UC-NRLF B ^ ITM flMT I iHJRARY SOFOCL Copyright, 1904 Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Ad^le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading / y BY / Adele Millicent/ Smith ^. Exercise I READING Copy The Reader's occupation is sedentery in the extreme, t.W and the monotunous hum of his own or the Copy- >/c;^' holders voice is apt to induce a drowsy condition in which the most palpable blunders may escape notice. One of the most deadly traps of the inexperenced is the^C^/ easily contracted habit of reading mechanicaly, with- .C-/ out atpnding to the sence while it justaseasy to err in ^ .^j. the other way, and by reading solely for sense, to ^1 be blind to litteral erors of grave importance. As the result of long experience, I find that I am rarely •Hj chalenged as to matter about which I have had ,' doubts, it is the false security induced by 0blivion V and day-dreaming that is pruductive of heart-searching references to copy. The International Printer. The copy should be read aloud to the correcter by some personwhocan pronoimce distintly and with ease every word contained in it. The correcter holds the proof and the Reader the copy. CorCec- tion should be made on the black margin, opposite the lines in which the erors are respectively found and in ezactly the same order in which the errors occur. Corections are generally seperated from each other by obliqe lines When severel errors occur in one line, the changes shuold bemadeon the margen nearest the several errors wich they are intended to corect. 6G2Giii Copyright, 1904 Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adhle Millicent Smith Exercise I READING Copy The Reader's occupation is sedentery in the extreme, and the monotunous hum of his own or the Copy- \*/ holders voice is apt to induse a drowsy condition in which the most palpable blimders may escape notice. One of the most dedly traps of the inexperenced is the easily contracted habit of reading mechanicaly, with- " ^;out atending to the sence while it justaseasy to err in the other way, and by reading solely for sense, to be blind to litteral erors of grave importance. As the result of long experience, I find that I am rarely 'chalenged as to matter about which I have had .c doubts, it is the false security induced by Oblivion and day-dreaming that is pruductive of heart-searching references to copy. The International Printer. The copy should be read aloud to the correcter by some personwhocan pronounce distintly and with ease every word contained in it. The correcter holds the proof and the Reader the copy. Corcec- tion should be made on the black margin, opposite the lines in which the erors are respectively found and in ezactly the same order in which the errors occur. Corections are generally seperated from each other by obliqe lines When severel errors occur in one line, the changes shuold bemadeon the margen nearest the several errors wich they are intended to corect. Copyright, 1004, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise II BLOCK-PRINTING Printing from engraved blocks of wood on soft metal was practised in the fourteenth century when ^- rude figures of the Virgen and other Saints, often y^,^ coarsely colored by hand, made their appearance )C About the same time ornamental patems were printed ': ,/ on stuff from engraved blocks. Cardboards was devel- /j/*- ion 7; brevier, 8 bourgeois, 9. Each type bears a simple definite pro portion to all others and cannot be used in Ji combinations therewith. This Point system involves a */ >) , charge in types styles, and the designer had not only to be > acquainted with the inovation, but also had to understand _<_,, what it signifid, to no where it limited his scope, and j^ w;ere, on the other hand, it gave him wider fredom. The adaptation of the American systems and other im- .>^ h provements made thereby posible has placed type- >/ *^ founding in this couutry on a more scientific bases, and ■ J c tHe designers have been corespondingly required to adjust ;^^ thier art to more scientific lines John V. Sears, in The Internationm. Printer; " Modern Type Forms. Copyright, 1904 Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Milt.icent Smith Exercise III THE POINT SYSTEM Formerly the varous sizes of type were made some- what hap hazard ; the name given to thedifferent sizes as Pica, primer, brevier, bourgois, nonpareil not always con- forming to the exact measurements which the severe! names were supposedtoindicate Twenty years ago, in 1883 the United Typefounders association adapted the American Point System, now universaly used in this country. The system established the point, one-twelfth of pica size, as the unit of measurement, and all siZes are multiples of this unit pearl, 5 point; nonpareil, 6; min- ion 7 ; brevier, 8 bourgeois, 9. Each type bears a simple definite pro portion to all others and cannot be used in combinations therewith. This Point system involves a charge in types styles, and the designer had not only to be acquainted with the inovation, but also had to understand what it signifid, to no where it limited his scope, and were, on the other hand, it gave him wider fredom. The adaptation of the American systems and other im- provements made thereby posible has placed type- founding in this country on a more scientific bases, and tHe designers have been corespondingly required to adjust thier art to more scientific lines John V. Sears, in The iNTERNAXioNAt Printer; " Modern Type Forms. Copyright 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co Ad&le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise IV MANUSCRIPT BOOKS ^/ The mai^^cript books of the Hiddle ages were ver- ^ -/ <^ --<^ 0^ table works of art Time was of no cons^uence to the «-» ^/ _9 iSf cojjXist, and many >^ars were often employed inthepro^-^j^ A-c^^ duction of a simple book. The work^ of the manuscript ^ JL^/ writers consis'^ in outlining the letter for the text, first Q J drawing in the letters, and afterwards filling them in with / V ^ I i y Copyright 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia ExifeRCiSES IN Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise IV MANUSCRIPT BOOKS The manscript books of the Middle ages were ver- table works of art. Time was of no consquence to the copyist, and many years were often employed inthepro- duction of a simple book. The works of the manuscript writers consist in outlining the letter for the text, first . drawing in the letters, and afterwards filling them in with ' the pen.^he style of lettering usuUy adapted by the copyist is preserved in a form modified in the Old English and german text-letters used by modren printers and in the ecleciastical lettering used for inscriptions in churches When the copyisthad completed his wor^ the manuscript was taken in hand by the designer, who skeched in the initial letter, ornamental borders, and pictures and handed / it over to the iluminator, who painted in the colour- ing. The design and iluminating seem to have been really the most important feature^ in some of these early books /and many splendid manuscripts, with there elab- Y^ rate initials and delicate fluorishes and tracry spread- ing over the entire margins, are in existence still, / i— — reminders of an Art that existed once but now has r^ — passed away, perhaps forever Ernest J. Hathaway, in The International Printer, "The Influence of Religion in Early Bookmaking." O Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise V EARLY PRINTING-PRESSES k _ a/ The fisrt printer had but small presses, made entirely ^^^sv^ ^/ ' ' of wood. There power also was slight and they printed,, j ' 0'^'^ ^ as a rule, but one page^ a time, the screw was of wood^^"^-*-,*- c^ s^' and worked by a bar;" much thesameas a modren napkin rt' ^ jn "% ^ress. The chief thmg was to obtain an even surface on ~— -77 / 11 the "bed" upon wnich the page of type rest; and^sejD- -^O/^/ -^ ondly, an even suriace for the "Platen," whicii was \ovj-/c.^ c. ^' ered as the bar tur nedthe screw, and thus pressed the - • ■ - y — paper upon the face of the type. The eveijess of impres. /^/^/- ^ ^ I sion,as well as colour, in many- old books, sho\^ that this^ f)/ ■A c/ W'Cs acomplished with grate success, and proAes what -e-'^-^ -^ hi i good mecanicians they were fore hundred years ago. i/^/ _-— _w- [_ It is a task whih we could not accomplish so success- /*^-^*-^' fully where our modern tools and apliances withdrawn /^ /(iy There -was nearly always two workmen to one press. One "beat" the "Form," that is^ he dabbed two big soft balls covered with ink ^all over the type; the other placeg the ^' white paper on the "tympan, and ran the hole, by means VX '^f J of a whinch, beneath the platen ^_and then made a strong ^o^~^-^^ ^ ^' ^pull'at the bar. The Pentateuch of Printing:, Blades '^-'^^ C . ^^^Z^f-C Copyright. 1904. Pri^te-i by ^,y The John C. Winston Co. Adfele MiUicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise V EARLY PRINTING-PRESSES The fisrt printer had but small presses, made entirely of wood. There power also was sUght and they printed as a rule, but one page a time, the screw was of wood, and worked by a bar," much thesameas a modren napkin press. The chief thing was to obtain an even surface on the "bed" upon wnich the page of type rest; and seo- ondly, an even sunace for the "Platen," whicq was low- ered as the bar tur nedthe screw, and thus pressed the paper upon the face of the type. The eveness of impres sion.as well as colour in many old books, show that this was acomplished with grate success, and proAes what good mecanicians they were fore hundred years ago. It is a task whih we could not accomplish so success- fully where our modern tools and apliances withdrawn There was nearly always two workmen to one press. One "beat" the "Form," that is he dabbed two big soft balls covered with ink all over the type ; the other placeg the white paper on the "tympan, and ran the hole, by means of a whinch, beneath the platen, and then made a strong pull at the bar. The Pentateuch of Printing: Blades Copyricrht, 1904. Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Ad^le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AofeLE Millicent Smith Exercise VI NEWSPAPER PRINTING The paper from which news-papers are printed is made in very long webs or rolls, varAing in length from three to ninety miles, and prepared at special mills. A roll of paper is pla ced at one end of the press above the flour, and the end of the sheet is then led between the cylinders. The paper which enters the press simply as a blank roll, flies swiftly from cilinder to cylinder, receiting the impression of streotypes, electrctypes, and half-tones separates in newspapers uudei the action of the knife, divides again into sections, and issues form the press in the form of the finished newspaper, nearly io]ded and counted ready for delivery. The first Journal in America apeared in Boston on September 25th, 1690, under the name Public Occurences This was a pamphlet, rather than a newspaper.The Boston News-Letter was started in 1704. The Boston Gazette ap- peared on December 21 17 19, and the American Weekly Mercury, of Philedelphia, one daylater. The Pennsylvania- Gazette of Philadelphia was started in 1728 by Samuel Kiemer, but in less then a year it was baught by Benjamin Frankli .flln 1 8 2 1 , it took the name of The Saturday Even- ing Post; under this title it is still issued and is the oldest existing Journal in America. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. AdMe Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AdI:le Millicbnt Smith Exercise VI NEWSPAPER PRINTING The paper from which news-papers are printed is made in very long webs or rolls, varAing in length from three to ninety miles, and prepared at special mills. A roll of paper is pla ced at one end of the press above the flour, and the end of the sheet is then led between the cylinders. The paper which enters the press simply as a blank roll, flies swiftly from cilinder to cylinder, receiting the impression of streotypes, electrctypes, and half-tones separates in newspapers uudei the action of the knife, divides again into sections, and issues form the press in the form of the finished newspaper, nearly tolded and counted ready for delivery. The first Journal in America apeared in Boston on September 25th, 1690, under the name Public Occurences This was a pamphlet, rather than a newspaper. The Boston News-Letter was started in 1704. The Boston Gazette ap- peared on December 21 1719, and the American Weekly Mercury, of Philedelphia, one day later. The Pennsylvania- Gazette of Philadelphia was started in 1728 by Samuel Kiemer, but in less then a year it was baught by Benjamin Frankli .Hin 1 8 2 1 , it took the name of The Saturday Even- ing Post; under this title it is still issued and is the oldest existing Journal in America. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. AdMe Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adhle Millicent Smith Exercise VII THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY The key to the invention of Typography was the x<.y typemould. The honor is d^e to the men who invented the f irst type-mold, for types which are cast are the " ' ones only, that can be used to advantage. A fierce con- trovercy has waged as to who first gave the world a knowlege of topography, but the wieght of evidence is / strongly in favor of John Gutenberg, a printer of mainz / We do not know when or were Guttenberg made his ist experiments with movable type, but before 1459 he seems at Strasburg to have been at work, endeavoring to pre- fect his art. From Strasbourg he went to MainZ where ^ his name appear©^ in 1448 in a record of a legal contract. Here about 1450, he enters into partner-ship with Johann means necesary to set up a printing-press. FustorFaust, a wealthy moneylender, who furnished the In a few years (1445), Fust brought a law suit against ) Gutenburg to recover of the sum money he had advanced. / 1^1 Yhe verdict was in Fusts favor, and as Guttenberg could ' not pay the money, the printingpress passed out of his hands. Although now nearly end, sixty years Gutun- berg did not d^^pair, but determined to find another berg did not dispair, but determined to find another office. Some of his printing still materials remained to him, and the Clerk of the town of Mainz provided him with mony. He continued to work for some time in Mainz, His death occurred about 1448. Copyright. 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfcle Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise VII THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY The key to the invention of Typography was the typemould. The honor is dne to the men who invented the f irst type-mold, for types which are cast are the ones only that can be used to advantage. A fierce con- trovercy has waged as to who first gave the world a knowlege of topography, but the wieght of evidence is strongly in favor of John Gutenberg, a printer of mainz We do not know when or were Guttenberg made his ist experiments with movable type, but before 1459 he seems at Strasburg to have been at work, endeavoring to pre- fect his art. From Strasbourg he went to MainZ where his name appeared in 1448 in a record of a legal contract. Here about 1450, he enters into partner-ship with Johann means necesary to set up a printing-press. FustorFaust, a wealthy moneylender, who furnished the In a few years (1445), Fust brought a law suit against Gutenburg to recover of the sum money he had advanced. Yhe verdict was in Fusts favor, and as Guttenberg could not pay the money, the printingpress passed out of his hands. Although now nearly old, sixty years Gutun- berg did not dispair, but determined to find another berg did not dispair, but determined to find another office. Some of his printing still materials remained to him, and the Clerk of the town of Mainz provided him with mony. He continued to work for some time in Mainz. His death occurred about 1448. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. AdMe Millicent Smitb Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise VIII EARLIEST PRINTED Works The earlest specimen of printing from mov able metal types known to exist at the present day is the famour Letter of Indulgence, of pope Nicholas V, to persons such as should contribute money to help the King of Cyprus against the Tur^^s. A copy of this Indulgenoe now preserved at the Hage, bears the earliest date authentic on a document printed from type November 15, 1454. The work upon which Gutenburg's fame rests as a a graet printer is the holy Bible in Latin. There are are 2 editions of this work one known as the Bible of Forty two Lines and the otqer as the Bible of Thirty-six Lines. It is known not was which printed first, but it is is generally beleived that the the forty-two line Bible is earlier. It is beleved that this Bible could have been begun before August 1450, and that it was finished in 1453, but the exact dates are not known These 2 editions of the Bible bears no printed date. The first book with a printed date is the Psalmorum codex of 1457, isued by Schoeffer. This Palter Codex is regarded by many as the finest works issued by the early press. It is an imtation not only of the copyists but of the ilu- minators art, with block stately types, and two colored initials red and blue. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Procjfreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise VIII EARLIEST PRINTED Works The earlest specimen of printing from mov able metal types known to exist at the present day is the famour Letter of Indulgence, of pope Nicholas V, to persons such as should contribute money to help the King of Cyprus against the Tur^^s. A copy of this Indulgence now preserved at the Hage, bears the earliest date authentic on a document printed from type November 15, 1454. The work upon which Gutenburg's fame rests as a a graet printer is the holy Bible in Latin. There are are 2 editions of this work one known as the Bible of Forty two Lines and the otqer as the Bible of Thirty-six Lines. It is known not was which printed first, but it is is generally beleived that the the forty-two line Bible is earlier. It is beleved that this Bible could have been begun before August 1450, and that it was finished in 1453, but the exact dates are not known These 2 editions of the Bible bears no printed date. The first book with a printed date is the Psalmorum codex of 1457. isued by Schoeffer. This Palter Codex is regarded by many as the finest works issued by the early press. It is an imtation not only of the copyists but of the ilu- minators art, with block stately types, and two colored initials red and blue. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Ad^le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith EXBRCISB IX MODERN PRESSWORK In comparing the press-work of the sixteenth century with that of the close of the 19th, it would be satisfaction if we could not point to the same progress in the quality of work that we find in speed with which the work is excuted. Unfortunately it must be admited that that this is not uni- formly the case. Not little satisfactory bookprinting is pro- duced by the modern press ; but nevertheless it is the case that the demands made now upon the printer for books whichcanbesold at a poplar price has a tendency to bring fourth a quantity of press-work for which it is not posible to express admiration. It is with a feeling of great rehef that one turns from some of the grey pages of the present ful old black-letter volumes of two or 3 centuries sinse, day, printed upon hard and stiff pulp paper, to the delight- with their clearcut sharp type, struck wih deep black ink on hand-made paper, of such stock as admited not only on a perfect impression, but in addition, presented a sur- face and a flexibility delightful to the eye and to to the the touch. Authors and Publishers: G. H. P and J. B. P. The numorous illustrations which gives life and add value to our books, magazines and news-papers, without their increasing greatly cost, have been brought in existence by the developement of the relatively new art of Photo-engraving, which by 1 880, was beginning to suppUant the reproducing of woodcuts. Reproductions of any picture or object in which there is a gradtion of color, is made by the half-tone process. Drawings or hictures consisting of single lines, that is without tones of color are produced by lineplates. Copyi-ight, 1904. Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. AdMe Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith EXBRCISB IX MODERN PRESSWORK In comparing the press-work of the sixteenth century with that of the close of the 19th, it would be satisfaction if we could not point to the same progress in the quality of work that we find in speed with which the work is excuted. Unfortunately it must be admited that that this is not uni- formly the case . Not little satisfactory bookprinting is pro- duced by the modern press; but nevertheless it is the case that the demands made now upon the printer for books whichcanbesold at a poplar price has a tendency to bring fourth a quantity of press-work for which it is not posible to express admiration. It is with a feeling of great relief that one turns from some of the grey pages of the present ful old black-letter volumes of two or 3 centuries sinse, day, printed upon hard and stiff pulp paper, to the deHght- with their clearcut sharp type, struck wih deep black ink on hand-made paper, of such stock as admited not only on a perfect impression, but in addition, presented a sur- face and a flexibility delightful to the eye and to to the the touch. Authors and Publishers: G. H. P. and J. B. P. The numerous illustrations which gives life and add value to our books, magazines and news-papers, without their increasing greatly cost, have been brought in existence by the developement of the relatively new art of Photo-engraving, which by 1880, was beginning to supphant the reproducing of wood,cuts. Reproductions of any picture or object in which there is a gradtion of color, is made by the half-tone process. Drawings or hictures consisting of single lines, that is without tones of color are produced by lineplates. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by llie John C. Winston Co. Aa^lb Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AofeLE Millicent Smith ;£XERCISE X THE ROMAN AND the ITALIC TYPES In T458, the King of France sent Nicholas Jenson to Mianz to learn the new art On his return to Paris he tried to get sufficient mony to establish the press, but was not sucessful and went to Italy In Venice, he became famous. Jonsen prefected the roman type, which he used in 1471. but the latter had allready been cast at Subaco in 1465. The roman letter of Jonson was a letter of extra ordinary beauty, it has freqently been copied, but never imitated. Our roman letter of to-day is deried from the two scripts formally used in Romecapitals from the letters used from insriptions, and small letters form the kursive form employed for busness cor respondence. Aldus manutius was an eminent printer ; who lived in Venece at the begining of the sizteenth century. He he desired a compact type for the purpOse of issuing small editions of the classies, and to supply this need he intro- duced the type first knon as Venitian but called italic afterward by the Latin and the English people. It is a a letter wich inclines to the right, and is suppoed to be formed from the hand-writing of Petrarch. The aldine press estab- lished at Venice was celebrated for its editions of the greek and and Latin classies. To assist him in the prepration of these volumes, Aldos gathered around him, editors and and proof-readers, the most scolarly men of his age. The present system of Punctuation may be said have been devized by him, as but few marks before his time had been emploqed, and the use of those was not well-regulated Copyright, 1904, Printed by by Ihe John C. Winston Co. Adfelb Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith ;EXERCISE X THE ROMAN AND the ITALIC TYPES In 1458, the King of France sent Nicholas Jenson to Mianz to learn the new art On his retu-in to Paris he tried to get sufficient mony to establish the press, but was not sucessful and went to Italy In Venice, he became famous. Jonsen prefected the roman type, which he used in 147 1. but the latter had allready been cast at Subaco in 1465. The roman letter of Jonson was a letter of extra ordinary beauty, it has freqently been copied, but never imitated. Our roman letter of to-day is deried from the two scripts formally used in Romecapitals from the letters used from insriptions, and small letters form the kursive form employed for busness cor respondence. Aldus manutius was an eminent printer; who lived in Venece at the begining of the sizteenth century. He he desired a compact type for the purpOse of issuing small editions of the classies, and to supply this need he intro- duced the type first knon as Venitian but called italic afterward by the Latin and the English people. It is a a letter wich inclines to the right, and is suppoed to be formed from the hand-writing of Petrarch. The aldine press estab- lished at Venice was celehrated for its editions of the greek and and Latin classies. To assist him in the prepration of these volumes, Aldos gathered around him, editors and and proof-readers, the most scolarly men of his age. The present system of Punctuation may be said have been devized by him, as but few marks before his time had been emploqed, and the use of those was not well-regulated Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. ^d^le MiUicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XI THE GOTHIC LETTER The book issued by the first printers were in the Gothic characters. When the new art was introduced first the wealthy looked upon the inovation as an artistic trade, and the printers copied therefore the characters of of the cotemporary manuscript in order to sell there works. The gothic letters had been emplyoed by the ccpyists of Europe for many centuries before the inven- vention of movable types Roman type was first cast in 1465 by two German printers, Sweinhem and Panartz at Subiaco, Italy. It was afterward prefected and used by Nicholas Jensen, at Venice, The gothic and the Roman froms strugled together for some time after the interduction of printing but the letter finally tritimpfed. Roman type was used first in England in 1818, and by by the year 1800 books were printed generally in in that type. The roman letter of Jonson was the modle adopted by William Morris for the Kelmacott press, when it was started at Hammer- smith England, in 1891 Although in printed work gothic characters preceded the roman, the letter had been emploXed in manuscript many centtiries before the introduction of gothic letters. Gothic letter in fact was formed from the roman. The English name of black letter was given to the carac- acter until after the introduction of roman printing types. Old English and German text are called by printers black letters. Ck)pyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. ^fele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XI THE GOTHIC LETTER The book issued by the first printers were in the Gothic characters. When the new art was introduced first the wealthy looked upon the inovation as an artistic trade, and the printers copied therefore the characters of of the cotemporary manuscript in order to sell there works. The gothic letters had been emplyoed by the ccpyists of Europe for many centuries before the inven- vention of movable types Roman type was first cast in 1465 by two German printers, Sweinhem and Panartz at Subiaco, Italy. It was afterward prefected and used by Nicholas Jensen, at Venice, The gothic and the Roman froms strugled together for some time after the interduction of printing but the letter finally triumpfed. Roman type was used first in England in 1818, and by by the year 1800 books were printed generally in in that type. The roman letter of Jonson was the modle adopted by WilHam Morris for the Kelmacott press, when it was started at Hammer- smith England, in 1891 Although in printed work gothic characters preceded the roman, the letter had been employed in mantiscript many centuries before the introduction of gothic letters. Gothic letter in fact was formed from the roman. The English name of black letter was given to the carac- acter until after the introduction of roman printing types. Old English and German text are called by printers black letters. Copyright, 1904. Printed by by The John C. Winston Co Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad6le Millicent Smith Exercise XII WILLIAM CAXTION William Cazton is the first printer who practiced the Art in England. The Xear of his burth is not definitely known; but it it was probably near 1422, for he was aprenticed in 1438 to the mercers trade A few years after the latter date he left England for the low Countries where he remained for 30 years. About 1470, he entered the service of Margret, Duchess uf Burgundy and sister of Edward IV. Caxtion had long been intrested in the romances of the days and had translated some them. Hav- ing finished and been rewarded for his trouble in translating Le Recueil des Histoires de Troyes for the duchess of Burgundy, he found his books in great demand. The English Nobles at Bruges whished to have copies of the favorite romances of the Age, and Caxton found himself able to supply the demahd with sufkient rapidty. This brings us to the year 1472, or 1473 Mansoin who had obtained some knowlege of art of printing, although certainly not from Colone, had just begvm his topo- graphical labors at Brugs, and was ready to reproduce copies by means of the press, if supported by the necesary patronage and funds. Caxton found the money, and Madsion the reqtdsite knowledge, by the aid of wich appeared "The Recuyell," the book first printed in the english language. This, probably was notac- compUshed till 1474, and was succeeded on Caxtons part, in another yea, by an issue of the Chess Book. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicent Smith Exercise XII WILLIAM CAXTION William Cazton is the first printer who practiced the Art in England. The Xear of his burth is not definitely known; but it it was probably near 1422, for he was aprenticed in 1438 to the mercers trade A few years after the latter date he left England for the low Countries where he remained for 30 years. About 1470, he entered the service of Margret, Duchess uf Burgundy and sister of Edward IV. Caxtion had long been intrested in the romances of the days and had translated some them. Hav- ing finished and been rewarded for his trouble in translating Le Recueil des Histoires de Troyes for the duchess of Burgundy, he fovmd his books in great demand. The English Nobles at Bruges whished to have copies of the favorite romances of the Age, and Caxton found himself able to supply the demahd with sufkient rapidty. This brings us to the year 1472, or 1473 Mansoin who had obtained some knowlege of art of printing, although certainly not from Colone, had just begun his topo- graphical labors at Brugs, and was ready to reproduce copies by means of the press, if supported by the necesary patronage and funds. Caxton found the money, and Madsion the requisite knowledge, by the aid of wich appeared "The RecuyeU," the book first printed in the english language. This, probably was notac- compUshed till 1474, and was succeeded on Caxtons part, in another yea, by an issue of the Chess Book. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele MUlicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XIII PRINTING IN CHINA and JAPAN In China, various attempts have been made to substute type for engraved blocks, but this is difficult because of the great numbers oi the Chinese Characters. These caracters do net stand for letters, or sounds, but represent complete words, or ideas the characters formed by combination have been variously estimated, from 40 thousand to over tvvo-hundred-thousand in numbers; not more than forteen or fifteen thousand, however, are in reglar use.JJA c hinese Missionary house employs^about six thonsand characters jf or an ordinary news-paper; only about four thousand are neccessary; while magazines which treat of a great range of subjects requires ten thousand.^The printing offices arrange the characters by the radicles. Mo-vable types both of wood and of metel, have been employed long in China.HPrinting from movabel metal types are practised in China mainly for the ptu- pose of cir culating the Bible and the news-papers. It is indisputable, that block-printing was first practiced in China, but there is nothing which prove that Europe origibally dirived her knowledge of this art from the east. In Japan, the earliest example of block printing dates from the midle of the eight century .Because of the avidity with which the Japanese have took hold of western learning, printing is extensively carried on on Japan, both blocks, and types of metal being employed. Copyright; 1904. P"^t<^ ^y ^y The John C. Winston Co. Adfele MiUicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XIII PRINTING IN CHINA and JAPAN In China, various attempts have been made to substute type for engraved blocks, but this is difficult because of the great numbers of the Chinese Characters. These caracters do net stand for letters, or sounds, but represent complete words, or ideas the characters formed by combination have been variously estimated, from 40 thousand to over two-hundred-thousand in numbers; not more than forteen or fifteen thousand, however, are in reglar use. HA c hinese Missionary house employsjabout six thonsand charactersjfor an ordinary news-paper; only about four thousand are neccessary; while magazines which treat of a great range of subjects requires ten thousand. H'rhe printing offices arrange the chaJacters by the radicles. Mo-vable types both of wood and of metel, have been employed long in China. HPrinting from movabel metal types are practised in China mainly for the pur pose of cir culatirig the Bible and the news-papers. It is indisputable, that block-printing was first practiced m China, but there is nothing which prove that Europe ongibally dirived her knowledge of this art from the east. In Japan, the earliest example of block pnntmg dates from the midle of the eight centurv .Because of the avidity with which the Japanese have took hold of western learning, printing is extensively carried on on Japan, both blocks, and types of metal being employed. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. A.d61e Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XIV BEGINNING OF PRINTING IN AMERICA. In America, printing begun in the City of Mexico. The first printer was Juana Pablos, and the first book printed was La Escala Espiritual para Llegar al Cielo" (A Spiritual Ladder for Reaching Heaven of San Juan CHmaco, isued about 1636. So so far as known, no copy of this book exists now. A press was estabhshed at Lima Peru, about 1584. The first printing press in North America was ereoted at Cambridge, Massachusets, through the efforts of the Rev. Joss or Jessie Glover, who died while bringing the materials to that place. Glovers wife married Henry Dunster the President of Harvard CcUege, and he resumed the management of the Press. It was opperated by Stephen Day, a workinen who sailed with Glover, in 1639 it it issued "The Freeman's Oath" and an almanac. Its first important work was wasJThe Bay Psam Book," printed in 1640 Printing was begvm in 1676 in Boston by John Foster. The first press in Philadelphie was set by William Bradford and the first work issued by him was an almanic in 1685. Bradford afterw-ard moved to New York and begun printing in that oity city in 1693. Among the early books published m America, a few still retain there interest, for Only not their quaintness but because of the influence they have exerted on the national character. John Cotton's Catechism, or "Mlik for Babies," first issued in England, was reprinted at Cambridge, Massachussetts, in 1656. This Catechism was aften.vards included in another famuus book, "The New England Premer," the first edetion of which is supposed to have appeared, between 1687 and 1690. The only feature which must have made the Primer poplar with children was its illustrations, especialy the rymed alphabet cuts. Q Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. (Vd^le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XIV BEGINNING OF PRINTING IN AMERICA. In America, printing begun in the City of Mexico. The first printer was Juana Pablos, and the first book printed was La Eficala Espiritual para Llegar al Cielo" (A Spiritual Ladder for Reaching Heaven of San Juan CUmaco, isued about 1636. So so far as known, no copy of this book exists now. A press was established at Lima Peru, about 1584. The first printing press in North America was ereoted at Cambridge, Massachusets, through the efforts of the Rev. Joss or Jessie Glover, who died while bringing the materials to that place. Glovers wife married Henry Dunster the President of Harvard Ccllege, and he resumed the management of the Press. It was opperated by Stephen Day, a workmen who sailed with Glover, in 1639 it it issued "The Freeman's Oath" and an almanac. Its first important work was was|The Bay Psam Book," printed in 1640 Printing was begun in 1676 in Boston by John Foster. The first press in Philadelphie was set by William Bradford and the first work issued by him was an almanic in 1685. Bradford afterward moved to New York and begun printing in that oity city in 1693. Among the early books published m America, a few still retain there interest,"^ for Only not their quaintness but because of the influence thev have exerted on the national character. John Cotton's "Catechism, or "Mlik for Babies," first issued in England, was reprinted at Cambridge, Massachussetts, in 1656. This Catechism was afterwards included in another famuus book, "The New England Premer," the first edetion of which is supposed to have appeared, between 1687 and 1690. The only feature which must have made the Primer poplar with children was its illustrations, especialy the rymed alphabet cuts. Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Ad^^le Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicent Smith Exercise XV BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Benjamin Franklin was bom in Boston on the 17 of of January, 1706, and died in Philadelphia, on the 17th of April 1790. He begun his apprenteceship as a printer in 1778, and worked as a journey-man in Philedelphia in 1724, and in in London worked as a journey-man in Philedelphia in 1724, and in in London in 1725. He returned to Philadelphia in 1726, and soon began as master brinter in 1729. As editor and publisher he there made him self a man of note. He vented the Franklin stove in 1742, he proved the identity of lighting and eleotricity in 1752 he was made Clerk of the Assembly in 1736; post-master of Philadel- representative of Pensylvania before the Council of Engalnd in 1757 and again in 1764; deleegate to congress in 1775; ambassader to France in 1770; commissioner to England in 1783; President of Pennsylvania from 1785 to 1787; delegate from the Constitutional Convention in 1789. The Practice of Typography: Theodore Low DeVinne In 1732, Franklin issued the first numbers of "Poor Richards Almanac," which was pubblished every year, for a quarter of a a eentury.H" Poor Richard" made Franklin famous. He had had notioed that in many hemes this almanic was the only book. He therefor filled the space between the remarkeble days in the calander with proverbal sentences, inculcating industry and frugality as the means of obtaining wealth and therebye according to Franklins belief) securing virtue; for he though that the way to make people happy was to help them to be good. To the counsels ofHPoor Richard are due to some extent the shrewd, industrous ana thrifty habits of the typical American' Copyright, 1004, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AdI;le Millicent Smith Exercise XV BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on the 17 of of January, 1706, and died in Philadelphia, on the 17th of April 1790. He begun his apprenteceship as a printer in 1778, and worked as a journey-man in Philedelphia in 1724, and in in London worked as a journey-man in Philedelphia in 1724, and in in London in 1725. He returned to Philadelphia in 1726, and soon began as master brinter in 1729. As editor and publisher he there made him self a man of note. He vented the Franklin stove in 1742, he proved the identity of lighting and eleotricity in 1752 he was made Clerk of the Assembly in 1736; post-master of Philadel- representative of Pensylvania before the Ccuncil of Engalnd in 1757 and again in 1764; deleegate to congress in 1775 ; ambassader to France in 1770; commissioner to England in 1783; President of Pennsylvania from 1785 to 1787; delegate from the Constitutional Convention in 1789. The Practice of Typography: Theodore Low DeVinne In 1732, Franklin issued the first numbers of "Poor Richards Almanac," which was pubblished every year, for a quarter of a a century .■" Poor Richard" made Franklin famous. He had had notioea that in many hemes this almanic was the only book. He therefor filled the space between the remarkeble days in the calander with proverbal sentences, inculcating industry and frugality as the means of obtaining wealth and therebye according to Franklins behef) securing virtue; for he though that the way to make people happy was to help them to be good. To the counsels ofHPoor Richard are due to some extent the shrewd, industrous and thrifty habits of the typical American' Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AofeLE MiLLICENT SmITH Copt— I READING COPY The reader's occupation is sedentary in the extreme, and the monotonous hum of his own or of the copy- holder's voice is apt to induce a drowsy condition in which the most palpable bltmders may escape notice. One of the most deadly traps of the inexperienced is the easily contracted habit of reading mechanically, without attending to the sense ; while it is just as easy to err in the other way, and, by reading solely for sense, to be blind to literal errors of grave importance. As the result of long experience, I find that I am rarely challenged as to any matter about which I have had doubts. It is the false security induced by oblivion and day-dreaming that is productive of heart-searching references to copy. The International Printer. The copy should be read aloud to the corrector by some person who can pronounce distinctly and with ease every word contained in it. The corrector holds the proof and the reader the copy. Corrections should be made on the blank margins, opposite the lines in which the errors are respectively foimd, and in exactly the same order in which the errors occur. Corrections are generally separated from each other by oblique lines. When several errors occur in one line, the changes should be made on the margin nearest the several errors which they are intended to correct. Printed by The John C. Winston Co, Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^lb Millicent Smith Copy— II BLOCK-PRINTING Printing from engraved blocks of wood or soft metal was practised in the fourteenth century, when rude figures of the Virgin and other saints, often coarsely coloured by hand, made their appearance. About the same time ornamental patterns were printed on stuffs from engraved blocks. Cardboard was devel- oped from paper, and playing-cards, printed from blocks, were common in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. All these methods of printing were so many decided advances toward Typography; but two new processes were still necessary to success, viz : a thicker ink than previously used, and some kind of press with which to make a regular and even impression. The next step was the making of that interesting class of books called "block-books." These consisted for the most part of a series of rude woodcuts the full size of the page, representing various parts of Scripture, History, Heaven, Hell, Death, and the Judgment. The earliest known specimens of these works were printed in a brown ink similar to distemper drawings. Lamp- black was already well known to the ancients as a basis for writing ink, and, mixed with gum water, formed that deep glossy hue so much admired in many old manuscripts ; but how to thicken the ink so as to make it suitable for printing from a raised surface was a discovery of great importance, made long before typography was invented. This object was attained by the prolonged boiling of oil, and then grinding it with carbon or lampblack. The Pentateuch of Printing: Blades. Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy— III THE POINT SYSTEM Formerly, the various sizes of type were made some- what haphazard; the names given to the different sizes, as pica, primer, brevier, bourgeois, nonpareil, not always conforming to the exact measurement which the several names were supposed to indicate. Twenty years ago, in 1883, the United Typefounders Association adopted the American point system, now universally used in this country. This system establishes the point, one-twelfth pica size, as the unit of measurement, and all sizes are multiples of this unit: pearl, 5-point; nonpareil, 6; min- ion, 7; brevier, 8; bourgeois, 9. Each type bears a simple, definite proportion to all others and can be used in combi- nation therewith. This point system involved a change in type styles, and the designer not only had to be ac- quainted with the innovation, but had also to understand what it signified, to know where it limited his scope, and where, on the other hand, it gave him wider freedom. The adoption of the American system and other improve- ments thereby made possible have placed typefounding in this country on a more scientific basis, and the designers have been correspondingly required to adjust their art to i»ore scientific lines. John V. Sears, in The International Printer: "Modern Type Forms." Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicent Smith Copy— IV MANUSCRIPT BOOKS The manuscript books of the middle ages were veri- table works of art. Time was of no consequence to the copyist, and many years were often employed in the pro- duction of a single book. The work of the manuscript writers consisted in outlining the letter for the text, first drawing in the letters and afterward filling them in with the pen. The style of lettering usually adopted by the copyists is preserved in a modified form in the Old English and German text letters used by modem printers, and in the ecclesiastical lettering used for inscriptions in churches. When the copyist had completed his work the manu- script was taken in hand by the designer, who sketched in the initial letters, ornamental borders, and pictures, and handed it over to the illuminator, who painted in the coloring. The designing and illuminating seem to have been the most important features in some of these early books; and many splendid manuscripts, with their elabo- rate initials and delicate flourishes and tracery spreading over the entire margins, are still in existence, reminders of an art that once existed but has now passed away, per- haps forever. Ernest J. Hathaway, in The International Printer: "The Influence of Religion in Early Bookmaking." Printed by The John C. Winston Co, Philadelphi* Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad£:lb Millicent Suith Copy— V EARLY PRINTING-PRESSES The first printers had but small presses made entirely of wood. Their power also was slight and they printed, as a rule, but one page at a time. The screw was of wood, and worked by a "bar," much the same as a modem nap- kin press. The chief thing was to obtain an even surface on the "bed" upon which the page of type rested; and, secondly, an even surface for the "platen," which was lowered as the bar turned the screw, and thus pressed the paper upon the face of the type. The evenness of impres- sion, as well as of colour, in many old books, shows that this was accomplished with great success, and proves what good mechanicians they were four hundred years ago. It is a task which we could not now accomplish so success- fully were our modern tools and appliances withdrawn. ****************** There were nearly always two workmen to one press. One "beat" the "form," that is, he dabbed two big soft balls covered with ink over all the type ; the other placed the white paper on the "tympan," and ran the whole, by means of a winch, beneath the platen, and then made a strong "pull" at the bar. The Pentateucu of Printing: Blades, Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AofeLB MlLLICENT SmITH Copy— VI NEWSPAPER PRINTING The paper from wTiich newspapers are printed is made in long webs or rolls, varying in length from three to nine miles, and is prepared at special mills. A roll of paper is placed at one end of the press just above the floor, and the end of the sheet is led between the cylinders. The paper, which enters the press simply as a blank roll, flies swiftly from cylinder to cylinder, receiving the impressions of stereotypes, electrotypes, and half-tones, separates into newspapers under the action of the knife, again divides into sections, and issues from the press in the form of the finished newspaper, neatly folded and counted, ready for delivery. The first journal in America appeared in Boston on September 25th, 1690, under the name of Publick Occur- rences. This was a pamphlet rather than a newspaper. The Boston News-Letter was started in 1704. The Boston Gazette appeared on December 21st, 17 19, and The Ameri- can Weekly Mercury of Philadelphia one day later. The Pennsylvania Gazette of Philadelphia was started in 1728 by Samuel Keimer, but in less than a year it was bought by Benjamin Franklin. In 182 1 it took the name of The Saturday Evening Post; under this title it is still issued, and is the oldest existing journal in America. Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^lb Millicent Smith Copy— VII THE INVENTION OF TYPOGRAPHY The key to the invention of typography was the type- mould. The honor is due to the man who invented the first type-mould, for types which are cast are the only ones that can be used to advantage. A fierce controversy has waged as to who first gave to the world a knowledge of typography, but the weight of evidence is strongly in favor of John Gutenberg, a printer of Mainz. We do not know when or where Gutenberg made his first experiments with movable types, but before 1439 he seems to have been at work at Strasburg, endeavoring to perfect his art. From Strasburg he went to Mainz, where his name appears in 1448, in a record of a legal contract. Here, about 1450, he entered into partnership with Johann Fust, or Faust, a wealthy money-lender, who furnished the means necessary to set up a printing-press. In a few years (1455), Fust brought a lawsuit against Gutenberg, to recover the sum of money he had advanced. The verdict was in Fust's favor, and as Gutenberg could not pay the money, the printing-press passed out of his hands. Although now nearly sixty years old, Gutenberg did not despair, but determined to found another office. Some of his printing materials still remained to him, and the clerk of the town of Mainz provided him with money. He continued to work for some time in Mainz. His death occurred about 1468. Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy— VIII EARLIEST PRINTED WORKS The earliest specimen of printing from movable metal types known to exist at the present day is the famous Letter of Indulgence, of Pope Nicholas V, to such persons as should contribute money to help the King of Cyprus against the Turks. A copy of this Indulgence, now pre- served at the Hague, bears the earliest authentic date on a document printed from types — November 15th, 1454. The work upon which Gutenberg's fame rests as a great printer is the Holy Bible in Latin. There are two editions of this work: one known as the Bible of Forty -two Lines and the other as the Bible of Thirty-six Lines'. It is not known which was printed first, but it is generally believed that the forty-two-line Bible is the earlier. It is believed that this Bible could not have been begun before August, 1450, and that it was finished in 1455, but the exact dates are not known. These two editions of the Bible bear no printed date. The first book with a printed date is the Psalmorum Codex of 1457, issued bv Schoeffer. This Psalter is regarded by many as the finest work issued by the early press. It is an imitation not only of the copyist's but of the illuminator's art, with black stately types, and two-colored initials, red and blue. Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy — IX MODERN PRESSWORK In comparing the presswork of the sixteenth century with that of the close of the nineteenth, it would be a satisfaction if we could point to the same progress in the quality of work that we find in the speed with which this work is executed. Unfortunately, it must be admitted that this is not uniformly the case. Not a little satisfactory book-printing is produced by the modern press, but it is nevertheless the case that the demands made upon the printer now for books which can be sold at a popular price have a tendency to bring forth a quality of presswork for which it is not always possible to express admiration. It is with a feeling of relief that one turns from some of the gray and muddy pages of the present day, printed upon hard and stiff "pulp" paper, to the dehghtful old black-letter volumes of two or three centuries since, with their clear-cut sharp type, struck with deep black ink on hand-made paper of such stock as admitted not only of a perfect impression, but, in addition, presented a surface and a flexibility delightful to the eye and to the touch. Authors and Publishers: G. H. P, and J. B. P. The numerous illustrations which give life and add value to our books, magazines, and newspapers, without greatly increasing their cost, have been brought into existence by the development of the relatively new art of photo-engraving, which by 1880 was beginning to supplant the reproducing of woodcuts. Reproductions of any picture or object in which there is a gradation of color, are made by the half-tone process. Drawings or pictures consisting of simple lines, that is without tones of color, are reproduced by line-plates. Printed by The John C. Winston Ca Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy— X THE ROMAN AND THE ITALIC TYPES In 1458 the King of France sent Nicolas Jenson to Mainz to learn the new art. On his return to Paris he tried to get sufficient money to establish a press, but was not successful and went to Italy. In Venice he became famous. Jenson perfected the roman type, which he used in 147 1, but the letter had already been cast at Subiaco in 1465. The roman type of Jenson was a letter of extraordinary beauty; it has frequently been copied, but never equaled. Our roman letter of to-day is derived from the two scripts formerly used in Rome — capitals from the letters used for inscriptions, and small letters from the cursive form employed for business correspondence. Aldus Manutius was an eminent printer who lived in Venice at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He desired a compact type for the purpose of issuing small editions of the classics, and to supply this need he intro- duced the type first known as Venetian but afterward called italic by the Latin and the English peoples. It is a letter which inclines to the right, and is supposed to be formed from the handwriting of Petrarch. The Aldine press established at Venice was cele- brated for its editions of the Greek and Latin classics. To assist in the preparation of these volumes, Aldus gathered around him, as editors and proofreaders, the most scholarly men of the age. The present system of punctuation may be said to have been devised by him, as before his time but few marks had been employed, and the use of these was not well regulated Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy— XI THE GOTHIC LETTER The books issued by the early printers were in the gothic character. When the new art was first introduced, the wealthy looked upon the innovation as an inartistic trade, and the printers therefore copied the characters of the contemporary manuscripts in order to sell their works. The gothic letter had been employed by the copyists of Europe for several centuries before the inven- tion of movable types. Roman type was first cast in 1465 by two German printers, Sweinheym and Pannartz, at Subiaco, Italy. It was afterward perfected and used by Nicolas Jenson, at Venice. The gothic and the roman forms struggled together for some time after the introduction of printing, but the latter finally triumphed. Roman type was first used in England in 15 18, and by the year 1600, books were generally printed in that character. The roman letter of Jenson was the model adopted by William Morris for the Kelmscott Press, when it was started at Hammer- smith, England, in 1891. Although in printed works the gothic character preceded the roman, the latter had been employed in manuscripts many centuries before the introduction of the gothic letter. Gothic letter, in fact, was formed on the roman. The English name of black letter was not given to the gothic character until after the introduction of roman printing- types. Old English and German Text are called by printers black letter. Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicent Smith Copy— XII. WILLIAM CAXTON William Caxton is the first printer who practised the art in England. The year of his birth is not definitely known, but it was probably near 1422, as he was apprenticed in 1438 to the mercer's trade. A few years after the latter date, he left England for the Low Cotm tries, where he remained for thirty years. About 1470 he entered the service of Margaret. Duchess of Burgundy and sister of Edward IV. Caxton had long been interested in the romances of the day and had translated some of them. Hav- ing finished and been rewarded for his trouble in translating "Le Recueil des Histories de Troyes" for the Duchesss of Btirgimdy, he foimd his book in great request. The English nobles at Bruges wished to have copies of this the favorite romance of the age, and Caxton found himself miable to supply the demand with sufficient rapidity. This brings us to the year 1472 or 1473. Colard Mansion, who had obtained some knowledge of the art of printing, although certainly not from Cologne, had just begun his typographical labours at Bruges, and was ready to produce copies by means of the press, if supported by the necessary patronage and funds. Caxton fovmd the money, and Mansion the requisite knowledge, by the aid of which appeared "The Recuyell," the first book printed in the English language. This, probably, was not accomplished till 1474, and was succeeded, on Caxton's part, in another year, by an issue of the "Chess Book." Printed by The John C. Winston Ca Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Copy— XIII PRINTING IN CHINA AND JAPAN In China various attempts have been made to substitute types for engraved blocks, but this is difficult because of the great number of the Chinese characters. These characters do not stand for letters or sounds, but represent complete words or ideas; the characters formed by combinations have been variously estimated from forty thousand to over two hundred thousand in number; not more than fourteen or fifteen thousand, however, are in regular use. A Chinese missionary house employs about six thousand characters; for an ordinary newspaper only about four thousand are necessary; while magazines, which treat of a greater range of subjects, require ten thousand. The printing-offices arrange the characters by the radicals. Movable types, both of wood and of metal, have long been employed in China. Printing from movable metal types is practised in China mainly for the pur- pose of circulating the Bible and for newspapers. It is indisputable that block-printing was first practised in China, but there is nothing to prove that Europe originally derived her knowledge of this art from the East. In Japan the earliest example of block-printing dates from the middle of the eighth century. Because of the avidity with which the Japanese have taken hold of Western learning, printing is extensively carried on in Japan, both blocks and types of metal being employed. Printed by The John C. Winston Go. Philadelphia BxBRCisES IN Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicent Smith Copy— XIV BEGINNINGS OF PRINTING IN AMERICA In America printing began in the city of Mexico. The first printer was Juan Pablos, and the first book printed was "La Escala Espiritual para Llegar al Cielo" (A Spiritual Ladder for Reaching Heaven) of San Juan Cilmaco, issued about 1536. So far as known, no copy of this book now exists. A press was. estabUshed at Lima, Peru, about 1584. The first printing-press in North America was erected at Cambridge, Massachusetts, through the efforts of the Rev. Joss or Jesse Glover, who died while bringing the materials to that place. Glover's wife married Henry Dvmster, the president of Harvard College, and he assumed the management of the press. It was operated by Stephen Daye, a workman who sailed with Glover, and in 1639 it issued "The Freeman's Oath" and an almanac. Its first important work was the "The Bay Psalm Book," printed in 1640. Printing was begun in Boston in 1676, by John Foster. The first press in Philadelphia was set up by William Bradford, and the first work issued by him was an almanac, in 1685. Bradford afterward removed to* New York and began printing in that city in 1693. Among the early books published in America, a few still retain their interest, not only for their quaintness but because of the influence they have exerted on the national character. John Cotton's Catechism, or "Milk for Babes," first issued in England, was reprinted at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1656. This catechism was afterward included in another famous book, "The New England Primer," the first edition of which is supposed to have appeared between 1687 and 1690. The one feature which must have made the Primer popular with children was its illustrations, especially the rhymed alphabet cuts. Printed by The John C. "Winston Ca Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^LE MlLLICENT SmITH Copy— XV BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Benjamin Franklin was bom in Boston on the 17th of January, 1706, and died in Philadelphia on the 17th of April, 1790. He began his apprenticeship as a printer in 17 18, and worked as a journeyman in Philadelphia in 1724, and in London in 1725. He retxirned to Philadelphia in 1726, and there began as master printer in 1729. As editor and publisher he soon made himself a man of note. He invented the Franklin stove in 1742; he proved the identity of lightning and electricity in 1752; he was made clerk of the Assembly in 1736; postmaster of Philadel- phia in 1737; deputy postmaster-general for the Colonies in 1753; representative of Pennsylvania before the Council of England in 1757. and again in 1764; delegate to Congress in 1775; ambassador to France in 1776; commissioner to England in 1783; president of Pennsylvania from 1785 to 1787; delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The Practice of Typography: Theodore Low DeVinne. In 1732 Franklin issued the first number of "Poor Richard's Almanack," which was published every year for a quarter of a century. "Poor Richard" made Franklin famous. He had noticed that in many homes this almanac was the only book. He therefore filled the spaces between the remarkable days in the calendar with proverbial sentences inculcating industry and frugality as the means of obtaining wealth and thereby (according to Franklin's belief) securing virtue; for he thought that the way to make people good was to help them to be happy. To the counsels of Poor Richard are due to some extent the shrewd, industrious, and thrifty habits of the typical American. Copyright, 1904. Printed by ^y The John C. Winston Co. Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adelb Millicent Smith Exercise I — Corrected READING C opy «.«o^ X. o. X '^^^ Keader's occupation is sedent/zfry in the extreme, / xf and in e/actly the same order in which the errors aJ occur. Coi^ctions are generally sepp-ated from each a/' tcj/O other by obli(^ lines^ When sever;?! errors occur in <^/ yti, one line, the changes sh{^d behiad^n the margin '^ *•/ nearest the several errors wich they are intended -^Z Jyf to corect. Copyright, 1904. by AdUe UiUicent Smith Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading AokLB MiLLlCENT SmITH X urf..% if •*/ X V if V % ExBRCiSB II — Corrected BLOCK-PRINTING. Printing from engmved blocks of wood oj^ soft metal was practised in >he fourteenth century when rude figure/ oj^ the Virgin and other Saints, often coarsely colored by hand, made their appearance^ About the sajple time ornamental pa^ms were printed on stufl|^ from engraved blocks. Cardboardj^ was devel- oped ^om paper, and playinj^-cards, printed from I blocks, were common in the fcjfteenth and fifteenth centures . All these methods of printing were so many decided advancejil' toward ;feypography/ but two new proce^s/Still ^e^ necj^ry to success, viz : a thicker ink than previoiil^sed, and /ome kind of ^ press with \^ch to make a regular and even ij^presion. The next step was making of that interest^class of books called "block-books^The/e consisted for the most Dart of a setits of rude woodcuts the full size of the pagesr representing various parts of Scripture, Histry .hea- ven, Hell, ^eath, and the Judgment. The earlj^st known specimens of th^se works were printed in a brown ink similar to distemper drawings. Lamp^ black was already well known to the ancSj^ts ^s a bas^s for writing ink, anc^ mixed with gum water, formed that deep glq^ hue so much admired in many old nfanuscripts but how to thicken the ink as to make it suitable for printing/ from a raised surface was a discoYfy of great importance, made long before typography was invented. This object was atained by the prolon^g^d boiling of oil and then grinding it with carbon o^ lampblack. The Pentateuch ^f Printing: Bladeg . = y/ ® tr/ _J X s/ h/ ^Ixi^. Copyright, 1904. by Ad^e Millicent Smith Printed by The John C. Winston Co Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading AokLE Millicent Smith Exercise 111 — Corrected C«--M-C*Ix^ THE POINT SYSTEM FormerW the varous sizes of type were made some- what hajTJiazard ; the na0e^ given to th^ifferent sizes as Xica, primer, brevier, bourgpis, nonpareil not always con- forming to the exact measurement^ which the sever^ names were supposedloindicate^ Twenty years ago, in 1883 the United Typefounders Association adapted the American ^oint ^stem, now universal v used in this country. ,Th^ system establishe^i the poin t, one-twelfth pf pica size, as the unit of measurement, and all siZes are 'J T^ multiples of this unitpearl, 5 point; nonpareil, 6; min- yl > j ¥( ^^\1 • brevier, 8 bourgeois, 9. Each type bears a simple^ 3 definite pro^portion to all others and canftet be used in ^ combination^ therewith. This ^oint system involve/ a />y/^/ cha/ge in type/ styles, and the designer ^ad) not onlyJ,to be y't^l acquainted with the inovation, but^also %£^ to understand X- / -J^*i-#-Mr' what it signifid, to »» where it limited his scope/ and J^ were, on the other hand, it gave him wider fredom. *-jJ The ad-ftp*€fction of the Am erican system/ and other im- J^ provements /fnade ( ^hereb ^ posible ha^ placed type- />t/ founding in this country on a more scientific basffs, and «^<«../i/ tHe designers have been corespondingly required to adju/t ^ th^ art to more scientific lines John V. Sears, m The International •/ Printer/ " Modern Type Forms.^ o // V K o M Copyright, 1904. Primed by by The John C. Winston Co. A4*le »IOUc«>t Smith PhiladelphU Exercises in Proofreading BY AD&LE MlLLICENT SmITH Exercise IV — Corrected MANUSCRIPT BOOKS «,/ The manscript books of "^the fiddle ages were vei;^- >^ ^- ^'/C/ O table works of art^ Time was of no cons^uence to the ^/ ^ &i cop/ist, and many y^ars were often employed ivfth^TO- )^ Am^*.4J^ duction of a s impl e book. The work^ of the manuscript ^ t^ writers consist in outlining the letter for the text, first /l5|^ drawing in the letters/and afterward/ filling them in with c^ ^ ^the pen. The style of lettering us^ly ad^ted by the ^V*/ X S/ copyi/tis preserved in a tQTvn/ modmed^in the Old English >ti^, />t«>^./ C4LyL/A and ^erman text/letters use"d by modren printers^ and in A../^/ c / s / the ec^ej^^iastical lettering used for inscriptions in churches^ Q CD ;^ When the copyistfiad completed his wo^ the manusc^pt -#^ ;^ )( .. was taken in h;[nd by the designer, who skeched in the -t/ S/ initial letter, ornamental borders, and pictures and handed j/ ^/ it over to the ikiminator, who painted in the colour- c^ ,clv*^/>^/ ing. The desigrr and iluminating seem to have been u q\ c a ally the most important feature, in some of these early s/ , / books/ and many splendid manuscripts, with thef^ elab- tX/ o/ rate initials and delicate fl(^ishes and trac^y spread- X^*/ c/ ing over the entire margins, are /'In existence ^stil)), -^X/./ L^*- 1 reminders of an Xrt that^^xisled^^ncg) but^lTowQia^ - ;tx^. I passed away, perhaps forever^ (^ Ernest J. Hathaway, in The International .7 Printer/ "The Influence of Religion in Early Bookmaking." Copyright, 1904, by AdMe MilUcent Smith Printed by The John C. Winston Co. Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading Ad^le Millicent Smith ax/ c % 'i'hi X ^ Exercise V — Corrected EARLY PRINTING-PRESSES The fi§rt printe^had but srp.aX\ presses/ made entirely of wood. Theis* power also was slight and they printed as a rule, but one page^a time. Jrtie screw was of wood, and worked by a^bar," much th^am^s a modren napkin ]^ess. The chie^thing was to obtain an even surface on the "bed" upon w;^ich the page of type rest; and secT- ondly, an even surface for the "platen," whicjf'was low- ered as the bar tuOiec^he screw, and thus pressed the P^per upon the face of the type. The evei^ess of impres sion.as well as^colou^ in many old bopks, show^that this w/s accomplished with grata success, and pro/es what good me^anicians they were fof« hundred years ago. it IS a task whj^ we could not accomplish so success- iully wJAere our modem tools and alliances withdrawii. ^here Wris nearly always two workmen to one press. One "beat" the "^orm," that is^ he dabbed two big soft balls covered with inkithe type; the other place/ the white paper on the "tympXn,^and ran the^ole, by means of a wXinch, beneath the platen , and then made a strong pull^at the bar. The Pentateuch of Printing: Blades \2i S/ ■A/0 ■/ f) Copyright, I9«4. by AdMe MiUic«at Smitb Printed by The John C. Winston Ca Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad&lb Millicent Smith X Z o/,/ X I3U /// ExBRCiSB VI — Corrected NEWSPAPER PPvINTING The paper from which newsfpapers are printed is made in very long webs or rolls, varying in length from three, to ninety miles, and^prepared at special mills. A roll of p;(per is pl blank rj/U, flies swiftly from qHinder to cylinder, recevlTmg the impressior^ of s^eotypes, electrptypes, and h;ylf-tones. separ^es in^ newspapers u/der the action of the knife, /divides (^gain) intfi sections, and issoes fdrm tffie prass in the fornioT th^ finisyed neMrspapjfer, ne'a/ly ^oldec/ and counted^r^iady ^r delpery. The first Jburnal in America apeared in Boston on September 25th, 1690, under the name Public Occurj^nces^ This was a pamphlet yrather than a newspaper.The Boston News-Letter was started in 1704. The Boston Gazette ap- peared on December 21^1719, and ;fehe American Weekly Mercury/of Philadelphia/one day later. The Pennsylvania/ dflze^ of Philadelphia was started in 1728 by Samuel K^g/mer, but in less th^n a year it was b^ght by Benjamin Frankli .Jjln iSayit took the name of T^Saturday Even- ing Post: under this title it is still ifigued^and ts the oldest existing jf'ournal in America. o/x V tr/ 4 0/ Copyright. 1004, Printed by by T hfi John C. Winston Co. Athe case that the demands made (^ ow).upon the printerj ^for books whichtayb^old at a poj^ar price hs4 a tenden^ to bring foj^rth a quaftfeityofpressTVork for which it is not posible to express admir alion . (It is with a feeling of gr e at relief that one turns from some of the gr^yjpages of the present G\\\ old black-letter volumes of two or ^ centuries sinafe, l^day , printed u;>6n hard and stiff^pulp paper, to the delight- with their clearcut sharp type, struck wih deep black ink on hand-made pa per, of such stock as admited not only o^ a perfect impr ession , bu^^in additio n, presen'tfed a sur- face and a^exibility delightful to the eye and to*d-the 4i»e/ouch. Authors and Publishers: G. H. P. and J. B. P. Id. The numj^rous illustrations which give^ life and add value to our books, magazines and new^apers, without th"eir increasing greatly cost, have been brought in. existence by the develop^ment of the relatively new art of Jf'hoto-engraving, which by 1880/was beginning to suppliant the reproducing of woodcuts. Reproductions of any picture or ob^ct in which there is a grac^ion of color, ie- made by the half-tone process. Drawmgs or j^ictures consisting of s ingle lines, that is without tones of color are oroduced by lineplates. /-/ Cbpyright. I0O4. Printed by ^y The John C. Winston Co. Adble MiUicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^lb Millicbnt Smith Exercise X — Corrected THE ROMAN AND ^ ITALIC TYPES «*^ • -^ lished at Venice was cele)Irated for its/ditions of the^reek i^\»^ X cf and and Latin classi/f s. To assist him in the pren^ation of •^ «-'/ «7 these volumes, A\6.f>s gathered arotind him, editors and om^/ ^ ^ «r4 prooffVeaders, the most scolarly men of ^ age. The ^fxt^l Ji.e, present system of yF^ unctuation may be said ^ have beeT T "^Z H^ ^ / 7a^ devi/ed by him, ast/l)ut few marks Cbeforehis time ) had y/ been emploc^ed, and the use of th^se was not weil/regulate3\ a/«^ © 1 Copyright, 1904, Printed by by The John C. Winston Co. AdMe MiUicent Smitb Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY AofeLE MiLLICENT SmITH Exercise XI — Corrected THE GOTHIC LETTER The book issued by the 6*»* printers were _in the ^thic x^m.-^^-^-*. character^. When the new art was^introduced/fire^ the wealthy ^^^- j/ <••/ looked upon the imjvation as an artistic trade, and the printers ***./ JtfL. ,/copiedV thereforg ) the characters of-ef the cotemporary manuscript^ ^ '**/s/ -^ in order to sell thcF© works. The gothic letter/ had been empl5)sted •^ ^^v^, 0/ by the Cj;^pyists of Exirope for many centuries before the inven- .ax^it-m.*/^ ft^ O '>^ v««tion of movable types Roman type wasiifst cast in 1465 by -f^ Attcy' J^ two German printers, Swemhem and Panartz at Subiaco, Italy. /*^/ >/ xk/i It was afterward p^fected and used by Nicjiolas Jens^, at Venice/ ^ 0/ O Ji,t.J%^ The gothic and the ^oman filsMis strugjled together for some «^/ /lo/ time after the intefduction of printing but the letter ^ally y/ o^/Jp, JL/ ^ triump^d. Roman type was/Ised\ |irp in En gland in 1^18, and by S" / A 6/j/ ^. by the year ijf,oo books were^/printed ( generall] ^ in «* that typo . v^ c-X»*-»-t-/ Jt^ The nftman let^lJer of J^r/son was tVie modle /adopted by William J^- ' % / e*^ Morris for the' Kelmji^coct £ress, wften H was started ^ Hammer- X y/ O smjth^EnglaJld, in 189/^ S / -xiut. Although in printed work gothic character^ *^ preceded ♦^ ♦^ */ W*«, The English name of black letter was given to the.carac- .,.vr=t^/^^-*^ZZ*<*/fc. oJi^ •tketer until after the introduction of roman printing types. Old /'/ % English and German /ext are call/d by printers black letter^. ^1^ Copyright, 1904. Printed bf hy The John C. Winston Cc. AdMe Mfllicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Ad^le Millicbnt Smith Exercise XII — Corrected WILLIAM CAXT/ON TLf William Canton is the first printer who practiced the /frt ri^ L ^ «y (England. The yfear of his bvtrth is not definitely known/ b)((t it )/ X 6^ K ay •** was probably near 1422, for he was aprenticed in 1438 to the -^/ vJ' /; O mercere trade^ A few years after the latter data he left England a ?/ 1^- va^ ?/ for the ^w Countries^where he remained for 3* years. About ^.f^UA. •-m^ ^ 1479/ he entered the service of Margret, Duchess jrf Burgundy <^/ »/ and sister of Edward IV. Cax'Ji'on h^d long been intxested in c^ -^/ *J the romances of the day^ and had translated some^them. Hav- "^ •f^ ing fthished and been rewarded for his trouble in translating Le V Recueil des Histoires de Troyes^ for the ^uchess of Burgundy, ^ a*-/' e^ /ifc^faM^ he found his book^ in great dccacm ^-. The English Nobles at Bruges ■^^••• X :/ ^ K AJ another yea, by an issue of the Che-ss Book., ~y John Foster. The ^tt-. CU first press in Philadelphia "trss set by William Bradford and -*-/^ '/ / the ft^^t work issued by him was an almanac ^in 1685. Bradford o^/ »/ >W afterward ^moved to New York and begytn printing in that/ity «o/ «>/ v\ e^fey in 1605. Amofig the earj^ books odblished in America, a/ few still X, l^/ retai'n lhei=e- intere^, for o^Hv^nbt th^r o^aititncss bmt because '^ < • / Jpi of thooiiiuence tjxey have ex/rted o n the /^atfbnal character j<. //> '-_ John Cotton's CateTRism. or " MU.k for Bab/es." first issuei. -zz ck,. J- - in England, was reprinted at Cambridge, Massachusjfetts, in 1656. o?, •v^dt tA This ^atechl.=;m ■was aftprwarHi inrlnrlfH in nnot>if>r fami/iic VinAl- a I This /atechism was afterwards included in another fam/us book. 0/ "The New England Primer," the first edition of which is supposed to have appearedVbetween i 687 and i6qo. The ©»iy feature which »-v>-cy n I Q . rnust have made the Primer poj^ar with children was \\f *^/ K / / illustrations, especialv the rvmed alphabet cuts. HJ j. Copyright 1904. Printed by by The John C. Winston Co, Adfele Millicent Smith Philadelphia Exercises in Proofreading BY Adele Millicent Smith Exercise XV — Corrected e^cvCCCL I BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Benjamin Franklin was bom in Boston on the iT. oT -^/rs. v\ «| January, 1706, and died in Philadelph/a, on the 17th of ApriL i/ 0/ 0^/ >£ 1790- He begv(n his apprenticeship as a printer in 17^8, and // ^ worked as a joiimey^Vnan in Phil9fdelphia in 1724, and in in- London «•/ ^ S^ wo r ked go a journey man in Philcdolphia in 1724, and in in London ^ in 1725. He returned to Philadelphia m J726, and sees began X^Ctyui,/ -fy as master yrinter in 1729. As editor and publisher he tii«4:« made A-^rv^ C; -A^/ himself a man of note. He vented the Pranklin stove in 1742/ •/ w he proved the identity of lighting and eleoftricity in 1752. he i / ^r -C'l. ^as made GHerk of the Assembly in 1736; postmaster of Philadel- %^ •^' ^^ '*• W i-epresentative of Peij^ylvania before the Cplincil of Engalnd in ^/ j^ ^ 1 752\^"d again in 1764; dele^gate to /ojigress in 1775; ambassador ^ 0/ ■£.., -)! 9\ i757^nd again in 1764; dele^gate to jfengress in 1775; ambassador $1 to France in 177/; commissioner .to England in 1783; President „. of Pennsylvania from 1 7 8 5 to 1 7 8 7 ; delegate i»d9i^ the Constitutional t?/ 7/ Convention in 178^. ' The Practice of Typography: Theodore Low DeVinne JXi.^ O 'A p /*^ In 1732/ Franklin issued the first number/ of "Poor Richards X ^ -^/oA Almanac," which was pub)iflished every year/ for a quarter of a ^K cj 0/ J. A ^entury-^"Poor Richard" made Franklin famous. He had — o?^ c-/ 0/ -i^ft^ noticed that in many h/mes this alman/c was THe only book. eu/ t// S/ H^ therefon filled the space^ between the remark/ ble d ays in 9J/ ^/ Ll if the cal^nd/r with proverbal sentences/ inculcating industry and' Jl — y. ' ' / frugality as the means of obtaining wealth and therebyo" according «>» c7 f, to Franklin^ belief) securing virtue; •^ for he though^ that the t^ 4r/ f'"^/ way t o make p eople Jia^w was to help them to be- fio^ j --^^^.^^U^ I -^ 1 CTo the counsels oiyPoor Richard are dwe tn .^nrn?^ extent "^""^fT^/ i/K )l the shre wd, industro^s and thrifty habits of the typical Americanij ill RETURN LIBRARY SCHOOL LIBRARY TO^i^ 2 South Hall 642-2253 LOAN PERIOD 1 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS nilP AS STAMPED BELOW ^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD 18, 45m, 6'76 BERKELEY, CA 94720 ® 1 ^^2l-ioo,„.8,,3^ e62Gi6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES iiiiiliiil