THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 - 
 
 0f 
 
 BEING A 
 
 COMPLETE GUIDE 
 
 TO THE ACQUISITION OF 
 
 Jjttman's 
 
 BY ELIAS LONGLEY. 
 
 OSHAWA, C. W.: 
 
 WM. H. OKR, PHONETIC PUBLISHER. 
 
 1859.
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 
 
 BY LONOLEY BROTHERS. 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the 
 
 Southern District of Ohio.
 
 K, ofc? <3 
 
 IN preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the 
 author has had one leading object in view, namely: to fur- 
 nish a means for acquiring speedily a correct and practical 
 knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that have 
 heretofore been used have all answered a good purpose; but 
 they have, with one exception probably, been rendered com- 
 paratively obsolete by the introduction into the system of two 
 or three important improvements. These are incorporated 
 into the present work, by which it is rendered a reliable and 
 permanent text-book. 
 
 In one important particular this treatise differs from all 
 others heretofore published; namely, the exercises to be 
 written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling.* By 
 this arrangement three important advantages are gained: 
 First: the learner will be made acquainted with the philoso- 
 phy and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to printing, 
 and will generally be so well pleased with it as to become its 
 ardent advocate. Second; in writing his exercises the pupil 
 will be enabled to transcribe the words into Phonography 
 more readily, for learners are very apt to be troubled by try- 
 ing to get as many letters into their phonographic words as 
 the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders; and, from 
 inexperience in the analysis of words, there is great liability 
 of inaccurate vocalization; but by writing from the words 
 printed phonetically both of these difficulties will be avoided. 
 Third: the familiarity with Phonotypy thus acquired will also 
 
 *An edition i* also printed, of which this is a copy, in which the exer- 
 cises to be written are in the common spelling, for the accommodation of 
 such persons as do not wish to give any attention to phonotypy. This 
 will be designated as the romanic edition: the other as the phonotypie. 
 In filling orders the latter will always bo sent unless the other is specified. 
 
 '"(Hi)" 
 
 45225;
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 be of service to the phonographic student hereafter, in ena- 
 bling him to read with ease such phonetic books and papers 
 as he may meet with elsewhere. 
 
 In support of the utility of this feature we might give the 
 testimony of scores of phonographic teachers and hundreds 
 of private learners; but the following from Henry M. Park- 
 hurst, the distinguished Congressional Reporter, will suffice 
 here: "One phonographer thoroughly imbued with the spirit 
 of the Spelling Reform, is worth more than a dozen who 
 have merely taken a course of lessons. Indeed, I rather 
 think there is more hope of a man who has never heard of 
 Phonography, than of one who has learned it without learn- 
 ing Phonotypy." 
 
 Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the les- 
 sons that no word, or class of words, is required to be written 
 until the principle has been explained by which they are 
 written in their most approved forms. By this means, the 
 student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to 
 write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of 
 having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- 
 iarize himself with new and better ones. What is once 
 learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all 
 his after use of the system. There are hundreds of persons, 
 who, having studied Phonography through what was called 
 the " learner's style," have not yet been able to drop it and 
 adopt the advanced and more practical style of writing; but 
 they will have t6 do it before they can be recognized as good 
 phonographic writers; and the unlearning of their present 
 lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new forms 
 they must learn, is fully equal to learning the system from 
 the beginning. 
 
 In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the exer- 
 cises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style of 
 composition. And the words in each exercise being confined 
 as much as possible to the illustration of the principle just 
 introduced, renders necessary a resort to many circuitous ex-
 
 PREFACE . y 
 
 pressions for the development of an idea; this harshness and 
 quaintness, however, diminishes as successive lessons are 
 mastered. 
 
 The Review at the close of each lesson is a new feature, 
 and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially to 
 the inexperienced, in questioning his class as to what they 
 have gone over; it will also be useful to the private learner, 
 filling the place, almost, of an oral instructor. The questions 
 may be asked the class either collectively or individually; the 
 latter is generally the better way. It would be well, as often 
 as convenient, to have the pupils illustrate their answers on 
 the black-board. 
 
 Immediately following the explanation of each new prin- 
 ciple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possible, 
 words illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed jy 
 an Exercise for Writing, which should be written before o'j- 
 gressing further, while the manner in which the words are to 
 be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each 
 lesson, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, beside the 
 principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. 
 This should be written by each pupil, during the interval be- 
 tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, 
 the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each 
 other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their 
 written exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher 
 for his correction. 
 
 The author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
 Phonographic Class-book of ANRREWS & BOYLE, the first text- 
 book of the system published in America, for many of his 
 most approp-. i-te illustrations; and to the Phonographic In- 
 structor, by JAMES C. BOOTHE, the more recent work generally 
 used, for numerous sentences, and, in a few cases, whole par- 
 agraphs of exercises for reading and writing. 
 
 For the expression of some of the following "Advantages 
 of Phonography," he is indebted to Prof. Gouraud, the author 
 of a work but little known, entitled "Cosmo- Phonography.'"
 
 PHONOGRAPHY has been defined as a philosophical method 
 of writing the English language, with an alphabet composed 
 of the simplest geometrical signs, which accurately represent 
 the sounds of spoken words. It may be written six times as 
 fast as the ordinary longhand, and is equally legible. Aside 
 from the scientific propriety of the system, as made manifest 
 in the Introduction which follows, the following practical 
 advantages are worthy of consideration: 
 
 1. To professors of scientific and literary institutions to 
 gentlemen of the bench or the bar to legislators in the halls 
 of representation to ministers of religion to lecturers on 
 the various arts and sciences it presents the most invalu- 
 able aid, in enabling them to arrange, condense, and fix their 
 thoughts, facts, arguments and proofs, in the briefest period 
 of time and the shortest possible space, presenting, in the 
 condensed schedule of a small page, a full and complete syn- 
 opsis of their most elaborate speeches, orations, or discourses. 
 
 2. By its aid, the advocates in the courts of justice or the 
 halls of trial, will be enabled to write, with ease and accu- 
 racy, either the full depositions of important witnesses, or the 
 facts, proofs, evidences, and arguments of legal opponents, 
 and thus be in a position, not only to meet them with readi- 
 ness and strength, but eventually to thoroughly overthrow 
 and refute them. 
 
 3. The student in the halls of science can transcribe with 
 faithfulness, and preserve in the smallest compass, the valu- 
 able lessons of professors, and thus preserve, for the medita- 
 tion of his leisure hours, a connected whole, instead of broken, 
 detached, and uncertain fragments, that often serve to con- 
 fuse, bewilder, or perplex. 
 
 4. Merchants, and clerks of mercantile houses, to whom 
 tims and space are really a desideratum, will find Phonography 
 a most invaluable auxiliary; as the ease with which it can
 
 ADVANTAGES OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 be learned and acquired, and the facility and readiness with 
 which it can be ivritten and read, will enable them to tran- 
 scribe their accounts, to note their memoranda, to post up 
 their bills, and even to conduct their correspondence, in less 
 than one-fifth of the ordinary time, and in a considerable re- 
 duction of the ordinary space; and as " time is money" it 
 presents to them indeed a most invaluable gain. 
 
 5. To the author, editor, or general writer to the orator, 
 legislator, or minister how invaluable must it be, when they 
 reflect how many of their most brilliant thoughts and most 
 glowing conceptions, how many of the most sparkling gems 
 of their imaginations and the most radiant pearls of their 
 thoughts, that in moments of genius and enthusiasm flash 
 like electric sparks from the mind, are forever lost for the 
 want of some Daguerrean process, like the one we present, 
 to catch and transfix them on the wing, recording them on 
 the glowing page In all the freshness, vigor, and brilliancy of 
 their first conception, as rapidly as they are presented to the 
 mind! and for the lack of which, alas! like the dazzling flash 
 of the evanescent meteor, they fade and expire as rapidly as 
 they are kindled, and leave but the indistinct memory of their 
 trace behind. 
 
 6. A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favor- 
 able to the improvement of the mind, invigorating all its fac- 
 ulties, and drawing forth all its resources. The close atten- 
 tion requisite in following the voice of the speaker (in report- 
 ing) induces habits of patience, perseverance and watchful- 
 ness, which will gradually extend, till they form habits that 
 will be found useful through life. The close attention to the 
 words and thoughts of the speaker which is necessary in 
 writing them down, will naturally have a tendency to endue 
 the mind with quickness of apprehension and distinctness of 
 perception, whereby the judgment will be strengthened and 
 the taste refined. 
 
 7. The memory is also improved by the practice of Pho- 
 nography. The necessity for the writer to retain in his
 
 Vlll ADVANTAGES OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 mind the last sentence of the speaker, while he is attending 
 at the same time to what follows, and also to penning down 
 his words, must be highly beneficial to that faculty, which is 
 more than any other improved by exercise. It draws out 
 and improves all the faculties of the mind. 
 
 "Phonography," says Messrs. FOWLERS &. WELLS, "we re- 
 gard as one of the most important inventions of the age, and 
 one which should be open to every person desirous of being 
 considered educated. As a system of reporting, general cor- 
 respondence, and memoranda, it is unparalleled in usefulness. 
 In chirography, it is what the telegraphs are in agencies for 
 transmitting thought. We employ three reporters, one in 
 our office and two who travel with lecturers from our house. 
 In ten minutes we can dictate an article for publication which 
 we could not compose and write in two hours; besides it con- 
 tains more spirit and freshness than if labored through at the 
 slow pace of ordinary composition. Every scholar should by 
 all means learn it." 
 
 Professor HART, Principal of the Philadelphia High School, 
 says: " Phonography has been introduced into this institu- 
 tion two years and a half, and has been learned by about 
 four hundred. Two hundred are studying it now. It is one 
 of the regular branches of the course, being attended to three 
 times a week during the whole of the first year. Had I not 
 supposed it to be of much practical value, I should not have 
 urged its introduction, a measure which I have seen no occa- 
 sion to regret. Such of our students as have made Phono- 
 graphic Reporting a profession, have got along in life faster, 
 by all odds,' than those in any other kind of business, and 
 that without the possession of any special brilliancy of tal- 
 ents. Some of them, not yet turned twenty, are now mak- 
 ing more money by Phonographic Reporting than the Princi- 
 pal of the High School, after having given himself for more 
 than twenty years to his profession." 
 
 Said the Hon, Thomas Benton: " Had this art been known 
 forty years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of 
 hard labor." 
 
 " It is my humble opinion that it will eventually supersede 
 the present system of writing, as the steam carriage train 
 supersedes the old eight inch wheeled wagon." JRev. Duribar. 
 
 Such are the tendencies of the art this book is designed to 
 unfold.
 
 progress of $mprofament. Within the last hundred 
 years important changes have taken place in almost every 
 department of industry. The mechanic no longer seeks the 
 swiftly running stream to propel his machinery, but erects 
 his mill or factory on ground the most convenient for labor 
 or for market, and brings the elements into subjection for the 
 performance of his drudgery; the stage-coach horse-power, 
 for locomotion, is almost forgotten in consideration of the 
 iron-boned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled-palace ; 
 the sea-voyage of weary months is now performed pleasantly 
 in as many weeks, by the application of steam to navigation; 
 and the man of business no longer waits the rapid trans- 
 mission of thought by such conveyance, but communicates 
 through the length and breadth of our wide-spreading coun- 
 try with lightning speed. 
 
 Thus the genius of invention and improvement has been 
 abroad in the land, and although for a long time she confined 
 her skill to building steamboats and making railroads, con- 
 structing machinery and teaching the lightning how to talk, 
 she has not altogether forgotten the world of intellect; and 
 PHONOGRAPHY, her last, most promising and beneficent boon, 
 presents to the world an alphabet of letters so simple and 
 facile that he who uses it may readily keep pace with the 
 fastest speaker, affording a system of writing as much supe- 
 rior to that of the old script alphabet, as railroads are to the 
 ancient truck-wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the 
 post boy's plodding gait. 
 
 (9)
 
 10 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 " Our living flocks of thoughts need no longer trudge it 
 slowly and wearily down the pen and along the paper, hin- 
 dering each other as they struggle through the strait gate of 
 the old-hand writing; our troops of feelings need no more 
 crawl, as snails crawl, to their station on the page; regiment 
 after regiment may now trot briskly forward, to fill paragraph 
 after paragraph: and writing, once a trouble, is now at breath- 
 ing-ease. Our kind and loving thoughts, warm and trans- 
 parent, liquid as melted from the hot heart, shall no longer 
 grow opaque, and freeze with a tedious dribbling from the 
 pen; but the whole soul may now pour itself forth in a sweet 
 shower of words. Phonotypy and Phonography will be of a 
 use in the world not dreamt of, but by a few." T/ie Eoangel 
 of Love, p. 231, by HENRY SDTTOJT. 
 
 We do not wish to underrate the value of the present sys- 
 tem of writing; it has been of great service in its time, hav- 
 ing done much in the way of civilizing and enlightening the 
 races of men. But the state of things in the scientific 
 world demanded a change in the character of our written 
 language. Science is a stern ruler; her laws encircle every 
 art, and although for a long time they may remain undiscov- 
 ered or not applied, yet as the world progresses in knowledge 
 and learns wisdom from experience, it will cause them to be 
 developed, and future generations will derive the advantages 
 of conforming to them. These facts have been illustrated in 
 the various improvements to which we have alluded; and 
 they are still to be expected in such departments as have not 
 yet undergone the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. 
 They take their turn in the great circle of progression; and 
 it is the object of the present work to demonstrate the laws 
 that apply to the art of writing, as required at this stage of 
 the world's history. 
 
 The spirit of our age demands two new features in the art 
 of writing : First, Speed in its execution; second, System in its 
 ortliograpliy. In treating of the first desideratum we shall
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 11 
 
 briefly refer to the alphabet, now in use, and the habits of 
 writing it requires. 
 
 &be (Dlb SUpbabct anb (DrtbograpbiT. Like the ancient 
 implements of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet 
 of our fathers, was constructed at a time when the inge- 
 nuity of man had not been brought into full play. The 
 letters are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the 
 extreme. To illustrate: take the letter for example; to 
 make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflections 
 or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; in 
 making the letter m seven inflections are required, while it, 
 too, represents but one sound; and every letter of the old air 
 phabet is thus complex, to a greater or less degree, although 
 they are designed each to represent but a single sound. 
 
 Now, while there is this complexity in the art of writing, 
 in spoken language the organs of speech perform but one 
 movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence the 
 labor of the penman is four or five times as great as that of 
 the speaker; while the latter is moving off freely, as on the 
 wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's pace, 
 weary and provoked at the contrast. 
 
 The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an 
 alphabet each letter of which can be written by one inflec- 
 tion of the pen, so that the writer need no longer be four 
 times distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader 
 will follow us through this book, he will see that the system 
 we are about to develop more than meets this requisition. 
 
 But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substitu- 
 tion of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthography 
 employed in using the old alphabet is nearly as cumbrous as 
 the formation of its letters; while its want of system makes 
 it a study of many years to memorize the spelling of the fifty 
 or eighty thousand words in our language. 
 
 Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in order 
 to represent it in our common writing, but to write the one 
 letter called a, the evil would be trifling compared with what
 
 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 it is. But we more frequently have to write two or three, or 
 even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, in fact, 
 thirty-four different modes of representation, consisting of 
 various combinations of nine different letters, a few only of 
 which we have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as iii ,4aron; ai, 
 as in pain; aig, as in campaign; aigh, as in straight; eiglie, 
 as in weighed, &c. Now common sense, as well as the laws 
 of science, suggests that the sound of a in each and all these 
 should be written with the same letter. When this shall 
 be done, more than two thirds of the labor of representing 
 this sound will be saved; but by substituting a new letter that 
 can be made with one movement of the pen instead of the 
 four that a requires, and of the four times four that several of 
 the above combinations require, nine-tenths of this labor will 
 be avoided. In writing the sound a in these five words, in- 
 stead of making fifty inflections of the pen, we will have to 
 make but five! 
 
 The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. Ex- 
 amples: ea, as in each; ea-ue as in league; eye, as in keyed; 
 eig, as in se^nor; eiyli, as in "Leigh. We need not repeat thai 
 the sound of e in each of these words should be repre- 
 sented by the same letter; or that by substituting for the 
 complex letter e a simple character that can be made with 
 one motion of the pen, seven-eights or nine-tenths of the la- 
 bor in writing would be saved. These are facts that are evi- 
 dent, after the illustrations are presented. And we might 
 thus illustrate the unscientific mode of representing nearly 
 every word in our language, with equally formidable results. 
 But we will only state the melancholy fact, that the various 
 sounds employed in speaking the English language are each 
 represented in from four to forty ways, and that in the large 
 majority of cases two or more letters are required to do the 
 service. It is also true, that there is no letter in the alpha- 
 bet that uniformly represents the same sound; thus, a has a 
 different sound in each of the following words : ate, at, all, 
 are, any.
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 13 
 
 The consequence of this want of system is, in the lan- 
 guage of a distinguished writer on the subject of education, 
 that " reading is the most difficult of human attainments." 
 And, as a further consequence, one third of the population of 
 England are unable to read, and one half unable to write; 
 while in the United States, the number of adult white per- 
 sons who can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty 
 who can; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue until 
 the rudiments of education are simplified. Such inconsisten- 
 cies and mischievous errors -as we have referred to, are not 
 in harmony with the developments of order and science in 
 most other branches of industry and art, and hence they 
 must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- 
 tious; or, if not superseded, we must use the more speedy and 
 economical system in connection with the old, as steamboats, 
 railroads and telegraphs are used conjointly with the old 
 modes of conveyance. 
 
 Clje |11joitrtic |)rinxi|jle. The term Phonetic is derived 
 from the Greek word fwi^ speech. A phonetic alphabet, 
 therefore, is one which, referring solely to speech, derives all 
 its laws from a consideration of the elements of speech. To 
 illustrate what we mean by the phrase "elements of speech," 
 we have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round 
 position and deliver the voice as he would commence to 
 speak the words ode, oak, own. Now this same sound is heard 
 in thousands of words in our language, and is what we call 
 an element of speech. Another element is heard in the 
 commencement of the word ooze and at the termination of 
 the word who. In pronouncing the words see, say, saw, so, we 
 hear, at the beginning of each of them, the same kind of a 
 sound, namely a hiss, which is also an element of speech, for 
 it frequently combines with other sounds to make words. 
 By analyzing all the words in the English language, it has 
 been found that it is constituted of but forty-three elemen- 
 tary sounds; or, to be more precise, thirty-nine simple
 
 14 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 sounds, and four compound ones, formed by the close union 
 of certain simple sounds, which it is convenient to consider 
 as elements. In speaking, therefore, our words consist 
 simply in the utterance of one of these, or a combination of 
 two or more of them; and in writing these words, common 
 sense would suggest that each element should be represented 
 by a single letter, that should never stand for any other 
 sound. 
 
 It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which 
 our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic; that 
 ia, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner 
 that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew 
 immediately what letters to use, and when he saw the letters 
 he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when 
 this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who 
 used sounds unknown to the Phoenicians, many of the old 
 letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well 
 as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- 
 cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But 
 when other European nations, including the English, adopted 
 the romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, inso- 
 much that no one could guess what sound shouldbe attributed 
 to any one letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of 
 the alphabet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of 
 English spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, 
 which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the 
 sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spelling 
 of a new word from its sound. 
 
 Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
 efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an attempt 
 to place the representation of the English language on the 
 same rational basis that the most classic of the ancient lan- 
 guages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means of 
 the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No fur- 
 ther argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting a 
 system so accordant with truth and utility.
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. J5 
 
 $) Ijonoinpij. The word Phonotypy, from the Greek <|>' 0> ''? 
 speech, and tvrto^ type, signifies the printing of language by 
 types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while 
 Phonography, also from $uvtj and another Greek word, 
 ya<jfc, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with charac- 
 ters that represent the sounds heard in speech. Although the 
 latter is the art which this work is specially designed to ex- 
 plain, yet a knowledge of the former will materially aid in its 
 acquisition; and as a sufficient acquaintance with it may be 
 obtained in a few minutes' study, we shall here present a 
 brief exposition of it. 
 
 The forty-three elementary and dipthongal sounds that it 
 has been found necessary to represent in a true orthography 
 of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters in 
 the following words : 
 
 eel earth ale atr arm all oak ooze- 
 ill ell am ask on up wood; 
 t'ce, oil, owl, mute; yea., way, hay; 
 
 pole, Jowl, toe, doe, c/ieer, jeer, came, ^ame, 
 
 /ear, veer, thigh, thy, seal, zeal, shall, vision, 
 
 rare, lull; mum, nun, sing. 
 
 Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incompe- 
 tent to give a character for each of these forty-three sounds. 
 And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, two 
 important considerations presented themselves to the mind, 
 both grounded on the fact that the romanic style of spelling 
 already existed in printed books, and flourishes w herever our 
 language is spoken or read. First, that those who can al- 
 ready read romanic spelling should have very little difficulty 
 in acquiring phonetic spelling; and secondly, that those who 
 are taught to read phonetically should find that the greater 
 part of the difficulties attendant on the acquirement of ro- 
 manic reading were then overcome. 
 
 In order to accomplish these two very important objects, it 
 was necessary to use as many of the old romanic letters as
 
 16 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 possible, in the senses which they most frequently have in 
 the romanic spelling of English; and to make the new pho- 
 netic letters suggest the letters or combinations of letters 
 which are most frequently employed to express their sounds 
 romanically. 
 
 The grand object was to make English reading easy not 
 merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order that 
 the large number of books already printed should be still use- 
 ful, or rather should be made useful to those to whom they are 
 at present useless the book-blind, those who cannot read. 
 Tiiis has been effected. Not only is phonetic reading so easy to 
 those who read romanically that few find any difficulty in 
 the matter at all, but those who have only learned to read 
 phonetically occupy the same position in regard to romanic 
 reading. 
 
 Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x, have 
 been rejected. The fifteen consonants, 
 
 bdfhj Imnprtvwyz 
 
 are used in their usual romanic sense; that is, in the sense 
 which the English romanic reader would naturally expect 
 them to have in any new word, as they are pronounced at the 
 beginning of the romanic words, 
 
 ied, deed, /it, foad, jest, Zull, man, nun, 
 _peep, rare, toe, vote, woe, yes, zeal, 
 
 The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three con- 
 sonants Jc, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the beginning of 
 am, egg, in, on, up, kite, get, sup. 
 
 New letters have been invented for the sounds expressed 
 by the italic letters in the under-written words in the follow- 
 ing table: 
 
 Se Ee aa Aa. Rq, (la 6e Oo <Da> TiJu *j 
 eel earth ae air arm ask all oak ooze foot ice 
 
 Gq Rfi 3d SJ X 3 
 oil owl mt/le catch thin thine she vision
 
 $jj* D |oiutit gibbet. 
 
 The letter is always The letter is always 
 
 written 
 
 printei 
 
 sounded us f] written printei 
 ft ,--. >* 
 
 sounded as 
 
 <!> 
 
 8 e 
 
 ^easin ^1 
 
 &rfi Pp 
 
 /> as in rOJ96 
 
 /# 
 
 Ee 
 
 ra .. e<2rtl 
 
 ^/ 
 
 Bb 
 
 b . . rode 
 
 && 
 
 E a 
 
 .. le 
 
 ,9" ^ 
 
 Tt 
 
 t . . fa/e 
 
 Jf<% 
 
 & *l 
 
 a ..aii 
 
 &< 
 
 D d 
 
 d . . fade 
 
 ^ /( Z 
 
 fla 
 
 a . . arm 
 
 4$ $ 
 
 e q 
 
 c/* . . etc/^ 
 
 && 
 
 Ge 
 
 a . . all 
 
 // 
 
 Jj 
 
 ^y 6Q/7G 
 
 &(2 
 
 Oo 
 
 o . . ope 
 
 <%? 
 
 K k 
 
 k . . loc/: 
 
 && 
 
 (Deo 
 
 oo . . food 
 
 C $? 
 
 Gg 
 
 g . . loy 
 
 & e 
 
 I i 
 
 E e 
 
 e .. zll 
 e .. ell 
 
 J/ 
 
 Ff 
 Vv 
 
 /.. sfj/e 
 v . . saye 
 
 & a 
 
 A a 
 
 da 
 Oo 
 
 a, .. am 
 fl . . sk 
 o . . odd 
 
 ^ 
 
 HB 
 
 ad 
 
 Ss 
 
 th . . \\reaM 
 M . . wreaMe 
 
 t&u 
 
 Uu 
 
 # . . wp 
 
 <z 
 
 Zz 
 
 ^ ]' bu ^" 
 
 tote* 
 
 Uu 
 
 oo . . foot 
 
 <// 
 
 2J 
 
 c? . . vicious 
 
 <fy 
 
 Jj -T 
 
 i . . z'sle 
 
 V 
 
 ^3 
 
 5 . . vision 
 
 && 
 
 CF a 
 
 oi . . y?zl 
 
 
 
 
 *#'# 
 
 ^y 
 
 00 . . 0201 
 
 0&P 
 
 Rr 
 
 r . . for 
 
 V* 
 
 Uu 
 
 u . . rn^le 
 
 &f 
 
 LI 
 
 / .. fa// 
 
 ty? 
 
 Yy 
 
 y . . yes. 
 
 <Jm 
 
 Mm 
 
 z . . seew 
 
 < yFw 
 
 W w 
 
 w .. way 
 
 JPn 
 
 N n 
 
 n . , seen 
 
 .#4 
 
 Hh 
 
 * : ** 
 
 ^7 
 
 TJij 
 
 >y -"" ff 
 
 I
 
 18 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 On the preceding page the whole alphabet is presented, 
 systematically arranged; first, the long vowels; second, the 
 short vowels; third, the compound vowels; fourth, the liquids; 
 fifth, the consonants. In this respect, unimportant though 
 it may seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old 
 which is little more than a string of confusion here a 
 vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another there. 
 
 In addition to the printing letters of the phonetic alphabet, 
 the longhand script characters are presented. It will be ob- 
 served, that the old letters are retained in their usual sense, 
 and new ones introduced, having resemblance to their cor- 
 responding printed letters, and of as easy formation as possi- 
 ble. This alphabet is used by all practical Spelling Reform- 
 ers, where the phonetic shorthand could not be read by the 
 person for whom the writing is done; for phonetic longhand 
 may be read, with very little hesitation, by all who can read 
 the old manuscript. And the writer, in addition to the satis- 
 faction of employing a scientific orthography, economizes 
 twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dispensing with 
 double letters, etc. 
 
 |)ljonograpljg. Phonography being intended for the pen 
 alone, and the principal object being rapidity of execution, 
 with a reliable degree of legibility, considerable license is 
 taken as regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be 
 said of phonetic shorthand that "no sound must be represent- 
 ed by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represent 
 more than one sound." The reverse of this statement is true 
 in frequent instances; but not in such a way as materially to 
 impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In point of 
 utility there are great advantages derived from having two or 
 three forms to represent certain sounds, and no serious dis- 
 advantage. 
 
 The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for the 
 phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash; 3d, the 
 straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes are used to
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 19 
 
 represent the vowels; the straight lines and curves represent 
 the consonants. The following diagrams exhibit the source 
 from which the latter are derived, and show the different posi- 
 tions they occupy in representing different letters. 
 
 It will be observed that the straight line assumes four dif- 
 ferent positions, and the curved one eight; these are as many 
 positions as can be recognized without danger of confusion; 
 and these two simple characters can be written in these 
 twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and legible as 
 though this number of differently shaped letters were em- 
 ployed. Here, now, we have the means of representing 
 twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we can make 
 either light or heavy marks, this number t may bfe doubled by 
 recognizing the same number of Jieavy straight lines and 
 curves. 
 
 While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive 
 characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient number, it is 
 also found a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- 
 ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, eight of 
 the sounds which these characters are to represent are mere 
 ivhispers, produced by the transition of the organs of speech, 
 from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- 
 ferent parts of the mouth, without any vocal sound ; and 
 there are eight others made in the same manner, but they 
 have in addition a slightly roughened or vocal sound, which 
 require a greater effort to produce them. 
 
 To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondence 
 between signs and sounds, the light signs are made to repre- 
 sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to re- 
 present the heavy sounds. Thus, both the difference between 
 the sounds and their resemblance are at once represented.
 
 20 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 And it being so natural to represent a light sound by a light 
 stroke, and a heavy sound by a heavy stroke, the phono- 
 graphic pupil finds, after a little practice, that he makes the 
 difference in the strokes without any thought about it. But 
 the similarity of sound between the heavy and light strokes 
 is so great that, if at any time the difference in the thickness 
 of the lines is not clearly made, it will not seriously affect 
 the legibility of the writing to the experienced phonogra- 
 pher. Thus, for example, if the word Sinsinati were written 
 so as to be pronounced Zinzinadi, the reader could hardly 
 mistake the intention of the writer. 
 
 THE CONSONANTS are classified as follows: 
 1. ABRUPTS. These elements, sometimes called explo- 
 dents, are produced by a total contact of the organs of 
 speech, abruptly interrupting and exploding the outward 
 passage of the breath, or the voice. They are eight in 
 number, and being^tiff, unyielding sounds, are appropriately 
 represented by the eight straight, unyielding right lines, as 
 illustrated in the following table> the italicized letters of 
 the words indicating the sounds represented : 
 
 Whispered, \ rope, \ fate, / etcA, lock. 
 Spoken, \ ro&e, | fade, / edi^e, lo^. 
 
 By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
 that of b, in the words rope and robe, the distinction of whis- 
 pered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appreciated. As 
 far as articulation, or the contact of the organs of speech is 
 concerned, the consonants p and b are identical; the sound 
 of the former, however, is produced by the breath only, 
 while the latter requires the assistance of the voice, which 
 commences before the lips, the organs by which the articula- 
 tion is produced, are disconnected. The same remarks apply 
 to each of the other pairs of abrupts, as the reader will dis- 
 cover by speaking the illustrative words in connection.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 21 
 
 2. CONTINUANTS: The organs of speech are in contact 
 in the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as 
 to totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
 sounds may be continued any length of time. There are, 
 also, eight of these elements half of them whispered and 
 half spoken; and as they are of a flowing, yielding nature, 
 they are appropriately represented by curved and flowing 
 signs; thus: 
 
 Whispered, V^_ safe, ( wreath, j buss, ^} vicious. 
 Spoken, \^ save, ( wreathe, J buzz, ^ vision. 
 
 3. LIQUIDS: These are r and I, and are called liquids be- 
 cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant 
 sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of 
 sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are represented by 
 light curves; thus: 
 
 f fall, for. ~^\ 
 
 4. NASALS: The sounds of m, n and ng, are called nasals 
 from the fact that the organs are brought in complete contact, 
 and the voice driven through the nose. The m and n are 
 represented by the two remaining light curves, and ng by the 
 heavy curve corresponding to n, as being nearly related to 
 that sound; thus: 
 
 x' -\ seero, v. > seen, * ^ sing 
 
 5. COALESCENTS: T and w hold a medial character be- 
 tween the vowels and consonants; w being a weak sound or 
 modification of #> (00), and y a modification of (ee). They 
 never occur in English except before a vowel, with which 
 they closely coalesce. The following are their phonographic 
 signs, and the words illustrating their powers. 
 
 ^ way, f yea.
 
 22 INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 6. ASPIRATE : The power of h is simply a breathing up- 
 on the following vowel, and is generally represented by a 
 light dot placed before the vowel; but a consonant's form 
 is sometimes needed, which is written thus: f h. 
 
 VOWEL ARRANGEMENT:* In order to represent twelve 
 vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, a scheme 
 similar to that of representing musical sounds by the round 
 note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely occur except in 
 connection with a consonant, they are indicated by the posi- 
 tion in which the dot or dash is 1 placed to the consonant 
 stroke; thus, a dot placed at the beginning of a consonant 
 represents the vowel (ee,) at the middle, a (age,) at the 
 end, q (ah;) the dash at the beginning is (awe,) at the mid- 
 dle, o (owe,) at the end, (D (oo.) The remaining six vowels 
 are short or brief, as compared with the foregoing six, and are 
 appropriately represented by the dot and dash in the same 
 manner, but made lighter; and all that has been said in regard 
 to light and heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the 
 following illustration the vowel signs are placed to a dotted 
 line merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash; it is 
 no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accompany- 
 ing words suggest the vowel sounds: 
 
 eel, 
 i\\, 
 
 ale, I arm, 
 ell, ! am, 
 
 all, - oak, 
 
 on, 
 
 up, \ wood, 
 
 DIPHTHONGS: These being compound sounds, and all the 
 simple characters being otherwise disposed of, they are rep- 
 
 * For the greater simplification of Phonography, there is, ordinarily, 
 no distinction made between the sound of e in mercy and that of e in 
 merry; between a in dare, and a, in date; nor between a, in fast and a in 
 far. The signs for representing these three sounds (e, $, and a,) together 
 with vari'ous foreign sounds, are provided on page 127, which may be 
 adopted by the proficient phonographer, if he wishes to be very accurate 
 in the representation of spoken words.
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 23 
 
 resented by complex signs, 
 the following illustration: 
 
 V I sle, A | ail, 
 
 They will be understood by 
 
 . j owl, 
 
 new. 
 
 TRIPHTHONGS: These result from the union of w with 
 each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient to 
 represent by single characters than otherwise; thus: 
 
 i wine, 
 
 I quoit, 
 
 r j wound. 
 
 ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 Abrupts. 
 
 Contin- 
 uants. 
 
 ^ Whispered. 
 
 ) Spoken. 
 
 C Whispered. 
 
 1 Spoken. 
 
 \ p 
 
 \b 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 Resonants, 
 
 Arnbigues. 
 
 C* ) 
 
 /ch 
 
 /j 
 
 "V 
 
 /ng 
 
 In the above division of the consonant sounds, reading in 
 columns downwards, we begin with, (1) those formed at the 
 lips, asp, b,f, &c., and call them Labials; (2) we then go 
 back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the teeth, 
 where t, d, &c., are formed, which class we term Linguo-Den- 
 tals, (tongue-teeth sounds;) (3) then to the hard palate or 
 roof of the mouth, a little back of the teeth, where we find 
 ch,j, sh, &c., which we call Linguo- Palatals; and, finally, to 
 the root of the tongue, near the throat, where k, g, &c., are 
 formed, which we term Gutturals, or Throat- Sounds. 
 
 A practical arrangement of the whole alphabet, for refer- 
 ence in study, etc., will be found on the next page.
 
 t*1 
 
 ,.,,* W 
 
 eL 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 
 ' \ p rope 
 
 
 r \^_ f sa/e 
 
 < 
 
 '^" 1 faZZ 
 
 
 \ b ro&e 
 
 
 V v save 
 
 1 
 
 I r for 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 t fate 
 
 CO 
 
 H 
 
 \ t wrea^A 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 OQ 
 
 r /-~> m seem 
 
 DQ 
 
 1 
 
 | d fade 
 
 fc 
 
 \ d wrea?/ie 
 
 J 
 
 ;H 
 
 v ^ n seen 
 
 rt x 
 
 M 
 
 / q etc/i 
 
 55 * 
 
 HH 
 
 H 
 
 J s buss 
 
 3 
 
 ^^ Bin? 
 
 
 / j edge 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 ) z buz* 
 
 S j i W way 
 
 
 _k lock 
 
 
 _J J vicious 
 
 2 < 
 
 ^3> 
 
 
 
 ' y ^ea 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 c h Aand 
 
 
 . g *ff 
 
 ^ % vision 
 
 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 e eel 
 
 
 i til 
 
 
 j isle 
 
 
 a ale 
 
 
 ' e ell 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 er oil 
 
 e 
 
 . q arm 
 
 e3 
 
 a am 
 
 
 
 
 O 1 - 
 
 1 - 
 
 J 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 i-3 e awed 
 
 GO 
 
 o odd 
 
 HH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 A ? owl 
 
 
 o ope 
 
 
 u up 
 
 
 
 
 - oo fool 
 
 i _ u full 
 
 
 o u, d?<pe 
 
 KEMARK. The above is a tabular view of the phonetic 
 
 alphabet. It shows the simplicity of the 
 
 characters em- 
 
 ployed, as contrasted with the longhand 
 
 letters of the 
 
 old alphabet. It is placed in this form 
 
 for occasional 
 
 reference by the student; to appreciate the beauty and 
 
 utility of its use, the following course of lessons must 
 
 be mastered. 

 
 'airaal 0f 
 
 lesson 1. 
 
 THE CONSONANTS AND LONG VOWELS. 
 
 IP the student who is desirous of acquiring the phono- 
 graphic art, has attentively read the preceding introduc- 
 tion, and obtained a clear idea of the phonetic principle, 
 he wiR find no difficulty in mastering the course of les- 
 sons which follows. Regular daily study and patient 
 practice for a few weeks, will accomplish the object. 
 
 Let every paragraph be carefully read and compared 
 with the accompanying illustrations, and every shorthand 
 character and exercise copied, pronouncing at the same 
 time the sound of the letter or word aloud. 
 
 Ruled paper should be used; even paper with a double 
 ruling, the lines just wide enough apart to admit the 
 proper length of the consonants between them, is a great 
 advantage, at first, in enabling the learner to make hig 
 consonants of a uniform length. 
 
 Until the pupil becomes familiar with the signs, a 
 pencil should be employed in preference to a pen; after 
 which either a pen or pencil may be used; it should 
 be held loosely between the thumb and second finger, 
 with the first resting on top, as in drawing or ordinary 
 writing; or, between the first and second fingers, keep- 
 ing it in place by a slight pressure of the thumb 
 
 "3" "(25V"
 
 26 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A good style of writing can only be obtained by en- 
 deavoring, in the commencement, to form the characters 
 with mathematical precision. After a little experience 
 in tracing the forms accurately, the learner will find no 
 difficulty in executing them rapidly; the attempt to write 
 swiftly at first, on the other hand, will not only 'delay the 
 attainment, but lead to ungraceful and illegible writing. 
 
 Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go 
 through the list of consonants, writing them as on the 
 following page, speaking at the same time the power of 
 each letter; and carefully observing the light and heavy 
 character of the signs, and their proper length. 
 
 1. Commence the strokes so that when of the proper 
 length they will rest on the line of writing. The con- 
 sonants should be written about the size of those given 
 in these pages; and particular attention should, at first, 
 be observed in writing the curved thick letters, making 
 them thick in the middle only, and tapering to a light 
 line toward each extremity. 
 
 2. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are 
 written from the top downward, as \ p, \ t, ~^\r; the 
 
 horizontal ones are written from left to right; as k, 
 
 ' x m, v /n. 
 
 3. The letter f~ 7, when the only consonant in a 
 word, is always written upward; at other times it may 
 be written either upward or downward, as is most con- 
 venient. 
 
 4. The J sh is always written downward when the 
 only consonant in a word, and either downward or up- 
 ward at other times. 
 
 5. The aspirate f h is written upward under all 
 circumstances.
 
 ON WRITING THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 27 i 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 P,B \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ 
 T, D 
 
 Cllj J f r r f f f s s S S S S S S 
 
 F, v W VA 
 
 Th, Th ( ( ( ( 
 S, Z ) ) ) ) 
 
 sh,zh yy Js 
 
 i^rrrrrrrrrr 
 
 N 
 
 \ 
 
 r r 
 
 H
 
 28 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 6. In commencing to write a word, the first thing 
 the learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and 
 ascertain what are the elementary sounds of which it is 
 composed, and then write the consonant signs, as here- 
 tofore directed, without lifting the pen till all are written. 
 
 7. When the first consonant to be written requires a 
 downward stroke, it is commenced, its length above the 
 line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward 
 stroke follows, it is carried on below the line; thus, -^ 
 pd, -~^--dp; if the first consonant is a horizontal stroke, 
 and a down-stroke follows, it is written above the line 
 and the second one carried to it; thus, ] kd, /nch; 
 but if an up-stroke sign follows the horizontal, the latter 
 should be written on the line; thus, ^_^~ml, __f~kl. 
 
 8. When a straight consonant follows another of the 
 same kind, the two are written by a stroke double the 
 usual length; as ~ ~ kk, ^. pp. 
 
 9. In reading the consonants in a word, they must 
 of course be uttered in the order in which they were 
 written; thus, for example, in reading ^/^ the ^ "" must 
 be read first, because it is evident it was written first, as 
 the writer could not have begun at the angle and written 
 the / and then gone back and written the , without 
 violating the rule requiring the skeleton of a word to 
 be written before lifting the pen; and he could not have 
 begun at the bottom of the / , and written it upwards 
 and then the ^ backwards, without violating the two 
 rules, that ch is to be written downwards and n from 
 left to right. 
 
 It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems 
 to be farther along than another in the line of writing,
 
 CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 
 
 29 
 
 must be read first; as ,-/ ; but from the fact that / is 
 always to be written downward, we know the letters are 
 to be readjV and not Ij. By a little observation of this 
 kind the learner will soon see at a glance, and without 
 thought, how any word is to be read. 
 
 The exercise which follows should first be read, tracing 
 the characters with a pointer; in doing which either the 
 powers of the letters may be used, as t k, k t, p k, &c., 
 or the names, te ka, ka te, pe ka, &c.; in class teaching 
 the latter method is the best, after having drilled the 
 learners well in speaking the simple powers of the alpha- 
 bet. After reading the exercise in this way, it should 
 be neatly copied with pen or pencil, and again read. 
 
 EXERCISE ON CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 
 
 L 1 
 
 X -7
 
 30 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. 
 
 "je *|a jq. He -|o jo> 
 as in eat, ape, arm, awl, oak, ooze. 
 
 10. The above table illustrates the manner of writing 
 the six long vowels. The dotted line represents the 
 length of any consonant, to which the vowel sign, (the 
 dot or dash,) may be written in either of three places, 
 the beginning, middle or end. 
 
 11. The heavy dot at the first place, or beginning of 
 any consonant, is always 8; at the second place, or mid- 
 dle, Si; at the third place, or end, q. The heavy dash 
 at the first place is Q; at the second place G; at the 
 third place CD. 
 
 12. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
 their several positions, should be well memorized. They 
 may be designated thus: is the first place heavy dot; 
 fif is the second place heavy dot; (I is the third place 
 heavy dot; 6 is first place heavy dash; CD is the second 
 place heavy dash; CO is the third place heavy dash. 
 
 13. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing 
 the vowels to them, they should be written near the 
 strokes, but not so that they will join; thus, ^ eve, 
 \ pay, ^T~^ may; the dashes should be written at right 
 angles with the consonants; as, \ paw, s\ show, |__ too. 
 
 14. If we wish the vowel to be read first, we place 
 it before or above the consonant; thus, *| eat, X, pe, 
 s^~^ aim, i oak; if we wish it to be read after the 
 consonant, we write it after or below the stroke; thus, 
 
 ^ bow, ^ hay, ^/ shoe. 
 
 15. The rule for placing and reading the vowels is, 
 that the first place is at the end where the pen began 
 writing the consonant; thus, see the L-line in the follow-
 
 EXERCISE ON THE LONG VOWELS. 31 
 
 ing exercise, where /"~ being written upward, and 9 
 are placed at the lower end, and C[ and (D at the top; 
 S must be vocalized in the same manner. 
 
 The following exercise should be read over frequently, 
 till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels 
 and their consecutive order. He will, at the same time, 
 become familiar with many of the consonants. The 
 sounds of the vowels are indicated by key-letters at 
 the top of each column; and each line is preceded by 
 the type letter of the consonant employed in the line. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE LONG VOWELS. 
 
 VOWELS FOLLOWING CONSONANTS. 
 
 s a CL e oo) 
 
 P ^ X. \. ^x X \. 
 
 Ch /' S /* 
 
 L c r r t 
 
 VOWELS PRECEDING CONSONANTS. 
 
 T i r,:;4:,:,:'''i 
 
 K . __ . _ - _ 
 
 K ^ > ^ '^
 
 32 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING LESSON, WITH A KEY. 
 
 In the following exercise the learner has a key to 
 assist him in decyphering the phonographic construction 
 of words. It should be well studied, preparatory to 
 reading and writing the exercises which follow. 
 
 I" te I te |- to - L to 
 
 i I -i t 
 
 et at et ot 
 
 I 
 
 I x tern 
 
 I kat 
 
 kol / mel s~^f mol 
 mek T^ mak 
 pel Nf pal 
 
 torn 
 
 After the exercise has been read once or twice, it is 
 a good plan to lay a strip of paper over the key, and 
 read without the aid of the printed words. Then re- 
 verse the process: laying the strip of paper over the 
 phonographic words, and write them from memory of 
 their form, or knowledge of their construction.
 
 ON VOCALIZING. 33 
 
 In reading the following exercise the learner must re- 
 ly on his own knowledge. If he fails in remembering 
 the consonants, he will have to turn back to page 27 to 
 refresh his memory; and if the sounds of the vowels are 
 forgotten, page 30 will assist him. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE I. 
 
 ^\ / ^ ^ x 
 - i.r\ / /- 
 x-l ^- 
 
 ON VOCALIZING. 
 
 16. In vocalizing the consonant of a word, the first 
 thing to be done is to ascertain whether the vowel 
 to be written is a dot sign or a dash sign; and, secondly, 
 what place to the consonant it should occupy.
 
 34 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 17. If the learner's memory is not good, or his percep- 
 tion quick, so that he can decide these points readily, a 
 good plan for arriving at the result is to commence at 
 the beginning of the scale of vowels and speak them thus: 
 fi, a, q, (observing that thus far the signs are heavy dots, 
 and that the remainder are dashes,) 0, 0, tf), till he 
 arrives at the one he wishes to write; just as the learner 
 of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound of a 
 note, commences at do and runs up the scale till he 
 obtains the proper sound. 
 
 16. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if 
 
 the accented vowels are first place, are written about the 
 
 height of a vertical stroke above the line; as * me, 
 
 key; if the vowels are second or third place, they 
 
 are written on the line; as, -_ gay, ^-^ mow. 
 
 NOTE. For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes fa- 
 miliar with phonetic printing, a few of the first exercises for writing will 
 be printed in both modes of spelling. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE I. 
 
 FIRST PLACE DOT, after the consonant. 
 Pea, tea, key, fee, see, she, lee, me, knee. 
 Pe, te, ke, fe, se, Je, le, me, ne. 
 Before the consonant. Eat, each, eke, eve, ease, eel, ear. 
 t, eq, ek, ev, ez, el, cr. 
 
 SECOND PLACE DOT, after the consonant. 
 Pay, day, gay, they, say, may, way, hay. 
 Pa, da, ga, da, sa, ma, wa, ha. 
 Before. Ape, eight, aid, age, ache, ale, air, aim. 
 [p, at, ad, aj, ak, al, a/, am. 
 
 THIRD PLACE DOT, after the consonant. Pa, ma. 
 
 Pci, mq. 
 
 Before. Are. 
 
 Rr.
 
 REVIEW OF THE FIRST LESSON. 35 
 
 FIRST PLACE DASH, after the consonant. 
 
 Paw, jaw, thaw, saw, law, gnaw. 
 Pe, je, te, se, le, ne. 
 Before. Ought, awed, awl, awn. 
 Gtj ed, el, en. 
 
 SECOND PLACE DASH, after the consonant. Bow, fc>e, 
 
 Bo, to, 
 
 dough, foe, though, sow, show, low, know, woe, hoe. 
 do, fo, do, so, Jo, lo, no, wo ho. 
 
 Before. Ode, oak, oath, owes, oar, own. 
 Od, ok, ot, oz, or, on. 
 
 THIRD PLACE DASH, after the consonant. Coo, shoe. 
 
 Ko>, jo>. 
 Before. Ooze. 
 CDz. 
 
 REVIEW. (!.") What care should he taken in writing the heavy curved 
 strokes? (2.) What consonants are written downwards? How are the 
 horizontal ones written ? What are they ? ( 3, 4, and 5. ) What are the 
 exceptions to these general rules? (6.) What is the first thing to be 
 done in writing a word phonographically ? What next? (7.) How are 
 the consonants adjusted to the line of writing? (8.) When one straight 
 consonant follows another of the same kind, how are they written ? (9.) 
 What is the order of reading the consonants in a word ? ( 10. ) How many 
 places have consonants, to which vowels may be written? (11 and 12.) 
 What is the sound of the first place heavy dot? The second? The 
 third ? What is the sound of the first place heavy dash ? The second ? 
 The third? (13.) How should the vowels be written to the consonants? 
 (14.) If the vowel sound of a word is heard before the consonant, to 
 which side of the perpendicular strokes is it written? Which side of the 
 inclined? Which of the horizontal? (15.) At which end of I and h is 
 the first place vowel written? (16.) In vocalizing a word, what is the 
 first thing to be determined? What the second? (18.) How are words 
 that contain only a horizontal stroke written '.' 
 
 i
 
 2. 
 
 SHORT VOWELS DIPHTHONGS DOT H VOCALIZING 
 COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 IP the student has become familiar with the arrange- 
 ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will be 
 a very easy matter for him to understand and use the 
 following scale of 
 
 SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 
 
 |i -je .ia |o -la Ju 
 
 as in it, et, at, on, up, foot. 
 
 The six vowel sounds above given approximate so 
 nearly in quality to those given on page 30, the main 
 difference being in length or fulness, that they are repre- 
 sented in precisely the same manner, excepting that the 
 signs are made lighter. [See Introduction, pages 20, 21.] 
 
 19. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
 their several positions, must be well memorized. They 
 may be designated thus: i is the first place light dot; e 
 is the second place light dot; a is the third place light 
 dot; is the first place light dash; U is the second place 
 light dash; W is the third place light dash. 
 
 As a general thing it is more convenient, and, except 
 in analyzing words, it is just as well to name the short 
 vowels with the consonant t after them; thus: it, et, at, 
 of, ut, oot. 
 
 ""(3GV"'
 
 EXERCISE ON TUB SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 The following exercise on the short vowel scale should 
 be practised till their consecutive order is well mastered, 
 and the position of each sound can be told without hesi- 
 tation. 
 
 READING EXERCISE II. 
 
 J ] 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE II. 
 
 FIRST PLACE LIGHT DOT. Pit, tip, pil, pik, dip, mil. 
 SECOND PLACE LIGHT DOT. Eb, ej, eg, bel, tel. 
 THIRD PLACE LIGHT DOT. Ad, am, lak, bak. 
 
 FIRST PLACE LIGHT DASH. Od, of, top, got, Jok, lok, mok, 
 foil, bodi. 
 
 SECOND PLACE LIGHT DASH. Up, us, kut, luk, luv. 
 
 THIRD PLACE LIGHT DASH. Pul, buk, tuk, ruk, luk, kuk, 
 puli, full.
 
 38 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 v ii A i* J3 jn 
 
 as in ice, oil, owl, new. 
 
 20. These diphthong characters, excepting r> ,* oc- 
 cupy but two places, the beginning and end of a conso- 
 nant. When written in the first place, with the point 
 downward, the angle represents the first sound in ice; 
 thus, N^ pie, (Jthy, 4 s my; with the point upward, 
 in the same place, the first sound in oil; thus, \ boy, 
 A * coy; with the point upward, and in the third place, 
 the first sound in owl; as, /\ our, ^ now. The char- 
 acters should be written without lifting the pen, and 
 placed in a perpendicular position to the inclined and 
 horizontal strokes, as well as to the vertical. 
 
 READING EXERCISE III. 
 
 - \ A ^ \ i 77 > 
 
 ^/ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE III. 
 
 Bj, tj, fj, vj, dj, SJ, Jj, Ij, mj, ni ; is, jz, ft jr, jsi. Bo-, ter, 
 jo-, ker ; eel, aner. B-5, d^, k-y, vs, STS, al-g, n~s ; -st, ~ST, -si. 
 
 * This, though representing, ordinarily, the pure diphthong, is also em- 
 ployed in an extended scheme of compound vowels, which will be treated 
 of hereafter.
 
 THE DOT H. 39 
 
 21. DOT H. Since the aspirate never occurs in Eng- 
 lish except before a vowel, a briefer mode of represent- 
 ing it than the long sign S i g generally employed, 
 namely, a light dot placed immediately before the vowel; 
 it should be written to the left of the dot vowels that 
 belong to a vertical or inclined stroke, and above those 
 belonging to horizontals; and above the cZosA vowels of 
 the former, and to the left of those of the latter; thus, 
 "| hit, ^-^ hem, "~\ hod, ~?\ her, ^ home. 
 
 Although this h is the same in shape as the light dot 
 vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact 
 that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before another 
 dot vowel. For the stroke, h will be italicized. 
 
 READING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 *r _^ n ^ V 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IV. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. Het, hat, hcd, hel, hal, her, hqr; hop, hoop, 
 hod, hek, hoi, horn. 
 
 FIRST PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hip, hit, hie,, Ml, him. 
 SECOND PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hed, hej, hem. 
 
 THIRD PLACE LIGHT DOT. Hat, had, hag, hak, ham, hag, 
 
 hapi. 
 FIRST PLACE LIGHT DASH. Hop, hot, hog, hod. 
 
 SECOND PLACE LIGHT DASH. Hub, hut, huf, hul, hum 
 hug. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. Hjt, hjd, hjv.
 
 40 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 22. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very 
 important to keep the vowel signs away from the angles 
 or places where the consonants join, especially from the 
 inside of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to 
 tell to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told 
 whether \ N is the word beam or balm. 
 
 The following rules should be observed: 
 
 First. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes 
 between two consonants it is placed immediately after 
 the first ; as " \ keep, not *^\ , where it is before the 
 
 second consonant; ^~^ meek, not'"~ N2 ; ' kill, 
 
 not '-i ; vx, ream, * | kite, &c. 
 
 Second. A second place vowel, if it is long, is also 
 written after the first consonant; as *""] gate., J^,. dome; 
 but if short, it is written before the second ; as ~~] get, 
 [j^ dumb; by which arrangement we are enabled to de- 
 termine the sound of the middle place vowel by position, 
 if it should not be clearly indicated by the size. 
 
 Third. Third place vowels, whether long or short, are 
 written before the second consonant ; as \_^ balm, 
 \ boot, \ bad, \, ' book, J doubt. 
 
 "" ' Al 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE.
 
 VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 
 
 41 
 
 Fourth. If two vowels come between two consonants, 
 the first one spoken is written to the first stroke, and the 
 next one to the second ; thus, xis P cm , \^\ palliate. 
 
 Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted 
 forms of writing; but their general observance renders 
 the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 
 
 24. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a 
 word, the first is written farther from it than the second ; 
 thus, v -| iota; if it terminate with two, the last is writ- 
 ten farther from the consonant sign ; as, t idea. 
 
 25. When the diphthong v commences a word it 
 may frequently be united with the consonant following, 
 without lifting the pen, as in the word idea, just given, 
 ^\CV / believe, *^~. I fear, &c. 
 
 26. In reading words of two or more consonants, it 
 must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or 
 signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would 
 be if they stood unconnected with other consonant 
 strokes; thus, "vO" rea( i in this wa,y would be considered 
 thus: \ f J po-li-cy; '*~~}f , ^ f (~ vnigli-ti-ly. 
 This process will be necessary till the learner can read 
 words from their general appearance. 
 
 READING EXERCISE V. 
 
 L
 
 42 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE V. 
 
 LONG DOT VOWELS. Bet, bak, baj, peq, bqm, pad, pal, pqm, 
 tern, dam, tqj, ded, dat, qep, qa.r, qer, qef, kep, gat, kel, gal, 
 kqin, kak, Jam, q,rk, qrm, lep, lat, lq|, nav, nam, awak, 
 a\va_r. 
 
 SHORT DOT VOWELS. Bit, pet, pad, piq, beg, bag, pil, del, 
 rim, lip, lej, liv, maq, mej, maj, mil, milk, vali, aAed. 
 
 LONG DASH VOWELS. Bet, pop, boot, tet, dor, to>l, qek, jok, 
 kel, kol, koal, gedi, fenn, vot, food, room, lof, mel, m<DV, 
 neti, awok. 
 
 SHORT DASH VOWELS. Pot, bug, bwk, bodi, dot, doj, dug, 
 kuk, foli, fuli, Jok, Juk, log, luk, luk, mok, mug, muj, 
 nok, nuk. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. Pjl, abjd, bed, q^d, qjm, abst, mjl, deker, dela, 
 avsd, ald, enjer, berler, fjler. 
 
 Get me mj buk. 4 belev mi be 1 . "5 Ma j go horn us. Put 
 awa mj dul nji 
 
 REVIEW. (19.) What is the sound of the first place light dot? The 
 second ? The third ? The first place light dash ? The second ? The 
 third? What is the short sound of ef a? ah? aw? o? oo? (20.) To 
 what places of the consonant are the diphthongs written ? Describe the 
 sign and position of /. Of oi. Of ow. (21.) What is the second form 
 of the aspirate ? How distinguished from vowels? (22.) In vocalizing 
 combined consonants, what is important? What is the rule for first place 
 vowels ? Second place ? Third place ? If two vowels occur between two 
 consonants, how are they written? (23.) If two vowels precede a conso- 
 nant? If two terminate a word ? (24.) How may 1 sometimes be writ- 
 ten? (25.) What is the rule for reading words containing two or more 
 consonants and their accompanying vowels.
 
 3. 
 
 TIP-STROKES R, SH, AND L VOWEL WORD-SIGNS, &c. 
 
 26. In order to prevent words from running too far 
 below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford a 
 variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words 
 having the same consonant sounds may be written differ- 
 ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized, 
 provision is made for representing several of the conso- 
 nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. 
 This provision also makes the writing more easy of 
 execution, since these up-strokes are all in the inclina- 
 tion of the line of writing, from left to right. The 
 letters thus represented are r, sh, and I; the former of 
 which, only, requires a different character. 
 
 27. The second sign for r is a straight line struck 
 upward at -an angle of thirty degrees; thus, /^ Though 
 this character is specially available in writing words re- 
 quiring two or more consonants, .yet it is frequently 
 used alone, as //" rye,; and more frequently when termi- 
 nating with a circle or hook, (Lessons IV, VI,) when it 
 is less likely to be confounded with c/t, written down- 
 ward and of nearly the same inclination ; in neither case, 
 however, is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, 
 since the sense of the preceding words nearly always 
 suggests what the following word is. 
 
 28. When written in connection with other conso- 
 nants, there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen
 
 44 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 at a glance whether the stroke is written upward or 
 downward; thus, I/ tr, J tch, /\ rt. So that while 
 the rule is that ch shall be written at an angle of sixty 
 degrees, and r at an angle of thirty degrees, they may 
 both be written at the same inclination, except when 
 either is the only consonant in a word, and except, also, 
 when one of them immediately follows the other, as //, 
 in which case necessity compels one to be written at a 
 different inclination from the other. 
 
 29. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke 
 is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina- 
 tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in 
 vocalizing this up-stroke r; thus, ^"f reach, ,/\ ripe, 
 charity. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING R UPWARD OR DOWNWARD.* 
 30. The following rules in regard to the use of the 
 
 two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms 
 
 of words: 
 
 First. The up-stroke should be used when the follow- 
 
 ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the 
 
 examples above. (29.) 
 
 Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is 
 
 followed by the s-circle, rc-hook, (see Lessons IV and 
 
 VIII,) A-, g, /, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed; 
 
 as /* rogue, ^\J rash, ^^l rule, /< rare. But 
 
 if a vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down- 
 
 stroke is employed; as, ^ arc, "\ Irish, ^\^ early, 
 ^-^ error. 
 Third. Whenever preceded by v, th, pr m, the upward 
 
 r is employed ; as \^/ veer, ( *N/ theory, <^>/ mire. 
 
 * These rules may be passed over without much studying at first : but 
 on reviewing the lessons they should be well understood and applied.
 
 ON WRITING THE UP-STROKE R. 
 
 45 
 
 fourth. Whenever followed by n or ng the up-stroke 
 is employed; X^ rainy, / wrong. 
 
 Fifth. When r is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
 and followed by a vowel, the up-stroke is to be used, as in 
 the words \,X berry. / carry; but if no vowel fol- 
 lows, the down-stroke is employed; as \_oor, ~~\ car. 
 
 Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be- 
 ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in 
 error,} they are both written upward ; as ^f^\ rarity, 
 ^.^ carrier. 
 
 Seventh. When followed by m. the down-stroke is 
 
 ~\ / 
 
 always used; as V-^J room, ^ charm. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Repel, retjr, redem, redi, ratifj, ravaj, pq,rti, derjd, arjv, 
 urj, erfi ; raj, rak, riketi. 
 
 Boro, feri, ivori, teori, kari, memori, rotari, turoli, mer, 
 demijr, admjr. 
 
 Random, reform, rarjk, reanimat, adorip. 
 
 Boroer, borer, barier, inferior, naroer, kurier, miror, derer, 
 Jercr, karer. 
 
 [Down-stroke R.] Bern, rjm, remedi, remoav.
 
 46 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING L AND SH* 
 
 31. L and sh may be written upward or downward 
 without any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or read- 
 ing, the direction in which they were made, as in the case 
 of the up-stroke r, will be known by their connection 
 with other consonant signs; as (^,long, (\. leave, <f 
 shop, Jf shawl. 
 
 32. s The following rules will guide, as near as possi- 
 ble, to the most approved use of I: 
 
 First. When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol- 
 lowed by k, y, or m, the up-stroke I is employed; as 
 /V like, ^ league, (I limb. But if a vowel 
 
 precedes, the down-stroke is used, as. (_ alUce, ~\ helm. 
 When other consonants follow Ik, Ig, Im, the I may be 
 written either upward or downward. 
 
 Second. Immediately before and after n and ng, the 
 down-stroke is' employed; as "^ nail, , link. If a 
 down -stroke letter is to follow I after n, the up-stroke I 
 must be employed ; as ^f^f analogy. 
 
 Third. When I is the final consonant in a word, and 
 preceded by /, v, or upward r, without a final vowel, it 
 is written downward; as ^C, fed, "tV revile, ^.^f 
 
 moral. But if a vowel follows, the up-stroke is used, as 
 ^~f folly, ^^" rely. 
 
 Fourth. After n. and ng. a final I is always written 
 downward, even though followed by a vowel, as (2 lonely, 
 ' --/ kingly. 
 
 Fifth. Final I, following all other consonants but/, v, 
 up stroke r, n and ng, is written upward, whether a vowel 
 follows or not; as \f peal, __/"" cool, XT-/ mail. 
 
 * The same remarks will apply to these rules as are given in a note on 
 the preceding paga.
 
 ON WRITING L AND SH. 
 
 47 
 
 33. Sh is usually written downward; before Z, however, 
 and after / and v, it is nearly always written upward; 
 as jf^- shelf, '^J fish, /^\_J lavish. 
 
 READING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VII. 
 
 NOTE. In this exercise and the next one, up-stroke r and sh, and 
 down-stroke I, will be indicated by italic letters. 
 
 Lek, Ijk, luk, log, lorn, legasi. 
 
 Zq,ncj, Zapk, Zenfi, Zentili, finsi, Zunq, feTirj ; anuZ, onfi, 
 kanaZ-; analitik, analoji, enlqrj ; fjZ, fo>?, vj?, unfaZig, reve/, 
 unvaZ. 
 
 -Re/, rea7, ra7, reZm, karo?, bare?, periZ. 
 Felo, full, vali, rali, reali, -ealiti ; menZi, felirjZi, 
 ffii f e \ / a ^ > ^ a / nav i/> efi/ensi, defi/ensi. 
 J?eliJ, foolij, publij, polij", abolij", -ajli.
 
 48 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 VOVT3L WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 34. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single 
 character of the alphabet to represent an entire word. 
 This scheme is resorted to that the penman may attain 
 greater speed in writing; and those words are chosen 
 thus to be represented which occur the most frequently 
 in composition; twenty-five of them actually constituting 
 one-fourth of any given chapter or discourse, and one 
 hundred of them amounting to almost half. The signs 
 are so chosen as to suggest, generally, the words they 
 represent. Words thus represented are called sign-words, 
 when we wish to distinguish them from other words. 
 
 the 
 
 \ 
 
 a 
 \ 
 
 and, an 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 how 
 
 X 
 
 all 
 
 two 
 
 already 
 
 oh 
 
 ought 
 
 who 
 
 1 L ^ ^ 
 
 of to or but on should 
 
 35. Only two places, the first and last, or above and 
 on the line, are used in writing the vowel word-signs, 
 because without a consonant it would be impossible to 
 determine between a first and second-place position. If 
 the word to be represented contains a first-place vowel 
 sound, the sign is written above the line; if a second or 
 third-place, it is written on the line. No confusion 
 arises from bringing second-place vowels down to the 
 third position, since, when the second-place sign is 
 thus transferred, the third-place sign is not used as a 
 word-sign, and when the third is used the second is not.
 
 MARKS OF PUNCTUATION. 49 
 
 36. The is a word-sign that often follows immediately 
 after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting the 
 pen to write each separately, it is joined to the preceding 
 sign in the shape of a light tick; thus, > of the, ? on the, 
 ?- to the. 
 
 MARKS OP PUNCTUATION: x period, * colon, in- 
 terrogation, i wonder, jf grief, ? laughter, { ) paren- 
 theses; the comma and semi-colon may be written as in 
 common manuscript. 
 
 An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved 
 line being drawn beneath it; thus, _^. ; if it is desired to 
 indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- 
 ter, it is shown by two parallel lines being written under 
 it; thus, ^ 
 
 READING EXERCISE VIII.
 
 50 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE VIII. 
 
 NOTE. In the following and a few subsequent exercises the sign-words 
 thus far introduced will be indicated by being enclosed in quotation 
 marks. As additional ones are spoken of, they will be indicated in the 
 same way. 
 
 When the may be united with a preceding word, they will be connected 
 by a hyphen. 
 
 ariti tariet fog; hjdeti mug rog; (jenjeti no il; aperet holli 
 luvli amug us. '<Ie' erb 'and' 'de' sp. A Ijvli 'and' hapi, 'but' 
 gidi, ber. $ o nutig. 'tie' het 'ov-de' fjr. Go 'tu-de' dor. 
 
 He ma rjt 'el-de' tjm. La it 'on-de' /elf. Go 'tu' mi Jop 
 'and' rig 'de' bel. Q Jadi porcj 'and' kco/ig J'srer. Ma hq,rmoni 
 fog abjd in sr cjurq. 
 
 FooliJ ber! 'hs' da/ 'he' lavi/ mj muni 'on' so vj] a pol- 
 isi? '91' 'ha>? no 'de' rjt /uid' da> it. 
 
 REVIEW. (26.) Which are the letters that may be written either up- 
 ward or downward ? ( 27. ) Explain the Op-stroke r as compared with ch. 
 (28.) In words containing more than one consonant, how is up-stroke r 
 distinguished from ch? (29.) Where are the first and third place vowels 
 put to the up-stroke r? (30.) Give the first rule for writing r; the sec- 
 ond, ditto; third; fourth: fifth: sixth; seventh? (31.) How is it determined 
 when the strokes sh, r, I are written upward? (32.) Give the first rule 
 for writing I; the second: third: fourth; fifth? (33.) Under what circum- 
 stance is sh nearly always written upward ? (34. ) What is a word-sign ? 
 Explain the difference between a word-sign and a sign-word. (35.) 
 What is the word represented by the first place heavy dot ? The third 
 place heavy dot ? Third place light dot? The diphthongs? What three 
 words does the first place heavy dash represent ? What three the third 
 place heavy dash ? What three the first place light dash ? What three 
 the third place light dash? (36.) What is the practice in writing the 
 after other word-signs.
 
 -ft. 
 
 THE CHICLE S AND ZOON, CON, JNff, AND HP 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 The fact that s and z represent sounds of very fre- 
 quent recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to 
 secure the greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that 
 they be furnished with an additional sign. Indeed, 
 each subsequent chapter of these lessons is but to 
 introduce some more abbreviated method of writing ; 
 which, while it seems to render the system more com- 
 plex, adds to it new beauty as well as value. 
 
 37. The second forms for s and z are, a small circle, 
 made light for the first, and thickened on one side for 
 the latter; thus, o s, o z; the thickening of the z-circle, 
 however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense will 
 nearly always indicate whether the circle should be s or 
 z. "Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z 
 should be used. 
 
 The circle is used much more frequently than the 
 stroke s; it is employed, however, only in connection 
 with stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The 
 table on the following page will assist the learner in 
 fixing in his mind the peculiar connection the circle has 
 with each long sign ; it will also be of service for refer- 
 ence, in writing out the exercises in the lesson.
 
 52 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 TABLE OF THE CIRCLE S. 
 
 \ sp I st / sch Q sk 
 
 \ sb f sd / sj Q sg 
 
 ^ sf C sth J ss ^ ssh 
 
 \^ sv ( sth J sz ^ szh 
 
 sm 
 
 si ) sr o/sr 
 
 5 ' sng ^ sw sh 
 
 38. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, because 
 not needed; it is used on its termination, however. The 
 table presents the circle written only at the initial end 
 of the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end, 
 according as it is desired to read before or after the 
 stroke ; thus, \o ps, o Ars, j ws, ^ hs; and it may 
 also, of course, be written between two strokes; thus, 
 
 I kst, \j^_^,fsn. 
 
 39. The learner must observe the following rules in 
 writing the circle: 
 
 first. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes 
 it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and 
 end. 
 
 Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which in- 
 clude the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than 
 vertical, it is written on the upper side. 
 
 Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of 
 all the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the 
 table. 
 
 Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is 
 turned in the shortest way; thus, J _ tsk, / chsn,
 
 ON WRITING THE CIRCLE S AND Z. 53 
 
 40. In.vocalizing words in which the circle s is used, 
 the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before 
 which or after which they are heard, without any refer- 
 ence to the circle. As rules to assist the learner in 
 reading words containing the circle s, the following ob- 
 servations are sufficiently explicit: 
 
 First. If there is an initial circle, it is ahcays read 
 first, and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and 
 lastly the stroke itself, as F seat, a : sack, soul. 
 
 Second. If no vowel precedes the stroke, the circle, 
 stroke, and following vowel are read, in the order 
 
 QY /"" 
 
 named; as \ spy, |- stoic, Q f scale. 
 
 Third. When the circle terminates a word, it is \always 
 the last to be read; as, (^ this, -j- goes, f looks, 
 
 6~*> seems, "^ enjoys, /\> suppose; when written between 
 two strokes, its relation to the vowels is always evident, 
 as will be seen in examining , lessen, v l excite. 
 
 READING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 f \ -r r- v r 'y -s- f* .<L _c 
 
 .c T <- 

 
 54 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE IX. 
 
 Sip, scop, sap, sop, set, sjd, set, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav, 
 sjd, ssfl, sez, saj, ser, ssr, sel, sol, sam, sum, sjn, scon, sip, 
 sunk. 
 
 Spj, sta, skj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, cjez, jeez, gas, 
 fez, vjs. EEis, doz, Joz, raz, rjs, yrz, las, mjs, njs. 
 
 Spek, spok, skem, sfer, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sipk. 
 Besto, beset, task, itself, spas, spesifj, skjz, sikst, agkjus, 
 sedijus, risk, resjt, rezn, denjz, solas, holines, qozn, mason. 
 
 41. There are four cases where the long s or 2 must 
 always be employed : First, when it is the only stroke 
 consonant in a word; as, ') ace, ) ease, )~so. Second, 
 when it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel ; 
 
 as ). ask, *r\ escape. Third, when two distinct 
 
 vowel sounds come between the s and following conso- 
 nant; as in the word LLO science. Fourth, when s or z is 
 the last consonant in a word and followed by a vowel ; 
 as "f) ~ also, v~) palsy. Fifth, when z commences a 
 word ; as )^ zeal, E, Zion. 
 
 42. When the sound of s or z is heard twice in the 
 same syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, J or 
 
 ) ss; if the last sound is that .of z the circle should be 
 
 O* \tr 
 
 made first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, J size. 
 
 43. When the indistinct vowel i or e comes between 
 ss or an s and a z, or between zz, in the middle or at the 
 end of a word, the syllable is represented by a circle 
 double the usual size ; thus, \o pieces, chooses, XQ 
 suffices, ^-O^ necessary. It should never begin a word, as 
 in system. In the word exercise, it is allowable to put the 
 diphthong I in the double circle, thus,
 
 PREFIXES COM AND COX AFFIX ING. 55 
 
 44. The circle is used as a word-sign for is, written 
 above the line, thus, ; and for as, written on the line, 
 thus, o; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become 
 * his, .0 has. 
 
 READING EXERCISE X. 
 
 ') 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE X. 
 
 EIso, jsi, aslep, esp-szal, asjnz, sjonz; bizi, spjsi, lazi, 
 hersa, ekselensi, obstinasi, epilepsi, sufijensi; zooloji, zero, 
 zelusli, zigzag. 
 
 Ses, ses, sez, sez, sisorz, sizm. 
 
 Basis, dosez, qcbzez, kisez, diskusez, vjsez, snsez, relesez, 
 egzist, pozesor. 
 
 THE PREFIXES COM AND CON THE AFFIX INff. 
 
 45. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief 
 as possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the repre- 
 sentation of prefixes and syllables in such words as 
 would be inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a 
 light dot placed at the beginning of a word expresses 
 the prefix com or con; as, \^ condemn, ^~ console; 
 ^^ compare. 
 
 46. A similar dot placed at the. end of a word is 
 used to represent the termination ing, when a separate 
 syllable; as, | aiding, /^V living. Ring, thing, bring, 
 &c., are written with the stroke *-. It is often more
 
 56 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 convenient, especially when following the circle s or up- 
 stroke r, to write the alphabetic ng; as \_^ passing, 
 , Ko, confessing, / rising; and after b, bl, br, ,th, 
 m; as,^~^\^^nothing, 6~~~"^ 'seeming. Generally ^ 
 is written for ings; as N.Q beings, s^ik rejoicings. A 
 large dot may be used when more convenient ; as | do- 
 ings, </^\ headings. 
 
 47. MP. The stroke for m is the only one that is 
 not given in the alphabet heavy as well as light; and in 
 order to make good use of all the means the alphabet 
 affords, this stroke written heavy is made to represent 
 the not unfrequent combination of m with p, either at 
 the beginning, middle, or end of a word; thus, <^^ 
 empire, \^^^ temporary, (~ lamp. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XI. 
 
 Komit, kompoz, kompjl, kompozig, kombat, kontarainat, 
 kontenjus, konvinsig, konva, konspjr, konspirasi, konsolatori, 
 konsuljip, konservatizm, konjusnes; pair), hopig, djig, etig, 
 goig, herig, ferig. 
 
 Pump, tempi, temporal, damp, jumpig, rump, tump, sim- 
 plifj, simplisiti, egzampl, romp, limp. 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 On the following page is given an alphabetic arrange- 
 ment of all the simple consonant word-signs. Let them 
 be copied a few times in the order presented, which, in 
 connection with the powers of the letters, will enable 
 the mind to recollect the words for which they stand. 
 The circle s may be added to any consonant sign for the 
 formation of plural nouns, or the third person singular, 
 present tense, of verbs ; thus, v 9 things, 4 advantages* 
 o comes, ( thinks.
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 57 
 
 CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 
 
 it / which _ j kingdom 
 
 ( come 
 
 x i f give-n 
 
 /advantage { ogether 
 
 so _^/ shall 
 
 was J usual-ly 
 
 ) are 
 
 ^f thing 
 (. language 
 
 , v ( importaut-ce 
 I iraprove-ment 
 
 48. In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, 
 when a word is printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign 
 will represent either the whole word, or only so much as 
 precedes the hyphen, which is, by itself, another word ; 
 thus, is either give or given. Such words being 
 nearly alike in sound, and yet different parts of speech, 
 or otherwise incapable of being taken one for the other, 
 cause no difficulty to the reader. 
 
 49. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes do not fill 
 the space which a line of writing occupies, they are 
 made to represent two words, as in the case of the vowel 
 word-signs, one above the line and the other on the 
 line those written above the line containing first-place 
 vowels; those on the line, second or third-place. 
 
 50. There are but three exceptions to this rule of 
 position, (See 16,) namely: any, though its accented 
 vowel is second-place, is written above the line, so that 
 if left unvocalized it will not be confounded with no; 
 him, containing a first-place vowel, is written on the line 
 to keep it from being confounded with me; men is writ- 
 ten above, to keep it clear, of man, on the line.
 
 58 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XI. 
 o i i o y > 
 
 S * r 
 
 /* V o \ /T v, 
 
 \ v l' ~^ ! 
 
 }>' l " \ X 
 
 , i V 
 
 c 
 
 \ i 
 
 .P^ \o , i 
 
 I \
 
 EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 59 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XII. 
 
 5 Ijk 'no' 'kigdom' 'az' j 'do>' a republik. <i'DcD' da 'tigk' 
 da 'wil' 'kum' 'up' 'tu-de' mqrk. Q feZig 'ov' e 'Jud' fiZ dj sol 
 'in' dis Jioli h~ss. Asperiti lo>zez 'de' qef 'ov' 'its' dezjnz. 
 'Hiz' lazines 'iz' eksesiv; 'he' disljks 'hiz' buks. 'Hiz' fansi 
 iz 'yn^ali' riq, 'and' 'hiz' dezjnz fu? 'ov' Ijf. S'Haz' dis juj 
 no' justis. Onesti 'iz' rjt polisi. '01' eskap 'tu-de' siti 
 'iz' hoples. 
 
 3'Xud' *de' nam 'be' put 'on-de' ^tsjd 'and' 'on-de' top 
 'ov-de' boks. 1'R-s' meni 'q,r' 'tu' go. 'It' 'iz' 'too' muq 'tu' 
 divjd amug 'dem'. Lisn 'tu-de' /eson, 'and' 'be' bizi, 'az' a 
 ber 'Jud' 'be' 'hco' aspjrz 'tu' 'be' at 'de' hed 'ov-de' sko>Z. 
 Sinser soro 'iz' ezili sen besjd fefe. So/al Ijf 'givz' muq 
 hapines. 
 
 Qsk 'no' fasiliti 'in' biznes afyrz, unZes 'it' 'be' nesesari. 
 Sunset seneri Joz riq kulorz 'and' handsum J"adz; 'and' 'it' 
 ganjez intu meni varid fermz. .Siqez 'q,r' set bj sum, 'az' 'de' 
 c;ef hapines 'in' dis Ijf, bekez reali nesesari, 'az' da supoz. 
 
 REVIEW. (37.) What are the second forms for and zf (38.) Where 
 may the circle be written ? (39.) On which side of the vertical and in- 
 clined strokes is it turned? Which side of the straight horizontals? 
 Which side of all the curves ? How is it written between two strokes ? 
 (40.) How are strokes having an -circle vocalized? If there be an initial 
 circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels both 
 precede and follow, what is the order? (41.) How many cases are there 
 where the stroke must be used? What is the first? second? third? and 
 fourth? (42.) How should the * in the same syllable be written? How 
 szf (43.) What syllables does the double circle represent? What is the 
 exception? (44.) What are the sign- words for the circle? (45.) What 
 are the prefixes? (46.) What is the affix? When is it more convenient 
 to write the alphabetic ng? (47.) What is the signification of m made 
 heavy? (48.) Give the words for the first eight consonant signs ; for the 
 next eight; for the next seven. (49.) What is the rule for writing words 
 whose only consonant is a horizontal one? (50.) What are the three 
 exceptions ?
 
 IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS TF-HOOK TRIPHTHONGS. 
 
 51. The improper diphthongs are so termed because 
 they consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; 
 namely, w and y with each of the twelve vowels ; the 
 improper triphthongs are the union of w with the diph- 
 thongs J,. er, and -s. The fact that w and y never occur 
 in English except before vowels, and thus occur so 
 frequently, induced the inventor of Phonography to 
 represent each of the combined sounds by a single 
 letter, and thus save time and space for the writer. 
 
 JF-SERIES. 
 
 THE DOT GROUP. THE DASH GROUP. 
 
 long. short. 
 
 we i wi 
 
 ci 
 
 wa c | we 
 
 wq, <i wa 
 
 long. short. 
 
 i we j wo 
 
 3 | wo > wu 
 
 WO) 
 
 52. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- 
 tion of the w : series, a small circle is divided perpendicu- 
 larly, thus V, the first or left-hand half of the circle 
 representing the union of w with the first, or dot series 
 of vowels ; and like them it is made heavy for the long 
 sounds; as CN \ weep, y^ wage, ^ quam; and light 
 for the short; as / witch, Kr dwell, ^ wag.
 
 IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 61 
 
 53. The second half of the circle represents the 
 union of w with the second, or dash series of vowels, 
 heavy and light; as V v warm, j^ wove, V_ woof, / 
 watch, a 'V ^worm, J would. 
 
 54. The first place sign of the second series of diph- 
 thongs, both long and short, when followed by k, up- 
 stroke r, or w, is written in connection with such conso- 
 nants ; thus, a walk, ^/ war, ^^ wan. 
 
 55. These signs should be written as small as they 
 well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles; and, like 
 the proper diphthongs, they must always be written 
 vertically, and not change with the different inclinations 
 of the consonants. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XII. 
 
 '/ V. _^_ - <\ f 
 
 / -^ /" r 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 Wek, wat, wav, weknes, bewal, swa,r, aswaj, wajez; widt, 
 wet, wq,ft, wiked, swel, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, relinkwij. 
 
 Weker, wok, wood, wermli, kwoto, kworum; WOQ, wiad, 
 wojin, skwolid, swomp. 
 
 Werljk, werfa,r, werti, wekigstik.
 
 62 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 56. THE JF-HOOK. The half circle, light, is joined to 
 the first end of Z, up-stroke r, m, and n, to represent the 
 simple sound of w; the stroke to which it is written is 
 then vocalized as in the case of the s-circle; thus, ^~ 
 wail, &>? worry, ^~~^~f' womanly, <^-^ wane. 
 
 57. The alphabetic sign must always be employed 
 when w is the only consonant in a word, (except in the 
 word-sign c we;) arid in words that commence with a 
 vowel, followed by w; and also when w is followed by s; 
 thus, ^{woe, 5* awobke, ^^ Wesley. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XIII. 
 
 ,c 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 Walip, wel, wiligli, Wifeon, kwel, ekwali; Woles, wuli; 
 weri, bewa,r, w^r/iss, werisum; kworel, wurk, wurkman- 
 Jip, wurjip, wurfiles, wurdili. 
 
 Wompum, wuman/jk, skwemijnes; windo, kwenq, twenti, 
 twinj, entwjn. Wjr, kwer-i, inkwjr, wel-beirj, skwolor, elo- 
 kwens, ekwanimiti. 
 
 WCD, aw^r, wjzli.
 
 TRIPHTHONGS. 63 
 
 TRIPHTHONGS. 
 
 wer ^ 
 
 58. The characters with which to represent the com- 
 bination of w with the diphthongs, are obtained by 
 dividing a small square thus, S^ ; the left-hand right- 
 angle, in the first position, representing the triphthong 
 wi, the other, in the first position, woi, and in the third, 
 
 wow; thus, L l, wife, ^ j quoit. Since the introduction 
 
 of the w-hook to r, I, m, n, the wow character is not 
 needed in writing English. Sometimes L may be con- 
 nected with the following consonant; as | wide, \^ wife. 
 
 59. By placing the aspirate before these improper 
 diphthongs and triphthongs, we get the proper represen- 
 tation of the first two sounds in such words as wheat, 
 whig, while, (the w coming before the h in the old 
 orthography being an inversion of the order qf the 
 elements in speaking the words;) thus, * c | wheat, - 
 whig. 
 
 60. When the w-hook is used, the aspirate is indi- 
 cated by making the hook heavy ; thus, . wheel, 
 c/^^^ wherefore. But when the alphabetic w is em- 
 ployed, the aspirate is indicated by a small tick, thus, 
 "V whiz. 
 
 \r 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE XIV. 
 
 II- C| -C
 
 64 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XV. 
 
 Wjvz, kwjet, wjdnes, kwjetnes, kwert, Irikwer. 
 
 Hwip, hwjt, hwigeri; hw^rbj, hw^rwid, hwqrat, hwerlpo>l, 
 enihwqr, nohw^r; hwelbaro, hwelrjt, hvvaler, hwimzikaliti, 
 hwelm; hwens, hwjn; hwisker, hwisler. 
 
 W WORD- SIGNS. 
 
 c c > 
 
 we were with what would 
 
 why while when one where well 
 
 61. These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, 
 are to be written above or on the line, as their positions 
 in the table indicate. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XV.
 
 EXERCISE ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 65 
 
 t 
 
 I <> L C / 
 
 >VX -3 / \ 
 
 v^ ./ K N 
 
 x -?r*< vj> 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVI. 
 
 Bew^r ov-de' wjn kup. Q wjz qers. 'We' 'wud' 'be' hapi 
 wid' 'hiz' kumpani. 'Hwj' 'Jud' 'we' kil 'and' et swjn? 
 'Hwot' 'iz' 'hiz' wij", 'and' 'hwq,r' 'wiad' 'he' go? 'Hwj', o! 
 'hwj', 'mj' sol, dis aggwij". 
 
 $ go awa 'hw^r' agzjeti, wo 'and' apkjus tel asal no 'wun'. 
 'Wud' i 'wer' at horn. Wer wurks mizeri, 'hwjl' pes 'givz' 
 kq,m repoz 'tu' 'el'.
 
 66 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 J-SERIES. 
 
 THE DOT GROUP. 
 
 long. short. 
 
 U: v' 
 
 i ye j yi 
 
 ya ^i ye 
 
 
 THE J>ASH GROUP, 
 long. short. 
 
 1 ye ! y 
 
 "1 y "I y u 
 
 J yo> j yu 
 
 62. To obtain characters to represent the ^-series of 
 improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and 
 divided horizontally, thus, 9 5 the under half repre- 
 sents the dot group of vowels, and is made heavy for the 
 long sounds; as, w ""\ year, y^ Yale, J)_ Yazoo; and light 
 for the short; as, ") yis, (a common but not approved 
 pronunciation of yes,) /^ yell, / ^~^ yam; the upper 
 half represents the union of y with the dash group of 
 vowels, heavy and light; as, ^f yawl, r\ yoke, .) use; 
 " y on "> vj>- young ; y never occurs before u, in the 
 English language. 
 
 63. In writing, the same rules must be observed in 
 regard to these signs as with the wj-series. (52.) 
 
 W r\ 
 
 64. WORD-SIGNS. _ v. .___ " 
 
 ye, yet, beyond, you. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVI.
 
 EXERCISES ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 67 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVII. 
 
 Yerli, yen, yerlig, yeloij, yelpig, yomanri, Yokigani, yugij", 
 NH Yerk, hiij, sii't, amq,z, rediis, diiti, refq,z, koatiimeli, 
 anynal. 
 
 'cle' ycofi 'ov' -sr komnniti 'Jud' eq QOJZ sum f^r egzampl, 
 'and' t'olo 'it' kontinyiiali. Piir simplisiti 'givz' 'me' jer. clis 
 Manynal 'Jud' 'be' 'yoor' gid. 'It' 'iz' a wurk 'ov' yiitiliti. 
 
 KEADING EXERCISE XVII.
 
 68 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XVIII. 
 
 NH Yerk 'iz' a popyn,lus siti. 'Yco' 'no' 'ha>' j am 'yet' j 
 am at a los 'tu' spek 'ya>r' nam. Hiimaniti 'Jud' liv 'in' pes 
 'az' 'wun' komnniti; da 'Jud' dwel 'tugeder' 'in' 'el-de' erfi 
 'in' hq,rraoni 'and' luv. It' 'yo>' mak falyqrz 'in' dq,ti, 'yo>' 
 'wil* resev 'de' laj 'ov' justis. 'tie' nqz-ber amqzez himself 
 'hwjl' wekig. Ho yes! ho yes! sez 'de' yug bel-riger. 'cEe' 
 yok 'ov-de' oks 'iz' hevi; 'it' gelz 'hiz' nek dis werm da. 'In' 
 daz 'ov' yor, 'hwen' 'we' 'wer' yug. 
 
 'We' 'yn5H,ali' 'giv' 'dem' at ^ rz 'fer' slep, twelv 'fer* \vurk, 
 'and' for 'hwiq' da 'ma' 'imprcov' 'in' eni 'wa'. '3e' berz j am 
 teqii) 'qr' dezjrus 'ov' 'imprcovment' ; da sem 'tia' 'tigk' 'in' dis 
 'wa' 'hwot' 'iz' wurt dcoig at 'el' 'iz' wurt dojig 'wel'. i hop 
 da 'wil' elwaz liv 'up' 'tia' dis maksim, 'so' 'Jal' da 'hav' suk- 
 ses 'in' Ijf. Sun, 'giv' 'me' 'yo>r' er, 'and' j 'wil' teq 'yoa' 'de' 
 'wa' 'ov' Ijf. Legt 'ov' daz 'iz' 'givn' us 'fer' sojal 'and' re- 
 lijus 'impro>vment'. 
 
 REVIEW. (51.) Explain the improper diphthongs, the triphthongs. 
 (52.) How are those of the w-series represented? Which series of vowels, 
 combined with w, does the left-hand half of the circle represent? (53.) 
 What are the sounds of the right-hand half of the circle? (54. ) To what) 
 consonants may the signs for waw and wo be written without lifting the 
 pen? (55.) How should these signs be written? (56.) To what strokes 
 does the w semi-circle connect and form a hook? On which side of the 
 up-stroke r is it written? How does it differ in power from the improper 
 diphthongs? (57.) When must the alphabetic w be employed? (58.) 
 Describe the representation of the triphthongs. (59.) What is the pho- 
 nographic representation of whf (60.) How is the w-hook aspirated? 
 (61.) Designate the first line of word-signs; the second. 
 
 (62.) What are the signs to represent the y-series? Which half of the 
 circle represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the 
 sounds of the upper half? (63.) How are they to be witten to the con- 
 sonants? (64.) What are th^ word -signs?
 
 6. 
 
 INITIAL HOOKS THE i-HOOK EXPLAINED. 
 
 65. A peculiar characteristic of I and r is, that they 
 readily unite with preceding consonants they flow back 
 into them, as it were ; and hence their classification as 
 liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is 
 formed by little more than a single effort of the voice. 
 Take, for illustration, the two words play and pray, and 
 observe how simultaneously the pi and pr are spoken; 
 so in the termination of the words title and acre; in the 
 former class of words no vowel sound comes between the 
 two consonants, of course; in the latter a very indistinct 
 one is heard, but which it is not necessary to represent 
 in Phonography. 
 
 66. The most philosophical and brief way of repre- 
 senting these combinations is undoubtedly by some dis- 
 tinct and uniform modification of the simple letters. 
 The modification adopted for the I is that of a hook 
 written thus: 
 
 \ P, \ pl; I *, f tl > ^ / ^_ A etc - 
 
 67. As the long consonants are heard first in the 
 words, consistency would seem to require that they be 
 written first and the hooks afterward ; but the reverse of 
 this is the case, for the reason that hooks on the termi- 
 nation of strokes may be more philosophically and 
 advantageously employed for other purposes; and be- 
 
 '" : 089)""
 
 70 
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 sides, pi, tl, kl, fl, &c., being considered single sounds 
 almost, the stroke and the hook must be regarded as an 
 indivisible sign; they should actually be spoken as such 
 in spelling and reading, i. e., as the final syllables in 
 apple (pi), little (tl), muffle (fl), fickle (kl); and not as 
 p, 1; t, I; f, I; k, I. A distinction is thus made between 
 p, I pronounced as two letters, and pi pronounced as 
 one ; the former suggests \/^~, and the latter \ . 
 
 68. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, 
 it may be observed, that if the feft hand be held up, 
 with the first finger bent, the outline of tl will be seen ; 
 and by turning the hand round in the various positions 
 assumed by the letters, p, t, ch, k, all the double conso- 
 nants of the pi series will be formed; thus, 
 
 kl C. 
 
 TABLE OF THE Z-HOOK. 
 f tl /> Chi 
 
 kl 
 
 zhl 
 
 struck" up. 
 
 69. The hook is first turned, and then the long con- 
 sonant struck in the usual manner. The ?-hook, like 
 the s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the verti- 
 cal and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of 
 the straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves.
 
 THE Z-HOOK. 71 
 
 70. This hook to the strokes s, z, down-stroke r, and 
 ng, is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used 
 with more advantage; as, ^* slay, xp5*~ muscle; and the 
 initial hook to I, up-stroke r, m, and n, is more useful 
 as w. (56) 
 
 71. The sh and zh take the ?-hook only when they 
 are combined with other stroke consonants, and then 
 they are struck upward; thus, J.^ essential, 
 
 72. The stroke and the hook being considered as one 
 sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used; and in 
 writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written 
 before it; thus, \ able, V_ evil; and if the vowel fol- 
 lows, it must be placed after; thus, \ play, <-, -Q close; 
 or a vowel may be written both before and after; thus 
 Sv ably. V P idler, declare, L-e__^v exclaim. 
 
 ^ " ' U^ c . 
 
 > > 
 
 73. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult 
 to make a good Z-hook, but it can generally be under- 
 stood, as in the word <\ reply; in some cases, how- 
 ever, it is more convenient to write the long I; as in 
 '-Q/^ accessible. 
 
 The learner must remember that the hook I is to be 
 used only when its sound follows a preceding stroke 
 consonant; hence Ip, Id, lk^ &c., must be written with 
 the stroke I. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XVIII.
 
 72 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 Pla, bio, gle, flj, pi*, aplj, obljj, aflikt, Bjbl, tjtl, kupl, 
 plenti, blazez, klctsez, regal, fikl, reklam, inflam, remooval, 
 fatal, radikal, klerikal, bufel, espejal, mqrjal, influ,enjal. 
 
 VOCALIZING THE Z-HOOK. 
 
 74. It lias been stated, (65) that the Z-hook is 
 designed to be used when no vowel comes between the 
 sound of I and a preceding consonant, or when the 
 vowel is but indistinctly heard ; as, V flw, = _ day, 
 
 >o apples, G eagles; but it is found very convenient, 
 occasionally, to take a little license with the rule, and 
 use the hook even where a vowel sound is distinctly 
 heard between it and the stroke. Thus, in writing the 
 word falsehood, it is much easier and quicker to write 
 the hook I, ihus,^c> than thus, V/^71 
 
 75. When this is done, a peculiar scheme of vocali- 
 zation is resorted to; namely, the dot vowels are indi- 
 cated by a small circle placed in the three positions, 
 before the stroke for the long, and after for the short 
 vowels; as L delusive, \ till, ff~~a legal; when the dash 
 
 vowels are to be read between the stroke and the hook, 
 it is indicated by striking the dash through the stroke ; 
 as ~\ culpable; or when its place is at the hooked end 
 it may be written just before the hooked stroke; thus, 
 [/^ tolerable; the diphthongs, when necessary, are 
 written as the stroke vowels; thus ./ 7V childish, (See 
 1 1 0) ^ qualify. 
 
 This method of writing is used to a very limited 
 extent ; and the learner is cautioned against using it for 
 any words but such as are designated, in this and subse- 
 quent lessons, to be written thus.
 
 Z-HOOK AND THE CIRCLE. 73 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XIX. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 Felsiti, foalskap, felo-sitizenz, fulnes, fulminat, vnlgat, 
 filosofikal, volupty^us, konvulsiv kolonial, galvanik, kalam- 
 iti, kolekt, 
 
 -HOOK PRECEDED BY THE ^-CIRCLE. 
 
 76. The s-circle is prefixed to the compound conso- 
 nant signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, 
 and the pen carried round so as to form the hook before 
 making the long sign; thus, ^\ supple, ./ sachel, ^g 
 civilize. 
 
 77. No new rules are required for vocalizing; it 
 needs only to be borne in mind when the long s is to be 
 used (41); and that the stroke and hook are considered 
 as one sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is 
 written before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as 
 in the previous examples. 
 
 78. In reading, the circle is read first, then the 
 vowel, if one precedes the compound stroke; and lastly 
 the compound consonant, with its following vowel, if 
 there be one, as in civilize above. 
 
 79. WORD-SIGNS. c call, c _ dijficult-y, ^ full, 
 \ till and tell, ^ value.
 
 74 
 
 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY 
 
 READING EXERCISE XX. 
 
 ,. ' r L 
 
 * s* I- 
 \o b 
 
 r x
 
 EXERCISE ON THE i-HOOK, AND REVIEW. 75 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 Setl, sjdl, sutlti, siviliti, siklz, snplnes, siviljzip, swivZ, 
 spljsiy, pesfial, posibl, fiklnes, fezibl, advjzabl, displah), 
 disklozez. 
 
 NOTE. In the following exercise, I is italicized when it is to be writ- 
 ten with the hook. 
 
 tEDLNES. !M?nes 'iz' a pZag 'tu-de' skolar, 'for* unles 'he' 
 ap?jz himself kfosli 'tu' 'hiz' buks, 'he' kuzez 'el' klam 'tu-ds' 
 apZez 'ov' 'hiz' famili 'er' 'hiz' ofijW superior. 'It' 'iz' jamfu?; 
 'fer' 'he' 'jud' reko?ekt hs 'hiz' famili 'hav' a rjt 'tu' luk 
 'fer' sumtig vnsfuZ 'in' 'him' 'tu' repa 'dem' 'fer' terl 'and' apzj- 
 eti. 'It' 'iz' unreznabZ; 'fer' unles 'he' 'giv' 'up' 'hiz' eviZ *wa' 
 'and' 'doo' 'hiz' dt),ti fatfufi, 'no* b?esip awats him, 'but' 'he' 
 'iz' dispfezig 'tu' 'hiz' kZas-feloz, 'tu' himself, 'and' 'tu' 'el' 
 pepZ. Fjnali, 'it' 'iz' efuZ; fer' jdZ habits 'q,r' apt 'tu' bekum 
 wurs, 'and' l de' evil 'wun' "elwaz misqif seks 'fer' jd/ yo>t 'tu' 
 'do)'." 'But' 'de' skolar 'ha>' fatfuZi ap/jz himself 'tu' wurk, 
 'wil' obZjj 'him' 'ho>' tecjez 'him', 'and' p/ez 'el' pep? 'ho>' 'no ? 
 'him'. 
 
 REVIEW. (65.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (66.) 
 "What is the contracted form of representing them? (67.) How are strokes 
 with I and r-hooks to be spoken? (68.) How may you remember the po- 
 sition of the hook? (69.) On which side of the vertical and inclined 
 straight strokes is the Z-hook written? Which side of the straight hori- 
 zontals? Which side of the curves? (70.) To which of the strokes is the 
 Z-book not written, and why? ( 71. ) How do sh and zh take the Z-hook? 
 (72.) How are Z-hook strokes vocalized? (74.) What is said about a 
 vowel sound between the stroke consonant and the hook? (75.) How are 
 vowels of the dot series represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? 
 How the dash series? How the diphthongs? (76.) How may the s-circle 
 be written to the hooked strokes? (78.) What is the rule for reading 
 such compound strokes? (79.) What are the i-hook word-signs?
 
 7. 
 
 THE #-HOOK DOUBLE CURVE FOR THE. 
 
 80. If the right hand be held up, with the first 
 finger bent, the outline of ir will be seen, and by turn- 
 ing the hand round to the following positions, all the 
 double consonants of the pr series will be produced. 
 
 tr 
 
 pr 
 
 chr 
 
 <\b 
 
 Jcr C 
 
 TABLE OF THE fl-HOOK. 
 ] tr S chr 
 
 1 dr /jr 
 
 *) thr 
 rf 
 thr 
 
 kr 
 
 shr ^ 
 
 } struck down. 
 zhr ) 
 
 81. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of 
 the vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the 
 under side of the straight horizontals just the reverse 
 of the Z-hook.
 
 THE -B-HOOK. 77 
 
 82. It will be seen from the table that /, v, th, and th 
 take the r-hook by assuming inverted positions and 
 occupying the places of r, w, s, and z; thus, > free, < 7\ 
 over, J through, J either, which they can do without 
 ambiguity, since these letters never receive an initial 
 hook. In this there is an apparent disorder, but, when 
 properly viewed, they are in strict analogy with the 
 straight consonants. If the character \ pi be cut out 
 in a piece of paper or card, and then turned over, \ pr 
 is produced ; in the same way V fli if cu ^ i n card, and 
 reversed, gives ^ fr. 
 
 83. To indicate the r-hook on ra and n, the strokes 
 are made heavy, which distinguishes them from wm wn; 
 thus, <^x honor, J" dinner, JJ^N- grammar] and as 
 neither mp nor ng take any hook, it will not lead to 
 any confusion. 
 
 Sometimes this hook, like the ?-hook, has to be made 
 rather indistinctly, as j_ degree, J ascribe. After 
 
 V \ 
 
 _J the downward r is used instead of the hook, as J' 
 shaker. ' i 
 
 84. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the Z-hook 
 strokes apply in every particular to the r-hook strokes. 
 It should especially be borne in mind that the hooked 
 strokes are regarded as one letter, and spoken as the last 
 syllable in reaper, letter, acre, &c., and not as p, r; t, r; 
 k, r, &c.; and that as a general thing the hook is only 
 used when no distinct vowel sound comes between an- 
 other consonant and a following r; as in \ P ra y> c T 
 crew, -1 utter, ^ ^ sure - 
 
 85. When | tr is preceded by j (waw), they may 
 be united ; as in ^ water, and all its compounds.
 
 78 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XXI. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXII. 
 
 Dq, tre, dra, krj, gro, aker, odor, uper, aprjz, CTpril, aprcov, 
 drem, brij, frek, Frjda, moover, klover, tro, gader, eragur, 
 plumer, murder, maner, onorabl, overliak, everihw^r, krim- 
 inal, purqasez, transpoz, trembl, bruder, jurni, jurnal, framer, 
 wunderful. 6/eker, joker. 
 
 86. A limited license is taken with the aboVe rule, 
 (84) as in the case of the Z-hook, and the r-hook is some- 
 times used when a distinct vowel sound comes between it 
 and the previous consonant; in which case the same pecu- 
 liar scheme of vocalization is employed; thus. %^ Dear- 
 
 <\0 qt - ' .'1 
 
 Sir, \2 _ r , person, c-H> course, / require, V posture. 
 
 (T< 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXII.
 
 THE -R-HOOK. 79 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 (Derful, kqrles, merli, nerli, q,rlz, qqrkol, paragraf, Jq,rk, 
 Jq,rper, term, pervers, korsli, moraiiti, nert, nurij, enermiti, 
 preliminari, fetyu/. 
 
 THE /i-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 87. The s-circle precedes the r-hook in much the 
 same manner as it does the Z-hook; thus, it might be 
 written s \ spr, <z skr; but since the s-circle alone 
 never occupies the r-hook side of the straight strokes, 
 advantage is taken of the circumstance, since a circle is 
 more easily written than a circle and a hook, to write 
 simply the circle; thus, ] stray, T"""'"^ scream, v< \ cider, 
 ' succor, ^ sieger. But with the curves this con- 
 traction cannot be made, since the simple s-circle occu- 
 pies the place; hence the circle and hook must both be 
 written; thus /^ suffer, e*s summer, ^-^ sinner. 
 
 88. When the s-circle and r-hook come between two- 
 
 strai;ht consonants, it is often more convenient to write 
 
 ' *C 
 
 the hook in addition to the circle than not; as in V 
 
 prosper, \ . extra. 
 
 89. The same rules are to be observed in vocalizing 
 and reading that were given for the Z-hook preceded by 
 the s-circle, (77, 78.) 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XXIII. 
 
 X
 
 80 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIV. 
 
 Sprj, stra, strjk, strem, skrap, skropl, skrjb, stregt), strugl, 
 stranj, strogger, super, saber, su,premasi, sekresi, sjfer, suferig, 
 sever, simer, sooner. 
 
 THE DOUBLE CURVE FOB THE. 
 
 90. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is 
 made between the two ; thus, S^_ ff, ^ ^ ' nn, which 
 leaves at liberty, to be used for some other purpose, the 
 double-length strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though 
 convenient use, is made of them thus: Doubling the 
 length of a curved stroke, adds the syllable ther to the 
 single strokes; thus, V^ . father, ^^ another. These 
 forms are used chiefly as word-signs for father, mother, 
 neither (above the line,) another, rather, further. 
 
 91. #-EOOK WORD-SIGNS- 
 \ principle-al > from J) sure 
 
 \ re-member > every -S pleasure 
 
 n A in ( Mr., re-mark 
 
 truth ) three tf*H 
 
 ' (. more 
 
 c care ) there, their <z^s nor, near 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXIV. 
 
 x
 
 EXERCISE ON THE .ft-HOOK. 
 
 81 
 
 f L.^ L r i-, 
 
 - 
 
 J^(-> 
 
 \ I -O ^-^ / 
 
 r .X* Q_LP 5 
 
 x ( , r.N-i 
 
 , .1 ^^ -1 
 
 ^ 
 M >~v P 
 
 - I )o x .C 
 
 x i 
 
 . > 
 
 f r 
 
 9
 
 82 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 NOTE. In the following exercise r is italicized when it is to be written 
 with the hook. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 S8BIUSNES AND SQBMSTL Nutiig nobl iz tu be had 
 but wid seriusnes and sobrjeti. (I sober person seks tu wa de 
 trco 'valyq,' ov tigz and tu la no tregqrz in trjflz, but 'rader* 
 on hwot iz 'important.' "Nutig, perhaps, strjks us az so stranj 
 and fcolij az tu obzerv pepl serius abst trjflz, and trjflig wid 
 serius tigz. Sosjeti sut'erz konsiderabli bj de trjfler, ho> hats 
 sobrjeti and seriusnes, and wud sooner hav Eoli tu ran. sq,p?-em. 
 Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, he suferz de strem ov Ijf tu flo 
 awa, until deti puts in hiz sikl, and separats de strig ov Ijf. 
 Ny iz no tjni fer sukor er eskap. He strjks wid stregti and 
 unerig am; strips him ov el hiz plez, stroaz hiz hops intu de 
 qr, and a strugl klozez hiz karer. 
 
 It iz bot untrco and stranj tu konstrco seriusnes intu sadnes, 
 er tu konsider sobrjeti de sam az unhapines; fer it iz skajsli 
 posibl tu be properLi ga or troli hapi, unles we no hwen tu 
 be sober. 
 
 KEVIETV. (80.) How will you remember the form of the r-hook? (81.) 
 On which side of the straight strokes is the r-hook written? (82.) What 
 strokes do not take the r-hook? In what way do f, v, th, th, take the 
 r-hook? Explain this irregularity. (83.) How do m and n take this 
 hook? (84.) What is said about vocalizing? How do you name the strokes 
 of the r-hook? (86.) What is the license in regard to the use of the 
 r-hook? Explain the peculiar scheme of vocalization. (87.) How is the 
 -circle prefixed to the straight r-hook strokes? How to the curves? (90.) 
 What is effected by doubling the length of curved strokes? (91.) Des- 
 ignate the first four word-signs; the next four; the last three.
 
 11 8. 
 
 TERMINAL HOOKS. 
 
 92. Since the hooked strokes, although representing 
 two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same 
 facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is 
 applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well 
 as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which 
 the two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent 
 the very frequent sound of. n, and the common final 
 syllable tion, heard in such words as nation, passion, 
 physician, &c. 
 
 TABLE OF THE ^"-HOOK. 
 
 \ pn j tn / chn -r? k 
 
 \bn J dn ,/jn = g 
 
 V-jfn (^ thn J sn l^^shn-g 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 Vi vn (^ thn J zn \^ J^ zhn g 1 
 
 ^ rn /> C^'C 
 
 sz> mn V_P nn \ wn f yn 
 
 93. On the straight strokes the n-hook is written on 
 the left-hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on 
 the under side of the horizontal strokes, embracing, of 
 course, the up-stroke r; while on the curves it is
 
 84 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 written on the inner or concave side, whether to the left 
 or right; as illustrated in the preceding table. 
 
 94. The w-hook might he written on all the strokes ; 
 but on the ng it would seldom, if ever, be of any advan- 
 tage. The to-hook to the n answers every purpose that 
 an n-hook to the w would. 
 
 95. Of the two forms for In, shn, the down-stroke sh 
 and the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being 
 employed only in connection with other strokes when 
 the first mentioned would be unhandily written. 
 
 96. The n-hook is always the last thing, belonging 
 to a stroke, to be read ; thus, ^ pain, \^_ fine, (^' thin, 
 (, thine, /\ run, f^ line. If no distinct vowel sound 
 is heard between the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign 
 is written; as, .V^ heaven, ^\J ocean; where a third place 
 vowel sound is heard, the sign must be placed on the 
 outside of the hook; thus, ^ ^ man, than, => coon; 
 thus the vocalization is the same as in other compound 
 strokes. 
 
 97. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any 
 kind, may also have a final hook or circle; as \,plan, 
 1* strain. 
 
 98. When the n is the last consonant in a word, 
 followed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as 
 ^-^/ money, < /^ Cnina. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XXV. 
 
 \ x j. y- ^ -ri/v,
 
 THE JV'-HOOK. 85 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVI. 
 
 Pan, pin, boon, ton, dsn, qan, jern, kan, gon, f jn, van, den, 
 Jin, ojan, ran, run, Ion, Ijn, mjn, mo>n, non, nn; opn, 
 rjpn, garden, jakn, organ, erfan, enlivn, morn, wernirj, feln, 
 balom, roman, wuman. Bryn, dran, restran, pqrdn, burdn, 
 refran, regan, enjem, abstan. 
 
 THE jy-HOOK FOLLOWED BY & 
 
 99. When s follows after n, without an intervening 
 vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the 
 case of s preceding the Z-hook; thus, \^- fans, ' ^ man's, 
 ^y' machines, /$ refrains. With the straight strokes, 
 however, it is unnecessary to make both the hook and 
 circle, thus ^ pns, since the circle itself embraces the 
 hook, and will not be mistaken for s, which is always 
 written on the other side of the stroke. Hence we 
 write ^"b pens, J - dunce, ^/- chains, , ^/ mourns, \ _^ 
 begins, 
 
 100. The double circle for uses is conveniently used 
 on the straight strokes, for such words as j' tenses, <->/ 
 chances, -<VQ consequences; but as a double circle cannot 
 well be formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke 
 
 n must be used in such words as \>^o finances, ' { p 
 
 evinces. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXVI.
 
 86 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVII. 
 
 Panz, benz, penz, tonz, qanz, ganz, mornz, burnz, Junz, 
 erfanz, balans, remanz, Jermanz, proimns ; komplanz, eks- 
 planz, akerdans, kwestyonz, kristyanz, enjecnz, inkljnz. 
 Pricsez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsekwen- 
 sez, pronsnsez, advansez, konjensez. 
 
 101. JV-HOOK WORD-SIGNS. 
 \ upon 
 \ been 
 
 J done 
 
 / 
 (/ general-ly 
 
 3 can 
 
 Vo phonography 
 ( than, then 
 /^ alone 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XXVII. 
 
 men 
 man 
 opinion 
 known 
 
 (. J C 
 
 T 
 \ I \ 
 
 I v \ i. v 
 
 I a V^ O XLi X^ 
 
 f O 3 n 
 
 j \ \ T^ * ^/
 
 EXERCISE ON THE jV-HOOK. 87 
 
 \ 
 
 ..o 
 
 c/. * ^ ..o \ A ^ I X A I \ 
 
 " L ( "-r "V( r 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXVIII. 
 
 KURTJ. Tro> kuraj haz its orijin in vertyn. Animal fei- 
 lesnes puts on de semblans ov kuraj, and iz ofn takn for it, bj 
 njrz ~st ov ten am up 'men'; but de falasi ov dis 'opinyon' haz 
 'bin' Jon bj 'jeneral' eksperie?zs, fer prcodens iz ekwali esenjal 
 tu it. 
 
 Tu atan trco kuraj enter 'upon' nutig rajli, egzamin wel 
 hwot de ijq, iz Ijkli tu be, and ferm ycor 'opinyon' befor yoo 
 begin. H^ 'kan' ja> den fer, if yo> hav gon tu wurk 'upon' 
 'prinsipl', and hav dun el yo> 'kan' do>? er hwj Jud yco fel a 
 konsern fer konsekwensez, hwiq hav 'bin' elredi wad bj yo>? 
 
 In humbl reljans *upon' de asistans ov Hevn, go opnli and 
 wid konfidens tu finij yoor planz. clis simpl fat 'alon', de 
 reljans ov qildren 'upon' a divjn Fqder, wil kari yo> safli trco. 
 
 'Remember' dis 'tro>ti', h^ever, 'da.r' iz 'jenerali' 'mor' tro> 
 kuraj Jon bj a pasiv rezistans tu de skern and suerz ov 'men', 
 'dan' haz 'bin' sen in eni bodili defens hwotever. 
 
 Tro> kuraj iz bj no menz savaj vjolens, ner a fa)lhq,rdi in- 
 sensibiliti tu daujer; ner a hedstroi) rajnes tu run sudenli intu
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 it; ner a burnig frenzi broken la>s 'from' de guverwig p^er ov 
 rezn; but it iz a seren, ferm determinig de kuraj ova 'man' 
 but never de f ersnes ov a tiger. 
 
 REVIEW. (92.) What do the final hooks represent? (93.) On which 
 side of the straight strokes is the -hook written? On which side of the 
 curves? (94.) On what strokes is the -hook not written? (95.) Which 
 forms of the In and shn are generally used? (96.) How are the w-hook 
 strokes vocalized? (98.) In what case must the stroke n be employed? 
 (99.) How is the circle written to the -hook on the curves? How on the 
 straight strokes? ( 100. ) What is the double circle when written in the 
 -hook place? (101.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs; thecurved 
 strokes.
 
 9. 
 
 /SffiV-HOOK VOWEL CONTRACTIONS DISSYLLABIC 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 102. The sTm-hook is somewhat arbitrary ; that is, it 
 is not entirely phonetic, in that it is but one sign used 
 to represent three' sounds ; but of course the means exist 
 in the alphabet for writing out the syllable in full, if 
 preferred. 
 
 TABLE OF THE <SHtf-HOOK. 
 
 \ p-shn [ t-shn S ch-shn _ => k-shn 
 
 X^b-shn I d-shn j-shn a g-shn 
 
 Vi f-shn 6 th-shn <J s-shn u sh-shn 
 
 v) v-shn (j th-shn J z-shn C/ zh-shn 
 
 r-shn f I 1-shn 6 
 
 ^O m-shn vp n-shn ^? ng-shn s h-shn 
 
 103. On the straight strokes, the s^ra-hook is made 
 on the opposite side from the ?i-hook ; and on the curves 
 it is made in the position of the -hook, but double its 
 size, as illustrated above. 
 
 104. The most general use of this hook is at the ter- 
 
 ^v \ ? 
 
 mination of words ; as \j option, \'/ portion. If a 
 vowel follows the stroke on which the hook is written, it 
 is read between the stroke and the hook ; as S3 evasion, 
 
 // relation, -P adoration, t" consideration.
 
 90 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 105. The sTwi-hook is often conveniently used in the 
 middle of a word ; thus, L^^ dictionary , /\tj^< rev- 
 olutionary. 
 
 106. The s-circle may be added by writing it dis- 
 tinctly on the inside of these hooks, to the straight 
 strokes as well as the curves ; thus, k conditions, 
 invasions. 
 
 107. WORD-SIGNS. N^ objection, x^ subjection, 
 occasion. 
 
 HEADING EXERCISE XXYIII. 
 
 \. i- , t n- ^ 
 
 t O 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXIX. 
 
 Pojon, stajon, kompajon, ambijon, kondijon, negajon, 
 komq.nikajon, d^rajon, petijon, indikajon, fuson, invagon, 
 ih|gon, revoliijon, konsolajon, emojon, admijon, najon, 
 amipijon. Profiigon, reformajon, selekjon, delegajon, depri- 
 vajon, si|,pervi3on, kohegon. 
 
 Petijoner, eksekqjoner, okagonal, revolujonari. Pajonz, 
 sedijonz, yi^ouz, efiigonz, mijonz, nojonz, administrajonz.
 
 VOWEL CONTRACTIONS. 91 
 
 108. VOWEL CONTRACTIONS. The vowels being so 
 simply and easily formed, but little is to be desired in 
 the way of abbreviating the method of writing them; 
 but as considerable time is lost by lifting the pen in 
 passing from one to another, it is no small advantage to 
 write two vowel sounds in one sign, where it can be 
 done without ambiguity. Such a contraction is quite 
 common in words where the short vowel i immediately 
 precedes another of the simple vowels ; as in the words 
 various, effluvia, enunciation, ratio : becoming nearly like 
 vary us, effluvya, enuncyation, rasyo. This coalition of 
 vowels so nearly produces the articulations ye, ya, yo, yu, 
 that the signs for these improper diphthongs are used in 
 such cases ; thus, ^_/^ various, J)^y association, /Jr\ 
 ratio. 
 
 109. DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. The following is 
 an additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and 
 some of which are very useful : 
 
 i ^ q,i > fei >| oi I coi ; 
 
 as in e <- clayey, "^ snowy, \^ owing, E_ stoic, (* 
 louis. 
 
 110. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, 
 though differing but little from v \ i, is written thus, v l 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXIX. 
 
 L
 
 92 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \\ T- 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXX. 
 
 Envius, eroneus, glorius, serius, konveniens, eksperiens, 
 variajon, enunjiajon, konsiliajon, abreviajon, paliajoo, alevi- 
 ajon, homeopati. 
 
 Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, gli^i. 
 
 Ambijon iz 4e 'okagon' ov sedijon, konfugon, and desola- 
 Jon, and ar^zez 'everi' evil emojon and pajon. 
 
 An as, pikip up a Ijonz skin hwiq aad 'bin' tron awa, put 
 it on; and runip intu de wudz and pctstyiyz, began tu bra, in 
 imitajon ov ds Ijonz ror, hwiq tro> de floks intu teribl kon- 
 fiigon. At lept de oner kam alog and wud hav bin struk wid 
 kousternajon elso, but 'upon' hiz lisnig mor klosli, he scon se 
 de ilujjon in de vers, and se, morover, de asez erz stikig st.
 
 SHIT HOOK EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 93 
 
 Wid no hezitajon he ran up tu dg as, and wid hiz kujel bet 
 him severli, saig: 
 
 "Yo> fcol, yo> hav tin' de 'okagon' ov sk^rip de floks, but j-1 
 hav yo> tu no eldo yo> luk Ijk a Ijon, yet ya> bra Ijk an as!" 
 
 APLIKQSON. Afektajon iz Ji^r tu ekspoz a man tu de- 
 rigon in proporjon tu hiz asumjon. 
 
 REVIEW. (103.) On which side of the straight strokes is the *A-hook 
 made? How is it made to the curves? ( 104. ) How is the ghn-hook read? 
 (105.) How may it be used except at the termination of words? (106.) 
 How is the s-circle added? (107.) What are the word-signs? (103.) Ex- 
 plain the vowel contractions. (109.) The dissyllabic diphthongs. How 
 is aye written?
 
 HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 
 
 In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
 sounds t and d, it is found very convenient, and 
 sometimes necessary, to give them another and more 
 contracted representation. 
 
 110. But every philosophical means has already been 
 resorted to for the purpose of giving to Phonography 
 the ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme 
 has only the semblance of philosophy in it, it will be as 
 much as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well 
 known, the more a substance a poison, or steam, for 
 instance is concentrated, the greater is its power : so, 
 in order to get a repetition of the consonants t and d 
 without writing them at length, the single strokes | and 
 
 I , by being compressed into half their length, are made 
 to represent the addition of a t and d. Resort is had to 
 the same means for the addition of t and d to all the 
 other consonants, except the strokes y, w, h, ng, which 
 are not made half-length. 
 
 111. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word 
 faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it, 
 all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the 
 length of two strokes below the line; but by making the 
 first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be 
 added, and the word is thus neatly written : ^L faded.
 
 HALF LENGTH STROKES 95 
 
 The principle is further illustrated by the following 
 words: Q_ talk, (_ talked; / \ wrap, X* wrapped; {. V 
 live, lived. 
 
 112. A vowel before a half-length consonant is read 
 
 before both letters ; as \ apt, ') eas?, >\ art, . act; but 
 
 when placed after, it is read immediately after the pri- 
 mary letter, and the added t or d follows it; thus, > 
 caught, ^ read, \ spite, [^ contempt, f little. 
 
 113. As a general thing the light strokes, when 
 halved, are followed by the light sound t; as, ( thought, 
 r ~V gift, ^-fought; and the heavy ones by the heavy 
 sound d; thus, ) used, ^\^ moved. Frequently, 
 however, the heavy sound d is read from a half-length 
 light consonant, and vice versa, the light sound t is read 
 from a half-length heavy consonant; as, s^f* melted. 
 
 \~ j* i 
 
 peopled, ( V. alphabet. 
 
 114. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying 
 the places of r, I, m, and n, are not made half-length, 
 these four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the 
 sake of distinction, made heavy; as, /* cheered, Y~ old, 
 ^\^ formed; and light when a t follows; as, ~^ art, y 
 delight, ~\_ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to 
 be added, and when d, downward, since in this direction 
 it is more easy to make a heavy stroke. . 
 
 115. Strokes beginning or ending with the s-circle, 
 or either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, are also 
 made half-length, when necessary; thus, \ speed, ^ 
 swift, T treat, ^ complete, 1 ^ freight, ] straight, M settled; 
 ^o beads, ^ mates, \. band, ^ patient, %. plant, n grand; 
 the order of reading being the same as in the full length 
 strokes.
 
 96 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 116. It must be observed that when the circle s is 
 written to a half-length consonant it must be read after 
 the added t or d; because the s is added to the consonant 
 after it has been halved, and because it cannot be added 
 to the circle; thus, \ pat, \; pats, (not jxfcs?,) Vc fat, \& 
 fats, (not fast.') 
 
 117. Half-length consonants, unconnected with other 
 strokes, should be employed only for words containing 
 but one vowel; as ^-'void, f night; and the two full 
 length letters should be used in words containing two 
 or more vowels ; as V, avoid, ^ unit. 
 
 118. The past tense of verbs ending like \x part, are 
 more conveniently written thus, \/l' parted, than ^ 
 
 119. There are a few words in which t and d occur 
 three times in succession, which make it necessary to sep- 
 arate the half-length from the long stroke ; as, ' ^ attitude, 
 
 120. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of 
 the usual space, they follow the rules given to the hori- 
 zontals, of accented vowel positions, above or on the line 
 according as the consonant has a first, second, or third 
 place vowel j thus, T street, ^ spread, ^ find, \^A found. 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE XXX. 
 
 C/ A
 
 HALF LENGTH STROKES. 
 
 97 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXI. 
 
 Pet, fat, Jet, lat, mat, not, spot, skot, savd, selt, smjt, 
 sent; pemt, bend, kontend, ordand, enjecnd, kjnd, refjnd, 
 legtend, land, mjnd; pants, bandz, pretendz, kontents, dis- 
 k^nts; frend, advent, hqrdli, servd, konsumd, holdz, 
 [Stroke h: heted, habit, hurld,] perild, uprjt, gqrded, deljted, 
 upward, persevd, qjld, lektyqrd. 
 
 121. Under certain circumstances t and d should not 
 be represented by half-length strokes : First, When a 
 vowel follows t or d at the end of a word ; thus, having 
 . r guilt, we cannot make guilty by placing y after the 
 half-length I, for it would then read guilit; hence the 
 stroke t must be written in order to give a place after it 
 for the vowel; thus, __T~| 'guilty. Second, 111 many 
 words of one syllable, where if the vowels were omitted, 
 or indistinct, they would be mistaken for the vowel 
 word-signs; thus, \ bad, instead of V; \ put, in- 
 stead of v Third, When the half-stroke would not 
 make a distinct angle with the preceding or following 
 stroke, as ^ ~\ amend, instead of *~~~ . 
 
 122. HALF-LENGTH WORD- SIGNS. 
 
 quite 
 
 could 
 
 particular-ly 
 
 opportunity 
 
 that 
 
 without 
 
 gentlemen 
 gentleman 
 
 great 
 
 called* 
 
 according-ly* 
 
 (God 
 | good 
 f cannot 
 | account 
 J went 
 | wont 
 
 < not 
 t nature 
 
 might* 
 establish- 
 
 ment 
 ed 
 
 9 short* 
 
 f iuimediate-ly 
 [ made 
 f Lord 
 I word 
 
 told 
 
 toward 
 
 thought* 
 after 
 
 spirit* 
 , under 
 ' world
 
 98 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXI. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^< *- V> V , A. 
 
 IV \ V t 
 
 ^ , N^ N \ 
 
 ^ ( V 
 
 A 'I -> 
 
 ) ( ^ -> - w \ 
 
 ' 
 
 K 
 
 x 
 
 >- \ ^ F 
 
 \ X^NO. 9 I > L -6(J \S 
 
 ')
 
 HALF LENGTH STROKES. 99 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXII. 
 L9RENS LtfZI, 0R LEKNItf FONOGRAFI. 
 
 Tu lern, er 'not' tu tern, 'dat' iz de kwestyon: 
 
 Hweder 'tiz nobler in de m^nd tia sufer 
 
 2e kompleks kwiblz ov ambigyii,us Loghand; 
 
 Or tu opoz wid pen and vers a tszand erorz, 
 
 And, bj opozig, end dem? Tu lern, tu rjt, 
 
 And, bj Fonografi tu sa we end 
 
 tie felsitiz, de tszand tedyus ilz 
 
 Loghand produsez 'tiz a konsumajon 
 
 Dev^tli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; tu lern; 
 
 Tu lern! but den tu wurk; qi, da,rz de rub; 
 
 Fer, tu akwjr dis qrt, hwot tori ma kum 
 
 &r j kan Jufl of mj habits old, 
 
 Xud giv me pez; da/'z de respekt 
 
 'ctat' maks Grfcografi ov so log Ijf; 
 
 Fer hoo wud bqr de innmerabl ilz ov Loghand, 
 
 Its bqrbarus legt, its ambig^iti, 
 
 Its qjld-tormentig difikultiz, and 
 
 Its wont ov rcol, tugeder wid de to-1 
 
 Hwiq pajent skrjbz ov suq a sistem hav, 
 
 Hwen he himself 'mjt' hiz relesinent mak 
 
 Wid a Duzn Lesonz? HOD yet wud yq,z 
 
 5is bqrbarus relik ov ^r bj-gon daz, 
 
 But 'dat' de dred ov sumtig tu be lernt, 
 
 ('cLvt' wek unmanli ez, from ho>z embras 
 
 No lazi man kan get,) puzlz de wil, 
 
 And maks him rader bqr e - u felsitiz, 
 
 3an lern de trot he yet noz nufcig ov. 
 
 clus indolens ton oft retqrdz de mjnd; 
 
 And dus de progres ov a ynsful qrt 
 
 Iz qekt, but not prevented; fer de tjm 
 
 Wil kum hwen dis sam bref Fonografi 
 
 Eal trjumf OT its fjnal oponent. 
 
 REVIEW. (110.) What is the second mode for representing t and d f 
 Explain the philosophy of halving a consonant. (113.) What is the gen- 
 eral rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added? (114.) What strokes 
 are not written half-length? What half-length light strokes are made 
 heavy for the addition of d? In what direction are the half -lengths I 
 and r struck, for the addition of d ? for the addition of tf (11*5.) When 
 the circle is written at the end of a half-length sign, is it read before or 
 after the added tvcd? (119.) How are words written in which t and d 
 occur three times in succession? (121.) What is the first ease in which a 
 stroke should not be halved for a following t or d? The second? the third?
 
 n 11. 
 
 SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 The s-circle, initial and final hooks, and half-length 
 stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit of 
 general application, and of perfect vocalization. But 
 as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- 
 tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of 
 consonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, 
 are provided with special forms of contraction, some of 
 which only are capable of vocalization. 
 
 Of these there are the frequent st, in the past parti- 
 ciple of verbs ending in s, in the superlative of adjec- 
 tives, and in many other words, as pressed, wisest, stiff ; 
 the str in the comparative of adjectives, &c., as faster, 
 sister; the initial in, of instruction, inspiration, &c., and 
 the final s-shn of some nouns, as position; many of which 
 it would often be inconvenient to write with the means 
 thus far afforded. 
 
 There are also prefixes, derived from the Latin, of 
 frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length, as 
 accom-plish, incon-siderate, recom-pense^ enter-prise, circum- 
 vent. The method of writing these contractions consti- 
 tutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one 
 that should receive special attention, in order that the 
 somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be for- 
 gotten. 
 
 ""(loo)
 
 ST AND STR LOOPS. 101 
 
 THE LOOPS ST AND STR. 
 
 123. The plan of writing st in some shorter way than 
 by the circle s and stroke t, was devised chiefly for the 
 purpose of still farther obviating the difficulty of words 
 running too far below the line. By simply lengthening 
 the s-circle to one-third the length of the stroke on 
 which it occurs, the sound of t is added ; thus, NO base, 
 \j based, ^f A rejoice, /Q rejoiced; \^ vast, *\ priest. 
 In other words, a loop written one-third the length of the 
 consonant to which it is attached, represents the com- 
 bined sounds of s and t, with no vowel between them ; 
 and by license it may also represent zd. 
 
 124. The s or z may be added for plurals, &c., by 
 striking the loop through the long sign and forming the 
 circle on the opposite side; as, ^ beasts, ^~g nests. 
 
 125. This loop may also be written initially; as in 
 the words '\ stop, ^ state, \^ staff, V Q style. And it 
 may be used between two strokes, only when written to t t 
 d, ch, j ; as t^_ testify, (v-^ J distinguish, ^^ justify. 
 
 126. -When this loop is written in the position of the 
 r-hook, like the s-circle it takes the additional power of 
 r; thus, A stooper, ^ sticker; and when turned in 
 the ;?i-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook; 
 as J' condensed, ^s against. 
 
 227. Half-length strokes also admit of the s^-loop, to 
 a limited extent ; as midst, mP student. 
 
 128. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by 
 st or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must 
 be used; as, "}/^ history, * ^ wisdom, 2-^ system. 
 
 129. By extending the loop to two-thirds the length 
 of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words ^ Webster, 
 
 ft sister, ^ master. This loop should not be used
 
 102 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 initially. It may be turned on the n-hook side of the 
 stroke to express nstr ; as N{ pitnster; and the circle s 
 may be used as with the sf-loop ; thus, <J^ festers, /*^fc 
 masters. 
 
 130. WORD-SIGN. The s^-loop is used as a word-sign 
 for first, written on the line and inclined to the right, 
 thus, d . 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXIT. 
 
 t / 
 
 r- ^ ^ i / x -\ \ f 1 -k 
 
 <& 
 
 V J. ^ J^ AX -" 
 
 ^^ ^ v ^ xX V \- 
 
 V /? 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXIII. 
 
 Past, host, dust, tast, ^est, kost, gust, fest, safest, rost, 
 arest, arszd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, amq,zd, fjnest, de- 
 irsnst; stcop, stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; 
 stoper, stajer, stager; distigktli, justifikajon; bests, hosts, 
 kasts, rezists, infests, masts; stilt, sterd, stord, stamt; 
 kondeust, agenst. Boster, bluster, faster, blister, sister, im- 
 poster; punster, spinsters. Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, 
 prodi^st.
 
 EXERCISES ON THE ST LOOP. 103 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXIII. 
 
 T\ _f ' .f 
 
 . t) s~* b <J-*J 
 
 x 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXIV. 
 
 cES TEMPEST. On de 'ferst' da ut de master ov ^r fast 
 salig vesel, in de midst ov a kq,m, profest tu se in de distant 
 west a teribl sterm aproqig. At 'ferst' we hist, but scon de 
 fomig krests danst upon de wavz; de blakest ktedz Iconid up; 
 de fersest Ijtnig perst de glom; dg Jqrpest and heviest tunder 
 mad stetest hq,rts trembl. 3[e sterner, mentjm, forst her wa, 
 brestip de biloz bravli. Stedili sterig fer de distant port, we 
 suprest sr ferz and safli recjt de land.
 
 104 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 PECULIAR MODE OF WRITING N AND SHIT. 
 
 131. When the sounds spr, str, and sJtr follow n in 
 such words as inspiration, instruct, inscribe, it is impossi- 
 ble, with the former mode of writing n, to write the circle 
 sr to the strokes p, t, Je, without making it on the back 
 of the 7i, thus ] , which is difficult to do, and un- 
 seemly when done. *To obviate this difficulty the stroke 
 ** ^ is permitted, in these cases, to be struck backward 
 or vertically, as the nature of the case may require ; but, 
 as there is never occasion for any vowel but the first 
 place i, the stroke for the n need not be written full 
 length ; indeed, it may be regarded as the -hook used 
 initially ; thus, M - instruction, * insuperable, \, 
 inscription. ^ 
 
 132. In a considerable class of words the syllable 
 tion follows after the sound of s or z, as position, decision, 
 &c., which would require that the strokes for these 
 sounds, with the s/m-hook appended, be employed ; but 
 such would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is 
 allowable to use the circle and turn a hook for tion on 
 the opposite side of the stroke ; thus, 4) decision, *% 
 supposition; the same license is allowed for the loops st 
 and str; thus, '-p/^ molestation, {* illustration. This 
 hook is used in some such words as ^t persuasion; and 
 it may also be used when followed by the termination 
 al; as, >o positional. 
 
 133. If it be required to write the syllable tion after 
 ns, the circle for the latter combination may be em- 
 ployed, and the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, 
 
 ^^ compensation. The plural may be formed, in all 
 these cases, by adding the circle to the sfoi-hook ; thus, 
 x^i superstitions, Ji condensations.
 
 EXERCISE ON THE INITIAL A, &C. 105 
 
 READING EXERCISE XXXIV: 
 
 T . ^ 
 
 ~h. ^ 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. 
 
 Insiiperabl, instrukt, instrument, instrcomentaliti, inskrjbd, 
 inskrootabl; pozijon, desigon, kezajon, sivilizajon, miizijan; 
 manifestajon, inkrustajon, koudensajon, dispensajon; sup- 
 ozijonz, akiizajonz, ilnstrajonz, sensajonz. 
 
 Studi kondensajon in yo>r stjl ov kompozijon, fer do it ma 
 kost yo> sum trubl at ferst, yet it wil asist yo> tra master per- 
 spiki|iti and presigon, on de akwizijon ov hwiq, gast and pser- 
 ful rjtin iz bast. Promted bj a dezjr fer de akwizijon ov welt), 
 man stemz de stermz ov de ojan, landz on everi kost, in spjt 
 ov de gratest danjerz arjzirj from kljmat or de hand ov unsivil- 
 jzd man. Relijon foloz in de wak ov koniers, kontendin agenst 
 its evilz; and dus, hwjl savaj najonz qr blest wid de Ijt ov siv- 
 ilizajon, da qr put in pozejon ov de wurd ov inspirajon, and 
 tet de egust tradz ov de gospel dispensajon.
 
 106 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 REVIEW. (123.) How are st and sd written? (124.) How may the 
 circle be added? (125.) In what situations may the loop be written? 
 ( 126. ) When written in the place of the r-hook, what power does it give 
 the stroke? What, when written in the -hook place? (127.) How 
 should the words midst and student be written? (128.) In what case is 
 the loop not to be used? ( 129. ) How is sir written? What effect does 
 it have on this loop to place it on the -hook side? If the sound of fol- 
 low, how is it written? (130.) What is the word-sign in this lesson? 
 (131.) When is it necessary to use the peculiar mode of writing nt How 
 is it written? (132.) Under what circumstance is the peculiar shn em- 
 ployed? How is it written? ( 133. ) Suppose it be required to write shn 
 after ns, how is it done? If s follow the shn, how may it be written?
 
 12. 
 
 PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 134. PREFIXES. The following are some additional 
 prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug- 
 gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should 
 be written near the word, but not joined. 
 
 Accom is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the 
 initial end of the following consonant ; thus, \ __ > 
 accompany, \o accomplice. 
 
 Circum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- 
 tion of the next consonant; as, J circumstance, 
 ^ \ circumscribe. 
 
 Decom, by I as, I p decomposition. 
 Discom, discon, by t as, U/1 disconcerted. 
 
 Inc&m. incon, by v ' written above_^the other part of 
 the word ; as, V incomplete, L>" inconsistent. 
 
 Inter, intro, by ^ in any position near the following 
 letter; as, ^V." interview, i ' -. introduction. By 
 some kind of license the frequent word interest is 
 allowed to be written thus : f , the prefix inter 
 being united with the stroke st. 
 
 Irrecon. by ^ as, >^> irreconcilable. 
 .............................................. (107)""
 
 108 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 Magna, magni, by " x written above the after part of 
 the word ; as, T^>~ ^> magnanimous, '^_ magnify. 
 
 Recog, by / as, /v 9 recognize. 
 
 Recom, recon, by / as, /** recommend, ^6\ recon- 
 
 cilable. 
 Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next conso- 
 
 nant ; as, ^J selfish. 
 Uncom, uncon, by v _ , written on the line ; as, ^-^_, un- 
 
 common ^J unconditional. 
 
 It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar 
 in sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs 
 there furnished ; thus, ^ may represent enter, as well 
 as inter ; and ^-^ may represent encum, incum, as well 
 as incom, incon. 
 
 135. AFFIXES. The following affixes are written 
 near the preceding part of the word : 
 
 Bility, by \ as, t / \. durability, ^^ probability. 
 
 fy> ^7 t written after the word ; thus, \j f~ patiently, 
 vf constantly. But where it can be written on 
 without lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, 
 X< abundantly. 
 
 Ment, by - as, -^ atonement, J>r> contentment. But 
 it may often be written without disconnecting it 
 from the body of the word. 
 
 Self, by a circle, as, " myself. Selves, by making the 
 circle double size; as, (o themselves, fo yourselves. 
 
 Ship, by _J as, ^J lordship. 
 
 136. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an 
 
 affix ; as, ^ advantageous, ' iC hereafter.
 
 EXERCISE ON PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 109 
 
 BEADING EXERCISE XXXV. 
 
 ^ 
 
 t . ^ 
 
 ,- ' J A. 
 
 v^ 3 
 
 : 5
 
 110 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXVI. 
 
 Akomplijment, akomodajon, serkumfleks, serkumnavigat, 
 dekompoz, diskontinynd, inkompatibl, inkonsolabl, inter- 
 upjon, introdi^s, magnifisent, rekognijon, rekonsiliajon, self- 
 ajurans, unkomprQmjzig, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself, 
 hersmanjip, da_rfor, displcgur. 
 
 Lern tu akomodat yo>rself tu serkumstansez. Serkumstan- 
 Jal~evidens fud be kejusli entertand agenst hitman Ijf. Be 
 serkumspekt in el yo>r waz. It is unkonfermabl tu trafi tu 
 sa dat kompajon, frendjip, &s., q,r at de botom onli selfijnes 
 in disgjz; bekez it iz we srselvz hco fel plegi^r er pan in de 
 .gud er evil ov uderz; fer de menig ov self-luv iz, not- dat it iz 
 I dat luvz, but dat j luv mjself. 
 
 If de ert be serkuraskrjbd at &K ekwator, we obtan its 
 gratest serkumf evens, hwiq iz ab-st 24,780 mjlz; a magnitiid 
 hwiq we kan not term inkonsevabl, oldo we ma not entertan a 
 veri distipkt jdea ov it, mug mor wud de savaj be unkonjus ov 
 the fakt and unkonvinst, in sp^t ov yo>r endevorz tu pra>v it. 
 For unles tanjibl prcof akumpani de aserjon, yoo kan not akom- 
 plij ycor am, and suq prcof iz unkontrovertibli imposibl. We 
 rekomend tu el, never tu undertak givig a serkumstanjal 
 eksplanajon tu doz hco qr inkompetent tu understand it. 
 
 137. NOMINAL CONSONANT. It is sometimes neces- 
 sary to express one or more vowels or diphthongs with- 
 out a consonant. In this case "\ \" \> , may be em- 
 ployed as outlines having no specific values, to which 
 the vowels may be placed ; thus, ^ E., for Edward or 
 Edmund; *\ A., for Alfred; ^ Eah, an Irish family 
 surname, &c. The dash-vowels may be struck through 
 the nominal consonant, as "J" 0., for Oliver, -j- U. 
 Proper names should be written in full when they are 
 known.
 
 VARIOUS CONTRACTIONS. Ill 
 
 138. STROKE H. The stroke h is generally used 
 when it is initial and is followed by s; thus, ^~^ 
 hasten; also when r and a vowel, or r and some other 
 
 N ^** / 
 
 consonant follow; thus er^^Tjktwty, f ^/^ horizontal, 
 ^ *"~| hurt; also, in words that contain no other conso- 
 nant than hi, and end in a vowel; thus, *> holy. 
 
 139. VOCALIZING THE LARGE CIRCLE. The large 
 circle ss is understood to represent a syllable containing 
 the vowels i or e, thus, sis or ses. It may be vocalized 
 to express any vowel or diphthong; as, l^P persuasive. 
 
 140. When p occurs between m and t, and k be- 
 tween ng and sh, (the j9 and k being organically inserted 
 in speech, in passing to the next consonant,) these let- 
 ters may be omitted; thus, ^-~\ limp, L~^ limped, *?**< 
 stamp, gr^ stamped, Q^ anxious, \^> distinction. 
 
 In cases where t comes between s and another conso- 
 nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment 
 to legibility ; thus, /^^ mostly, Jf restless, ^^ post- 
 pone, ^ o-i- mistake. 
 
 141. OF THE. The connective phrase "of the," 
 which merely points out that the following noun is in 
 the possessive case, is intimated by writing the words 
 between which it occurs near to each other, thus showing 
 by their proximity that the one is of the other; thus, 
 
 love of the beautiful, ^/ subject of the work. 
 
 REVIEW. (134.) How is the prefix accom written? Circum? Decom? 
 Ducom, disconf Incom, incon? Inter, intro; interest? Irrecon? Magna, 
 magnif Recog; recom, reconf Self? Uncom-, imcon? How may enter be 
 written? Encum incum? (135.) How is the affix Hlity written? lyf 
 ment? self? ship? (136.) What is said about word-signs in this con- 
 nection? (137.) Explain the nominal consonant. (138.) Under what 
 circumstances is the stroke h generally used? (139.) How may the double 
 circle be vocalized? (140.) When may p be omitted? k, and tl (141.) 
 What is said of the phrase of the.
 
 UNVOCALIZED WRITING PHRASED GRAPHY, AC. 
 
 142. As in some of the preceding exercises the 
 manner of writing certain words has been introduced 
 that would not admit of full vocalization, the learner 
 may commence omitting some of the least prominent 
 vowels in his common words. As a general thing these 
 omissions should be the unaccented vowels. But in 
 reporting, no vowels are inserted, except an occasional 
 one that is necessary to distinguish one word from an- 
 other, where both have the same consonant outline. It 
 requires a good degree of familiarity with the system to 
 be able to read this style of writing readily. After re- 
 ports are taken, however, it is customary to go over the 
 manuscript and insert the prominent vowels, so that any 
 one may afterward read it with ease. 
 
 143. Positive and negative words containing the 
 same consonants, should be distinguished thus : When 
 the word commences with r, (except this letter is fol- 
 lowed by m,) write the upward r for the positive word, 
 and the downward one for the negative ; thus, s\ re- 
 spottst'&fc, "\ irresponsible; /& resolute, 0~~ irresolute. 
 
 The common words p^' mortal, S^L immortal, 
 
 t-^7 'material, _^f_ immaterial, may be distinguished 
 by writing the positive on the line, and the negative 
 above it. In all other cases, insert the initial vowel in 
 the negative word ; thus, ' <^ illegible, &c. The vowel 
 should be written first, that it may not be omitted.
 
 WORDS HAVING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 113 
 
 LIST OF WORDS CONTAINING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 
 Distinguished by a difference of outline. 
 
 N/ \j pattern, patron 
 \ N patient, passionate 
 
 purpose, perhaps 
 \/f proceed, pursued 
 
 \ /] ^\ property, propriety 
 
 I 
 *\v ..%__. \. preparation, appropriation proportion 
 
 N A x> \y 
 
 *\ ^\../\ proportioned, proportionate. 
 t \_^> j protection, production 
 N \/J pertain, appertain 
 
 \/^~ prosecute, persecute 
 
 \S~ ' prosecution, persecution 
 
 \/0 oppressor, pursuer 
 
 X^ 
 beautify, beatify 
 
 \/f 'N birth, breath 
 
 I/] ^, \^ Tartar, traitor, trader 
 
 J [/ train, turn 
 
 ***''''**'' ^^"^^^^T^nr^^^^^^^^^^' 
 
 10
 
 114 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 j ^. l_^ attainable, tenable 
 
 Ii daughter, debter, and deter 
 !^L_ I auditor, auditory, editor 
 
 1 I diseased, deceased 
 
 J" L desolate, dissolute 
 
 f3 L desolation, dissolution 
 
 [_P \/~*~ S> idleness, dullness 
 
 U~--f demonstrate, administrate 
 V 
 
 </ agent, gentleman 
 
 Oi gentle, genteel 
 
 _^> e> 
 
 cost, caused 
 
 _rrrri ^L, collision, coalition, collusion 
 
 * 
 
 * ^i corporal, corporeal 
 
 n c -~\_P 
 credence, accordance 
 
 greatly, gradually 
 favored, favorite 
 
 V V, fiscal, physical
 
 WORDS HAVING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 115 
 
 .rm, frame, form, farm 
 \s \ support, separate 
 
 steady, study, stead 
 situation, station 
 1 J sure, assure 
 
 x-A x^N, labored, elaborate 
 
 ''..' 
 
 x*"7 r ^> learned, v., aJj. 
 
 /} %^ v> /] writer, reader, orator, rhetor 
 
 /** / | ruined, renewed 
 
 impatient, impassioned 
 \\ innovation, invasion 
 
 indefinite, undefined 
 ^-t v ~^ n unavoidable, inevitable 
 
 ^^ v 
 
 This list might be greatly extended, but space will 
 not permit it here ; from the examples given, the stu- 
 dent will learn what form to give each word, where 
 different outlines are required for words that might be 
 misread if written alike. Quite an extensive list of 
 words, two or more of them having the same outline, 
 necessarily, are distinguished by position ; of which take 
 the following: piety, 1 pity, 2 opposition, 1 position, a 
 possession ; 3 prescription, 1 proscription 2 , &c.
 
 116 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ALL THE WORD-SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 Those marked with a * are written, above the line. 
 
 . A 
 
 | dear 
 
 ^ ' in* 
 
 c ~ according* 
 = account 
 / advantage 
 
 c difficulty 
 I do 
 J done 
 
 o is* 
 j . 
 
 kingdom* 
 
 V^ after 
 
 ) establish- 6 * 1 . 
 
 meat 
 
 -^ language 
 
 ., again 
 v all* 
 
 ^ every 
 6 first 
 
 A Lord* 
 \ member 
 
 t alone 
 
 I already* 
 
 V_ for 
 1 from 
 
 ^ might* 
 c -more 
 
 . an, and 
 1 are 
 
 </ general-ly 
 
 ^^ my, me* 
 
 o as 
 \ be 
 >, been 
 
 </ gentleman 
 </ gentlemen* 
 
 give-n* 
 
 ^- nature 
 ^_^ no 
 <z^s nor* 
 
 * beyond* 
 i but 
 c call* 
 = called* 
 
 - God* 
 good 
 c great 
 V have 
 
 ^ not* 
 \ object 
 \j objection 
 x of* 
 
 = can 
 
 ^^ him 
 
 I oh 
 
 = cannot* 
 
 A how 
 
 7 on* 
 
 c care 
 
 M JifS 
 
 <^_^ one 
 
 s> child* 
 
 *~* immediate-ly* 
 
 v - y opinion* 
 
 come 
 
 ^~^ importan 1 * 
 
 \ opportunity 
 
 could 
 
 ^ improve-ment 
 
 \ or*
 
 ALL THE WORD-SIGNS. 117 
 
 * ought* 
 
 J their, there 
 
 c were 
 
 *\ particular* 
 Vs Phonography 
 _X pleasure 
 
 - ' thing* 
 ( think 
 \o this 
 
 5 what* 
 </ where 
 
 \ ai-iv 
 quite* 
 
 ( thought* 
 ) three 
 
 / which 
 
 L while 
 
 & s remark* 
 
 s to 
 
 s who 
 
 \ remember 
 
 together 
 
 i- why* 
 
 _J shall-t 
 
 P told 
 
 r will 
 
 -? short* 
 
 1 toward 
 
 c with* 
 
 / should 
 J so 
 
 ] truth 
 
 \ two 
 
 ( without 
 <^ wont 
 
 \ spirit* 
 \ subject 
 Xj subjection 
 -s sure 
 f tell, till 
 
 ^ under 
 \ up 
 \ upon 
 ^/ usual 
 ) was 
 
 ^ word 
 c/ world 
 > would 
 
 v ye* 
 
 yet 
 
 ( that* 
 
 ^ way 
 
 f\ you 
 
 4 the* 
 ( them 
 
 c we* 
 C well 
 
 f your 
 o yours 
 
 (^ then 
 
 ^ went* 
 
 
 On the following page is a different class of word- 1 
 
 signs, their signification being indicated by the position 
 
 in which the sign is written to the line. Three positions 
 
 are recognized : on the line, above the line, and through 
 
 or below the line. In the table the line of writing is 
 
 suggested by a dotted line, which will guide the learner | 
 
 as to where the word should be written.
 
 118 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 -f- Allow 
 
 -^\- however 
 
 _\_ perfect 
 
 ^..^ another 
 
 .Sr. if 
 
 ""^ practicable 
 
 any 
 
 "4- itself 
 
 ~ read 
 
 ...1_ at 
 
 ~~~* kind 
 
 
 .:>y- away 
 
 -/-- large 
 
 ../._ than 
 
 ^ b y 
 
 s^ may 
 
 '- thank 
 
 1 different 
 
 *~^ me, my 
 
 ( thee 
 
 1 Doctor 
 
 mind 
 
 (, these 
 
 
 J~ down 
 
 ~jS-~ much 
 
 "" x neither 
 
 -]- those 
 
 --}-- during 
 
 _%... number 
 
 -^-- though 
 
 . each 
 
 : "\~. other 
 
 -^ through 
 
 
 ../.. either 
 
 ought 
 
 time 
 
 _. ever 
 
 --^v- our 
 
 ~)~ us 
 
 -V few 
 
 ...^._ ours 
 
 ""7"~ use (verV) 
 
 ~f- had 
 
 d 
 
 ^^- ourselves 
 
 _^_. va } ue 
 
 -N^- happy 
 
 (.._ out 
 
 -\^-- view 
 
 .hear, here 
 
 own 
 
 C Will r/lOM?l)
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 119 
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 In addition to the word-signs that have been given, 
 represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and com- ! 
 pound, a list of contracted words is given below. These 
 are abbreviated by giving the more prominent conso- 
 nants that would be employed in writing the word in 
 
 full. Words having a * affixed are written above the 
 
 line. 
 
 f acknowledge 
 
 vft v indispensable 
 
 7 acknowledged 
 
 ""^ Individual* 
 
 because* 
 
 ^- influence* 
 
 L doctrine 
 } especial-ly 
 ^ expensive 
 
 ^- <s' influential* 
 b instruction 
 1 interest 
 
 ~\/ extraordinary 
 \ extravagant 
 
 ~\_ irregular 
 ^~? knowledge 
 ^ >_? >^ manuscript 
 
 Vj/ forward 
 
 ^~^> myself* 
 
 v ' highly* 
 - o himself 
 
 ^-/ natural 
 
 / 
 \^_ never 
 
 \ imperfect 
 
 x ^' nevertheless 
 
 \j imperfection 
 
 v v new 
 
 " ^ importance* 
 
 ^^? next 
 
 <I^<\. impracticable 
 
 ^-|^ notwithstanding 
 
 ^~3 inconsistent 
 
 ^now
 
 120 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 \ peculiarity 
 
 Phonetic Society 
 Phonographer 
 Phonographic 
 probab)-~ y 
 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
 /*""" regular 
 / \ represent 
 
 /\| represented 
 /\ representation 
 
 ^\ republic 
 A^ respect 
 /^ responsible 
 j- satisfaction 
 
 v_ several 
 O something 
 
 Spelling Keform 
 
 X. 
 surprise 
 
 J \ transcript 
 
 bD transgress 
 ^f understand 
 ""f understood 
 
 * universal 
 whenever 
 
 whensoever 
 wherever 
 ^/v. wheresoever 
 
 In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted 
 words is considerably extended ; but, like the above, 
 they are all very suggestive to the reflective student, 
 and when met with in correspondence or elsewhere, 
 there will seldom be any difficulty in determining what 
 they are. The Reporter's Manual, advertised at the 
 close of this- book, contains complete lists of word- 
 signs, contracted words, phraseography, &c., the study 
 of which will be essential to verbatim reporting, but 
 unnecessary for ordinary purposes of writing.
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 121 
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 144. Phraseography consists in writing two or more 
 word-signs together, without lifting the pen ; and in the 
 reporting style, it is extended to the writing of word- 
 signs with words written in full, but not vocalized. The 
 first sign in a phrase should be written in its natural 
 position, while those that follow take any position that 
 most facilitates the writing. 
 
 / all which 
 
 \ be able to 
 
 " "*^ any thing 
 
 v could be 
 
 ~*v> are not 
 
 could not be 
 
 A 
 
 Sas far 
 
 J do not 
 
 x^ as far as 
 o-o as good as 
 
 cr as great as 
 
 \p for instance 
 ( /\ > he has been 
 V if there is 
 
 o? as it has been 
 
 V. have been 
 
 QJ? as soon as 
 
 ~^ 1 am 
 1 
 
 Qo as soon as possible 
 
 I am not 
 
 o as well as 
 
 1 I do 
 
 J~-v *at the same time 
 
 ;J I da not 
 
 11
 
 122 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 t> I 
 
 do not think 
 
 Y* 
 
 I will not 
 
 3 I 
 
 did not 
 
 ^ 
 
 may as well 
 
 Vi 
 
 have 
 
 ^\ 
 
 may be 
 
 V 
 
 have been 
 
 ^\ 
 
 must be 
 
 V 
 
 have done 
 
 ^ 
 
 must have 
 
 x \i I 
 
 have not 
 
 OM 
 
 must not 
 
 ^ if 
 
 it 
 
 ^ 
 
 no doubt 
 
 \J if 
 
 it had not 
 
 *- 
 
 of course 
 
 ^ if 
 
 it were 
 
 ^ 
 
 on account of 
 
 / in such 
 
 k 
 
 ought to be 
 
 *-" is 
 
 it not 
 
 A 
 
 should be 
 
 b it 
 
 is 
 
 V 
 
 should have 
 
 L it 
 
 is not 
 
 /- 
 
 should not 
 
 L it 
 
 would 
 
 1 
 
 so as to 
 
 k 
 
 would be 
 
 ^ 
 
 such as can 
 
 ^ I 
 
 will 
 
 
 that is
 
 PHRASEOGRAPHY. 
 
 123 
 
 1 there are 
 
 J there are not 
 7_^ there would not 
 
 'L. there would not have 
 ^^ been 
 
 \ think that 
 K> this is 
 \ to be 
 " to do 
 ^ to have 
 ivy you should be 
 iS~~ you will 
 //^\ you will be able to 
 rS* you will not 
 \_ we have 
 vi we have not 
 \^_^ we have not had 
 
 we were 
 when there is 
 
 whether or not 
 which would 
 /^ which would not be 
 4 which it would be 
 
 < which it would have 
 V-v been 
 
 / will not 
 ' \ will not be 
 
 ( without doubt 
 / with which 
 / with which it 
 
 6-- with which it is not 
 ^ who are 
 would be
 
 124 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 A word of caution is necessary against a too extensive 
 use of phraseography ; it should never be allowed to 
 destroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult 
 joinings. In either case, time will be saved by remov- 
 ing the pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. 
 
 In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant 
 word, is occasionally omitted; as, v </ in the world; 
 Vn for the sake of. The connective word and is 
 sometimes written in connection with the following 
 word, where it may be represented by a small horizontal 
 stroke; 7 and the, -, and which. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXVII. 
 
 NOTE. In the following exercise instead of repeating the initial words 
 of phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; 
 and the other words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens. 
 
 01. 1-hiz, (01-z) iz lost, hwicj, dis, dat-iz-sed, 
 
 men, da_r, suq-tigz, important. 
 
 Ov. Ov-it, hwiq, suq, az-qr, me, (mj,) 
 
 mjn, (men,) dqr, importaus, hiz, advantaj, 
 
 dis kind, dat, dera, kors. 
 
 On. On-el, suq, aksnt-ov, mj, us, her, 
 
 da/, hiz, sjd. 
 
 Tu. Tu-it, do), be, hav, bin, dun, 
 
 sum-ekstent, luv, him, dat, meni. 
 
 Ho>. H<D-iz-dis, wud, not, ma, not, 
 
 (marrt,) kan, no, q,r, not, (qrn't.) 
 
 Xud. Xud-be, not-be, hav, dco, not-hav-sed, 
 tigk-dat. 
 
 $. i-am, ma, am not, er ma-not, do>, (had,) 
 
 not, (don't, hadirt) bav, not, (wid huk,) bin, 
 
 kan-not, wil, tigk, Jal, never, ned, 
 
 not-sa, hop, fer, beg, arn-veri-sori-inded, bop- 
 yoo-wil-not-hav-rezn-tu-regret, hav-no-dut. 
 
 H^. H^-kud, kan, iz dis, meni, ma, so- 
 ever, m mm 
 YCD. Y(D-Jud, not, kud, kan, yo>-ma, wil, 
 
 qr, (r up-stroke) not, (q,rn-t,) must, be.serten.
 
 EXERCISE ON PHRASEOGRAPHY. 125 
 
 We. We- wer, do>, did, hav, sen, tigk, 
 
 we Jal, qr, (r up-stroke,) not, fjnd. 
 
 Wid. Wid-it, hwiq, dis, dat, dem, hwiq-ya)- 
 q,r-akwanted, suq-az-qj. m 
 
 Wer. Wer-da, we, dat. Hwqr-iz, (hwa/'z) (r up- 
 stroke.) 
 
 Hwot. Hwot-iz, wer, wud, doo, if, qr, 
 kud-be, posibli. 
 
 Wud. Wud-ya>, be, da>, hav, not, not-hav- 
 sed. 
 
 B. Be-sed, abl-tu. Bj-dis, me, meni, sum- 
 menz, everi-menz, sum-personz, da/. 
 
 T. It-iz, not, sed, soon, ( the last two 
 
 with a double circle,) mj, ma, kan, kud, 
 
 wud. 0t-tu-be. At-suq, prezent, de-sam-tjm. 
 
 D. Da>-da, not, ( don't,) d-gt. 
 
 &. Hwiq-wud, had, kud, kan, haz, bin, 
 
 iz-not, qr, not, ma, mjt, wil, (q-1.) Hwiq- 
 
 it-iz, - ma, wud, kud-not-hav. 
 
 F. If-dat, yo>, da_r, ( double-f above the line.) Fer- 
 
 si\q, az-qr, hwiq, sum-tjm, da/, (double-f on the 
 
 line.) K-it-wer, be, iz, had. 
 
 V. Hav-yoo, bin, had, sed. Veri-gud, grat, 
 sam, serten, wei, scon, muq. Everi-pq,rt, wun, 
 
 person, man. 
 
 R. Kvnk-dat, yo)-q.r, wil, ma. 
 
 3!. Wi'dst-dst, hwiq, suq. <Iat-it, iz, 
 
 haz-bin, woz, q,r, not, iz-not, tu.-be, 
 
 haz, hwiq. cla-wer, do, had, hav, ma. 3is- 
 
 tjm, da, advcmtaj. 3a_r-wud, kan, kiad, 
 
 not-hav-bin, iz, (haz,) Jal, wil, q,r, sum-per- 
 sonz, ma. 
 
 S. So-az, tu, it-semz, veri, litl, muq, 
 
 meni. Suq- wud, iz, az, qr, ma, kan, 
 
 kud, hav, woz, wil. 
 
 Z. Iz-it, not. Az-it, wud, woz, 
 
 ma, haz. Az-gud, az, grat, az, fq,r, 
 
 az, wel, meni, scon-az. Iz-not; haz-not. 
 
 S. Sal-be, hav, do>, fjnd, not. 
 
 L. Wil, not, be, hav, fjnd. 
 
 R. flr-yoo, sumtjmz, sori, not; yo> qr veri, 
 
 trcD.li. 
 
 M. Ma-be, hav, da, az-wel, konsider. Mjt-hav, 
 
 dis, sem. Must-be, trj, do>, kum, go, se,
 
 126 MANUAL OF PHONOGEAPHY. 
 
 Most-hapi, ( mos--hapi,) - - Ijkli, important. 
 , tigz, mor, ov-dem. 
 
 N. In-el, konsekwens, fakt, dis, sug, meni- 
 tigz, hiz. Eni-wun, tig, bodi. No-pqrt, d^t, - 
 
 rezn, mor, tjm, wun, tig, (in full.) Ns-sr. 
 
 Not, be, kwjt, dat, in, onli, n, non; ned- 
 not. Ner-wer, iz-dis, qr. 
 
 WRITING EXERCISE XXXV. 
 
 (In phraseography, and containing all the word-signs.) 
 ON IMPRCDVMENT. 
 
 The following, in the construction of sentences, for the employment of 
 all the word signs, was furnished for the early edition of Phonography 
 by the Rev. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should be written and 
 re-written, until every word can be put upon paper without hesitation. 
 The words connected by hyphens should be written as phrases, without 
 lifting the pen. 
 
 Establijments fer-improovment and fer nolej in-jeneral, q,r 
 important tigz in a kigdom; and de mor so hwqr it-iz yxigqal 
 wid dem tu aknolej gud prinsiplz. (I Fonografik establij- 
 mentin partikyn,lar, iz an imediat advantaj tu everi jentlman 
 er qjld, ho> iz a member ov-it, and tu el. Akerdig tu jeneral 
 opinyon, Fonografi iz a subjekt we ki*i, and Jud hav plegur 
 in; widst it, laggwaj iz-not kwjt hwot-it-Jud-be a remqrk in- 
 hwiq-d^r-iz grat troot, and tu-hwiq j-tigk d^r-kan-be no objek- 
 Jon. Agen, eveTi wun hco haz tets hwiq-qr-der tu-him, er im- 
 pertant tu-de wurld, iz keld upon tu kqr fer-dem and improov 
 dem, tu-de ful, hwen he haz oportuniti. H~8, er on hwot prin- 
 sipl kan we be gud widst imprcnvment. Remember dat everi- 
 tig iz an objekt ov impertans dat kumz under it; and, beyond 
 el, dat-de Ju/ wurd ov-ds Lerd God woz givn fer-improovment. 
 Xud d^r-be difikultiz in-de-wa ov-ycor imprcovment, and ov-de 
 subjekjon ov-yo>r natyq,r tu Godz trcot, den j kel upon yo>, 
 hwjl yco-kan imprcov, tu-doo-so. Qfter hwot j-hav told-yo> 'iqr- 
 dqr yet objekjonz tu it. Wer d^r, an aksnt ov-dem wud elredi 
 hav-bin givn. Grat and gud tigz kan-not kum tugeder widst 
 imprcovment. But Jud j be told-dat it mjt hav-bin so, from 
 hwot i no ov-de jeneral spirit ov el, j tel-yoo de trcot iz az j-hav 
 givn it, ner kan ye objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentlmen, yo> et tu es- 
 tablij it az yo>r ferst prinsipl, dat-yoo-wil-not-giv up; but az yo> 
 hav oportujiiti, hwj not dcn-el dat kan-be-dun toardz impra>v- 
 mentin everi-tig in-dis- wurld; and Jud it-be-dun wel, yoo-wil 
 giv plegur not tu me alon, but tu el.
 
 AN EXTENDED ALPHABET. 127 
 
 
 ^ l,t 
 
 aftti. 
 
 LONG VOWELS. SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 ' | e earth, E.; le, F. 
 
 7 
 
 
 i ici, F. 
 
 2 
 
 ' \ a,, e fair, E.; frere F. 
 
 8 
 
 
 e ete, F. 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 I \ a pate, F. 
 \ o Konig, G. 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 : 
 i 
 
 a, a ask, E.; patte,.? 7 . 
 o Bocke, G. 
 
 5 
 
 I eu deux, F. 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 o bonne, F. 
 
 6 
 
 1 1 u rue, F. 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 ii Kiinste, G. 
 
 
 NASAL VOWELS. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 13 
 
 '. <z^l' in fin, F. 
 
 17 
 
 
 _ ch ich,6r.;loch, 
 
 14 
 
 {^/ en en, danse,.F. 
 
 18 
 
 
 .f_ gh einig,. G. 
 
 15 
 
 ^Jf^> un brun, F. 
 
 19 
 
 
 *~ 11 Llanelly, W. 
 
 16 
 
 ^-/ on bon, F. 
 
 20 
 
 l s* r amor, /. 
 
 In the introduction to this work (See pp. 15, 16, 17,) 
 it was shown that an accurate analysis of the English 
 language gave forty-three elementary sounds, including 
 the diphthongs necessary to be regarded as simple 
 sounds ; and in the writing exercises of the phonotypic 
 edition this number of sounds are represented, although, 
 on account of the greater simplicity of a six-vowel scale, 
 three vowels, (e, a., a,) have not been recognized in the 
 phonographic exercises.
 
 128 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 For the benefit of such as may wish to be as precise 
 in the representation of correct pronunciation in their 
 writing as it is advisable to be in printing, three addi- 
 tional signs for the English language are provided on 
 the preceding page. Suitable signs are also given for 
 the additional sounds used in the French and German, 
 &c., which will enable those who understand these 
 languages to employ Phonography in writing them. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 9, will be recognized as English by the 
 words earth, air, ask. No. 6 is so near the close Eng- 
 lish diphthong u in dpe, that it may be used for that 
 sound, leaving the sign n for the combination 't/1l or yd). 
 No. 11 is very near the New England o in stone, whole, 
 &c., and may be used by them for its representation. 
 
 The French nasal sounds, represented by in, en, em, 
 an, un, on, and heard in vin, No. 13; temps, No. 14; un, 
 No. 15; pont, No. 16, are pure vowels, but pronounced 
 through the nose, as well as through the mouth. Temps, 
 for instance, contains but two sounds, namely, t and 
 the 14th nasal vowel (c, d, r, s, t, when terminating 
 French words, are generally silent). Enfant contains 
 but three sounds ; namely, the consonant f, preceded 
 and followed by No. 14. 
 
 The Scotch guttural in locli, nicht, etc., and frequent, 
 also, in German, Welsh, and other languages, is repre- 
 sented by k, with a wave line through it. The vocal 
 
 guttural, as in seig, is represented by the same sign 
 thickened. 
 
 The Welsh LI, which is the whispered form of the 
 English I is represented by /" with a wave line struck 
 through it. This sound is produced by placing the 
 tongue in the position for uttering the English I, but 
 emitting- breath instead of voice.
 
 PROPOSED F AND V HOOK. 129 
 
 F anij v pooL 
 
 There are a few words which occur quite frequently 
 in ordinary language, in which the down-stroke letters 
 V^ and ^ follow \ \ ( [ / / , and are themselves 
 followed by other down-stroke signs, thus making lengthy 
 and rather awkward forms; as in the words perfect, advo- 
 cate, chieftain, &c. To avoid these objectionable forms, 
 many Phonographers, both in this country and in Eng- 
 land, have for years used the s/m-hook on the straight 
 strokes above given, when followed by k, n, or y, to rep- 
 resent / and v ; thus 
 
 -U- <- 
 
 This improvement, if such it may be called, has never 
 been permanently incorporated into the system, partly 
 because phonographers are opposed to submitting to the 
 inconvenience of further changes ; and also on account 
 of the fact, that it destroys the harmony of the s/m-hook. 
 But as the abbreviation is of some advantage to the rapid 
 writer, and will probably continue to be used more or 
 less, we think it best to give this explanation, in order 
 that the writing of those who use it may be readable to 
 others. 
 
 In using the / and v hook, it must be observed that it 
 can only be written to the straight strokes, when followed 
 by If, n, or ng, and that in these positions the hook never 
 represents shn.
 
 130 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY.' 
 
 President BENN PITMAN, Cincinnati,, 0. 
 Secretary ELIAS LONGLEY, " 
 Treasurer R. P. PROSSER, " 
 
 The object of the Association is the union and cooperation of the 
 friends of Phonetic writing and printing in the United States and the 
 Canadas. The members are divided into the following classes: 
 
 Class 1. Phonograpbers who teach the arts professionally or privately, 
 who can not, on account of other duties, attend to the gratuitous correc- 
 tion of exercises of learners through the post, but who are willing to an- 
 swer letters of inquiry, or letters of Phonographers soliciting advice or 
 information on matters connected with Phonography or Phonetics. 
 
 Class 2. Phonographers who generously volunteer to correct the exer- 
 cises of learners, through the post. 
 
 Class 3. Phonographers who do their utmost to spread a knowledge of 
 the Phonetic arts in private, but who are prevented by other duties from 
 answering letters, or attending to the correction of exercises. 
 
 Class 4. Phoneticians who do not write Phonography. 
 
 Class 5. Honorary members. 
 
 Phonographers of either class who write at the rate of 100 or more 
 words per minute, are indicated, in the list of members, by the letter R, 
 (Eeporter.) 
 
 Phonographers who wish to cultivate a correspondence with members 
 of kindred sentiments, are indicated by the letter C, (Correspondent.) 
 
 Conductors of and contributors to Ever-Circulating Magazines, are in- 
 dicated by the letters E C, (Ever-Circulator.) 
 
 Honorary members are indicated by the *. 
 
 Phonographers under sixteen years of age are indicated by the letter 
 J, (Junior.) 
 
 A President, Council and other Officers are elected annually by the 
 members of the Association. 
 
 The Council consists of fifty (inclusive of the Officers,) of those who 
 are regarded as the most intelligent, earnest, and reliable American Pho- 
 nographers and Phoneticians, to whom are submitted all matters of 
 theory and practice on which an intelligent opinion may be desired, but 
 on which the opinions of Phonographers might be divided. 
 
 Persons of learning and distinction who favor the Phonetic principle 
 may become Honorary members by the concurrence of any six members 
 of the Council. 
 
 Phonographers in the United States and the Canadas, and writers of 
 Phonetic longhand, are eligible to membership on making a written ap- 
 plication. Subscription of funds, voluntary. Membership renewed 
 annually. 
 
 Persons wishing to become members should address the Secretary, 
 stating occupation or profession, and naming the Class in which they 
 wish to be enrolled. 
 
 [gUT'The Constitution and Annual List of Members, in pamphlet form, 
 may be obtained by addressing the Secretary and enclosing lOcts.
 
 DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 131 
 
 iflit 0f 
 
 (Passed July 4th, 1776.) 
 
 c-t- 
 
 N ^ 
 
 * r Q I 
 
 ^ c/i 
 
 ^x 
 
 
 
 v ( ^ . L / 
 
 X_g? 
 
 o ^ L */l^
 
 132 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 . -r s 
 
 C ] N V . ,Y^ , 
 
 ;^ . ILvd, (^ Y- J^, I ) 
 
 , t ) I. , v 5- X X ^ , . N\ 
 
 A| 
 
 *A \ \ r y\" / v 
 
 _ /I V. J/1 X / -O N 
 
 I X , ) ^ .^-.^^ C -I 
 
 , N 'Vr. N. ' ^' </ x 
 
 V C x ~ . %
 
 DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 133 
 
 ^ x<\ n * xv " 2 
 
 x 9 f * >sj ; - 
 
 .x .j- \ ( x ".o / 
 
 VX X ^ ( 
 6** ".o J^ 
 
 >/ A , \ ^ 
 
 / x -o/i^jV, .O 
 
 ( . 
 
 x 
 
 \<\ <? 
 
 , V 7 ^/ 3 
 
 (; -I . 
 
 ^ b *
 
 134 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 VX, \ ' C \^ ^ 
 
 3 ^ ^7 ) <^, ') , S ' t x 
 
 - \ 
 
 * r 
 
 ^ *l ^ 
 
 \ . 1 I 7 
 
 ? V "^_L X ^ ? (P. 
 
 x - .o ' c -D s \ ) s . ^ 
 
 VS - / -T F \ ^-o 
 
 , . - C ;
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 135 
 
 Lb 
 
 x--D ^] 
 
 % ., - V I > 
 
 V. b^,. ) ' " ) , \ v V. 
 
 . v 
 
 N XI I <=_p . ^-^/' V^ 
 
 7- V ) - % ^
 
 136 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 
 
 ' . V "^ 
 
 vx / 9 
 
 X I- -% V \
 
 DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. 137 
 
 so * . 
 
 l v 
 
 . U , 
 
 c- 
 
 ( ^ ' s ' , N -k X ) 
 S, PL, ^ ) x 
 -^ * -L > x ) 
 \ v 
 
 . 
 
 C 
 
 . 
 
 i *S . *% -L 
 
 \ ^ ' b,
 
 138 
 
 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY". 
 
 > 
 
 , c V * 
 
 ' 
 
 X 
 
 > ;P X
 

 

 

 
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