Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN SOCIETY IN LONDON LONDON .' PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET SOCIETY IN LONDON BY A FOREIGN RESIDENT SECOND EDITION CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY 1885 [7Vr right of tratislation is resen'td} TO THE ENGLISHMEN AND ENGLISHWOMEN, OP WHOM LONDON SOCIETY CONSISTS, THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED, BY A FOREIGN RESIDENT, WHO HAS ENJOYED MUCH INTEKCOUKSE WITH THEM, , WHO IS UNDER MANY OBLIGATIONS TO THEM, FOB HOSPITALITY AND KINDNESS, AND WHO, WHILE DEEPLY APPRECIATING ALL THEIR VIRTUES, HOPES THAT HE WILL BE FORGIVEN IP HE HAS, IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES, POINTED OUT ANY OF THEIR FOLLIB6 OR RALLIED THEM ON ANY OF THEIR FAILINGS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY. PARE The Queen: her national position and life Officials Dinners Ladies Statesmen in attendance Duke of Richmond Lord Carnarvon Sir H. Ponsonby Lady Ely Duchess of Eoxburghe Lady Churchill Princess Beatrice Prince and Princess Christian Princess Mary and Duke of Teck Marquis and Marchioness of Lome Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar Count Gleichen Prince Leiningen 1 CHAPTER II. THE PRIXCES AND ROYAL DUKES. The Duke of Connaught The Duke of Cambridge- The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh The Prince and Princess of Wales : His Royal Highness's position and character, place and influence in London society ; his children, friends, and courtiers Mr. Christopher Sykes Lord -Cadogan Lord Fife Mr. Horace Farquhar Captain Oliver Montagu Lord Charles Beresford Sandringham Mr. Francis Knollys Lord Suffield Colonel Arthur Ellis Colonel Teesdale Sir Dfghton Probyn ... 19 1126874 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY. I'.VGB London a new Paris Peculiar organisation of London society Introduced to society General features of society: its staidness, its credulity, its simplicity, its heartlessness, its careers Mr. Augustus Lumley, Mr. Kenneth Howard, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Dalison, Mr. Alfred Montgomery 45 CHAPTER IV. DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS. English diplomatic officials and ex-officials : Lord Granville, Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Ham- mond, Mr. Villiers Lister, Mr. Philip Currie The Corps Diplomatique : Count Miinster, Count Karolyi, M. and Madame de Falbe, Baron Solvyns, the Chevalier Nigra, Mr. Russell Lowell, Count Piper, the Marquis de Casa Laiglesia, M. de Staal, Musurus Pacha, Count de Bylandt Diplomatic society should be better organised . . 62 CHAPTER V. SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS. Ladies Cowper, Northampton, Marian Alford Lord and Lady Bath Aristocracy and plutocracy Jews : Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild, Messrs. Leopold and Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, the Oppenheims and Bischoffsheims Germans in London Americans in English society How the new blood in society's veins works Morals and conversation Society's char- tered libertines . .82 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. PAQB The Turf and the Stock Exchange The Duke of Beaufort The Duke of Portland Sir George Chetwynd Sir Fre- derick Johnstone Lord Eosebery Lord Eosslyn Mr. Henry Calcraft Mr. Henry Chaplin Sir Henry James . 113 CHAPTER VII. LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, SOLDIERS, AND DOCTORS IN LONDON SOCIETY. Lawyers and Judges : Lord Coleridge, Sir Henry Hawkins, Mr. Baron Huddleston, Mr. Justice Stephen, Sir Baliol Brett, Lord Justice Bowen, Mr. Justice Grove, Mr. Charles Eussell, Mr. Montagu Williams, Mr. Henry Poland Divines : Cardinal Manning, Bishop of Peter- borough, Archdeacon Farrar, Canon Liddon Soldiers and Sailors : Lord Wolseley, Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George Greaves, Sir John McNeill, Sir Thomas Baker, Sir Eedvers Buller, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Charles Ellice, Sir Archibald Alison, Sir Arthur Herbert, Lord Chelmsford, General Crealock, ' Charlie ' Fraser , ' Tim ' Eeilly, ' Pug ' Macdonnell, Lord Airlie, Lord Dundonald , Lord St. Vincent, Colonel Methuen, Admirals Wilson, Tryon, and Maxse, Beaux sabreurs Doctors : Sir Andrew Clark, Sir William Gull, Sir Oscar Clayton, Dr. Quain, Dr. Morell Mackenzie, Sir William Jenner and Sir James Paget 131 CHAPTER VIII. LONDON SOCIETY, POLITICS AND POLITICIANS. State~smen in society Political hostesses : Lady Salisbury, Lady Aberdeen, Lady Eosebery, Lady Breadalbane, Gladys, Countess of Lonsdale Mr. Gladstone in public and private Mrs. Gladstone 177 x CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. STATESMEN IN SOCIETY. TAGS Lord Hartington Ladies in London Society classified Lord Salisbury Sir Stafford Northcote Lord Carnar- von Lord Cairns Lord Cranbrook Lord Lytton Lord Abergavenny Mr. Spofforth Lord Lathom Lord Barrington Lord Rowton Lord and Lady Wharncliffe Dukes of Leeds, Manchester, Argyll, Devonshire, North- umberland, Abercorn, St. Albans, Marlborough Lord Randolph Churchill Mr. Gibson Mr. Plunket Sir Henry Drummond Wolff Mr. Gorst Mr. Balfour . . 201 CHAPTER X. SENATE AND SALON. Mrs. Jeune Sir Charles Forster Mr. H. Edwards Sir Thomas and Lady Brassey Mr. Roger Eykyn Lady Dorothy Nevill Isabella, Countess of Wilton Lord and Lady Reay Mr. Chamberlain Mr. Goschen Mr. Forster Sir Robert Peel The English political system 237 CHAPTER XI. LITTERATEURS IN SOCIETY JOURNALISM. Lord Tennyson Mr. Browning Mr. Matthew Arnold Mr. Lecky Mr. Froude Mr. Laurence Oliphant Mr. Kinglake-Lord Hough ton Mrs. Singleton Mr. Justin McCarthy Mr. Courtney Mr. John Morley Mr. Henry Labouchere Sir Algernon Borthwick The Borthwicks The Editors of the Times, the Standard, the Daily Telegraph, the Daily Ncics, the St. James's Gazette CONTENTS. xi PAGE Mr. Henry Reeve Dr. William Smith Mr. Edmund Yates - Mr. F. C. Burnand Mr. Hutton Mr. Townsend Mr. Pollock Mr. Knowles Mr. Escott . . .263 CHAPTER XII. ACTORS, ACTRESSES, AND ARTISTS IN SOCIETY. The Kendals The Bancrofts Theatrical hosts and hos- tesses The Duke of Beaufort Lord and Lady Londes- borough Lord Dunraven Mr. and Mrs. George Lewis Mr. Con way Mr. Wilson Barrett Mr. J. L. Toole Mr. Brookfield Mr. Hawtrey Mr. Cecil Mr. Henry Irving Artists in society: their general position Sir Frederick Leighton Mr. Millais Mr. Marcus Stone- Mr. Prinsep Mr. Whistler Why duelling does not exist in England Conclusion 295 La plupart des lois se contrarient si visiblement, qu'il importe assez peu par quelles lois un etat se gouverne ; mais, ce qui importe beaucoup, c'est que les lois une fois tablies soient executes. Ainsi, il n'est d'aucune consequence qu'il y ait telles ou telles regies pour les jeux de ds et de cartes, mais on ne pourra jouer un seul moment si 1'on ne suit pas a la rigueur ces regies arbitrages dont on sera convenu. La vertu et le vice, le bien et le mal' moral sont done en tout pays ce qui est utile ou nuisible a la societ6 ; et dans tous les lieux et dans tous les temps, celui qui sacrifie le plus au public est celui qu'on appellera le plus vertueux. VOLTAIRE, Traitt de M^taphysi^tie, Chap. IX. SOCIETY IN LONDON. CHAPTEE I. THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY. The Queen: her national position and life Officials Dinners Ladies Statesmen in attendance Duke of Richmond Lord Carnarvon Sir H. Ponsonby Lady Ely Duchess of Box- burghe Lady Churchill Princess Beatrice Prince and Princess Christian Princess Mary and Duke of Teck Marquis and Marchioness of Lome Prince and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weirnar Count Gleichen Prince Leiningeu. EVERYONE knows enough of the government of England to be aware that, in name a monarchy, it is, in reality, a republic. The Sovereign is a fact, but it is rather the idea than the fact of sovereignty which dominates the English mind. British loyalty is divided between a woman and an abstraction. The woman is the Queen; the abstraction is the power she exercises. The thirty or forty millions of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom accept the monarchy ; have 2 SOCIETY IN LONDON not the slightest wish to get rid of it ; honour the Monarch as their Church Catechism bids them do; would reprobate any attacks upon the royal person ; would resent disrespectful language about her ; would even risk their lives to save hers. Yet of these millions, not one per cent. not one in a thousand has ever seen the Queen, knojvs of her except from the newspapers, has any notion of what she is like except from pictures, or of the manner in which she passes her days. Imagine it possible that the Queen should die and her death be kept a profound secret ; imagine that certain members of her household and ministers of State conspired together to pretend that she continued to live ; imagine that the same announcements appeared as appear now in the Court Circular ; imagine finally that it were practicable to perpetuate this delusion, and that the conspirators kept good faith among themselves: imagine this to be the case, and all would go on as it goes on now. There are not five hundred of Her Majesty's subjects who need or would suspect anything to be wrong. The inclemency of the season, neu- ralgic pains always supervening on exposure to the air, general debility, an insuperable indisposition to see or be seen by any of her fellow-creatures any of THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 3 these pleas would be accepted, provided that no sus- picions were excited, as a perfectly reasonable excuse for the Queen of England being completely, as she is now all but completely, invisible to the ordinary eye. Two or three years ago there died a great English noble the Duke of Portland who had cer- tainly not revealed himself to more than a score of his relatives or retainers during the last two or three decades of his existence. He had become a myth while he was still in the flesh. Yet the pro- position that he was alive never excited controversy, and his estate was as well managed as if he himself issued daily orders to his agents. The business of the English empire would be conducted in the same fashion, and might be con- ducted with nearly the same ceremony, if the Sovereign were as far removed from the mundane vision, from year's end to year's end, as she is from the vision of all save an infinitesimal minority of those who gratefully confess her supremacy. It is sometimes said that the English people are imper- vious to ideas. Their attitude towards the throne and its occupant shows that they are not. To the overwhelming mass of the British nation, monarchy is an idea pure and simple intangible, impalpable yet never a phantom, still less a chimera. B 2 4 SOCIETY IN LONDON But if monarchy is an idea in England, do not suppose that the monarchy is a nullity. It is no paradox to say that the Monarch is a reality because she is, to such an extent, an idea, that she has power because she circumscribes it within such exiguous limits, that her presence is worshipped because so few manifestations of it are vouchsafed to the worshipper. Her existence is one constant appeal to the imagination of the most imaginative people under the sun. She constitutes the tiny bit of romance in the grimly prosaic lives of tens of thousands. The masses who would probably be organised to agitate and howl if the Queen were to assert any of the powers which the law of the Con- stitution, by a series of obsolete fictions, reposes in her, would immediately be converted into cham- pions if anyone in public were lightly to speak against her, or so much as refuse to credit her with the sum of all feminine graces and virtues. Again, the Queen of England, notwithstanding that her strength resides chiefly in her ideal aspect, is not a political nonentity, because she is an exceed- ingly clever woman. And here let me offer a word of advice and caution. In England one may some- times find oneself in the company of people who speak of the royal family as if its members were, THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 5 without an exception, stupid, ignorant, wrong-headed, maladroit, and dull. That is the way of the more vulgar Britons. They detract their royalties as they calumniate their climate. The truth is, the reigning family in England is remarkable for its extreme ability, its skilfulness in dealing with situations and with men or women, its rapid and accurate percep- tion, its intuitive savoir-faire. The Crown Princess of Germany is, we all know, one of the most gifted ladies in Europe, and only a woman of the highest calibre could have held her own, as she has done in private and public matters, against Bismarck, or have suggested herself to him as an obstacle in the path of his policy with which he must reckon. Perhaps I may be asked for a proof of the talents with which I have credited the Queen of England. I reply, look at the facts. She became a sovereign forty-eight years ago; she remains a sovereign still; the foundation of her throne is deeper and firmer than ever. Is not this enough ? What would you more ? There is a proverb which tells us that, if it needs a clever man to make a for- tune, it needs a cleverer man to keep it. Depend upon it that the Sovereign who, when her reign is well-nigh half a century old, has absolutely nothing 6 SOCIETY IN LONDON to fear from any hostile movement, is a very re- markable woman indeed. The Queen's year is divided between a Scotch chateau, a feudal mansion in the suburbs the stateliest building perhaps of its kind in Europe and a country house close to a fashionable yachting resort. At Balmoral she lives as much as possible in the open air, reading State documents and being read to by her ladies during the summer in a tent ; at Windsor and, as Windsor is only some twenty miles from London, it may be called a suburb and at Osborne, she leads the existence of an august recluse, the solitude and monotony of which are only broken by frequent State visits and more un- frequent State ceremonials. The constitutional functions of sovereignty may be dismissed in a sentence. The Queen signs docu- ments and suggests or vetoes the appointment of bishops that is about all. Yet there is an indirect influence which she exercises on affairs, and, if she does not check the advance of events for long, she may raise difficulties in the way of their progress, or, on the other hand, may help their despatch. The English Premier would find his position much lighter if he could forego his daily letter to Her Majesty when Parliament is in session, and if, in THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY j other matters, he were not obliged to observe the formality of consulting the royal will. Having vast experience, the Queen has some of the authority "which it confers. So recently as the autumn of last year that authority was exercised. The two chambers of the legislature were in colli- sion about parliamentary reform. The Queen summoned to her perhaps the only public man with whom she may be now described as on terms of personal friendship the Duke of Richmond. Formerly Her Majesty regarded with exceptional favour and confidence Lord Carnarvon, but he fell from the royal grace, never completely to be restored, when he quarrelled with Lord Beaconsfield. The Queen, I say, sent for the Duke of Richmond, exhorted him to close the feud between the two parties and the two Houses, and plainly said that upon any terms the matter must be arranged. What followed ? The Duke communicated the will of his royal mistress to Lord Salisbury, and the incident was at an end. With the exception of the Duke of Richmond, the Queen has among the statesmen of her epoch no personal friends who would dare plainly to ex- press their opinion to Her Majesty. Lord Beacons- field, who, by his adroitness, patient courtiership, 8 SOCIETY IN LONDON unbounded and extravagant adulation, had com- pletely overcome the royal prejudices against him, which at one time seemed insuperable, and had won the heart and trust of his Sovereign, was the last minister who fully enjoyed the royal favour. Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone periodically visit Her Majesty, but the personal relations between the Sovereign and her Premier are of a tepid kind, and have been known to be actually strained and chilly. The position of the Queen is solitary nay, sad. If the late John Brown was mourned so deeply by Her Majesty, and missed so much, it was because he had acquired by long years of faithful service some of its privileges because Her Majesty knew that she could trust his judgment and counsel. Few are the friendships which royalty can allow itself, and the attendant of the Queen of England who died some three years ago was not a menial, but a friend. With Sir Henry Ponsonby her relations are those of personal cordiality, but still formal and official . The three most intimate friends of her own sex possessed by the Queen are the Dowa- ger Duchess of Koxburghe, Lady Ely, and Lady Churchill, none of them remarkable for cleverness, tact, or social talent, but each habituated to the ways and attached to the person of the Sovereign. THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 9 The lot of the maids of honour is far from easy. The demand upon their physical strength and patience is continuous. They must always be within call, and as Her Majesty seldom or never reads a newspaper with her own eyes, neither their eyes nor their voice must ever tire. Do the hardships of their position, it may be asked, end here ? Not perhaps exactly. Crowned womanhood is no exception to the general law of womanhood, and, kindly though her heart may be, the Queen has the capriciousness of her exalted station and her sex. Lady Ely a woman with the most affectionate manner in the world ; all tender- ness and sympathetic interest in those with whom she is brought into contact has no more disagree- able duty to fulfil than that, not seldom imposed upon her, of telling some lady of the Court that her presence has become burdensome to Majesty, and that she must go. The Queen likes young people about her, and has few favourites past middle age. Within the last few years two ladies whom the Queen had received into her service with open arms have been dismissed suddenly one because the Sovereign had wearied of her, the other because she had proved physically unequal to the labour of the position. io SOCIETY IN LONDON How speeds daily life beneath the royal roof ? Much in this fashion. The Queen takes her meals breakfasts and lunches in her apartments alone. The ladies of the Court have a sitting room and dining room appropriated to themselves, and at Balmoral the dimensions of these are of the most modest kind, the entire space occupied by the castle being so limited that the Queen's ministers in attendance are requested not to bring a private secretary with them, and are compelled to transact all their business and correspondence in their bed- chamber. The royal dinner hour is nine o'clock, and at five minutes to nine the Queen, if she has company, enters the room hi which the guests are assembled, and then, as the hour strikes, leads the way to the banquet. Eoyal dinner parties have one great ad- vantage they are very short. Soon after ten the diners are once more in the salon or corridor of reception, the Queen addresses each in succession for a few minutes, and before eleven the function is at an end. What impresses those who have had the honour of conversation with Her Majesty most is the singularly minute acquaintance which she possesses of the character and the career, the for- tune and the families of her most distinguished THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY u subjects. In the army she takes the keenest interest, and exercises in many methods her per- sonal initiative and command. Valentine Baker Pacha, now in the Egyptian service, and formerly colonel of a Hussar regiment, would have been re- stored to his original rank in the British army but for the hostile intervention of the Sovereign. More lately the Queen gave instructions that a lady of title, guilty of a literary indiscretion, should be for- bidden to attend the royal drawing rooms of the London season. "When the Queen makes her influence felt in the restricted sphere of activity which still remains open to her, she generally does so in a way that most of her subjects would approve. A few failings, some feminine, some royal, apart, the Queen is a fair em- bodiment and reflection of English common sense, accurately understanding in the main the genius of her people and the currents of popular feeling ; well knowing that princes are loved and esteemed in proportion as they show themselves to be human, and that the autobiographical volumes, contemp- tible though, as literary productions, they are, which she has from time to time given to the public, or the messages which she addresses to the people when any great event occurs a railway accident 12 SOCIETY IN LONDON or a battle perceptibly strengthen the foundations on which the structure of monarchy rests. And perhaps Englishmen and Englishwomen of the middle or the lower class like their Sovereign none the less because so many of her tastes are identical with their own. Queen Victoria has not only the true German love for pageants and ceremonials of State, uniforms, trappings, shows, and functions of all kinds, but the passion distinctive of the English proletariat for funerals and for whatever is asso- ciated with the sepulchre. It is morbid, but what will you ? There is nothing which fascinates the British workman and his wife so much as the busi- ness of the undertaker. The crowning ambition in the labourer's life is a handsome funeral. Coffins, shrouds, hearses, and nodding plumes delight him. He and his wife are enthusiastic over what they will call a beautiful corpse. These peculiarities are illus- trated by the Queen on a becoming scale. There is a bliss in tears, and to English royalty there is a pleasure, nay, a rapture, in the pomp and apparatus of mortality. The Queen's youngest daughter, the Princess Beatrice, now about to be married to Prince Henry of Battenberg, has been for years her mother's constant companion, and will see a good deal of THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 13 Her Majesty in the future. The English mind has been, unconsciously it may be, impressed by the spectacle of the Queen and the Princess, by the contrast it suggests, and by the tender thoughtful- ness shown by the girl to the woman without failure and without stint. To Her Royal Highness life, varied though the domestic routine of the Court has been by attendance at flower shows, bazaars, and fetes, has proved perhaps a trifle monotonous. It was necessary to do something, and four years ago the Princess determined to change her state, and privately betrothed herself to the handsome scion of Prussian royalty. The secret was well kept. When the Princess Beatrice breathed it into the ears of her royal mother a little storm broke. It did not last long, but while it lasted it was acute. Everything is now arranged. The formal consent of the Sovereign has been given, and though the match is not liked by any of the royal family, it is acquiesced in. The Prince of Wales may wish it were otherwise, and in that desire, if it be his desire, he is influenced less by personal sentiments than by his own idea of public opinion. The English people, he knows, is averse to this in- definite multiplication of petty German potentates, supported by English money, dwelling under the 14 SOCIETY IN LONDON shadow of royalty. Moreover His Eoyal Highness is aware that the pretensions of these foreign princes, the airs they give themselves, the know- ledge especially of military matters which they profess, are not acceptable to the English gentry. As a question of taste, therefore, and policy, the Prince of Wales does not encourage alliances of that sort. But he is too sagacious to create any disturbance about it, and he will receive Prince Henry as his brother-in-law much as he received Prince Christian or the Marquis of Lome. Prince Christian, who married the third daugh- ter of the Sovereign, lives the life of an English country gentleman in a capital house in "Windsor Park an amiable, domesticated, philoprogenitive person ; not brilliant, perhaps, yet not wanting in the quality of practical shrewdness. Silly stories have been current about him, such as that he hud conceived before his marriage higher matrimonial ambitions, and that he had previously rehearsed the drama of domesticity elsewhere. These stories are fictions, Prince Christian is nothing more than he seems to be, and what I have described. There is no skeleton in his cupboard. He is a fair shot, a kindly companion, hospitable, con- tented with his lot ; equally pleased whether some THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 15 of his royal relatives come down to shoot with him or whether he is shooting by himself. The Princess Christian takes an interest in charitable and beneficent institutions of every kind : bazaars, asylums, schools, orphanages, and so forth. She is the feminine equivalent of the Englishman who is a professional chairman of public dinners and patron of eleemosynary funds. She is the friend and colleague of Mrs. Jeune, whose acquaintance every visitor of distinction makes before he or she has been in London many days. Let me preface my remarks on the Prince of Wales with a few brief comments on the other royalties. The Princess Mary, with her ducal husband, Prince Teck, has quitted the English capital, probably for ever, and, as is well known, is now settled at Florence. She was always much liked in England. Teck, however, was not a success. The Prince of Wales and his people never took kindly to him. They recognised in him some- thing which the English call bad form. His manner lacked the repose which English taste demands. Physically by no means ill-looking indeed, almost handsome and with a fine presence, he possessed by nature, and he acquired by art, nothing of the grand manner. He missed the due proportion 1 6 SOCIETY IN LOXDOX of things, and showed an ignorance of their fitness. He presumed upon his position with a curious clumsiness. He was habitually late for appointments, and when he apologised for his un- punctuality he did so in a manner which aggravated the original offence. Then he was not always happy hi his conversation at dinner, contriving too often to say the wrong thing to the wrong person. He himself said that he was never well received in England. Whether his grievances were real or imaginary, he paraded them too much. He went about complaining of his treatment and protesting, without the slightest provocation, that he intended henceforth to look after himself. He was supposed to be wanting in deference to his wife altogether ; he rubbed up the most fastidious and sensitive portion of English society the wrong way. Nevertheless a good fellow. Of the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lome, and of the Marquis of Lome, it is not possible to say much which is not known already. His Lord- ship, though the heir to the ancient Scotch duke- dom of Argyll, was never made one of the family by his royal brothers-in-law. It was regarded as a mesalliance. His appointment to the Yiceroy- hhip of Canada was a temporary release from a THE COURT AND ROYAL FAMILY 17 position not merely difficult, but impracticable. He has now been two years in England again, and he finds his path much smoother. He is a gentleman of pleasant, picturesque appearance, thoroughly courteous and kindly, of reflective habits, studious tastes, and no mean intellectual endowments. The sense of novelty and strangeness he experienced at being the Queen's son-in-law has worn off. He has developed an independence of character, has resolved to live his own life, reading much, writing a little, and generally following the bent of his own excel- lent inclinations. The Prince of Wales recognises the propriety of his brother-in-law's course. The Marchioness of Lome has her own occupations, is a passable artist and tolerable statuary. And so between them the pair have settled down into a steady, respectable, refined, dignified existence. It was their common wish that they should proceed to India as Viceroy and Vicequeen after the retirement of Lord Eipon ; but there were political objections to the step, and the force of these was fully admitted by Lord Lome and the Princess. There are three other royal or semi-royal per- sonages, of whom everything that it is necessary to state may be summed up in half-a-dozen sentences. Than Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, 1 8 SOCIETY IN LONDON till the other day Governor of Portsmouth, no more thoroughly excellent or universally popular -man has been ever known in England. A capital officer, he was generosity itself as a host. Government House at Portsmouth was always open in his time to every properly accredited comer. Bright, cheery, acute, ingenious, resourceful, assisted nay, made by his Princess, he won all hearts. His local popularity expanded into a national popu- larity, and nothing could be more acceptable to the English people than his promotion to the military command of Ireland. Count Gleichen, who married a sister of the late Lord Hertford, is a meritorious sculptor, working at his art as if it were his only means of subsistence, and receiving many valuable commissions. His studio is in St. James's Palace, where he has a modest little establishment. To the majority of Englishmen his existence is unknown, and in London society he is seldom seen. He is the father of a clever and graceful daughter her- self no mean sculptress the Countess Feodore. Of Prince Leiningen I have nothing more to say than that he is a commander of the Queen's yacht, that he has a pleasant presence, and a short, quick, imperious manner. CHAPTER IT. THE P1UXCES AND ROYAL DUKES. The Duke of Connaught the Duke of Cambridge the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh the Prince and Princess of Wales : His Royal Highness's position and character, place and influence in London society ; his children, friends, and courtiers Mr. Christopher Sykes Lord Cadogan Lord Fife Mr. Horace Farquhar Captain Oliver Montagu Lord Charles Beresford Sandringham Mr. Francis Knollys Lord Suffield Colonel Arthur Ellis Colonel Teesdale Sir Dighton Probyn. THE four other members of the royal family of whom it is important to convey a right idea are the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke of Connaught, and the Duke of Cambridge. The Duke of Cambridge, the cousin of the Queen, is the visible and permanent official head of the English army. A bluff, fresh, hale country gentleman, somewhat past middle age, with something of the vigorous, healthy frankness of the English skipper, and something, too, of the Prussian martinet ; industrious, punctual, rising early, seeking rest 20 SOCIETY IN LONDON late, fond of life and its pleasures, of good dinners, good cigars, pleasant women, of the opera, of the play, slightly given to slumber before dinner is well over, joyous, cheery, still retaining traces of the ardour of youth this is His Royal Highness George, Duke of Cambridge ; a man of strong feelings and stronger partialities, just by principle, yet liable to be unjust by prejudice ; honestly anxious to do the right thing, yet frequently doing the wrong. His role is one of no small difficulty. Constitutionally distrustful of reforms, he is com- pelled to accept periodic revolutions. His day begins with exercise on horseback, then follow breakfast and official papers at his house in Park Lane ; from two to seven, and often later, he is at the Horse Guards in Pall Mall. If necessary, he works again at night ; if unnecessary, he dedi- cates the evening to enjoyment. At least these royal dukes are not drones in the hive. His life is full of many stories. He has been engaged in many affairs of the heart. He is a man of warm feeling and much loyalty to those whom he loves ; tempted to behave heartlessly, he has uniformly comported himself honourably and well. He is to this day the mature child of a passion that is never unprincipled. He finds THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 21 himself frequently in collision with the parlia- mentary head of the army, the Secretary of State for Military Affairs, and with the high officials of the War Office, Lord Wolseley, and his men. He bears the vexations which cross his path with equanimity, tempered or relieved by devotional ejaculations. The constitutional spirit which has become part of the Queen's nature, and is as the breath of his nostrils to the Prince of Wales, domi- nates in the main the Duke of Cambridge. He acquiesces, because the Constitution of the realm demands it, in much which he cordially detests. Yet, if he believes in his heart that the army in consequence of new-fangled innovations is going to the dogs or the devil, he never says so. He is, on the whole, a jovial optimist when he might have been a morose pessimist. He has the facility of his family for details. The dossier of every officer of any distinction in the army is at his fingers' ends. His judgment of individuals is good. He lost his head in the Crimea, but is an expert critic of tactics, and knows how troops ought to be handled, whether at Aldershot or in the Soudan. He has an immense regard, and an exaggerated fear for public opinion especially when that opinion finds articulate expression in print and has before now given 22 SOCIETY IN LONDON excellent counsel, which has sometimes been obeyed, to the Prince of Wales. Take him as he is, he is not only a favourable specimen of the house of Hanover, but a good specimen of a man. It is usually supposed that the position which the Duke of Cambridge occupies is reserved for the Duke of Connaught, who, with the thoroughness and courage of his race, has set himself to learn practically the duties of soldiering. As a cadet at Woolwich, Prince Arthur went through the curri- culum of an officer of the Royal Engineers or Artillery. If when he served in Egypt three years ago he encountered no alarming amount of peril that was not his fault. In India he has spared himself no labour. He shares his brother's, the Prince of W T ales's, accentuated devotion for the minutiae of uniform ; a devotion which they each of them inherit from their father and mother. There is no better judge of a march past than the Queen. No one has a quicker eye for buttons, epaulettes, and sword belts than the Prince of Wales. The Duke of Connaught is not to be blamed if one of the articles in his faith is military smart- ness. He is a good patriot and a good soldier. His face, with its bronzed complexion, well-shaved chin, heavy moustache, is that typical of the THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 23 English or the German officer. He is singularly modest and unaffected, anxious to learn, and when he thinks he has mastered his lesson then, and not before, confident. His return to England is now anticipated with interest, and when he is back we may be sure that he will commit no mistakes at most the minimum of mistakes permissible to a prince. The Duke of Edinburgh is a contrast to both his brothers, and is less popular than he deserves to be. His wife, the daughter of the late and the sister of the present Czar, never captivated the hearts of the English people like her sister-in-law, the Princess of Wales. But it may be doubted whether there is room in England for two such princesses as the consort of the Heir- Apparent to the English throne, who was in possession of the ground long before the Duchess of Edinburgh had placed her foot upon the soil of Great Britain. It is unavoid- able that both the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh should be eclipsed by the elder brother, upon whom so many of the social and ceremonial duties of sovereignty had already devolved. The Duke of Edinburgh is a clear-headed, astute, sagacious, and careful man of business. His for- tune is not in proportion to his position, and his 24 SOCIETY IN LONDON demands upon it are great. So, therefore, is the necessity for thrift. Naturally this has laid him open to the charge of parsimony; but he is not parsimonious, he is simply wise. He does not throw his money away or cast pearls before swine. But there is no real niggardliness about him, as those who have stayed in his house or cruised with him in his ship know. His manner, it may be admitted, is less charming, polished, and conciliatory than that of his elder brother. He illustrates perhaps a little too aggressively the nil admirari principle which is itself so essentially English. When the Prince of Wales is visiting any of his future subjects he takes the utmost interest in everything which concerns them, and lavishes his admiration upon all their possessions, whether it be their wives or their daughters, their houses or estates, their pictures or their wines, their cigars, silver and gold plate, or china. This is not the way of the Duke of Edinburgh. He is apt to be brusque, sometimes even a little contemptuous or disparaging, in his comments. If he is shown a heirloom, or introduced to a rare vintage, he spontaneously compares it with some- thing of the same sort which he himself possesses. It is a good wine, but not so good as some in his THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 25 own cellar. It is an interesting piece of crockery, but he has seen others which would beat it, and, for that matter, he can beat it himself. Or Mr. Chris- topher Sykes, the object of whose life it is to irra- diate the lives of royalties, reserves for the Duke of Edinburgh his best covert in the shooting season, and His Eoyal Highness acknowledges the com- pliment in what Mr. Sykes considers a grudging fashion. That all princes are charming is part of the religion of society in London. The standard of perfect charm is afforded by the Prince of Wales, and of that standard the Duke of Edinburgh just falls short. When the Duchess of Edinburgh first came to England she was the victim of an untoward com- bination of circumstances. The English people were in one of those humours, which recur at intervals, of hostility to Eussia. She found herself and how could she help it ? in an unsympa- thetic atmosphere. She was greeted with respect of course, but not with enthusiasm. She reci- procated the tepidity of the sentiment displayed towards her. The English public were not slow to discover that there was less of fascination in her bow, as she drove in Hyde Park, than in that of the Princess of Wales, and that her face was seldom 26 SOCIETY IN LONDON brightened by a sniile. Those who are better ac- quainted with her have long since learnt her merits. Still her position in the economy of English' royalty is subordinate, and even obscure. She is not, and she will never be, a popular personage. But she is a deserving princess, and, as I have said, the place which some expected to see her fill was pre-occupied by the wife of her brother- in-law. I must crave pardon for having left to the last the social ruler of the English realm, the Prince of Wales himself. I call him the social ruler, because in all matters appertaining to society and to Court ceremonial he plays vicariously the part of the Sove- reign. The English monarchy may be described at the present moment as being in a state of com- mission. Most of the duties of official routine are performed by the Queen. It is the Prince of Wales who transacts its ceremonial business, who shows himself to the masses as the embodiment of the mon- archical principle, presides at the opening of exhi- bitions, at levees, and, with the Princess, at drawing rooms. If there were no Marlborough House there would be no Court in London. The house of the Prince of Wales may be an unsatisfactory substitute for a Court, but it is the only substitute which THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 27 exists, and it is the best which, under the circum- stances, is attainable. Every man, so the philosophers say, undergoes a complete change once in seven years. Not a fibre, muscle, particle of flesh, or drop of blood is the same at the end of that period as it was at the beginning. This scientific fact, if royalty is ame- nable to the operations of science, might explain why the Prince of Wales is in 1885 very different from what he was in 1878. The vie orageiLse is over and forgotten, or remembered only, and only looked at, through the mellowing medium of middle age. The Prince of Wales does not enjoy existence less, but more calmly, as one to whom the pleasure, which was once a passion, has been transformed into an art. The faculty of appreciation remains, but appetite has been curbed by the discipline of time. His Royal Highness's father was the incarnation of respectability, and the Prince himself has now confirmed the idol of respectability in the highest niche of his country's pantheon. He shows, too, that he has inherited something of the paternal anxiety lavished years ago upon himself. His eldest son is of. full age, and might in the ordinary course of things expect an establishment of his own. But the nature of the lad is gentle and submissive. He gives 23 SOCIETY IN LONDON his parents no solicitude. He is content to live under the paternal roof, and has no uncontrollable desire for the possession of the royal substitute for the ordinary latchkey. A thoroughly good boy this ; tended by his fond father in all things with a vigilance resembling that exercised by a duenna over a beauty and an heiress at a ball. The second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, if, like his elder brother, admirably conducted, is of a more vivacious temperament, has more * go,' and may therefore yet give some trouble. As for the girls, they are what English princesses of their age should be model young ladies. The Prince of Wales has witnessed the disap- pearance of most of the intimates of his youth or early manhood. Many of those whom he delighted to honour have not done well. Lord Aylesford died the other day. Walter Harbor d and George Eussell are among the disparus have, AngUce, ' gone "under.' Others have suffered the eclipse of calamity or death. But the Prince of Wales survives, and, having profited by the lessons of experience, can look back upon a past marked by incidents and vicissitudes, not uniformly wise or decorous, with a feeling of satisfaction at having risen superior to his early eccentricities. His THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 29 Royal Highness has developed into a sort of censor and inquisitor of society and of the Court. As his royal mother is apt to sit in judgment upon him, so he in his turn criticises, counsels, castigates those who are subject to his authority. He is prodigal of advice on great matters and small. Whether it be a conjugal quarrel or a questionable marriage, the pattern of a coat or the colour of a frock, the Prince, if he is interested in those whom the matter concerns, volunteers his advice. It is all meant and done in the kindliest spirit in the world. His Royal Highness wishes to be the men- tor as well as the presiding genius of the aristo- cratic system of England. He is therefore the champion of the proprieties and the gentle but firm reprover of all deviations from the standard of correctness. He attaches great importance to the ordinances of religion, attends church regularly, digests and criticises the sermon, has a quick eye for the misc en scene of the ecclesiastical interior. The Prince of Wales combines with this devo- tion to decorum a love of mystery. It pleases him to be selected as the exclusive confidant of any friends, of either sex, in whom he takes a special interest. It would, he frankly tells them, be in- discreet to impart to others the information with 30 SOCIETY IN LONDON which it is right to entrust him. Nor does he ever violate the faith reposed in him. He is as loyal as he is kindly and considerate. If he deems it de- sirable to make use of what has been told him, In- never mentions names, and he only says just enough to convince others that he is in possession of sill the facts. Frequently the private intelligence of which he is the depositary seems to require further elucidation. There is a riddle to be solved or an enigma to be unravelled. His Royal Highness in following a clue displays all the patience of a detective police officer on his probation, and quite as much acumen. This is one of his peculiari- ties, and it is in reality perfectly harmless. He has nothing of the mischief-maker in his composi- tion. He has, moreover, a thoroughly creditable sense of his own responsibility. He wishes to make those about him virtuous and good, and if he considers that the best way of doing this is to superintend, and when necessary investigate, their affairs, who shall say him nay ? The Prince of Wales is the Bismarck of London society; he is also its microcosm. All its idio- syncrasies are reflected in the person of His Royal Highness. Its hopes, its fears, its aspirations, its solicitudes, its susceptibilities, its philosophy, its THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 31 way of looking at life and of appraising character of each of these is the Heir-Apparent the mirror. The sympathy which thus exists between the Prince and bis social subjects is vivid and intimate ; the most ill-natured censor cannot deny that its results are unniixedly good. If a definition of society were sought for, I should be inclined to give it as the social area of which the Prince of Wales is personally cognisant, within the limits of which he visits, and every member of which is to some extent in touch with the ideas and wishes of His Royal Highness. But for this central authority society in London would be in imminent danger of falling into the same chaos and collapse as the universe itself, were one of the great laws of nature to be suspended for five minutes. The introduction of the cigarette or cigar after dinner, when the ladies have retired, and the economy of wine which it promotes ; the diffusion of a taste for music and the theatre ; the personal as well as the professional welcome accorded to theatrical and operatic artistes in society, and the extent to which at evening parties their services are in requisition ; smoking concerts ; the growing practice of serving the joint at dinner as the piece de resistance immediately after the fish, and before 32 SOCIETY IN LONDON the entrees ; above all things, the tendency towards curtailment of the menu (though London dinners are still outrageously long) trifling as in them- selves they may appear these, each of them, illus- trate the potency of the Prince's initiative. Again, the Prince of Wales rarely misses attend- ance at church on Sunday, and London society scrupulously follows his example. Nor while the Prince exercises throughout society a uniformly controlling discipline has he a consequence which might, perhaps, have been feared reduced it to a dead level of sameness and dulness. On the con- trary, he has always encouraged with his approval, within the limits of discretion and decorum, the presence of original and even eccentric characters. Alive to the danger of stagnation, he shows in many ways his wise desire to admit into it fresh currents of social activity and thought. Its innate tendency to sink into a state of vapid convention- ality is thus largely neutralised. Moreover, the Prince of Wales does what is possible to perpetuate those ancient virtues which, in a condition of things highly complex and artificial, there is a risk of being crowded out of existence such virtues, I mean, as firmness to friends, chivalrous regard for the feelings of others, good faith, and high honour. THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 33 It has sometimes occurred to me that the Prince of Wales may be compared to a physician of the body politic whose prescriptions are regarded as infallible, and who decides in exactly what pro- portions the two opposite principles of social medi- cine shall be combined by inferior practitioners; how far Bohemianism may be blended with Phari- saism ; in what quantity the acid of rakishness may be infused into the alkali of respectability. From this point of view the English Heir- Apparent is a great medicine man, ever beneficently ready with his counsel and specifics, quick to diagnose the patient, to pronounce upon the evils which lie at the root of the malady, and to indicate how they may be removed. In his attitude, then, to English society the Prince of Wales, at the age of forty-three years, is a benevolent despot. He wishes it to enjoy itself, to disport itself, to dance, sing, and play to its heart's content. But he desires that it should do so in the right manner, at the right times, and in the right places ; and of these conditions he holds that he is the best, and, indeed, an infallible, judge. This conviction, while it causes him to exercise his authority over his subjects in a more or less peremp- tory way, causes him also to be exceedingly jealous D 34 SOCIETY IN LONDON of any censure, interference, or criticism from out- side. Gravely admonishing ladies and gentlemen who are guilty, in his judgment, of some dereliction, he denounces those who pivsumc to rind fault in- dependently of himself. Severe and, when neces- sary, uncompromising, he is just and jealous of those whom he corrects. He loves while he re- proves, and he insists that the chastening power should be reserved for his hand. There is an institution in London well managed, but badly situated called the New Club, and domiciled in Covent Garden. One may pleasantly wind up an evening here, dancing if you will, and being always sure of capital music. The Prince of Wales takes extreme interest in the New Club ; it owes, in fact, its existence to his support. A couple of years ago it was the subject of some criticisms. His Royal Highness was exceedingly annoyed. "What did these mischievous and ill-natured intermeddlers mean? Another instance of this trait call it self-sufficiency, irresponsibility, what you will in the character of the Heir- Apparent : no man in England will work harder or will transact business more efficiently ; but the work must be done in his own way and at his own time. THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 35 Englishmen, I have found, are easily bored. I will therefore abstain from indulging in any further generalities about the Prince of Wales, such as that he is the most hard-worked of English- men; that his manner, which is, indeed, fasci- nating, has made him many friends ; that he is a patron of the drama ; that he occasionally attends, in the capacity of Maecenas, theatrical suppers ; and that the machinery of English society could not be worked without him. Again, I regard it as .unneces- sary to put into language the banalities which readily come to my pen when I contemplate the elegant, de- lightful, and lovely vision of the Princess of Wales. Her function is to be and to look charming ; to pre- serve, as she does, the appearance of youth without invoking the aid of art ; and to retain, as she will retain to the last, the place she won in the English heart when she first came to this country .more than two decades ago. As the Princess of Wales has her secretary and librarian, she may be credited with literary tastes and intellectual powers. That she is clever beyond the feminine average, and that she possesses an abundant measure of that common sense which is perhaps uncommon, is proved by the success with which she has played a domestic part that she must have occasionally 36 SOCIETY IN LONDON found difficult and trying. She has avoided blun- ders, has fallen into none of the snares which Court intrigue might have woven for her. She has never created, or connived at the creation of, any Court faction of her own. With a loyalty and nobility equal to her judgment, she has from the first identified herself with the Prince of Wales, and has insisted resolutely on seeing everything from the right point of view. It is not enough to say that in doing this she has evinced considerable social dexterity. She has really discharged a constitutional service, and by checking the initial growth of a scandal has strengthened the foundations of the throne. You will be told that Her Royal Highness is much occupied with trivialities, and that her thoughts. are centred in her wardrobe. Very well. But pray remember that she is a princess, and that in England the sphere of the activity of princes and princesses is rigidly circumscribed. Like the Queen, the Princess of Wales has her little host of attendant ladies. She displays towards them as much consideration as is practicable, and, though their existence may not be uniformly easy, it is not wholly unendurable. There is nothing in London society more notice- able than its monotony. If one is permitted to THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 37 penetrate its most select circle, one will find one- self perpetually in the company of the same persons, and one's ears will be full of the discussion of the same topics. The ladies and gentlemen who are the intimates of the Prince and Princess of Wales, who constitute, in fact, a semi-regal court, are not more than thirty or forty in number. I need not catalogue them exhaustively. I will notice only a few of the most prominent, summing up, as I do so, after the names of each, their chief qualities. The most constant of courtiers and the most indefatigable of Royal amphitryons is Mr. Chris- topher Sykes, tall, well-mannered, well-bred, and with an air significant of a curious surprise at the trouble which so many of his fellow creatures expend upon the serious business of existence. His bearing indeed is that of a chronic inability to comprehend why anyone should take life in earnest. Yet he is neither fool nor fribble. He is, on the contrary, a hard-headed Yorkshireman, who has deliberately chosen his metier, and sticks to it. At Sandringham and at Marlborough House he is a species of what the English call tame cat. In return for his domestication his country house in Yorkshire and his London house in Mayfair are ever at the dis- posal of his august patrons. The social wishes of 38 SOCIETY IN LONDON the Prince of Wales are commands, and when the good Christopher receives an intimation from his royal master that he will dine with him on a cer- tain evening, and that he expects to meet certain guests, any previous engagement is cancelled, and the banquet, big or small, is prepared forthwith. Mr. Sykes is, possibly by the mandate of royalty, unmarried. Lord Cadogan, another intimate of His Royal Highness, is, equally in appearance and in tastes, a contrast to Mr. Christopher Sykes. His house, with its marble hall and broad staircase, is a palace. He is exceedingly rich, and owns a large proportion of the most fashionable part of Bel- gravia. A sportsman, a religionist, a social re- former upon Conservative lines ; he is the pink of social orthodoxy. His demeanour is perhaps a little too professorial, but he is a good type of an English nobleman. When one hears that the Prince of Wales is his guest, one may be sure that the future King of England is in safe hands. Lord Fife is also a peer whom the Prince of Wales delights to honour in a marked degree. Had he been born in a lower station, had he been less the spoilt child of fortune, his Lordship would, ere now, young as he is, have done great things ; for he THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 39 is very highly gifted ; and beneath the softest and pleasantest manner in the world conceals the quickest perception and the most robust judgment. His life, his establishment, his ideas, his cuisine are those of a true grand seigneur. He is also inde- fatigable equally as courtier and banker. His right- hand man is Mr. Horace Farquhar, a gentleman of great powers of business, but of not too concilia- tory address; with a mind so preoccupied by his duty to his patron and himself that he has scarcely leisure to trouble himself with other thoughts. He has had an astonishing career. By dint of will or ability he has reduced success in any enterprise to a certainty. Altogether a strong man. Captain Oliver Montagu is a universal favourite in the Prince of Wales's establishment, acceptable in the same degree to each of Their Royal High- nesses, and always willing to make himself useful. If he does not exactly possess the gift of wit, he has a readiness and resourcefulness of mind, a certain aptness for blunt repartee, which is probably under- stood better than would be an intellectual article of superior make. Lord Charles Beresford, who, as I write, is putting forth his prowess and gallantry in Egypt, is in a perennial state of high favour with the royalties, and enjoys a chartered licence. These 40 SOCIETY IN LONDON Beresfords are indeed an extraordinary family. If none of them are overburdened with false modesty, none are conscious of fear. Lord William Beresford is the incarnation of the fighting genius of the English or the Irish race. Lord Charles is not his inferior in this respect, and has a peculiar sense of fun, which he indulges at all seasons, altogether his own. He it was who, when he received at the eleventh hour an invitation to dinner from his royal master, sent this characteristic telegram : ' Very sorry ; can't come. Lie follows by post.' But I do not propose here to pass in review all those whom the future King and Queen of England honour with their friendship and intimacy. The proper place for mentioning their names and de- scribing their virtues will occur hereafter. The Prince of Wales is both catholic and tolerant in his acquaintances. His dominating idea is to place himself at the head of English society in general, and, though he may have his special favourites, the list of those who are in a general way courtiers would be too lengthy for me to enumerate now. Everyone worthy of commendation shall be pre- sented in a different context. To touch upon the ladies of English society whom His Royal Highness distinguishes with exceptional attention would be a THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 41 delicate task ; suffice it to say that be recognises impartially feminine merit of every degree. If that only is forthcoming he has no prejudices. Different nationalities, diverse types of beauty and of cha- racter are equal in his eyes ; but in these matters, as in others, he respects the convenances of society. Thus, though the enthusiastic admiration lavished by His Royal Highness upon individuals contributed to create the system of professional beauties, he had no sooner ascertained that the elevation of these divinities into a caste apart from others was pre- judicial to the social harmony of the community than he discouraged them. As a consequence, pro- fessional beauties are unknown in England at least by that name at the present moment. The Prince of Wales, while he is the cause of much hospitality, is also himself hospitable. He entertains assiduously and wisely at Marlborough House and Sandringham. He consults in the smallest details the comfort of his guests. The ceremonial is as little irksome as possible, and if the hospitality has a fault, it is that it is conceived and ministered upon too generous a scale. The English royalties are blessed with appetites of singular heartiness. Four substantial meals a day are considered by no means an excessive allowance. 42 SOCIETY IN LONDON The five o'clock tea, which was once restricted to the beverage, whence it derived its name, now includes a repast which among the British bourgeoisie would be esteemed an abundant supper. The plates of thin bread-and-butter, cakes, and hot muffins are but the fringe of the entertainment ; the pieces de resistance to which unfailing justice is done arc sandwiches of all sorts, pate de foie f/ras, ham and eggs, cold tongue, and other dainties. Although the Prince of Wales honours with his company hosts of every degree, you could scarcely imagine how many excellent persons there are, the one unfulfilled ambition of whose existence is to secure His Royal Highness at their table. With this view, they plot and plan with infinite ingenuity and patience, making the life of Mr. Francis Knollys a burden to him. The number of invitations sent out to last year's garden party at Marlborough House w r as, I have read, three thousand. It is certain that at least a third of those who were honoured with the much envied cards are con- stantly occupied with the endeavour to strmv royalty as their guest. Now it is obvious that the Prince of Wales could not perform his duties in this department unless he did so upon a definite principle. The invitations THE PRINCES AND ROYAL DUKES 43 he accepts and the houses he patronises admit, I believe, of a threefold division. First, there are the great nobles and the more or less patrician plu- tocrats, whose establishments His Eoyal Highness regards it as his pleasure or his duty, or both, to visit. Secondly, there are the hosts whom he favours because he knows that his enjoyment with them will be complete. Thirdly, there are the representa- tive gatherings whither he is impelled partly, as in the first instance, by a sense of duty, and partly, it may be, by a sense of pleasure. Hence he attends the suppers or dinners of actors and public insti- tutions, for in all things His Koyal Highness has a consummate eye to effect. This it is which causes him to distribute his favours impartially between the members of the two parties in the State, and which, when five years ago Mr. Gladstone was called to the Premiership, caused him, although he had only just arrived in London from a continental trip, to call upon the nation's choice at half-past ten o'clock at night. I have already mentioned the name of Mr. Francis Knollys. This reminds me that the Prince of Wales is served most admirably by the officers of his household. Sir William Knollys, Mr. Knollys's father, had the charge of His Royal Highness' s 44 SOCIETY IN LONDON affairs from the very first. The traditions of the father have descended to the son, and if the secrets of Marlborough House were divulged it would be found that the knowledge of the world possessed by Mr. Knollys, his cool, cautious judgment, and his courage, had rendered services for which alike the Prince and the country may well be grateful. The Prince of Wales has also found trusty servants and wise friends in some distinguished soldiers. In addition to Colonel Arthur Ellis and Lord Suifield, Colonel Teesdale, one of the heroes of Kars, and Sir Dighton Probyn, a beau sabreur, who won his laurels during the Indian mutiny, a born leader of men, who raised a troop of irregular cavalry, known still as Probyn's Light Horse, are among those on regular duty at Marlborough House. 45 CHAPTER III. COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY. London a new Paris Peculiar organisation of London society Introduced to society General features of society : Its staidness, its credulity, its simplicity, its heartlessness, its careers Mr. Augustus Lumley, Mr. Kenneth Howard, Mr. Gillett, Mr. Dalison, Mr. Alfred Montgomery. ENGLAND is the country, and London is the capital, of the unexpected. Nothing is exactly like what 3 ? ou were told you would find it. The climate of Great Britain is always caricatured. The society of the British metropolis is always misrepresented by foreigners because they never mix in it long enough to understand it as a whole, by English writers because they are only acquainted with one or two aspects of it, while the genius of the nation does not enable them to generalise. Society in London and when you have seen that you have seen everything may be compared to a piece of patchwork : you look at it from one point of view, and it is all very familiar ; from another, and it is 46 SOCIETY IN LONDON strange. Something here reminds you of Paris, something a little further on of Vienna, something next of any other capital you like. But the inter- spaces between these apparently familiar experiences are new ; in other words, they are English. "What you gaze upon is the foreign pattern worked upon a native ground. The character of the polite Anglo- Saxon is tricked out with so much which is entirely novel to him that at first it is impossible to distin- guish between the original object and its superficial or accidental ornament. For these reasons people feel both more at home and more strange in London society than in any other society in the world. The explanation is that London society is the most cosmopolitan of any in existence. I shall not err if I say that London is the only city in Europe which possesses a society upon anything like its own scale. Its organisation, the care with which its fabric is built up and tended, the effort and ingenuity expended upon it, its tolerance, its credulity, its mixture of shrewdness and folly, of common sense and con- ceit, its alternate subservience to and defiance of the proprieties all these, believe me, are unique. Before I illustrate what I mean let me define my general position. There is, one is told, no COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 47 waste in nature, and what Paris, since the fall of the Empire, has lost, London has gained. I do not say that everyone goes to London now as all the world went to Paris once ; but the British capital to-day approaches nearer to the Paris of fifteen or twenty years ago than any other capital of the world. London is not the most beautiful, the most splendid, or even the most convenient city ; but it is pre-eminently the smart metropolis of Europe. And the Americans have found it out. Formerly good Americans were said to go to Paris after they died; depend upon it their souls now migrate to London. Now when I say that London is above all things cosmopolitan, I do not mean that those who are about to mak'e their bow to London society for the first time must be prepared for any pentecostal variety of tongues. Less French is spoken on the banks of the Thames than on the banks of any other great navigable river in the western hemi- sphere. British cosmopolitanism shows itself in its rapid assimilation of the social ideas of other countries and in its heroic struggle to rise superior to the hampering restrictions of insular respecta- bility. True, it still possesses its own excellent common sense, but even this immense virtue is 48 SOCIETY IA LONDON beguiled by the desire of those who possess it to prove that they are without its prejudices. London society is thus a society in a state of solution. Some day its different elements may crystallise themselves into a definite shape, but not yet. If it is partially ruled by the traditions it fights against, its very impatience of discipline carries it into the most extravagant, the most ludicrous excesses. The more it is contemplated, the more instructive and amusing it becomes. It is, in a word, with English society as it is with English politics. The principles of tradition and discipline are in perpetual conflict with those of liberty and the right of private judgment. I have said that London alone of modern capi- tals possesses a regular system of society. This is because London alone has what one may call a social citadel, around which rally those who are interested, or wish to affect an interest, in support- ing it. There are in London Whig houses and Tory houses, Kadical and Conservative hosts and hostesses. But be not led astray by names. The division is unnatural and forced. Society, as society, is the common possession in London of all who are admitted into it. It is more than a phrase more than an idea. It is an actuality. COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 49 It has a real existence, and its votaries are animated by a common principle. The same men and women who, when they are compelled to assume a political role, say, ' How can we help our party ? ' say in their social character, which is the real one, ' How can we keep ourselves together ? ' Society is conscious of an identity of interest which compacts, with the force of cement, its members into a single corpo- ration. In Paris we have never had and never shall have anything of the kind. Successive revolutions have robbed us of a common social centre. Political differences assert themselves as social distinc- tions, but in England, or rather in London, this is unknown. Since, then, there exists a genuine stronghold to defend, it is worth taking considerable trouble to defend it. Thus you have an explanation of the elaborate scheme of dinner hospitalities un- known elsewhere, to say nothing of those less serious entertainments which the English share with the society of other European capitals. Some people may think when they have heard a legislative proposal discussed in the House of Commons that the only point at issue, is, how will it affect political parties ? But society is above parties, and what society asks itse.lf is how it will 50 SOCIETY IN LONDON affect its order. It is this organic unity which is one of the characteristics of the polite world on the English side of La Manche. However well introduced a person may be, however well personally supported, society in London will not immediately welcome him or her with open arms. Contrast with the Frenchman's first visit to London the first visit of the English- man to Paris. For his Parisian friend to take the British stranger to the salon of the Marquise D., to present him to the Marquise herself, and to obtain his presentation by her to the great ladies whom she had assembled about her, is, or in happier days was, the effort of an evening, nay, of an hour, but it made his career. ' He knew almost in an instant everyone. There was not a house worth visiting in Paris which was not open to him forthwith. He was a gentleman. His credentials were good. His presence was agreeable. He knew the right people ; and whether he began with knowing fifty or a hundred of them was immaterial. Some of these advantages the foreigner who is exceptionally well situated may enjoy in visiting England. Once the newcomer has fairly established his footing, he will be passed on from house to house and, when September comes, from country COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 51 mansion to country mansion. But he must not expect his letter of introduction to produce any instantaneous or magical effect. He will leave with his card a letter of recommendation at the house of a gentleman in Piccadilly, who will casually observe to his wife, ' My dear, here is M. So-and- So with a letter from old . I suppose,' and here he will heave a little sigh, ' we must ask him to dinner. Shall we say the 9th ? ' ' Impossible,' his good lady will reply, ' we have no place vacant then. The earliest day would be the 23rd, and, if you think it necessary, I suppose he must come.' The upshot is that the visitor will receive an invitation to dinner on the 28rd, that he will present himself at the house of his entertainer at a quarter-past eight, that he will be one of a company of eighteen guests, whose faces are unknown to him, and whose language he imperfectly under- stands, and that he will quit the premises of his new acquaintances about midnight without, unless circumstances are exceptionally favourable, know- ing anything more of a single individual he has met than, before he met them. This, I admit, may be a discouraging commencement ; but the stranger must not be cast down, and if the impression he has 2 52 SOCIETY IN LONDON created is fairly favourable, his opportunity will come. He will not, as is frequently done in Paris, make the acquaintance of the society of London by attending the evening receptions of fine ladies in their drawing rooms, simply because the crushes which were once called kettledrums, and are now known merely as parties, present no opportunities of this kind. He will go, of course, to receptions, to show that he is asked, to put himself in evidence, and, when he has ceased to be a stranger, to meet his friends. But he will not go to them to make friends. The crowd is too great, the movement too rapid, the attendance too brief, to render any- thing of this sort possible. And yet there exists in England a sort of parallel or analogy, so far as some of its social uses are concerned, to the old Parisian salon. It is the afternoon call about the hour of five o'clock tea. Then is the time when, if there is anything worth recognising in the social recruit, his friends will find it out. He may be fortunate enough to light upon his hostess and her daughter when they are alone. The conversation will range round many subjects, and come to a head in some pro- posals. If the days are still short and the weather wintry, he may be invited to make one of a party COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 53 to the play. As summer draws near, there will be a suggestion of picnics on the Thames ; and he will be able to develope mere acquaintance into friend- ship within the picturesque precincts of Hyde Park. Thus, by degrees, he will find himself fairly launched. It is of some importance that he should have his entree into the St. James's Club. Mr. Gillett will receive him with open arms into the Bachelors', and if he thinks he is worth cultivating, he will ask him to one of his little dinners, at which he seldom entertains" less than eight-and-twenty guests. London society, which is in some respects the most fastidious, is in others the most credulous, the most composite, or the most mixed upon the surface of our planet. It is the most fastidious because it is the least tolerant of an obtrusive personality. English society can pardon anything but egotism and blague. There are many clever and amusing men who have been social failures, who have made irretrievable shipwreck, because they have been irrepressible. There are individuals who may enjoy a special licence, but they must be very .sure of their ground before they begin to pre- sume upon it. Society in London hates for the most part a man who insists upon having his presence felt. 54 SOCIETY IN LOXDOX The reason is that it recognises in such an one the egotist, and that in the egotist it scents unerringly the bore. Lay, then, this golden rule to heart: Never attempt to be amusing; never venture into an anecdote ; watch how anecdotes are received ; hear the comment of your next-door neighbour at dinner upon them, and note how he invariably whispers confidentially in your ear that he has heard the story a thousand times before. When you are a personage in society, then you may affect to be one ; then, but not before ; and let anyone who is ever tempted to violate this rudimentary maxim of good conduct be sure that it is only the members of a coterie, held together by the ties of an invisible freemasonry, who can safely indulge their antics before each other. The social genius of the English race is solemn. Look at the exquisites whom one will encounter in London theatres and clubs, known till recently as ' mashers.' They are ripe for any folly or dissipation, but their phy- siognomy is severity itself. The austerity of their manner is relieved by no gleam of fun. Their countenance wears a settled look of sullen melan- choly. They might, when they are not inter- changing improper innuendoes with each other, COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 55 be mutes at a funeral; yet, their absurdities not- withstanding, they are true to the traditions of their race. Strange, it may well seem, that this society, so self-contained, so impatient of certain forms of folly, is duped with the most extraordinary facility. It is impossible to enter the most irreproachable drawing rooms in London without meeting these foreigners, of both sexes, whose presence is Well known to be tabooed in the second-rate salons of republican Paris. Madame Denise and her daughter are droll phenomena to men who know something of Madame Denise's antecedents. What is one to say ? Is it the simplicity or the hospitality of the Anglo-Saxon race which finds its expression in this truly catholic comprehensiveness ? Kindly and un- suspecting though the English are, they would not, I believe, welcome, as they do, the odd foreigners I am now speaking of unless they could boast the very highest authority for doing so. England is the chosen home of freedom, but not of independence ; and society in London, in all it does, 01* abstains from doing, is, as I have already sUpwja/ absolutely dependent on the initiative of royalty. It is indeed so large, so overgrown, that it is conscious it would, unless it were to accept the guidance of royalty, be 56 SOCIETY IN LONDON without any controlling principle. It does, there- fore, precisely what royalty, or even those who are somewhat remotely connected with royalty, bids it to do. If august personages in commanding positions receive ladies such as Madame Denise, and impro- vised husbands such as M. Denise, society follows suit. And yet there are fools who say that the monarchy in England is in danger ! Let me give another instance of this sort of thing, which one must be prepared indefinitely to meet with in London society. One of the first persons to whom the stranger is likely to be pre- sented is a lady, famous for her beauty, whose career has been, to say the least, interesting. A few years ago she was unknown in London. But she went to a theatre by herself. In the next stall to her sat a nobleman, the Earl of , accompanied by the Countess. His keen eye was immediately arrested by the loveliness of his neigh- bour. He offered her his play bill or his opera glass, entered into conversation with her, discovered that her husband was yachting in the Polar Seas, and that her father was, say, a colonial prelate. The beauteous stranger was staying at an hotel, and had intended rejoining her husband, I think at Spitzbergen, the next day. The kindly and cour- COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 57 teous peer expressed a hope that as she was in the capital she would stay to see a little more of its society. In eighteen hours afterwards the Earl and Countess of had called upon her. Four-and-twenty hours later she was their guest at dinner, and before the week was out she was a personage in London society. It is inevitable that a society assorted upon these loose and fortuitous principles should be curi- ously miscellaneous. It is miscellaneous, however, in an orthodox manner. The word of command must first be given in the highest quarters. The adventurer or the adventuress is not admitted into houses, really worth entering, unless those whose word is law have set the precedent. When that is done the rest is easy. Society in London will never judge for itself if its rulers will relieve it of the responsibility. "Whatever these do is right. The doctrine of passive obedience which was once the foundation of loyalty to the throne is now illustrated with unswerving allegiance in the social sphere. The subordination of Englishmen to the monarchical principle shows itself on a new plane, but is in reality as rigid as ever. Paradox though it may seem, the two chief characteristics of society in London are its simplicity and its heartlessness. 58 SOCIETY IN LONDON The former quality is shown in other ways than 1 have just described. Society is amused with mar- vellous ease. The smallest of practical jokes are enough to set it in a roar. The slightest eccen- tricity of demeanour plunges it in a paroxysm of laughter. Gossip that is perfectly puerile delights it. Any trivial scandal, the tale of which is told without point, epigram, or even antithesis, is welcomed as the hest thing in the world. In Paris a certain flavour of wit or humour is expected. There is no necessity of anything of the kind in London. These grown-up men and w T oinen who laugh at the recital of imbecilities and ineptitudes are as easily entertained as children. Like children, too, they love to parade their own vices, and to make themselves out a thousand times more wicked than they are. No society could exist if it was half as corrupt as the members of London society, to judge from their casual talk or from the significance which their comments and allusions are intended to convey. But it is talk only the lax garrulity of a race which is still laboriously endeavouring to emancipate itself from the fetters of Puritanism. It is Puritanism, it is morality, it is religion, it is the sense of duty, wedded to and regulating the fever of enterprise, which have made the English COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 59 the race they are. Yet it is these obligations which society in London affects to ridicule. In what does that which I have called the heartlessness of society exhibit itself? Partly in its cynicism, which is, to a large extent, an affecta- tion ; partly, and far more conspicuously, in its disrespect of those conventionalities in its viola- tion of that unwritten law of decency and family obligations w T hich is sacrosanct in France. Here, then, one may see the latent barbarism of the English character betraying itself. A smart lady in London society will dine out and enjoy herself in any fashion a perfectly harmless fashion, no doubt that pleases her when her brother or her sister, perhaps even her father or her mother, is stricken with a mortal illness, or is actually at the point of death. I will give a more definite instance. Some few months ago a nobleman leased his shooting box in the country to another nobleman of his own kindred. The eldest son of the proprietor of the estate happened to die, and the lad's funeral was fixed for the same day as that on which a party of fashionable guests was to assemble at the house which, had he lived, he would have inherited. Nevertheless the party was not put off, and the same train that conveyed the 60 SOCIETY IN LONDON corpse of the young man to the family vault, which was in the church of the estate, then let to his kinsman, conveyed also his father, the owner of the property, and all the guests who were to enjoy themselves on his moors. The party had been arranged beforehand, and in England the pace at which they live is so quick that the sorrows of the sepulchre must yield to the convenience of society. Society in London has the recommendation of supplying some gentlemen with a career exactly appropriate for the display of activities that might otherwise languish for want of employment. Mr. Gillett, whose name has been already mentioned, is one of these ; Mr. Dalison is another. But the most puissant of the group is Mr. Kenneth Howard, who has succeeded Mr. Augustus Lumley as an organiser - in - chief of society's entertainments. Each of these gentlemen was designed by nature, with a special view to the ornamental needs of society, as a master of ceremonies. Mr. Lumley, young now no longer, wealthy, and the lord of a fine estate, continues to take a benevolent interest in society's doings, would doubtless give a favourite dowager the benefit of his counsel upon any critical occasion, and might even, at a pinch, superintend COSMOPOLITANISM OF LONDON SOCIETY 61 the arrangement of a cotillon a species of enter- prise in which erewhile he achieved greater suc- cesses than any other European arbiter of elegance. Mr. Howard fills Mr. Luinley's place to perfection, and the most anxious and nervous of hostesses has learnt from experience that she may place as implicit confidence in the list of dancing men he draws up at short notice for a ball as in the famous catalogues of his predecessor. Mr. Alfred Mont- gomery, the very picture of an elderly beau, has also rendered substantial service to society's host- esses. In some respects he is a more noticeable man than he might at first be taken for. One might easily suppose him to be nothing more than a dandy in his decadence. After a very little con- versation one discovers that he combines with a thorough knowledge of the world a comprehensive acquaintance with English literature as well as a vast repertory of stories. His career has been eventful. He has known domestic trouble, and has been rewarded for his sufferings by non-domestic success. 62 SOCIETY IN LONDON CHAPTEE IV. DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS. English diplomatic officials and ex-officials : Lord Granville, Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Hammond, Mr. Villiers Lister, Mr. Philip Currie The Corps Diplomatique : Count Minister, Count Karolyi, M. and Madame de Falbe, Baron Solvyns, the Chevalier Nigra, Mr. Eussell Lowell, Count Piper, the Marquis de Casa Laiglesia, M. de Staal, Musurus Pacha, Count de Bylandt Diplomatic society should be better organised. THERE is no society in London that can be called distinctively diplomatic. The Foreign Secretary entertains diplomatists at dinner when special events in which they are concerned are taking place in the English capital ; when, for instance, a treaty for the navigation of the Danube is being drawn up, or an Egyptian conference is being held. The wife of the Foreign Secretary receives, of course, ambassadors and attaches at her State parties at the Foreign Office or at her house ; and at these the ' diplomatic circle,' as the newspapers call it, is represented prominently DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 63 that is to say, there is visible an unusual number of gentlemen accredited to the Court of St. James's and decorated with foreign orders. The scene is brilliant, but it is not more brilliant than any other of the receptions at the mansions of English ministers who happen also to be nobles of high degree. There is, indeed, a club in London the St. James's one of the best with a cuisine and cellar of exceptional excellence, to which most diplomatists, English or foreign, belong. The St. James's Club has thus a diplomatic cachet about it, and the representatives of all nations find it a convenient locality for dining, smoking, and card playing. It is, however, official as much as it is diplomatic. If most perhaps of the Foreign Office clerks and under-secretaries belong to it, so, too, do many of the clerks of other offices of State, notably, the Treasury and the superior departments of the Civil Service generally. The club may be described by the English epithet, now much in vogue, smart. It is, more than any other establish- ment of the kind, an international and cosmo- politan rendezvous for gentlemen of position and fashion. Breakfast at Voisin's any morning you like, and you may be sure that the majority of 64 SOCIETY IN LONDON those you meet there, if they are Englishmen, or if they have occasion to be in England pretty fre- quently, have the entree of the St. James's Club. The foreign diplomatist, then, in England is, like the English diplomatist, like the English lawyer, politician, or doctor, merged in the elements which constitute the general society of London. He is to be met with at all the best houses of the capital. At first a foreign ambassador or attache may find the time hang a little heavily on his hands. The dinners of ceremony are unpalatable novelties. He sighs for more frequent and less formal intercourse with the fair sex. So it was with the Italian ambassador on his earliest arrival in England, the Chevalier Nigra. But the strangeness soon wears off, and English comfort is felt to be no bad recompense for the deficiencies of the English salon. After a time the diplo- matist who is stationed in London is surrounded by a little set of special acquaintances, and gradually grows to be intimate at particular houses. There are a few English hosts and hostesses who make it a point of honour to secure at their more select feasts the presence of a leading diplomat. The present head of the London Rothschilds, Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild, who lives in a palace DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 65 in Piccadilly, is noted for his hospitality to foreign ambassadors and attaches. Sir Algernon and Lady Borthwick, whose house, formerly the resi- dence of the poet Byron, is only a hundred paces distant in the same thoroughfare, Sir Julian and Lady Goldsmid, Lord and Lady Delawarr, are also renowned for the cordiality with which they welcome the official representatives of foreign Governments. Other persons, whom it is needless to name, if they are interested in commercial or industrial enter- prises in the territory of some remote State, cultivate in a special degree the friendship of that State's ministers and servants in England ; and indeed you will soon be able to form a shrewd idea, from the nationality of the minor foreign diplomats whom you meet under any particular roof, in what country the wealth or some portion of it of their entertainers, whether they are contractors, inves- tors, or speculators, is laid out. Lord Granville, who I imagine will remain at the head of the Foreign Office for some time longer, lives at Carlton House Terrace. All Europe knows him by reputation. Very courtly, well-bred, and pleasant to look upon, a little deaf, but not so deaf as he is often supposed to be, and indeed concealing at times a singular quickness of hearing under the 66 SOCIETY IN LONDON veil of this malady, cautious, wary one might say wily saying little himself, and preferring to talk on any subject rather than on politics or diplomacy. His manner, ways, and appearance are those of the diplomatist of French comedy. He has narrowly missed heiug Prime Minister. He was once a high favourite at Court, but has compro- mised that position since he attached himself so devotedly to Mr. Gladstone and his fortunes. Al- though, as you at once see, he has been a man of pleasure, he is not prematurely old, and carries 'his years well. Gout has peremptorily restricted his enjoyment of existence within narrow limits, and has tended to confirm a natural impulse towards indecision. But though Tiis judgment is halting, and his reluctance to undertake responsibility un- usually great even for a Whig dread of responsi- bility and sensitiveness to public opinion are the besetting sins of Whiggism he still transacts in his own fashion, working by preference in his house rather than at his bureau in Downing Street, a good deal of business. Lord Granville married a second time some years ago a young wife. He has a rising family of boys and girls. Two years ago it seemed as if Lord Granville would find at no distant date a successor in Sir DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 67 Charles Dilke. That minister has educated him- self in a manner peculiarly suitable for the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. He has been a great traveller ; he has acquired many acquaintances and some friendships at the chief European capitals ; he was for several years the one Englishman who knew Gambetta ; he is possessed of a property near Toulon to which he retires periodically, though not for the same length of time together that he formerly did. Perhaps the place has lost some of its attractions, or perhaps the demands of office render more protracted sojourns impossible. Add to a clear insight into European questions, and into the forces which govern their development, immense aptitude for dealing with details, sanity of judgment, and strength of will ; add, also, great linguistic acquire- ments and .a decidedly good manner grave though urbane, kindly but cautious and you have no bad material for the composition of an English Foreign Minister. But, alas ! the prospect once so fair has been clouded over. Sir Charles Dilke may be compared to an ardent admirer of the fair sex who has had a disappointment of heart to which he is unable to rise superior. His passion blighted, his hope nipped in the bud, have bequeathed him a legacy of resent- F 2 68 SOCIETY IN LONDON ment and disgust. He -will have no more to say, at any rate for the present, to foreign affairs. For what happened ? It is hut three short years ago that Sir Charles Dilke went to Paris burning with impatience to win the heart of the French people to a commercial treaty. He was like a young, enthusiastic, and credulous lover. He confided in M. Gambetta, believed that Gambetta would do anything for him, as he would have done for Gam- betta. Oh, the perfidy of that man ! Oh, for the fond expectances of the English tinder-Secretary shattered for ever ! Sir Charles Dilke was kept in Paris at the magnificent apartments in the Grand Hotel, to which he had been welcomed with the ovation due to a plenipotentiary after he has concluded a treaty, for some weeks at that season of the year when Paris is most insupportable. It all came to nothing. The French were dead against free exchange. M. Gambetta had played upon the young affections of his English friend. Sir Charles Dilke silently, though not on that account the less bitterly, resented the wrong he had suffered. Hence- forth he would disbelieve foreign statesmen gene- rally and French statesmen in particular. No talk for the present, if you please, of replacing Lord DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 69 Granville ; and very soon after his return to England Sir Charles Dilke quitted the Foreign Office for the Presidency of the Local Government Board with the determination that he would have nothing more to do with foreign policy. Since then he has been as little in Paris, as little indeed out of England, as possible. Whether the wound is irremediable, whether he will remain a misodi- plomat, as some cruelly treated lovers remain misogynists, to the end of the chapter, time will show. Yet, though Sir Charles Dilke cannot conceal all traces of an affliction still recent, he is agree- able, hospitable, and marvellously well informed. He drinks no wine and smokes many cigars. I am told that he meditates, for the second time, matri- mony. For myself I think that Sir Charles Dilke 's aversion to the Foreign Office is not invincible, and is only transient. It often happens that when a man has been severely defeated in a love affair, jilted by his betrothed, or duped by the mistress for whom he had a grand passion, he has sworn he would for the future have nothing more to say to womankind. It is a rash vow. The in- evitable hour arrives, the destined lady appears, and the misogynist yields. Sir Charles Dilke may 70 SOCIETY IN LONDON have steeled his heart, may have turned his soft susceptibilities to adamant. But fate is too much for him. In the bitterness of his disappointment, and in the full fury of his wrath, he swore that foreign affairs should never tempt him to their embrace again ; that he would dedicate his future to that chaste ideal of non-intervention which all good Eadicals ought to worship. But who shall control circumstances ? See what England has had to face during the last two years the reopen- ing of the whole Egyptian and of a large part of the Eastern Question. There are no signs that the era of these foreign complications is about to close. Non-intervention, abstinence from diplomacy, is therefore rapidly becoming just as much out of the question to that austere eremite of Radicalism, Sir Charles Dilke, as isolation from feminine society is to the man who, living in the midst of his fellow creatures, cannot subdue the cravings of the old Adam for the old or the young Eve. Of the lesser officials of the Foreign Office there is only one w T ho is seen extensively in the guise of an entertainer of diplomatists. Sir Julian Pauncefote and Mr. Villiers Lister are both of them gentlemen greatly to be esteemed, eminently worthy and capable. The former is a first rate man of DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 71 business. He is not, indeed, so completely in the diplomatic current, so saturated \vith the traditions of a Foreign Office, as Mr. Lister, who is a connec- tion of the late Lord Clarendon, and the member of a governing and a diplomatic family. Sir Julian Pauncefote is even, from the Foreign Office point of view, a parvenu. He is in the Office, but not of it. He knows its routine, but he has not felt the contagious force of its genius. He is a capital official, but an official who, as his colleagues think, though they are the last men in the world to hint so much in words, lacks the inspiration of his department. Titularly he is the successor of Lord Hammond, who spent the greater portion of half a century in the Foreign Office, and who during that time opened more official letters with his own hand than was ever done within a similar period by a servant of the English Crown. Lorcl Hammond still lives a gouty, rather cross-grained and opinionated old gentleman, but agreeable and instructive when he is not suffering from an acute attack of the malady peculiar to British statesmen and diplomatists, and happy in the possession of a wife and daughters, who are among the best and most amiable women in the world. But I have forgotten to mention the name of the Under- Secre- 72 SOCIETY IN LONDON tary of the Foreign Office, who, so far as London society is concerned, is incomparably the most prominent of the group a ubiquitous diner-out and a deeply versed and finished dinner-giver. Mr. Philip Currie can be a stranger to no one who is acquainted with Paris, Florence, or London. He is a true citizen of the world, though many of his most admirable qualities are distinctively British. He is now a man of nearly fifty-two years of age, of a pink and white countenance, be- fitting his innocence, with light, curling hair, with a presence undeniably good, and a manner half courtly and half contemptuous. Finished man of the world as he is, cynical and blase as he may be also, there is still a soupqon of boyish freshness about him which is in its way quite charming. You may make a long day's journey in London, and in England, and come across many varieties of men before you meet a more creditable specimen of the English official or the English gentleman than Philip Currie. I attribute his merits to a combination of cir- cumstances. Belonging immediately to a powerful and opulent commercial family, he has inherited the best sort of common sense with which the English middle class is gifted. His brother is DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 73 one of the largest partners, and the chief manager, of the greatest private bank in the City of London. Mr. Philip Currie, had his career been that of banking instead of diplomacy, would have acquit- ted himself equally well. As it is, he has brought into diplomacy all those qualities which would have stood him in such good stead in business. He adds to the finesse of the diplomatist the practical shrewdness, the grit, of the English- man of business. He knows that his countrymen are, above all things, traders, and that the City of London is, in a sense, England. There can be nothing visionary in the political or diplomatic faith which rests upon a metallic basis. Again, Mr. Philip Currie is closely connected with one of the most sagacious and not the least aristocratic of Whig families, the family of Lord Kimberley ; and the Whiggism he has imbibed from these relatives makes, in its conjunction with the City ingredients in his character, an admirable blend. Probably his greatest defect and his worst enemy, though it has detracted in no degree from his official usefulness, has been a certain voluptuous languor of disposition, superinducing something akin to indolence. He is an Epicurean of the most comprehensive and, in many respects, 74 SOCIETY IN LONDON refined tastes. He has a suburban villa, which is a model in some rooms of the very best style of English furniture and decoration, in others of Italian ornament. You will observe the same grace and finish in everything about him. He may be a little too official for some people, a little too cynical for others, but he is never either with- out a reason. His manner may be criticised as too much resembling that of the dilettante. But there is nothing frivolous or effeminate in his views on practical matters. If he is not a statesman, he knows what a statesman ought to be, and he is an admirable judge alike of the temper of the English people and the extent of English resources. Thus far I have had nothing to say of those who are of some importance in a sketch of diplomatic society in London, viz. the foreign diplomatists them- selves. I repeat my remark that there is no circle in London society which is exclusively diplomatic. Individual ambassadors have their favourite hosts and hostesses, and are to be seen most frequently at certain houses. Thus one Minister, M. Wadding- ton, and Madame Waddington, are constant guests at Lady Molesworth's. Her Ladyship knows, and has known for, shall I say half a century ? everyone in London or in England worth knowing. Never was DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 75 an acquaintance at once so catholic and so eclectic. Statesmen, judges, divines, authors, actors, painters, wits, heauties, the rank and file of men and women of the world with all the most prominent of these she has been upon good terms, has entertained them well, and has allowed herself to be entertained by some of them in return. She has an inborn aptitude for that most critical of social combi- nations, the London dinner party of from eight to twelve people. Any hostess can turn her dining room into a table cVhote, very few can make it the scene of symposia, at once attractive for their social ease and impressive for their social distinction. And all this, though it may be said of Lady Molesworth as of the city of Borne, Exiguis profecta itiitiis. The German Ambassador, Count Minister, is,, so far as habits and tastes are concerned, an Englishman. He enjoys to the full the pleasures, and he is impregnated with most of the prejudices, of the aristocratic order in which he mixes. Con- nected himself by marriage with the Earl of Rosslyn, he is on terms of domestic intimacy with that nobleman. He is also a frequent visitor at the houses in London and in the country of a ci-devant English Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Lord Derby. But wherever you go, provided only the 76 SOCIETY IN LONDON social level is sufficiently high, there you will meet Count Minister. Fond of horses, and a good judge of them, a fair rider, a passable whip, a member of the Four-in-Hand Club whose coach is always one of the best turned-out in the park, an industrious and early rising fisherman when he happens to be on a visit at a country house through the grounds of which there runs a trout stream that takes his fancy Count Miinster presents also the appearance of an English gentleman, and it is only from his foreign accent that you would know him not to be an Englishman born. As a host he cannot be praised ; his dinners are the worst, and his evening parties among the dullest, of the London season. Nor as a diplomatist has he any particular recom- mendations. To Prince Bismarck he is almost use- less, but he has not been recalled for no other rea- son than that there is probably no other subject of the German empire who could afford the expense of the German embassy in Carlton House Terrace. His opinion on the political affairs of England is absolutely worthless. He is without more know- ledge than may be picked up from the newspapers. When the Times writes in a Conservative sense, he is persuaded that the country is Tory at heart ; and when its tone approximates to Liberalism, he is DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 77 convinced that Mr. Gladstone or Mr. Chamberlain is, and is likely to remain, omnipotent. The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, Count Karolyi, and his per- fectly charming Countess, may be seen nowhere to greater advantage than in the mansion of Lord Breadalbane, which used to belong to the eccentric Duke of Portland, Harcourt House, in Cavendish Square. The Karolyis indeed go every- where, less because the Count is so much appre- ciated or so brilliant, than because the Countess is so popular. The reader may remember that one of the first things which Mr. Gladstone did on his ac- cession to office in 1880 was to address a letter to the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the Court of St. James's expressing his regret that he should have spoken disrespectfully of the policy of his Govern- ment. It is a fact that this incident vastly im- proved the social position of Count Karolyi, both in Liberal and Conservative circles. The Danish Minister and his wife an English lady well known and much liked Madame de Falbe, may be said to live more even for society than diplomacy. The Chevalier Xigra is justly famous for the excellence of the dinners which he gives to his favoured friends. He is also famous for a chef 78 SOCIETY IN LONDON whose gifts arc not confined to the cuisine, and who is quite a master of the art of legerdemain. His excellency, when he pays visits to his friends from Saturday to Monday, is in the habit of taking with him his domestic to amuse the company with his tricks. The Chevalier Nigra belongs to the school of Cavour, and is probably the most efficient member of the Italian diplomatic corps. He is cool, quiet, and determined ; speaks French with a strong accent, which, when he so desires it, renders him unintelligible ; has a great opinion of female influ- ence, and has always employed it with success in his diplomatic career. In France his power with the Empress was the principal factor in the foreign policy of the Empire. When transferred to Russia, he immediately contrived to establish such relations with certain members of the Court circle amongst the fair sex as gave him an authority usually denied to foreign representatives in the Russian capital. Since his arrival in London he has elaborated a similar programme, to the success of which may be ascribed hi a great measure the conclusion of the Anglo-Italian alliance. The representatives of the Sultan and of the Dutch Government have been in London longer DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS 79 than any other members of the corps diplomatique. Muslims a quiet-looking little man, with a tranquil, almost seraphic expression of countenance, giving one the idea that he is engaged in the stealthy con- templation of the beatific vision though almost English in his habits of thought, his tastes, as in his partialities, and though speaking English well, prefers to talk in French. M. de Bylandt speaks English as an Englishman, and is in this respect a great contrast to the Countess de Bylandt, a clever and well-read woman, but not too easy to understand in consequence of the peculiarity of her enunciation, whatever the tongue in which she may address one. In society Count de Bylandt has a gift of agree- able conversation and a nervous manner. His diplomatic career has been long and successful. As Secretary of Embassy in St. Petersburg he acquired a diplomatic habit of a Russian kind, which he intensified by marriage with a Russian lady belonging to an old Muscovite family. Sub- sequently he was Minister at Constantinople, and, having now been for nearly fifteen years Minister in London, is regarded by his colleagues as aii authority upon all matters of form. The opinion in which he is held by his own Government, who find his voluminous despatches a trifle irksome, is So SOCIETY IN LONDOX less respectful, and the Foreign Office at the Hague is animated by a hope that Count de Bylandt will shortly seek repose and cause a much-coveted post to be vacant. The Spanish Minister, the Marquis de Casa Laiglesia, has also been resident for many years in London, and is a familiar and popular personage in London society. His career in the English capital is better known to most persons from the social than from the diplomatic aspect. He has had in his day several affairs of heart. His name has been mentioned, rightly or wrongly, in many contests of gallantry. But all things come to an end, and the Marquis de Laiglesia has not, I dare say, without a sigh of regret bidden adieu to the amorous dalliance of his prime. Count Piper, the Swedish Minister, is seldom seen in any except purely official societ}'. Speak- ing English with much volubility and amusing incorrectness, he is ready to talk on any theme, social or political, foreign or domestic, which crops up. Droll, diverting, and inexhaustibly good- tempered, he scatters cheeriness around him, and society in London would be the merrier if it saw more of him. Just now the polite world is speculating as to DIPLOMATISTS AND THEIR HOSTS st the qualities of the successor of Mr. Eussell Lowell at the United States embassy. Mr. Lowell's retirement will be a greater loss to the literary and intellectual life of London than to its political or diplomatic circles. For he is above all things a man of letters the reader and writer of books, the master of epigrammatic English, and on the whole the best after-dinner speaker in the capital. Summoned from an American professorship to diplomacy, he brought with him to his new duties none of the stiffness or pedantry of the schoolman. Beyond any of his contemporaries, he has been in- strumental in improving the estimate entertained of Americans, not only by Englishmen, but by the representatives of Europe in England, and indeed elsewhere. St. Petersburg has recently sent to London a new Ambassador in M. de Staal, who is winning golden opinions. This was what his predecessor never succeeded in doing. The Baron de Mohren- heim had the misfortune to spread, wherever he went, a sense of ennui. He was accused of having caused Mr. Gladstone's illness a couple of years ago, while he could never see Lord Granville with- out predisposing that illustrious statesman to an attack of the gout. o 82 SOCIETY JN LONDOX M. cle Staal, noted for his correctness and courtesy, was formerly an official attached to the staff of Gortschakoff (brother of the Chancellor), while in command of the Military District of War- saw. With Gortschakoff he subsequently became more intimately associated by his marriage with his daughter, a lady whose charms of conversation are generally recognised. M. de Staal has the re- putation of being safe and cautious, and, since the death of his wife's uncle and the Chancellor, has remained on confidential terms with his successor at the Russian Foreign Office, M. de Giers. He is given to hospitality, and, in conjunction with Ma- dame de Staal, bids fair to achieve a social success in London. So far as his diplomatic action is con- cerned, he may be trusted quietly to maintain the traditions of his country's diplomatic service. Let me conclude these remarks with a word or two about Baron Solvyns, the Belgian Minister. His predecessor, M. Van de Weyer, was to all in- tents and purposes an Englishman. Very nearly the same may be said of the present representative of the Belgian Government. He speaks English as an Englishman, and he judges at least as correctly of English character and of the currents of political thoughts as the most dispassionate Briton. DIPLOMATISTS AXD THEIR HOSTS. 83 That the position of diplomacy in England and the character of what I have, for the sake of con- venience rather than of accuracy, called diplomatic society, should be what it has been represented as being, is not strange. The English carry their insularity into everything. Even their public men seem to think that as their country is divided by the sea from the rest of the world it is of no parti- cular importance to them to have any intimacy with foreigners. Thus society in London welcomes after a frigid fashion the Ministers of foreign Powers, treats them well, and entertains them royally. But it does no more. I do not think it is very wise in its generation. English politicians might derive greater benefit than they look for by recog- nising in ambassadors and attaches, not only foreign officials to whom courtesy is due, but men who might be useful in establishing between England and the rest of Europe a sort of personal rapport which is surely at this time of day greatly to be desired. 84 SOCIETY L\ 7 LONDO.\' CHAPTER V. SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS. Ladies Cowper, Northampton, Marian Alford Lord and Lady Bath Aristocracy and plutocracy Jews : Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild, Messrs. Leopold and Alfred de Rothschild, Baron Ferdinand Rothschild, the Oppenheims and Bischoffsheims Germans in London Americans in English society How the new blood in society's veins works Morals and conversation --Society's chartered libertines. OVERGROWN and mixed as London society is, hero are in it two or three small and exceedingly ex- clusive sets, the ladies and gentlemen composing which, if they occasionally mingle with the outer world, never tolerate the presence amongst them- selves of anyone who does not belong to their number. Lady Sefton, Lady Cowper, Lady Marian Alford, Lady Northampton, and Lady Pembroke are the representatives of coteries of this kind, rigidly barred against all outsiders. Lady Marian Alford, a devoted as well as a very agreeable and accomplished hostess of royalty, is hardly ever to be met with save in her own house. Lord and SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 8* Lady Bath have little intercourse with those of their fellow creatures who move on a lower plane. They receive in London and at Longleat a chosen and limited circle of friends. They are finished and favourable specimens of the English nobility, patrician to the tips of their finger-nails. Lord Bath, with his frigidity and hauteur, might be the original of a conventional portrait of an English peer. If his youth and early manhood were agitated by occasional indiscretions, he has long since bid adieu to all follies, and has settled one might almost say has frozen down into the very exemplar of an immaculate, unemotional, self-possessed British aristocrat. He has had, too, his flirtations with Liberalism, and has coquetted with Mr. Gladstone. But this, again, is an affair of the past, and one may truthfully state, for the satisfaction of all whom it concerns, that he is to-day as unbending and narrow- minded a Tory as he is a blue-blooded peer. Only contrast with these unrelentingly inelastic cliques the more light-hearted and catholic circles, where enjoyment is the first thing sought after, and where folly is not despised because it is folly, in which the Hardwickes and Dangans move. The scale on which London society exists is unmanageably huge. It therefore lacks unity ; it 86 SOCIETY IN LONDON is a chaotic congeries of sets. There are higher grades in it and lower grades. There are certain houses and hosts who constitute centres round which the social atoms rally. On the other hand, the instances just given are almost the only ones which English society affords of equivalents of the old nobility of the Faubourg St. Germain, the old Catholic aristocracy of France or Italy, who will have nothing to say to the newer social grades. For the rest, there are a few genuine social leaders. There are innumerable pretenders of the pettiest kind to social leadership. It is impossible, and it would be uninteresting even if it were possible, to pass all or even a majority of these in review. I shall only aim at presenting the reader to some of the chief personages whom it is important he or she should know, and at indicating the principal forces which sway the social mass. Of these the chief is wealth. English society, once ruled by an aristocracy, is now dominated mainly by a plutocracy. And this plutocracy is to a large extent Hebraic in its composition. There is no phenomenon more noticeable in the society of London than the ascendency of the Jews. Ex- ception may be taken to this statement. I may ba told that the chosen race exercise no particular SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 87 power, and that there is a great deal of excellent society in England, and for that matter hi London, where Jews are unknown or are rarely seen. But in that kind of society which is known as ' smart ' you will soon discover that the Israelites are the lords paramount. The reason is not far to seek. It is to be found first, in the increased power attaching to the prin- ciple of money, as distinguished from the principle of birth ; and secondly, in the initiative of the Prince of Wales. The Heir-Apparent is, as I have already explained, the king of the social system in London, just as much as the Queen is the constitutional monarch of the realm. His Royal Highness regards the best class of Hebrews with conspicuous favour. In that, as in other matters, he sets a fashion. The innumerable host of his satellites follow his example, and bow the knee before the descendants of the tribes. You may say that the same thing may be witnessed elsewhere than in England. Possibly; but nowhere, I think, to precisely the same degree. In London the Rothschilds are, to a great extent, be it again said, by favour of the Prince of Wales, a race of social potentates. That they are commercial potentates in the City of London, as 88 SOCIETY IN LONDON they are in sundry cities of the Continent, who needs to be told ? You may hear that there is no member of the English firm of Rothschild, whose mercantile palace is New Court, of commanding ability. If, however, the financial genius of the old Baron Lionel has not descended in its plenitude to each of his sons, each is clever beyond the average, while the accumulated traditions of gene- rations and the ripe experience of their chiefs of departments are guarantees against any serious mistakes. It is, so far as the Rothschilds themselves are concerned, a species of trinity, the first person of which is Sir Nathaniel, the second Mr. Alfred, and the third Mr. Leopold de Rothschild. The baronet is the supreme head of the establishment, occu- pying the first place at the family tribunal, receiving visitors, and treated with marked deference by his two brothers. You will find him, at first, a gentleman of curious manner. He is so preoccupied by the cares of business, he is so habituated to the exercise of authority, that he can spare little thought for the amenities of life, and he is not so much intolerant of contradiction by others as fond of contradicting others himself. But this is merely one of the superficial idiosyncrasies of the man. A contra- SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 89 diction with him means no more than an interro- gation with you. It is only the way in which he puts a question. Instead of asking on what evidence your assertion rests that the day is fine or wet, he considers it the more effectual to meet your statement that it is wet or fine with a point- hlank denial. In this fashion he hopes to elicit your reasons, to put you on your mettle, to compel you to retract your declaration, if it is hasty and ill-considered, or to demonstrate that it is based upon testimony entitled to respect. People who make ' Natty's ' acquaintance for the first time may be forgiven if they conceive the idea that he is disposed to be imperious, overbearing, and harsh. There could be no greater mistake. He is not any one of these things. He is, on the contrary, when his interest or regard is enlisted, kind, considerate, sympathetic, a generous and loyal friend. His two brothers discharge, respectively, parts essential to the economy of New Court. The youngest, Leopold, is occupied with the mechanical minutiae of the business. In the City his vocation appears humble and he himself little more than a drudge. Outside the City he is a person of importance, a man of sport and pleasure, a member of the Jockey Club, an owner of race- 90 SOCIETY IN LONDON horses and of a modest establishment in Bucking- hamshire. The second of the three Rothschild brothers has functions, as he has a physiognomy, altogether unlike either of his two brothers. He is light of complexion, while they are dark, with tawny hair and drooping moustache of the same colour and cut known as the Dundreary. He bestows much attention on the graces of manner. His hospitalities in London and in the country are upon an elaborate scale. The Prince of Wales is frequently amongst his visitors, and no opportunity is wanting to enable him to form an accurate idea of the opinion held by the privileged or official classes in English society. Add to this that the Rothschilds in London have at their disposal a little army of brokers and touts in the City, a choice detachment of politicians and financiers, whether they do or do not belong to the public service at the West End ; bear in mind, too, that they receive early informa- tion from their kinsmen and correspondents in every part of the earth of what is happ ening or is likely to happen, and you will not be surprised to know that New Court is the abode of power. The family genius of the Rothschilds shows itself equally in the understnading they maintain amongst themselves and the relations they establish SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 91 with all those who can be useful to them. It is only natural that a house divided as the Roth- schilds are into branches, each branch being a separate dynasty, should have its own little jealousies. There could be no more solid monu- ment to their shrewdness and sagacity than that they should not suffer these jealousies to hold them apart at critical moments when union is strength. Nor do they choose their friends and agents out- side themselves with less discrimination or treat them with less of wise generosity and forbearance. They know exactly whom to select for their pur- pose, and once having made their choice, they are loyal to it. Many men are indebted to the Rothschilds for their fortune. No one who has once placed their trust in them, and whom they have found it worth their while to trust, can re- proach them with having deserted him. There is a fourth member of the Rothschild family, himself having nothing to do with the business in New Court, or with any department of the Rothschild business in any other capital, and yet largely instrumental in extending the influence and popularity, and in reinforcing the dignity of the great house : this is Baron Ferdinand Roth- schild, by birth an Austrian, by process of naturali- 92 SOCIETY IN LONDON sation an Englishman. His role in existence is principally ornamental. Like his kinsmen, he is possessed of a palace in that portion of Piccadilly \vhich may be called the Rothschilds' quarter. He has also a magnificent chateau in that part of the county of Buckingham which the Rothschilds have practically annexed, though, with characte- ristic caution, their actual investments in land are much smaller than is generally supposed. Here he receives more or less throughout the whole year, and especially during the summer months for two or three days at a time, whole cohorts of fashion- able and distinguished guests. It is a real palace of art ; a superb domicile of decorative treasure ; a paradise for the connoisseur and the virtuoso. All the Rothschilds are collectors, and Baron Ferdinand is conspicuous among them. The Oppenheim and Bischoffsheim establish- ments are two of the other chief monuments which London affords to the Hebraic ascendency. There is, however, a marked distinction between these families. Mr. Oppenheim ' H. 0.,' as you may hear him familiarly called in New Court and in other circles where he is intimate has com- pletely merged himself in the society of English- men. Himself a man of singularly agreeable SOME 017 SOCIETY'S SETS 93 and even winning manners, he married one of the cleverest, prettiest, and best born of Irish women ; he inhabits and has beautified incredibly the mansion in Bruton Street, which belonged formerly to Lord Granville and Lord Carnarvon. On the other hand, Mr. and Mrs. Bischoffs- heim are to all intents and purposes foreigners. Naturalised and acclimatised to England and London they are ; but they have never become completely amalgamated with the social mass of which they form a part. It is true they entertain, and are entertained by, the highest and the smartest personages in England ; but Mr. Bischoffs- heim, a Dutchman by birth, is as little of an Englishman as his brother Charles, that most con- firmed of all Parisian loulevardiers. Nor is there more of the Briton in Mrs. Bischoffsheim. A Viennese by origin, she is a bold, successful, gracious woman of the world ; very handsome, and with the eye of a general for social combinations and manoeuvres. Her attitude may indeed remind one of that of a foreign commander in petticoats in possession of a conquered country, and placed there for the exclusive purpose of holding down its inhabitants. She does not, perhaps, in her heart, greatly love the English race. She fetes and pets them if 94 SOCIETY IN LONDON necessary with benignity and with magnificence ; but, unless I ani much mistaken, her senti- ments are those of the general who, by dint of consummate cleverness, has won a supreme triumph, and whom victory enables to be generous, rather than of the hostess of London society who is to the manner born. She is an excellent mother, and dresses to perfection. As her chil- dren are admirably brought up, so are her toilettes in the best taste. Indeed, both Mrs. Bischoffsheini and Mrs. Oppeuheini have more influence upon fashion in feminine costume than any two other ladies resident in London, and as regards modes are six months in advance of their rivals. The second feature to which, in my attempt to present a trustworthy chart of society in London, I should draw attention is the ascendency of the Teutonic element. The social influences of Jews and Germans run in parallel, often in converging, streams, and are frequently centred in the same persons. But there are some Germans, who are exceedingly powerful in London, who are not Jews. Just as Great Britain is now suffering from an invasion of Germans as formidable in its way as that which France experienced in the Great War an invasion which substitutes German clerks and SOME OF SOCfETV'S SETS 95 lawyers, German merchants and big and small tradesmen for English; which supplants English by German barristers so in society there are opu- lent Teutons who, having made large fortunes in the United States or in the colonies of England, have settled in London, and exercise their supre- macy over a gradually extending area. Every grade in English life, from the royal family to the domestic servant, is leavened by the German element. A few statistics will show the force of this statement. Of the 250,000 Germans, in England to-day at least two-fifths live in the metropolis. The German consulate estimates the total at 70,000 ; but if one reckons German Austrians and German Swiss, the aggre- gate of Teutonic Londoners cannot fall short of 100,000 ; and one must never forget that many of these are married, and that their children pro- bably number 50,000. To depart for a moment from the society of the West End, you will discover much crime, more misery, and infinite degradation at the East End, occasioned, first, among the English workpeople, secondly, among themselves, by the influx of Ger- mans. Thus there are some 5,000 tailors of Ger- man birth east of the Bank of England who swell 96 SOCIETY IN LONDON the ranks of an industry which without them would be more than choked. It is the same with every calling in the British capital, whether in high life or low. Germans clhow Englishmen in all directions, underselling them in commerce, and reducing the increment of the wage-earning classes to a minimum which barely suffices to keep starva- tion from their doors. It is a startling fact that in no city in the world, Berlin alone excepted, are there so many destitute Germans as in London. Fifty years ago things were very different. The German was then only a casual visitor to our shores, and the German language was despised by English scholars. But the neglected idiom of the fatherland became a general and favourite study immediately after the marriage of the Queen with a German prince, and to-day Goethe and Lessing are as familiar to some English people as Carlyle, Lytton, or Scott are to the German. As with literature, so with every other profession and phase of the national existence. Music, art, politics, finance, commerce soon began to feel, and still feels, to an ever increasing extent, the influence of German culture and resource. In English finance, Germany is represented by men of whom I have already spoken. One of the ablest men in the SOME OF SOCIETY^ SETS 97 House of Commons, Mr. Goschen, is a German ; so are Mr. Schreiber and Baron Henry cle Worms. Mr. Max Miiller is only one of a host of German professors in England. Music claims many emi- nent German composers, such as Halle, Eichter, Meininger, Joachim, Bonnawitz, Strakosch, Menter. Since the Franco-German War there has been an unwonted tendency on the part of the Teuton in every quarter of the world to assert his nation- ality ; and though in English society he is re- spected and welcomed, in English commercial and professional life he is creating a scare by the manner in which he is displacing the sons of the soil. Not less remarkable than the social organisation and authority of the children of Israel and of the fatherland is the place which Americans have won for themselves in the social economy of the English capital. Between the tactics of the Hebrew and the subject of the United States there is a certain similarity ; each commences his operations by establishing firmly a centre and a base. Now it may be a connection secured by marriage with a great house, now a friendship with those in social or political power. The Americans of both sexes, if, like the Jews, they have their international and H 98 SOCIETY LV LONDON tribal jealousies, seldom fail to combine as against the Briton. Englishmen and Englishwomen are the opponents against whom they naturally range themselves, and to overcome whom is the supreme triumph. The American, once he or she has got a foothold in society, never voluntarily relinquishes, and is seldom violently dislodged from, it. And the Americans are gregarious ; they hunt, not merely in couples, but in little packs. The fair Yankee has no sooner made a conquest and led an English aristocrat to the altar than she commences immediately to consider what she can do for her compatriots with the leverage in her hands. She has sisters or cousins as beautiful as herself, and she feels all the pride of conquest in inducing English lovers to bend the knee to them and to pass under the transatlantic yoke. British fathers and mothers may protest, but the young Englishman, if there is anything which renders him at all eligible when once he is enmeshed in the toils of la belle Amcricainc, never, I think, escapes from them, or never, I should perhaps rather say, shows any desire to do so. Much may be said in favour of the Ame- rican lady who is now one of the reigning prin- cesses of English society. She is often pretty, SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS , 99 never mercenary. She has for the most part some wealth herself, and prefers infinitely to wealth in her husband position, wit, intellect. She is also seldom lacking in humour and in conversational skill. Altogether she is an acquisition to society, though her independence, her impatience of re- straints, and especially her incessant efforts to advance by matrimonial alliances or otherwise the interest of her countrywomen, may sometimes prove fertile in mischief. One of the reasons why the fair Americans of London society are so much in request, and are so conspicuous at such august functions as ambassadors' dinners, is, that they are for the most part accom- plished linguists. The greater portion of their life has been spent on the continent of Europe. Their French, German, and Italian are infinitely better than those of the ordinary educated Englishwoman. Thus they can play their part in the conversation at the most cosmopolitan and panglot of feasts. Everywhere in France and in Germany poli- ticians and diplomatists are found wedded to American wives. That, perhaps, may be to a large extent because these wives are heiresses. English society, being wealthier, has not felt in the same degree as society in France and Germany the H 2 loo SOCIETY LV LONDON effects of their wealth ; but it has felt in a greater ttegree than the society of other capitals the effects of their social talents, has been brightened by their vivacity, and illuminated with their gaiety. Finally, the fair American has, like the representa- tives of the Hebrew race, been largely benefited by the approval of royalty. The Prince of Wales is an habitual worshipper at American shrines, and my reader may perhaps, before the London season of 1885 is over, have the opportunity of meeting his Royal Highness at a dinner party, every lady pre- sent at which comes from the great republic of the West. Change breeds love of change, and society in London, having taken to its bosom the exotic novel- ties here specified, seeks to indulge its passion for novelty in a host of other ways. It craves perpe- tually for fresh sensations, for new features, for anything that is a little out of the common. Mark now how this impulse expresses itself. Jews, Germans, and Americans are the new blood intro- duced into English society's veins. That circum- stance is to be regarded as the assertion of a genera principle. But you will see this principle illustrated in a more specific manner and upon a different scale. For instance, there is a lady well known in SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 101 London society who lives in a street between Cavendish Square and Regent's Park, and who, inspired by the prevailing passion for novel and sensational effects, has turned her drawing room, and at the hour of luncheon her dining room, too, into a rendezvous of curiosities. There is another lady of the same sort, whose house is at no great distance, who is even more devoted to second-rate celebrities and pinchbeck beauties, and who, next to a Radical statesman, adores an actress with a history, or a married lady on whom august personages in remote regions are reported to have doted. She has her admirers, at a decorous dis- tance be it understood, amongst all parties, all sects, all religions. She welcomes impartially to her roof Tories and revolutionists, bishops and ballet girls, or, if not exactly ballet girls, young ladies whose faces are as well known from their appearance on the burlesque stage as from their photographs in the shop windows. I do not know whether London is to be visited in the course of the coming summer by any royal savage from Africa or Asia. If so, he is sure to be as much in request at houses of the type I now speak of as ihejcune premier in light comedy who happens to be for the moment the vogue, and his 102 SOCIETY IN LONDON wife who is the substantial embodiment of all matronly virtues, and who, even as certain soi- disant negro minstrels never perform out of London, takes good care to acquaint the world that she never goes anywhere unaccompanied by her hus- band. This notoriety hunting, this droll mixture of nobles and nihilists, of the very flower of respecta- bility with Bohemians whose celebrity is the creation of yesterday, is less amusing than might be ex- pected. Enter the apartment in which this droll assembly is collected, and you will find that you are in an atmosphere of social constraint. The Tory plutocrat tries to make himself agreeable to the communist, but carefully keeps at a little dis- tance as one who is afraid of his pockets being picked. The hostess herself, as she looks around, betrays signs of misgiving at the experiment in which she is engaged, or, it may be, is agitated by apprehensions that the ornaments which lie scattered about her drawing room are less safe than usual. Now, though there is upon these occasions and in such establishments as I am describing a great blending of elements, there is no real fusion of them ; it is a rude and undigested mass. Society in its SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 103 fierce appetite for novelty may be compared to the greedy and famishing eater who bolts anything on which he can lay his hands, but does not assimi- late the various morsels. The aliens, the mon- strosities, the notorieties, who are very often non- entities, of both sexes, invited for the sake of effect, are looked at askance. They are treated like ani- mals in a cage. At the Zoological Gardens you are requested not to approach too close to the bars, behind which is the fractious monkey or the un- tamable tiger. Society applies that rule to its intercourse with those whom it affects to welcome as a relief from its own monotony. There are some ladies in London who make it a point to invite at least one writer of repute to their week day, and an actor or two of standing to their Sunday dinner parties. You can always recognise the social outsider from his air of isolation. Perhaps he is looked at, perhaps he is ignored. He is no more one of the convives, unless he sings, or plaj's, or recites, than is the butler or the page-boy. To speak the truth, London society in its anxiety to secure prophylactics against boredom has run into a dangerous excess, and there are some at least who are beginning to doubt whether the remedy is not worse than the disease. But is that possible ? The 104 SOCIETY IN LONDON actors and actresses, impostors and impostresses who feebly twinkle in the social firmament, at least help to diversify its appearance. If these are not very entertaining they are at least harmless. Society does not suffer from its contact with them, and if anyone is injured hy the arrangement it is the gentlemen and ladies, of a sphere which is not that of society, who are more or less intoxicated by the influences brought to bear upon them, and who occasionally make themselves ridiculous by bur- lesquing the demeanour of their patrons. Let me point out one or two more aspects of this mania which has possessed society in London for the bizarre and the unfamiliar. So terrific had the ravages of ennui and the spleen become that ere yet these queer combinations in drawing rooms were devised English society was resolved to do some- thing desperate. It occurred to it that it would at least be a change to ignore, when there seemed any possibility of ignoring, the distinction between virtue and vice. I do not mean to say that it deliberately and with one accord dethroned virtue from its pedestal. The idea which suggested itself was, that people branded with the epithet of vicious might at least possess the virtue of contributing to the general fund of amusement. It was therefore de- SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 105 termined by way of experiment to grant an amnesty to a certain class of social offenders to continue to admit them to the chosen places of society if the scandals in which they had been involved were not of a very flagrant character, or if haply they had been forgotten. So successful did this prove that the ethical relaxation which was the leading idea of the experiment has been permanently established. Society, finding that it was less dull in proportion as it was more tolerant, resolved to carry the virtue of Christian charity and forgiveness to an extreme. But here I must warn the stranger against committing an unpardonable mistake. Do not suppose that the conversational licence, which society in London sanctions and stimulates, is in- discriminately allowed to anyone who chooses to claim it. You must be a chartered libertine in the possession of a certificate duly given to you by society first. Almost anything may be said ; almost any story, however risquee, may be told ; almost any allusion, however delicate, may be ventured on, if the person venturing upon it has received, so to speak, the necessary commission from the right authorities. Two things are indis- pensable. One, that the lady or gentleman indulg- io6 SOCIETY IN ing in this lively vein should know the idiosyn- crasies of his company ; the other, that he should be known by them known, that is, as lien ru in high places. And before even the privileged indi- vidual can dare all this with impunity he, or she, must be thoroughly versed in that jargon and argot which in smart society pass for conversation; must have acquired the right of calling a good many of his friends and acquaintances by their Christian names; must be initiated into all the mysteries of high life ; in a word, must be some- body. The audacious pan-cnu who, on the strength of a casual or superficial acquaintance with the customs and chatter of society, thinks to win a reputation by transgressing the limits of decorum, by mild sallies of irreproachable humour, or even by the jests which gentle dulness ever loves, will soon be reminded of his mistake. There is in these matters, as in others, an inexorable order, to violate which is fatal. Society ruthlessly ostracises anything like unwarranted familiarity. It may be compared to a family party. Its members have been brought up with the same traditions and in the same curriculum. They are bound together by that identity of sentiment or SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS 107 pursuit which comes from the associations of school, college, or regiment, politics or clubs, official, diplomatic, or military life. Much is permitted to those united by this community of experience or occupation. But society resents peremptorily and punishes pitilessly any act of intrusion or presumption on the part of those who have not made their social footing good, or who are not furnished with the due credentials. It has often occurred to me that society in London, or that particular section of society which is the brightest, the most diverting, and which makes itself most heard of, resembles an Agape- mone. The relations existing between the blithe and joyous persons of whom this household consists may be the most curious imaginable ; husbands and wives may all be a little mixed ; but then though there is fusion there is no confusion. They under- stand each other so well. They have tacitly agreed to enjoy themselves according to their own taste. ' Fay ce que voudras ' is their motto. There was a time when the upshot of it all would have been elopements, duels, the breaking up of homes, and Heaven only knows what else. That sort of thing is sneered at by society to-day as obsolete, melo- dramatic, childish. The dominating idea is not the loS SOCIETY IN LONDON cultivation of virtue, but the prevention of scandal. Everyone, society argues, has a clear interest in suppressing anything which might lead to social disturbance. Externally, therefore, the proprieties must be respected. No handle must be given which the profane vulgar may seize upon to society's detriment. If things, wrong in them- selves, are to be done, in Heaven's name let them be done quietly and decently. If the world will talk, let the lie direct be given to its base assertions and rumours by presenting to the public a front of social decorum and unit}'. Ladies and gentle- men, as I have said, have entered into a tacit and rational agreement. Let them therefore be unabashed. They have no thought of pursuing each other into the divorce court, and so they take every opportunity of appearing in public as if conjugal infidelity could not be dreamt of, much less exist. "When, for instance, an intimacy that may be perhaps a trifle equivocal has been developed between two or three households, the gentlemen and ladies concerned, by way of dis- pelling suspicion and rebuking the comments of ignorance and malice, make up a party for the play and appear together in the orchestra stalls. The real significance of this interesting phe- SOME OF SOCIETY^ SETS 109 nomenon is the extreme sensitiveness of the ladies and gentlemen prominent in London society to the public opinion of their inferiors, and their loyal attachment to the well-being of society itself. Periodically they are troubled with vague alarms that their social organisation is in some danger from outside attacks. They catch the echoes of popular disapproval at their doings which, when any scandal occurs, find expression in the news- papers read by their social inferiors. Offences will come, but woe unto him or her by whom they corne ; and society regards as, in some sort, an enemy and a traitor to itself, the man or woman who puts it openly to the blush. Let all things by all means be done decently and in due order ; that is society's motto ; and those who do not obey it are held to have introduced a foe into the camp. On the whole, the public opinion of society on itself may be defined as the inarticulate utterance of the apprehension with which society is inspired by the actual or possible censures of the common herd. There is something curious, and even touching, in the tenacity with which society in London clings to the remnants of respectability in which it is always assuring itself that, however hostile appearances may seem, it is in reality thoroughly no SOCIETY IN LONDON moral at heart, and in which it responds to any appeals that may be made to its piety and its virtue. No other nation in the world possesses this morbidly developed self-consciousness. French- men and Frenchwomen may be as firtuous, or the reverse of virtuous, as Englishmen and Englishwomen ; but with them the morality or immorality is assumed. It is taken for granted ; it is not talked about. It is as much a matter of course as the features of the countenance. I should say that in England the most respectable, the most absolutely blameless of ladies, love to discuss the contrasts which society contains be- tween vice and virtue, and to toy, in the purest spirit conceivable, with topics of a questionable kind. To sum up, London society is in a constant state of moral valetudinarianism, which is not a conclusive sign of moral health. It protests a little too much that it is ethically robust not to suggest the suspicion that there may be something organically wrong. Beware above all things, and at all times, of jumping to the conclusion that society in London is anything like as lax in its observance of ethical laws as you will hear it is. Ladies and gentlemen treat each other with an easy abandon which may SOME OF SOCIETY'S SETS in seem to imply the absence of respect either for themselves or for each other. You may also fancy that they impute to each other peccadilloes and offences of which not only the Hebraic Decalogue but the English law takes cognisance. That is a peculiarly English trait, and you must not overrate its significance. Self-disparagement is a national weakness of the English race, possessing kindred on one side to the pride that apes humility, and on the other to that cynical indifference born of the stolidity of the Briton. There is scarcely anything indigenous to his land which the Englishman does not in turn abuse, whether it be his climate or his architecture, the physical condition of the streets of his metropolis in bad weather, or their moral condition in all weathers. Society would have too little to talk about, if it did not burlesque and exaggerate its pleasant vices. When one considers how much scandal, even though it be short-lived, any serious deflection from the strait path of virtue excites ; how much preparation, moreover, it involves ; the comparative absence, in a word, of the opportuni- ties ot evil one may perceive immediately that London society could not by any possibility be half so incorrect as it loves in casual conversation to U2 SOCIETY IN LONDOtf paint itself as being. My concluding advice to the stranger, therefore, is to abstain from presuming I say not in deed merely, but in word on that disregard of the sacred laws of hearth and home which the unreflecting listener to the talk of English drawing rooms and dinner tables might suppose to be the characteristic of the interesting country and capital he may be about to ^ 7 isit. CHAPTEE VI. SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. The Turf and the Stock Exchange The Duke of Beaufort The Duke of Portland Sir George Chetwynd Sir Frederick Johnstone Lord Eosebery Lord llosslyn Mr. Henry Cal- craft Mr. Henry Chaplin Sir Henry James. THE reader will now be in a position to form a fair general idea, to take a bird's-eye view, of London society. Wherever it may be whether the scene shifts from May Fair and Hyde Park to the country houses of the provinces or to the spas of the Continent that society is always the same. There are thousands and tens of thousands of well dressed, decently bred, and more or less highly educated persons outside, but for our present pur- pose no account need be taken of these. Unless one develops a taste for sport or a grand passion one finds few inducements to study or mix with the society of London except in London. Not, indeed, that one is able to dispense with making i Ii 4 SOCIETY IN LONDON its acquaintance in its rural aspects. However much you may detest the country and its occupa- tions, the country house visit is an occasional necessity, and if you shoot or hunt a very agree- able rite. But you will encounter no variety save of venue and surroundings. The company will be the same, and there will be no departure by a hair's breadth from the stock topics of conversation. If your host thinks it his duty he will ask a few of the local gentry to meet his fine friends from London. But the aborigines of the district are instantly eclipsed by the brilliant strangers. Moreover, it is impossible for hosts and hostesses when they entertain their friends at the family seats in the English shires to do anything else. They must observe in the case of these gatherings the same principle that they do at their dinner parties in town. Country house hospitalities are, in fact, London dinner parties prolonged over two or three days. The fruition of all which the resources of the establishment of the domain can yield is packed into that limited space. As the function is nume- rously attended, so it is exceedingly costly. The host has to find accommodation, not merely for his friends, but for a multitude of servants. His visitors will not care to come unless they can meet SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 115 their friends, and when that particular visit is over there are similar appointments in other parts of the United Kingdom to be kept. You \vill thus see that the instinct for novelty and change, which, as I have already explained, is one of the most pronounced attributes of society, is compensated equally in the country and in London by the infinite sufferance of the familiar and the stereotyped. Unless, indeed, this element prepon- derates in the composition of any of the parties to which you are invited, you will at once know that the establishment is one of a second rate order. After a very little experience you will be able to predict with accuracy whom you will find at a dinner table or in a drawing room upon any given occasion, and if when you enter the apartments of your hosts the majority of the names and faces is strange, you will be right in concluding that your entertainers are not so well placed as to entitle them to a continuance of your attentions. A small sprinkling of unknowns is indeed per- missible, and may be contemplated without appre- hension. Famous travellers recently returned from the Bast, relatives of the household who have been berviug with their regiments in India, in Canada, or elsewhere, even obscure cousins are to be I 2 Ii6 SOCIETY IN LONDON expected. But society, as it is represented by its representatives at these select reunions, invariably looks with something of astonishment and distrust at the unknowns, and wonders as the English king wondered of the apples in the dumplings how the deuce they ever got inside. Yet the society in which you will see no one whom after a time you have not seen before is less tedious on the whole than the society in which new faces abound. It is not merely the best, but perhaps the only, the sole society which it is worth taking the trouble to enter. When an English wit was once asked to dine in Bloomsbury in the old coaching days he replied, ' Delighted, but pray tell me where we change horses.' The impertinence and affecta- tion were abominable. The assumption, however, on which they rested, that it was not worth while dining outside the limited circumference of fashion, was justified by facts. What Bloomsbury was, South Kensington is ; and though there are many persons who have a recognised position in London society, and who live in Queen's Gate and its neighbourhood, you will do well to hesitate before you accept the ordinary invitations which emanate to you from their quarter. What are the ties or principles of union which SOCIETY IN TOll'.V AND COUNTRY 117 hold the various sections of London society, and the individuals constituting these sections, together? Except for special purposes it is not similarity of interests or tastes. It is not the link of political sympathy. Least of all is it resemblance of ante- cedents. Probably I shall not be wrong if I say that there is no bond of social union so subtle and far-reaching as that of sport sport in its various branched 1 shooting, hunting, the card table, and, above all, the turf. It is a common English saying that ' on the turf and under it all men are equal.' For art and literature it is not incumbent on Englishmen to profess any regard. Towards poli- tics their attitude may be, and usually is, one of scepticism, indifference, and pessimism. If they are members of the House of Lords or the House of Commons they will vote upon a particular side and will be attached to a particular leader. But they are not pervaded by any cohesive spirit of political loyalty, and it is not considered to their discredit that they should often avow they are sick to death of politics and of everything appertaining to them. But in sport, employing that word in the com- prehensive sense just indicated, I find a pastime or a business call it what you will that really con- ii8 SOCIETY IN LONDON stitutes a centre round which the social atoms, each in their own orbit, revolve. All Englishmen, and a good many Englishwomen, if they have no vested interest in horses, het, gamble, or speculate in some way. When it is not the Turf, it is the Stock Exchange, and perhaps this is the reason that the City plays so large a part in the arrangements of the West End. Duchesses and other ladies of rank, I may parenthetically observe, would scarcely be so demonstrative in their affection for the wirepullers of the London money market, to say nothing of a crowd of stock jobbers and stockbrokers, but for the speculative impulse within them. I pronounce, without hesitation, that the turf and the operations essential or subsidiary to it possess more of a universal power in society and exercise a greater attractive force in society than anything else. It is the ruling passion, and in virtue of its predominance it does in effect group society round itself. The Prince of Wales, as society's king, is a patron of the turf; seldom misses an important race meeting, and is reported to have a share in the proprietorship of some race- horses. The Duke of Richmond celebrates the Goodwood meeting, held in his park, with a brilliant country house party, of not less than thirty or forty SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 119 in number, containing the cream of London society, and every one of them interested, or making a show of being interested, in racing. Many other man- sions in the neighbourhood are filled in the same fashion, though upon a less splendid scale. What takes place in and about Goodwood in August has been previously witnessed in the neighbourhood of Ascot in June. A fortnight before Ascot the Derby has been run at Epsom, and the week between Epsom and Ascot traditionally marked the zenith and the apogee of the London season. Nor are the other great hippie festivals of the year at Doncaster, at Stockbridge, and at Chester of less local im- portance. Rightly, therefore, will you learn to look upon the turf as one of the great rallying centres of London society as the embodiment of the principle which unites society the most. I will now proceed to say a few words about the more prominent of those ranged round and on the turf, who if they are not actively its patrons associate with each other more or less directly under its auspices. I do not exaggerate the charms of the pastime all I say is that it is one which serves as a social focus. One of its presidents is the largest and wealthiest of London landlords, the Duke of Westminster, an altogether exemplary 120 SOCIETY IN LONDON peer iii every relation of life, with a clean made figure, spare, and even thin, good features, of a somewhat rigid type, looking perhaps generally less like the ideal of an English noble than of a man of business. His manner is reserved, his hospitalities are judiciously dispensed. He is Whig or Liberal in politics, zealous to promote anything which may conduce to the social benefit of the masses. The Duke of Beaufort is a peer of a different sort. The possessor of a racing stud, he is more largely interested in hunting and in four-in-hand driving than the Duke of Westminster. He has no town residence, living in apartments, hard by St. James's Park. At Badminton, his country seat in Gloucestershire, he keeps open house. He is the elderly Alcibiades of the theatrical profession, and he is not unknown at the coulisses of the bur- lesque theatres. A genial, open-handed represen- tative of the English country squire, with the titles of a great peer and the top dressing of a man about town. The Duke of Portland is not yet thirty years of age. Before he succeeded, six years ago, to his title, he was a captain in the Foot Guards, with only the ordinary allowance of a young English gentleman in that position. SOCIETY JN TOIY'X AXD COL'XTRY 121 Among others who belong to this category are also most or all of those of whom I have said something in treating of the Prince of Wales and his friends, Lord Rosebery, Lord Rosslyn, Mr. Henry Chaplin, Mr. Henry Calcraft, Lord Alington, Sir George Chetwynd, and Sir Frederick Johnstone. The last two are sportsmen pure and simple. Without their stables and their race meeting they would have no occupation. Each has figured in well-known passages of English social history. Sir Frederick Johnstone has won and lost heavily ; Sir George Chetwynd has been on the whole successful. These are each of them Englishmen of the type whom you may admire at Monte Carlo, not necessarily playing high, but enjoying life exceedingly, and always in smart company. Lord Eosebery is much more than an owner of racehorses. He is now a Cabinet Minister. He seldom sees his stud, and will perhaps soon cease to take more than a theoretical interest in its doings. Yet he is, while never speculating, a capital judge of a horse. His purchases have been judicious, and some years ago, after having seen one of his stable, in which he had always believed, victorious in a match on Newmarket Heath, he made a little 122 SOCIETY IN LONDON later in the same day a telling and eloquent speech in the House of Lords. Lord Rosebery possesses everything which can make existence happy and distinguished. His alliance with the house of Rothschild by marriage placed at his disposal a fortune which if not colossal and in England all men, having any- thing, are popularly credited with three times as much as they have is sufficient. He is young as age is now computed, and looks younger than he is. He has excellent health and a capital appetite. He is endowed with abilities which are not merely great, but of a kind which is exceptional in Eng- land, and yei which is peculiarly acceptable to those amid whom his career is passed. At Eton, to which he was devoted, as at Oxford, he never displayed great proficiency in the studies of the place ; but he had no sooner shaken the dust of school and college off his feet than he applied himself to the learning without which public men in England never make an enduring mark. "When he was little more than five-and-twenty he had become suffi- ciently encyclopaedic to deliver the opening address at that meeting of British savants known as the Social Science Association. But it is not study which has made Lord Rose- SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 123 bery what he is. He is by the happy gift of nature witty and singularly light in hand. He can instruct his hearers, but he never bores them. He never proses. His sense of fun is exceedingly quick and happy, but there is nothing uproarious in his merriment. It is indeed chastened even to the point of severity. The cause of laughter in others, he rarely laughs himself. His faculty of suppress- ing any emotion of fun makes his fun funnier. His drollery is the more irresistible because his droll things are said with a countenance of gravity and in tones almost solemn and austere. Then, too, though his stature is not great, it is digni- fied. He might and occasionally does venture to enunciate sentiments, and even to crack jokes which his company appreciates the better because of the calm and serious manner in which they are uttered. Lord Eosslyn is a nobleman of a different kind. Older, not of keener intellect, but of sharper and more habitually exercised business powers, distingue in appearance, with something of the old mous- tache in his face and presence, a certain swagger or insolence of manner compatible with perfect dignity; with the aristocratic affectation of voice, and an expression of the eye which, when it is directed at a 124 SOCIETY LV LONDO.V stranger, says as plainly as words, ' Who the devil are you '? ' Lord Rosslyn is by taste sportsman and poet, but his views of life are less those of the poet than of the sportsman. The impression which he conveys to his acquaintances and friends is that of being perpetually on the look-out for the main chance. He has as good an eye for a bargain as he has for a horse. He has always something to suit some special requirement of your own, or he knows of somebody else who is in that position. Here is a specimen of his pleasant, insinuating, and thoughtful manner. ' Ah ! my dear fellow, so glad to see you. Stay- ing in town a bit ? ' ' Yes.' ' Think you asked me to dine with you last week ? No ? A mistake then. Perhaps you have not a cook ; perhaps you want a cook ; if so, I can send you the best cook in the world.' And so on. Lord Rosslyn is or would be a universal provider, like a London tradesman in a bourgeois quarter. Whether it is a chef or a secretary, a stud or a perambulator, Lord Rosslyn can assist you to get the very thing you want on the most advantageous terms. To those whom he meets on a footing of equality Lord Rosslyn is SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 125 amusing, the best fun in the world. To his in- feriors he is arrogant. Yet he means no evil ; it is simply his idiosyncrasy. He is a kind-hearted, chivalrous, and cultivated gentleman, with a wide acquaintance of the world, and with liberal ideas of comfort and grandeur. Mr. Henry Chaplin is another personage of importance in London society, a connecting link between the worlds of society, politics, and sport. He appears to take as his model the late Lord George Bentinck, who was the champion of the Protectionist party in Parliament when Free Trade was being pressed forward, and who was also a mighty patron of the turf. There is a mixture in Mr. Chaplin's bearing of geniality and pomposity which will be found by no means unpleasant. He has had his crosses, vexations, even his serious troubles hi life. But his disappointments and his suffering, deep as they have been, have not perma- nently embittered him. He denounces his political opponents in Parliament, but there is no malignity in his invective. His oratorical manner is heavy, his voice sonorous, his sentences rotund. He reminds one alternately of a schoolboy declaiming his theme and an evangelical clergyman proclaim- ing the doom of the scarlet lady from his pulpit. 126 SOCIETY IN LONDON Ho lias all the instincts, and takes interest in all the avocations, of the country gentleman. Of practical politics he is ignorant ; he calls himself a Tory. I now pass to a character, perhaps the most ubiquitous in the polite life of the United Kingdom. Mr. Henry Calcraft is an illustration of the social success which the Government official in London has an opportunity of securing, though he has not always the wit to know how to set about it. It is difficult to say for what nature intended this gentleman detective agent or squire of dames, mentor or minister, ambassador or clerk, director- in-chief of a nation's destinies or a commission agent. He has now been some thirty years in London society, knows everyone, goes everywhere, and is at home everywhere. He may be bracketed with Mr. Philip Currie as a professional and indefa- tigable diner-out. His face wears a perpetual smile, which often breaks into a not very musical laugh. His manner is beamingly abrupt and fidgety ; his body is in a constant state of spasmodic motion, and his shirts are not made as well as his friends might desire. He jerks out his comments in a ragged sort of fashion, and, unless he has a particular reason for being interested in what his companion, SOCIETY IX TOWN AND COUNTRY 127 man or woman, may be saying to him, he never seems to be paying any attention to you, but to be grudging you the time which the talk takes, as if he might be more profitably employed with some- one else. Mr. Calcraft, however, is a favourite, and a privileged one. He has received the imprimatur of society, and he passes current everywhere. He is received by the very highest, by society's chosen king, the Prince of Wales, and by all the lesser luminaries of the English social constellation. The fashionable world in England may be accused of fickleness, but it is really loyalty per- sonified. It no more dismisses an old favourite than it hoots the actor, whom it has been its habit to applaud, from the stage. Knowledge is power ; and Mr. Calcraft is courted and powerful because, knowing so much, he is reputed to know even more than he actually does. It was this credit for social omniscience wOiich some years ago caused him to be selected seriously by several competent social judges as the probable editor, when the post was vacant, of the greatest of English newspapers. Perhaps fully to explain this circumstance, I should say that he has not only his finger always on the pulse of the upper classes, but that he has much official experience, and is reckoned one of the most sagacious servants 128 SOCIETY IN. LONDON of the Crown amongst English civilians. It may be that he is now engaged in writing his memoirs ; but if they are as truthful as doubtless they will be comprehensive, their publication will assuredly be posthumous. I pass on now to a gentleman who for the pur- poses of society is in much the same category as Mr. Calcraft Sir Henry James. His profession is that of a lawyer. His ambitions and his aptitudes are those of a statesman. Technically he is ac- counted the head of the common law bar of Eng- land, and by precedent and tradition he would, unless some special arrangement were made, be appointed to the Lord Chancellorship should that august post fall vacant while his party is in power. He is clever in his calling, with a penetrating intellect, and a manner not more dogmatic than it is, I suppose, inevitable for lawyers in a position of authority to develop. He has, too, no mean eye to statesmanlike effects, and occasionally, either in the House of Commons or in the country, he delivers a speech on some political question of the hour which sets people talking and thinking which makes its mark. But on the occasions that you will encounter him, Sir Henry James is above everything the man of SOCIETY IN TOWN AND COUNTRY 129 society and of the world. His deportment is not wanting in a certain forensic flavour. He seems to be conscious of the presence of a judge and a jury, even though the latter should be only a jury of matrons and maids. "Wherever you find Mr. Cal- craft, there you may expect to see Sir Henry James. There is, too, a kind of personal resemblance be- tween them. Each has the same square-cut head, each the same vigilant eye, each the same capacity for mastering at a glance the general character of the company in which he is placed. Sir Henry James, however, shrewd and profound juriscon- sult as he is, is more than Mr. Henry Calcraft, whose heart was not, I should think, his most vulnerable point, a creature of impulse. His manner is apt to be uneasy and restive. That is not so much because his intellect is overburdened with cares as because he is torn with emotions, some professional and some social, which he is anxious to suppress. These are his little peculiarities, and they endear him to society. The finest and most fashionable of ladies will tell you he is a ' dear crea- ture.' He is equally popular with men. Perhaps that is because he is so general a favourite with their wives and sisters. But that is only a partial explanation. He is 1 3 o SOCIETY IN LONDON himself no mean sportsman, and he provides excellent sport for others. He manages to devote several weeks in every year to shooting in the Scotch Highlands. He can bring down his due allowance of grouse, and occasionally does con- siderable execution amongst the deer. Then he is the proprietor of some very capital coverts within easy distance of London, and when his legal duties compel him to be in town during the late w r eeks of autumn, he organises shooting parties with great success, and royalty itself slaughters his pheasants with its breechloader. 13* CHAPTER VII. LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, SOLDIERS, AND DOCTORS IN LONDON SOCIETY. Lawyers and Judges : Lord Coleridge, Sir Henry Hawkins, Mr. Baron Huddleston, Mr. Justice Stephen, Sir Baliol Brett, Mr. Justice Grove, Lord Justice Bowen, Mr. Charles Russell, Mr. Montagu Williams, Mr. Henry Poland Divines : Cardinal Manning, Bishop of Peterborough, Archdeacon Farrar, Canon Liddon Soldiers and Sailors: Lord Wolseley, Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George Greaves, Sir John McXeill, Sir Thomas Baker, Sir Bedvers Buller, Sir Edward Hamley, Sir Charles Ellice, Sir Archibald Alison, Sir Arthur Herbert, Lord Chelms- ford, General Crealock, ' Charlie ' Fraser, ' Tim ' Eeilly, ' Pug ' Macdonnell, Lord Airlie, Lord Dundonald, Lord St. Vincent, Colonel Methuen, Admirals Wilson, Tryon, and Maxse Beaux sabreurs Doctors : Sir Andrew Clark, Sir William Gull, Sir Oscar Clayton, Dr. Quain, Dr. Morell Mackenzie, Sir William Jenner, and Sir James Paget. As I have just made mention of no less a person than the Attorney-General, I will say something more about the legal luminaries who are to be en- countered in London society. It is not my business to compose a little treatise for public edification on the subject of the legal profession, which, as far as 132 SOCIETY IN LONDON I have been able to observe, consists principally of gentlemen who have nothing to do, and of whom no one hears anything ; secondly, of gentlemen who have a great deal to do, but who are for social purposes unknown; thirdly, of lawyers who com- bine success or eminence in their calling with social notoriety. The lawyer who belongs to either of the two first categories may be an estimable person, but is indistinguishable, from the point of view I can alone take now, from any other variety of hard-working Briton. Who wants to know where or how the great pundit of the Chancery Bar, Mr. Jones, lives ? or what is the appearance, and what are the ideas of his scarcely less successful rival, Mr. Robinson ? To the ordinary member of society these are, and will always be, names. It is better that I should describe a few of the gentlemen learned in the law to whom you are likely to be presented in the course of your pilgrimage through society in London. I shall begin with the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Coleridge, who enjoys the fame of being the best conversationalist and the most agreeable com- panion at a dinner table. On his private virtues I will forbear to dwell. He is pious and thrifty ; he is a widower ; he is a High Churchman, a LA WYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 133 great scholar ; he reads novels, but is generally believed never to have looked at or heard of any newspaper except the Times. He is the friend of Mr. Henry Irving, but he was never acquainted with the name of Mr. Corney Grain, a delightful drawing room entertainer, until that gentleman had been brought before his notice officially. Lord Coleridge is fond of the theatres, but the theatres which he does not personally visit are to him as if they were not. He knows the Haymarket and the Lyceum, but of the Gaiety and the Globe I select the names at random he would, I suspect, putting on that air of innocent amazement of which he is a master, profess himself in a state of ' unqualified nescience.' This peculiarity on his part may at first sur- prise you a little. It will cease to surprise you when you know him somewhat better, and have acquired an insight into his bland irony. I am not quite cer- tain whether, if you mentioned to him 3*011 were going to see the Derby or the Ascot Cup run for, he would not look at you with benign and wondering curiosity, and then ask you whether these hippie contests took place in England. I have often, years ago, heard his Lordship examine or cross-examine witnesses in court, and 134 SOCIETY 7.V LONDOX if ever any individual assumed with perfect suc- cess the manner of the heathen Chinee, which, according to Mr. Bret Harte, was childlike and bland, that individual was the present Lord Chief Justice of England. Other counsel, whf-n they found the man or woman before them in the witness box stubbornly stupid or reticent, would attempt to browbeat and bully. Sir John Coleridge, as he was then, would shake his head with a seraphic smile in disapproval of so inhuman a proceeding, and would wait his turn. He went upon an entirely different tack. lie never bullied, never hurried or flustered anyone, but he got out of everyone the exact thing he wanted, and by dint of sheer suavity inveigled those whom he interro- gated into making the most suicidal admissions. The way in which he accomplished it was this. He treated the witness before him, not merely as a gentleman or a lady, but as a kind of superior being, who had at his or her disposal just the information to extricate him from an appalling difficulty. ' My good friend,' he said, or seemed to say, ' pray help me. I really know nothing about this matter. My own faculties are exceedingly limited. I am a simple searcher after truth, and I respectfully pray for j T our assistance. Let me proceed to ask you in LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 135 my own unsophisticated way a few modest ques- tions.' When those modest questions had been put and, as they invariably were, answered in the exact way in which the questioner anticipated and designed, the prisoner at the bar, if it was a hang- ing case, and Sir John Coleridge was against him, was a dead man. He felt the hempen cord tighten round his neck, and turned pale and sick. Of its kind this is the highest sort of art I have ever seen displayed in a court of justice. I am not surprised that Lord Coleridge should be a great patron of actors. If he has learnt some- thing from them, they may have perfected their education by studying him ; for he, indeed, was, and is, the greatest actor of all. To sum up his character, I should say that Lord Coleridge was, while having a consummate eye to artistic effect, a little too obviously artificial. His voice is too dulcet to be quite natural ; his conversation too primly eloquent to flow spontaneously ; his anec- dotes are too much elaborated, and, I am constrained to say, not unfrequently bear too close a resem- blance to stories which have long since become classical, to have the air of genuineness. His Lordship, in fact, conveys the idea that there is a good deal in the background which he does not find 136 SOCIETY AY LONDON it convenient to bring prominently forward, and yet which is just as much a part of the man him- self, and of his life, as the impressive personality and sententious sagacity or ornate instructiveness which sum up the idea conceived of him by society. Contrast with Lord Coleridge another English judge well known in what are called fashionable and sporting circles Sir Henry Hawkins. They designate him a hanging judge because it is not hid habit to treat crime as merely the abnormal de- velopment of virtue, or to commiserate thieves and murderers as irresponsible lunatics. Facts are to him what ideas are to the Lord Chief Justice. The latter has the spirit of a law reformer, but then he thinks that no legal reform can be worth having which is not first approved by his own conscience ; that is to say, Lord Coleridge is perpetually en- gaged in the attempt to construct a new legal code, which shall have precedence over any code in ex- istence, out of his own subjective notions of right and wrong. His conscience he holds with the High Church divines is the image of God reflected within him. Its verdicts, therefore, arc infallible and absolute. Consequently, anything he can do to twist the laws of man into conformity with the laws of God otherwise with the ideas of Lord LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 137 Chief Justice Coleridge is calculated to promote the dignity of law and the moral improvement of the human race. Sir Henry Hawkins is entirely free from any of these judicial sentimentalisins. The ohject of the law, as he understands it, is to put down crime, to be a terror to evildoers. This object it cannot effect unless it treats criminals as criminals, and not as the proteges of the hopeful experimentalist in social ethics. I confess I never look at Lord Coleridge and then at Sir Henry Hawkins, when I happen to meet them which is exceedingly seldom at the same dinner table, without being reminded of the screen scene in the ' School for Scandal.' Lord Coleridge appears to me the Joseph Surface of that episode which elicits from his brother Charles the ironical observation, ' There is nothing so noble as a man of sentiment.' Sir Henry Hawkins is the Sir Peter Teazle, who bluntly interposes with the ' Oh, damn your sentiments ! ' But then Sir Henry Hawkins is not, as Lord Coleridge is, a metaphy- sician, a theologian, a scholar, a nineteenth century Chrysostom. He is only a first-rate lawyer, a clear-sighted judge of evidence, with an intellect which acts as an acid solvent to cant of all sorts a man of the world who has no wish to pose as a I 3 8 SOCIETY IN LONDON latter-clay edition of a father of the early Christian Church, a Greek sophist, or a mediaeval anchorite. Again Sir Henry Hawkins does not boast the possession of a great uncle who was so wholly impossible as Samuel Taylor Coleridge poet, mystic, religious dreamer, and entirely untrust- worthy in every relation of life.' "When Sir Henry Hawkins has done his day's work he takes a stroll with a terrier of a particularly sporting typo ; and this over, dines at the Turf Club, or wherever else his engagements and inclinations may prompt him. Whither Lord Coleridge retires, if he has not to keep a dinner appointment with prelates or with titled laymen more severe in their notions than prelates themselves, I have not the faintest idea. Among the other judges who are to be met with in London society the most notable perhaps are Mr. Baron Huddleston, Mr. Justice Stephen, and the Master of the Rolls, Sir Baliol Brett. The last of these is on the Bench a man of singular acumen, gifted with an extraordinary memory, with a marvellous capacity to seize the points that are of real importance, and with a remarkable knack of continuously illustrating and emphasising the line of argument he has from the first resolved to maintain. He sees far and he sees clearly, but LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 139 he never sees either to the right or to the left. His appearance is in his favour, and eloquent of his pro- sperity. There is too much of refinement and intel- lectual power in his face not to render it impressive. He is a man of distinction and dignity, and though in drawing rooms one might think that his first object was to produce a favourable impression on ladies of title, young and old, though he has some of the conceits and affectations of a superannuated petit inaitre, everyone perceives immediately that he is far more than he pretends to be. Sleek and florid one may think him, and he is. Talk five minutes to him, and, after he has gratified his vision by looking down on his jewelled fingers and his well-trimmed nails, you will discover that the Master of the Rolls is a person of rare shrewdness and sagacity, and of wide and varied knowledge. "While Sir Baliol Brett might be taken easily for any person rather than a judge, Mr. Baron Huddleston and Mr. Justice Stephen wear the judge conspicuously, ostentatiously on their shirt fronts. Not, indeed, in the same manner. There are, perhaps, no two men in London society, and certainly no two judges, who are more dia- metrically dissimilar. Although Mr. Baron Hud- dleston expends his energies on his profession, and i,|0 SOCIETY IN LONDON he lays out his whole life with a paramount regard to the duties imposed on him by the Bench, he does not live forgetful of society or its claims ; and in his scheme of existence the polite world, of which he is an acknowledged ornament, occupies a prominent place. He married the daughter of the late and the sister of the present Duke of St. Albans. He is thus honoured with the patent of a brevet nobility. He has shown much acuteness in discovering that he is more important and diverting in society in proportion as he utilises for its benefit the special experiences he has acquired as a judge. His con- versation is free from trivial banalities. In a word, he is interesting because he speaks of what he know r s and of what others do not, yet in such a way that he is never obscure or unintelligible. Experts have more authority than is well for them- selves or for the rest of mankind in England. Nor do I know a greater weariness to the flesh than a specialist discoursing on some topic of which he is supposed to possess the monopoly. Mr. Baron Huddleston has all the advantages of a legal specialist, and none of his drawbacks. He never obtrudes his professional experiences. He never throws them away. He economises them, intro- ducing them just when and where he perceives that LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 141 they may be subservient to the general conversa- tional good of the community. He will spin you legal and judicial yarns by the yard if he is quite certain that there is a real demand for them. But in general society he is content to give just a judicial flavour to the conversation, exactly as the late Bishop of Winchester, Dr. Wilber force and the two men have a great deal in common redundant was an adept in giving an ecclesiastical or epis- copal flavour to it. A judge or a bishop in society ought, in my opinion, to be what onion is in a salad or garlic in an omelette it should scarcely be de- tected, and yet it should animate the whole. Mr. Justice Stephen does not, any more than Mr. Baron Huddleston, aggressively remind those about him that he is a judge. But then he does not condescend to trifles. He has no small talk, and one can as readily imagine an elephant dancing a minuet as Fitz-Jarnes Stephen, to call him by the name which seems most familiar to his friends, engaged in the free give-and-take of casual conver- sation. He is above all things a professor, a homilist, a superior creature. He must have a thesis, a text, an audience. Give him now a verse from a poet or an incident in a novel he is won- derfully well read in the romances of Victor Hugo I 4 2 SOCIETY IN LONDOX an ethical paradox, or a specious commonplace ; give him, I say, any one of these things, and you will hear an interesting little lecture quite wortliy of a mechanics' institute. He wants, indeed, light- ness of touch. Nasmyth hammers are sometimes indispensable, but they have not superseded nut- crackers; and Mr. Justice Stephen is the embodiment of the force, though it is not always quite as deli- cately adjusted with him as in the original of the former of these two implements. What could you expect, however, when you look at the man ? A head of enormous proportions is planted, with nothing intervening except an inch- and-a-half neck, upon the shoulders of a giant. Force is written upon every line of his countenance, upon every square inch of his trunk. He is not a particularly engaging person, but a very impressive one. The genius of the Anglo-Saxon race is em- bodied in men of this stamp. He lacks geniality and play of fancy, but in their stead he has a grim and never-flagging perception of what he means and what he wants. He is not only a worker whose sole form of amusement is a variety of work, he is probably never conscious of fatigue. It is not so far back that he went to India, and since the days of Macaulay's visit to that portion of the British LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 143 empire no man ever laboured hi India as Fitz- James Stephen did. Ordinary mortals of a less robust frame and less heroic powers of concentration visit Hindustan and partially succumb to the enervating influences of the climate. Stephen was far above all that sort of thing. He had not voyaged four thousand miles from England to do nothing. He accomplished marvels of industry, and he filled his purse. Shortly after his return he was made a judge, and here he is in England to-day, treating toil as if it were a pastime, and, when not consider- ing knotty cases or delivering weighty judgments in court, amusing himself with writing discourses on any subject which, provided it be sufficiently stiff, he can discover in the borderland between meta- physics and law. Many other judges than these there are, to say nothing of counsel learned in the law who are after their modest fashion constellations in the firmament of London society. But they all twinkle in nearly the same style, and it would be a little tedious to describe the various degrees of radiance which they shed. Some of them, like Mr. Justice Grove, are eminent men of science. Lord Justice Bowen is a judge who, widely differing from any of those already mentioned, is a persona grata to London 144 SOCIETY IN LONDON society. The youngest of the illustrious potentates of the High Court of Appeal, he represents the influences and the culture of the most approved Oxford school. Legal and judicial subjects, as a social talker, he eschews ; nor are the mere frivolities of society, fond of society though he is, to his taste. He discusses matters of art and literature, blue china and science, with the impartiality of a philosopher and the precision of a professor. His voice has the academic ring, and his appearance is of a kind that one instinctively connects rather with an ecclesiastic or a schoolmaster than a judge. As for the remaining occupants of the judicial bench, they are not for the most part personages in London society. If you sit next at dinner to any well-informed and highly educated gentleman who is either particularly outspoken or particularly reserved in his comments, who cavils at much, or who commits himself to nothing, the chances are either that that gentleman is a judge or that he is a very eminent lawyer. Unless there is some par- ticular reason to induce them to do so, the last thing which they will discuss is and it is extremely natural that this should be the case their own professional avocations. 1"hey are sportsmen and whist players, like Mr, Charles Russell ; or men of LA WYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 14$ society and patrons of the theatre, like Mr. Mon- tagu Williams ; or students of the seamy side of human nature, like Mr. Henry Poland. The great bulk of them have not characteristics even as definite as these. They are perfectly colourless, and the general tendency of London society is to reduce not only them but all professional men to a dead level of monotony. London society is, indeed, as great a leveller as Death itself, and professional men who are recog- nised in London society owe their position, with some exceptions, not to their eminence in their own callings, but to their capacity for being ab- sorbed into their environment. This is true of professional men of all kinds in their social capa- city. Thus there is in London society no military caste. Military officers, or, to speak more accu- rately, gentlemen bearing military rank, abound. But great numbers of them are retired, or on half- pay, waiting, often hopelessly, for active employ- ment. The true soldier type is somewhat of a bird of passage ; now in London, now in the remote wilds of Africa or Afghanistan, now reappear- ing, to be feted and petted on every side. The successful soldier is welcomed at Windsor or in the most exclusive coteries. His mantelpiece is crowded 146 SOCIETY IN LOXDO.V with cards of invitation, and the Prince of secures his election to the Marlborough Club. Lord Wolseley has society at his feet. Lady Wolseley shares in the conquest, having rendered her lord and master infinite service by her tact, industry, and strict attention to the business of calls, corre- spondence, and entertainment. The Wolseleys are met everywhere. A keen soldier, \vhosc first and last thought is for his profession, Lord Wolseley is also a thorough man of the world. He likes to be supposed to know everything, to do everything, to be capable of every- thing. The last bit of gossip, tbe last political canard flows glibly from his lips ; he is a dilettante in art, and will readily preside at a dinner of literary men. Bright-eyed and vivacious, he talks fluently of the social life around him as one behind the scenes and deep in its mysteries. But a passing remark, a chance question, a single hint, will draw him out directly on the subject he has nearest his heart. Ever ready to discuss military matters, and with a freedom that has won him at times no little ill-will, Lord Wolseley is most tenacious of his opinions, and the uncompromising champion of the new institutions which be has helped to create, and which are still on their trial. Those who hold LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES^ ETC. 147 opposite views ma}- expect no quarter; comrades of all ranks, high and low alike, come under his lash, a reactionary royal duke no less than the care- less subaltern. To those who are of his way of thinking, and who will support him through thick and thin, he is a staunch and true friend. There are many such men whom he has himself selected and pushed to the front, and who have repaid his appreciation by steady and unstinting devotion. It is pleasant to see him in the midst of his own followers. They are his chosen intimates and associates ; he is frank and cordial with them, free-spoken, as a comrade, yet retaining, although never seeming to claim, their respect. At one time the epithet Wolseleyite, as applied to the Wolseley school, was employed as a term of reproach. In the future it may be regarded as a term of distinction, for the men whose names are on every tongue when England's frequent wars are in progress, are those who began or graduated under Wolseley. Sir Evelyn Wood has a reputation of his own ; but the mobile, easily excited young general, fluent of speech, prompt in action, with the habitually grave expression of a man who has pondered deeply upon the mysteries of the higher i. 2 148 SOCIETY IN LONDON life, would not have climbed the ladder so rapidly had not he cast in his fortunes with the conqueror of King Coffee Calcali. Sir George Greaves, a blunt and brusque soldier, was the close ally and adviser of Lord Wolseley in the Ashanti campaign. Sir John McNeill is another \Volseleyite who owes to his war services the favour of his sovereign. There is little of the silken, supple courtier about him ; he is only too eager to ex- change the court for a camp, as now, when his soldierly character, aided perhaps by royal influence, have sent him as a brigadier to Suakini. He is no doubt useful as an equerry, but what the Queen likes best in him is his Scotchman's love of sport. One of the liveliest of the Queen's canine pets is a Scotch terrier, the gift of Sir John McNeill. Long ago Sir Thomas Baker attached himself to Lord Wolseley's fortunes, and has risen with them ; a smooth-spoken, pleasant-mannered man, acceptable in every drawing-room, and much repantlu in London society when not actively engaged abroad. Perhaps the most remarkable of Wolseley's followers, the one who has risen most rapidly, and who will do best if he escape the spears of the Soudanese warriors, is Sir Eedvers Bullcr. His LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 149 promotion gives the lie to the common opinion that speedy advancement is denied to real merit in the British army. Fifteen years ago Eedvers Buller was a lieutenant in a rifle regiment. To-day he is a general officer with reasonable hopes of a peerage if he lives many years more. He is a soldier heart and soul : he would not relinquish his profession even when the death of an elder brother gave him the succession to wide estates. Nothing holds him back when there is fighting on hand ; neither the cares of a country place nor a newly wedded wife. Abrupt, even discourteous in his manner, he im- presses you with his bold, uncompromising spirit. Diffidence does not enter into his composition; he is so self-reliant that he would be thought merely conceited if a weaker man. His value is now generally recognised ; but even when fewer people believed in him, Buller fully believed in himself. This excessive self-confidence is not a pleasing trait, backed up as it is by a contempt he is often at no pains to conceal for the best efforts of others. Buller may be strong enough to despise popularity, but it is certain that, although respected, feared even, he is not greatly liked by his brethren in arms. Lieutenants like Sir Keekers Buller help to keep 150 SOCIETY IN LONDON alive and embitter the opposition to his chief. Wolseley's success has gained him many foes ; enemies public and private, who deny his talents, and would scarcely regret his failure in the very arduous under taking he has now hi hand. A very open and unfriendly critic is Sir Edward Harnley, whose hostility dates from Tel-el-Kebir. His bitter feelings found vent after the campaign in a public print. In no army but the British would a subor- dinate divisional general have dared to pass such an affront upon his commander. But Harnley aspires to be an oracle ; he affects an European reputation as a military man of letters. And he is always ready to express his views with the vehemence of conviction. His constant attitude is that of the genius unappre- ciated. A pretty knack in composition, and a pedan- tic but not profound acquaintance with military literature, seems to have encouraged him in the belief that he is an undeveloped Napoleon. Only opportunity was needed he thought, yet when the chance came, in Egypt, what did he do with it ? Now he is consumed with inward jealousy of every com- petitor, old and young, and vents his spite in scath- ing invective on all. Sir Edward is in consequence an agreeable and amusing companion, caustic, a trifle too ponderous in his talk, and too formal LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 151 ill his satirical epigrams, but listened to gladly by all who li'ic to hear their friends abused. He is something of a bon vivant, and indefatigable as a diner-out. A comfortable look of embon- ])<>int is growing upon him. It is little likely that Hamley, although convinced of his own superior capacity, will be actively employed again. Were he less overbearing, less intolerant, less ill- natured, he might give useful advice upon general questions, but he is hardly suited for command. He may soon, indeed, be included among the ' has becns,' like Lord Napier, Sir ' Dan ' Lysons, Sir Alfred Horsford, or Sir Charles Ellice. The last of these, possessor of a substantial income and of a hospitable house in Eaton Square, long filled a large space in London life. Fortune has always smiled upon Sir Charles. As a young man the massacre of a hecatomb of brother officers at Chil- lianwallah, while he was absent on the staff at Malta, pushed him at one stroke to the top of the regimental tree. He fought an ill-conceived and badly executed action in the Indian mutiny, which would have ruined another, but was with Ellice the stepping- stone to the best appointments in the service. He has passed from post to post, from one command to another. Essentially a persona grata to the Duke 152 SOCIETY IN LONDON of Cambridge, lie enjoyed the fullest share of that august person's patronage, and was in succession Military Secretary, Quartermaster-General, and Adjutant-General at the Horse Guards. It is diffi- cult for an outsider to realise his fitness for the highest staff employment. Extremely suave in manner and very dignified in deportment, his mental calibre is mediocre, and his chief talent has been displayed in picking the brains of capable sub- ordinates. This was the secret of his unwaver- ing championship of Colonel Home, and the poignancy with which he regretted that excellent officer's premature death. Strange to say, the best military talent does not generally gather about the Horse Guards. Lord Wolseley's influence, when in power, may be effec- tive in filling the junior posts with the best coming men. But the seniors, the heads of departments, must, before all things, be personally acceptable to the Duke. This sadly limits the field of choice. Now and again the right man falls into the right place, as when Sir Edmund Whitmore, urbane, considerate, and as impartial as the exigencies of his place admitted, filled the office of Military Secre- tary. The last appointment, that of Sir Archibald Alison to succeed Lord "Wolseley as Adjutant- LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 153 General, might seem an exception to the rule ; but no one thrown into the society of Sir Archibald Alison could credit him with commanding capacity. So garrulous a man, one who laughs so readily and so inanely at his own or any joke, cannot im- press you with his power. He has seen war, no doubt, and paid the penalty in his person, but an empty sleeve, although an honourable record of service, is not a convincing proof of power to lead. The narrow-minded official is to be seen in the man next him in rank at the Horse Guards. Sir Arthur Herbert, the Quartermaster-General, has filled many minor posts satisfactorily, but he is weak and irresolute, or his face belies him. Lord Chelmsford is another English general of some social prominence, whose appearance explains his want of success as a leader of men. Face and physique both indicate feebleness of character. One can understand, after listening to his verbose defence of the operations he conducted, why the earlier phases of the Zulu war were not more brilliant. So much straitness of vision, combined with such an inordinate love of petty detail, would infallibly pro- duce an incompetent commander. They said of Lord Chelmsford in Africa, that he wished to do every- body's work; he could stoop to help a fatigue 154 SOCIETY IN LONDON party pick up stones from a road, but he was in- capable of designing a great strategical plan. Lord Chelmsford is most suited to the position in which he is supposed to be happiest, that of senior assis- tant in the organ loft of St. Peter's, Eaton Square. General Crealock, again, has talents artistic rather than military. He owed his first advance- ment to the happy caricatures that raised a smile at Crimean headquarters in days of dire disaster. Since then he has wielded brush and pencil with unwearied assiduity and much facility, but has never risen far above the amateur. But little of the sportsman, he can yet draw a horse or a dog ; without any knowledge of anatomy, he can catch a likeness and copy the human figure passably. His devotion to the arts has been sedulously turned towards the decoration of his own person, General Crealock being uniformly remarkable for a strange originality in costume, mostly florid and quite in- dependent of fashion. He made long-waisted, long- tailed overcoats, tight trousers, and broad-brimmed hats noticeable before the days of the mashers. Ho is fond of garish colours in his dress ; he has expended years of patient pains on a curling beard, worn in despite of military regulations, and a divinely waxed, interminably involuted corkscrew LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVIXES, ETC. 155 moustache. All this has naturally occupied him too much to allow of any deep and close study of his profession. He might have been useful in the junior grades of the general staff, but as a leader in the field he was a conspicuous failure. His groans from the Tugela, when crying for the condiments still wanting to complete his commissariat, made him the laughing-stock of Europe. A more enterprising and more competent general would have organised his trains for himself, at least he would have managed to advance somehow when his co-operation was so urgently required. There are many soldiers in society, without great military pretensions, who are still very typical of their class. Generals like Barnard Hankey, a kindly, warm-hearted friend, beloved of duchesses, and welcome at cosy tea-tables, who might, had he seen more service in the days when he was 3*oung, have gained higher honours ; ' Charlie ' Fraser, a glorified dragoon who has reached the apotheosis of old dandydom, and whose glossy hats and inimitable boot-varnish youthful plungers worship from afar ; or ' Tim ' Eeilly, a gunner who has made no mark as a scientific artillerist, but who has, nevertheless, a solid under- standing concealed somewhere in a somewhat too J56 SOCIETY IN LONDON solid mountain of flesh. ' Tim,' though uncomfort- ably overgrown, is not thick-headed; he can say shrewd, sharp things, and he is not without honour among smart people. Admirable as a raconteur, a noted jester and mime, General ' Pug ' Mac- donnell is happiest in gatherings where there are no womenkind. ' Pug ' is one of the Prince of Wales's favourite henchmen ; Poins at a pinch, with good imitation of excellent wit, who will keep dinner-table or smoking-room in a roar. But he does not covet, nor has he ever achieved, much military renown. The names of such men might be multiplied in- definitely; they fluctuate between the park and Pall Mall, and never put on uniform except to go to Court, a duty which they perform religiously at least once every season. The most hopeful sign for the future of the British army is the soldierly spirit of the upper classes, which send so many to take service in its ranks. Scions of the best families, the heads themselves, are glad to bear the Queen's commis- sion. The passion for warlike adventure has been inherited through generations of fighting ancestors, and these often fortunate youths, who might linger amidst the soft pleasures of London life, eagerly seek to share in the dangers and hardships of any LAWYERS, JUDGES, DIVINES, ETC. 157 campaign. The British peerage was well repre- sented in the last battles in the Soudan. One earl, Airlie, was Stewart's Brigade-Major ; and Lord'Airlie had already proved his thoroughness as a soldier by accepting the laborious duties of adjutant of his regiment, the 10th Hussars. Another peer, Lord Cochrane, or more exactly Lord Dundonald, highly distinguished himself at the battle of Abu Klea ; a clever, thoughtful youth, who, before he embraced the career of arms, had mastered the intricacies of chemistry, experimental and applied. Other peers and peers' sons, notably Lord St. Vincent, have met their death on recent hard-fought fields ; many more cheerfully face exile and hard knocks in search of reputation. Foremost among them is Colonel Methuen, big, stalwart, handsome ' Paul,' an athlete in frame and by predilection ; skilled in self-defence, and a master-hand with singlestick and foil. Paul Methuen is one of the gentlest, sweetest-tempered of men, good as gold, universally popular in London and in his profession. But he is ready for any rough work that may offer any- where. Just now he has turned a leader of irre- gular horse on the South African frontier, whence he may pass to the Upper Nile, or the rocky fast- nesses of Afghanistan. He is the exact opposite of icS SOCIETY 7.V I.ONDO.V the common ignorant conception of the British Guardsman, who, so far from being an indolent voluptuary, is perhaps the most eager for active service of any of his professional brethren. They are mostly capital soldiers, these gallant members of the Household Brigade, and their merits are generally recognised. At this moment a Guards General, Stephenson, commands in Lower Egypt ; another, Fremantle, was chief at Suakim, and is now a brigadier under Graham. Ewart, a Lifeguardsman, somewhat unfairly to light cavalry officers perhaps, is in command of Graham's cavalry. Dozens of others are clamorous candidates for em- ployment. Men like Edward Give, Fitzroy, Crichton, or Moncrieff might safely be entrusted with any important work. Others, like George Yilliers, now military attaclie in Paris, or Everard Primrose, who, till he joined Lord Wolseley, held the same post in Vienna, are excellently suited to represent our British army abroad. Colonel Yilliers has a silky, caressing manner which wins him friends directly, and his handsome, engaging presence has secured him more than one bonne f extra, 3s. 6d. 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