 
 headquarters at Otaki, on the West Coast of the North 
 Island,Archdeacon Hadfield worked unceasingly and with 
 considerable success as a Church of England Missionary to 
 the Maoris, establishing and supervising schools for the 
 education and religious instruction of both young and old ; 
 In 1870 he was consecrated Bishop, but without the royal
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 89 
 
 mandate. He now resides in Wellington, exercising his 
 Episcopal functions in a somewhat extensive diocese. 
 
 HALL, Sir John, K.C.M.G. (1882), was born at 
 Hull, Yorkshire, on the i8th December, 1824. He was 
 educated in Germany, Switzerland, and Paris ; and in 1840 
 entered a merchant's office for three years. He became 
 Private Secretary to the Secretary of the General Post Office, 
 and whilst holding this position was selected to travel over 
 the route, and report upon the proposal of Lieut. Waghorn 
 to bring the overland mails from India through Trieste and 
 Germany, instead of through Marseilles and France. In 
 1852 he arrived at Lyttelton in the " Samerang," the last of 
 the Canterbury Association's ships. After visiting several 
 parts of New Zealand, he settled finally in Canterbury, and 
 entered into pastoral pursuits. Mr. Hall sat several times in 
 the Provincial Council, and was Provincial Secretary in 1855. 
 In 1860 he visited England. On his return he resumed his 
 seat; and in 1864, was appointed Secretary of Public Works. 
 He was u member of the Council throughout the history of 
 Provincialism. He held other provincial offices : he was 
 appointed Resident Magistrate for Lyttelton in 1856, also 
 Sheriff and Commissioner of Police ; in 1858 he was Resi- 
 dent Magistrate for Christchurch ; in 1863, Commissioner 
 of Waste Lands Board ; he was successively Chairman of 
 the Westland and Selwyn County Councils, and also of the 
 first Christchurch Municipal Council. Mr. Hall was elected 
 to represent Christchurch in the House of Representatives 
 about the end of 1855. On May 2oth, 1856, he was 
 appointed Colonial Secretary, with Sir William Fox and 
 Mr. C. Brown as his colleagues. In 1862 he was nomi-. 
 nated to the Legislative Council. In 1866 he resigned his 
 seat in the Council, and was returned for Heathcote at the
 
 90 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 general election of that year. In the Stafford Ministry, then 
 formed, he held the portfolios of Postmaster-General and 
 Commissioner of Telegraphs. He went to Melbourne in 
 1867 to attend the Inter-Colonial Conference on Ocean 
 Postal Communication. In 1868, he acted as Colonial 
 Treasurer during the absence of Mr. Fitzherbert ; and, in 
 
 1872, was called to the Legislative Council to represent the 
 Fox-Vogel Government. The Fox-Vogel Government was 
 succeeded by the Stafford Government, which in turn was 
 defeated and succeeded by the Waterhouse Government. 
 Mr. Hall joined the latter as Colonial Secretary. Early in 
 
 1873, he resigned office on account of ill-health, and again 
 visited England. In September, 1876, he was again in New 
 Zealand, a member of the Executive Council without portfolio. 
 Having again resigned his seat in the Council, he stood for 
 the Selwyn, and was elected. He was leader of the Opposi- 
 tion 7 in the early part of 1879 ; and having defeated Sir 
 George Grey, took office in October as Premier. Mr. Hall 
 has always taken great interest in the organisation of Local 
 Governments. In the first Provincial Council he carried 
 through the Bill for constituting the Church Property 
 Trustees, which at that time had a great deal to do with the 
 management of Church of England affairs in Canterbury. 
 He also carried through the Council the Sheep Ordinance, 
 the basis of all future legislation for eradicating disease in 
 stock. This measure has been very successful. It was Mr. 
 Hall that selected Arthur's Pass, and hastened forward the 
 construction of the road through it, from Canterbury to the 
 West Coast. He was a member of the General and the 
 Diocesan Synods, and was in the first General Synod held 
 in Wellington, presided over by Bishop Selwyn, at which the 
 General Constitution of the Church of England in New 
 Zealand was finally adopted. When at home in his own
 
 MEN OF .MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 9! 
 
 parish of Hororata, he at times reads the lessons for the day. 
 When not burthened with political office Mr. Hall has 
 always taken a prominent part in the work of local institu- 
 tions, secular and religious. 
 
 HAMILTON, William John Warburton, eld- 
 est son of the late Rev. John Vesey Hamilton, was born in 
 the year 1825, at Little Church Rectory, Kent. He was 
 educated partly in Paris, partly at the " Athenee " in 
 Brussels, and partly at Harrow. When eighteen years of 
 age he left England for the colonies, going out to Sydney in 
 the same vessel with Captain Fitzroy, who was appointed 
 Governor of New Zealand. Having beea offered the post 
 of Secretary to the Governor, he accepted it, and accom- 
 panied him to Auckland. He retained this appointment 
 during the time that Captain Fitzroy ruled in New Zealand, 
 and for a short time during the Governorship of Sir George 
 Grey. Whilst occupying this position he had many oppor- 
 tunities of acquiring information upon Native questions, and 
 was present at many an historic interview with the famous 
 Maori leaders of that early time Tamate Walker, Te Whero- 
 whero, Te Puni, Te Rauparaha, and others. He was also 
 a witness of the Kororareka War. On giving up the 
 secretaryship, he went to England, where he was appointed 
 to H.M. Survey Steamer " Acheron," and returned to New 
 Zealand in her. Whilst in the " Acheron," Mr. Hamilton 
 was concerned in the exploration of a great part of the 
 South Island. The Admiralty charts are drawn from the 
 " Acheron's " voyage. He made a famous journey on foot 
 from the Bluff to Dunedin before the country was occupied 
 by settlers ; and he discovered the open grass country up 
 the Hurunui, and in the neighbourhood of M^ount Grey. 
 His surveying and exploring at an end, he was appointed
 
 92 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Resident Magistrate at Wanganui, which office he held for 
 some time, to the satisfaction of Europeans and Maoris. In 
 1855, Sir George Grey sent Mr. Hamilton down to organize 
 the Customs Department at Lyttelton, from which time his 
 connection with Canterbury remained unbroken to the day 
 of his death. He was one of those who concluded the 
 purchase, on behalf of the Government, of several blocks 
 of land for settlement from the Native owners of the Canter- 
 bury block. For years he filled the office of Receiver of 
 Land Revenue. In the earliest days he was a member of the 
 Provincial Council, and for a brief period local manager in 
 Lyttelton of the Union Bank. In Canterbury he encouraged 
 the study and practice of music. In 1874, Mr. Hamilton 
 retired from the Public Sen-ice on a pension. At the time 
 of his death, in December, 1883, he had been many years 
 a member of the governing body of Christ's College ; for 
 some time a Governor of Canterbury College ; and for 
 twenty-five years one of the proprietors of the Lyttelton 
 Times. 
 
 HAMLIN, Captain Ebenezer, M.H.R. for South 
 Franklin. Born at Orua, on the south head of Manakau, 
 August 22nd, 1844, he was educated at the Auckland 
 Academy, and the Church of England Grammar School. 
 He is the ninth son of the late Rev. James Hamlin, who 
 landed in New Zealand under the auspices of the Church 
 Missionary Society in 1823. In 1860, then in his sixteenth 
 year the age of compulsory service he was sworn into the 
 first battalion of Auckland Militia. The Native war of 
 1863 found him in the third battalion of Auckland Militia, 
 which he left to join the Volunteer force at Waiuku, then a 
 a frontier settlement. Under Captain Lloyd he served with 
 distinction during the Waikato War, and had the honour of
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 93 
 
 being twice mentioned in despatches to His Excellency the 
 Governor. The war over, Mr. Hamlin retired to Waiuku, 
 where he has been engaged in farming operations up to the 
 present time. He was instrumental in raising the Waiuku 
 Cavalry, of which he was Captain. Captain Hamlin was 
 appointed by the Government to the Board which sat in 
 Wellington in 1882, under the Presidency of Major-General 
 Davidson, for the purpose of inquiring into the Volunteer 
 force of the colony, with a view to its re-organization. In 
 1874, representing the Waiuku and Wairoa Volunteer dis- 
 trict at the colonial prize firing at Napier, he won the 
 Champion Belt of New Zealand. In 1868, Captain Hamlin 
 was returned as one of the three representatives in the Auck- 
 land Provincial Council for the Raglan district. In 1873-4, 
 he was returned unopposed for the Waiuku electorate. In. 
 1871, he had been elected temporary Chairman of the Auck- 
 land Provincial Council; and in 1874, he was appointed 
 permanent Chairman of Committees, and continued to 
 occupy that position until the abolition of the Provinces. 
 Since 1875 he has represented Franklin county in the 
 House of Representatives, and for some time has held 
 the position of Chairman of Committees. 
 
 HARPER, The Right Rev. Henry John Chitty, 
 D.D., Bishop of Christchurch, and Primate of New Zealand. 
 Bishop Harper was born at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1804, 
 and educated at Hyde Abbey School, Winchester, and 
 Queen's College, Oxford. He proceeded B.A., 1826, M.A., 
 1834, D.D., 1856. He was Private Tutor at Eton College 
 from 1828 to 1836, and was ordained Deacon by the Bishop 
 of Rochester, 1831, and Priest by the Bishop of Lincoln, 
 1 832. With a colleague he held the Curacy of Eton College 
 from 1831 to 1840, when he was presented by the College
 
 94 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 to the Vicarage of Strathfield Mortimer, Berks, Diocese of 
 Oxford. Of that parish he continued Vicar until he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Christchurch, at Lambeth, under 
 Letters Patent from the Crown, August loth, 1856. He 
 arrived in New Zealand, December 24th, 1856. In 1868, 
 on the appointment of Bishop Selwyn to the See of Lich- 
 field and his resignation of the office of Primate of New 
 Zealand, Bishop Harper was elected to that office by the 
 General Synod. The Diocese of Christchurch originally 
 contained all the southern part of the Middle Island now 
 included in the Provincial Districts of Canterbury, Otago, 
 and Southland. In 1866, the Provincial Districts of Otago 
 and Southland were separated and formed into the Diocese 
 of Dunedin ; and in 1871 the duties of the Bishop of Christ- 
 church in that part of New Zealand ceased. Bishop Harper 
 has encouraged higher education in Canterbury as Warden 
 of Christ's College, and as a Governor of Canterbury College, 
 Christchurch. 
 
 HAULTAIN, The Hon. Colonel Theodore 
 Minet. Colonel Haultain is a colonist of thirty-six years 
 standing. He was born in May, 1817, at Stoney Stratford, 
 England. At the age of fourteen he entered the Royal 
 Military College, Sandhurst, and obtained his Commission 
 in 1834. Thereupon he was ordered on foreign service, 
 ten years of which were spent in India. He was on the 
 Quarter - Master - General's staff with the reserve army 
 assembled in 1842-3, at Ferozepore, with a view to cover the 
 return of the army operating in Afghanistan. He served 
 with his regiment, the 39th, at the battle of Maharajpore. 
 In 1849, ne brought out from Home the 8th division of the 
 New Zealand Fencibles. On the completion of his term of 
 service with the pensioners (seven years), he retired from
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 95 
 
 the army. In 1860, Colonel Haultain's military services 
 were availed of by the Colonial Government to organize the 
 Auckland First Class Militia. He was appointed Lieut- 
 Colonel of the ist battalion. He next received the com- 
 mand of the 2nd Waikato regiment, which was stationed at 
 Alexandra. Having been present at Orakau, he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of Colonel for sen-ices in the field, and 
 also appointed Colonel Commandant of the ist, 2nd, 3rd, 
 and 4th Waikato regiments. In 1865, he resigned his post 
 to attend the Session of the General Assembly, acting in 
 opposition to the Weld Government on the question of 
 the removal of the Imperial troops. He first entered 
 the House of Representatives in 1859 as member for the 
 Southern division. In 1864, he represented Franklin, and 
 in the following year accepted a portfolio in the Stafford 
 Ministry as Defence Minister, continuing to hold the same 
 office in the re-constructed Stafford Ministry of 1866. From 
 1865 to 1869, Colonel Haultain, as Defence Minister, super- 
 vised the location of military settlers, and directed the 
 military operations, on both the east and west coasts of the 
 North Island. The Whakamarama expedition, in the vicinity 
 of Tauranga, was conducted by him in person until he was 
 stricken down by rheumatic fever, owing to which he was 
 compelled to retire from active service. He went out of office 
 in June 1869 ; and has since retired from Parliamentary life. 
 In 1871, at the request of Sir Donald McLean, he drew up 
 a report on the working of the Native Lands Act, which 
 was well received by the Legislature. He was appointed to 
 take charge of the payment of Imperial pensions, and in the 
 following year became Trust Commissioner under the 
 Native Lands Frauds Prevention Act. He next received 
 the office of Sheriff, which he held up to tht time of its 
 being united with that of Registrar. He was a member of
 
 96 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 the Convention of Bishops, Clergy and Laity, who framed 
 the Constitution of the Church of England in New Zealand. 
 Since 1859 Colonel Haultain has been a Trustee and 
 Honorary Secretary of St. John's College and Grammar 
 School, and a member of the Board of Governors. He is 
 also a governor of the Auckland College and Grammar 
 School and a member of the University College Council ; 
 and in June, 1885, was deputed as representative of the 
 Colony to welcome the New South Wales contingent on 
 their return from the seat of war. 
 
 HECTOR, James, M.D., C.M.G., F.R.S., was born 
 in Edinburgh, i6th March, 1834. His father, a lawyer and 
 writer to the Signet, and of great repute as a conveyancer and 
 reader of black letter deeds, used to translate and read old M.S. 
 to Sir Walter Scott, on which were founded some of the 
 Waverley romances. Dr. Hector was trained at Edinburgh 
 Academy and High School until his fourteenth year. He 
 then entered his father's office for a short time, and after- 
 wards was articled to Mr. James Watson, the eminent 
 actuary, for three years ; during which time he attended 
 classes at the University and School of Arts. Having, 
 at a very early age, shewn a decided bent for chemical 
 and natural history studies, in November, 1852, he matri- 
 culated at Edinburgh University as a student of medi- 
 cine, which, at that time afforded the only avenue to 
 scientific study. Throughout his course he gave the 
 largest share of his work to Natural Science, and parti- 
 cularly to Geology ; and he acquired the personal friend- 
 ship of many eminent men, and particularly of Professors 
 Edward Forbes, Goodsir, Balfour, and Gregory, under 
 all of whom, at various times, he served as a private assist. 
 ant. From the age of thirteen every successive holiday had
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 97 
 
 been occupied in long walking excursions in the Highlands 
 of Scotland, and also in England and Ireland, so that he 
 very early acquired the spirit and endurance of an explorer, 
 and the habits of a quick, accurate observer and careful col- 
 lector. This led to his being always selected by Professor 
 Balfour, although then only a student of the class, to give an 
 account to the Botanical Society of the geological and 
 physical features of the ground gone over in the course of 
 the Saturday botanical excursions, for which the Balfour class 
 was so famous. He thus acquired the position of a leader 
 and authority on geological matters among the students. 
 There being at that date no separate Chair of Geology in 
 the University, he attended the extra academic lectures 
 on Mineralogy, Geology, and Palaeontology of Macadam, 
 Rose, and Page. After completing his medical studies and 
 hospital attendance, he took his Degree of M.D. in 1856, 
 passing both his examinations in one year, as his de- 
 votion to Natural History had prevented his spreading 
 them over several years according to the usual practice. 
 His graduation thesis was "The Antiquity of Man," 
 being the same title as the well-known book written 
 by Sir Ch. Lyell in 1863. For a short time after attain- 
 ing his degree, Dr. Hector acted as one of Sir James 
 Simpson's assistants; but in March, 1857, he was selected, on 
 the recommendation of his University, by Sir Roderick 
 Murchison, then Director-General of the Geological Survey 
 of Great Britain, as Surgeon and Geologist, to accompany a 
 Government expedition to explore and report on that part 
 of British North America lying west of Lake Superior. On 
 this work he was engaged for four years, including a few 
 months employed in preparing the voluminous reports which 
 form a Parliamentary Blue Book, illustrated with maps and 
 sections. The leader of the expedition was Captain Palliser, 
 
 H
 
 98 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 but the chief share of the scientific work fell on Dr. Hector. 
 Besides the regular summer work, Dr. Hector made arduous 
 winter journeys on foot with snow shoes and dogs, so as to 
 thoroughly master the features of the country at all seasons 
 of the year. On these journeys he was accompanied only 
 by two of the men, and for months they slept every night in 
 the snow, with the temperature sometimes 50 Farh. below 
 zero. Each winter season during the expedition Dr. Hector 
 walked over 1,200 miles in this fashion, living on pemmican 
 and any chance game that might be caught or shot. During 
 the early summer months the expedition traversed the open 
 prairies, and autumn was devoted to the exploration of the 
 Rocky Mountains. Dr. Hector discovered five different 
 passes, ascertaining the altitudes, and surveying the features. 
 One of these passes, named after an accident that nearly cost 
 him his life, " Kicking Horse Pass," is that which has been 
 chosen for the great trans-continental Canadian Railway 
 now almost completed. The extent of country traversed 
 by the expedition was mapped by Dr. Hector, both 
 topographically and geologically, and described in the 
 Parliamentary Blue Book. A great part of that region 
 was then untrodden, except by Indians, but is now partially 
 settled, and traversed by roads and railways. The dif- 
 culties which beset its exploration have all disappeared, 
 and elaborate surveys, made in comparative ease and 
 comfort, testify to the accuracy of the work done by 
 Dr. Hector, and to the justness of his deductions respecting 
 the structure of the country and its availability for settle- 
 ment. At the close of the expedition, before returning to 
 England, he examined and reported on the coal mines of 
 Vancouver Island, and made extensive journeys in order to 
 acquaint himself with the gold fields of British Columbia 
 and California, and with some of the mines of Northern
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 99 
 
 Mexico. He returned by Panama and the West Indies ; and 
 on reaching England, besides giving official reports, he laid 
 the results of his work in the various branches of research 
 before the different Scientific Societies to which they were 
 of interest. For the geographical discoveries effected by the 
 expedition the gold medal of the Royal Geographical 
 Society was awarded in 1861. He then obtained two offers 
 of employment from Sir Roderick Murchison : one to 
 undertake a mission as Political Agent and Geologist to 
 Cashmere, with large emoluments in prospect ; and the other 
 as Geologist to the Provincial Government of Otago, in New 
 Zealand. Guided by Sir Roderick's experience, he chose the 
 latter as likely to afford the best field for making substantial 
 advance in geological science. In three years he examined 
 the whole of the Province, exploring the mountain regions 
 and sounds of the West Coast under much exposure and 
 privation. His work, as recorded in the reports and maps 
 he submitted, embraced every branch of scientific research. 
 In 1864, he was selected as commissioner to make a rapid 
 tour of the colony, and to report how its resources could 
 best be displayed at an exhibition proposed to be held in 
 Dunedin in the following year. Much of the brilliant suc- 
 cess of that first New Zealand Exhibition was admittedly 
 due to the energy and genius of Dr. Hector. At this time 
 the Colonial Government (the Weld Ministry being in power) 
 secured his services from the beginning of 1865 as Director 
 of the Geological Survey for the whole colony, and soon the 
 country was rapidly traversed by himself and his small staff 
 of assistants. His attention was not confined to geology, 
 but related to everything that bore on the development ot 
 the resources of the colony. The annual reports which have 
 appeared regularly since 1866, teem with ex.,:t information 
 on questions of practical utility. In i868 ; he was instru
 
 IOO MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 mental in forming the New Zealand Institute, and for 
 seventeen years has performed, as a labour of love, the 
 onerous work of its management, and the editing of the 
 copious volumes of transactions which appear each year with 
 unfailing regularity. His practical knowledge of the 
 resources of the colony may be judged of by a perusal of his 
 evidence, given in 1870 before the Joint Committee of both 
 Houses of Parliament on Colonial Industries, and by his 
 voluminous reports and documents scattered through every 
 volume of Parliamentary journals. In 1875 he visited 
 England and the Continent; and in 1876 represented 
 the Colony of New Zealand at the Centenary Exhibition 
 at Philadelphia. He was also the Executive Commis- 
 sioner at the Sydney and Melbourne Exhibitions in 
 1879-80. One of the most condensed, but at the same 
 time complete, works in the colony, is the hand-book which 
 he originally prepared for distribution at the Sydney Exhibi- 
 tion, but which has since passed through several editions as 
 a separate publication. Dr. Hector's successes in educational 
 matters, and especially in the organisation of higher educa- 
 tion in the colony, require mention, as they have led to his 
 being unanimously elected to the high position of Chan- 
 cellor of the University. In 1857, Dr. Hector was 
 elected a Fellow of the Royal Physical Society ; in 
 1860, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of 
 the Geological Society of London, and of the Royal 
 Geographical Society; in 1866, a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society of London, Fellow of the Linnasan Society, 
 of the Zoological Society, and of the Statistical and Miner- 
 alogical Societies of London. He is also a member of 
 many learned societies on the Continent, in America, and in 
 Australia. In 1874, by permission, he received the Order 
 of the Golden Cross from the Emperor of Germany. In
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. IOI 
 
 1875, w hile in London, the Secretary for the Colonies pro- 
 cured him the Order of C.M.G. in recognition of his 
 services in America ; and the Geological Society elected him 
 Lyell Medalist for that year, for his distinguished position 
 as a geologist. 
 
 HISLOP, John, LL.D., F.R.S., Edin., Secretary to the 
 Education Department, New Zealand. Mr. Hislop was born 
 at Pentland, in the parish of Lasswade, Midlothian, in De- 
 cember, 1821. He was a student of the Edinburgh Watt 
 Institute and School of Arts, and gained its diploma. In his 
 eighteenth year he began his career as a schoolmaster. He 
 attended the Normal School and the University of Edin- 
 burgh, and in 1844 was elected Master of the Parish School 
 of Kirknewton. He there held several public appointments. 
 In 1856, Mr. Hislop arrived in Otago, New Zealand, and 
 was at once appointed to the Public School at East Taieri. 
 In 1 86 1, he was selected to fill the joint offices of Education 
 Secretary and Inspector of Schools. Besides being respon- 
 sible for the efficiency of the primary schools of Otago, Mr. 
 Hislop bore a large share in the founding of the High 
 Schools in Dunedin, and of the Grammar or District High 
 Schools that were established throughout the province. 
 Much of his time and attention was given to the formation 
 of public libraries and reading rooms. He also delivered 
 popular lectures on education and other subjects of a 
 practical character. On the founding of the University of 
 Otago, in 1869, he was requested to give his services as its 
 first Secretary and Registrar, a position which he held till 1871. 
 In 1867, the "Neglected and Criminal Children Act" was 
 passed, and under its provisions the Caversham Industrial 
 School was opened in 1869. The task of organizing this 
 institution was intrusted to the late St. John Brannigan and
 
 102 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Mr. Hislop ; and, after the removal of the former to Welling- 
 ton, Mr. Hislop succeeded him as honorary Inspector of the 
 school. He was for some years a Director of the Otago 
 Benevolent Institution, holding the office of honorary 
 treasurer. Mr. Hislop took an active interest in the even- 
 ing classes for youths established in Dunedin by the 
 Caledonian Society of Otago. He was an occasional con- 
 tributor of practical papers to the Otago Daily Times. A 
 number of suggestions made in these were subsequently em- 
 bodied in Acts of the Provincial and the Colonial Legisla- 
 tures. Statistical information relating to Otago, compiled by 
 him in 1877, and published by the Provincial Government, 
 attracted considerable notice throughout the Colony. The 
 collection of statistics thus initiated was made the sub- 
 ject of enquiry the same year by a joint committee of both 
 houses of the General Assembly, and in the same session 
 an Act was passed for the annual preparation of agricultural 
 and other statistics. For several years Mr. Hislop held, 
 under the Scottish Grand Lodge of Freemasons, the position 
 of Provincial Grand Master of New Zealand. In the session 
 of 1870, the House of Representatives passed a series of 
 resolutions on the subject of education, which led the 
 Government to prepare a Bill to make better provision for 
 the maintenance of public schools. In connection with this 
 undertaking Mr. Hislop's experience and knowledge were 
 utilized. He drafted a Bill, which was introduced by Mr. 
 Fox, then Premier ; but it was afterwards withdrawn, 
 owing, among other causes, to the feeling that the General 
 Government should interfere as little as possible with the 
 functions of the Provinces in connection with primary 
 education. In consequence of the abolition of -the pro- 
 vinces, a measure was introduced in 1877 by Mr. C. 
 C. Bowen, Minister of Justice in the Atkinson Ad
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 103 
 
 ministration, and was passed in the same session, after 
 Sir George Grey's accession to office. In 1878, under 
 this Act, Mr. Hislop became Secretary to the Colonial 
 Education Department. On his leaving Otago, his public 
 services were recognised by complimentary addresses and 
 testimonials of considerable value. His promotion was 
 made the occasion of his being elected a Fellow of the 
 Royal Society of Edinburgh. The Education Depart- 
 ment of the colony is now intrusted with the manage- 
 ment of Native Schools, the Industrial Schools, and the 
 Deaf and Dumb Institution, and with the inspection of 
 orphanages. In 1882, Mr. Hislop, on a year's leave 
 of absence, visited the Old Country, where he did good 
 service to the Colony in various ways. At Dalkeith, in his 
 native district, he was entertained at a dinner given in his 
 honour by members of the Educational Institute of Scotland ; 
 and the University of Edinburgh conferred upon him the 
 honorary degree of LL. D. On his leaving for Britain his 
 Otago friends subscribed for a large oil portrait of him for 
 presentation to the Dunedin University. Dr. Hislop re- 
 turned in 1883 to his old position in the Education Depart- 
 ment at Wellington. 
 
 HOBHOUSE, The Right Rev. Edmund, D.D., 
 
 first Bishop of Nelson. Bishop Hobhouse was educated 
 at Eton, and was a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. He 
 was nominated and consecrated to the Bishopric of Nelson 
 in 1855. Ten years afterwards he resigned the See of 
 Nelson on account of ill-health, and left the colony for Eng- 
 land. On the occasion of his resignation, the General 
 Synod passed the following resolution : "That this Synod, 
 having learned that the Bishop of Nelson has decided to 
 resign his See, deeply sympathizes with him in the cause
 
 104 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 which has led him to take that step, and desires to express 
 its high appreciation of his earnest, self-denying labours, 
 and of his many munificent donations to the Church of 
 his Province." 
 
 HOBSON, Captain R. N., first Governor of New 
 Zealand. Captain Hobson was born in the year 1 792, and died 
 September icth, 1842. He arrived in the Bay of Islands on 
 January 29th, 1840. His career as a Governor was short, 
 and is referred to by historians as "stormy." He is spoken 
 of as being a man of a highly sensitive nature, and of feeble 
 health when he came to the Colony. He was keenly alive 
 to hostile criticism; and, although his general policy was 
 approved by the Imperial Government, he obviously was not 
 made of the stuff to stand energetic and persistent opposi- 
 tion. Russell was the first place fixed upon as the seat of 
 Government, but the British flag was hoisted at Auckland 
 on September igti\, 1840 ; and, in the January following, the 
 Lieut.-Governor took up his abode there. In Buller's 
 " Forty years in New Zealand " it is said, that during Captain 
 Hobson's administration the last known act of cannibalism 
 occurred. He summoned a conference of Native Chiefs to 
 meet at Waitangi early in February, 1841, and laid before 
 them the celebrated document which is known as the Treaty 
 of Waitangi. It contained three articles : the first, ceding 
 to the Queen all the rights and powers of sovereignty over 
 the whole territory of New Zealand ; the second, guarantee- 
 ing to the Chiefs and to their tribes all territorial rights, subject 
 to the exclusive right of pre-emption on the part of the 
 Crown, to such lands as they might dispose of and alienate ; 
 the third, binding Her Majesty to extend to the Natives of 
 New Zealand her Royal protection, and to give them all the 
 rights and privileges of British subjects. This treaty was
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 105 
 
 signed by upwards of 500 Natives. Its accomplishment 
 was the crowning act of Captain Hobson's life ; thencefor- 
 ward New Zealand became British territory. The Governor 
 had now to mediate between the white settlers and the 
 Maoris, and threw his life into his work. He soon sank 
 and died, owing partly to anxiety and partly to exposure. 
 He appears to have won the respect of the Maori race ; for, 
 in asking for a new Governor, they said, " Let him be a 
 good man like this one who has just died ! " 
 
 HOCHSTETTER, Ferdinand Ritter Von., was 
 
 born on the 30th April, 1829, in Esslingen, Wurtemburg, 
 and was the son of Professor Christian Ferdinand Hoch- 
 stetter, principal clergyman of that town, and a naturalist of 
 high repute. After passing through the Esslingen Grammar 
 School, he entered the Seminary at Maulbroun, near Tubin- 
 gen, to study theology. He passed his theological examina- 
 tion in 1851, and left Wurtemburg for a journey through 
 Europe, mainly in order to add to his knowledge of geology 
 and the cognate sciences. In 1853, he arrived in Vienna, 
 where he soon found employment on the Geological Survey 
 of the Austrian Empire. In 1854, he was appointed Assist- 
 ant Geologist, and in 1856, Chief Geologist for Bohemia. 
 His scientific reports combined deep research with sterling 
 practical value, while his vivid descriptions of the moun- 
 tain tract named Boehmer Wald (the Bohemian forest) 
 abounded in poetical originality. In the same year he 
 lectured as " Private-decent," at the Vienna University, on 
 geology. In 1857 he was selected to accompany, as geolo- 
 gist, the " Novara " expedition round the world, and left 
 Trieste with it on the 3oth April of the same year. After 
 visiting Madeira, the Cape of Good Hope, St. Paul's, Ceylon, 
 the Nicobars, Java, Lucon, China, and Sydney, the
 
 106 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 " Novara " arrived in Auckland on December 22nd, 1858. 
 At the request of the Government he examined some coal 
 seams in the neighbourhood. On presenting his report, the 
 Government was so impressed with its value, that a request 
 was made to the Commodore of the " Novara " to allow 
 Hochstetter to leave the ship and remain some eight months 
 longer in the Colony as the guest of the country, in order 
 that he might examine its geology, physical geography, and 
 natural history. This request, after some hesitation, was 
 granted; and the "Novara" left New Zealand on January 8th, 
 1859, for Tahiti, without him. During the first two months 
 of his stay, he examined principally the geological formations 
 near Auckland ; he then visited Waikato and the southern 
 portions of the Auckland Province. During this journey, 
 extensive topographical and geographical surveys were made, 
 reaching from Whairigaroa and Mokau on the west coast, to 
 Maketu and Tauranga on the east coast, including Tongariro, 
 Ruapehu, and Lakes Taupo, Rotorua, Tarawera, and Roto- 
 mahana, with their geysers, terraces, and other wonderful 
 phenomena. Returning to Auckland, he paid a visit to the 
 goldfields of Coromandel Peninsula, and to the copper mines 
 of Great Barrier Island and Kawau. On July 28th he left 
 for Nelson, where he remained till October 2nd, and then 
 sailed for Sydney in the " Prince Alfred." During his stay 
 in the Province of Nelson he visited the goldfields and coal 
 measures of Golden Bay and the Dun Mountain copper 
 mines, making also several excursions inland and reaching 
 Lake Rotoiti, whence he had a view of the high ranges of 
 the central chain. Both in Auckland and Nelson the Pro- 
 vincial Governments and the public, in order to show their 
 appreciation of his arduous labours, made him handsome 
 presents, which, to the end of his life, he valued most highly 
 and always showed with pride to his New Zealand visitors.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 1 07 
 
 Hochstetter arrived in Trieste in January, 1860, and, like the 
 other scientific members of the " Novara " expedition, 
 received many distinctions, both from the Emperor of Aus- 
 tria and the King of Wurtemburg, as well as from scientific 
 societies. Shortly after his return he was appointed Professor 
 of Geology and Mineralogy in the Technical University 
 (Hoch schule) of Vienna, his lectures to begin in September 
 of the same year. To prepare for this work he went to 
 London, with the two Maoris who had shipped to Austria in 
 the "Novara ;" and for several months studied the geologi- 
 cal and ethnological collections in the British and other 
 English Museums. Returning to Vienna, he began his 
 lectures. In 1863 he published in Germany his " New Zea- 
 land," a stout octavo volume, beautifully illustrated. This 
 book was most favourably received in Europe, and recognised 
 as a standard work. During this year he visited Vesuvius, 
 and carefully studied past and recent volcanic phenomena in 
 that classical region. In May, 1864, "The Geology of New 
 Zealand," a purely scientific work for the " Novara " publi- 
 cations, issued from the press, forming a large quarto volume, 
 and abounding in valuable facts and interesting information. 
 In the end of December of the same year the first half of 
 the " Palaeontology of New Zealand," another portion of the 
 " Novara " publications, appeared, containing principally a 
 description of the fossil plants, by Nuger ; and of the fossils 
 and shells, by Little a valuable contribution to the better 
 knowledge of the past history of New Zealand. In 1865, 
 the New Zealand Parliament voted the sum of ,525 for the 
 purchase of 500 copies of his work "New Zealand," then 
 about to be translated by a German-American, Mr. Edward 
 Sauter. In the following year, Dr. Von Hochstetter was 
 elected President of the Imperial Geographical Society of 
 Vienna, a position he held till the state of his health in
 
 108 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 1882 compelled him to resign that honourable office. He 
 prepared for the higher schools geological and mineralogi- 
 cal text books, which were introduced into many parts of 
 the Austrian Empire. At the beginning of the same year 
 the second part of Hochstetter's share in the " Novara " 
 publications appeared, containing his geological observations 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, St. Paul's, the Nicobars, Java, 
 and some other points touched at by the " Novara." In 
 June, 1869, he started from Vienna with a considerable staff, 
 and after visiting Constantinople he went by Adrianople, 
 Philipopolis, Lofia, Wranga, and Uisih to Belgrade, making 
 from these principal studying points or headquarters exten- 
 sive geological excursions in all directions. These results 
 were brought out and partly published in the proceedings of 
 the Imperial Geographical Society of Vienna. He was 
 decorated with the Medjiedjie Order by the Sultan, for his 
 Turkish geological surveys. Various other geological works 
 were published by him at this time. He was made a member 
 of the Imperial Commission for the International Exhibition, 
 to be held in Vienna in 1873, and his great desire was that 
 New Zealand should be well represented thereat. Hoch- 
 stetter, in 1875, .went to the International Congress of 
 Geographers, held in Paris ; and afterwards to the meeting 
 of the German Naturalists at Gratz. In May, 1876, he was 
 appointed Imperial Intendeut (Director General) of the 
 magnificent Austrian Imperial Museum, which was to con- 
 tain all the zoological, botanical, mineralogical, geological, 
 and ethnological collections. In August, 1881, he was 
 pensioned. The Province of Canterbury, New Zealand, is 
 indebted to Dr. Hochstetter for the magnificent metallurgical 
 collection, which is one of the great features of the techno- 
 logical series in the Canterbury Museum. Many other 
 works were undertaken and successfully accomplished by this
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 109 
 
 eminent scientist. A more complete biographical record, 
 by Dr. von Haast, will be found in the Journal of Science, 
 September, 1884. 
 
 HUTTON, Frederick Wollaston, son of the Rev. 
 H. F. Hutton, was born i6th November, 1836, at Gate 
 Burton, near Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He was educated 
 at the Rev. L. Fletcher's School, Southwell, Nottingham- 
 shire ; and afterwards at the Royal Naval Academy, Gosport, 
 with the intention of entering the navy. Not getting an 
 appointment, however, before reaching the age limit of 
 fourteen years, he entered Green's Merchant Service in 1851, 
 and made three voyages to India in the " Alfred." He left 
 the Merchant Service, and entered the Applied Science 
 Department of King's College, London, in 1854, with the 
 intention of studying for a Civil Engineer ; but the war fever 
 drew him into the army, and he was appointed Ensign in the 
 23rd Royal Welsh Fusileers, i8th May, 1855. In November 
 of the same year he joined his regiment in the Crimea. 
 Again in England, he was promoted Lieutenant, ayth 
 March, 1857, and at once embarked with his regiment for 
 China. On reaching Singapore, he was sent to Calcutta, 
 owing to the breaking out of the Mutiny. He was at the 
 relief of Lucknow under Sir Colin Campbell; and for his- 
 service during the mutiny he received a medal and two- 
 clasps. In June, 1858, he returned home to help to raise 
 the second battalion of the regiment ; and, after passing, 
 through the School of Musketry at Hythe, he was appointed 
 Instructor of Musketry to his battalion, on ist November, 
 1 858, and accompanied his regiment to Malta. During the next 
 few years he completed his military training at Staff College, 
 Sandhurst, and at Woolwich ; and, in 1862, he WL-. attached 
 first to the Royal Horse Artillery, and afterwards to the gth
 
 110 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Lancers. Promoted Captain, i8th December, 1862, he re- 
 joined his regiment at Malta, but was appointed Brigade- 
 Major at the Curragh, on the iyth July, 1863. After serving 
 in this capacity for nine months, he was appointed Deputy 
 Assistant Quarter-Master-General at Dublin, on 26th May, 
 1864. In November, 1865, he sold out of the army, and, 
 proceeding to New Zealand, arrived in Auckland in June, 
 1866. Having brought out letters from a number of 
 English geologists and naturalists, he was at once employed 
 by the Provincial Government of Auckland to examine the 
 extent of the coal deposits in the Lower Waikato : and 
 during the following two years was employed by the Colonial 
 Government to report on the Thames goldfields, and the 
 geology of the Great Barrier Island. In 1868, he erected a 
 flax mill at Churchill, Waikato. This proved a financial loss, 
 and was abandoned. At this time rumours of war being 
 prevalent, Captain Hutton was requested by Sir Donald 
 McLean, Defence Minister, to submit a plan for putting the 
 Port of Auckland in safety from any sudden attack from 
 cruisers. This report being favourably received by the 
 Government, Captain Hutton was sent to examine the har- 
 bours of Wellington, Nelson, Lyttelton, and Port Chalmers. 
 His report was printed, and was presented to both Houses of 
 Parliament in 1871. It recommended the mounting of 
 seven-inch muzzle-loading rifled guns, the placing of locomo- 
 tive torpedoes, and the training of Marine Artillery and 
 Volunteer forces. Captain Hutton was successively appointed 
 Assistant Geologist to the Geological Survey ; teacher of 
 Natural Science in Wellington College ; and in October, 
 1873, Provincial Geologist of Otago. On the abolition of 
 the provinces, he was made Professor of Natural Science in 
 the University of Otago, on i5th February, 1877. In 
 October, 1879, he was offered the chair of Biology in
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. Ill 
 
 Canterbury College. He accepted, and continues to hold 
 this appointment. Professor Hutton is the author of ninety- 
 five papers on the Geology and Natural History of New 
 Zealand in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 
 as well as of others in the publications of the Geological and 
 Zoological Societies of London, the Linnean Society of New 
 South Wales, and the Royal Society of Tasmania. He is 
 also the anthor of papers in the "Geologist," the " Geologi- 
 cal Magazine," the " Annals and Magazine of Natural 
 History," the " Philosophical Magazine," the " Ibis," the 
 " Journal de Conchyliologie," and the " New Zealand 
 Journal of Science." Other published works are : " Class 
 Book of Elementary Geology, 1875 ;" " Zoological Exercises 
 for Students in New Zealand ; " " Studies in Biology for New 
 Zealand Students, 1880;" "No. i. The Shepherd's Purse, 
 1881." 
 
 HYDE-HARRIS, John, of the Grange, Dunedin, 
 Otago. Mr. Hyde-Harris was born on the 2ist November, 
 1826, at Deddington, Oxon, in which county and in the ad- 
 joining county of Berks his family had been settled as early 
 as A.D. 1182. He was bred to the law, but left home for 
 New Zealand in 1850. After practising as a barrister and 
 solicitor in Otago from 1850 till 1859, he was appointed 
 District Judge. He was a member of the first Provincial 
 Council of Otago until 1859, and member of the Legis- 
 lative Council of New Zealand from 1858 to 1868. 
 Deputy Superintendent of Otago, 1862, he was elected 
 Superintendent in 1863, by a majority of 128 votes; his 
 opponent being the late Sir John Richardson. He was 
 President of the first New Zealand Exhibition of 1865, 
 which he opened under special commission from Sir 
 George Grey, K.C.B., then Governor of the Colony ;
 
 112 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Mayor of Dunedin, 1867-8 ; he was also in these years 
 Solicitor-General of New Zealand. Mr. Hyde-Harris was 
 Resident Magistrate of Dunedin from 1859 to 1863, and 
 is now a Justice of the Peace for the Colony. He has 
 taken considerable interest in Freemasonry and in Educa- 
 tion. He was Provincial Grand Master of Freemasons, 
 E.G., for Otago and Southland, 1864 to 1881. He has 
 been a member of the Council of the University of Otago 
 from its foundation in 1869. 
 
 JACOBS, Henry, D.D., Dean of Christchurch, Canter- 
 bury, New Zealand, was born at Chale Abbey, near St. 
 Catherine's, Isle of Wight, on the 3rd January, 1824. At 
 ten years of age he was sent to Charterhouse School, 
 London, the head master of which at that time was the 
 Rev. A. P. Saunders, D.D., afterwards Dean of Peter- 
 borough. At seventeen he was Captain of the school, and 
 obtained by competition an open Exhibition, leading in due 
 course to a Scholarship, and afterwards to a Fellowship 
 on the Michel Foundation at Queen's College, Oxford. 
 Mr. Jacobs matriculated in June, 1841, and went into resi- 
 dence at Oxford in October of the same year. At the final 
 examination at Easter, 1845, he obtained a First Class in 
 classics. Having taken the B.A. and M.A. degrees in due 
 course, he became in the year 1848 a Michel Fellow of 
 Queen's College. He was ordained Deacon in 1847 by the 
 Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol (Dr. Monk) ; and priest in 
 1848 by the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Wilberforce). He was 
 curate of All Saints, Poplar, London. In June, 1850, he 
 was appointed by the Canterbury Association to the post of 
 Classical Professor in the College which they proposed to 
 found in the Canterbury settlement. Having arrived in 
 Lyttelton on the i7th December, 1850, he conducted the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 113 
 
 first service in Canterbury on the following Sunday. He 
 also preached the sermon and conducted the service at the 
 opening of the first church on the Plains, afterwards St. 
 Michael's, Christchurch, July, 1851. Christ's College 
 Grammar School was opened by him as the first head 
 master, on the z6th April, 1852. On May 21, 1855, 
 he was appointed Sub-Warden in the Deed of Founda- 
 tion of the College, and shortly after Watts-Russell Pro- 
 fessor of Divinity. He resigned the head mastership 
 in 1863, and was nominated Incumbent of the parish 
 of Christchurch. The Bishopric of Nelson was offered 
 him by the Synod of that Diocese in 1864, on the 
 resignation of Bishop Hobhouse, but was declined. Mr. 
 Jacobs was appointed Archdeacon of Christchurch in the 
 same year, and gave up this office on being made Dean of 
 Christchurch in June, 1866. By the clergy of the diocese 
 he has been elected one of the clerical representatives to 
 the General Synod at every meeting of that body from 1865 
 onwards. In 1873 he resigned the cure of St. Michael's 
 and All- Angels, Christchurch; and in May, 1876, was ap- 
 pointed for the second time Archdeacon of Christchurch, 
 which office he has since held in conjunction with that of 
 Dean. In 1878, the Bishop of Christchurch having gone 
 to England to attend the Lambeth Congress, the Dean, 
 as his commissary, was called upon to preside at the 
 annual meeting of the Diocesan Synod. At the close of 
 the session he was presented by the clergy and laity with a 
 cheque to cover the cost of the fees for taking the D.D. 
 degree at Oxford. In addition to the appointments already 
 mentioned, the Dean has been examining chaplain to the 
 Bishop since his Lordship's arrival in the colony. For the 
 last thirteen years also he has discharged the duties of 
 editor of the New Zealand Church News, haviag accepted
 
 114 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 that office in October, 1872, at the request of the Church 
 Work Extension Committee of the Diocesan Synod. 
 
 JERVOIS, Lieut-General Sir William Francis 
 Drummond, R.E., C.B., G.C.M.G., eldest son of the late 
 General J envois, K.H., Colonel of the "joih Regiment, was 
 born at Cowes, Isle of Wight, in 1821. Having passed at 
 Woolwich, he entered the Royal Engineers in 1839. He 
 completed the usual course of study at Chatham : and 
 having been ordered to the Cape of Good Hope in 1841, 
 he was actively employed in that colony for upwards of 
 seven years in various capacities. In 1842 he acted as 
 Brigade-Major in an expedition against the Boers ; and 
 during the following three years was professionally engaged 
 at various frontier stations, making roads, building bridges, 
 and establishing military posts. In 1845, having been ap- 
 pointed Acting Adjutant to the Royal Engineers, he accom- 
 panied the Chief Engineer over the whole frontier of Cape 
 Colony and the settlement of Natal. In the early part of 
 1846 he was Major of Brigade to the garrison of Cape 
 Town until the arrival of Sir Henry Pottinger as Governor, 
 and of Sir G. Berkeley as Commander-in-Chief, with whom 
 he proceeded to the frontier against the Kaffirs. During the 
 Kaffir war he made a military survey and map of Kaffraria 
 a work of great difficulty, but ably executed. From 1 848 
 to 1852 he commanded a company of sappers at Woolwich 
 and Chatham ; and in the latter year was ordered to the Isle 
 of Alderney for the purpose of designing plans for the forti- 
 fications, and for the superintendence of their execution. In 
 1854 he was promoted to the rank of Major. In 1855, Major 
 Jervois was transferred to the London district as Com- 
 manding Royal Engineer, and was nominated a member of 
 a Committee on Barrack Accommodation. In 1856 he was
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 115 
 
 appointed to the post of Assistant Inspector-General of 
 Fortifications, under Sir John Burgoyne ; and, on the ap- 
 pointment of a Royal Commission to report upon the 
 defences of the country, he was selected by the Govern- 
 ment to be Secretary. He was a member of the Special 
 Committee on the Application of Iron to Ships and Forti- 
 fications. In 1 86 1 he obtained the rank of Lieut.-Colonel ; 
 in 1862 was appointed Deputy Director of Fortifications, 
 under Sir John Burgoyne; and in 1863 was nominated a 
 Companion of the Bath. He was sent on a special mission 
 to report on the defences of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
 Brunswick ; on which occasion he visited the fortifications 
 at the principal ports on the seaboard of the United States. 
 In 1864 he was sent again on a special mission to Canada 
 to confer with the Canadian Government on the question of 
 the defence of that province. On his return to England 
 his report was laid before Parliament; and the Imperial 
 Government undertook to carry out the defences of Quebec 
 on the plans recommended by him. In addition to his 
 post at the War Office, Colonel Jervois was Secretary to the 
 Permanent Defence Committee, under the presidency of 
 the Duke of Cambridge. He was created a Knight Com- 
 mander of the Order of SS. Michael and George in 1874 ; 
 and was appointed Governor of the Straits Settlements, 
 April 7, 1875. Tri e latter post he held till June, 1877, 
 when he was appointed Governor of South Australia. He 
 was nominated a G.C.M.G. in 1878; and in December, 
 1882, was appointed Governor of New Zealand. 
 
 JONES, John, premier colonist of Otago, was the third 
 son of Thomas Jones, one of the early settlers of New South 
 Wales. Mr. Jones was born in Sydney, in March, 1809. In 
 early years he exhibited that energy and perseverance which
 
 Il6 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 characterized him in after life, and which contributed mate- 
 rially to his success. From the first he seems to have been 
 one of those who " go down to the sea in ships " and " do 
 business in great waters." As early as the year 1829 he was 
 part owner of three whaling vessels hailing from Port Jack- 
 son. The eastern and southern coasts of New Zealand were 
 then the favourite resort of the Sydney whalers, and four 
 shore stations on these coasts were established by Mr. Jones 
 at various dates. His connection with the whaling trade 
 brought him to New Zealand. In the year 1839 he ac- 
 quired, by purchase from the Native chiefs, a considerable 
 estate at Waikouaiti, where he had previously planted his 
 first whaling station. With the intention of making this 
 place the permanent residence of himself and his family, in 
 the beginning of the year 1840 he engaged in Sydney thirty 
 families recent arrivals from the South of England to 
 proceed to Waikouaiti. At the same time Mr. Jones intro- 
 duced, at his own expense, the Rev. James Watkins and his 
 wife as missionaries and teachers, providing also for the 
 erection of a mission-house, chapel, and schoolrooms, and 
 for the fencing in and cultivation of land for the purposes of 
 the mission. His liberality in thus providing for the educa- 
 tion and religious teaching of those around him has been 
 often acknowledged by Bishop Selwyn and the clergy, as 
 well as by several of the Governors of New Zealand. About 
 the year 1843, he removed for a short time to Wel- 
 lington. Here he entered into mercantile business in part- 
 nership with Mr. Bannatyne. On several occasions, during 
 times of excitement caused by Native disturbances in the 
 North Island, Mr. Jones placed at the disposal of the 
 Government one of his vessels, manned and provisioned ; 
 and, subsequently, after the Wairau massacre, he sent two 
 of his vessels to the rescue of the panic-stricken settlers.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 117 
 
 From the year 1846, when he first settled at Waikouaiti, 
 until the arrival in March, 1848, of Captain Cargill 
 and the first band of the Scotch settlers, he \vas in every 
 sense the only real colonist in Otago. The new settlers 
 thus found a colonist well supplied with sheep, cattle, and 
 horses, ready to receive them. For several years he would 
 appear to have been the only important export merchant in 
 Dunedin, to which provincial centre he removed with his 
 family in the year 1854. From this date until within a few 
 }ears of his death, Mr. Jones was connected with every 
 commercial movement in Dunedin. Although not the first 
 to introduce steam navigation, he was identified with the 
 Otago steam fleets. From politics and public life he almost 
 entirely secluded himself; and, though often solicited to 
 offer himself for political and municipal office, he uniformly 
 declined to do so. He also declined an offered seat in the 
 Legislative Council. Mr. Jones earned a reputation for 
 munificence. He gave land and money, and built churches, 
 without regard to denominational differences. He died on 
 the 1 6th March, 1869. His memory as the first Otago 
 colonist, and as a benefactor to his contemporaries, will not 
 soon fade away. 
 
 JOHNSON, Andrew Mensal. Mr. Johnson's name 
 is associated with the many attempts at introducing fish into 
 the colony. He was, indeed, the first to introduce, at his 
 own expense, the English brown trout, the perch, and 
 the American brook trout, all of which he ultimately 
 thoroughly acclimatized and distributed to the most distant 
 parts of New Zealand. Educated to agricultural pursuits, he 
 for many years carried on a farm in the vicinity of Birmingham. 
 But his hobby was fish-culture ; and he watched with keen 
 interest the early attempts at introducing salriiun into the
 
 Il8 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Australasian colonies. He proposed what -he considered a 
 far less expensive and quicker way of stocking the colony, 
 viz., to confine a few fish where they could have access to 
 both fresh and salt water and yet be protected from enemies, 
 and to obtain from this source, by means of artificial 
 propagation, acclimatized eggs and fish for distribution 
 throughout the colony ; but his suggestion met with no 
 encouragement from the authorities in London, who still 
 continued the plan of sending out large numbers of 
 eggs for successive seasons, and of liberating the fish with- 
 out any after protection. Thereupon Mr. Johnson decided 
 on coming out to New Zealand to devote his energies to 
 fish -culture. With this object he left England with an 
 assortment of all the useful English fish, from a minnow to 
 a salmon, especially tame-reared. On the voyage the fish 
 were unfortunately all poisoned by white lead. On his 
 arrival in Canterbury, Mr. Johnson was engaged as Curator 
 to the Acclimatization Society, then just started, in which 
 capacity he continued for eleven years. Many shipments 
 of salmon ova were received during this time ; but only one 
 lot proved to have any good eggs, and out of these only 
 forty-five fish were reared. Even this remnant perished 
 during the visit to the sea. Shortly after this Mr. Johnson 
 severed his connection with the Society, and established 
 a fish-breeding farm at Opawa. He made arrange- 
 ments for importing salmon ova on his own account, 
 and succeeded ; but his efforts were attended with but 
 moderate results. The introduction and propagation of 
 other useful fish was carried on by Mr. Johnson with far 
 more success. Large quantities of both eggs and young 
 fish were annually supplied to the most distant parts of New 
 Zealand and the Australian colonies. The Troutdale fish- 
 breeding establishment at Opawa has been a well-known
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 1 19 
 
 public resort for many years ; the recent improvements 
 are a large hatching-house and salt-water aquarium, 
 erected for the purpose of facilitating the acclimatization of 
 salmon and other fish. The following are the varieties 
 of fish kept at the establishment for artificial propagation 
 up to September, 1885 : English brown trout, Scotch 
 burn trout, American brook trout (Salmo fontinalis), 
 tench, Loch Leven trout, salmon trout, English perch, gold 
 and silver fish. 
 
 JOHNSTON, Alexander James, Judge of the 
 Supreme Court, was born at Aberdeen, i5th January, 1820, 
 and educated at Marischal College, and at King's College, 
 London, and in Paris. He took the M.A. degree at Aber- 
 deen in 1835, and entered the Honourable Society of 
 Lincoln's Inn, November, 1838. He was admitted Special 
 Pleader in 1841 ; and published a short treatise on " Ex- 
 chequer Bills" in 1842. Having been called to the Bar by 
 the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple in January, 
 1843, he went the Northern Circuit and the West Riding 
 (Yorkshire) Sessions from 1843 to 1858. He was Deputy 
 Recorder of Leeds in 1857. He also practised in West- 
 minster Hall and on Parliamentary Committees. Along 
 with the Hon. (now Mr. Justice) G. Denman and Mr. 
 J. R. Bulwer, he contributed the reports of the Court of 
 Common Pleas to the Law Journal from 1847 to l &5%- 
 Mr. Johnston was selected as Puisne Judge of New Zealand, 
 pursuant to a joint resolution of both Houses of the General 
 Assembly, and received Her Majesty's warrant in April, 1858. 
 He arrived in New Zealand, October, 1858, and resided at 
 Wellington till 1875, an d since at Christchurch. He acted 
 as Chief Justice in 1867 and in 1884. Three , .volumes of 
 "Reports of the Court of Appeal," 1867 to 1877, were
 
 120 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 published by him in New Zealand ; and three editions of 
 the "New Zealand Justice of the Peace and Coroner," 1863, 
 1870, and 1879; a l so > the "Practice of the Supreme 
 Court." Mr. Justice Johnston has been member of a number 
 of Royal Commissions ; among others, of the Statute Law 
 Consolidation Commission, 1879. He tried the greater 
 part of the Native prisoners during the wars of Te Kooti 
 and Tito Kowaru, and the Mungatapu murderers. Pie 
 has one son A. R. Fletcher Johnston a barrister and 
 solicitor of the Supreme Court. 
 
 LARNACH, The Hon. William James Mudie, 
 C.M.G., Minister for Mines and for the Marine, arrived first 
 in New Zealand in September, 1867, under an engagement 
 for a term of years with the Directors of the Bank of Otago in 
 London, to take the chief management and control of the 
 bank's business in Otago, which he successfully conducted 
 until the middle of 1873, when the business was merged 
 into the National Bank of New Zealand. Mr. Larnach 
 remained with the National Bank for a few months, but 
 afterwards went into business on an extensive scale with Mr. 
 Walter Guthrie. In 1875 Mr. Larnach contested politics 
 for the first time in opposition to the present Premier, the 
 Hon. Robert Stout, for the Peninsula district, Otago; but, 
 being late in the field, Mr. Stout defeated him by eleven votes. 
 In the following year, 1876, Mr. Larnach was returned with 
 Mr. Stout and Mr. Macandrew against four other candidates 
 to represent the City of Dunedin ; and, in the following 
 session of 1877, he successfully moved a vote of want of 
 confidence in the Whitaker-Atkinson Ministry, and in con- 
 sequence was sent for by the Governor, who entrusted him 
 with the responsibility of forming a new Ministry. In the 
 Ministry then formed Sir George Grey became Premier, and
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 121 
 
 Mr. Larnach held the office of Colonial Treasurer and 
 Minister of Public Works. He afterwards went to England 
 by request of the Government in connection with a Colonial 
 Loan, and remained away for two years. After his return 
 in 1880, a vacancy occurred in his present seat by the acci- 
 dental death of Mr. Seaton. He contested the seat suc- 
 cessfully against Bishop Moran of Dunedin and several 
 others ; and he was again elected at the general election of 
 1884, by a very large majority over several opponents. 
 
 LEIGH, Rev. Samuel, arrived in the colony ioth 
 August, 1815. He was born at Milton in Staffordshire, 
 ordained in 1814, and appointed to New South Wales. 
 He visited New Zealand in 1818, and stayed nine months. 
 In 1820-1 he visited England and South Wales ; and in the 
 following year he landed at the Bay of Islands, Auckland, 
 and remained there permanently. In the Valley of Karo 
 he planted the first Methodist missionary station in New 
 Zealand. He returned to England in 1831, and died in 
 1852. 
 
 LYTTELTON, Baron. The Right Honourable 
 George William Lyttelton, born in London, March 3^, 
 1817, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where 
 he graduated with the highest classical honours in 1838. 
 He succeeded his father as fourth baron, April 30, 1837. 
 He was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from 
 January to July, 1846; and was Lord- Lieutenant of Wor- 
 cester, and High Steward of Bewdley. In a contest for the 
 office of High Steward of Cambridge University in 1840 he 
 was unsuccessful. Having acted in 1861-3 as a member of 
 the Royal Commission on Clerical Subscriptions and on 
 Middle Schools, he afterwards was appointed Chief Com-
 
 122 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 missioner of Endowed Schools. Lord Lyttelton took a very 
 active interest in colonial questions, and in advocating the 
 revival of the powers of convocation and the extension 
 of the episcopate. His name is well known, by the 
 earlier Canterbury colonists, in connection with the or- 
 ganising of the Canterbury settlement. In its infancy and 
 days of trial he contributed funds to enable its governing 
 body to keep faith with the first settlers. During his first 
 and last visits to Canterbury he thus had a large share in 
 financially nursing the settlement through its period of 
 weakness. In referring to the part he had played, he spoke 
 as follows : " Many persons thought that the essential 
 object was to found a Church of England colony. That 
 was no doubt amongst the cherished objects of many, but 
 it was one which he held as comparatively subordinate to 
 the principles of self-regulation and self-administration. 
 They knew that persons of all creeds and opinions would be 
 attracted to the colony ; and if they had supposed, for one 
 moment, that the Church of England could retain any ex- 
 clusive privileges, they would have been entertaining a 
 dream alien to all their [the promoters'] principles, and im- 
 possible of execution. Their only idea was to have the 
 Church of England with a firm footing on the .ground, with 
 a fixed endowment, and then to say, ' You have a clear 
 field before you, and a certain gentleman take the hind- 
 most ! " : In conclusion, speaking proudly and fondly of 
 the work which, with others, he had taken an active part in 
 promoting, he added that, for himself, he trusted to retain 
 to the end of his life the feeling he long ago expressed in an 
 address on this colony the feeling of satisfaction in having 
 had a share in planting beyond the Atlantic and Pacific 
 waves, in a corner of a lonely island, the seed of a great 
 English people.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 123 
 
 MACANDREW, James, was born in 1820, a 
 native of Scotland. He spent the chief part of his early 
 life in London, and had a good commercial training. As a 
 member of the Committee of the Otago Association, he 
 took an active and zealous part in founding the Otago 
 settlement, for which he, with his family, left London in 
 1850. Since then he has taken an active interest in public 
 affairs, and was four times elected Superintendent of the 
 Province of Otago, which office was held by him when the 
 Abolition of Provinces Act came into operation. As Super- 
 intendent, he initiated and carried into effect many impor- 
 tant public educational institutions, such as the Otago 
 University, Caversham Industrial School, Girls' High 
 School, the Otago Museum, the Normal Training School 
 for Teachers, and the School of Art. Mr. Macandrew also 
 was the prime mover in the construction of the Oamaru 
 Breakwater, the Dunedin and Port Chalmers Railway, Port 
 Chalmers Graving Dock, and various other railways and 
 works throughout Otago. He is rightly spoken of as the 
 father of the House of Representatives, being the only 
 member now in the House who sat there in the first session 
 of 1854. He may also be almost called the father of steam 
 communication with New Zealand. At one time he suggested 
 that the Province of Otago should sell and convert one of 
 its sheep runs into cash, and invest the same towards acquir- 
 ing an interest in three steamships, to be built on the Clyde, 
 and to ply monthly between Port Chalmers and Panama. 
 Subsequently, as is well known, this service was taken in 
 hand by the General Government at the expense of the 
 colony. It was on Mr. Macandrew's motion, in the sessions 
 of 1869 and 1870, that the Californian service was esta- 
 blished. In 1870, on opening the Provincial Council of 
 Otago, he proposed that the province should itseh establish
 
 124 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 a fifty days' direct service to London, and hoped to secure 
 the co-operation of Canterbury. He was chairman of the 
 joint-Committee of both Houses, which reported in favour 
 of the direct steam service in the session of 1881. It was 
 mainly on his recommendation and at his instance that 
 Messrs. Willis and Co., of London, sent out the steamer 
 "Nelson" to trade on the New Zealand coast in 1854. 
 This vessel,- however, was speedily withdrawn from the 
 colony; and in 1858 Mr. Macandrew established an inter- 
 colonial and inter-provincial steam service between Mel- 
 bourne, Pqft Chalmers, Lyttelton, and Wellington, which, 
 although an unprofitable undertaking to the firm with which 
 he was then connected, was the commencement of the real 
 progress of New Zealand. He has long been urging that 
 public works Should be constructed without the intervention 
 of foreign capital ; and has recently been advocating the 
 establishment of a State Land Bank, whereby cultivators of 
 the soil might obtain money at a reduced rate of interest 
 his great panacea for the ills of New Zealand being cheap 
 money, largely increased population, and local self-govern- 
 ment. The latest of his proposals is to endeavour to get 
 the assistance of the Imperial Government towards locating 
 along the New Zealand coast the 40,000 families of High- 
 land crofters, who have been the subject of a recent Royal 
 Commission in England. In the session of 1884 a clause 
 was at his instance inserted in the Land Bill, as the first 
 step towards accomplishing this somewhat stupendous 
 scheme of immigration. Last session he proposed the 
 resolution, passed by the House of Representatives, having 
 for its object a political confederation, or alliance, of the 
 whole English-speaking people throughout the world, for 
 the purpose of mutual defence against foreign aggression, 
 the maintenance of peace, and the promotion of the brother-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 125 
 
 hood of nations. He was a member of the so-called 
 "Clean Shirt Ministry" in 1854 ; was Minister of Lands in 
 the Grey Government in 1877, until succeeded by Mr. 
 Stout ; was also Minister of Public Works when the Middle 
 Island East and West Coast line, the main line from 
 Wellington to Auckland, the Otago Central, and various 
 other lines were first authorised by Parliament. 
 
 MACKELVIE, James T., was born in 1824, and 
 came early to New Zealand. Shortly after arriving, Mr 
 Mackelvie became a partner in the firm of Logan Campbell 
 and Co., of Auckland, where he resided for some years. 
 He was in the colony during the opening of the Thames 
 gold-fields, in connection with which he was said to have 
 been singularly successful in amassing wealth. Of his valu- 
 able and repeated gifts to the City of Auckland, all pro- 
 moters of art in the colony are well aware ; but all that he 
 had previously done was eclipsed by the munificent pro- 
 vision in his will for the founding and maintenance of a 
 picture and art gallery in that city, in whose progress 
 and welfare he felt to the last so keen an interest. 
 After the payment of certain legacies to relatives and 
 friends, Mr. Mackelvie bequeathed the greater bulk of his 
 property, valued at ,40,000 to ,5 0,000, to trustees, for 
 the purpose of erecting, in the first place, a picture gallery, 
 not exceeding in cost ,10,000. A portion of the balance 
 is to be invested, and the income applied to the care and 
 maintenance of the building. The residue is to be spent in 
 the purchase of pictures and works of art. He also left to 
 the gallery the pictures and other works of art which were at 
 the time of his death in his residence the valuable ac- 
 cumulations of many years of careful and discriminating 
 collections. It is expressly provided by his yHll that the
 
 126 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 gallery is to be thrown open every day in the week, includ- 
 ing Sunday, a free and ever increasing source of pleasure 
 and instruction for the New Zealand public. 
 
 M'LEAN, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G. The late Sir 
 Donald McLean was born on the 2yth October, 1820, and 
 was the foutth son of the late John McLean, Esq., of Kil- 
 molnaig, in the island of Tiree, Argyleshire, Scotland. His 
 mother, Margaret, was the daughter of the Rev. D. McColl, 
 minister of Tiree, who succeeded in that living the Rev. Mr. 
 Macaulay, grandfather of the anti-slavery advocate Zachary 
 Macaulay, and great-grandfather of Lord Macaulay. Sir 
 Donald springs from a military family. Among the near 
 relations of his father were the Baronet Campbell of 
 Dunstaffnage, General Macdonald and Captain Macdonald 
 of Glencoe. His two uncles died in the West Indies, 
 holding commissions in the army. From very early life he 
 was observed in a remarkable degree to take the lead among 
 his companions. His father dying when he was very young, 
 he was brought up by his mother's people. His early educa- 
 tion was under the direction of his maternal uncle, the Rev. 
 Donald McColl, minister of Dalmally, in Argyleshire, a 
 scholar, a man of culture, and the college friend and com- 
 panion of the late Dr. Andrew Sinclair, Colonial Secretary of 
 New Zealand. In his seventeenth year he left Scotland for 
 Sydney, with letters of introduction. Among these was one 
 to Messrs. Abercrombie and Co., merchants, into whose 
 service he entered. At the end of two years he was sent by 
 the firm to New Zealand to wind up a timber business, in 
 which they were interested. Dr. Sinclair introduced him to 
 Governor Fitzroy, by whom he was appointed a clerk and 
 interpreter in the office of Mr. Clarke, the Chief Protector 
 of Aborigines. For nearly twenty years Sir Donald
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 127 
 
 McLean held important and responsible offices connected 
 with Native administration in the North Island of New 
 Zealand ; first as an executive officer, and afterwards as 
 Native Minister, responsible to Parliament. In 1850 he 
 was made Resident Magistrate for a Native district. In his 
 dealing with Native questions, both in and out of Parlia- 
 ment, many successes are recorded to his credit. As a 
 Native Commissioner he was employed by successive 
 Governors and Ministries in negotiating with the Natives 
 for the purchase of lands in various districts of the North 
 Island. In 1866 he was entrusted by Mr. Weld, the 
 Premier, with the charge of reducing to order and to loyal 
 submission to Her Majesty the aboriginal Natives of the 
 East Coast of New Zealand, then in a state of hostility. 
 Although successful in the war operations on the East 
 Coast and elsewhere at this time, he prided himself, and 
 will be more honourably remembered, as the " Minister of 
 Peace." He always attached the very greatest importance 
 to the education of the rising generation of Natives, and had 
 many proofs of such efforts being appreciated by them. In 
 1869 his career as Native Minister begins; from which time 
 till immediately before his death (with the exception of a 
 few weeks in 1872) he held entire and uninterrupted con- 
 trol of Native affairs. The Native policy which he, as a 
 member of the Ministry, zealously strove to carry out, 
 is fully set forth in the records of Parliament, and was 
 specially dwelt upon in his speech in Parliament, as re- 
 ported in "Hansard" (vol. iii., p. 635). In that speech he 
 draws a picture of what was the condition of Native affairs 
 when the Government took office ; what had been their 
 policy, and the means and opportunities at command to 
 carry it out ; and to what extent he considered that he had 
 succeeded in his attempts to do justice to both Maoris and
 
 128 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Europeans. Sir Donald was also the first Superintendent 
 of the Province of Hawke's Bay constituted under the New 
 Provinces Act. In recognition of his long and faithful 
 services to the colony he was made a K.C.M.G. He died 
 at Napier, Hawke's Bay, in January, 1877. The members 
 of the Government honoured his memory by going from 
 Wellington to Napier to be present at his funeral. 
 
 MAN ING, William. The late Mr. Justice Maning was 
 born in Tasmania, where he received his education. At an 
 early age he came over to New Zealand. He resided from first 
 to last in the North Island, but is well remembered through- 
 out the whole colony as a Native Lands Court Judge, and 
 as the author of more than one well-written and entertaining 
 book on the customs of the primitive Maori. In his preface 
 to "Old New Zealand," by a " Pakeha Maori," he writes 
 thus : " Contact with the British settlers has of late years 
 effected a marked and rapid change in the manners and 
 mode of life of the Natives ; and the Maoris of the present 
 da}- are as unlike what they were when I first saw them as 
 they are still unlike a civilized people." The writer thought 
 it worth while to place a few sketches of old Maori life on 
 record before the remembrance of them had quite passed 
 away ; but he confessed that he had not exhausted the in- 
 teresting subject. No one as well qualified for outlining a 
 picture of their past has since attempted the task. For 
 many years he gave sufficient proof of his judicial ability in 
 the good work performed by him in the Native Lands 
 Court. In dealing with the difficult cases brought before 
 him, it was sometimes said that he dealt out justice after a 
 fashion of his own ; yet it is readily admitted that his de- 
 cisions were understood and accepted by those affected by 
 them. He had witnessed the rise and progress of Euro-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 129 
 
 pean settlement in the North Island and the many changes 
 that followed therefrom. When he first became a dweller 
 in the land of the Maori, the inhabitants were, in their way, 
 a hospitable race, though warlike. The story of his life and 
 experiences amongst them is thrillingly told by the " Pakeha 
 Maori," and is sufficient proof that he was regarded by the 
 Natives as a man amongst men. After a long and laborious 
 career in the colony he visited England, mainly for profes- 
 sional medical attendance, where he died in the early part of 
 the year 1884. 
 
 MARS DEN, The Rev. Samuel. Mr. Marsden was 
 the first Church of England missionary who visited New 
 Zealand. Cook took possession of the country in the name 
 of his Sovereign ; but it was Marsden, as has been fitly said, 
 " who first unfurled the banner of the Prince of Peace, and 
 claimed these fair realms in behalf of the King of Kings." 
 Mr. Marsden was born at Horsforth, near Leeds, in 1764, 
 and, under the auspices of the Elland Society, was admitted 
 at St. John's College, Cambridge. Before he had taken his 
 degree, an offer was made to him of a chaplaincy in New 
 South Wales. He held this position for fourteen years, and 
 then returned to England for a short time. During his 
 colonial career he had acted as the colonial agent for the 
 London Missionary Society. Seven times Mr. Marsden 
 visited New Zealand, and made some venturesome journeys 
 inland. He was seventy two years of age when he paid his 
 last visit in 1837. In the same year he died. His last 
 words were about New Zealand. The story of his life 
 shows what can be done by a man of devoted aim, although 
 of little learning and of no brilliancy. His early training is 
 said to have been among the Methodists, to which body of 
 Christians his parents belonged. He is spoken of by one of
 
 130 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 his biographers as a " man of deep piety, good sense, and of 
 a Catholic spirit." The Natives of New Zealand held him 
 in high esteem, and listened to his words. Although war 
 had not entirely ceased in his day, yet the Gospel had found 
 an entrance into their hearts. He had the spirit of an 
 apostle ; and in contrasting his seventh with his first visit 
 embracing a period of twenty-two years he saw some 
 fruit, and could " thank God, and take courage." Samuel 
 Marsden was a masterful man, and well known to all early 
 colonists of New South Wales. Chevalier Captain Dillon, 
 in his interesting narrative respecting the fate of La Perouse, 
 calls him "the apostle of the South Seas." When his 
 funeral sermon was preached at Paramatta, a crowd com- 
 posed of men and women of all denominations of Christians 
 flocked into the church to show their respect for the memory 
 of the venerable man. Bishop Broughton said of him, that, 
 "although he was the first legally-appointed Bishop in 
 Australia, he must always consider Samuel Marsden to have 
 been the first actual one." 
 
 MARTIN, Sir William, was the first judge of the 
 Supreme Court in New Zealand ; and afterwards Chief 
 Justice. Mr. Martin was appointed judge in England, and 
 arrived in the colony in 1841 in the barque " Tyne." 
 His fellow passengers were the late Mr. Swainson, 
 then newly appointed Attorney-General, and the late 
 Mr. Thomas Outhwaite, first Registrar of the Supreme 
 Court. The vessel touched at Wellington on their way to 
 Auckland, which port they did not reach for a fortnight 
 afterwards. At that time Auckland, the capital of the 
 colony, was in the most primitive condition, with its one 
 public building, a long low Native-built hut. Here a large 
 part of the public business of Church and State was carried
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 13! 
 
 on Post-Office, Court, and Church, being all rolled into 
 one. The Chief Justice was warned at the Colonial Office 
 that it was not improbable that the first sitting of the 
 Supreme Court would have to be held under a tree. On 
 the voyage out, assisted by his attorney-general, he busily 
 occupied himself in framing measures for establishing 
 courts of judicature for the administration of justice. 
 For many years Sir William Martin ably performed the 
 duties attaching to his judicial office. He was also an able 
 assistant of Bishop Selwyn in drawing up a form of Church 
 Constitution for New Zealand, and, during his long career 
 in the colony, proved himself in many ways a zealous 
 churchman. His long experience of the Native race gave 
 him opportunities of acquiring an intimate knowledge 
 of their condition, and caused him to become an earnest 
 advocate of what he conceived to be their just rights. He 
 strove to convince colonists that the Natives of New 
 Zealand had not at all times received absolute justice at the 
 hands of the ruling race, contendifig that the provisions of 
 the Treaty of Waitangi in some particulars had not ,been 
 strictly carried out. The controversies in which he took so 
 prominent a part have been almost quite forgotten. They 
 are fast becoming matters of merely historical interest, and 
 men judge the actors mainly by the motives that animated 
 them in the struggle. After a long and laborious career as a 
 judge, Sir William retired from the Bench on a pension. 
 For some years after this, he continued to live in Auckland. 
 He then went back to the old country, where he resided till 
 the time of his death. 
 
 MAUNSELL, The Rev. Robert, was one of the 
 earliest missionaries sent to New Zealand by the Church 
 Missionary Society. Mr. Maunsell was a ripe 2nd trained
 
 132 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 scholar when he arrived in New Zealand, having gained 
 the first place at the entrance examination of the Dublin 
 University. In 1836, he began a translation of Exodus 
 in conjunction with Mr. Hamlin, one of the society's 
 catechists, who was deemed the most perfect English 
 speaker of the Maori language. The two proceeded as far 
 as chapter 20, after which Mr. Maunsell had to work alone. 
 He then translated six chapters of Isaiah, from the 4Qth 
 to the 55th, which he printed in pamphlet form. In the 
 meantime Mr. Williams completed the remaining portions 
 of the Testament, revising also those which had been 
 already printed in New South Wales. The New Testament 
 was then printed as a whole at the Society's press at Paihia, 
 and this was soon after followed by the Maori Prayer-book. 
 In July, 1843, Mr. Maunsell's house was destroyed by fire, 
 and in it his MSS., his dictionary, and his notes for the 
 revision of 1844 were consumed. His Maori Grammar, 
 which had passed through three editions, escaped, having 
 been prirfted previously. ' He had to begin de novo, even 
 before his hands had been healed from the scorchings. 
 Friends in England contributed ^200, which set him up 
 again in books. The Pentateuch, as prepared by him, was 
 printed ; then the other books in succession as far as the 
 Psalms, at the expense of the Church Missionary Society. 
 Their press, however, was then given up ; and, as Mr. 
 Maunsell had no press wherewith to print the remainder, 
 he appealed to the Auckland public. The appeal was 
 liberally responded to, the subscription amounting to ^500. 
 Copies of the rest of the Old Testament to the end of 
 Malachi were then printed. On the completion of his 
 translation of the Old Testament he was made LL.D. by his 
 University. Mr. Maunsell sat in the several committees 
 formed in subsequent years for the revision of the Bible and
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 133 
 
 Book of Common Prayer. The Old Testament was carried 
 through the press in England by the Rev. G. Maunsell (son 
 of Archdeacon Maunsell), the Rev. W. S. Mellor, and others. 
 In 1867 a committee was again appointed, including Arch- 
 deacon Maunsell. This third and last revision was carried 
 through the press by Mr. Colenso. Thus the Maori Bible 
 came out as it is, "a monument of laborious and well 
 directed piety." The Archdeacon a man esteemed for 
 his work's sake after labouring for fifteen years in the 
 charge of St. Mary's, Auckland, has retired from active 
 duty. With the aid of Archdeacon L. Williams he has 
 during the last two years completed a revision of the whole 
 Maori Bible, and is now engaged in correcting the proofs, 
 which are sent to him from England. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, William, was born in 1822, in 
 London. His remote ancestors emigrated to the North of 
 Ireland about the year 1620.. He was educated at the 
 Belfast Royal Academical Institution, the great puolic school 
 of the north of Ireland. The head English master of this 
 institution at the time was his uncle, Henry Montgomery, 
 LL.D., Dunmurry, Belfast a man of character, stability, 
 and influence. Dr. Montgomery was a Liberal in politics, 
 and entered with great zeal, in speech and in print, into the 
 political controversies of the time. On leaving his uncle's 
 school, Mr. William Montgomery went to sea, and at the 
 early age of eighteen years found himself in command of a 
 vessel engaged in trade in the Mediterranean. Twelve 
 years of his early life were thus spent. In consequence of 
 reading the late Dr. Lang's vivid description of the Aus- 
 tralian colonies, in his well-known work " Australia Felix," 
 he went out to Australia. Subsequently, in the year 1860, 
 he arrived in New Zealand, selecting Canterbury as his
 
 134 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 future home. Although Mr. Montgomery has been for 
 many years actively engaged in private business, he has 
 during his career done a large share of public work for the 
 colony, and especially for the Province of Canterbury, in 
 which he has long lived. In the year 1864 he was elected 
 to the first Road Board the Heathcote and of this he 
 was chairman. In 1865-66 he was returned to the Pro- 
 vincial Council for Heathcote -a constituency he continued 
 to represent up to 1870. In 1868 he became' Provincial 
 Treasurer during the Superintendency of Mr. Rolleston, 
 holding this office to 1869-70. He then retired from Pro- 
 vincial politics for two years ; and when he went back to 
 the Provincial Council he was re-elected without opposition, 
 After this he was President of the Provincial Executive 
 Council for a year and a half. In 1874 Mr. Montgomery 
 was returned to the House of Representatives by Akaroa, 
 which district he has continued to represent up to the present 
 time. Whilst in the Assembly, it is well known that he refused 
 office as Colonial Treasurer in the Grey Ministry of 1877, 
 principally because Sir George Grey's policy was to make the 
 Canterbury Land Fund a source of colonial revenue. On 
 Major Atkinson becoming Premier, Mr. Montgomery was put 
 forward as the leader of the Opposition. After the general 
 election of 1884, on the formation of the Stout- Vogel ad- 
 ministration, he was offered and accepted the offices of 
 Colonial Secretary and Minister of Education. Upon the 
 defeat of this Ministry, and of a subsequent one formed by 
 Major Atkinson, it was understood that Mr. Montgomery 
 was again offered an office in the present Government, 
 which he did not accept. The views held by him on 
 political questions were in favour of manhood suffrage, 
 triennial Parliaments, and representation according to popu- 
 lation. In Parliament, on all occasions, he voted on these
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 135 
 
 questions with the extreme Liberal party, so called. Mr. 
 Montgomery was Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce 
 in 1867. He was also a member of the Canterbury Board of 
 Education in 1866 ; and was its chairman in 1867, continuing 
 a member of the Board while it existed, up to 1875. ^ n 
 1877 he was elected member of the Board of Education 
 under the New Zealand Education Act of that year, and has 
 been a member of it ever since. He was appointed by the 
 Provincial Council a Governor of Canterbury College in 
 1873; and was elected chairman in 1876, a position he 
 continued to hold to the year 1885. It will thus be seen 
 that Mr. Montgomery has ever made the subject of education 
 one of the main objects of his concern. 
 
 MOORHOUSE, William Sefton. Mr. Moorhouse 
 was born in the year 1825 in Yorkshire. He was educated 
 for the law ; and, .shortly after the completion of his legal 
 training, left England for Canterbury, New Zealand, with the 
 intention of practising his profession in the newly-formed 
 settlement. This was in the year 1851. Shortly after his 
 arrival in the colony, he left New Zealand for Victoria, 
 Australia, smitten with the gold fever, then madly raging 
 throughout all the Australian Colonies. He returned to 
 Canterbury at the close of the year 1853. Mr. Moorhouse 
 was not amongst the Provincial Councillors, twelve in 
 number, who formed the first local Legislature in Canter- 
 bury, but, upon its enlargement to twenty-six representatives 
 a little later on, he obtained a seat therein. In 1857, on 
 the retirement of Mr. Fitzgerald from the Superintendency 
 of Canterbury, Mr. Moorhouse was elected to succeed him. 
 As a candidate for the Superintendency, in addressing the 
 electors, he laid great stress on the necessity of promoting 
 public works throughout the province, that the country might
 
 136 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 be opened up by means of roads and bridges as fast as the 
 necessary funds could be realised. He did his duty not 
 only to the Province of Canterbury ; he did his share of 
 good work also in the General Assembly of New Zealand, 
 where he was at once recognised as being amongst the 
 strongest andforemost menoftheday- But henevertook office 
 in the General Government. He had other work to see to, 
 for the performance of which he was conscious of a specialty. 
 Mr. Moorhouse was a man of great enterprise, and of great 
 persistency. His clear head and strong will were plainly 
 exhibited in his conception and completion of the great 
 work that has immortalized him throughout New Zealand, 
 viz., the tunnel connecting the port of Lyttelton with the 
 plains of Canterbury. When he conceived the idea of a 
 tunnel, and began to ventilate it, he was branded as a mad- 
 man, and spoken of by the representatives of economy and 
 caution as a very dangerous man to be left in office. But 
 Mr. Moorhouse had the courage of his o'pinions. He fought 
 valiantly with the opponents of his great scheme, one by one 
 and all together in speech, and in print in his Super- 
 intendent's sanctum, and in the Provincial Council ; and 
 he came out of the conflict triumphant. In turning the first 
 sod of the Lyttelton and Christchurch railway, in July, 1861, 
 he is reported to have said, " I have endeavoured to bring 
 this scheme before the public of Canterbury, relying upon 
 facts. I have kept these facts before me every hour of my 
 official life. The enterprise is only in its infancy, the seed 
 is but sown, but I hope to see it ere long a fruitful vine, 
 having many branches springing from it." This work indeed 
 deserves to be spoken of as the greatest engineering triumph 
 in New Zealand. The people of Canterbury claim that he 
 thus set New Zealand an example, which Sir Julius Vogel, 
 who came after him, resolutely followed in initiating the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 137 
 
 " Public Works and Immigration policy of 1870." Mr. 
 Moorhouse was re-elected to the office of Superintendent in 
 1 86 1. In the following year he resigned, but meanwhile he 
 sat in the Provincial Council, where he often gave expression 
 to his progressive opinions. In 1866 he was again elected 
 to the Superintendence, defeating two other candidates. 
 He represented the City of Christchurch in the General 
 Assembly, but resigned in order to accept an important 
 office in the civil service. In 1876 he was again returned 
 for Christchurch, and in 1879 for the district of Ashley, 
 which he continued to represent up to the time of his 
 death. It may fairly be said of Mr. Moorhouse, that he 
 never failed to recognise the wisdom of dealing in a large 
 way with large questions, never regarding himself as the 
 exclusive representative of this section of the people, or 
 of that, but honestly and persistently striving to do justice 
 to all sorts and conditions of men. The credit of 
 founding the Canterbury Museum must be given to him 
 whilst Superintendent. For these great works undertaken 
 and completed, for a faith in the future of Canterbury 
 that never ceased to animate him, his friends and those 
 who cherish his name have erected to his memory a statue 
 in a conspicuous spot in the park gardens, Christchurch. 
 
 MORAN, The Most Reverend Patrick, D.D., 
 R.C. Bishop of Dunedin was born in the County 
 Wicklow, Ireland, on the 24th May, 1823. His father, who 
 was a millowner and an extensive farmer, took great care for 
 his early education, and sent him at an early age to the 
 school of the Vincentian Fathers in Dublin. Subsequently 
 he spent some years in St. Peter's College. Wexford, but 
 finished his classical and mathematical "studies in St. 
 Vincent's, Castleknock, in the vicinity of Dublin, where he
 
 138 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 also read logic, metaphysics and ethics. In the year 1841 
 he entered the Royal College of St. Patrick, Maynooth, 
 where he remained till the Easter of 1848. In this College 
 he continued his philosophical and scientific studies, and 
 devoted six years to the study of theology and the sacred 
 scriptures, Church history, the Hebrew language and Canon 
 law. He was ordained priest in 1847, but remained in the 
 College another year, finishing his studies. In the year 1848 
 he was appointed supernumerary priest of the suburban 
 parish of Booterstown, county of Dublin; and, in 1849, curate 
 of the neighbouring parish of Haddington Road. Here he 
 remained actively engaged as a missionary priest till the 
 February of 1856, when Pius IX. named him Bishop of 
 Dardania and Vicar Apostolic of the Eastern Districts of the 
 Cape of Good Hope. From this vicariate he was removed 
 in 1869, and was appointed first Bishop of the newly-erected 
 see of Dunedin. Whilst in the Cape of Good Hope, Bishop 
 Moran wrote some pamphlets on religious and controversial 
 subjects, published some lectures, and for a time edited the 
 Catholic newspaper, the " Colonist," for which he also wrote 
 much. Shortly after his arrival in Dunedin, he established 
 the " New Zealand Tablet," of which he has been editor from 
 the first, and to whose pages he has been a regular con- 
 tributor. Throughout his long career he has been actively 
 engaged in the labours of a missionary Catholic clergyman, 
 and has been conspicuous for his strenuous advocacy of 
 denominational education. He has been recently appointed 
 Cardinal, and has succeeded Archbishop Vaughan, of Sydney. 
 
 MUNRO, Sir David, K.C.M.G., was one of the 
 settlers who established themselves in Nelson on its first 
 formation by the New Zealand Company. He took an 
 active part in the politics of the day, both Provincial and
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 139 
 
 Colonial : early records show that his voice was often heard 
 on questions relating to the form of the Constitution for New 
 Zealand before the " Constitution Act" was brought into oper- 
 ation. He sat in the first New Zealand Parliament in 1854, 
 having been elected by a Nelson constituency. For many 
 years he continued a representative. On the retirement 
 of Sir Charles Clifford from the office of Speaker of 
 the House, Mr. Munro was elected thereto, occupying 
 that position while he held a seat in Parliament. He was, in 
 the year 1856, a candidate for the office of Superintendent of 
 Nelson, but was defeated. At a meeting of Waimea 
 electors, called by him at Richmond for the purpose of 
 laying before them an account of what had transpired in the 
 first session of Parliament held at Auckland, and of giving 
 them his reason for voting as he had done, Mr. Alfred 
 Saunders, his well-known opponent in Provincial politics, 
 moved a vote of thanks and confidence, saying in support, 
 that it should not be an expression of political opinion, 
 but merely an approval of Dr. Munro's conduct during the 
 past session. He reminded the meeting that the approval 
 and testimony of a political opponent was more valuable 
 than the adulation of a political friend. The resolution was 
 carried unanimously. Dr. Munro, on the great question of 
 " responsible government," spoke and voted with those who 
 battled hard and successfully to secure it. Some delay was 
 experienced in getting the system recognised. As in all 
 popular governments of the Anglo-Saxon race " foundations 
 of good policy are laid amid storm and turmoil," so has 
 it been in New Zealand. 
 
 NEVILL, The Right Rev. Samuel Tarratt, D.D., 
 
 Bishop of Dunedin, was educated at Magdalen College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1866, obtaining a
 
 140 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 second class in the Natural Sciences Tripos, and M.A. in 
 1 869. After taking orders he was collated to the rectory of 
 Shelton, Staffordshire, which he held till his election by the 
 Diocesan Synod, in 1871, to the see of Dunedin. He was 
 consecrated in St. Paul's Church, Otago, July loth, 1871. 
 
 NORM AN BY, George Augustus Constantine 
 Phipps, Marquis of, succeeded to the title in 1863, and 
 received the title of G.C.M.G. in 1877, and of K.C.M.G. in 
 1874. He was Ensign and Lieutenant of the Scots Fusilier 
 Guards in 1838, Major of the North York Militia in 1841, and 
 he was appointed Deputy-Lieutenant of Yorkshire in 1844. 
 He was M.P. for Scarborough from 1847 to 1851, and again 
 in 1852. On being made Comptroller in July, 1851, he 
 was admitted to the Privy Council, and became Treasurer 
 of the Queen's Household from January, 1853, to February, 
 1858. He received the appointment of Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Nova Scotia, January, 1858, and resigned that appoint- 
 ment in September, 1863. Thereafter he became succes- 
 sively Governor of Queensland, in 1871 : Governor of New 
 Zealand, October, 1874; and Governor of Victoria, 1879. 
 
 OLLIVIER, John, was born in the year 1811. For 
 twenty years Mr. Ollivier carried on the business of a pub- 
 lisher in the city of London. His firm claimed the 
 honour of having published Kinglake's " Eothen." While so 
 engaged he initiated the Corn Law League a society which 
 flourished for some years under the presidencies of the 
 Dukes of Buckingham and Richmond. Having abandoned 
 this line of business, Mr. Ollivier arrived in the colony 
 of New Zealand in 1853, and selected Canterbury as 
 his future home. He is well known throughout the 
 colony of New Zealand, but better known to the people of 
 Canterbury as a public-spirited man one who has ever
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 14! 
 
 made it his business to identify himself with the people in 
 all their legitimate and clearly expressed desires. Mr. 
 Ollivier for many years was engaged in business in the pro- 
 vince as an auctioneer, and was at the same time a worker 
 in carrying on Provincial Government. In his time he held 
 many and various offices in the Canterbury Provincial 
 Council, being a member during many sessions. He was 
 Provincial Secretary in Mr. Moorhouse's government. On 
 his appointment to the office of Secretary, during that gentle- 
 man's term of office, he was the first to propose the construc- 
 tion of the Lyttelton and Christchurch railway, and carried 
 through the Council the proposal to connect the Port and 
 the Plains by means of the tunnel. He was afterwards 
 appointed Speaker of the Provincial Council. On his 
 retirement from that position, he was appointed Provincial 
 Auditor, and continued such up to the time of the abolition 
 of the provinces. He still holds a somewhat similar office 
 under the General Government, and is actively engaged in 
 the performance of Magisterial duties at Lyttelton and 
 Christchurch. 
 
 ORMOND, John, M.H.R. Mr. Ormond has had as 
 long an experience of colonial, official, and political life as 
 any other public man well known to the colonists of New 
 Zealand. He was at Wellington, acting as secretary to a 
 Governor, before he entered politics. He early became a 
 settler in the district of Hawke's Bay, whilst it formed part 
 of the Province of Wellington. When, under the operation 
 of the New Provinces Act, 1858, Hawke's Bay was cut off 
 from Wellington, and constituted a separate province, Mr. 
 Ormond warmly espoused its cause. For some years he 
 held the office of Superintendent, and, with the late Sir 
 Donald McLean, studied its requirements and furthered its
 
 142 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 interests up to the time of the abolition of the provinces. 
 As far back as 1863, if not before that year, Mr. Ormond 
 held a seat in Parliament, representing a Hawke's Bay 
 constituency, and for many sessions continued to sit in the 
 House as one of its Representatives. In the year 1872 he 
 accepted the portfolio of Public Works and Immigration. 
 In this year the Ministry of which he was a member was 
 defeated ; but, on their return to office in the same session, 
 Mr. Ormond regained his old position. In the Waterhouse 
 Ministry he was Minister of Public Works. On the retire- 
 ment of Mr. Waterhouse from the Premiership, he ceased to 
 hold office ; but subsequently, in 1875, under Dr. Pollen, 
 he again accepted the portfolio of Crown Lands. In 1876 
 he appears to have held the office of Minister of Crown 
 Lands, and in 1877 of Public Works. Mr. Ormond was a 
 loyal supporter of the policy of the late Sir Donald McLean 
 in Native affairs, and did good service in striving to make it a 
 success. He is still one of the Representatives of Hawke's 
 Bay Provincial District. 
 
 O'RORKE, Sir Maurice, is the third son of the 
 late Rev. John O'Rorke, of Moylough, county Gal way, Ire- 
 land, by his wife Elizabeth Dennis, sister of the late John 
 Dennis, of Benningham House, Tuam, in the same county. 
 He and his five brothers were educated at the late Dr. 
 Smyth's school at Stillorzan, near Dublin, whence he passed 
 to Trinity College, obtaining at entrance the Dublin Exhibi- 
 tion, which was then open to candidates from all Dublin 
 schools and was in examination, rank, and privileges the 
 same as the exhibitions attached to the Royal schools of 
 Ireland. He obtained classical honours during his Univer- 
 sity career, and upon obtaining his degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts emigrated to Victoria. Here he went through the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 143 
 
 regular stages of Victorian life in the hey-day of the gold 
 diggings, being in turn gold digger, resident on squatting 
 stations, and overlander, traversing frequently the country 
 between Melbourne, the Murray, Murrumbidgee, the 
 Lachlan, and Sydney. In June, 1854, he came to Auckland 
 with his fellow collegian Henry Taylor, well-known through- 
 out that province as the first Secretary and Inspector of Edu- 
 cation. These two young gentlemen at first tried their hands 
 at farming in Tapakura and Onehunga. Potato growing for 
 the Melbourne market was one of the important operations 
 of the day, but the fluctuations in that business were such 
 as not to make it remunerative. In the year 1857, Auck- 
 land's late Superintendent, Mr. John Williamson, appointed 
 Mr. O'Rorke clerk of the Provincial Council. In that 
 capacity he served a short period under Mr. Speaker Bartley, 
 and throughout the whole of the Speakership of Captain 
 Powditch. In the meanwhile Onehunga had risen to im- 
 portance, and, by the Representation Act of 1860, was 
 separated from the pensioner settlements of Otahuhu, Pan- 
 mure, and Howick, and constituted a distinct electoral 
 district : Mr. O'Rorke, at the end of 1860, offered him- 
 self as a candidate to represent it in the General Assembly, 
 and after a very keen contest came in a winner by a 
 majority of one. From that day to this he has, without 
 a break, continued to represent the town of Onehunga 
 in the General Assembly of New Zealand, although 
 Onehunga has become merged in the electoral district of 
 Manukau. At this early date the struggle between the 
 Centralists and Provincialists had commenced, and Mr. 
 O'Rorke entered the ranks of the latter, and gave the party 
 an unwavering allegiance. Mr. Williamson was Superin- 
 tendent of the province at this time, and b.Jween him and 
 Mr. O'Rorke a fast personal and political friendship existed
 
 144 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 during fifteen years' service together in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, which friendship was only terminated when Mr. 
 O'Rorke, as Deputy-Superintendent of the province, acted 
 as chief mourner in laying the late Superintendent in his 
 grave in 1875. A dissolution of the Auckland Provincial 
 Council took place in 1865, during the sitting of the 
 Assembly in Wellington. Mr. O'Rorke was nominated in his 
 absence for a seat in the Provincial Council as one of the 
 members for Onehunga. He was returned, and on the new 
 Provincial Council being convened by Mr. Whitaker (now 
 Sir Frederick Whitaker) as Superintendent of the province, 
 Mr. O'Rorke was elected Speaker. This office he held till 
 the province was abolished, having been re-elected twice to 
 the Speakership, and twice receiving the thanks of the 
 Council on the eve of the respective dissolutions of that 
 body. As Speaker of the Provincial Council he, of course, 
 abstained from taking a side with either the Government or 
 the Opposition in their various trials of strength, but he was 
 always vigilant to look after the interests of his constituents, 
 the dissemination of learning by means of the establishment 
 of the Auckland Grammar School, and the creation of 
 country libraries. In the Provincial Council Library he took 
 naturally (as Speaker) the greatest interest, and always 
 advocated its being converted into a public library. In the 
 General Assembly Mr. O'Rorke, being a Provincialist, spent 
 most of his time in the ranks of the Opposition, as the Pro- 
 vincialist party had only the session of 1861 to their credit 
 until they attained office in 1869. On this last occasion the 
 Fox-Vogel Government placed Mr. Gisborne, who had been 
 Under-Secretary for the colony many years, in the Legisla- 
 tive Council to conduct the Government business, and 
 offered the vacant Secretaryship (^800) to Mr. O'Rorke. 
 This offer he declined, preferring the Auckland Speakership
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 145 
 
 to the Colonial Under-Secretaryship. The next year, owing 
 to Mr. Carleton not being re-elected member of the House 
 of Representatives, the Chairmanship of Committees in the 
 House fell vacant, and Mr. O'Rorke was unanimously chosen 
 to fill that chair, which he did till the formation of the 
 Waterhouse Ministry in 1872. He was next offered 
 and accepted a seat in the Cabinet. On the retirement of 
 Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. O'Rorke continued in the Ministry 
 under the Premiership of Sir Julius Vogel, until that gentle- 
 man submitted his memorable resolutions of 1874 to blot 
 out all the provinces in the North Island, and retain all the 
 provinces in the South Island. On these propositions being 
 made he withdrew from the Ministry. In the following year, 
 on the death of Mr. John Williamson, Mr. O'Rorke being 
 Deputy Superintendent was expected to stand for the 
 Superintendency of Auckland, but he declined to offer him- 
 self until it was known whether Sir George Grey would 
 undertake the duty. Sir George having agreed to stand, 
 Mr. O'Rorke was chosen to propose him. To Sir George 
 Grey as successor to Mr. Williamson in provincial and 
 general politics, he gave all the support that lay in his power. 
 The Chairmanship of Committees in the House of Represen- 
 tatives again becoming vacant in 1875, he was unanimously 
 re-elected. The Premiership of Sir George Grey opened the 
 door of the Speakership of the House of Representatives 
 to Mr. O'Rorke. Sir John Richardson, the Speaker of the 
 Legislative Council, having died in 1879, the Premier 
 appointed Sir William Fitzherbert to the post, thereby 
 creating a vacancy in the Speakership of the House ; and on 
 Parliament meeting, at the Premier's proposal, seconded by 
 Major Atkinson, leader of the Opposition, Mr. O'Rorke 
 was unanimously elected to fill the vacancy. A dissolution 
 taking place the next month, the same ceremony was 
 
 L
 
 146 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 re-enacted in September, 1879, the Hon. Mr. Hall 
 as leader of the Opposition standing sponsor for Mr. 
 O'Rorke. On this gentleman being twice elected 
 Speaker, Sir George Grey submitted his name for recom- 
 mendation, by Sir Hercules Robinson, to the Queen for 
 the honour of Knighthood. This dignity was conferred 
 by Her Majesty on Mr. O'Rorke in July, 1880. Sir Maurice 
 O'Rorke has since then been twice re-elected Speaker, 
 namely on the iSth May, 1882, and on the jth August, 1884. 
 He was for many years a member of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, and is now chairman of the Board of Governors 
 of the Auckland Grammar School. He was a member of 
 the Improvement Commission during its existence, and 
 was chairman of the Royal Commission which sat during 
 the last two years upon the subject of the University and 
 secondary education of the colony. He is a member of the 
 Senate of the New Zealand University, and is chairman of 
 the Council of the Auckland University College. Mr. 
 O'Rorke married an Auckland lady, Miss Cecilia Sheppard, 
 third daughter of the late Alexander Sheppard, who was 
 appointed to the office of Colonial Treasurer by the Imperial 
 Government in the time of our first Governor. 
 
 PATTESON, John Coleridge, late Bishop of Me- 
 lanesia, was born in London, April ist, 1827. His father 
 an honoured judge of England was a sound, conscientious 
 churchman of the old, school, but he was also a lover and 
 promoter of all innocent enjoyment and mirth : his mother 
 was a niece of the poet S. T. Coleridge. As a boy, Patte- 
 son had a full share of faults, as well as of excellencies. 
 After spending a short time at the old foundation school of 
 Ottery St. Mar)-, he went first to Eton, and thence, in 
 1845, to Oxford. His Oxford life was marked by much the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 147 
 
 same characteristics as had distinguished him at Eton. His 
 character made him an almost universal favourite. Pos- 
 sessing a large store of fun, high-spirited and manly, he was 
 a crack hand at cricket, and enjoyed, like most Etonians, 
 an occasional skirmish with the "clods." In contrast to 
 this, a consideration for others, a certain " bright goodness " 
 that sprang from the heart, and a deep underflowing current 
 of seriousness, coming to the surface strikingly at various 
 turns in his career, won for him that respect and confidence 
 which is alone the true basis of friendship. Though not 
 quite in the first rank as regards scholarship, he aimed high, 
 and generally stood above the average. He had high capa- 
 bilities, and the lapse of time was marked by an increased 
 application to study. At Oxford he took a second class in 
 the school of Literce Humaniores, and was shortly after- 
 wards elected a Fellow of Merton. He then devoted five 
 years to travelling on the Continent. Professor Max 
 Miiller met him at Dresden, in 1853, "revelling in the 
 treasures of ancient Italian art, working hard at Hebrew, 
 Arabic, and German, and delighting in all that the best 
 minds of modern Europe could supply in literature, science, 
 and art." Towards the close of 1853 he was ordained to 
 the curacy of Alfington, a small church on the outskirts of 
 Ottery St. Mary, in Devonshire. A year had scarcely elapsed 
 when he came under the influence of Bishop Selwyn, whose 
 wide diocese embraced the whole of New Zealand and the 
 vast number of islands sprinkled <^ver the South Pacific 
 northwards to the Equator. The Bishop had at that time 
 visited England, anxiously seeking to enlist volunteers for 
 the work he had been so successful in setting on foot. To 
 such a field of missionary enterprise Patteson had looked 
 forward from his earliest years ; and he at once volunteered, 
 placing himself in Bishop Selwyn's hands. In the spring of
 
 148 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 1855 tne party embarked in the "Duke of Portland," and 
 arrived at Auckland on July 5th. On his arrival Mr. 
 Patteson was for some time the guest of Chief Justice Sir 
 William Martin. Shortly after, he started on his first coast- 
 ing voyage in the "Southern Cross" his future home 
 visiting the several southern ports of New Zealand and 
 Chatham Islands. Four months' travelling on foot in the 
 bush, among the native villages, was to follow. On May 
 ist, 1856, the anchor was weighed, and the vessel turned 
 her head north-west to call at Sydney, and thence to cruise 
 amongst the islands of Melanesia the scene of Patteson's 
 future labours. The headquarters of the mission were at 
 St. John's College, Kohimarama, about five miles from 
 Auckland : thither young Natives of both sexes were 
 brought, and, after receiving a useful education and reli- 
 gious training, were returned to their respective islands to 
 act as teachers and pastors of their own tribes. Norfolk 
 Island was afterwards, in 1866, chosen as the focus of these 
 operations. Into this work Mr. Patteson consecrated 
 Bishop of Melanesia in 1 86 1 threw himself with all his 
 enthusiasm. Once he writes : " I am a most complete 
 skipper. I feel as natural with a quadrant in my hand as of 
 old with a cricket bat. Then I have good saltwater baths, 
 and see glorious sunsets tind sunrises, and starlight nights ; 
 and the great many-voiced ocean, the winds and waves 
 chiming all night with a solemn sound, lapping against my 
 ear as I lie in my cativas bed and fall sound asleep and 
 dream of home." Amidst the harassing cares and trying 
 ordeals of his episcopate, he carried a soul open to the sun- 
 light and the breath of heaven. A man of " fine talents 
 and high culture," he could appreciate fellowship with those 
 of like stamp ; yet he withdrew from everything not bearing 
 directly on his proper work, in order that he might devote
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 149 
 
 the few hours thus gained to instructing his lads. He 
 laboured on with unflagging zeal, and those who were 
 brought into close contact with him were drawn towards 
 him with the deepest affection. The losses by death and 
 the physical exposure of a few years wrought heavily upon 
 his system, but he refused to quit his post. He gave his 
 life to those fickle untamed islanders often, in simple 
 faith, landing alone upon their shores. It was thus he 
 landed on the coral islet of Nukapu at midday on Sep- 
 tember aoth, 1872, and crossing the white line of sand was 
 escorted by the natives into the foliage beyond. A half- 
 hour elapsed, when suddenly a shower of poisoned arrows 
 fell upon the ship's boat, mortally wounding two of the 
 crew. Hours passed by; there was no appearance of the 
 Bishop. Late in the afternoon his body was recovered, 
 floating in the lagoon. The skull was shattered and the 
 crown cloven, but "the sweet face still smiled," blessing 
 his enemies even in death. From his breast were drawn 
 forth the long leaflets of the palm frond, tied in five knots 
 the Bishop had fallen a victim to the labour traffic, the 
 scourge of these lovely islands and their despised race. The 
 tragic news sent a shock of horror throughout the colonies 
 and the mother country. Many were the tributes offered 
 to the memory of one so well known and so much beloved 
 one " who," said Max Miiller, " as by a terrible flash of 
 lightning was suddenly revealed by his death in all his 
 grandeur and human majesty." The tragedy which 
 envelopes the history of the South Seas, as of unhappy 
 Africa, will form a dark background in the literature to be 
 of British peoples on this side the world. 
 
 POMPALIER, The Right Rev. Bishop Pompalier 
 was the first Roman Catholic missionary bishop that came
 
 150 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 to New Zealand. Arriving at Hokianga in the North in the 
 year 1838, accompanied by two priests, he was stationed 
 first at the mouth of one of the tributary streams. Not 
 long afterwards he removed his headquarters to the little 
 town of Kororareka, in the Bay of Islands ; and after its 
 destruction he moved into Auckland, which remained his 
 headquarters during the rest of his episcopate. As he was 
 liberally supplied with funds from home to carry on mission 
 work, he soon gathered round him an influential body of 
 men, having, besides laymen, as many as twenty priests at his 
 command for service in the North Island. He laboured 
 long and earnestly in spreading the Roman Catholic re- 
 ligion amongst the Natives, and only gave up his spiritual 
 rule when no longer able to perform to his own satisfaction 
 the duties appertaining to his position. The " Annals of 
 the Propaganda of the Faith " stated that " Monsignor 
 Pompalier, worn out by the labours of an apostleship of 
 thirty-three years in New Zealand, begged the Sovereign 
 Pontiff to allow him to retire from the duties of the apostolic 
 see of Auckland." On his retirement, His Holiness con- 
 ferred on him the title of Archbishop of Amasia in partibus. 
 
 PRENDERGAST, Sir James, Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, New Zealand. Sir James is the son of 
 Sergeant Prendergast, well known in the Old Country as 
 Judge of the Small Debts Court for the City of London. 
 He was called to the Bar, April i5th, 1856; and, after 
 practising his profession in England for a time, emigrated 
 to New Zealand, selecting Otago as his home. Here he 
 remained until he removed to Wellington to fill the office of 
 non-political Attorney-General. Subsequently he was raised 
 to the Bench, being appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, a position he still occupies.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 151 
 
 PYKE, Vincent, M.H.R., was born 4th February, 
 1827, in Somersetshire, England, and came out 
 to South Australia in 1851. On arriving in Gulf St. 
 Vincent, Mr. Pyke learned from the pilot that gold had 
 been discovered in New South Wales and Victoria. From 
 Adelaide he went on to Victoria, donned the blue shirt, and 
 tramped to Mount Alexander better known as Forest Creek. 
 At Fryer's Creek, Bendigo, and elsewhere he worked as a 
 gold miner for about two years, with varying success. In 
 1853 Mr. Pyke gave up mining and began storekeeping at 
 Montgomery Hill, Forest Creek, in the Castlemaine district. 
 On several occasions he took a leading part in local public 
 affairs. He was deputed by the miners to interview the 
 Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, on the subject of the gold 
 commissioner's regulations. The men with whom he 
 became thus connected were so pleased with the result, 
 that when the Governor extended the power of electing 
 representatives for the gold fields, they carried him shoulder 
 high to a public meeting, and compelled him to stand for 
 the district. In 1855 he was elected to represent the Mount 
 Alexander gold-fields, in the old semi-nominee Legislative 
 Council. The members of the Government at that time 
 were appointed by the Colonial office in London. They 
 were Messrs. Stawell (now Chief Justice), Attorney-General ; 
 Molesworth, (now Judge), Solicitor General ; Childers (now 
 Right Hon.). Commissioner of Trade and Customs ; 
 Captain (now Sir Andrew) Clarke, Surveyor General ; 
 Captain M'Mahon, Commissioner of Police, and W. C. 
 Harris, Colonial Secretary. Mr. Pyke may be regarded as 
 one of the fathers of the ballot, then adopted for the first 
 time in British dominions, the bill being carried in the teeth 
 of a hostile nominee Government by a majority of eight, the 
 exact number of the special members for the gold fields. He
 
 152 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 was again elected in 1856 for Castlemaine as a member of the 
 Legislative Assembly under the new constitution ; and in 
 1857 he was appointed emigration agent in England, in con- 
 junction with Mr. (now the Right Hon.) Hugh C. E. 
 Childers, and went home accordingly. In 1857-8 Mr. 
 Pyke remained in England, and during the time delivered 
 some lectures on the ballot, at the request of the Ballot 
 Society. At the end of 1858 he returned to Victoria, and 
 was appointed Warden and Magistrate at Sandhurst (Ben- 
 digo), which office he held about eighteen months. He then 
 resigned, again stood for Castlemaine, was elected, and, at 
 the fall of the O'Shanassy Ministry, was appointed 
 Commissioner of Trade and Customs. He afterwards held 
 the offices of Commissioner of Public Works and President 
 of the Board of Land and Works. As chairman of the 
 Board of Science, he had charge of mining affairs ; in this 
 capacity he sent out the prospecting expeditions headed by 
 Alfred Howitt and others, which resulted in the discovery 
 of the Gippsland and contiguous gold-fields. Mr. Pyke 
 from first to last was elected seven times for Castlemaine, 
 three times owing to the acceptance of new offices, and 
 once with a clear majority of eleven hundred votes. He 
 was a colleague of the present Premier of Victoria, Mr. 
 Service. In 1862, being still a member of the Victorian 
 Parliament, he visited Otago in search of health and to inspect 
 the gold-fields at Tuapeka. Whilst in Dunedin he was offered 
 the office of Head of the Gold-fields Department by the 
 Otago Provincial Government. He accepted the offer and 
 was commissioned to organise the department, and to 
 prepare regulations for their guidance and working. The 
 whole basis of the gold-fields legislation of New Zealand 
 may almost be said to be due to Mr. Pyke. He framed 
 all the original regulations which are still the ground-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 153 
 
 work of mining law ; and in 1866 he drafted the Gold-fields 
 Act, \\hich many assert has not been improved upon by the 
 Mines Act of 1877. He was also the author in Victoria of the 
 Limited Liability Act, which has been adopted in New Zealand. 
 He held the office of Secretary of Gold-fields until 1867, when 
 it was abolished in consequence of a dispute between the 
 Colonial and Provincial governments as to the granting of 
 the delegated powers under the Gold-fields Act to the Super- 
 intendent of Otago. He was then appointed Warden and 
 Resident Magistrate of the Dunstan district, and subse- 
 quently of Tuapeka. In 1873 he resigned these offices, and 
 again began parliamentary life as member for Wakatipu, after 
 a hard-fought contest against four local candidates. In 1875 
 he was returned for the Dunstan district, which he continues 
 to represent in Parliament, having stood the brunt of four 
 elections. Mr. Vincent Pyke is the composer of the 
 patriotic song, " The Old Flag," which promises to become 
 fairly popular in the colonies on account of its echo of 
 loyalty. 
 
 REDWOOD, Right Rev. Francis, D.D., Roman 
 Catholic Bishop of Wellington, N.Z., was born on the 8th of 
 April, 1839, at the Lower Hanyard, Fixall estate, Stafford- 
 shire, England. He came to the colony amongst the 
 earliest pioneers, under the auspices of the " New Zealand 
 Company," arriving at Wellington along with his parents and 
 family of three brothers and four sisters, on board the ship 
 "George Fife," Captain Pike, in 1842. The Redwood 
 family then settled on the Waimea plains, about 14 miles 
 from Nelson, at a spot afterwards called " Stafford Place," 
 where Francis spent his childhood up to the age of eleven, 
 and acquired a knowledge of the rudiments. Till he 
 reached the age of fifteen, he attended the excellent
 
 154 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 school at Nelson kept by the Venerable Father Garin, and 
 there commenced the study of music and of the ancient and 
 modern languages. Thereupon he went, by his own 
 desire to study for the church, to France, to the 
 College of St. diamond, Loire, an excellent institu- 
 tion under the management of the Fathers of the 
 Society of Mary, where he made very rapid progress, taking 
 a number of prizes, and among them the first prize in 
 Rhetoric for French discourses. While there he also 
 became president of the College Literary Society, for which 
 he wrote a number of essays in Latin and French, prose and 
 verse. On the termination of his classical course, he 
 proceeded to the south of -France, and at a place called 
 Montbel, a few miles from Hyeres, he studied Philosophy and 
 Divinity. On being sent by his superiors to Ireland, he 
 taught various branches of a classical course at St. Mary's 
 College, Dundalk, until his ordination to the priesthood, 
 which took place at Maynooth, on June 6th, 1865. The 
 following years he spent chiefly in Dublin as a professor 
 of Dogmatic Theology, until he was appointed by the 
 Holy See to the Bishopric of Wellington, New Zealand. 
 He was consecrated on St. Patrick's Day, March lyth, 
 1874, by His Eminence, Cardinal Manning, then Arch- 
 bishop of Westminster, at St. Ann's, Spitalfields, London, 
 and shortly after arrived in the colony. Here he has since 
 had a very busy life, his charge being the largest Roman 
 Catholic diocese in New Zealand, comprising the whole of 
 the former provincesof the colony, with the exception of Otago 
 and Auckland, which respectively form the other two 
 catholic dioceses. His Lordship has been more conspicuous 
 as a preacher than as an author, his published writings being 
 a few lectures, sermons, the funeral orations of the late 
 Archbishop of Sydney, Roger Bede Vaughan, and various
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 155 
 
 articles to the Catholic periodicals of the day. He is a 
 member of the Senate of the University of New Zealand, 
 and is now, 1885, in his 47th year. 
 
 REID, Donald, was one of Otago's first settlers, and 
 has served politically both the colony and the province in 
 which he has so long dwelt. Mr. Reid's provincial career 
 in Otago extended over many years, during which time he 
 held important executive offices. He was elected to the 
 House of Representatives in 1865, where he took an active 
 part, especially in connection with legislation upon the 
 disposal of Crown Lands. He had a portfolio in the 
 Whitaker Ministry, and, upon ceasing to hold office in 1878, 
 he retired from Parliamentary life. He has since devoted 
 himself to business in the City of Dunedin, where he still 
 lives. 
 
 REYNOLDS, William Hunter, M.L.C. Born 
 in Kent, England, ist May, 1822, he at an early age visited 
 Portugal and Spain, in which countries his father for many 
 years carried on a mercantile business. At the age of 
 twenty, he went to London and took charge of the business 
 of " Thomas Reynolds <Sc Son," which he continued to 
 manage for some years. During the last three years spent in 
 England he carried on a private agency. Mr. Reynolds 
 arrived in Otago, New Zealand, January, 1851, accompanied 
 by his father and family. Shortly after this he visited 
 California, taking a. cargo from Hobart, Tasmania. On his 
 return to New Zealand, he joined the firm of "James 
 Macandrew & Co," on equal terms, and for a short time 
 turned his attention also to runholding and farming. In 1853 
 he was elected a member of the Provincial Council of Otago, 
 retaining a seat therein up to the abolition of the Provinces 
 in 1876. Mr. Reynolds held office from time to time in the
 
 156 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Provincial Executive, and was speaker of the Council for 
 four years. In 1855 he undertook to act in Victoria as 
 honorary Immigration Agent for the province. He made 
 a second trip to Victoria with the same object ; the result 
 of these trips was the introduction into the province of 
 about 600 settlers, most of whom became purchasers of 
 land. He again gave his honorary services to the province 
 in supervising immigration from England, owing to which 
 about 3000 souls were landed in Otago in eighteen months. 
 On his return in 1858, he retired from the firm of "James 
 Macandrew & Co.," and erected the first bonded store in 
 Dunedin, capable of holding 5000 tons of goods, which was 
 the only store of the kind there up to the time of the discovery 
 of gold in the Province. Mr. Reynolds carried on active 
 business up to 1867, when he retired. In 1863 he was 
 elected to the General Assembly as the representative of 
 Dunedin, which constituency he continued to represent till 
 1876. After the abolition of the provinces, he sat for 
 Port Chalmers for two sessions, and then resigned. In 
 1878 he accepted a seat in the Legislative Council which 
 he still holds. In 1872 Mr. Reynolds joined the Water- 
 house Government, and held the various offices of 
 Commissioner of Customs, Marine and Colonial Secretary, 
 acting Postmaster General, Telegraph Commissioner, Minister 
 of Justice,and CommissionerofStamps. In 1872 heattended 
 the meeting of delegates of the Australasian colonies held in 
 Sydney. He is a member of the Otago University Council, 
 of the High School Board of Governors, and of the Otago 
 Church Board of Property. He is Vice-president of the 
 Dunedin Savings Bank, and was Lloyd's agent from the 
 date of his first arrival in Dunedin till August, 1885. In 
 1885 he became a member, without portfolio, of the Stout- 
 Vogel Ministry.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 157 
 
 RHODES, Robert Heaton, was born at Rother- 
 ham, Yorkshire, 1815. Having followed agricultural pursuits 
 in England till some time after he attained the age of 
 manhood he, emigrated to Australia, and remained there 
 some eight or nine years. Coming to New Zealand in the 
 year 1848-1849, he first settled at Purau, Rhodes' Bay. 
 Subsequently, with his brother George, he laid the foundations 
 of the settlement of Timaru. These enterprising brothers 
 were the first to take stock south of the Rangitata River ; 
 and their estate, " The Levels," soon became known for its 
 large extent and thriving condition. Somewhat later on, 
 Mr. Robert Rhodes invested largely in land in the Provincial 
 district of Hawkes Bay. For one so largely engaged in 
 country pursuits and business speculations of a private 
 nature, he did his share of work in political and other public 
 matters. He represented Akaroa in the Provincial Council 
 of Canterbury in 1853, and held a seat for 10 years. He 
 was also for a time one of the Provincial Executive during 
 the superintendency of William Sefton Moorhouse. In the 
 years 1871, 1872, and 1873, he represented Akaroa in the 
 General Assembly. In 1873 severe illness attacked him, 
 and he felt it necessary to resign his position in Parliament 
 He then visited England, and was absent from the 
 colony for four years; and after his return he took no further 
 part in public affairs. The inhabitants of Christchurch owe 
 to him the Cathedral tower and eight of the ten bells 
 hanging in it. The spire surmounting the tower is the gift 
 of the children of the late George Rhodes, his brother. Mr. 
 Rhodes was a remarkable example of the successful issues of 
 self-help. 
 
 RICHARDSON, Sir John, M.L.C., was born in 
 Bengal Presidency, India, on the 4th August, 1810, and
 
 158 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 educated at Addiscombe. Early in the year 1829 he 
 returned to India as an artillery cadet ; and, having passed 
 for the Bengal Horse Artillery, he entered the East India 
 Company's service in the following year, 1830. Then, for 
 a period of 22 years, he was actively engaged in military 
 service. In the Afghan and Sikh wars he served under 
 Lord Gough and Sir Harry Smith, and was aide-de-camp to 
 the latter General. He was also engaged at Cabul in 1842, 
 and was presented with medals and clasps for the battles 
 there and at Ferozeshah. Upon his return from Cabul he 
 received an appointment on the General staff, and had for 
 several years sole charge of the powder magazine at Dum- 
 Dum. In the year 1851 he retired from the service, and 
 in the following year paid hi.s first visit to New Zealand, 
 afterwards publishing his experience in a volume, called "A 
 Summers Excursion;" at the same time he published a 
 volume in blank verse, entitled " The first Christian Martyr 
 in Xew Zealand." He returned to England the same year ; 
 and took his final departure from the old country for Otago 
 in 1856, settling in the Molyneux district. After several 
 years residence m the colony, he was prevailed upon to 
 accept a seat in the Provincial Council of Otago for Clutha ; 
 and upon taking his seat was unanimously chosen Speaker. 
 In 1 86 1 he was returned as Superintendent of the Province 
 of Otago. After this he was again elected for Clutha, and 
 was again appointed Speaker, which position he maintained 
 until 1865, when he resigned in order to take a seat in the 
 Stafford Government. From 1861 to 1863 he represented 
 Dunedin in the General Assembly, and then resigned. In 
 1866 he was elected by a Taranaki constituency, and repre- 
 sented it continuously until the date of his elevation to the 
 higher branch of the Legislature, the Legislative Council, of 
 which he at once received the Speakership. To a large
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 159 
 
 extent the passing of Mr. Bradshaw's Factory Act through 
 the Upper House was due to Sir John Richardson's strong 
 sympathy and active help ; and he left behind him a forcibly 
 written pamphlet, addressed to parents, urging upon them 
 the necessity of maintaining in force the principles of that 
 Act. In addition to the important political offices held by Sir 
 John Richardson, he succeeded the late Rev. Dr. Burns as 
 Chancellor of the Otago University. He was always a hard- 
 working and broad-principled educationist ; and he took a 
 deep interest in the Otago High Schools as forming the 
 stepping stones to a university training. He died in the 
 year 1879. 
 
 RICHARDSON, The Hon. Edward, C.M.G. 
 
 Mr. Richardson arrived in Canterbury in 1861. He was first 
 known to the Canterbury public as a partner of Mr. Holmes 
 in the contract for the tunnel between Lyttleton and Christ- 
 church. On the completion of this great work, Messrs. 
 Holmes and Richardson contracted with the Provincial 
 Government of Canterbury for a considerable extension of 
 the southern line of railway. Mr. Richardson sat in the 
 House of Representatives as one of the members for the 
 city of Christchurch from 1871 to 1879 ; and he has held the 
 portfolio of Public Works, in the Vogel, the Pollen, and 
 Atkinson Ministries from 1882 to 1884. In the general 
 election of 1884 he was again returned to Parliament for 
 the constituency of Kaiapoi, and is now holding the office 
 of Minister of Public Works in the Stout- Vogel administration. 
 He was made C.M.G. in 1884, on voluntarily retiring from 
 office on account of ill-health. 
 
 RICHMOND, Major Mathew, C.B. Major Rich- 
 mond was Resident of Paxo, Ionian Islands, in 1836, and
 
 l6o MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 on departure from the island was presented with a gold 
 medal and a farewell address from the regent, bishop, 
 judges, and inhabitants. He proceeded to Canada in 1838, 
 and was appointed deputy judge advocate at St. John's, New 
 Brunswick. He came to New Zealand, and in 1840 
 received a commission to examine and report on claims to 
 grants of land in New Zealand. While engaged on this 
 duty the Wairau Massacre occurred, and Major Richmond 
 was despatched to re-establish order and confidence. As 
 chief police magistrate of the southern division of New 
 Ulster (North Island) and Cook Straits, 1843 j as 
 Superintendent of the southern division of New Zealand, 
 1 844; and as Superintendent and Resident Magistrate at 
 Nelson in 1846, he did good service to the colony. On 23rd 
 June, 1853, he was nominated to the Legislative Council by 
 Governor Sir George Grey. Major Richmond was elected 
 Chairman of Committees in July, 1865, and still holds his 
 seat in the Legislative Council. He received the Com- 
 panionship of the Bath, with an expression of Her Majesty's 
 approbation of the services rendered by him under the 
 Crown, in a despatch dated i8th May, 1860. 
 
 RICHMOND, Christopher William, Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Born in London, and 
 educated privately, Mr. Richmond was admitted to the Bar 
 in 1847, and, after practising in his profession in England 
 for a time, emigrated to New Zealand. Shortly after 
 his arrival in the colony in 1853 he was appointed to 
 the office of Provincial Solicitor for Taranaki ; and, not 
 long afterwards, was elected to a seat in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives of the General Assembly. In the year 1856 
 he was included in the Ministry formed by Mr. Stafford, 
 having as his colleagues Messrs. Stafford, Whitaker, Sewell,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. l6l 
 
 and Tancred, and later Mr. Weld. He continued to hold a 
 portfolio in this Ministry while it lasted. On the defeat of 
 Mr. Stafford's ministry Mr. Richmond became for a short 
 time leader of the Opposition to Mr. Fox's Ministry, but at 
 the end of the session withdrew from political life, and after 
 practising at Dunedin for about a year, was appointed a 
 judge of the Supreme Court: a position that he still occupies, 
 having his head quarters at Wellington. 
 
 ROBINSON, John Perry, was born at Witham, in 
 the county of Essex, August ipth, 1809. He left Witham 
 at an early age to work as a turner in London. In 1831 he 
 left London for Birmingham, where he joined the Mechanics' 
 Institute, and soon found many opportunities to improve his 
 natural talents as a politician and public speaker. He was 
 elected a member of the Committee of that Institute, as well 
 as of several Committees for the arrangement of celebrations 
 during the eleven years that he resided in Birmingham. In 
 this way he had the opportunity of working under some of 
 the most liberal and enlightened politicians in Great Britain, 
 and he always took a deep interest in all matters connected 
 with social science and political economy. In November, 
 1842, he sailed for Nelson in the "Phoebe." On arriving, 
 he was doomed to the disappointment that awaited all the 
 settlers who arrived during that period. To him the out- 
 look seemed gloomy. There was no capital, nor enterprise, 
 nor confidence, nor experience enough to employ the 
 labourers that had been attracted there by the representations 
 of the New Zealand Company. Nearly the whole population 
 was being supported by a weekly allowance from that Com- 
 pany, without efficient arrangements to obtain .anything like 
 an equivalent of useful labour in return. Not many months 
 after Mr. Robinson's arrival, the demoralized and exaspe- 
 
 M
 
 1 62 MEN' OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 rated employees of the Company paraded the town of 
 Nelson, demanding the fulfilment of the delusive promises 
 that had been made them in England, and resisting a pro- 
 posal to reduce their weekly allowance. They held public 
 meetings, harangued one another, and ultimately decided 
 that they would break open the Company's store and help 
 themselves to what they wanted ; and, when that supply 
 was exhausted, would follow the same course with ah the 
 private stores. A few words from Mr. Robinson saved them 
 from this foolish ciime. "lam." said he, "as much dis- 
 appointed as any of you, and am less fit than most of you 
 for pick and shovel work. I would gladly join you in any 
 action that would obtain justice for us, or even inflict 
 punishment upon those who have deceived us ; but your 
 proposal will do neither. There is no power here to resist 
 you ; you can be as violent as you like. The Company 
 would as soon that you took the stores all at once as that 
 they should dole them out to you week by week ; but when 
 you have proved that it is unsafe to bring stores here, will 
 they bring any more ? We want food and comforts, and 
 you propose to make it impossible to trust any here. We 
 want employment, and you propose to drive every employer 
 away, and to injure innocent men who are suffering as much 
 and losing more than ourselves." Some of the rougher 
 class tried to reply ; but this pointed speech was sufficient 
 to enlighten and quieten the crowd, and no violence was 
 attempted. This brief page from the early annals of the 
 colony gives another view of the difficulties with which the 
 New Zealand Company had to contend. For some time 
 Mr. Robinson was a teacher in the first public school in the 
 town of Nelson, established by the Nelson School Society, 
 but mainly supported by the energy and liberality of Mr. 
 Matthew Campbell. He also earned a little at his trade as
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 163 
 
 a turner. In company with a few other mechanics he after- 
 wards went across the Bay to Motupipi, and started a saw- 
 mill. In 1855 he was elected to the Nelson Provincial 
 Council as member for the district of Massacre Bay. In 
 the Council he supported non-sectarian education, the ex- 
 emption of all improvements from taxation, and the imposi- 
 tion of a tax on all unimproved land. In November, 1856, 
 he was elected Superintendent of Nelson, defeating Doctor 
 (afterwards Sir David) Monro by a very narrow majority. 
 He was twice re-elected to this position by very large 
 majorities, and retained it until his death. Whilst all 
 admitted him to be just alike to friend or foe, rich or poor, 
 he was often denounced by speculative men as slow and 
 unenterprising. He declined to run the province into debt ; 
 but its progress was uninterrupted, and its revenue steadily 
 increased during the whole of his eight years' administration. 
 He was drowned at the Buller, on the West Coast of 
 Nelson,, on January 28th, 1865. His body was never 
 recoveied. 
 
 ROBINSON, The Right Hon. Sir Hercules 
 George Robert, G.C.M.G., second son of Captain 
 Hercules Robinson, was born in 1824, and educated at the 
 Royal Military College, Sandhurst. For some years he held 
 a commission in the 8yth Foot, but retired from the service 
 in 1846, and was employed in various capacities in the civil 
 service in Ireland until 1852. He was appointed President 
 of Montserrat in 1854, Lieutenant-Governor of St. Chris- 
 topher's in 1855, and succeeded Sir John Bowring as 
 Governor of Hong Kong in 1859, receiving then the honour 
 of knighthood. Sir Hercules was promoted tc the Governor- 
 ship of Ceylon in January, 1865, and to the Governorship of 
 New South Wales in March, 1872. In August, 1874, he
 
 164 MEN* OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 proceeded to the Fiji Islands for the purpose of settling 
 matters between the British Government and the Natives. 
 On October i5th he accepted the unconditional cession of 
 the islands, annexed them to the British Empire, and 
 hoisted the British flag. For some time he retained in his 
 own hands the general supervision of the Provisional Go- 
 vernment which he established. In January, 1875, he was 
 created Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of SS. 
 Michael and George, in recognition of his services in con- 
 nection with the cession of Fiji. He was appointed, in 
 December, 1878, Governor of New Zealand, in succession 
 to the Marquis of Normanby. Thence he proceeded to 
 the Cape of Good Hope as Governor, in the place of Sir 
 Bartle Frere, August, 1880; but he came home before 
 assuming the government, which was administered in the 
 meantime by Sir George Strahan, the Governor of Tas- 
 mania. He was President of the Royal Commission for 
 the settlement of the affairs of the Transvaal, 1881 ; and on 
 May 22nd, 1883, he was sworn a member of the Privy 
 Council. 
 
 ROLLESTON, William, was one of the family of 
 ten children of the Rev. George Rolleston, M.A., who, for up- 
 wards of fifty years, was Vicar of Maltby, near Doncaster, in 
 the county of Yorkshire. He is a brother of the late Dr. 
 George Rolleston, M.D.. F.R.S., well known as Professor of 
 Physiology in the University of Oxford, and described by 
 the Public Orator in 1881, shortly after his death, as 
 "Virum excultissimi ingenii, integritatis incorruptissimae, ami- 
 cum veritatis et propugnatorem impavidum." The Rollestons 
 of Watnall, near Nottingham, are kinsmen. William Rolleston 
 was born September igth, 1831, and was educated at 
 Rossall School, Lancashire, under the late Dr. Woolley,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 165 
 
 subsequently Principal of the University of Sydney, New 
 South Wales. He entered at Emanuel College, Cam- 
 bridge, in the year 1851, and became Foundation Scholar 
 of that College in the next year. He graduated with 
 honours in the Classical Tripos in 1855. Having em- 
 barked for New Zealand in the ship "Regina," July i5th, 
 1858, he reached Port Lyttelton on November i5th of the 
 same year. He took up a run in the Forks of the Rakaia, 
 near Lake Coleridge ; and to him many of the neighbouring 
 mountains and streams owe their names. In 1863 he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the Education Commission, of which the 
 late H. J. Tancred was chairman, and which framed the 
 educational system of the Province of Canterbury. 
 The reports of the Commission appear in 'the Provincial 
 Gazette, July i8th and December ist, 1863. The subse- 
 quent growth of his opinion in favour of the system of free 
 and secular education now in force, is strongly marked in a 
 message by Mr. Rolleston to the Provincial Council in 1875. 
 He says : " Our best policy would be, I believe, to make 
 education free in all Government schools; and such a result 
 is, as I think, but a corollary upon the adoption of any 
 responsibility by the State in the matter of education." In 1881 
 the number of children of school-going age, five to fifteen, 
 attending Government schools alone was nearly 88,000, 
 while 71*32 per cent, of the white population could read and 
 write. The system of free education was adopted by the colony 
 in 1877. It was subsequent to this that Mr. Rolleston became 
 convinced of the necessity of making the system, so far as 
 the State was concerned, secular. He became Provincial 
 Secretary, and a member of the Board of Education, of 
 Canterbury in 1864. On the discovery of the gold fields on 
 the West Coast of the Middle Island, 1865, ne went as a 
 member of the Provincial Government to Hokitika with
 
 1 66 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Mr. Seed, Mr. John Rochfort, and other officers, to organise 
 the several departments of Government there. Upon his 
 return he was pressed to become a candidate for the Super- 
 intendency, which was shortly to be vacated by Mr. Bealey. 
 He declined; and soon afterwards, at the request of Mr. 
 Weld, then Premier of the colony, Mr. Rolleston took the 
 offices of Under Secretary for Native Affairs, and of In- 
 spector of Native Schools under the Colonial Government. 
 On the resignation, by Mr. Moorhouse, in 1868, of the 
 Superintendency of the Province of Canterbury, Mr. 
 Rolleston succeeded him. He was again elected in 1870, 
 after a contest with Mr. Moorhouse, and re-elected a third 
 time in the year 1874, holding the office till the abolition of 
 the provinces in 1876. A token of the high appreciation of 
 his services, on the part of the people of Canterbury was 
 shown at that time by a presentation of handsome plate, and 
 by the words of Mr. (now Sir John) Hall on the occasion. 
 Mr. Rolleston became member of the General Assembly for 
 the Avon district in 1868, and sat for that district con- 
 tinuously till the year 1884, when he became member for 
 Geraldine. He took office as Minister for Education, 
 Lands and Immigration, in the ministry of Sir John 
 Hall in 1879. He was Minister for Native Affairs, tem- 
 porarily, in the year 1881. In the year 1882 he initi- 
 ated the system of perpetual leasing of Crown lands. 
 He subsequently held the portfolios of Lands, Mines, and 
 Immigration, till the fall of the Atkinson Government in 
 1884. Mr. Rolleston whilst in Parliament ever took an 
 active part in the discussion of social, as well as political, 
 questions. To his efforts is due the establishment of the 
 first asylum in New Zealand for the deaf arid dumb. Ob- 
 serving, in the reports of 1874, that there were no less than 
 fifty-nine of these sufferers in the colony, he urged the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 167 
 
 Grey Ministry, during the sessions of 1877-78, to the 
 founding of an institution. The services of a thoroughly 
 qualified gentleman Mr. Van Asch were procured by the 
 Government ; and on the ist March, 1880, the Deaf and 
 Dumb Institution was opened at Sumner, the sea-side 
 summer retreat of Christchurch, Canterbury. The system 
 of instruction is that which is known as " the articulation 
 system," by which deaf-mutes are trained to use the organs 
 of speech, and learn both to speak, in the ordinary sense of 
 the word, and to understand, from the motion of the lips, 
 the speech of others. The use of finger signs or other con- 
 ventions employed as substitutes for speech is strictly ex- 
 cluded. The course of instruction includes reading and 
 writing in the first instance, followed by English composi- 
 tion, arithmetic, geography, history, drawing, and other 
 branches of education. At the close of the first year 
 1880 the number of pupils was 10 ; in the present year 
 1885 the number stands at 36. An annual report from the 
 Minister of Education, of the progress of the institution, is 
 laid before Parliament at its assembling. It is visited as 
 occasion requires by the Medical Officer and the Inspector 
 of Schools. In the words of the Inspector : " The deaf are 
 taught to hear .(virtually) and the dumb to speak." Those 
 parents who have availed themselves of the advantages so 
 readily obtainable for their children speak enthusiastically 
 of the comfort of the institution and the progress made. 
 One pleasing feature of the work is the testimony of visitors 
 that the Principal and his wife Mr. and Mrs. Van Asch 
 and the officers, to whom this most arduous undertaking is 
 a labour of love, win for themselves the respect and affection 
 of their pupils. Besides this asylum, legislation in respect 
 of contagious diseases and other measures of social reform 
 owe their initiation to Mr. Rolleston. The present Museum
 
 1 68 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Building, the permanent portions of the Christchurch Hos- 
 pital, and the Lunatic Asylum and Gaols, the Supreme 
 Court, the Girls' High School, and all the educational 
 buildings in Christchurch were erected during his admin- 
 istration. But he is principally known by his administration 
 of the Crown Lands, and by his steady advocacy of a 
 national system of education, leading by successive steps 
 from the primary school to the University. His interest 
 and activity in this cause led to his being appointed one of 
 the first members of the Senate of the University of Xew 
 Zealand. 
 
 RUSSELL, Thomas, C.M.G. (1877). Mr. Thomas 
 Russell was born in the year 1830 in Cork, Ireland. In 
 the year 1839 he came to New Zealand with his parents in 
 the ship " Lady Leigh," landing at the Bay of Islands, then 
 the seat of Government of the northern part of New Zea- 
 land. At that date Auckland had not been fixed upon as 
 the capital of the colony. Mr. Russell received his educa- 
 tion through private tutors, and from the late Dr. Comrie of 
 Auckland. At an early age he was articled to the late 
 Thomas Outhwaite, Esq., remaining seven years with him 
 in acquiring a knowledge of the profession of law. He 
 passed the usual examination by the Chief Justice, Sir 
 William Martin ; and ere long became a member of the 
 firm of Messrs. Whitaker and Russell, following his pro- 
 fession for some years with considerable success. In the 
 years 1862-63, Mr. Russell was included in the Domett 
 Ministry ; and also in the subsequent \Vhitaker-Fox 
 Ministry in 1863-64. In both of these administrations he 
 held the portfolio of Defence Minister a position at that 
 time involving grave responsibility. The Whitaker-Fox 
 Ministry, it is well known, resigned in 1864, owing mainly to
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 169 
 
 a difference of opinion with the Governor, Sir George Grey, 
 on questions connected with the conduct of the Waikato 
 war and the management of Native affairs generally. On 
 his resignation of office, Mr. Russell retired from parlia- 
 mentary life. During his career as a colonist he has taken 
 a conspicuously active and leading part in the formation of 
 companies that are now deservedly spoken of as institutions 
 notably the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand 
 Insurance Company, the New Zealand Loan and Mer- 
 cantile Agency Company, and the New Zealand Land 
 Mortgage Company. He was largely connected with the 
 Thames gold fields when these were first worked ; and in 
 the last few years, with others, he has engaged extensively 
 in the laying down in grass of lands in the Waikato district. 
 Mr. Russell has been a liberal contributor to the Auckland 
 Society of Arts. 
 
 SAUNDERS, Alfred, was born at Lavington, Wilts, 
 on June 12, 1820. He was educated at Dr. Day's academy 
 in Bristol, but left school at the age of fourteen, and, like 
 his father and grandfather before him, was brought up as a 
 farmer and miller. In his father's business houses in Bath 
 and Bristol he was able, by experience, to contrast city with 
 rural life. A total abstainer before any temperance society 
 existed, we find him, at the age of sixteen, acting as secre- 
 tary of the Lavington Society. In 1840 he was elected one 
 of the delegates for the Bath Temperance Society at the 
 great Conference held that year at Bridgewater. In Sep- 
 tember, 1841, he left England with the first party of settlers 
 for Nelson, sailing in the " Fifeshire," the first of the three 
 vessels to arrive. Mr. Saunders was the first to land. On 
 board the "Fifeshire" he formed the first New Zealand 
 Temperance Society, with only five members. Soon after
 
 170 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 landing in Nelson, he took the temperance side in a lively 
 public discussion, lasting over several months, with the result 
 that at its close the Nelson Temperance Society consisted of 
 350 members. About the same time he was elected secretary 
 of the Original Land Purchase Society ; but, soon after the 
 Wairau Massacre, where so many of the leading Nelson settlers 
 were killed, he resigned that office, believing that the Society 
 had begun to exceed its functions. In 1855 he was elected 
 a member of the Nelson Provincial Council for Waimea South, 
 which district he continuously represented until he was made 
 Superintendent. In 1858 Mr. Saunders was placed by Mr. 
 Stafford's Government on the Commission of the Peace. In 
 1859 he wrote a letter to the Nelson Examiner charging 
 District Judge Travers with giving a verdict at variance with 
 the evidence, and with sending a garbled report to the press. 
 A criminal prosecution was instituted, and the case came 
 before Judge Johnston. At the last moment Mr. Saunders 
 was deprived of his solicitor, and had himself to take his 
 case into court. He was sentenced to six months' imprison- 
 ment, a fine of ^150 was inflicted, and his name was struck 
 off the Commission of the Peace. By the interposition of 
 the visiting justices of the gaol, and the enthusiastic good 
 will of the Nelson settlers, Mr. Saunders' imprisonment was 
 converted into an agreeable and highly complimentary ovation. 
 His room was overcrowded with visitors and their presents. 
 He was released by the Governor, without reference to the 
 Judge, as soon as a petition could be forwarded to Auckland 
 and an answer returned by the tardy mail of those days. That 
 petition was signed by more than a thousand of his fellow- 
 settlers, and concluded in words which paid a high compliment 
 to the reproachless public and private life of the popular and 
 distinguished prisoner during his eighteen years' residence in 
 Nelson. The District Judge resigned and left the province.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 17 1 
 
 Mr. Saunders resigned his seat in the Provincial Council, but 
 was re-elected, whilst still in gaol, without opposition. Imme- 
 diately afterwards he headed the poll as representative in 
 Parliament for the district, and his name was replaced on the 
 Commission of Peace. In the following year he was publicly 
 offered, by Mr. Fox and his party, the position of Colonial 
 Treasurer, but this he declined to accept. In 1867, during 
 his second tenure of the office of Superintendent, he resigned, 
 and took his family to England. Hitherto every proposal to 
 anticipate the revenue of the province had been. resisted, and 
 the revenue had steadily increased ; but from this time, under 
 "a more enterprising policy," it began to decline. During 
 Mr. Saunders' superintendency those long-successful mur- 
 derers, Burgess, Kelly, Levy, and Sullivan, were brought to 
 justice under circumstances which reflected so much credit 
 upon the inhabitants and Government of Nelson. These 
 men, who had long lived by murder both in Australia and 
 New Zealand, had come from the Marlborough Diggings into 
 Nelson City, killing five men on the road, and were there 
 waiting to carry out a well-laid plan to rob the Bank of 
 Australasia at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and to murder all 
 the bank's officers. Without a tittle of legal evidence against 
 them they were arrested, lodged in Nelson Gaol, and watched 
 day and night. Hundreds of men volunteered day after day 
 to search for the missing bodies, but so well had they been 
 concealed, that not a trace of them could be found. Per- 
 mission was obtained from the Premier, Mr. Stafford, to offer 
 a free pardon to an accomplice, upon which Sullivan gave 
 the information that discovered the bodies and convicted the 
 murderers. Mr. Saunders long protested strongly that the 
 spirit of his agreement with Sullivan was broken by the 
 General Government ; and, as a consquence, that clever, 
 notorious criminal was liberated after seven years' penal
 
 172 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 servitude. Whilst in England, Mr. Saunders was elected 
 President of the Bath Temperance Society. He delivered 
 lectures and wrote a pamphlet on New Zealand, and main- 
 tained a correspondence in the Standard, defending the New 
 Zealand settlers from charges of cruelty to the natives. On 
 his return to the colony, in 1872, he resided in Canterbury, 
 and was elected in 1877 to the House of Representatives for 
 Cheviot ; and again in 1879. By both Sir W. Fox and Sir 
 John Hall, as successive leaders of the Opposition, he was 
 appointed to reply to the Premier, Sir George Grey, in the 
 no confidence debates that led to the defeat of Grey's 
 Ministry. In 1880 he was appointed, by Sir John Hall's 
 Government, to a Civil Service Commission. In the capacity 
 of chairman he drew up, and defended in the House, a report 
 advising reductions of about half a million in the annual 
 expenditure on the Service. The report was coldly supported 
 by the Government, most violently attacked by the Opposi- 
 tion, and so strongly and systematically resented by the Civil 
 servants, that Mr. Saunders has never since been elected to 
 the House. In 1883 he published "Our Domestic Birds," 
 and in 1885, " Our Horses," books that have received very 
 high commendations from the British and New Zealand Press. 
 Mr. Saunders has always advocated popular education. As 
 a member of the Nelson Provincial Council he was largely 
 instrumental in building up that system which has been 
 Nelson's chief glory, and on which the colonial system has 
 been mainly based. He has also worked zealously on several 
 education committees, and has been often elected a governor 
 of Nelson College and of the Ashburton High School, and 
 a member of the Nelson and North Canterbury Educational 
 Boards. 
 
 SELFE, Henry Selfe, was born November i5th,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 173 
 
 1 8 10, at Rose Hill, near Worcester. His original name was 
 Henry Selfe Page, but the surname was changed to Selfe 
 on succeeding to his maternal grandfather's property in 
 Trowbridge, Wiltshire. He was educated at the Glasgow 
 University, and called to the Bar in 1836. Practising his 
 profession till 1854, he was then appointed stipendiary 
 magistrate, having previously held the office of recorder ot 
 Newbury, Berkshire. He was chairman of the commission 
 appointed to inquire into the Weedon defalcations, con- 
 cerning the war stores sent out to the Crimea. Mr. Selfe was 
 intimately connected with the Province of Canterbury from 
 its earliest settlement. He not only represented that province 
 in England for some years as Provincial Agent, but was also 
 included amongst its promoters and founders. He was 
 the author of a pamphlet giving a resume of the proceedings 
 of the Canterbury Association from its first embodiment to 
 the surrender of its powers and property to the province. 
 In this pamphlet explanations were given, and the mistakes 
 made by the committee of management were confessed, 
 with a frankness which was met by the colonists with 
 indulgence for errors of judgment, and with gratitude for 
 the great work done in the face of the many difficulties 
 encountered. Mr. Selfe and others came forward to aid 
 the settlement with their private credit at a time when 
 it was financially embarrassed. He with his friend, Lord 
 Lyttelton, paid a visit to the Province of Canterbury in the 
 year 1868, where he was well received by a large number of 
 Canterbury colonists, who were very anxious to give a warm 
 reception to one who had proved himself, on so many occa- 
 sions, their judicious champion. In receiving him the 
 people of Canterbury claimed to have a natural life, history, 
 and traditions of their own, and said they were- glad of every 
 opportunity of recalling the memory of the early days. Mr.
 
 174 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Selfe expressed the gratification which he felt at having served 
 the colonists, and spoke of the province as "a slice of 
 English society and nothing less." When his death was 
 announced in Canterbury, the Lyttelton Times eulogised his 
 character as that of one of their many friends, of whom 
 none had devoted more time and labour to the early 
 nurturing of the settlement. During the fifteen years he had 
 acted as agent in London he had studied the interests, and 
 made himself thoroughly conversant with the affairs, not only 
 of Canterbury, but of New Zealand. 
 
 SELWYN, George Augustus, D.D., First Bishop 
 of New Zealand, was born at Hampstead, 1809, the de- 
 scendant of an ancient family, whose roll, from the days 
 of Elizabeth onward, contains many distinguished names. 
 When seven years old he was sent to a preparatory school 
 at Ealing, kept by a Dr. Nicholas. In due course he went 
 to Eton, where his career was marked by proficiency both 
 in athletic sports and in scholarship. Thence he passed to 
 Cambridge, and graduated in 1831. In 1833, on Trinity 
 Sunday, June pth, he was ordained Deacon. His first 
 curacy was Boveney, which he undertook as a labour of 
 love. He entered the Church without hoping for temporal 
 advantage : to use his own pithy words, " we ought to be 
 willing to be tied like furze bushes to a donkey's tail, if we 
 can thereby do any good." Herein lies the secret of his 
 life's work. On Trinity Sunday. 1834, he was ordained 
 priest ; and, shortly after, he became curate of Windsor. 
 Owing mainly to his self-denial and activity in starting 
 parochial organizations, Windsor rapidly began to take the 
 lead amongst the surrounding parishes. He married ; and 
 in May, 1841, received from the Bishop (Blomfield) of 
 London a formal offer of the bishopric of New Zealand.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 175 
 
 Having accepted it, he was consecrated on Sunday, October 
 17, of the same year, in the chapel of Lambeth Palace, by 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of London, 
 Lincoln and Barbadoes. His conception of what might be 
 the nature of the duties of his colonial bishopric may be 
 inferred from the fact that he was found sitting up half a 
 night to make a waterproof belt for his watch and pedo- 
 meter. He meant to swim the rivers, pushing his clothes 
 in front of him. He had already solved the question after- . 
 wards asked, " What can a bishop do in New Zealand, 
 where there are no roads for his coach?" He touched at 
 Port Jackson, New South Wales, where he was warmly 
 welcomed by Bishop Broughton of Sydney. The young 
 Bishop arrived in New Zealand on May 3oth, 1842, with 
 power, conferred by letters patent, such as was never 
 granted to any English Bishop before power "to mould 
 the institutions of the Church from the beginning, accord- 
 ing to true principles," without State interference. The 
 first Sunday after his arrival he prayed and preached the 
 thanksgiving sermon in Maori, very much to the astonish- 
 ment and delight of both Maoris and missionaries. Imme- 
 diately afterwards he proceeded to the Thames, to aid in 
 investigating a recent massacre and in pacifying the Natives, 
 who had assembled to the number of 1000 to avenge the 
 crime. He then began the first of his long visitations by 
 land and sea, on horseback, and more frequently on foot, 
 to Wellington, Nelson, and the South Island, determined 
 to see and become acquainted with every settlement and 
 clergyman and catechist in the country. The Waikato 
 district was also traversed at this time, the Bishop going from 
 pah to pah. He returned footsore to Auckland in January, 
 1843, after accomplishing in all some 2,277 miles, having 
 walked his stout shoes off his feet. It was probably at this time
 
 176 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 that he discovered, through necessity, the edibility of the roots 
 of the native fern. In the same year St. John's College was 
 founded at Waimate afterwards transferred to Kohima- 
 rama, near Auckland with a view to provide education, 
 industrial and religious, for all classes, to rear a Native 
 ministry, to afford young settlers a temporary hostelry on 
 their arrival in the colony, and to offer a. refuge to the sick, 
 aged, and poor. To help support the clergy and carry 
 forward the work, Bishop Selwyn threw his own stipend into 
 the common diocesan fund. His next step was to guard 
 against the evils that usually accompany endowment, by 
 adopting, as governing principles, that no endowments should 
 be accepted subject to the condition of private patronage, 
 and that the income of the clergy should depend on their 
 length of service, their location, and upon their personal quali- 
 fications. By October, 1843, the church system was fairly 
 developed, and archdeacons were stationed at the principal 
 settlements. In the following year a synod was summoned 
 to frame rules for general government the first experiment 
 of the kind in the Anglican communion since Convoca- 
 tion was silenced at home. At the outbreak of the Maori 
 War the Bishop actively engaged in the work of mediation. 
 The Auckland Times of March i8th, 1845, w ^ tn reference 
 to the conflict at the Bay of Islands, says : " Fearless in the 
 very midst of the contest, Dr. Selwyn sought to allay the 
 heat of blood, and to arrest the fury of the fight : he was 
 also seen bearing the wounded from the field, afterwards 
 unwearied at the bedside of the dying ; much more than this, 
 he was the nurse, and the surgeon, and the servant of the 
 sick, as well as their spiritual attendant." The Church's 
 work advanced : in 1848 the Bishop discovered, by personal 
 observation, that throughout the whole length of New 
 Zealand there was not a village in which the Scriptures were
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 177 
 
 unknown ; out of a Native population of 100,000 more than 
 half had embraced Christianity. He then visited, in H.M.S. 
 " Dido," and afterwards in the little ship " Undine," the 
 northern portion of his vast bishopric the Pacific Isles 
 extending to the 34th degree of north latitude. " Often in 
 perils of the heathen, in perils by water," his life at 
 times hung apparently by a gossamer thread. Groups of 
 lads and girls were brought back from these islands to St. 
 John's College, where they were instructed for three years in 
 the Christian religion and in the useful arts, so that on their 
 return they might hold up the lamp of Truth and Goodness 
 amid the darkness of heathendom. Within the college the 
 study of some twenty or thirty Melanesian and Polynesian 
 languages was begun, showing the immense amount of labour 
 to be undertaken. Helpers from England increased in 
 number ; the Rev. C. J. Abraham (afterwards Bishop of 
 Wellington) arrived in 1850 ; in 1855, after a visit to 
 England, Dr. Selwyn returned to the colony accompanied 
 by Rev. J. C. Patteson, afterwards the martyr-bishop of 
 Melanesia. Owing to " the throwing out of swarms" from 
 the mother country, the white population was fast increasing, 
 and new settlements being formed ; to provide for their 
 better spiritual welfare, three additional sees were erected 
 at Wellington, Nelson, and Christchurch. On May i4th, 
 1857, the first Conference of the bishops (two in number 
 viz., Selwyn and Harper), clergy, and laity was held at 
 Taurarua. The result was a draft report showing the grounds 
 on which the Conference had been led to the conclusion 
 that it was expedient to organise the members of the Church 
 of England for the purpose of self-government, as a branch of 
 the home Church. At the first meeting of the General Synod, 
 the Bishop's address was both scholarly and apostolic. His 
 utterances were characterised by the powerful grasp of the 
 
 N
 
 178 , MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 discerning administrator, and by that spiritual faith and 
 fervency which is the " salt" of all true Christianity. The 
 address is of lasting importance, as showing the foundations 
 on which Anglicanism is built up in New Zealand, and the 
 means taken to render impossible the abuses which have 
 proved an incubus to the Mother Church. The forbearance 
 and charity of the subsequent discussions boded well for the 
 future working of the constitution then adopted. In this 
 same year the system was brought into operation by which the 
 synods of the several dioceses were convened by their bishops. 
 These diocesan synods have since been convened every year, 
 the General Synod meeting every third year. The govern- 
 ment of the New Zealand Church is thus committed, not 
 to the bishops singly or as a body, nor to the State, but to 
 the clergy and laity assembled in General Synod and pre- 
 sided over by the Metropolitan. Throughout the disastrous 
 Maori War of 1863, after his labours to prevent hostilities 
 had failed, Bishop Selwyn maintained undeviatingly the 
 same character he had exhibited in the earlier war. Pushing 
 his way by night through forests and swamps, and swimming 
 rivers, he was the first to meet the large parties on the 
 war-path and persuade them to return in peace. In the 
 households of the settlers his name became synonymous 
 with self-sacrifice. He asserted the privilege of the clergy as 
 earliest settlers, as agents employed by the Government, as 
 being intimately acquainted with the Maori race, and, above 
 all, as ministers of religion, to lay their petitions before the 
 Crown and Legislature. Amongst the colonists there was a 
 large class with whom war was popular, and the bishop 
 decidedly unpopular. But as " a chivalrous defender of the 
 weak and oppressed," and as a man having " the courage of 
 his opinions," he fearlessly faced the groaning mob, as on the 
 Taranaki beach, and compelled them to face him, until the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 179 
 
 crowd dispersed leaving him master of the field. His frank 
 benevolence and transparent good-will conquered the oppo- 
 sition of the Natives to his advance through their territory. 
 They called him the "great billow that has crushed the 
 canoe, the great fish that has broken through the net." 
 AVhen the ten thousand troops took the field and had no 
 chaplain, he voluntarily assumed that office, and strove in 
 every way to de-brutalize the dread scenes he had to witness. 
 In passing from redoubt to redoubt he frequently ran the 
 gauntlet of the Natives firing from the bush, the bullets whist- 
 ling harmlessly by. He regarded the war as having been caused 
 .by the colonists' greed for land ; the Natives had been willing 
 to sell at a merely nominal price, but resented the least apparent 
 infringement of their rights. A little more forbearance, and 
 there might have been no bloodshed. The Hau-hau super- 
 stition was "an expression of an utter loss of faith in 
 everything that is English, clergy, and all alike." He was 
 not to behold the inspiring sight of a whole race con- 
 verted to Christianity in one generation. He felt that 
 "the pleasant dream, so full of bright hope, had melted 
 away," and that it remained for him to plod forward a few years 
 longer and try to rebuild the fallen tabernacle. In 1861 the 
 Rev. J. C. Patteson was consecrated Bishop of Melanesia, 
 at Auckland, by the New Zealand Church ; and in 1866 
 Otago was erected into a see. Bishop Selwyn had hitherto 
 turned a deaf ear to all entreaties that he should return to 
 England for rest ; but the summons to attend the Lambeth 
 Conference of 1867 had for him the nature of a command. 
 It was with a fear, only too well grounded, that his flock 
 gathered round him to bid farewell. In the Conference, along 
 with the Bishop of South Africa, he claimed for the colonial 
 churches, as the only security against anarchy, the principle 
 of perfect liberty and autonomy. He had looked forward to
 
 l8o MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 a speedy return to New Zealand ; indeed, in parting from 
 his people, he had said in full sincerity and affection that 
 nothing but illness or death should hinder him. The death 
 of Bishop Lonsdale, in October, left the See of Lichfield 
 vacant. It was offered to Bishop Selwyn, but was at once 
 declined. His heart was in New Zealand and Melanesia, 
 for which he had so long laboured, and he allowed the offer 
 to pass on to others. It was only when he was commanded 
 by the Queen and the Archbishop of Canterbury, that he over- 
 came his own will. The same principle that enabled him to 
 obey twenty-seven years before and go forth to the antipodes, 
 could alone retain him in England he could not withstand 
 what seemed to him to be the will of God. The diocese 
 contained over 700 parishes and 1,200,000 souls, and the 
 vastness of the responsibility weighed with his decision. 
 After a brief visit paid to New Zealand, during which he en- 
 joined the Church to care for the dark portion of the flock, he 
 began a new career, less romantic than his previous one, yet 
 not less energetic. The appointment was deeply regretted on 
 this side of the world, but stirred much enthusiasm at home, 
 even the London Punch furnished arguments to support the 
 action of the home authorities. In 1871 he went to 
 America, invited by the American Church to be present at 
 the Triennial Convention at Baltimore ; his avowed object 
 was to promote intercommunion and living sympathy 
 between all branches of the Anglican Church. His speech 
 delivered on this occasion was "the most masterly even of 
 his many great efforts." He died on Thursday, April nth, 
 1878. Throughout his life he was singularly simple in 
 all his habits, and shunned no labour required of him, 
 however lowly. In his relations with his fellow men he went 
 at once to the core of a subject, and recoiled from all 
 diplomacy and finesse. One who knew him well remarked
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. l8l 
 
 " He was great in everything, even in his faults ; and every 
 inch a man." Of himself he had said, while in New 
 Zealand, " I must be a tyrant ; and to be a good-natured 
 tyrant is the great difficulty." This trait was of a piece 
 with the rest of his character. In his own sphere his 
 will was invincible ; but there was no lack of consideration and 
 sympathy for others. On his own perception of the dignity of 
 his office, of his power of command, and the immense influence 
 he might wield for good, was largely based the success of his 
 life. Such examples of self-denial in the Anglican com- 
 munion prove the subsistence of the living sap. Upon the 
 outer form of that Church in the Australasian Colonies he 
 impressed the stamp of his own genius ; and of that growing 
 edifice he is himself the stoutest pillar. Bursting the fetters 
 of State connection, and endowing her with freedom and 
 autonomy, he also gave the future generations of " Brighter 
 Britain" a living example of the truest godliness. 
 
 SELWYN, The Right Rev. John Richardson, 
 D.D., Bishop of Melanesia, son of the late Dr. George 
 Augustus Selwyn, Bishop of Lichfield, was born in 1845, 
 and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated 
 B.A., 1866; M.A., 1870. He was curate of St. Alrewas, 
 Staffordshire, 1869-70 ; of St. George, Wolverhampton, 
 1870-71 ; and vicar of the last-named parish, 1871-72. He 
 entered on the Melanesian Mission in 1872; and in Feb., 
 1877, became successor to Bishop Patteson, the first Bishop 
 of Melanesia, who had been consecrated in 1861, and 
 murdered in 187 1 at Nukapu, in the Santa Cruz Group. The 
 seat of the episcopate is Norfolk Island. From this centre 
 he continues the work begun and developed "by his father 
 and predecessor.
 
 1 82 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 SEWELL, Henry, was the son of a solicitor in the Isle 
 of Wight, where he was born. His brother, the Rev. William 
 Sewell, B.D., and his sister, Elizabeth Missing Sewell, were 
 well known in the literary world. After some years' practice 
 as a solicitor in England, Mr. Sewell left the old country for 
 Canterbury, New Zealand, arriving in February, 1853. He 
 was associated with Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others 
 who took a prominent part in organizing the Canterbury 
 Association, and was long one of its most active promoters. 
 He was amongst the early purchasers of land in the settle- 
 ment, and seems never to have lost faith in the successful 
 development of the scheme of colonization. He was 
 appointed deputy chairman of the Committee of Manage- 
 ment, holding its meetings in London ; and was regarded by 
 those who knew him well, as " a conscientious and able 
 man of business, of high character." On his arrival he 
 devoted his energies to improving the condition of affairs in 
 Christchurch and Lyttelton. The settlement was not pros- 
 pering ; everything seemed in a state of stagnation. A 
 considerable number of those who had come out to Canter- 
 bury, dreaming of a new home in a better land, had left the 
 colony, having gone to the Australian gold-fields. Those 
 still in the settlement were dissatisfied 'with the past 
 administration of the Association, and not very sanguine as 
 to the future of Canterbury. Mr. Sewell, with the responsi- 
 bility put upon him to wind up the Association's affairs 
 and to transfer its functions and powers to the newly- 
 constituted province, managed to accomplish this satis- 
 factorily. A part of his duty was to secure the interests 
 of the Church of England by holding fast the large and 
 very valuable endowments originally granted to the Association 
 for religious and educational purposes, and to assist in 
 establishing a college in Christchurch. These endowments
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 183 
 
 were vested in the Church Property Trustees. Mr. Sewell 
 practised his profession for some time, and visited the 
 northern ports in connection with provincial business. He 
 sat for Christchurch in the first Parliament, called together 
 in 1854 at Auckland. He held office as Solicitor-General 
 under the Premiership of Mr. Fitzgerald in the first Ministry 
 formed. Subsequently he himself became the head of a 
 Ministry, which resigned rather than yield up their demand 
 for responsible government ; which demand Governor 
 Wynyard had rejected. In his political career, from first to 
 last, he had belonged to many Ministries, sometimes repre- 
 senting the Government in the Legislative Council. He was 
 a colleague with Stafford, Weld, Richmond, Whitaker, and 
 Tancred. He had the reputation of being a good consti- 
 tutional lawyer, as well as an able debater, and had cultured 
 literary tastes. To a man of his strong English prejudices, 
 the wild wastes of open tussock and unreclaimed sand-hills, 
 and the hot nor'-westers of the Canterbury plains, were 
 anything but congenial. " Nature," said he, " is most 
 perfect when she is most cultivated. The first creation was 
 a garden, and the nearer we get back to the garden state the 
 nearer we approach the normal state of nature." He was a 
 member of the Provincial Council of Canterbury. After 
 many years' work, political and private, Mr. Sewell, in 1866, 
 left the colony for a short season ; returning to it, he 
 again entered upon parliamentary life for some sessions. His 
 last few years were spent in England, where he died in the 
 year 1879. 
 
 SHEEHAN, John, M.H.R. The late John Sheehan 
 was the eldest son of Mr. David Sheehan, one of the first 
 settlers that arrived in Auckland, who, for some time, was a 
 member of the Provincial Council. Mr. Sheehan was born
 
 184 MEN* OF MARK OF XEW ZEALAND. 
 
 in 1850, and educated entirely in Auckland. His father 
 obtained for him the best education possible, and, as soon as 
 he was old enough, he was articled to the late Mr. Merri- 
 man, a leading lawyer of Auckland. Mr. Merriman dying, 
 he was placed successively with Messrs. Wynn and J. B. 
 Russell. He gave early promise of great ability, and 
 made some show at the Bar soon after he was admitted. 
 But politics were his proper sphere ; and, on the retirement 
 of his father from local political life, Mr. Sheehan was 
 returned to the Provincial Council at the head of the five 
 members elected to represent the northern division of the 
 Province of Auckland. He was Provincial Secretary during 
 the Superintendency of Mr. (now Judge) Gillies. In the 
 Council he gave early promise of that power in debate 
 which he afterwards displayed. He entered Parliament in 
 the session of 1872, and distinguished himself by seconding 
 the Address in Reply with a speech pronounced by good 
 judges to be the best maiden speech ever heard in the 
 House. From the outset he claimed the right to exercise 
 an independent judgment upon all parliamentary questions. 
 In addressing the Speaker, Sir Dillon Bell, he spoke in a 
 way of which the following sentence is characteristic : he 
 said " You, Sir, honoured me, on my being sworn in, by 
 reminding the House that I was the first European born in 
 New Zealand who had ever taken a seat within its walls. 
 I don't wish to be self-laudatory, nor do I feel an undue 
 pride at that, although I might admit that I feel it to be an 
 honour, nevertheless I think it to be a matter of some 
 importance ; I now stand alone ; I shall not be long so 
 others like myself will seek admittance. When they (New 
 Zealanders bred and born) come in numbers to the 
 doors of the House, when they come rushing in, as 
 probably they will during the next five or six years
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 185 
 
 and I know there are many better qualified than myself 
 to take a share in the legislation of the colony when 
 that time comes, I believe that in some respects we shall 
 have a better state of things than we now have." In this 
 session Mr. Sheehan introduced the " Attorney-General 
 Bill," the purport of which was to make the Attorney- 
 General a member of the Government, having a seat in the 
 House. The motion was negatived. He also spoke 
 lengthily on the questions of " Constitutional Changes," 
 " Native Lands," " Maori Representation," and " Educa- 
 tion." Mr. Sheehan was an uncompromising provincialist, 
 and took a leading part in the parliamentary warfare 
 during the dying struggle of provincialism. When abolition 
 destroyed the landmarks that had hitherto served to 
 distinguish parties, he aided Sir George Grey in the battle 
 with Sir Julius Vogel and the Atkinson party, which 
 culminated in a victory in 1877, and the triumph of what 
 are called Liberal principles. In the Government of which 
 Sir George Grey was head he assumed the portfolios of Native 
 Minister and Minister of Justice, which he held until the 
 fall of the administration, in 1879. In 1880 Mr. Sheehan 
 failed to get a seat in Parliament. Afterwards, whilst 
 still keeping up his interests in politics, he paid greater 
 attention to his profession, being largely engaged in the 
 conduct of business in the Native Lands Court, where his 
 knowledge of Native matters made him a most successful 
 advocate. In 1885 he was elected to represent Tauranga, 
 on the east coast of the North Island, but died in Hawkes' 
 Bay a few weeks after his election. 
 
 SHORTLAND, Willoughby. On the death of 
 Captain Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, the 
 Government was assumed by Mr. W. Shortland, the Colonial
 
 1 86 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Secretary. It was during his short rule that a thrill of 
 terror went through the whole colony at the report of the 
 "Wairau Massacre," in which twenty-two settlers were killed. 
 This bloodshed was caused by a dispute between the chiefs 
 Rauparaha and Rangihaeata on the one side, and on the 
 other the agent of the New Zealand Land Company at Nel- 
 son, about the ownership of a piece of land in Cloudy Bay. 
 The agent obtained a warrant, and proceeded up a river 
 about ten miles, with a party of forty-nine men, to arrest the 
 chiefs for burning the hut of the surveyors on the land in 
 question. In crossing the river the English fired the 
 first shot (it is said accidentally), killing a chiefs wife ; they 
 then turned and fled. The Natives swam the river in pursuit; 
 sixteen whites were cut down, and the six or seven captured 
 were killed in cold blood to avenge the woman's death. 
 
 SINCLAIR, Andrew, M.D. Dr. Sinclair came to 
 Auckland in the year 1843. His first visit to New Zealand 
 was for scientific purposes. When he returned to the colony 
 it was as Colonial Secretary, under Governor Fitzroy, which 
 important office he continued to hold up to the time of 
 the introduction into the colony of responsible government. 
 He had in early life served as a surgeon in the Royal Navy. 
 He is always spoken of as the first collector of specimens 
 of New Zealand natural history, botany, conchology, and 
 entomology. Subsequently he accompanied Dr. von 
 Haast in his first expedition to explore the sources of the 
 rivers Rangitata and Ashburton. He attached himself to 
 this party, mainly with the intention of assisting in the 
 proposed botanical researches in the mountain ranges ; and 
 whilst so engaged he met with his death in an attempt to 
 wade across one of the main branches of the Rangitata. 
 His companions buried him in a lonely grave, at the foot
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 187 
 
 of the glaciers, amongst the beautiful veronicas and other 
 native shrubs that are to be found in sheltered spots in those 
 Alpine regions. 
 
 SPAIN, William. Mr. Spain had been sent from 
 England, as Commissioner, to examine the land claims of 
 the New Zealand Company, on the spot. Arriving in New 
 Zealand he resolutely set to work. After a patient inquiry, 
 he decided that sixty thousand acres had been fairly pur- 
 chased at Taranaki. While he was engaged in this investi- 
 gation, a battle, arising out of a similar case, was fought at 
 Oruru in the North by contending tribes. The chief 
 Nopera sold to the Government some land from which he 
 had been ejected fifty years before : the conquerors were 
 in possession of the land, and denied his right to dispose of 
 it. An appeal to arms was made ; forty lives w r ere lost, and 
 the Government had to re-purchase from the occupants before 
 they could take possession. These cases were parallel, ex- 
 cept in one particular in Taranaki the victors had not 
 occupied the conquered territory. Captain Fitzroy, the 
 Governor, would have been right in awarding a further pay- 
 ment to the claimants ; but he acted unfairly as well as 
 unwisely in reversing Mr. Spain's verdict by reducing 
 the award to three thousand five hundred acres. The 
 settlers were dissatisfied, and the spirit of exaction was 
 strengthened in the Maori mind, and the dispute widened 
 into further strife and trouble. The source of these 
 bloody conflicts was general ignorance of Native cus- 
 toms and consequent misunderstandings. For instance, 
 two or more persons or tribes had common rights in 
 the same pieces of land, and it would be necessary to buy 
 off these individual claims. Again, another Native custom 
 was to receive part payment at time of sale, and the remain-
 
 1 88 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 der on taking possession. At Wellington and the Hutt Mr. 
 Spain's decision was resisted by Rauparaha and others, and 
 bloodshed resulted. In the North, Heke's war broke out ; 
 then came the destruction of Kororareka, the defeat of our 
 troops, and the panic at Auckland. Governor Fitzroy was 
 re-called just when the "sinews of war" were at hand. On 
 the completion of his work Mr. Spain left New Zealand, and 
 for a time settled in New South Wales. 
 
 STAFFORD, Edward William, K.C.M.G., was 
 
 born in Edinburgh in 1820, the eldest son of Berkley 
 Buckingham Stafford, County Louth. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and landed in Nelson in January, 
 1843, having come there by way of Melbourne. He first 
 came prominently before the Nelson public soon after the 
 Wairau massacre of June, 1843. In 1846 he married a 
 daughter of Colonel Wakefield. This near connection with 
 the principal agent of the New Zealand Company, and other 
 circumstances, prevented him from working in harmony with 
 the other original land purchasers of Nelson, who, at that 
 time, were banded together under the leadership of Dr. 
 Monro, nominally to enforce their claims against the New 
 Zealand Company, but practically to enforce many other 
 claims, by some regarded as not so well founded. His con- 
 nection with these affairs drew forth indications of political 
 ability and considerable practical knowledge ; and, on the 
 introduction of Representative institutions into New Zealand 
 in 1853, he soon got to be regarded as a fit and proper per- 
 son to fill the office of Superintendent of Nelson. After the 
 enlargement of the Provincial Council, he was a second time 
 elected to fill this position, and without opposition. One of 
 his earliest and most important acts as Superintendent was 
 the appointment of a Commission to inquire into the state
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. l8p 
 
 of Education, and suggest legislation for its advancement. 
 In this Commission the various denominations all had a 
 voice the Church of England, the Wesleyans, the Roman 
 Catholics, the Presbyterians, the Baptists, and the Free- 
 thinkers were very ably represented. The recommenda- 
 tions of that Commission were embodied by Mr. Stafford 
 in an Education Ordinance, submitted to the Nelson 
 Provincial Council in its session of 1855, and passed 
 with some important amendments. The Ordinance thus 
 passed was more or less closely copied by other Pro- 
 vinces of New Zealand, and formed the basis of the 
 Act which established the uniform and well-wrought 
 system of education, secular and compulsory, now in 
 force in the Colony. In the same session Mr. Stafford 
 also introduced his Road Board Ordinance, constituting the 
 Road Boards, which have existed ever since, and are now 
 general throughout New Zealand. It was during the dis. 
 cussion on this Bill that the great political question of the 
 taxation or non-taxation of improvements on land was first 
 exhaustively debated. In the Bill, as introduced by Mr. 
 Stafford, " all buildings " were exempted from rating. To 
 this, on the motion of Mr. Saunders, a very bare majority 
 added, after some weeks' debate, "all artificial and industrial 
 improvements." This was vehemently opposed, and finally 
 all exemptions were struck out. The same course was fol- 
 lowed by the other Provinces that adopted the Bill, except at 
 Taranaki, where improvements were exempted. On the 
 establishment of responsible government in New Zealand in 
 June, 1856, Mr. Stafford gave up Provincial for Colonial 
 responsibilities. He accepted the office of Premier, and 
 formed a Ministry which continued in office more than five 
 years and included Mr. William Richmond* Mr. Whitaker, 
 Mr. Weld, and others. After this his industry and ability
 
 190 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 are well shown in the statutes and public records. The im- 
 mense bulk of laws which his Government was called upon 
 to produce, compare favourably with the laws framed by 
 subsequent Governments under less pressure and with 
 much greater advantages. The loan debts of the Colony, 
 somewhat carelessly contracted and left without provision by 
 preceding Governors, and amounting to about ;i 20,000, he 
 consolidated and provided for; he did the same with the debt 
 of ^268,000 due to the Xew Zealand Company, and 
 secured it on the land revenues of their settlements. The 
 Customs revenue he fairly apportioned between the Colony 
 and the Provinces. The land revenue was left to the Pro- 
 vinces for public works ; and although he had to provide for 
 the Government of a very thin and widely scattered popu- 
 lation, without any of the gold revenue that aftenvards 
 poured in, he never proposed to add in any way to the per- 
 manent liabilities and burdens of the Colony. In 1859 he 
 went to England. His principal objects in visiting England 
 were to establish a steam mail service between England and 
 Xew Zealand rid Panama, at the joint cost of the Home 
 Country and the Colony, and to arrange for the planting of 
 military settlements in the North Island, composed of some 
 of the married men and their families from the various 
 militia regiments embodied during the Crimean war. In 
 the first object he succeeded so far as to prevail on Lord 
 Derby's Government to call for tenders for a Panama steam 
 service ; but, before the tenders could be considered, Lord 
 Derby's Government was displaced by Lord Palmerston's, 
 and the latter declined to go on with the undertaking. The 
 military settlements were at the same time frustrated by the 
 breaking out of the Italian war, which, it was feared, might 
 involve the whole of Europe. On his return to New Zealand 
 he found, too, that his Government had drifted into diffi-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 1 9 1 
 
 culties with the Maoris at Taranaki. Mr. Stafford never 
 attempted to repudiate the responsibility for the steps taken 
 in his absence, but defended the acts of his colleagues as 
 though they were his own. His Government was defeated 
 in 1 86 1 by a majority of one in the House of Representa- 
 tives, and he resigned. He was Premier from 1856 to 1861; 
 again, from 1865 to 1869; and also in 1872. He was 
 always regarded by the country as holding Colonial rather 
 than Provincial views j hence his policy got to be spoken of 
 as centralising. His Government passed the " New Pro- 
 vinces Act," 1858, to constitute new Provinces out of those 
 already existing; and the Provinces of Hawke's Bay, Marl- 
 borough, and Southland were called into existence. In the 
 early part of his Parliamentary career, Mr. Stafford repre- 
 sented Nelson constituency ; subsequently he represented 
 Timaru for many sessions. 
 
 STEPHEN, Sydney, one of the earliest judges of 
 the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Mr. Justice Stephen 
 was a brother of Sir Alfred Stephen, so long Chief Justice 
 of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He acted as 
 judge for some years both at Wellington and at Auckland, 
 where he died. His jurisdiction extended over the South 
 Island for some years after its settlement. He held a court 
 in Christchurch and in Lyttelton in the year 1855, dealing 
 with both civil and criminal cases ; and, on the occasion of 
 his opening the sitting of the court at Lyttelton, he con- 
 gratulated the Canterbury public upon the lightness of the 
 calendar, saying it was a source of satisfaction to find that 
 in a settlement containing so many inhabitants there should 
 be so little crime. Only three cases were brought under the 
 notice of the jury, and they were not of a very aggravated 
 character.
 
 192 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 STEVENS, Hon. Edward Cephas John, M.L.C., 
 youngest son of the Rev. W. Stevens, rector of Salford, 
 Oxfordshire, was born i8th October, 1837, and educated 
 at Maryborough College and at the Royal Agricultural 
 College, Cirencester. Mr. Stevens emigrated to New Zea- 
 land in 1858, arriving in September of that year. He 
 joined the Canterbury Provincial Executive during Mr. 
 Bealey's superintendency, at the end of 1863, going 
 out of office on the election of the late Mr. Moor- 
 house as Superintendent in 1866. He was returned 
 without opposition as member for the Selwyn District 
 in the House of Representatives at the general election 
 in that year, and sat throughout that Parliament. He 
 stood for the Selwyn at the next general election, but was 
 defeated by one vote on account of his opposition to the 
 taxation of imported grain, proposed by the Fox-Vogel 
 Ministry. Mr. Stevens afterwards stood for Christchurch at 
 the general election of 1876, and was returned at the head 
 of the poll, the Hon. E. Richardson and Mr. Moorhouse 
 being also returned. When Sir George Grey dissolved the 
 House in 1879, Mr. Stevens stood again for Christchurch, 
 and was again returned. At the general election of 1882 
 he did not seek re-election, and accepted the offer of a seat 
 in the Legislative Council, which he still holds. To Mr. 
 Stevens is due the origination of the Public Trust Act, 
 carried through Parliament some thirteen years ago by Sir 
 Julius Vogel, who has on more than one occasion freely 
 acknowledged the authorship. The original object of this 
 admittedly important measure was to provide a means by 
 which persons may leave property by will to the State, in 
 trust for those they wish to benefit, thus removing all 
 possibility of loss by malversation of trust. The oppor- 
 tunities thus offered have been already largely taken
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 193 
 
 advantage of, and will no doubt be much more so when the 
 existence and functions of the Public Trustee are better 
 known. Government has for a number of years extensively 
 used the system by devolving on the Public Trust Office 
 the care of intestate and other estates falling under their 
 control. Throughout his parliamentary life Mr. Stevens 
 was a staunch and unvarying freetrader ; and, in its last 
 days, he was a strong opponent of provincialism. 
 
 STEWARD, William Jukes, M.H.R. for Waimate, 
 major in the New Zealand Volunteer Force, and a Justice 
 of the Peace for the colony, was born in 1841 at Reading, 
 Berks, and educated at King Edward VI. Grammar School, 
 Ludlow, Salop. He arrived in New Zealand in September, 
 1862, and was for some years resident in Christchurch, where 
 he took an active part in volunteer matters, raising and com- 
 manding the No. 6 Company C.V.R., now the City Guards. 
 Having removed to Oamaru in 1867, he edited the North 
 Otago Times for twelve and a-half years, and eventually 
 became the principal proprietor. Mr. Steward was elected 
 for Waitaki at the general election in 1870, and sat for that 
 electorate during the Parliament of 187 1-75. Being defeated 
 at the general election in 1875, he became mayor of Oamaru, 
 and occupied the civic chair for three years in succession, 
 1876-7-8. He sat in the last Provincial Council of Otago, 
 representing Oamaru country district, and was a member of 
 the last Provincial Executive. Having raised companies of 
 rifle volunteers in Oamaru, Otepopo, and Hampden, which, 
 with the Oamaru Artillery, were formed into a battalion, he 
 held the command as major for over five years. He 
 removed to Waimate in 1879, where for six years he 
 edited the Waimate Times. He has since purchased the 
 Ashburton Mail, of which he is now editor and proprietor. 
 
 o
 
 194 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Since 1881 he has held a seat for Waimate in the House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 STOUT, Hon. Robert, entered the Provincial Council 
 of Otago, New Zealand. 1872, and became Provincial Solicitor 
 in 1873. He was elected to the House of Representatives 
 in 1875 ; in l &7& he became Attorney-General, and afterwards 
 Minister of Lands and Immigration. Mr. Stout has carried, in 
 the Assembly, several Acts for the amendment of the law in 
 New Zealand, notably one by which real and personal 
 property are treated for succession purposes as personalty; 
 and one to extend certain beneficial provisions of the 
 English Judicature Acts to the colony. In June, 1879, he 
 resigned his seat in the House of Representatives and his 
 office as Minister. He was again elected to represent an 
 Otago constituency in 1884, and is now Premier of the 
 colony, being at the head of the Stout- Vogel administration. 
 
 STUART, Rev. Donald McNaughton, D.D., 
 Minister of Knox Church, Dunedin, was born in the year 
 1820, in a hamlet on the banks of the Tay, near where the 
 arrowy Lyon joins that queen of the rivers of the Scottish 
 Highlands. He began his education in the parish school 
 of Kenmore, which was conducted by Mr. Armstrong, a 
 college-bred man. In this school, which stands where the 
 Tay issues from its parent Loch, a succession of lads, bred 
 on the slopes of the Grampians, have been trained for the 
 Universities for at least a century. Mr. Stuart was in- 
 structed in Gaelic, English, Latin, Greek, and mathematics. 
 With a view to acquiring fluency in speaking English, he 
 was sent for two summers into the Lowlands. Like other 
 young Highlanders who had set their hearts on getting to 
 College, he, when a mere boy, took to school-teaching a
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 195 
 
 calling which then yielded little pay, but which afforded 
 opportunities for reading and study. In 1837 he bought 
 the good-will of an " adventure school " in Leven, Fifeshire, 
 which enabled him to start with one scholar at threepence a 
 week. For six weeks he met his solitary pupil for the full 
 number of regulation hours. This circumstance drawing 
 general attention, led to an attendance which put it within 
 his power in two years to enter St. Andrew's University. A 
 bursary and assistance in kind from a home which never with- 
 held from him prayer, or sympathy, or cheer, placed him at 
 his ease for the four years of the undergraduate course. 
 The quiet University town felt the non-intrusion agitation, 
 which shook Scotland from end to end and in 1843 caused 
 the disruption of its historic Church. The movement in- 
 fluenced the students some standing by the powers that be 
 for the existing order, and others going for reform in the 
 Church and in the government of the University. The 
 election of Lord Rector became a causa belli. The Reform 
 party brought forward Dr. Thomas Chalmers in opposition 
 to the nominee of the Senatus, and carried his election. 
 Mr. Stuart, who represented his "nation," voted with the 
 majority. The Senatus in its haste summoned the rebels, 
 as they were termed, and asked them to submit to an ad- 
 monition for their part in the election. They respectfully 
 declined, on the ground that their action was within the 
 limits of the Constitution ; whereupon the Senatus, by a 
 large majority, expelled them. The expulsion touched Mr. 
 Stuart and others in both purse and pride, entailing many 
 grievous consequences, which, however, did not long outlive 
 his restoration and that of his fellows by a Royal Commis- 
 sion. Leaving St. Andrews, he entered the New College, 
 Edinburgh, where, as a theological student, . he had the 
 advantage of sitting at the feet of Dr. Chalmers. In 1844
 
 196 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 he received the appointment of classical master, and shortly 
 after of principal, in a first-class school near Windsor. He 
 carried on his studies for the ministry in London, under 
 Drs. Lorimer, M'Crie, and Hamilton, and completed them 
 in Edinburgh. On receiving from the Free Presbytery of 
 Kelso license to preach the Gospel, he was called to the 
 Presbyterian Church of Falstone, in the upper reaches of 
 North Tyne, on the English Border. Here he laboured 
 for ten years with much happiness, preaching, organising 
 schools, and diffusing a knowledge of literature, thus being 
 the means of giving an impulse to education in the North 
 Country. His ministerial work was occasionally relieved by 
 such out-door recreations as bridge-building and the esta- 
 blishing of district libraries. In 1859 he was appointed to 
 begin the formation of a second Presbyterian congregation 
 in Dunedin by the Rev. Drs. Bonar and Guthrie, and Pro- 
 fessor Miller of Edinburgh University, the Commissioners 
 of the Presbytery of Otago, who had resolved on com- 
 mencing a second church. Otago was originally a Scotch 
 settlement ; and to this day the national character pre- 
 dominates strongly in the provinces southward, and pre- 
 serves the institutions of the Fatherland. Arriving in 
 Dunedin in the beginning of 1860, he entered on his 
 ministry under favourable auspices, and, supported by men 
 of faith and prayer, Knox Church, as the new congregation 
 was named, has greatly prospered, and has been a centre of 
 considerable influence for good in town and country. 
 In 1872 his University conferred upon him the degree 
 of Doctor in Divinity. Dr. Stuart, as a minister and as 
 Convener of the Church Extension Committee, has taken 
 an active interest in the progress of the Presbyterian Church. 
 He has also been called to take a part in connection with 
 education, having held for some years the offices of Chairman
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 197 
 
 of the Boys' and Girls' High Schools of Otago, and of Vice- 
 Chancellor and Chancellor successively of the University. 
 For some years he was a Fellow of the University of New 
 Zealand, and took a part in setting it on its present lines. Dr. 
 Stuart has always taken a lively interest in everything relating 
 to the progress and well-being of his own romantic city and 
 of the colony. His sturdy, manly character, and genial, native 
 humour, have made him widely known, and have won the 
 admiration and affection of the colonists, young and old, in 
 the Southern Islands of New Zealand. 
 
 STUART, The Right Rev. Edward Craig, D.D., 
 
 was consecrated Bishop of Waiapu, January ist, 1878, at 
 Auckland, by the Metropolitan of New Zealand. Bishop 
 Stuart lives in Napier, which may be described as the centre 
 of his extensive diocese. 
 
 SUTER, The Right Rev. Andrew Burn, D.D., 
 
 born Nov. 3oth, 1830, educated at St. Paul's School, 
 London, and at Cambridge, was curate of St. Dunstan's in 
 the West, London, in 1856; incumbent of All Saints, Spital- 
 fields, in 1860; and was consecrated Bishop of Nelson, 
 New Zealand, Aug. 24, 1866. Dr. Suter was for some time 
 secretary to the Church of England Young Men's Society, 
 and has published several sermons and lectures. 
 
 SWAINSON, Hon. William. Mr. Swainson is a 
 native of Lancaster. He became a member of the Inner 
 Temple, and was appointed Attorney-General for New Zea- 
 land by Lord John Russell early in the year 1841. He left 
 England on the pth April, 1841, with the newly-appointed 
 Chief Justice Martin, afterwards Sir William Martin. They 
 reached Wellington on the pth August, and Auckland on the
 
 198 MEN OF MARK. OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 25th September, 1841. On the voyage out, Mr. Swainson 
 was engaged with the Chief Justice in framing measures for 
 establishing courts of judicature for the administration of 
 justice. While New Zealand was a Crown colony he per- 
 formed many arduous duties for a period of fifteen years. 
 He had not only to devise and frame every Government 
 measure, but to see them through the Council. When the 
 new constitution was brought into operation, Mr. Swainson 
 was senior member and first Speaker of the Legislative 
 Council. He continued in the active discharge of his duties 
 from 1841 to 1856, when, on the establishment of responsible 
 government he ceased to be Attorney-General, but con- 
 tinued for some time afterwards to be a member of the 
 Legislative Council, and occasionally acted as an honorary 
 member of the Executive Council. He bore a hand 
 in laying the foundation of the English Episcopal Church 
 in New Zealand ; and, as a member of the Conference 
 held in June, 1857, for devising its constitution, he took an 
 active part in the deliberations. He was also a member of 
 the General Synod, and framed the fundamental measures 
 introduced at its first session held in Wellington, March and 
 April, 1859, and conducted them through the Synod. For 
 several years afterwards he was a member of the Synod of 
 the diocese of Auckland, and chancellor of that diocese, an 
 honorary office he held from the year 1866 till he died. 
 Throughout the episcopate of the late Bishop Sehvyn in 
 New Zealand, Mr. Swainson was his legal coadjutor in 
 organizing the members of the Church of England into a 
 branch of the Mother Church, and in devising the measures 
 necessary for its government and laws. Before leaving 
 England he published a pamphlet on the climate of the 
 colony. He afterwards published here, anonymously, a 
 small book descriptive of Auckland and its neighbourhood ;
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 1 99 
 
 which was afterwards, with some additions, published in 
 England under the title of " Auckland, the capital of New- 
 Zealand and the country adjacent." In 1855 he went to 
 England on leave, and spent a good deal of time in travel- 
 ling about the country, giving lectures on New Zealand in 
 London, at Richmond, Bristol, Plymouth, Hereford, Lan- 
 caster, etc., his main object being to aid in making known 
 to the public the principles on which the islands of New 
 Zealand were erected into a British colony, and the 
 advantages offered by them as a field for emigration. In 
 1859 Mr. Swainson published a larger work, " New Zealand 
 and its Colonization." " New Zealand and the War," 
 published in 1862, was his last literary work. He died early 
 in December, 1884. 
 
 SWANSON, Hon. William, arrived in Auckland 
 early enough to witness its rise and progress. In that Pro- 
 vince he had succeeded in earning for himself a reputation 
 for a patriotic devotion to public duties. He took part in 
 Colonial as well as Provincial politics, and was returned to 
 the House of Representatives by an Auckland constituency. 
 He continued its representative for many sessions. In the 
 last election, 1884, Mr Swanson was defeated. He has 
 lately been called to the Legislative Council. 
 
 TANCRED, Henry John, was born in 1825, and 
 educated at Rugby, England. He entered the Austrian 
 army at an early age, and whilst in the field he saw active 
 service in Hungary and in Italy. He arrived in Canterbury, 
 New Zealand, in 1851. In 1853 he entered the Provincial 
 Council, then, for the first time, called together. In 1854 
 he was elected to the General Assembly, and in the same 
 year joined the Sewell Ministry, having as colleagues Mr.
 
 200 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Whitaker and Mr. F. Dillon Bell. From 1856 to 1861 he 
 filled the offices of Postmaster-General and Secretary of 
 Crown Lands under the Premiership of Mr. Stafford. In 
 1862 he held office in the Domett Government, but without 
 portfolio ; and he retired from that position in 1863, after 
 which time he was not in any Ministry. He continued, 
 however, to sit in Parliament as a Canterbury representative 
 up to the year 1870. From the earliest days of Provincial 
 rule Mr. Tancred was a member of the Canterbury Pro- 
 vincial Council, and in 1866 was elected Speaker of that 
 body, retaining the office till the abolition of the Provinces 
 in 1875. Mr. Tancred's efforts in the cause of education 
 generally are widely known and were highly appreciated. 
 He was a member of the first Commission in 1863, an 
 active member of School Committees, an equally active 
 member of the Board of Education, a Governor of Christ's 
 College and of the Canterbury College. In 1871, 
 when the New Zealand University came into existence, he 
 became Chancellor, and held that office continuously till 
 his death, which occurred at his residence, near Christ- 
 church, on the 27th April, 1884. 
 
 TAYLOR, The Rev. Richard, M.A., F.G.S., was 
 many years a Missionary in New Zealand in connection with 
 the Church of England. He is the author of " Te Ika a Maui, 
 or New Zealand and its Inhabitants," a work, the fruit of a 
 long life spent among the Natives of the North Island of New 
 Zealand, before their manners and customs had been changed 
 by contact with Europeans. This work, which was pub- 
 lished in England in 1855, also treats of the "Geology, 
 natural history, productions, and climate of the country." 
 In that year Mr. Taylor visited England, taking with him 
 the Wanganui Chief Hipungo. On their return to New
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 2OI 
 
 Zealand this chief, always a staunch ally of the British, was 
 among the slain in the war operations on the West Coast. 
 "Te Ika a Maui" is the work of a scholar, and in recognition 
 of Mr. Taylor's services to science the Geographical Society 
 welcomed him as a Fellow. 
 
 THIERRY, Baron de, was a Frenchman spoken of 
 by writers of the history of Xew Zealand as " an adven- 
 turer," who styled himself, " The King of Nukuhiva and 
 Sovereign Chief of New Zealand," on account of his coming 
 to Xew Zealand in 1838, and making an attempt to establish 
 himself as such. He brought with him several persons as 
 the heads of different departments of his Government, but 
 the Natives of New Zealand never seriously entertained his 
 pretensions, and he was soon forgotten. 
 
 THOMPSON, James William, M.H.R. for 
 Clutha. Mr. Thompson has sat for many years in the House 
 of Representatives for Southland or Otago. He was a 
 member of the Grey Government ; and, in the session of 
 1884, he brought forward a motion of want of confidence in 
 the newly-formed Atkinson Government. The Governor 
 thereupon sent for him, and entrusted him with the forma- 
 tion of a ne\v Ministry. In this endeavour he failed. He 
 still holds a seat in the House. 
 
 TRAVERS, William Thomas Locke, F.L.S. Mr. 
 Travers qualified for the profession of law in England on the 
 2ist July, 1845. Arriving in New Zealand on the ipth 
 October, 1849, he at once commenced practice ; first estab- 
 lishing himself in the Province of Nelson, he resided there 
 some years, and took a somewhat active part in Provincial and 
 Colonial politics. In the year 1854, upon the introduction 
 into New Zealand of representative institutions, he was 
 elected to represent the town of Nelson in Parliament.
 
 202 MEN OY MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 During this session he was prominently engaged in general 
 legislation, endeavouring to amend various laws such as his 
 professional experience enabled him to speak authoritatively 
 upon, and introducing the " Legal Estate Bill." He was 
 included in the Ministry formed by Mr. Forsaith, succeeding 
 that of Messrs. Fitzgerald, Sewell, Weld, and Bartley. He 
 advocated the desirableness of Government taking up the 
 question of Education, urging them to establish a general 
 system throughout New Zealand. For twenty years or more, 
 however, all educational arrangements were left in the hands 
 of the provinces, each province exercising the right of 
 establishing a system of its own ; but in 1877 the control of 
 education was assumed by the General Government. In 
 the session of 1855 Mr. Travers moved that the land 
 funds of -the colony should, as soon as possible, be relieved 
 of the charges imposed by the New Zealand Company. 
 This question was subsequently settled to the satisfaction of 
 the Company and the colony by a fixed sum being paid 
 over to the Company 'in satisfaction of their claim, each 
 province taking upon itself a share of the burden. His 
 activity in politics being well-known to Nelson colonists both 
 before and after the introduction of Provincial Institutions, 
 Mr. Travers was elected to the Council to represent Waimea, 
 and unsuccessfully contested the Superintendency of Nelson 
 against two opponents. Shortly after he was appointed 
 District Judge. Resigning this office, he left the province 
 of Nelson to settle in Canterbury, where, for some years, he 
 practised his profession. During this period, in the year 
 1866, he offered himself as a candidate for the Superin- 
 tendency of Canterbury, to which important office, however, 
 the late W. Sefton Moorhouse was elected. Amongst the 
 important questions at that time agitating the colony was 
 that of Separation. Mr. Travers, in his candidature, left no
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 203 
 
 doubt in the minds of Southern men as to his views upon 
 that subject. He was plainly opposed to the political and 
 financial separation of the North and South Islands. Speak- 
 ing provincially, he expressed himself in favour of immigra- 
 tion, of carrying out harbour improvements both at Lyttelton 
 and Timaru, and of constructing a trunk railway from the 
 Kowai to Timaru ; and he suggested means of a'ccomplish- 
 ing these works. On the question of the extension of 
 railways to all parts of the province, he was as enthusiastic as 
 the late Mr. Moorhouse, and proposed lateral horse rail- 
 ways to connect the occupied districts with the main line. 
 To raise the requisite funds he advised the sale of the purely 
 pastoral lands at i an acre, and of lands fitted for agricul- 
 ture at $. The sale of a large area of the former would, 
 he considered, put the province in the position of being able 
 to begin at once the construction of these large public 
 works. The sale of the agricultural land would involve the 
 addition of a large number of agriculturists, and result in 
 the colonisation of the province. Upon the question of 
 Education, he held it should be compulsory, and was in 
 favour of making every man, single or married, contribute 
 an annual sum ; and, if necessary, would vote for giving a 
 supplementary subsidy to meet the case of thinly-populated 
 districts. He recommended the constitution of a body of 
 management, partly central and partly local the central 
 Board to consist of one delegate from each local Board. 
 He saw no objection to denominational education, provided 
 the education offered to the child in other respects was equal 
 to that provided by the State. His views on the incidence 
 of taxation inclined to free-trade, and he hoped to see the 
 day when Custom Houses would be a thing of the past. Mr. 
 Travers continued to represent the City of Christchurch in 
 the House of Representatives, where he is to be credited
 
 204 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 with the introduction of several important measures ; amongst 
 these was " The New Zealand Bankruptcy Bill." He also 
 drew attention to the inefficiency of the law of divorce then 
 in force. Although always actively engaged in the practice 
 of his profession, Mr. Travers found time to read several 
 papers before the Wellington Philosophical Society on the 
 Ornithology and Botany of New Zealand, on the Auckland 
 coalfields, the Chatham Islands, and the life and customs of 
 the Maori race. 
 
 TURNER, The Rev. Nathaniel, was a Wesleyan 
 Missionary who first visited New Zealand in 1823. He was 
 born in Cheshire in 1793 ; in 1820 he was nominated for the 
 ministry, and ordained in the following year. In New Zealand 
 he was stationed at Wangaroa, and succeeded Mr. Leigh as 
 Wesleyan Superintendent. In 1827 Mr. Turner left for the 
 Fiji Islands, returning in 1836. He remained in the Colony 
 until 1838, during which time several new stations were 
 formed. He then went back to Australia, and in 1864 died 
 at Brisbane. 
 
 VIARD, Dr., the late R. C. Bishop of Wellington, was 
 born in Lyons, France, nth October, 1809. He was 
 educated there, and was ordained about the year 1834. 
 Shortly after joining the Society of Mary in 1839, he was 
 sent out to the foreign missions in the South Sea Islands. 
 In New Caledonia he remained about five years. He was 
 then sent to New Zealand, at the request of the late Bishop 
 Pompalier, who chose him for his vicar-general, and after- 
 wards for his coadjutor. By the Pope he was nominated 
 Bishop Coadjutor of the Vicar-Apostolic of Western Oceania, 
 7th February, 1845. When the new See of Wellington was 
 created, Bishop Viard was nominated apostolical adminis-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 205 
 
 trator of that diocese on 2oth June, 1848, and Bishop of the 
 same on 3rd July, 1860. He began the present Cathedral 
 at Wellington completed by Bishop Redwood and 
 visited the South Island in 1865, which was part of his 
 diocese until the nomination of Bishop Moran to the new 
 See of Dunedin. In 1 869 Bishop Viard proceeded to Rome at 
 the request of the Pope. He went to France at the begin- 
 ning of the Prussian war, and had great difficulty in finding 
 his way thence to England, and back to his own diocese in 
 New Zealand. Not long after his return, he was seized with 
 a severe illness, and died on 2nd July, 1872. His body 
 lies in the Cathedral at Wellington. Throughout his life he 
 was highly esteemed by men of every denomination. 
 
 VOGEL, Sir Julius, K.C.M.G. (1875), C.M.G. (1872), 
 
 was educated at the London University College School and the 
 Royal School of Mines. He arrived in Victoria, Australia, in 
 1 85 2, after the discovery of the goldfields, where he was known 
 as the proprietor and editor of a newspaper. In the year 
 1 86 1 he came to Otago, New Zealand, where he at once 
 established the Otago Daily Times, the first daily paper in 
 New Zealand. In 1862 he was returned to the Provincial 
 Council, taking a very active part in the work of legislation, 
 and acting as a member of the Executive for several years. In 
 1863 he was returned to the General Assembly as one of the 
 goldfields representatives. His career as a Colonial Minister 
 began in 1869, when his skill in the management of finance 
 had become recognised and had led the Premier, Mr. (now Sir) 
 William Fox, to offer him the portfolio of Colonial Treasurer. 
 During his editorship of the press and tenure of Provincial 
 offices Mr. Vogel had been profoundly impressed with the 
 natural resources and productive powers 01 the Colony. 
 Henceforward his talent and energy were devoted to the
 
 206 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 advancement of New Zealand. With unbounded faith in 
 her future, he introduced in the following session of 1870 
 his Immigration and Public Works Policy. The effect of this 
 bold scheme on the history and prosperity of Xew Zealand 
 cannot be estimated. Pastoral plains, heavily-timbered 
 forests, stores of mineral wealth lay unproductive and useless 
 for want of ready means of conveyance to the coast and 
 centres of population, and for lack of British blood and sinew 
 to cultivate this fertility and bring the wood and stone, coal 
 and economic metals within the reach of commerce. Capital 
 was first required. To obtain this he proposed to borrow 
 some millions in the London market, expend the money 
 wholly on reproductive works, and depend on the yearly in- 
 creasing profits to pay the interest. Parliament examined 
 his proposal, found the figures correct and the plan workable, 
 and finally adopted the policy by a considerable majority. 
 In 1883 at a cost of less than ^2, 000,000 over 100,000 
 immigrants had already been introduced, each of whom 
 costs Government less than 1 per year for interest. 
 About ;i i, 000,000 has been spent upon railways, and some 
 1,500 miles opened, thus organising cheap, safe, and rapid 
 traffic, saving much cost on roads, and raising the value of 
 land by commerce and settlement. From 1869 to 1872 
 Mr. Vogel held the offices of Treasurer, Commissioner of 
 Stamps and Telegraphs, Postmaster-General, and Com- 
 missioner of Customs in the Fox Ministry ; and Treasurer 
 and Postmaster-General in Mr. Waterhouse's and Mr. Fox's 
 Ministries in 1872-3. In 1872 he was made a C.M.G. In 
 1873 ne assumed the Premiership in conjunction with several 
 other offices. This position he filled to 1875. In this year 
 he went to England, representing the Government on 
 political business connected with the colony. His sen-ices 
 were further acknowledged by Her Majesty in conferring on
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 2O"J 
 
 him the title of Knight Commander of the Order of St. 
 Michael and St. George. On his return in 1876 he resumed 
 the office of Premier ; and, later on in the same year, re- 
 signing this position he was appointed Agent-General and 
 held the office for several years. Whilst in England he was 
 energetic in diffusing accurate knowledge concerning New 
 Zealand, and did much towards inspiring others with his 
 own confidence in her prosperity. In 1883 and in 1884 
 Sir Julius Vogel re-visited the Colony, and during the latter 
 year was returned to Parliament at the general election as 
 one of the representatives of the city of Christchurch by 
 an overwhelming majority. In the present Stout-Vogel 
 Administration he holds the position of Colonial Treasurer, 
 Commissioner of Customs, Postmaster-General, and other 
 offices. 
 
 VOLKNER, The Rev., was one of a band of mis- 
 sionaries sent out to New Zealand by a Protestant Society 
 in Berlin in 1846 and the following years. Their first 
 establishment was at the Chatham Islands. Mr. Volkner 
 subsequently accepted ordination at Episcopal hands, and 
 after some years of faithful labour in the services of the 
 Episcopalian Missionary Society he was murdered at 
 Opotiki, Poverty Bay, by an infuriated mob of Hau-haus 
 under circumstances exceptionally revolting ; he had just 
 landed with food and medicines for those lying there 
 sick and fever-stricken. The Rev. J. Whiteley, of the 
 Wesleyan mission, met with the same fate on the same 
 occasion. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Arthur, Captain in the Royal Navy, 
 agent of the New Zealand Company, was the third son of 
 Edward Wakefield, Esq., of Burnham Hall, Essex, and was
 
 208 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 born in 1799. He entered the Royal Xavy at the age of 
 thirteen. After a distinguished naval career he obtained leave 
 from the Admiralty to lead the first band of English colonists to 
 Nelson, New Zealand, which settlement he founded as agent 
 of the New Zealand Company in 1840. He was killed by 
 the Natives at the Wairau massacre on the ijth June, 1843. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Daniel, a son of Edward Wake- 
 field, Esq., of Burnham Hall, Essex, arrived in the colony 
 with the first set of colonists introduced into the Province 
 of Wellington under the auspices of the New Zealand Com- 
 pany. He held office as Attorney-General for the colony, 
 residing at Wellington, before representative institutions 
 were introduced. Subsequently he was appointed Judge of 
 the Supreme Court, and stationed at Wellington. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Edward Gibbon, eldest son of 
 Edward Wakefield, Esq,, of Burnham Hall, Essex, was 
 born in 1796, and educated for the bar. As a youth he 
 distinguished himself by running away with a young lady, a 
 minor and a ward in chancery, for which he was sentenced 
 to three years' imprisonment. He soon became known as a 
 writer on constitutional subjects. One pamphlet on prison 
 management and the condition of the lower classes gained 
 great popularity at the time. He also wrote " Letters from 
 Sydney," a work on Australian colonisation, so full of local 
 knowledge, that it was generally accepted as a genuine book 
 of travel. In 1831 he published "Tracts relating to the 
 punishment of death in the metropolis," and in 1833 a care- 
 ful work " England and America, a comparison of the 
 social and political state of the two countries." In the 
 same year was published his celebrated book, "A View of 
 the Art of Colonisation," in which he promulgated a new
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 209 
 
 system of colonisation ; on this subject he gave evidence 
 before a Committee of the House of Commons. He then 
 effected the colonisation of South Australia and New Zea- 
 land by means of associations founded on his system. 
 With the aid of Robert Rentoul, editor of the Spectator, 
 and Sir William Molesworth, he attacked the institution of 
 convict transportation, to abolish which he gave the first 
 effective blows. He was Private Secretary to the Earl of 
 Durham in his mission to Canada after the rebellion, and 
 was mainly instrumental in establishing the new form of 
 self-government which proved so successful there. Having 
 taken a leading part in the formation of the Canterbury 
 settlement, Mr. Wakefield emigrated thither in 1852, but 
 subsequently settled at Wellington. He was also connected, 
 whilst in England, with the projectors of the Otago settle- 
 ment. He soon became a member of the Provincial 
 Council of Wellington, and, in 1854, a member also of the 
 House of Representatives, being elected by the Hutt Dis- 
 trict. He sat only in the session of 1854, which was held 
 at Auckland, being unable, through illness, to attend to 
 Parliamentary work. He died at Wellington on i6th May, 
 1862. A remarkably fine and truthful life-size portrait of him, 
 executed in oil, is to be seen in the Canterbury Museum. 
 The British Government, as a tribute of their appreciation 
 of his public services, caused his bust to be executed in white 
 marble and placed in the vestibule of the Colonial Office 
 among the most famous promoters of colonisation. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Edward Jerningham, was the 
 only son of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. He arrived in 
 New Zealand with his uncle, Colonel William Wakefield, 
 then principal agent of the New Zealand Company, whose 
 headquarters were at Wellington. He returned to England 
 
 p
 
 210 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 in 1844. In 1845 ne went to Dublin, at his father's request, 
 to confer with Dr. Samuel Hinds (afterwards Dean of 
 Carlisle and Bishop of Norwich) on the subject of the pro- 
 posed Church of England settlement in New Zealand. The 
 rough outlines of its position in the colony were then con- 
 sidered and discussed.- In 1845 an d 1846 he visited 
 Glasgow and Edinburgh for the purpose of consulting with 
 Captain Cargill and others interested in the project of the 
 Otago settlement. Mr. Wakefield represented a Canterbury 
 constituency in the first session of the first Parliament held 
 under the new Constitution Act in 1854. He again repre- 
 sented a Christchurch constituency in 1876. He was the 
 author of an interesting and well written book under the 
 name of "Adventures in New Zealand," beautifully illus- 
 trated by local artists. This work was published in 1848. 
 He died in Christchurch, Canterbury, about the year 1876. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Edward, politician and journalist, 
 is the fifth son of Mr. Felix Wakefield of Sumner. He was 
 born at Launceston, Tasmania, on the 22nd of May, 1845, 
 and went to England as an infant. He came to Canterbury 
 with his father among the early settlers in 1851, but went 
 shortly afterwards to Wellington, under the care of his uncle, 
 Edward Gibbon Wakefield, the founder of the colony. In 
 1855 he went to England, and was educated at King's 
 College, London, with a view to entering the public service. 
 Returning to New Zealand in 1863, he was attached to the 
 Nelson Examiner at that time one of the leading papers 
 in New Zeaiand ; there he gained his first experience of 
 journalism. In 1865, at the age of twenty, he was ap- 
 pointed to a clerkship in the Civil Service ; and in the 
 following year he was made private secretary to the Premier, 
 Sir Edward Stafford, and subsequently confidential secretary
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 211 
 
 of the Cabinet, a post which he held for four years. After 
 acting as private secretary under various Ministers, he was 
 appointed to an office in the Customs ; but he almost imme- 
 diately retired, and took to journalism as a profession, be- 
 coming known as a writer on political and literary subjects. 
 In December, 1875, ne was elected the first member for 
 Geraldine in the House of Representatives, and was re- 
 elected for the same constituency in 1879. ^ n 1880 he 
 was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Local In- 
 dustries. He unsuccessfully contested Geraldine (1881) and 
 Inangahua (1883), but was returned for Selwyn in May 
 1884, and again without opposition in July of the same 
 year. He was Colonial Secretary and Native Minister in 
 the short-lived Atkinson Ministry of August, 1884. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, Felix, one of the founders of Can 
 terbury, was the fifth son of Edward Wakefield, Esq., 01 
 Burnham Hall, Essex, and younger brother of Edward 
 Gibbon Wakefield. He was born in 1807, and was 
 educated as an engineer. He went in early life to 
 Tasmania, where he held an appointment as superintendent 
 of public works. Returning to England in 1847 he threw 
 himself with energy into his brother's colonising schemes, 
 and was the means of sending a great many of the early 
 settlers to New Zealand, especially to Canterbury. He was 
 among the first to take up land in the new settlement, his 
 allotment being " No. 2," now the site occupied by the 
 town of Sumner ; and in October, 1851, he emigrated 
 thither with his family. Being an enthusiastic botanist he 
 brought out quantities of seeds and plants, which he dis- 
 tributed gratis ; to this fact many of the finer! plantations 
 about Christchurch owe their origin. Private affairs took 
 him home in the following year; but he returned to the
 
 212 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 colony in 1854, and brought out to Nelson the first red 
 deer, pheasants, and other animals and birds. On the out- 
 break of the Crimean war he went again to England, and 
 was made principal superintendent of the army works corps 
 at the seat of war, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 being employed in making the railway from Balaclava to 
 Sebastopol. After the peace he travelled for some years in 
 Russia, Turkey, Syria, and Egypt; and in 1863 returned to 
 settle finally in New Zealand, living first at Nelson and 
 afterwards at Sumner, where he busied himself in devising a 
 harbour scheme, water supply, and other improvements. 
 He died suddenly at Sumner on the 24th December, 1875, 
 the last of the five brothers whose name is so intimately 
 identified with colonisation. 
 
 WAKEFIELD, William, first principal agent of 
 the New Zealand Company also colonel of the First Regi- 
 ment of Lancers in the British auxiliary force in Spain, 
 Knight of the Tower and Sword of Portugal, and Knight of 
 St. Fernando of Spain was the fourth son of Edward 
 Wakefield, Esq., of Burnham Hall, Essex. He was born in 
 1800, and educated for the diplomatic service. In 1823 he 
 was appointed secretary to the English Minister at Turin, 
 and subsequently travelled in Austria, Russia, and Lapland. 
 From 1832 to 1838 he served with distinction in Spain. In 
 1839 he led the first body of English colonists to the shores 
 of New Zealand, under the auspices of the New Zealand 
 Company, whose affairs he administered with great success, 
 being practically the founder of the settlements of Welling- 
 ton and Otago. He was also the means of the peaceful 
 acquisition of the Middle Island from the Natives by the 
 celebrated Ngaitahu purchase, concluded at Akaroa in 1845. 
 He died at Wellington in 1848. Colonel Wakefield married
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 213 
 
 Miss Sidney, of Penhurst, a descendant of Sir Joseph 
 Sidney, and sister to the first Lord De Lisle. He left an 
 only daughter, who married Sir Edward Stafford, for many 
 years Premier of New Zealand. 
 
 WARD, Charles Dudley Robert, is the eldest son 
 of Sir Henry George Ward, G.C.M.G., of Gilston Park, 
 Herts, who died in the year 1860, Governor of Madras. Mr. 
 Ward was educated at Rugby and at Wadham College, Ox- 
 ford, and studied law at the Inner Temple. He was called 
 to the Bar in 1853 ; arrived in New Zealand in 1854, and 
 was elected to the House of Representatives for Wellington 
 Country District in 1855. In 1857 he was appointed Chair- 
 man of the Courts of Sessions of Peace for the Province 
 of Wellington; and, in 1864, Resident Magistrate. In the 
 year 1866 he was made District Judge for Wellington, 
 Nelson, and Hawke's Bay. Mr. Ward was Acting Judge 
 of the Supreme Court in 1868 ; and in 1870 was appointed 
 District Judge of Westland. Since that date he has held 
 courts in various parts of the colony. 
 
 WARD, Crosbie. The third son of the Hon. and 
 Rev. H. Ward, rector of Killinclay, County Down, Ireland, 
 he was born in that parish on the loth February, 1832, 
 and was educated at the College School, Castletown, Isle of 
 Man, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He arrived in 
 Canterbury in 1852. His first public appearance was in 
 March, 1855, when he was returned to the Provincial 
 Council by Akaroa. In December, 1855, he stood to 
 represent Christchurch Country District in the General 
 Assembly, and was defeated. On the ist July, 1856, his 
 connection began with the Lyttelton Times, of which he 
 was part proprietor, and to the columns of which he for
 
 214 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 some years largely contributed. In October, 1856, he 
 again offered himself to represent the Christchurch Country 
 District in the General Assembly, and was again defeated ; 
 but he obtained a seat in that Assembly as member for 
 Lyttelton on the 28th May, 1858. In October of the 
 same year he was sent to represent the interests of 
 Lyttelton in the Provincial Council. In August. 1861, 
 he joined Mr. Fox's Ministry as Postmaster-General; 
 but his duties were not confined to that depart- 
 ment. He visited Canterbury as the representative of 
 the Government, and Otago on business connected with 
 the gold fields. In January, 1862, he went to Hawke's 
 Bay to arrange difficulties between the settlers and the 
 Natives, and is said to have conducted that business with 
 great sagacity and success. In August, 1862, Mr. Fox was 
 turned out of office, and Mr. Domett took the reins. Mr. 
 Ward continued in office, chiefly on account of postal 
 business, and early in the year 1863 left for England to 
 negotiate the Panama service. In March, 1864, he returned 
 to the colony, having succeeded in making a contract for 
 the service on his own responsibility. While in England he 
 was further engaged in discussing the question of war costs 
 with the Imperial Government. He wrote a defence of the 
 colony, in the form of a letter to Lord Lyttelton, which 
 attracted considerable attention in England, as well as in 
 New Zealand. On his return he found that the Govern- 
 ment of which he had been a member had been defeated. 
 This was succeeded by the Weld Ministry, in which 
 he was offered the portfolio of Postmaster-General. He 
 refused to accept office, having at this time taken up with 
 great earnestness the question of separating the islands 
 North and South, and gradually drifted into opposition. 
 Shortly after this he accepted the office of Agent for the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 215 
 
 Province of Canterbury in England. He accompanied Mr. 
 Hall to Melbourne to represent New Zealand at the Inter- 
 colonial Postal Conference ; and, returning to Canterbury, 
 sailed for England via Panama. Mr. Crosbie Ward was 
 one of the few men in the New Zealand Parliament who 
 made finance, as applied to politics, a severe study. Al- 
 though devoted to public life and laboriously engaged in 
 newspaper work, he made time to amuse the Canterbury 
 public by his laughter-provoking contributions to the Punch 
 of the period. He died at his post in England in the year 
 1867. 
 
 WATERHOUSE, The Hon. George Marsden, 
 
 was born in 1824 ; son of the late Rev. J. Waterhouse, 
 General Superintendent of Wesleyan Missions in Australia 
 and Polynesia. In the year 1851 Mr. Waterhouse was 
 one of the members of the first elective representative 
 assembly in South Australia. In 1860 he became Chief 
 Secretary, and subsequently Premier of South Australia. 
 In 1869 he settled in New Zealand; and in 1870 was 
 appointed a member of the Legislative Council of the 
 colony. In October, 1871, he accepted office without 
 portfolio, and subsequently in the year 1872 (October) 
 filled the office of Premier, which he held to March, 1873. 
 Mr. Waterhouse has not held office since that date, but 
 continues to sit in the Legislative Council, where he 
 may certainly be classed amongst active and influential 
 members. 
 
 WELD, Sir Frederick Aloysius, K.C.M.G. (1880), 
 C.M.G. (1875), is th e second son of H. Weld, Esq., of 
 Chidex Manor, Dorset, and of Hon. Christina Maria, 
 daughter of sixth Lord Clifford, of Chudleigh. Born 1823,
 
 2l6 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 he was educated at Stonyhurst and Freiburg (Switzerland). 
 He emigrated to New Zealand in 1843-44, and was returned 
 to Parliament at its first session, held at Auckland in 1854. 
 He was appointed member of the Executive Council in 
 the same year, and Minister for Native Affairs in 1860, 
 resigning in 1861. In 1864 he was entrusted with the 
 formation of a Ministry ; his policy of self-reliance, which 
 involved the sending to England of the Imperial troops, was 
 accepted by Her Majesty's Secretary of State, and favour- 
 ably commented upon in both Houses of Parliament in 
 England. He again resigned office in 1865. Mr. Weld 
 was amongst the first to explore the Province of Nelson 
 and some of the uninhabited districts of the Middle Island 
 of New Zealand. Reports of these explorations were pub- 
 lished in the New Zealand Government Gazette of 1851 and 
 1855. Sir Frederick Weld is also author of "Hints to 
 intending Sheep Farmers in New Zealand," and of a paper 
 on the great volcanic eruption of Mauna Loa (Sandwich 
 Islands) in 1855, and on the ascent of that mountain, 
 published in the Journal of the Royal Geological Society, 
 London, in 1856 ; also, of "Notes on New Zealand Affairs," 
 London, 1869. He was appointed Governor of Western 
 Australia, i4th April, 1869; Governor of Tasmania, Sep- 
 tember, 1874; and Governor of the Straits Settlements, 
 1880. 
 
 WESTON, Thomas Shailer, barrister at law, is 
 the son of the late John James Weston, an early settler in 
 the Province of Taranaki. Mr. Weston was born in 
 London in the year 1837, and was educated at private 
 schools in that city. At an early age he studied for the 
 law and was admitted to the Bar of New Zealand in June, 
 1 86 1. He commenced business at New Plymouth. His
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 21 7 
 
 first important brief was given to him in 1862, by the 
 Native Department of the Government, to conduct the 
 defence of certain Maoris, who were charged with, and 
 found guilty of, the murder of Dr. Hope, Lieut. Traggett, a 
 non-commissioned officer, and some privates, on their way 
 from Tataraimaka to New Plymouth. In 1863 Mr. Weston 
 left New Plymouth for Invercargill. The climate not suit- 
 ing him, he left with the intention of returning to England. 
 He was, however, induced on his way to settle in Auckland, 
 where he remained in good practice till October, 1873, w hen 
 he was appointed to the District Judgeship of Hawke's Bay 
 and Gisborne. Mr. Weston did much with money and labour 
 to assist in the development of the Auckland gold fields. 
 In January, 1874, he opened his first Court in Napier; and 
 in January, 1875, ne was invited by the Government of the 
 day to accept the more active and important position of 
 District Judge for the entire West Coast of the Middle 
 Island. He remained there until October, 1880, when the 
 Government dispensed with his services the policy of 
 retrenchment adopted by the House of Representatives in 
 that session being the alleged cause. He was presented 
 with addresses from the Bar and the citizens of the several 
 towns, the Reefton address being inscribed by 450 out of 
 the small population of that place. On the West Coast he 
 identified himself with the cause of education of and the 
 literary and other like societies. He was a member of the 
 Westland Board of Education, a member of the Local 
 School Committee, and chairman of the Literary and 
 Philosophical Society. During his Judgeship the Govern- 
 ment entrusted him with divers special commissions, the 
 most important being the Westport Colliery Reserve Com- 
 mission, in which Mr. Beetham, the present Resident 
 Magistrate at Christchurch, acted in conjunction with him.
 
 2l8 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 For their labours, which extended over three months, an 
 acknowledgment was made by the Public Works Minister 
 the Hon. Mr. Richardson in his Public Works Statement 
 in Parliament in 1876. In January, 1881, Mr. Weston 
 commenced business in Christchurch. His services were 
 enlisted in the East and West Coast Railway scheme, in 
 which he has ever since taken an active and deep interest. 
 To education there, as he had ever done elsewhere, he 
 turned his attention, and he fills a seat on the Education 
 Board of North Canterbury. In March, 1881, the Judges 
 of the Supreme Court appointed Mr. Allan Holmes and Mr. 
 Weston the first Law Examiners of the colony a position just 
 relinquished by him. Through his instrumentality the Christ- 
 church Law Society arranged to offer a gold medal for the 
 best set of barristers' and solicitors' papers presented by the 
 students of the colony at the half-yearly law examinations. 
 These medals are now much sought for. In May, 1881, 
 upon the death of Mr. G. Masters, he was invited to repre- 
 sent the Grey Valley in the House of Representatives, and 
 was returned against Mr. Fitzgerald, formerly Resident 
 Magistrate at Hokitika. In the session of that year he, with 
 Mr. Levien, one of the Wellington members, devoted much 
 time and rendered material assistance in framing and 
 passing the Railway Construction and Lands Act ; and he 
 worked hard with Mr. (now the Hon.) Stevens to pass a mea- 
 sure for the further protection of women and children, but 
 it was thrown out. He vindicated the Judges of the 
 Supreme Court against the aspersions which he thought 
 were cast upon the Bench by Sir George Grey. Upon the 
 no-confidence motion of that year he voted with the Hall 
 Government. He gave this vote, however, on the distinct 
 understanding that he should be allowed freedom of action 
 in the future, and that course he pursued. Under the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 2 19 
 
 Representation Act of that year the Grey Valley was divided 
 into two districts the Grey and the Inangahua. For the 
 latter he was again returned to Parliament in 1882 against 
 two opponents, and without having addressed or visited the 
 electors. At the session of 1882 he helped to pass the New 
 Supreme Court Acts and Codes, and to prevent the passing 
 of Sir George Grey's Law Practitioners' Bill a measure 
 intended to dispense with articles for service and the exa- 
 mination of students in general knowledge, and to enable 
 any person to appear as an advocate. The simplification of 
 procedure of the Supreme Court has been productive of much 
 good. In 1883 Mr. Weston resigned his seat in Parliament. 
 
 WHITAKER, The Hon. Sir Frederick, was 
 
 born in 1812, at Bampton, Oxfordshire, England. Early 
 in 1839 Mr. Whitaker was admitted to practice in the 
 English Courts of Law ; and towards the close of the same 
 year he left for Australia, landing in Sydney in 1840. 
 Staying but a short time in that colony, he came to New 
 Zealand, landing at Kororareka, then the seat of Govern- 
 ment. There he took up his abode, and entered on the 
 practice of his profession, which he continued till the 
 removal of the seat of Government to Auckland in 1841, 
 when he came to that city, remaining a resident therein 
 ever since, with the exception of a visit to England in 1846. 
 In the year 1842 he was appointed County Judge, the 
 Court having civil and criminal jurisdiction, like our 
 present District Courts. In 1844 the County Court was 
 abolished, and a Court of Requests substituted. In the 
 following year Mr. Whitaker was appointed senior non- 
 official member of the Legislative Council, -and sat in the 
 last Council held by Governor Fitzroy, and also in the first 
 Council held by his successor, Governor Grey. The
 
 220 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 northern insurrection breaking out, Mr. Whitaker served in 
 the New Zealand Militia, in which force he held a major's 
 commission ; and he was engaged in garrison duty in Auck- 
 land when the rebel northern Natives threatened destruction 
 to the infant settlement. Mr. Whitaker at this time became 
 a partner with Captain Heale, and the new firm entered 
 into a number of speculations to develope the mineral 
 resources of the province, the most important of which were 
 their operations in copper ore mining at Kawau and at the 
 Great Barrier. In the year 1851 the Provincial Legislative 
 Council was established one-third of whose members were 
 nominated, and the remaining two-thirds elected. Mr. 
 Whitaker was one of the representatives elected for Auck- 
 land City, but the Council was never called together. The 
 passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act in 1852 by 
 the English Parliament, and the inauguration of popular 
 representative institutions in the colony in 1853, again 
 brought him to the front in political life. He was elected a 
 member of the Provincial Council, and sat in several 
 sessions. During the superintendency of General Wynyard 
 he acted as Provincial Law Adviser, and as a member of 
 the Provincial Executive. In 1853 he was called to the 
 Legislative Council, and in the following year attended the 
 first session of the General Assembly as a member of that 
 Council. In 1855 he succeeded Mr. Swainson as Attorney- 
 General, under the Lieutenant-Governorship of General 
 Wynyard. In the same year he was Speaker of the Legis- 
 lative Council; but in 1856 he resigned the post of 
 Speaker to accept the portfolio of Attorney-General in the 
 Bell-Sewell Ministry, which was ejected from office within a 
 fortnight. Mr. Fox, who formed the succeeding administra- 
 tion, was in turn supplanted within a like period by Mr. 
 Stafford ; and Mr. Whitaker again resumed his portfolio,
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 221 
 
 with the leadership of the Legislative Council. On the 
 1 2th July, 1 86 1, the Stafford Ministry was defeated on the 
 question of Native Affairs, and more especially on the 
 Taranaki war of 1860 and the Waitara question, by Mr. Fox, 
 the leader of the so-called Philo-Maori party. Mr. Whitaker 
 then resigned his seat in the Legislative Council, and entered 
 into partnership with Mr. Thomas Russell, under the style of 
 Whitaker and Russell, and carried on an extensive legal busi- 
 ness. In January, 1863, Mr. Whitaker was again Attorney- 
 General, but declined a seat in Mr. Domett's Ministry. On 
 the formation of a Fox Ministry, later on in the same year, he 
 accepted, at the request of Mr. Fox, the offices of Premier 
 and Attorney-General, with a seat in the Legislative 
 Council. In November, 1864, the members of the Fox- 
 Whitaker Ministry tendered their resignation, owing to 
 differences of opinion which arose between them and the 
 Governor, Sir George Grey, relative to the conduct of the 
 Waikato war, and the confiscation of lands of Natives in 
 rebellion. Mr. Whitaker at this period resigned his seat in 
 the Legislative Council. In 1865 he was elected Super- 
 intendent of Auckland without opposition, and in the 
 following month was returned to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives for Parnell. He became the leader of the 
 Auckland party. In 1867 he retired from the Superin- 
 tendency and from his seat in the Assembly. At this time 
 he took an active interest in the development of the mining 
 interest at the Thames gold fields ; he was also largely 
 interested in the timber trade, and in extensive pastoral 
 operations. In 1876 he returned to the political arena, and 
 was elected without opposition for Waikato. On the retire- 
 ment of Sir Julius Vogel's administration, h\ accepted the 
 office of Attorney-General with Ministerial precedence in 
 Major Atkinson's administration, and with permission to
 
 222 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 reside in Auckland. In 1877 the Atkinson administration 
 resigned on an adverse vote carried by Sir George Grey. 
 Parliament dissolved shortly afterwards. On the formation 
 of the Hall Ministry, Mr. Whitaker was called to the Upper 
 House, proffered his old portfolio as Attorney-General, and 
 undertook the conduct of the business in the Legislative 
 Council. On the resignation of Sir John Hall, owing to 
 ill health, Mr. Whitaker became Premier, which position he 
 resigned in 1883 in consequence of his private affairs 
 requiring his presence in Auckland. In February, 1884, he 
 was appointed by Her Majesty a K.C.M.G. He still 
 retains his seat as a member of the Legislative Council. 
 
 WHITMORE, George Stoddart, K.C.M.G., 
 M.L.C. Colonel Whitmore was educated for the army, 
 which he entered as ensign in the 62nd Regiment of Foot, 
 23rd January, 1847. He was promoted lieutenant 2ist 
 May, 1850- captain, 7th July, 1854; brevet-major, 6th 
 June, 1856. Having attended the Staff College, where he 
 remained up to the end of 1860, he graduated head of the 
 batch of officers in the examination of that year. He first 
 saw active service, in the latter part of the Kaffir war in 
 1847, in the action of Boem Plaats, and the defeat of the 
 insurgent Boers in 1848. He served in the Kaffir war of 
 1850-3, and was present with the Second Division in nearly 
 every engagement, including the storming of the Iron 
 Mountain. Commanding Sir Harry Smith's escort from 
 March to November, 1851, he was repeatedly employed as 
 a staff officer with the various columns on patrol. He acted 
 a:; major of brigade to the division from November, 1851, 
 to October, 1852, also as major of brigade to the cavalry in 
 the expedition under Sir George Cathcart, ending in the 
 battle of Berea. Colonel Whitmore has had two horses
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 223 
 
 shot under him in action, and has been repeatedly thanked in 
 brigade and division orders, as well as in the general orders 
 and despatches of Sir H. Smith and of Sir George Cathcart. 
 He was rewarded with a captaincy in the 62nd Regiment. 
 He next went to the East as A.D.C. to Sir H. Stokes, at the 
 hospitals of Smyrna and Scutari, and joined the cavalry of 
 the Turkish contingent, serving with it at Kertch. Subse- 
 quently he came to New Zealand as Military Secretary to 
 Sir Duncan Cameron in 1861. Leaving the army in 1862, 
 he became a settler in the Province of Hawke's Bay, which 
 has been his headquarters to the present time. He was 
 appointed to command the Hawke's Bay militia in 1866, 
 when he successfully led 200 militia and volunteers at 
 Omaranui, surrounded the gathering of Hau-Haus, who 
 threatened destruction to the settlement of Napier, and cut 
 off or captured them almost to a man. In 1868 he con- 
 ducted a campaign against the celebrated Te Kooti, who 
 had just escaped from the Chatham Islands, and drove him 
 and his followers into hiding. A month later he was placed 
 in command of the West Coast force, which had met with 
 some reverses and had to be recruited and reorganised. 
 For some considerable time Te Kooti kept the country in 
 a state of alarm. His successes brought many wild spirits 
 to his standard ; and he placed his fortress at Ngatapa, 
 a wooded mountain whose summit is about 2500 feet above 
 the level of the sea. It was said to be the strongest fortified 
 post in the North Island. The massacre of Poverty Bay 
 compelled Government to send Colonel Whitmore to reduce 
 this stronghold. After a siege of five days the place was 
 taken, Jan. 3rd, 1869, and the enemy escaped with very 
 severe loss. Returning to the West Coast, he led the 
 colonial troops successfully from Kai Iwi to the Waitara, 
 recovering all the country that had been abandoned, and
 
 224 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 defeating Titokawaru's band in several engagements. 
 Having completely pacified the West Coast, he was then 
 sent to put down the insurrection in the Uriwera Moun- 
 tains, where Te Kooti had once more raised a body of 
 followers. This duty had been scarcely accomplished when 
 a change of Ministry occurred ; Mr. Fox defeated Mr. 
 Stafford, and at once removed Colonel Whitmore from the 
 command of the troops in the field, just at the moment 
 when complete success appeared close at hand. Te Kooti 
 being unpursued, was able to recover from the effects of 
 defeat, and it was consequently eighteen months afterwards 
 before he was again reduced to the same straits. In 1877 
 Colonel Whitmore joined Sir G. Grey's ministry as Colonial 
 Secretary and Defence Minister, retiring in 1879. For his 
 services in the Imperial and Colonial Forces he wears four 
 medals and the Order of the Medgidgee ; Her Majesty also 
 created him Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George. In 1863 he accepted a seat in the Legis- 
 lative Council, which he still holds. He has quite recently 
 been appointed to the command of the Colonial Forces. 
 
 WILKIN, Robert, was born at Tinwald Downs, 
 Dumfries, Scotland, on the 14th January, 1820. His 
 father, James Wilkin, was a leading farmer in Dumfriesshire. 
 His mother, Rachel Douglas Laurie, was a daughter of the 
 parish minister at Tinwald. He attended for seven years 
 the Dumfries Academy a good and well-known classical 
 school under the management of the Town Council. 
 Thence he went to Edinburgh University, and attended 
 such classes as were thought likely to be useful in the 
 occupation of farming. In the year 1839 he sailed for 
 Melbourne in the " Midlothian," the first English ship that 
 ever reached Melbourne direct. Going on in the same
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 225 
 
 ship to Sydney, New South Wales, he immediately after- 
 wards went up to the Namoi river in the district of Liverpool 
 Plains, where for several years he had charge of stations 
 belonging to Mr. George Hobler. He afterwards removed 
 to the Richmond river, and in conjunction with two other 
 young men, he took up a station. Subsequently he went to 
 the colony of Queensland, where he acquired and held 
 stations in the Burnett district. In the year 1858 he be- 
 came a New Zealand colonist, selecting Canterbury as the 
 scene of his future work. He had previously been ap- 
 pointed a magistrate for Port Phillip, upon the recom- 
 mendation of Mr. La Trobe, the Resident Government 
 Agent in Melbourne. Mr. Wilkin had not been long in 
 Canterbury when he was asked to join the Provincial 
 Executive by Mr. Moorhouse, who was at that time Super- 
 intendent of the Province. This position he accepted and 
 retained for some years. He sat in the Provincial Council 
 for many sessions as member for Timaru, and also in the 
 General Assembly as member for Kaiapoi. When the 
 Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association was 
 formed in 1863, he was elected its first president, and has 
 been more or less connected with that institution ever since. 
 About fifteen years ago, in addition to pastoral pursuits, in 
 which he was so largely engaged, he entered into business 
 in Hereford Street, Christchurch. He has made more than 
 one trip to the Old Country and the neighbouring colonies 
 since he first came to New Zealand, but is at the present 
 time a resident in the suburbs of Christchurch. On 
 one of the occasions of his taking leave of his friends, who 
 had gathered to wish him God-speed, Sir John Hall, then 
 Premier of the colony, spoke of him as " one of the best 
 colonists and most worthy men whom Canterbury has 
 numbered among her settlers." 
 
 Q
 
 226 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Henry, Archdeacon of Waimate, was 
 the son of S. Williams, of a Welsh family, who came to 
 Nottingham, where he remained until his death in 1804. 
 Henry, the third son, was from early boyhood bent upon 
 entering the Navy, to which profession his grandfather and 
 three maternal uncles had belonged. His desire was 
 gratified in 1806, during the war with France, when, at the 
 age of fourteen, he was commissioned to serve under Sir 
 Joseph Yorke, a friend of the family, first in the " Harfleur," 
 and afterwards in several other war-ships. He was one of 
 the volunteers who joined Captain (afterwards Sir Charles) 
 Napier, to co-operate with the army under the command of 
 Lord Wellington ; and, after that expedition had been 
 countermanded, he joined the " Thames," under Captain 
 Walpole, and continued in her till the peace. At Copen- 
 hagen, in 1807, he served both afloat and ashore, working 
 at the land batteries, and was told off to a forlorn hope on 
 the eve of the capitulation. He was in the engagement of 
 February i3th, 1810, when the boats of the "Christian 
 VII." attacked nine French gunboats in the Basque Roads. 
 In the " Galatea " he took part in the engagement off 
 Tamatave, May 2oth, 1811, between three English frigates 
 and three French vessels of superior force, receiving a 
 wound, from the effects of which he never entirely re- 
 covered. For this service a war medal was sent out to him 
 in New Zealand by the Admiralty in 1848, and is now an 
 heir-loom in the family. He saw further service at the 
 Cape, the Mauritius, Madras, and Calcutta. The last 
 engagement in which he took part was the last naval 
 engagement of the war namely, that between the " En- 
 dymion " and the United States frigate " President/' On 
 the restoration of peace he retired on half pay, which he 
 continued to draw until 1827, when the Admiralty ordered
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 227 
 
 that all officers in holy orders should be struck off the pay- 
 lists. In 1818 he married. Having been informed that 
 the Church Missionary Society were about to equip a vessel 
 for the New Zealand station, he offered to take the com- 
 mand; their intention had already been relinquished, but 
 he was told that he might be received as a missionary. He 
 closed with the proposal, expecting to be employed as a lay- 
 man, and addressed himself forthwith to preparation for the 
 work. That arrangement had been carried through when 
 disastrous news arrived from New Zealand. Intelligence 
 was daily expected in England that the Society's pioneers 
 had been expelled from the country, and that the Mission 
 would have to be altogether abandoned. Meanwhile he 
 turned his attention to surgery and medicine, for the prac- 
 tice of which, especially of the former, he found much 
 occasion during his after career. He also strove to acquire 
 a general knowledge of all such arts as were likely to be of 
 practical use in an uncivilized country. In 1820 he went to 
 Balder, where he remained until September, 1821, when he 
 went to Hampstead. While at Balder, he was directed by 
 the Society to remain at least two years longer in England, 
 and to study for ordination. This was not in accordance 
 with his original intention, but his old habits of discipline 
 had trained him to obedience without demur. He was 
 ordained Deacon, June 2nd, 1822, by the Bishop of 
 London; and Priest, June i6th, 1822, by the Bishop of 
 Lincoln. Bad news from New Zealand being received, the 
 Society offered to change Mr. Williams' scene of labour ; 
 but he induced them to permit him to proceed to his 
 former destination. Arriving at Hobartown, Tasmania, Mr. 
 Williams met Samuel Marsden for the first tim-e. Proceed- 
 ing to Sydney, he lost no time in engaging a passage to New 
 Zealand, landing at the Bay of Islands, August 3rd, 1823.
 
 228 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 His first station was at Paihia, a few miles up the harbour. 
 For upwards of forty-four years he laboured as a missionary 
 in New Zealand, and with such success that, when he died, 
 at a good old age, both races spoke highly of his great de- 
 votion to duty. So much was he beloved by the Maori 
 portion of his flock that they subscribed the sum of ^200 
 for the erection of a monument, refusing any contribution 
 from Europeans. The monument was unveiled at the Bay 
 of Islands in January, 1876. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Joshua Strange, Judge of the 
 Supreme Court of New Zealand, was born in 1837, eldest 
 son of the late Joshua Williams, Q.C., the author of the 
 well-known works on " Real and Personal Property." He 
 was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 where he graduated M.A. and LL.B. At his graduation in 
 1859 he took a Third Class in the Mathematical Tripos and 
 a First Class in the Law Tripos; and he obtained the 
 Chancellor's medal for legal studies. After he had been 
 called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, in November, 1859, he 
 sailed for New Zealand ; and, arriving in 1861, he settled in 
 Canterbury. In 1862 he entered into partnership with Mr. 
 T. S. Duncan, then Provincial Solicitor, and practised his 
 profession in Christchurch until the beginning of 1871. In 
 1862 He was elected member of the Provincial Council of 
 Canterbury for the Heathcote district, and represented that 
 district till the end of 1863. In 1866 he was again elected 
 for the same district, and continued to represent it until the 
 beginning of 1875. He was Provincial Solicitor during the 
 Superintendencies of Mr. Bealey and Mr. Moorhouse. In 
 January, 1871, he was appointed District Land Registrar at 
 Christchurch, under the Land Transfer Act, and in 1872 
 Registrar-General of Land for the colony. He held the
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 229 
 
 latter office until appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court 
 in March, 1875. 
 
 WILLIAMS, William, D.C.L., late Bishop of 
 Waiapu, was born at Nottingham on July i8th, 1800, the 
 youngest of a family of seven. His father died in 1804 ; 
 and, in 1812, his brother, with the younger members of the 
 family, went to reside at Southwell. In his earlier years 
 Mr. Williams had been sent to a Moravian school at Fair- 
 field, near Manchester ; but after moving to Southwell he 
 attended the Grammar School in that town, which was then 
 presided over by the Rev. S. Footit. On leaving school 
 he was destined for the medical profession, and, with this 
 object in view, he was articled to Mr. Foster, a surgeon in 
 the town. Before the time had expired for which he had 
 been bound to Mr. Foster, his views with regard to his 
 future profession had undergone a change, and he deter- 
 mined to prepare himself for holy orders. He left South- 
 well in 1822, and matriculated at Magdalene College, 
 Oxford, of which Dr. Macbride was Principal. He was 
 ordained Deacon by the Bishop of London Dr. Howley 
 at Fulham, on Sunday, September 26th, 1824; and was 
 admitted to priest's orders on the ipth December following. 
 After his ordination he spent some time in London, walking 
 the hospitals and qualifying himself to act as surgeon to the 
 New Zealand Mission, a capacity in which his services were 
 frequently called into requisition in after years. Having 
 been married in July, 1825, he took passage for New 
 Zealand in the ship "Sir George Osborne," arriving there 
 in the same year. As a Churchman, the la' ~> Bishop was a 
 shining light of the old Evangelical school ; and the 
 " Dictionary of the Maori Language," which he published, 
 speaks well for his scholarship as a linguist. His first visit
 
 230 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 to the East Cape was in 1835. ^ n December, 1850, the 
 University of Oxford conferred on him the honorary degree 
 of D.C.L. ; and he was consecrated April 3rd, 1859. He 
 won the respect of the members of religious bodies other 
 than his own. He was actively engaged in visiting outlying 
 districts, as well as in performing his ordinary duties as a 
 Bishop; and thus he employed himself up to the day of his 
 death, which happened on March 25th, 1876, the fiftieth 
 anniversary of his first landing at Paihia, in the Bay of 
 Islands. He resigned the office of Bishop a short time 
 before his death, presenting to his newly-consecrated suc- 
 cessor, Dr. Stuart, a copy of the Maori version of the Bible. 
 It is interesting to note that one of the last works in which 
 he was engaged was the revision of the Maori translation of 
 the Prayer-book. This was finished a short time only 
 before his death. 
 
 WILLIAMS, William Henry Wynn, son of the 
 late Rev. P. L. Williams, formerly Rector of Llangar, and 
 Vicar of Llansannan, in North Wales, was born in 1829, and 
 was educated with the view originally to a nomination for a 
 cadetship in the Indian Army, but afterwards for the law. 
 He was admitted to practice in England in Hilary Term, 
 1853. Sailing for New Zealand in 1857, he landed in 
 Wellington. After working on several sheep stations in 
 various parts of the colony, Mr. Williams commenced the 
 practice of his profession in Christchurch in 1860. He sat 
 as a member of the Provincial Council of Canterbury for 
 many sessions, and also filled the office of Provincial 
 Solicitor. Mr. Williams also represented the Heathcote 
 district in Parliament from 1881 to 1884. His eldest 
 brother was the late Six C. J. Watkin Williams, one of Her 
 Majesty's Judges ; and his youngest brother is a member of
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 23! 
 
 the eminent firm of Messrs. Freshfields and Williams, 
 solicitors to the Bank of England. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, John, arrived in Auckland at an 
 early date in the history of the Province. Mr. Williamson 
 was in early life a soldier, and whilst young emigrated to 
 Auckland. He soon entered into politics, both in the pro- 
 vince and in the legislature of the colony. He was Super- 
 intendent of the Province of Auckland for many years, and 
 for a long period one of its representatives in Parliament. 
 He was in the House in 1863, taking at that time a very 
 active part in the debates. He was always admitted to be a 
 man of broad sympathies and enlightened views ; and in his 
 best days had strong political influence. He died in the 
 Province of Auckland some years since. 
 
 WILLOCK, The Rev. William Wellington, was 
 
 born i8th June, 1815 ; and died May 23rd, 1882. Mr. 
 Willock was born at Tamworth, Staffordshire ; and was first 
 cousin to the late Sir Robert Peel, the eminent statesman, 
 who so long represented that borough in the English Parlia- 
 ment. Educated first at a small school at Hawkshead, in 
 Lancashire, of which parish his grandfather was Rector, and 
 afterwards at the Grammar School, Leeds, he entered at 
 Magdalen College, Cambridge. In 1838 he took his B.A. 
 degree, and, having achieved a place among the Wranglers, 
 became a Fellow of his College. He was ordained shortly 
 after taking his degree, and held a curacy first in the East 
 of London, and afterwards in Hertfordshire. From 1846 to 
 1850 he was perpetual curate of St. Andrew's, Ancoats, 
 Manchester, which position he resigned when he became a 
 Canterbury colonist and land purchaser. He arrived in 
 Canterbury in 1850, in the ship " Randolph" one of the
 
 232 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 four historic ships. It fell to Mr. Willock's lot to conduct 
 the first service on the Plains, the building which did duty 
 for a church being a wedge-shaped hut, erected in the tri- 
 angular block opposite St. Michael's church. Shortly after- 
 wards he settled on his land, and built a house in the 
 neighbourhood of the Port Hills. Whilst here, he was to 
 some extent engaged in farming ; but he never abandoned 
 the work of a clergyman, and would walk over the hill to 
 Governor's Bay, hold service, and return home in the 
 evening. He continued on his farm thus occupied, and 
 taking an active part at the same time in all the Church 
 movements of those early days until after the arrival of the 
 Bishop of Christchurch, on Christmas Eve, 1856. Shortly 
 after this he let his farm and accepted the cure of Kaiapoi, 
 which he held for upwards of sixteen years. In 1874 Mr. 
 Willock had a seat in the General Synod, held that year in 
 Wellington, having been appointed by the Synod as one of 
 the clerical representatives of the Melanesian Mission. A 
 few months later he was appointed Archdeacon of Akaroa 
 and a Canon. About the same time he resigned the cure of 
 Kaiapoi, and came to reside first in Christchurch, and after- 
 wards at Fendalton, where he lived the rest of his life, de- 
 voting himself to the duties attaching to the offices of 
 Secretary and Treasurer to the Church Property Trustees. 
 He was a Fellow of Christ's College from its foundation in 
 1855. For many years he acted as Examiner in Mathe- 
 matics for the College, and was also a member of the Synod 
 and Standing Committee of the Diocese, and of the Cathe- 
 dral Commission. Archdeacon Willock was spoken of as a 
 High Churchman of the old school. In Manchester he was 
 sometimes called the " Iron Priest." The Christchurch 
 Cathedral has reckoned him among its warmest friends and 
 most generous benefactors.
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 233 
 
 WILSON, Sir John Cracroft, C.B., K.C.S.I., 
 was born at Onamore, Madras Presidency, May 2ist, 1808, 
 and sent to England for his education at an early age. He 
 returned to India in 1828, having been appointed to a sub- 
 ordinate position in the Indian Civil Service; but he was 
 soon promoted to be Assistant Commissioner to Sir William 
 Sleeman, with whom he greatly distinguished himself by his 
 success in suppressing Thuggism. As a reward for this 
 service, notwithstanding his youth, he was shortly afterwards 
 made a Magistrate of Cawnpore a post which he occupied 
 for a considerable period. In 1841 he was transferred to 
 Moradabad, where he acted as Magistrate and Collector 
 until 1853. He was then ordered a change of climate by 
 his medical adviser, and, obtaining leave of absence, sailed 
 for Melbourne, on his way to Canterbury, New Zealand, 
 where he became a settler. In May, 1855, his leave of 
 absence expiring, he returned' to Calcutta, and resumed his 
 office of Judge at Moradabad. Of the manner in which he 
 conducted himself during the trying period of the Indian 
 Mutiny, some idea may be formed from the following 
 extract, taken from a despatch of Lord Canning's the 
 Governor-General of India dated July 2nd, 1859. In 
 referring to Mr. Wilson's services on that occasion, he writes 
 thus : " The Government in the North-west Provinces of 
 India retained its hold of many chiefs of the country. 
 These were held single and isolated in a sea of rebellion 
 and that this was possible was due to the indomitable 
 courage, devotion to duty, and fertility of resource, which 
 has so marked the conduct of the officers of the Civil 
 Service of India throughout this terrible time. They have 
 been worthily aided and rivalled by military officers on 
 detached employ, and by many gentlemen not connected 
 -with the Government ; but it is due primarily to the officers
 
 234 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 of the Civil Service that the landmarks of British authority 
 throughout the districts of the North-west Provinces were 
 not overborne in the flood. . . . It is now my duty to 
 recommend to the favourable consideration of Her Majesty's 
 Government the following officers : Mr. J. Cracroft Wilson, 
 Judge of Moradabad. I name this gentleman first, because 
 he has the enviable distinction of having, by his obstinate 
 energy and perseverance, saved more Christian lives than 
 any man in India. He did this at the repeatedly imminent 
 risk of his own life." Several other names follow. In 
 the London Gazette, May i8th, 1860, twenty-six members 
 of the Bengal Civil Service were made ordinary members 
 of the Civil Division of the Third Class, or Companions 
 of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath ; and among 
 these is included the name of John Cracroft Wilson. In 
 1872 further recognition of his great services was made 
 by conferring on Sir Cracroft a Knight Commandership 
 of the Star of India. He also received the Indian 
 Mutiny medal in common with many other members of 
 the Civil Service. Sir John William Kaye, F.R.S., in his 
 " History of the Sepoy War," has the following : " The 
 Governor-General had abundant faith in such men as 
 Cracroft Wilson : faith in their courage, their constancy } 
 their capacity for command ; but most of all he trusted 
 them because they coveted responsibility." He adds, " It is 
 only from an innate sense of strength that this desire pro- 
 ceeds, only in obedience to the unerring voice of nature 
 that strong men press forward to grasp what weak men 
 shrink from possessing." After the suppression of the 
 mutiny he returned to New Zealand, where he devoted 
 himself to work, public and private, with great earnestness. 
 He was for many years a member of the Provincial Council 
 of Canterbury; and for nearly as long a period he repre-
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 235 
 
 sented a Canterbury constituency in the General Assembly 
 of New Zealand. He died at Cashmere, Canterbury, New 
 Zealand, on the 2nd May, 1881. 
 
 WOOD, Reader. Born in 1821, Mr. Wood was 
 educated at the Merchant Tailors' School, London. On 
 attaining a suitable age, he became a pupil of Mr. William 
 Flint, of Leicester, architect and surveyor, for six years. 
 Shortly after his articles had expired he left England, 
 arriving in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1844. The Northern 
 insurrection breaking out in the following year, Mr. Wood, 
 who had been made Lieutenant of Volunteer Artillery, 
 was despatched with his company to the seat of war, and 
 was present at the attempted storming of Heke's Pah, at 
 Ohaeawai, on ist July, 1845. He was mentioned in Colonel 
 Despard's despatch, describing that disastrous affair. In the 
 brief space of a few minutes the forlorn hope lost Captain 
 Grant of the 58th, Lieutenant Philpott, R.N., 34 men killed 
 and 66 wounded ; Lieutenant Beattie of the 99th, and 
 several other soldiers subsequently died of their wounds. 
 After the war Mr. Wood returned to Auckland, where he 
 practised his profession of architect and surveyor for some 
 time. . About 1848 he was employed by the Government as 
 Inspector of Roads, with a large party of Natives under his 
 command ; afterwards he was appointed Deputy Surveyor- 
 General, which office he retained till 1856, when the Waste 
 Lands Department fell under Provincial control. He again 
 returned to the practice of his profession, combining with it 
 the business of land agent and share broker. Early in the 
 history of Provincial institutions he came to ihe front as a 
 local politician, and was elected in 1847 a member of the 
 Provincial Council for Parnell. His ability as a public 
 speaker on politics attracted attention, and in the following
 
 236 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 year he was brought forward to represent Auckland City 
 East in the General Assembly, but was defeated. In 1861 
 he was returned for Parnell. The same year he took office 
 as a Cabinet Minister, being offered the portfolio of Colonial 
 Treasurer in the Fox Ministry. On the 6th August, 1862, 
 this Ministry went out of office ; but, with the exception of a 
 brief interregnum of a fortnight, Mr. Wood held the office of 
 Treasurer in the two succeeding Ministries Domett and 
 Whitaker-Fox till the 24th November, 1864. The financial 
 statement put before the House by Mr. Wood in the 
 Whitaker-Fox Government contained the outlines of a 
 scheme of military settlement, and the borrowing of a three 
 million loan, with a view of finally disposing of the Native 
 difficulty. Mr. Wood, towards the close of 1864, went to 
 England as Colonial Treasurer to negotiate for one million 
 out of this three million loan; and he accomplished his 
 object. In 1865 he resigned his seat for Parnell. In 1870 
 he was again elected for Parnell, which he continued to 
 represent in the Assembly for some years. He opposed the 
 great borrowing scheme of Mr. Vogel with characteristic 
 vigour and eloquence. In 1878 he again resigned his seat 
 for Parnell, and took a trip to England on private affairs. 
 On his return to Auckland in 1879, he was elected for 
 Waitemata. To Mr. Wood the colony is indebted for the 
 abolition of future Civil Service pensions, as he carried a 
 resolution to that effect in 1871. 
 
 WYNYARD, Lieut-Colonel, Commander of the 
 58th Regiment stationed in New Zealand. Upon the retire- 
 ment of Sir George Grey from the colony, the Government 
 was administered by Colonel Wynyard, at that time Super- 
 intendent of Auckland, until Sir George Grey's successor 
 arrived. He called together the House of Representatives
 
 MEN OF MARK OF NEW ZEALAND. 237 
 
 on May 24th, 1854. After three days' debate an address 
 was agreed to, with only one dissentient, asking the acting 
 Governor to establish a responsible Government. Diffi- 
 culties arose on this point, as the acting Governor was 
 opposed to the demand; a message from His Excellency 
 prorogued the Assembly for a fortnight. The House met 
 again on the 3ist August, and was again prorogued on the 
 1 6th September. A mixed Responsible Government was the 
 result of the two sessions. Colonel Wynyard's administra- 
 tion of the Government ended on 6th September, 1855, 
 when he was superseded by Colonel Gore Browne, C.B., the 
 newly-appointed Governor.
 
 CHRISTCHURCH, N.Z. : 
 
 WHITCOMBE & TOMBS (LIMITED). 
 
 1886

 
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