THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES B. 0. BAKER AAJRT &*ASgft, ''' **.-. SYNTHETIC METHOD OF SHORTHAND GRAHAM & PITMANIC A NEW WAY OF PRESENTING AN OLD SYSTEM, BEING A PRESENTATION OF FIRST PRINCIPLES WITH ABSO- LUTE SIMPLICITY, AND AN EXPOSITION OF THE MOST ADVANCED METHODS OF WRITING FOR THE REPORTER ADAPTED TO Schools, Business Colleges and Self -Instruction BY \VILLIAM BILLINGS Passaic High School, Passaic, N. J. BALTIMORE : SADLER-ROWE COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1902. BY SADLER-ROWE CO PRESS OF WILLIAMS & WILKINS CO. BALTIMORE INTRODUCTION. This is not a IK-TV system of shorthand that can be absorbed by sleeping with the book under your pillow. But it is a logical, educational arrangement of the Graham and Pitinanic systems, which are now recognized as pre-eminently superior to all others, and can be learned by anyone of ordinary intelligence, possess- ing enough perseverance to master thoroughly the principles as 2 presented. The arrangement is based on common sense, leading from the ! simple to the more complex, by simplest gradation. This book is of not an experiment. It has grown naturally day by day for the 13 pest ten years from the author's needs and experience in the schoolroom and practical knowledge of the needs of business ^2 men and reporters. t The manuscript has been used in the schoolroom for a year previous to its publication, and results have been gotten that were superior to any accomplished while using other books, and this is why it is published. Nothing more is asked than a con- I sideration of its merits. Educational methods advance as experience increases. Few new principles arc- given, but many totally new phases of pre- senting them. The arrangement is unique and original, compre- hensive and simple, embracing fully the peculiar requirements of the amanuensis and the reporter. Let it rest on its merits. 448605 INDEX. PART I. Straight Strokes 3, 13 Curves 6, 8 VOWELS A and 5 E and A 7 Aw and OO i 9 Light Dots 10 Light Dashes. . 12 Diphthongs 11 H, Ra, Ch 13 Discriminations 14 PART II. Consonants 18 Vowels 19 Consonants requiring special rules 20 Synopsis on rules governing Consonants and Vowels 21 Rules for Position 22 Omission of Vowels 23 Punctuation 23 MODES OF EXPRESSING S Circle 24 Z 24, 37 Location of Iss 25 S Stroke 26 Ses 27 Abbreviations 28 Halving 29 Exceptions 30 BRIEFS 33 first Business Letter 37 W Diphthongs 37 Second Business Letter 40 Omission of Vowels 40 Y Diphthongs 41 H ; 42 N Hook, 43 Third Business Letter 45 INDEX. V PAGE. F Hook 46 Rules for F and N Hooks 47 Fourth Business Litter 48 L Hook 49 11 Hook 51 Medial Vowels; Rules Common to all Hooks; Two Hooks to One Stroke 52 R Hook Synopsis 54 L Hook Synopsis ..- 56 N and F Hook Synopsis 57 St, Zd '. 58 Sh and L 60 R and Ra 62 Lengthening 63 Str 66 Ler and Rel 67 Mp 68 Shon and Tiv 69 BACK HOOKS Eshon, In, En, Tin 70 Prefixes -. . . . 71 Affixes 73 Punctuation, etc 75 Alphabet for Initials 75 Positive and Negative Words 77 OMISSIONS Of Vowels 77 Of Consonants 78 Of Words and Syllables 80 Amanuensis' Lists of Short Forms 81, 84, 85, 86 Light Oids and Modifications 92 Dark Oids and Modifications 95 Derivatives 102, 104 Geographical Names 98 Proper Names 106 PHRASING Of Ticks 11.0 Simple 113 Commercial 114 Universal 115 Legal 116 Theological 117 UNVOCALIZED OUTLINES Identical . 119 Vi INDEX. UNVOCALIZKD OUTLINES Continued. PAGE. .\<>a rly Identical 121 Middle Vowels 112 Natural Order 121 Prominent Vowels 126 Implied Vowels 12'j Initial and Final Vowels 127 Uncommon Outlines 127 Familiar Words 128 Expedients 129 Reporter's List 139 Keys 151 Writing Exercises 165 Shorthand Penmanship 185 Shorthand Practice (Index) 189 Speed and Legibility 190 Specimens of Writing from 100 Words a Minute to 250 a Minute... 191 BUSINESS LETTERS Twenty-five Words each 192 Fifty Words each 194 One Hundred Words each 196 LITERARY DEPARTMENT Fallacy of Dictation 213 Concentration 215 Value of Monotony 216 A Letter from Mr. A. P. Little 219 Ode to My Amanuensis 225 TALKS TO THE SHORTHAND STUDENT 226 Key to Shorthand Practice 235 SUGGESTIONS TO THE USERS OF THIS BOOK. Since .ill teachers have their own methods evolved from their experience, the authors of this book have refrained from any extensive instructions to teachers. A few hints, however, are given for the benefit of instructors who would like to compare their own ideas with the authors'. While self-instruction is an idea which should not be encouraged, yet for the benefit of the self-learner these hints are also given: 1. Learn to use both pen and pencil. Keep your pencil sharp and use a fine pen, which should be thrown away after a day's use. 2. Always keep your notes the same size as those in the book, and as legible. Large notes and ill-made notes are not capable of high speed. 3. Read the definitions and instructions slowly. Stop and think what the information means contained therein. 4. Never practice for speed only, while going through the book the first time; but every effort should be made to write without stopping or halting between the characters. 5. Study the chapter on penmanship, page 185, when begin- ning the study, if the hand is very poor. The study of this chapter will greatly facilitate speed for the practical writer. 6. The struggle from 80 words per minute to 100 is a fearful one, and many fall by the way. Unless you have an absolute and ready knowledge of all the principles and sign-words, and have carefully studied and understand the chapter on penman- ship, you will have a serious time acquiring a bona fide speed of 100 words per minute. Much writing that is called a 100 words a minute would not amount to 60 under a bona fide test. 7. Do not imagine that you are smarter than the average student and only need to look .at a lesson. The greatest genius who ever lived was also one of the greatest workers before he ever attained any distinction. Don't imagine you must have some one read to yon four or five hours a day when you are half- way through the book. Follow the advice of your teacher, if you have a good one; if not, don't complain, but quit him, [vii] PART I. PRELIMINARY LESSONS ON THE ALPHABET. A new method of teaching first principles ~b'j which the vowels are introduced one at a time, and conso- nant strokes are presented in classified groups of curves and straight strokes, upward and downward strokes. Easy f OP the slow student. Rapid for the quick student. STEATGHT STEOKES OF THE ALPHABET. A speed of one hundred fifty strokes per minute must be attained in reading, and sixty per minute in writing the alphabet, exactly the same size and spacing as here given. 1. In combining consonant strokes, they must be joined with- out lifting the pen or pencil. 2. Two strokes forming a straight line must be written with a single movement of the hand ; when one is shaded and the other is light, the shaded stroke must taper gradually into the light one, and vice versa. J Ch is called Cha ; G is called Gil (or hard G) . Except K and Ga, use downward stroke. PB TD ChJ KG \\ I COMBINATIONS. L ILL"! bg Head Evle 1. 5 All strokes must be of equal length. Care should be taken to make light strokes as light as possible ; and heavy ones should be shaded just enough to distinguish them from light strokes. SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. METHOD OF PRACTICE. All shorthand exercises should be written fron twenty-five to fifty times exactly the size of the copy, and should be read by pro- nouncing the names of the strokes and rowels that compose each word, until it can be done without any hesitation. A good penmanship movement is as necessary as a knowledge of the art itself. The hand should move from one character to an- other without lifting the pen more than necessary to barely clear the paper. The pernicious habit of making superfluous movements before the pen touches the paper should be positively avoided. If, on account of confusion or other reason, there is a halt in the con- tinuity of movement, then the pen should remain perfectly motion- less and near to the paper, moving only when writing. PB \\\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\\ Ch J // // //// //// // // // // /// GaK T K, joined The straight strokes may be regarded as taken from the sides of an octagon. The curved strokes are sections of a circle. D \ l/_ vi >. r~\ GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 5 3. Shorthand is simply sound writing ; a silent letter is never written. VOWELS A AND 0. 4. A heavy dot opposite the middle of a stroke expresses a long, as in day ; never otherwise,. Line 1. 5. A heavy dash at right angles opposite the middle of a stroke expresses o long, as in so. Write the dot or dash with a quick, single movement of the hand. The vowels must be free from the stems. 6. When a vowel follows a consonant, write it below horizon- tal strokes and at the right of other strokes. 7. When a yowel is read before a consonant, write it above horizontal strokes and at the left of other strokes. Sound;- Pa Ba Ta Da Ja Ka Ga Longhand ;-pay bay Tay day jay gay \\l-l- / Initial Vowel Ap Ab It Id A~j Ak * Be.p.7. a ^ ate & fo |^ A X 'I "I 7 _i. Po Bo To Do Jo . Ko Go Poe bow toe do Joe coe go i as in sr\ \ I" I" /* - Vowels between strokes. Paj Bak Tak Dak Jak Kak Bab page bake take Dake Jake cake Babe ?>*- L LZ._ \ 7 oke /L 7 Z\ -H A.. 7 poach coke joke cope poke J pope opnquO * NOTE. --Two light lines under a word indicate that it is a proper name. 6 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. CURVES. The following sloping and vertical curves are written downward ; the "horizontals, from left to right. 8. When reading, the light stroke TJi is called Ith ; TIi, he.avy stroke, is called Thee. The name of Mp is Emp or Emb, the shad- ing of M adding either P or B. 9. Sh is called Ish. Zh is called Zha. Ng is called Ing. F V Th TH M Mp S Z Sh Zh N Ng 2 _ i_C ................ JLA U 5 >- Vi ..... tf 10 >.. .../STTN .\x^s.._.>!L. i^Tr-i t ^^ Icrr^., GRAHAM AND P1TMANIC. 7 VOWELS E AND A (OR AH). 10. A heavy dot written at the beginning of a stroke, or first place, expresses the vowel e (long, as in see): v bg (b) At the end, or third place, it expresses the sound ah, as in palm : \^, p&] ^ ^ pa ^ m RULES FOR POSITION. 11. The stroke has position with regard to the line of writing, as well as the vowel with regard to the stroke. (a) Single strokes with a first place vowel are written half the height of a T stroke above the line. Words : pea be t< :a fee the she Sounds : Pe Be 1 'e Fe Th-e Sh-e \ ^ ^ c J (b) Strokes with second place vowels are written on the line. (c) Strokes with third place vowels are written beneath the line for horizontals, and (d) Half-way through the line for other strokes. Words : pa ba calm palm balm Sounds : Pit Ba KEm Pam bam V V ^. ~Vv- \^ ..... (e) In words of more than one stroke, not composed of horizon- tals, the first upward or downward stroke is given the position, and the other strokes are joined without regard to position. S peach\ beach I teach (* deep ^ sheep 0^ i..^ ------- ./_ ----- ~^__~ ---- X(-- --^f- ----- - ------ ^_^_ ^ J ). "~ ...... ^ ..... ........ 8 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. L 11 VV Y. 12. The curve that expresses the sound L has two names, La and El. (a) La is written upwards ; El is written downwards. (b) Always use La, the upward stroke, when the character stands alone. (c) Either El (the downward stroke) or La (the upward stroke) ; may be used when joined to other strokes according to combina- tions. (d) Yd and Wd are invariably written downward. Equivalent: L R Y W Name: La R Ya Wa r~^\ r ^ upward. downward. 13. La being written upward, (a) the beginning, or fivstt place, is at the lower end, and (b) the " end " of the stroke, or the third place, would therefore be at the upper end. 1 la la lek lak 1S P laf lea lay la leak lake lea P laugh " ~ t , --------- .......^.... ............ . The small figures written above the shorthand characters refer to previous principles, which should invariably be referred to by the student every time they occur. Rules for placing vowels between strokes will be given later. 14. U^" In words containing more than one vowel, the accented vowel governs the position. URAHAM AND PITMANIC DASH VOWELS. 15. A heavy dash at the beginning, or first place, expresses the sound aw, as in bawl or fall ; second place, o, as in so, foe. 16. The same dash at the end, or third position, expresses the sound 65, as in fool. 17. Do not write a vowel in an angle when it can be avoided, as there may be doubt as to which stroke the vowel belongs. Keep Beam P-aw j-aw c-aw ch-aw th-aw B-aw (g)n-aw 1-aw k. ..... It ....... 1- pooh boo moo Sioux shoe Lou coo "zoo" v ...... v ......... ^ ........ ) .......... -J .......... r* ....... ^ ....... -) / \ I \ 18. Care must be taken when the outline begins with a horizontal. Write the horizontal sufficiently above or beneath line to allm the follmnng upward or downward stroke to govern the position, according to Rule lie. 10 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIGHT DOTS. 19. A light dot, first position, expresses i, as in It. 20. A light dot, second position, expresses S, as in be"t. 21. A light dot, third position, expresses the sound a, as in cttt. Two little marks under a word indicate a proper name, or the charactei only, without reference to any word. pick mick chick pik mik ch-ik pig dip pill pll Bill bil fetch keg bellow jelly Jenny Jessie _.Vc. ..... h. ..... L* ......... S.. ~ puck Mack Jck back knack lack ....^ ........ I ......... V GRAHAM AND PIT MANIC. 11 DIPHTHONGS. I Oy Ew O\v. 22. A small character like au inverted caret, first position, expresses the sound I. Always the sound of long I, as iu ice, dire, pie. Bs-gTDo not mistake the sound I for i, which is first place, light dot. 23. The same character inverted, first position, expresses the sound o.y, as iu boy. 24. The same character, third position, expresses the sound otc, as in cow. 23. A character like a caret, opening to the right, third position, expresses the sound ew, as in incw. Mike tike like pike Mik tik Ilk pik ^ ^_^_ I" I- -y x- ^ Pie i v ti-c | V s Y ./ ^ // iv . c-oy annoy al/-ciy j lioyish Oy 'b-oy | t-oy /J-oy/i fr-* *i~~ \ rw \Pcw I due /clicw /Jew mow \ suo I fW U ----- K ----- '/ >^>~ )"' O\v \"Pow"\ bow I Dow c6w mow I A allow V ~V ----- b -aajf VV ---- -V (*- When two consecutive vowels must be written to one stroke, place the vowel read first nearer to the stroke than the other one; between two strokes, write a vowel to each stroke. 12 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIGHT DASH VOWELS. 26. A light dash, written at right angles, at the beginning of the stroke, expresses o, as in lock, rock, fog ; 27. At the middle it expresses u, as in dwck, mug, bug ; (Line 3.) 27|. At the end it expresses 85, as in took, bwll, tull. (Lines 6 and 6. ) A period is indicated by a long stroke. to"p doj 15j sh-Sp b8-ch d5k -m8k top dodge lodge shop botch dock mock duk Dutch bug jug luv tug fug ' tuch duck Dutch budge love fudge touch \A 3 took book shdbk pull lo'ok cook V- .. __ ^ Sentences ^ ^_^ H-.I ----- \^/^^--J --- - L - ------ ^- -^ r - ^-T -N- -A-.^.r...-^ . x- --x L V^-t/ i a ^-- r >J" r_.-5 ^ GRAHAM AND PlIMANIC. 13 H. COMPARISON OP RA AND CHA. 28. Ha and Ra tire always written upward. 29. Cha is always written downward, and slants less than Ra. 30. Ra, when written alone, inclines more than Cha. 31. When joined to other strokes, Ra may be readily distin- guished from Cha, as the stroke to which it is joined indicates that Ra was written upward and therefore is not Cha, which is always written downward. reach cheap rope poach wretch cherry chick rocky SUMMARY OF RULES. upward stroke cannot be Cha. A downward stroke cannot be R3. In words of two or more strokes the stroke to which Ra is joined shows whether it was written upward or downward. The hook on Ha is on the right-hand side. 14 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 27. DISCRIMINATIONS. Lines 1 and 2 discriminate between I and I. Line 3 disc Line 4 disc Line5 disc Line 6 disc Line 7 disc Line 8 disc iminates between e and I. {initiates between all and aw. iminates between e and fif iminates between 66 and 06. iminates between e and I. iminates between ew and 60. Lines 9, 10 and 11 discriminate between a. and a. Line 12 discriminates between J and Ga. Line 13 discriminates between Ch and Sh.i. "> >-'-t J2 J G5 1 X.-_ r ....X P ...\J- \ J Ch,Sh/, itx i,oiy> / / i ,^:^..AA... AvZ .,. SYNTHETIC METHOD OF SHORTHAND: GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. SYSTEMATICALLY AND SYNOPTIC ALLY ARRANGED. NOTE Students who have a previous knowledge of shorthand, and those who review, may commence here, the subject being com- plete from this point. The " Preliminary Lessons" are to facilitate the presentation of the alphabet to beginners only. PART II. THE KEY TO SHORTHAND SUCCESS. Study these five general principles daily. Neglect one of them, and you violate them all. 1. Speed is the final aim of shorthand writing, but he who works for speed only, lays the foundation of a most miserable failure. 2. Speed is a composite quality made up of these three ele- ments : KNOWLEDGE, CONTINUITY, PENMANSHIP. 3. The pupil who wishes to succeed must dwell on the pre- ceding lessons until he is perfectly familiar with them. They must be written from fifty to five hundred times perfectly, with a continuous easy movement of the hand. 4. Mere mechanical writing without thinking is useless. You must think, as you write, of what you are icriting. 5. Every shorthand outline has three vital elements : (1) POSITION, of which four will be shown ; (2) LENGTHS, of which there are three normal, half, double ; (3) QUALITY, light and shaded strokes. As you write a character, think whether all these three elements are properly recognized. 18 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. ALPHABET. P B TD ChJ KG H B XV. '-I /./ ^ FVThTHLYM Mp K W SZ Sh Zh N Ng The ordinary letters above represent the long-hand equivalents. When spoken, / Ch is pronounced Cha, "always written downward. .X' R is pronounced Ra; made upward; slants more than Cha. G is pronounced Ga, being the sound of G hard. (. Th is pronounced Ith, always written downward. ( TH is pronounced The, as in that, always written downward. - / L is pronounced La, always made upward when alone. \ \ L is pronounced El, when made downward and joined. f Y is pronounced Ya, always written downward. / ^ Mp is pronounced Emp. ">^ W is pronounced Wa, always written downward. i f Sh is pronounced Sha, when made upward. -s \ Shispronouncedlsh,alwayswrittendownwardwhenalone. J Zh is pronounced Zha, always written downward, v^, / Ng is pronounced Ing. ) S is pronounced Es, as a stroke, always written downward. /? H, pronounced Ha, is always written upward. Briefs : W, Y and S have brief signs written and pro- nounced as follows : W6 Wu Ytt YS Iss C 5 O v QRABAM AND PITMANIC. 19 SYNOPSIS OF VOWELS. 1. There are twelve vowels : Six dots and six dashes. The three heavy dots and three heavy dashes are called long vowels. The three light dots and three light dashes are called short vowels. The short vowels are more difficult to pronounce. They are not so well represented in longhand as the long vowels. 2. The vowels are written in three positions, called^, 2nd, and 3rd. The 1st is at the beginning, the 2nd at the middle, and the 3rd at the end of the consonant stroke. 3. The "beginning," or first position, is at the lower end of the stroke if it is written upward, and at the upper end if it is written downward. 4. Therefore the 1st place vowel is at the lower end if the stroke is made upward, and at the upper end if it is made down- ward. 5. There are six diphthongs : three first place and three third place. (The diacritical marks are taken from Webster's Dictionary.) 6. The vowels in the diagram are placed for convenience beside a T stroke to show the position they occupy in relation to the con- sonant. The names of the heavy dots are e, a, a. The names of the light dots are T, 8, &. The names of the heavy dashes are aw, o, oo. The names of the light dashes are o, u, 66. The names of the three first place diphthongs are *, oy, wl. The names of the third place diphthongs are ow, ew, ewy. VOWELS. 1* e as in eel a as in ale a as in ah aw as in awe I o as in | old . oo as in '^" pool las in ' it e as in met a as in o as in on u as in - up oo as in foot IV |A I i as in I oi as in time oil DIPHTHONGS. ow as in owl e was in ^ dew " \L"Wi as in wife ewy as in Dewey 20 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. CONSONANTS REQUIRING SPECIAL RULES. La, El Sha, Ish Ra, Ha 7. L is always written upward when standing alone, and its name is La. Ra and Ha are always written upward. 8. When L begins a word followed by other strokes, use La, or the upward stroke ; when L ends a word of more than one stroke, use El, or downward stroke ; when L precedes a final vowel, use La. Exceptions to Rule 2 : Always use Lit for L joined to P B, T D, Ch J, Ith, The. Thus: lp Id dl 1th jl r\ n v a. /7 9. Use El (downward stroke) for El following N and Ing : nl ; ^ ng-1 R and Ra. 10. When R begins a word, use Ra : / * as in rake ; />> \ rope. When initial vowel is followed by R, use downward stroke: 'Y early ; ^ ark. When the sound R ends a word, use R ; when it precedes a final vowel, use Ra. Exceptions : Always use R before M, and Ra following it : V -x arm ; ^^x Mary. 11. Always use Ra preceding T, D, Ch, J, F, V, S, Z, and fol- lowing Ra : r-t r-ch r-v r-r /I ^ /V Sh is written downward when alone; either way when joined. The convenience of joining only, often governs the use of strokes. 12. The briefs We 3 Ywo So are usually used when the word begins or ends with the sound they represent, and may occur between two strokes, but never follow an initial vowel ; the equiv- alent strokes are then used. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 21 SYNOPSIS OF RULES GOVERNING CONSO- NANTS AND VOWELS. ORDER OP VOWELS. 13. Vowels are written at the left-hand side of strokes when read before, and at the right-hand side when read after them ; 14. Above horizontals when read before, and below when read after them. RULES FOR VOWELS BETWEEN STROKES. 15. All first and heavy second place vowels follow the first stroke. beak bake chalk make team dame 16. Light second, and all third place vowels precede the sec- ond stroke. peck tuck check back balm took lump - v_ 17. When two vowels occur between two strokes, they are placed one to each stroke. poet Jewett poem fiat gayety fuel V 1- V V ^ , N / V- x n 18. When the word requires two vowels to one stroke, place the one closer to the stroke which is read nearer to it. payee Iowa Ohio duel NOTE. Rules 15 and 16 are of but little practical use, for if the vowel was written correctly it would make no difference to which stroke it was written. These rules cannot be applied to such words as "task," "optic," etc., as will be seen later on. 22 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. RULES FOE POSITION. 19. The stroke has position with regard to the line of writing, as well as the vowel with regard to the stroke. 20. Single strokes with a first place vowel are written half (he height of a T stroke above the line. 21. Strokes with second place vowels are. written on the line. 22. Strokes with third place vowels are written beneath the line for horizontals and, 23. Half-way through the lino for other strokes. 24. In words of more than one stroke, the first upward or downward stroke governs the position, and the other strokes are joined without regard to position. VOWELS ON UPWARD STROKES. 25. On all upward strokes the beginning, or "First place," must be at the lower end ; and the third place, therefore, occurs at the upper end. VOWELS IN ANGLES. 26. Do not write a vowel to an angle when it can be avoided, since it may be difficult to determine to which stroke it belongs. POSITION OF HORIZONTALS. 27. When a word begins with a horizontal followed by an up- ward or downward stroke, place the horizontal sufficiently above or beneath the line to allow the upward or downward stroke to govern the position. OBJECT OF POSITION. 28. The object of position for outlines is to indicate the posi- tion of the vowel when vowels are omitted for the sake of speed. POSITION IGNORED. 29. Common words of several strokes arc sometimes written on the line (same as second position) if I he outline thus made docs not conflict with any other word and is in itself sufficiently legible. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. OMISSION OF VOWELS. 30. Vowels may be omitted early in the study on such out- lines as are identical in name with the consonant stroke, or very nearly so, or on such words as have been repeated in the same article. 31. PUNCTUATION : Comma, by a long space. A period is indicated by / An interrogation point by / ILLUSTRATIONS OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS. WORDS EMBODYING ALL CONSONANT STROKES, VOWELS, AND DIPH- THONGS. 24 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND ME1HOD. S AND Z CIRCLE, OR 1SS. 32. S or Z may be expressed by a small circle called Iss. 33. The circle, or Iss, must be written on the right side of straight downward strokes ; (b) on the upper side of horizontal straight strokes; (c) on the left side of lia and 11 a ; (d) except when beginning Ha it is written on the right side by closing the hook; (e) on curves, Iss is invariably written on the concave side. 34. Rule for writing : When a word begins or ends with S, always use Iss. (Slight exception in 37.) 35. Rule for reading : In reading shorthand, when an outline begins or ends with a circle, the S sound must invariably be read first if it is written first, and last if it is written last. 36. Deduction from above rules : No vowel can be read or written before an initial circle, or after a final circle. 37. Z is expressed by the circle, under the same rules as S, ex- cept when the word begins with Z in a few uncommon words, then Z stroke is used. (Little used.) pays bays days jays lays pa-s b-a-s da-s jas las o-ak s-oak "ope " s-oap a/1 s-su'I dd s-ad . inciple 37)X'_ )" f^ ..-jK . .ft- ftj .1 ' Soho Sa-ha-r GRAHAM AXD PITMANIC. 25 LOCATION OF CIRCLE. 38. Between straight strokes forming an angle, the circle is written outside of the angle. 33. Between straight strokes forming no angle write the circle as though rolling en a straight line. 4'>. Between carvel strokes forming an angle the circle is written inside the curve, if both curves are of the same general direction. 41. Between a straight stroke an! a curve stroke, the circle is written on the insule of the curved stroke. Between opposite curves, usually write the circle on the convex side of the first ; except when M comes first, write Iss inside of it. bask Pask risjt tusk dusk task gasp gusty rusty ' ~" & WORD SIGNS. 49. A few words, on account of their frequency, are expressed by arbitrary signs known as the "Oids." (" Ord," a Greek word, means like. " Oids" are like vowels.) LIGHT OIDS. he of or on tv but should to the to a, how \ I / X....L.. /_.._. v . _, Notice in the third group that "' how " doc* not (ouch the line. HEAVY OIDiS. all already ought who \ \ S t( ' u ol1 whum about to whom Notice in the third group that " aoout " does not touch the line. SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. ABBREVIATIONS. (a) The same abbreviation often stands for more than one word or phrase ; in practice, the proper word is determined by the aid of. the context. '_..... A, .v I. J... .L - 4 . is as hope be it do this those party thus happy ^ /. . L .r ... .s. ..(.. you your because for will good have them was business its it is into in it ..(I- the a-n whole and time (b) A word or outline is sometimes written out of its regular position, that it may not conflict with another word of the same outline and position ; thus, this, 2d place, to discriminate from these, 1st place ; le, 2d place on account of its frequency. (c) S may be added to the regular word by adding Iss to the word-sign, or abbreviation ; thus, ^~~~^> times; f~ yours. NOTE. The above list is given for use in the following lessons. The ready student may commence at this point to learn the regular list on page 84. SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING Iss, Ses, OIDS, AND ABBREVIATIONS. c ...\ ..... \ ...... ; ..... GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 29 HALVING. 50. Halving a letter adds T or D. Ya, Wa, Emp, and Ing are never halved when simple, but they may be halved when they have a final hook. 51. L, R, M, N, unhooked, when halved to add D, must be shaded ; when halved to add T, they are made light ; when hooked, they are halved light to add D, same as T. When made heavy, they are called (a), Eld, Ard, Med, End ; light (b), Let, Art, Met, Net ; (c) Nomenclature : Pet, Bet, Tet, Det, Chet, Jet, Ket, Get, Fet, Vet, Thet, THet, Esfc, Zed, Isht or Shayt, Eld, Let, Ret, Art, Ard, Met, Med, Net, End. (d) Eld is always written with a downward stroke. E^" It is very important to learn and always use the correct nomenclature. Line 1 : pay, pate, day, date, gay, gate, Fay, fate, lay, late. 30 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. EXCEPTIONS. 52. The half length cannot be used to represent T or D just preceding a final vowel ;(in other words, a final vowel cannot follow a half length :) 53. When two vowels occur consecutively before or after T orD ; 54. When an angle would not be formed between a half length and a whole stroke, 55. When a word of two syllables would be represented by a single stroke. 56. When a vowel occurs between Ila and D, use full-length D ; as married, torrid. Pity putty biddy lot gait fat pit put bid Lotty gaiety 65 , ---- 8 Sentences ... NOTE. The practical writer usually ignores Principle 55, and writes ' ' avowed, 1 allowed," etc., with a single half length. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 31 57. When La must be halved to add D (as in line 1), it can- not be shaded. (See 51.) 58. A half length at the end of an outline ends the word with the consonant T or D, except when S is made last (see 35), in which case the T or D is read immediately before the sound S. (b) When a vowel occurs between T or D and final S, use the stroke TOY D. 59. Ra and Ha are seldom halved when written alone ; (b) when Rd following a stroke ends a word and Ard cannot be written with an angle, or if it is not allowable, use Ret. (Line 3.) GO. When D follows two R's, or IIiT and Ra, use the stroke D. - - "f V- . ixi_i_t%>*#i: '-^-5- Key to Line 1 : rustled, hustled, muzzled, guzzled, embezzled. Line 2 : Pat's, Patty's, bets, Betty's, Kate's, Katy's, lots, Lotty's, debts, ditties. Line 3 : feared, caret, coward, mart, rates, these rates, road, rats, ports. 32 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. OMISSION OP VOWELS. 61. Rule 1. Vowels may be omitted when the name of the outline exactly coincides with the word, or (b) that vowel may be omitted from a stroke which coincides with a syllable. 62. Rule 2. Vowels may be omitted when the stroke implies an initial or final vowel (as L, R, Ra). 63. Rule 3. Do not try to guess at the name of an outline ; simply pronounce the full name of the outline the same as it has been given in previous lessons, and you will also pronounce the word. A./. A Sentences Key : be, Jay, are, lay, met, end, let, get, gay, net, bet, pet, way, weigher, layer, cadet, delay, decay, being, essence, case, lays, pieces, races, cases, ways, (R. 1, b), empty, Katy, lazy, gayly, lady, pity, elm, ready, send. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 33 BRIEF SIGNS. 64. The brief signs for W and Y are called W6 or Wu, and Y8 or Yu, to distinguish them from the full length sign. W<* Wtt Yfe YB c D u n 65. The brief Ya, composed of a small semicircle, opens up- ward or downward ; (b) the brief Wa opens to the right or left, (c) They are used when the word begins or ends with the sound of We or Ye, and (d) occasionally between two strokes. 66. (a) When a vowel commences or ends a word, use the stroke Wa or Ya. (b) The stroke is sometimes used between strokes, when the outline is thus more practical. See line 10. 67. When there are no other consonant strokes, the stroke sign must be used, as a brief sign can not be vocalized. 68. SW. Iss may precede the brief We sign by writing it within the sign : *] sweet ; A sweep. 69. WS. When W is followed by S, use Wa stroke : % A .. wisp. 70. Join We or Wu at the most convenient angle, except as stated in 72. 71. In joining : (a) Use Y6 on down strokes, N, and Ing. (b) Use Yu on M, Emp, Ra, La, Ka, and Ga. WE AS A HOOK. 72. L, M, N, and Ra take the brief W sign as a hook without an angle ; when thus hooked they are called Wei, Wem, Wen, Wer. (Wer must be pronounced with short e as in be"t.) Wei Wem Wen Wer /- " L ... in tnis ....X. in your ~!^r/. ___ in those iJL>t it-is in *( when they ....In ----- do you come ^\ we always ....'"r^"^. anything " / we also v>/ anywhere ... you may * r Foresee (phrase). GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 37 EXERCISE LETTER. 1. KEY. R. L. WAT, St. Louis, Mo. Sir I write to inquire if ymi will send me names of the manufacturers who use your tools in this city. We are to fit all our mills with new repair tools and desire to get your catalogue of rates as soon as possible, as it will be necessary to put our ivhole force to work, by January 5th. Yours truly, The following list contains the abbreviations, phrases, and word signs contained in the above letter and indicated by italics in the Key, with the proper names of their outlines, or " nomenclature." The small figures denote the position each has to the line of writ- ing, i.e., 1st, 2d, or 3d position. "In this ".and "it will be" are joined together, or phrased, because all are signs in their natural position ; that is, they would 38 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. otherwise be written on the line. "If yon will " is phrased be. cause of its frequency, the first word governing the position. "This " is written on the line when alone to distinguish it from "these" which is written above the line. "As soon as possible" is such a very frequent phrase used in "ommercial correspondence that a special form seems to be valuable. " Necessary" and "work," it will be seen, are formed from the first part of their outlines. The * indicates "phrases " or words joined. (See pp. 110, 113.) WOBDS. NOMENCLATURE: inquire N 1 Wer *if you will F 1 Yu 2 La of Petoid 1 the dot 1 manufacture MNP Z use z 3 your Ya 2 *in this N Th 2 Iss we are Wer 1 to Petoid 2 all Bedoid 1 with We 1 new N 2 Chetoid . *as soon as possible Ses 2 Ns P whole L 3 work Wer 2 January. J 2 N. I write (I joined) Petoid 1 Ra T. 74. In connection with this it is essential to refer to the chapter on Nomenclature in the latter part of the book. A thorough knowl- edge of the names of the outlines is necessary to good reading ability. W DIPHTHONGS. 75. When &ie brief signs Ye and We can not well be joined to strokes, they may be written in the places of the vowels which immediately follow them to express both the vowel and the brief sign. 76. We", shaded, is used in the places of the heavy dots, and is called We, Wa, Wa, according as it is 1st, 2nd or 3d place. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 39 77. W&, light, is used in the place of light dots, and is called Wi, Wg, Wa, according as it is 1st, 2nd or 3rd position. 78. Wu, shaded is used for the heavy dash, and is called Waw, Wo, Woo, respectively, as it is placed in 1st, 2nd or 3d position. 79. Wu, light, is used for the light dash, and is called w5, wii, woo, according to position. Diagram representing brief signs in vowel places.. Lines 3 and U are for the purpose of illustrating the proper positions of the brief signs, but these words are written, in practice, with the brief sign joined and a vowel, the disjoined sign properly being used where juncture is imprac- ticable. weep wait wit wet wig V\ \,\ 11 - s- . 'IL ..... ,c ^ J.JKLL <~ / A__i ......... -- 3 . & . Sentences .w 4(J SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. EXERCISE LETTER. 2. KEY. H. DAVIS, Memphis, Term. Sir: In answer to your inquiry for our catalogue of goods we manufacture, we send you same, and will ask your perusal of the items we have marked with red ink, and which we are aware are the goods in which you deal. Hoping we may be made happy by a good sale to you, we are Yours, The word ''marked" is formed simply by omitting R; the 3d place heavy dot bearing similarity to the consonant R, the outline is quite suggestive. The dot at the end of "hope" indicates "ing," that being an "affix" for this syllable. OMISSION OF VOWELS. The advanced writer uses few vowels. Omission begins in words with which the writer is quite familiar or whose outlines are quite suggestive. In Tennessee, the S stroke indicates a final vowel (see 44). "made" sounds similar to the nomenclature, " Med." See paragraph 230 for complete rules. NOMENCLATIVE OF ABBEEVIATIONS. For, F 2 ; goods, Geds 2 ; we, We" 1 ; will, L 2 , have, V 2 ; marked, M Ket 3 ; which, Cha 2 ; hope, happy, P 3 . For instruction as to practice, see page 187. For initials see principle i., 210. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 41 Y DIPHTHONGS. 80. Ye, shaded, used in the places of the heavy dots is called Ye, Ya, Yii. 81. Ye, light, in place of the light dots is called YX, Y6, Ya. 82. Yu, shaded, used in the places of the heavy dashes is called Yaw, Y6, Yoo. 83. Yu, light, used in the places of the light dashes is called Yo, Yu, Yo^>. 84. The Ye diphthongs frequently take the place of two vowels. Diagram of Ye diphthongs with nomenclature. yZ .In yi &.JSS Up P I"** k* (2) notorious (no-tor-yu-s), serious, variou.s, Emporia, Pontius, imperious. (3) unison, lawyer, barrier, sensorious, piteous, obvious. (4) maniacs, foliage, envious, dubious, coyote. odium folio odious furious od-yum foly-o od-yus fur-yu-s X ^ ^^ ^ SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 66 \ y \ ^^ \ Xp / h '- ' -X* \ fun V^l^ funny 44 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 90. Use the stroke N following or preceding two conseculive vowels ; as, ruin /^~ x scion Y lion * Bowen \\ 91. Halving a stroke with N hook and Iss adds T or D imme- diately following the hook, but (see 86) Iss would be reac last, same as on whole lengths : ^ paints ; vs> faints. pn bn in dn chn jn kn gn fn vn thn thn m zn rn hn shn zhn \\ J I //"- -H.V, ( C ^S inn nn yn wn mpn r>gn In rn ** ^ V_P ^-^....s_?....0-..- 48 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LETTER 4. or l\' r 4 X ..~- . v^x__fl * zL V_ ^!.^x,i_ v ^\.^/j\ | ^"^ \ Y~ I J r KEY. MKSSRS. DAVID BOON & Co., Dayton, O.: Gentlemen Wo enclose you check for $50.00, being payment on our ac- count to June 10th. We shall be down to your office before long, and will make good the differ- enconow standing between us, and wtii pay you in advance for nine months. , . Yours, Abbreviations -with nomenclature: For, F 2; shall, Ish 2; be^ B2; make, M 2; difference, Def 2; company, K 2; between, Ten 1; before, Bef 2; us, S 3; your, Ya, 2; long, Ing 3; now, N 2 Petoid; advance, Def 3. Observations: In David, the outline is not one likely to be thought of since the V sound is joined onto the D at the begin- ning of the word instead of the last consonant, as in the ordinary division of the word. In "Dayton," notice that the D tapers into the T gradually; a halved D joined to N would not be prac- tical. In sixty, 'the syllable " ty " is indicated by the long appen- dage. Us is written through the line, notwithstanding it has a 2nd place vowel, to distinguish it from say and so, which are on the line. In practising this letter and subsequent ones, work for legibility as well as speed. Practice for beauty of outlines and continuity of movement ; otherwise your time is wasted. See 230, rules 1 and 6, for omitting vowels on "being," "our," and " be." GRAHAM AND PITMAN 1C. 49 L HOOK. 101. A small initial hook on the circle side of the stroke expresses L immediately following it: \ ugly ,- \ 105. When no vowel follows Pie, Ble, Kle, Gle, and Fie, they should be pronounced Pel, Bel, Kel, Gel, and Fel. See Nomenclature, page 231. 106. Shel and Zhel are only used in combination with other s! rokes and must be written upward to distinguish them from Shen and Zhen, the downward strokes. 50 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. L HOOK. pi bl tl dl chl jl kl g! \\ rr fl vl thl Thl shl zhl ml nl rl C f J J c^ ^ \ . -!-.^.O.x * difficult (sign-word). GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 51 R HOOK. 107. A small initial hook on * straight strokes (a) on the left-hand p, -3 ., J2 be side of downward strokes, (b) and <, <\ 00 7 ? the lower side of horizontals, adds \ \ I I / / ,- , 11 just following the stroke. 108. On ^ 7, Ith, and 77 qualify v_ . 120. Halving all single hook characters adds T or D finally. No vowel or hook can follow final T or D expressed by a half length ; but the circle S must always be read last when written last. (See par. 35.) 54 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. R HOOK SYNOPSIS 121. Showing all modifications arid combinations. Line 1 , primary stroke. Line 2, simple K hook. Line 3, R hook with final S. Line 4, hook with initial rowel. Line 6, Iss joined to R hook. Read Rule 114. Line 6, half length with circle, R hook. Line 7, R hook combined with N hook. Line 8, Stroke, R hook, N hook, half length. Line 9, Iss, Stroke, R hook, half length and final hook. Line 10, Iss, stroke, R hook, half length, final hook and final circle. 77 Strands is here also written with alphabetical strokes to illustrate the value of brief forms. GRAHAM AND PITMASTIC. 55 E HOOK SYNOPSIS CONTINUED. 122. E hook in the middle of werds: 123. Circle with the E hook in the middle of the outline: 124. E hook indicated by the location of the circle: A circle on the left hand side between two concurrent straight strokes, must mean either ns on the preceding stroke, or sr on the following stroke; sr takes the preference, since the combined circle and N hook al ways ends the outline, except when the N hook is itself expressed, as in 100. I* / y ^H ^ \o~ \ -I ' ...) , [ ( Contrast thes rb s ^ /v " L, ^' S ' ^ ....... \ T , ..... v4 ..: ....... r:......: v 1- -I? l< K 56 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF L HOOK AND COMBINATIONS. 125. Shel must always be made upward and joined. The initial hook on downward Sh or Ish stands for R ; on the upward Sh or Shay, for L, the name of the character being Shel. The final hook is always N, the character to which Sh is joined indicating plainly whether the stroke is made upward or downward. Thus we have three hooks on Sh : 126. L hook, when Sh is written upward and joined to other strokes ; R hook, Sh is.written downward ; Nhook, at the end, whether upward or djwnward. V-^ ..- " ** % i / --^ A : - ,-: V- - v J -^ -^-^- SB GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 57 127. SYNOPSIS OF N AND F HOOKS. N HOOK. x\ I-J- /x ^ V X_.\ J.:J~ __. madder; (a) kr ^-^y anger or anchor; (b) ^x*^, ember. 157. The lengthening principle cannot be used immediately preceding a final vowel ; (b) A stem with a hook must then be V./I- S^T used : I entr(y) ; ^-^^ centre ; | sentry. 158. A circle or hook, written at the end of a double length, reads after the sound indicated by the double length, or at the end of the word, the same as in normal lengths : "T^b mutters, not muster; -^ Amburn. 159. Double lengths may be employed at the beginning or in the middle of a word when they are followed by a consonant stroke : -'-^.i-^ " eccentric ; ^ --- ' nitric. 160. A vowel occurring between the sound Tr or Dr, indicated by lengthening, and a final hook cannot be written, but it may readily be supplied ^ alterations ; ^ ^^ moderation. in reading : * altcr-shons \ moder-shon 161. A " medial vowel " may occur between the two sounds (t-r) which are expressed by lengthening, and may be written the same as in the case of vowels occurring between the stroke and hook : v fCi ^ entire. 162. In a few instances the straight stroke is lengthened : .(Con dot.1 _y /' I conductor ; - - injector ; / rather. The lengthening principle may also express Thr for their, there, or they are : ^f all there ; x""* ^ may tfiere. 164. Rules for position : For up strokes, the same as in normals. 165. For down strokes, 1st position, on the line; 2d position, extending just below the line ; 3d position, majority of the stroke below the line. (a) La may curve deeper when following initial vowel : / later ; f elder. G4 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. PENMANSHIP. Too much stress cannot be placed on the importance of good phonographic penmanship. With the introduction of double lengths the student now has three different lengths to con- sider, besides two sizes of circles, loops, and hooks. Many stu- dents of shorthand make a fatal error in supposing speed can be gained by neglecting good writing. As a matter of fact, it is not difficult to make good distinctions in lengths, even at a high rate of speed, if the pupil will spend but a few hours in diligently practicing the alphabet with that end in view. Not only should variations in lengths be clear, but the size of the notes should be gauged by those in the book. Take the first line of the following plate and practice it with a free, flowing movement until it can be written readily as ordinary figures can be written, and you will be surprised to find how easily legible outlines can be written in future work. Study in this connection the chapter on " Penmanship." Short- hand must be learned thoroughly, it is true, but it must also be written accurately if the student ever expects to get any very valuable use from it. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. EXAMPLES OF LENGTHENING; Key to line 1: mate, may, motor; fate, fay, feather; neat, nay, nitre. ISC I ^^^- I ' " ? | W -S 3 S tri t~i wm mr mrl wn nr nrl Key: broil, April, trial, growl, girl, prowl, brawl, trail, scholar, secular. A J T. g.<^ 1 d. J, moral; 2, immoral; 3, nearly. 68 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. RULES FOR EMP. 171. When L or R follows the sound EMP, with a vowel be- tween, write the word by adding the stroke La or R to EMP. 172. If the consonant L or R coalesces with the sound Mp, ex- press the M by a simple stroke, and P or B by a stroke with an L or R hook. (For Nomenclature, see p. 231.) MP. is is the first book giving definite rules for Emp. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 69 SHON AND TTV. 173. A large hook at the end of all curves and on the F hook side of all straight strokes adds the sound Shon. 174. Tiv is represented by a large hook on the JVhook side of straight strokes (b), but on curved strokes Tiv must be expressed by the Tand .Fhook (or Tef.) 175. When two vowels precede the sound shon, use Shen (Ish, N hook). Usually Shen or Ishen, instead of the Shon hook, is used on derivatives when the form for the primitive can thus be retained. (For nomenclature see page 232.) \,\, II 6 t ,rV_~, A4^v 70 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. BACK HOOKS. 176. The sound Eshon usually occurs after the sound S, and is represented by a small final back hook at the end of the word. 177. Eshon may be followed by final S circle by -writing it within the Eshon hook. 178. Eshon may follow N or F hook. 179. Eshon may occasionally be written in the middle of a word. 180. Eshon may follow N hook and circle. (Transitional.) 181. In, En or Un preceding Iss-L or Iss-R at the beginning of a word may be expressed by a back hook at the beginning. Key to line 1: pos-eshon (possession); abs-eshon (abscession), indes- eshon (indecision), kSs-eshon (causation), aks-eshon (accession), akus- eshon (accusation), ins-eshon (incision), mus-eshon (musician). Line 2. Dot, " Com "-Pens-eshon (compensation). ? ^JL > j v \x. J. ..i Ji O- v .CL--5J GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 71 181 PREFIXES. 182. The syllables Con, Cog, Com, are expressed by a light dot at the beginning of the stroke ; (b) they may also be expressed by omission and proximity of the remaining parts of the word or phrase ; 183. Recon by disjoined Ra, and irrecon by disjoined R ; 184. And-con, and-com are expressed by writing a small dash at the beginning at right angles to the stroke. If the word "the" is used instead of "and," the dash should be struck ob- liquely ; accom, by a heavy dot at the beginning (accompany, accomplish, line 2) ; I-com, by a dash in the direction of T. (Occasionally the prefix is omitted and the contingent outlines joined together.) SEE KEY, PAGE 151. . LIU : i .S. ' Sentences _._ , - 72 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. PREFIXES CONTINUED. 185. Contra, Contro, Contri, Counter, by a small dash written at the beginning, opposite the end of the stroke, and at a right angle to the stroke : 186. For and Fore, by F joined or disjoined. (See 194.) 187. Intro, Inter, Enter, Anti, Ante, by Net joined or dis- joined, usually joined: 188. Magna, Magne, Magni, by disjoined M : 189. Unrecon by Ner: 190. With by TH : Self, Circum, by Iss on the side of the stroke. 191. All and will, ou the Oids, and a few strokes by L hook: See page 151 . Self is frequently joined. The first and fourth words in line 6 being selfish. GRAHAM AND PITJUANIC. 73 AFFIXES. 192. Ble may be indicated by stroke B, joined or disjoined ; it may be made a little heavier than common to distinguish from or- dinary B. 193. Fullness, Bleness, Someness, by Iss disjoined at (he end. 194. Full or fully, by F hook or stroke ; 195. Ever, by the F hook or V stroke ; 196. One, own, on normal lengths, and not on half lengths, by the N hook; 197. Session, by eshon ; 198. Their, there or the)/ are by a heavy tick on such words, the nature of which will not allow lengthening; 199. Ing-thr, by a heavy, disjoined, short dash at the end. 200. Liness, by intersected Las. See Key. page 143. r J._ J Vi -^ ..Z-.C..J t s< '97 ., x^ / n V^>* 1 J 1 a V P /f /o _p x *q \ < . ...... J ............. Ij ..... --------- ... ---- j ....^..Av..x.r^....x...^ ...... t. * structure, 2*7. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. IO T ^ jf x L ) - ' -^-\ Of PUNCTUATION MARKS, FIGURES, DENOMINATE NUMBERS, ETC. 21 0. a. All names of Saxon origin such as Smith, Jones, White, Wheeler, etc., which are spelled quite phonetically, should be writ- ten in shorthand, as Avell as all initials. AH names of frequent occurrence should be written in shorthand, or some short method devised for the same by the writer. b. Quotation marks: " "; Asterisk,*; parenthesis, (); proper name, underscore; period, long diagonal stroke; comma, half inch space; semicolon, one inch space; dash, x. c. Dollars and cents should be written by writing the cents in smyll figures, like an exponent in Evolution, without a decimal. Denominate numbers may be expressed by writing the next lower denomination a little lower than the first, and so on. d. Fractions, written to a whole number, with unit numera- tor, may be written by writing the denominator the same as we write cents to dollars and omitting the numerator 26 10 =$26.10; 5 -.?,=5 yds, 2 ft, 3 in. ; 15 9 =lo^. e. In writing proper names in shorthand an occasional small letter, may be used to indicate a departure from the usual spelling. f, ALPHABET FOR INITIALS. A B C D re F G II I J K T, M NOPCiliSTUVWX Y2? T6 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. It will be noticed that all heavy strokes are through the line and all light strokes above the line; thus, in case of failure to shade, the position surely indicates the letter. It will be also ob- served that letters which would conflict or otherwise be similar have been denoted by different signs altogether. i. Contrasts by position and shade. PB TDFV KG CZ c^ .) W B SO Contrasts by dissimilarity. j. A paragraph in shorthand should always be denoted by dropping down a line. The space thus made on the shorthand page enables the eye to read more readily, and it is quicker than the old notion of trying to indicate a paragraph by some sort of a scratch. k. It is necessary to indicate commas and semicolons by spaces. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WOKDS. Initial vowel indicated by position. In many cases, the only difference between two words of positive and negative meanings, is an initial vowel, the outline and the position according to the accented vowel, being the same. In such cases the initial vowel may be implied by writing the word above the line, and the initial consonant, which in this case is usually GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 77 the positive word, may be written on the line. Vowels may then be omitted with no confusion as to reading. (SEE KEY.) f-^-' *Derivative word sign. OMISSION OF VOWELS. 211. (a) Omit vowels when the outline itself pronounces the word or nearly so with only a shade of variation in a single vowel ; (b) also words of one syllable when first and last letters are con- sonants; 212. When the name of the outline expresses vowels and con- sonants in the same order as they are in the word which it represents; 213. When the word has been repeated in the same article; (b) or is familiar from previous use. 214. If the outline is obscure, or unfamiliar, write the diph- thong, if any, or one vowel and that the accented one. 215. Always write the initial or final vowel unless said vowel is indicated by the form of the stroke, except as in 213. 78 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 216. All unfamiliar words should be vocalized with at least one vowel, except as stated in 211. For further exposition of unvocal- ized outlines see page 118. SEE KEY. ...^ ' ^ \ /....._. sirvc^i&jcidi^rt-tS ^r if OMISSION OF CONSONANTS. 217. K is usually omitted in words beginning with a vowel followed by the sound Ks (or X). It is also frequently omitted in the middle of a word. 213. N is usually omitted preceding Iss in the middle of a word. 219. R is frequently omitted when occurring in an angle where otherwise an li hook would occur, and followed by Iss. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 79 220. P is omitted on halved M, or on M immediately followed by T ; K is omitted following Ing. 221. T is nearly always omitted when the St loop can be more conveniently made into a circle in an angle; i. e., T following S may be omitted with safety. Prefix syllable ek to the outlines in the first line below and they become legible words. #....*. ex \ q 2/3 ^ / ........ d ........... U-v....x- Jr ^p ........ ..../r:...x\.. \x ? ^ V y..>a..v..;O> : - = , .......... x| .fc ..... !. 80 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. OMISSION OF WORDS AND SYLLABLES. 222. Of the is always omitted, when in the middle of the sen- tence, and implied by proximity; i. e., by writing the remaining parts of the sentence as nearly together as practicable, sometimes joining them. 223. Of is omitted when occurring in the phrase of a, a being joined to the following word and of being indicated by proximity Of and. have are sometimes omitted in familiar phrases. 224. To may sometimes be omitted when followed by the infin- itive which can be joined to the word just preceding to. (b) To is omitted by the use of the 4th position, or writing the word just under the line, or, if an up stroke, its circle or hook just under the line, touching it. To may be indicated by halving, occasionally. Do not use the 4th position for a word which can not begin exactly under the line, except M or Mp. 225. A, and, the, have, in, or, on, the, ing, may be omitted in a few arbitrary cases. Have is sometimes expressed by F hook ; 226. To and with when they must be supplied to make sense. 226f. Ing may be omitted and the contingent words joined. .222, GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 81 227. AMANUENSIS' LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, AND OUTLINES. METHOD OF STUDY. First. Learn to read by lines, which is the easier way owing to the grouping of the words by 1st, 2d and 3d positions. Second. When the list can be read rapidly by lines then practice reading by columns, until they can be read as rapidly as by lines. The student will find that the reading of lists rapidly by columns is the test of his knowledge. It is quite easy to say is, as, house, etc., since the first word rather suggests the other two, but in reading by columns the sing-song method is broken. The list may also be read and written from right to left and from the bottom of the column upward and diagonally. In learn- ing the lists, it is a good method to first read a line by the aid of the key, pronouncing each character and the word it represents; repeat the process several times until it can be read rapidly, and then copy the line till it can be written as rapidly as ordinary figures would be written from 1 to 10. Repeat the process with the next line, and sa on, making sure that first lines are not forgotten while the balance is being learned. The following forms consist of three classes: Abbreviations, word signs and special outlines. Abbreviations are, as the name 82 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. implies, simply contracted forms. Word signs are arbitrary signs not based on the ordinary alphabet, which stand for words. The Oids are word -signs. Special outlines are of two kinds: Regular outlines which are written out of their natural position that they may not conflict with other words expressed by the same outline, or the best choice of outlines when a word may be written more than one way. As a matter of convenience all of these forms are frequently designated as word -signs. An outline proper is simply an unvocalized word. KEY TO LIST ONE. Several syllables set oif by a hyphen indicate that the word and its derivatives have one sign. Thus, Furnish-ed-ture are three words; the primary and its derivatives all expressed by one sign. LIXE 1. LINE 2. 1. possible 2. up 3. party, hope, happy, patent-ed 4. it 6. at, out, took 6. dollar 7. do 8. had, advertise-d 9. which, change 10. much, charge LINE 3. 1. in, any 2. own 3 think 4. thank-ed 5. waa 6. use 7. them 8. though 9. will-ing JO, whole 1. advantage 2. large 3. be, object 4. to be 5. common 6. come, country 7. give 8. together 9. recollect 10. for, fact LINK 4. 1. wish 2. shall 3. issue 4. ever 5. have 6. however 7. your 8. thing, English 9. language JO. along, long, length &RAHAM AND PITMANIC. 83 LINK 5. 1. important-ance 2. may be improve-d-ment 3. time, my 4. him, am 5. home 6. usual-ly 7. away 8. here, hear, her 9. are 10. peculiar LINK 7. 1. mechanic-ical 2. become 3. manage-d 4. mauufacture-r-ed 5. nothing 6. especial-ly 7. essential-ly 8. familiar-ity-ly 9. knowledge 10. acknowledge LINE 9. 1. if it, feature 2. after 3. future 4. of it 5. evident-ence 6. have had-it 7. is it 8. hesitate, as it, has it 9. used 10. nature. LINE 6. 1. represent-ed 2. power 3. arrange-d 4. regular-ity-ly 5. irregular-ity-ly 6. for the purpose 7. capacity 8. from time to time 9. memorandum 10. capable-ility-y LINE 8. 1. average 2. inferior-ity 3. notwithstanding 4. nevertheless 5. now 6. new 7. I 8. quite 9. it would 10. market-ed LINE 10. 1. that 2. without 3. they had, they would 4. immediate-ly 5. under 6. heard 7. held, world 8. ordinary, Lord, read 9. astonish-ed-ment 10. establish-ed-meut 84 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST 1 Embracing all simple strokes, halved and joined. Remarks: PI for posstWe does not conflict with anything as there is no other abbreviation, and but two or three outlines that could be made out of it. P-Iss, the character usually employed, may be employed in phrases. Power, while a full outline, is here given as a special form to discrimi- nate between it and pure and poor, also as a form on which its derivatives can be built. Quite and it would may be fully vocalized from the outlines given; Quite by vri, and Tet, I and woo. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 85 LIST 2 EMBRACING W, N AND F HOOKS. IS 54 567 8 9 10 Caused is here given to distinguish it from cost, it being the only word ending in a loop sound in which the loop is not used. Great care should be taken not to confuse except and accept. Support and separate are outlines used for discrimination. Settlement is given this form because Iss-Tel-Ment, in rapid work may be confused "with statement. Many amanuenses haveen- dorsed the author in making this point of difference. We are in receipt, seems to answer a special demand for something short for this ever recurring commercial phrase. Next week and in stock are written in accordance with 217 and 221. 86 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. < 3 -f ' \1- LIST 3. U 5 6 7 8 9 10 -..LiHlUU-. ^.yd.^.!l\E X ^\ ; v : ^x ; 9 : r , 1 1 -.I... -?X- i- <- --_;. __ /Slert is quite suggestive of certain. Near, nor, set off, each can be vocalized so as to fully express the word; they are introduced here as outlines of common words which would not readily be impro- vised. Return is based wholly on first principles; Eatern or lengthened Ba, vocalized makes Betcrn, literally, which is far more logical than many other abbreviated forms. Circular may be con- sidered as circle with the K sound omitted. Day or two may be considered as dayort with the vowel 55 omitted. Appropriate and preparatory should be compared and their outlines clearly distinguished. OttAttAM AND PITMAN1C. 87 SENTENCES COMPOSED OF ABBREVIATIONS, PHRASES AND WORD-SIGNS IN LIST ONE. 1. Our advantage was in no way important, I think. 2. It is possible that she may go to her home. 3. If they will give the dollar together, I will thank them. 4. Your language may be an improvement oil hers but it is commou to us. 5. Our whole time and knowledge are essential to make the change. 6. The average manufacturer knows nothing about the new arrangements. 7. Knowledge will be established in the home in the future, I am happy to say. 8. If ~JL recollect, the language was too peculiar for us, notwith- standing it was an improvement. 9. It would not astonish me if yon had to give evidence imme- diately. 10. They acknowledge the mechanic should represent his own affairs, especially if he has the capacity. 11. Though the regular route may be inferior to the new, it may do for the purpose which you have for it. KEY TO LIST 2. LINE 1. LINK 2. 1. is, his 1. itself 2. as, has 2. because 3. house 3. signify-ied 4. speak, superior 4. suggest-ed 5. expect-ed 5. purpose 6. special-ly 6. business 7. subordinate-d 7. extinguish 8. subject 8. cost 9. is to be 9. caused 10. satisfy-actory 10. first SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LINE 3. 1. subscribe 2. in stock 3. next week 4. suspicious 5. suspect-ed 6. whether 7. support 8. separate 9. except-ed 10. accepted-ed LINE 5. 1. visible 2. previous 3. yours-self 4. something 5. enthusiasm 6. remittance 7. always 8. with me 9. with him, we may 10. manifest-ed LINK 4. 1. impossible-ility 2. whatsoever 3. settlement 4. influence 5. similar 6. several 7. somebody, example 8. single-d 9. this 10. those LINE 6. 1. when 2. one 3. we will, while 4. we are in receipt 5. we are 6. where 7. aware 8. require 9. inquire, anywhere 10. privilege. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 80 LINE 7. 1. for ward -ert 2. afterward 3. before 4. differ-ed-ence 5. advance-ed 6. whatever 7. out of 8. whichever 9. govern-ment 10. general LINK 9. 1. substantial-ly 2. understood 3. understand 4. men 5. man. 6. on either hand 7. on the other hand 8. on the one hand 9. may not, am not 10. in order LINK 8, 1. between 2. hope to have 3. begin, organ 4. begun 5. began 6. within 7. opinion 8. announce-ment 9. at all, until 10. have been LINK 10. 1. superintend-ent-ed-ence 2. will not 3. did not 4. do not 5. had not 6. gentlemen 7. gentleman 8. intelligent 9. behind 10. throughout 90 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. KEY TO LIST 3. LINE 1. LINK 2. 1. certain-ly 2. near, nor 3. manner 4. somewhat 5. sometime 0. belong 7. set off 8. set forth 9. difficult-y 10. calculate-d LINE 3. 1. in all 2. only 3. annual 4. unless 5. no less 6. realise 7. real estate 8. proper-ty 9. principal-pie 10. practice LINE c.. 1. correct-ed 2. accuracy 3. toward 4. day or two 5. particular-ly 6. opportunity, pretty 7. part 8. describe 9. extreme 10. danger. 1. skillful-ly 2. depend-erit-ence 3. return 4. told 5. until it 6. equalled, called, we could 7. circular 8. railroad 9. million 10. family. LINE 4. 1. liberty 2. remember, member 3. number-ed 4. express 5. surprise 6. suppress "7. at our 8. doctoi 9. dear 10. during, dark LINE 6. 1. strange, external 2. spirit 3. exaggerate-d 4. appropriate-d 5. passenger 6. extraordinary 7. perfect 8. proof, prove 9. approve 10. careful-ly GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 91 LINE 7. 1. practical-ly 2. prepared atory 3. further 4. appears 5. over 6. every, very 7. favor-ed 8. from 9. sure 10. assure LINE 9. 1. manuscript 2. therefore 3. perfection 4. operation 5. oppression 6. according-ly-to 7. information 8. direction 9. investigation 10. virtue LINE 8. 1. pleasure 2. measure 3. Mr., remark 4. more 5. other 6. they are, there, their 7. frequency 8. furnish-ed-ture 9. for our own 10. indispensable LINE 10. 1. indiscriminate 2. experience 3. February, F. O. B. 4. March 5. April 6. August 7. September 8. November 9. December 10. January. 92 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST 4 Oids. Oid means "like;" thus, sphere-oid means sphere-like, or like a sphere; and Petoid means like Pet, the only difference being that Petoid is a quarter length, while Pet is a half length. For Nomenclature see p. 234. Iss adds us, his, is, as, or has, whichever makes the best sense in the sentence in which it is used. L hook adds will or all. (Not used on how. ) R hook adds are, or or our. N Hook added to Petoid stands for what; Tetoid, not; or, own. A tick struck at a sharp angle adds the. The the tick is struck downward on all and on. The tick struck in the direction of T or K adds a, an, and. A double shaded tick adds thr. F hook adds have, of or if. In the key all the words which may be added by one modifica- tion are placed opposite the word to which they are joined. 1 \ 2 1 3 / 4 -_\. 5 1 6 / , 7 8 9 10 1 b 6 ...b.. -6-- o P * ^ p s> ... p. p * r f L S. r /> \ r /o /-- s- N |_ *\ n V x, J f . > V * {,' ^ L -i u ' - 1 n -.7. . -] ^ 1 -7 4 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. In line 9, word 1, udL of is indicated by F hook affixed to dash KEY TO LIST 4. LINE 1. 1. of 4. to 7. to the 2. or 5. but 8. to a 3. on 6. should, ho 9. how 10. I LINE 2. Chi* (us 1. of 4 (us 3. on-* (his is his is (us 5. but ag his 4. to {., (his has 2. or as has us , (his 6. should^ (as fhis 9. howX, (has LINE 3. , is l t 1. Vof as) 4. >to as) 7. as to the 8. as to a 2. his or 5. is but 9. as how , is) 3. >on as) 6. as should 10. as I LINE 4. 1. of all 4. to all 6. should all fall 2. or 4 ... (will 5. lmt{ Bl L (will 9. how will 10. I will 3. on all 94 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 1. of our (our 2. or (are LINE 5. 3. on our 4. to our 5. but LINE 6. 1. of what 4. to what 2. or not 5. but not *Hook not so convenient in this case. 6. should our 9. how are *6. should not LINE 7. LINE 8. 1. of 2. or 3. on 4. to 5. hut 6. should 9. how LINE 9. of or on to but should to the to a how I the 1. of 2. or 3. on 4. to 5. but 6. should 9. how LINE 10. a-an-and LINE 11. and (there r if ' n | their 2. or of (their \there 4. tol have tave 5. but there their 5. butj' f (have they are 6. should have 6. should thr 10. I have. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 95 LIST 5, OIDS. The rules for modifying the light Oids apply in general to tin shaded ones. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 f / f \ i : / : \ \ f 1 v> b <5 h i ._.- >o 6 * P / p i f i * l / f V - --i i t f * i 6 <- n -7 .1- ..7.. .._.. --- ~T *l L *- 1 / > : u l^ > < > < . OG SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 5. LINE 1. 1. all 2 [already (awe 3. ought 4. too [oh (owe 6. who-m 7. about 9. to whom. 10. he LINE 2. 1. all/ 1118 (is fi. 2. already -{his KEY TO LIST 5. 1. as all I I 3. ought his owes owe us owe his 6. who has LINE 3. *' has} alread y 3. as ought 6. as who 7. has about 9. as to whom as 10 - has^ e LINE 4. 1. all fare 2. already < 3 (our 3. ought our 6. who are 7. about our 9. to whom are 1. all LINE 5. l| f 1 1 have 2 [already have ' (awful 3. ought to have [have 6. who 4 (ever 9. to whom have GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 97 LINK 6. 1. and all and ' already 2 ought 3 oh, owe 5 whom 6 about 7 LINE 7. 1. all. 2. already 3. ought 5. owe 6. whom 7. about 9. to whom a, an or arid the LINE 8. 1. all 2. already 3. ought 5. owe 6. whom 7. about 9. to whom LINE 9. 1. all there 3. ought there 6. who-m their 9. to whom thr LINE 10 1. all ours 3. ought ours 6. who are his 98 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST 6. 1st. Enlarging a brief We or Ye sign adds a brief We sign. 2d. When enlarging a brief We sign to add a brief Ye sign, it is necessary to turn the brief sign so that it opens toward the corner of the page. 3d. The tJir tick is not used on Iss, the sound thr is therefore added to is by lengthening . stroke. 1 2 3 It 6 678 9 10 C C D ~) n n U ( ; C (s ^t n u _-e__ s a e e__ & ^ a -< .- w_ e -f. -c f 1 i-D _A -rt._ -\j ~v __ -c _0 * .<; -. 3_ - i_ . r>_ \f- ^J s 5 c "X rv n/ 1A 9 /a 7 r * -5- y V _rv .-y._ 7 y= }' i -l-r . We are aware we m*y inquire how much you have made out of the experience, though it is your privilege to say nothing. 7. We are in receipt of your manuscript, which has been re- turned us for investigation. 8. The passenger was skillfully set off on his own real estate. 9. Unless they are very carefully prepared for the investiga- tion, the family will be in extreme danger. 10. The circular was indiscriminate, though appropriate and very correct. 11. I do not understand the purpose of your circular. 12. His influential name, in my opinion, will always satisfy every one and get their substantial support. 13. The extraordinary circular was so indiscriminate that I think that it will make a large difference in his opinion. 14. The cost of operation in the manufactory, in my experi- ence, has been exaggerated, I think. 15. The announcement was made manifest at the beginning. 16. He will have to be an intelligent man, for the superinten- dent will not depend on every one. 17. We may not always have substantial proof of their being gentlemen. 18. Had they not been behind in the settlement of their bills, we would not have had this experience. 19. A large family live near the railroad. 20. I assure you, your offer of liberty from danger is a very great surprise. 21. Every pleasure seems to be a surprise to you. 22. Dr., during your experience, did you ever establish a, large practice ? 23. That particular opportunity may not again surprise the passenger. 24 The advertisement of the express company was new infor- mation to me. 102 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 25. The passenger was very near his real estate when he was set at liberty. 26. The information set forth in the manuscript was according to my opinion, correct in every particular, excepting its truthful- ness. 27. The circular was indiscriminate, though very correct. 28. A careful investigation of the extreme danger will prove to be indispensible to our government. DERIVATIVES. List 7. A derivative is formed from a word -sign by representing the additional syllable by an extra stroke to the primitive word- sign, either before or after it, or by halving or lengthening the original sign. The past tense or perfect participle is frequently not represented at all, the context being a sufficient guide as to the proper word. KEY TO DERIVATIVES. Paten-ed-ble. -Hoppy-Un-ness-iest-ier-ly. _4dt'erise-ed-ment-er-ing-es. CAar^e-es-able-Dis-ing-er-less. Advantage-es-ous-ly-Dis. Comwion-ly-Un-(uncommonly)-est-er. Length or /o 18 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. DERIVATIVES. 10' / ; -/^ / tJ T ~~T ---r*- o information. 106 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. V x Alabama c. Alaska x*-' Arizona 2> Oregon California "1 Colorado ~^~> Conn. [^ Delaware S Fla. < Ga. Idaho C 111. ^^, Ind. ~^ Ind. T. "^ la. D Kan. -,_ Ken. (^ La. ^> Me. n Md. Mass. a. Mich. M Minn. Miss. ^-j^ Mo. * V Mont. ^v. Neb. N. C. N. D. S. D. Tenn. W. Va. Wis. Wyoming Oklahoma Ont. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 107 GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. ^-A. N. B. f\^_ Louisville ly\ B. C. ^~^-< Minneapolis v_P 7 N.S. ~*\* Quebec ^_^^ New Haven \ New York V ~^ "^ Birmingham Klondike r> Omaha o Philadelphia lioston v Baugor ^ Brooklyn q^y-y San Francisco \ Buffalo V *~ ^ Burlington ) Seattle ^St. Louis -^ Chicago *-*->! Cincinnati f Toledo 1 I Cleveland 1 T Dayton ^ \/ Wilkesbarre n Detroit I Barry ^ Boyle jLf Campbell i Cook & . Clark Cameron c ~* / l Carter I Duffy j- Doane Y- Daly L Davis I Edwards ^s> Evans r Flynn _ , Gray Green r Hill vj_^ Hunter -*> Henderson Harris Hale Hall Jackson James Jones Johnson Kelley Quinn Lee Lewis Lynch Morris Moore Martin Mitchell Miller Mackenzie MacDouald McCarthy Morgan Mahoney Newton Nash GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 100 PROPER NAMES. Nelson O'Brien 1^ Thompson Patterson K Taylor Parker j Wood Price Quinn c Wilson Russell V Warren Reed o Walsh Ross fr- Walker s\ Wright Roberts Shaw & Williams ~*L> Young Stewart ^^N York Sullivan Scott Thomas 110 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. PHRASING. 228. Phrasing is the art of joining shorthand characters to- gether that speed may he gained. (a) Join word-signs and abbreviations when both are in their natural positions. (See lines 1, 2, 3, 4, Simple Phrases.) (b) The Oids should almost always be joined to each other or to some other word. (The above two rules should furnish the limit to the beginner's efforts at phrasing.) (c) Do not join the to a following word. (d) Join a, an or and by a tick at right angles or parallel to the line of wiling. (e) Join the obliquely at a sharp angle when possible. (f ) Join abbreviations of one stroke which occur together very frequently, if the juncture is practical, writing the first word in its position. (This rule, for beginners, applies to familiar words.) See line 5 simple phrases. (g) The student should not phrase abbreviations to outlines, unless the outline has previously been committed to memory, in which case it should he treated same as an abbreviation. If, however, it should seem expedient to join an abbreviation or sign-word to an outline, the outline should be fully vocalized. Thus, "do right" also reads "dirty;" "it read " would also read "torrid;" "which may" would also read "chum;" and "go home" would also read "game." But if the writer is not in the habit of joining un vocalized outlines, unless a vowel is in- serted, then the fact that the outlines "Ch-M " and " Ga-M " had no vowels, would be evidence that they were sign-words joined. (h) To is indicated by writing the following word, or the first part of the word, directly under the line. (i) When a horizontal or circle is written on the line and fol- lowed by a down stroke, it indicates two words invariably. 229. PHRASING OF TICKS. He, How, The, I, A, An, And, are five common signs, which should be phrased as follows: GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. Ill PHRASING OF TICKS. I, (a) nearly always joined to the following word, should be struck upward on downward strokes having no initial hook. It is written downward on upward strokes and M and Mb. It must be invariably written above the line; but on all down strokes and first position horizontals both words retain their proper positions; up- ward strokes and other horizontals would be brought out of their positions; but "/" must always be above the line. HE (b) must invariably be written on the line. When written alone it may be struck upward or downward. (1) Joined to upward strokes it is written down; on downward strokes it is written upward. (2) When joined to a circle sign-word, either before or after, it is written upward with the circle on the left-hand side; it is thus distinguished from should, which is written downward, and has the circle on the right-hand side. He is struck downward on K and Gay; upward on TV and Ing. HOW (c) is usually written with a down stroke, under the line, not touching it. THE, (d) when joined, is subordinate in its position. The never begins a phrase. The must always be written in the direction or Chay, P or Ray. A, AN OR AND (e) is joined to either end of the outline, and is subordinate in its position to the word it is joined to. and must always be written in the direction of T or K. When alone or joined to the, it takes second position, the tick the projecting below the line to discriminate from should. HE AND SHOULD JOINED TOGETHER. (f) When he and should are joined, should should be written downward and he should be written upward. And should be written by Ket when joined to should-he and by Tet when joined SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. TICK PHRASES. (8KB KEY, PAGE 155.) " \ n _^. . _ j--^-^ -i 7 i "i ~^ Ps-^-" 1 -- ^ - - f i/z \\ GRAHAM AND PITJUANIC. SIMPLE PHRASES. X. ...... "> ..... >rt . AJ V_* I _ y. / ..... k ..... X .. 4 -T^ J 1 ( .... 114 13 Ik 15 16 17 18 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. COMMERCIAL PHRASES. 26 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 115 . Va^ ^^ I L / ....... GRAHAM AND PJTMANIC. 121 LIST TWO. NEARLY IDENTICAL OUTLINES. 2. Rule for writing, same as list one. Rule for reading: Same as list one except that the outline, not exactly comparing with the word, if the word does not readily come to mind, substitute some other vowel in place of the first one in the nomenclature, and then try some other vowel the same way. 122 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST THREE. MIDDLE VOWELS. These outlines express the first and last sounds of the word by consonant strokes with a single vowel between. 3. Rule, for Writing: Omit the vowels. Rule for Reading: Supply a vowel between the two strokes by trying each one of the vowels indicated by the position of the outline. Illustration: In the case of P K 1, the suspicion is at once aroused that the outline comes under the above head. There can be no initial or final vowel, or it would have been written under Rule 7; or, if it had been omitted under List 9, it would be easily supplied. Therefore, try all the first place vowels, Peek, Pick, Pock, Pike, Poyk. Three of these mean words, and the construc- tion of the sentence readily shows which word of the three is wanted. KE-V, 162. <7 . C...c.. r ...C^^r\,.^.:.... n ..... r ^ , r^r...^-^-^^ VMJsx^^J..l_y ^_.C\..Q ^_x -v-U- GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. LIST THREE CONTINUED. 123 124 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST FOUR. WORDS IN NATURAL ORDER. This means that the name of the outline consists of consonants and vowela in the same order as the word itself. Illustration: In separating the syllables in the word Topeka or Re-enter we have: Nomenclature : Te Pe Ka. Word: To pe ka. Nomenclature: Ra Enter. Word: Re enter. Nomenclature: eM Te. Word: Em ty. Rule for writing: Omit all vowels. Rule for reading: Substitute vowels in the places of the ones used in the nomenclature until the word is found. _ O <: N / -~ N /^_x C^ ...\. ^"^i <2"~tX dy ^~^> if^~* ,^.\ j^-s ^^ , ^^ ---v-\-v^- \-V-\--o A v I ^> ^ 1 i \-^" u* \XL \xi \jp..v\-..\ vhr. x GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. LIST FOUR CONTINUED. 125 1 2 Xf.V_ r? ^ LX--^ i.Jl_. ^m^r- 17 ^ .V-, ^^xvX, 128 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST NINE. FAMILIAB WORDS. We give also a few words which should be learned the same as a list of abbreviations and sign words. The ambitious stenog- rapher will enlarge this list to the hundreds. KEY, PAGE 164. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 129 THE REPORTER'S EXPEDIENTS. A SYMPOSIUM OF GENEEAL ABBREVIATING PBINCIPLES. 231. Not all the fastest writers use the shortest forms, yet all should study the art of brevity and make use of same according to their adaptability. The best writers abbreviate and phrase more or less extensively; but young writers should avoid either extreme as being disastrous. The teacher who is an enthusiast on long forms and interminable lists of sign-words and theoretical outlines, simply advertises his own inexperience in teaching. On the other hand, carelessness in not joining the small words where they occur together naturally leads to slovenly habits and inaccuracy as well as lack of speed. Either extreme will cripple the young stenographer hopelessly. A thorough knowledge of the alphabet, vowels, four small hooks, four large hooks, two back hooks, H, halving and length- ening principles, circles, loops, prefixes and affixes, and the six hundred common abbreviations, sign-words and phrases already given, furnishes material enough for a speed of eighty words per minute, this being fast enough for ordinary purposes of amanu- ensis work. A speed of 175 words, however, requires the mastery of ab- breviating principles as well as the command of a very large vo- cabulary, both long and shorthand; but the development and practice of short forms varies according to the practitioner Outlines must always be individually legible. Bad, scrawling penmanship never made a fast writer. Accuracy is simply a habit. Inaccuracy is only another habit. The young writer must use vowels occasionally, at least one in words of new or uncommon occurrence. The difficulty of learning a large number of short forms is nothing in comparison with the advantages gained. 1. Words which are analagous, or partially so, to the four hooks are indicated by them to some extent. 130 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Are-Our, by the R hook; All- Will, by the L hook; Have-If- Of-Ever-Fnl-ly, by the F hook. Full-ly, by F stroke: One-Than Own-Been, by the N hook. ILLUSTRATION. By our, BEE 1; at our, TEE 3; for our, FEE 3; had our, DEE 3; charge our, CHER 3; which are, CHEE 2; out of, TEF 3; whatever, TEF 2; much of, CHEF 3; which ever, CHEF 2; each of, CHEF 1; by all, BEL 1; at all, TEL 3; for all, FEL 2; have all, VEL2; had all, DEL 3; they will, THEL 2; painfully, PEN 2-F; banefolly, BEN 2-F; mindful, MEND 1-F; manfully, MEN2-F; successfully, SKASES 2-F; disdainfully, DES 2- DEN -F; scornfully, SKEEN 1-F; Cheerfully, CHEEF 1; hopeful-ly, PEF 3; my own, MEN 1; any one, NEN 1; their own, THEEN 2; more than, MEBN 2; some one, SMEN 2; have been, VEN 2; at one, TEN 3; at our own, TEEN 3; every other one, VER- THERN 1. 2. The N hook expresses Not on oids and half lengths; thus to a full length stroke, not is added by halving the stroke and add- ing the N hook.* See page 92, line 6. *A direct violation of principle 99, but a useful license in this case. ILLUSTRATIONS. If not, FENT 1; have not, VENT 2; do not, DENT 2; may not, MENT 2; are not, ARNT 2; will not, LENT 1; we will not, WELNT 1; by not, BENT 1. 3. A vowel preceding or following a lengthened curve may be indi- cated by making the curve deep if the vowel precedes, or shallow if no vowel precedes it. Line 9, page 65. ILLUSTEATIONS. alter, LATER 1 (deep curve); later, LATER 2 (shallow curve). GRAHAM AXD PITMANIC. 131 latter, LATER 3 (shallow curve); elder, LATER 2 (deep curve). all other, LATER 1 (shallow curve); lighter, LATER 1 (shal- low curve). 4. It- Would- 1 1 ad-Did, are frequently indicated by halving. ILLUSTRATIONS. It would, TET 3; it had, TET 3; have had, VED 3; why did yon, HA TICK-WED-YU; when did you, WENT-YE; they had, THET 3. 5. Con- Accom- Contra are sometimes omitted for the sake of a phrase, and sometimes the first position is given to indicate the omission of Con, but this last device is precarious. ILLUSTRATIONS. condition, DSHON 1; contradistinction, D 1; confuse, FS 3; comply, PLE 1; contain, TEN 2; concur, KER 2; compound, FEND 3; (This is about the limit.) 6. On may be joined by an N hook. ILLUSTRATIONS. are on, ARN 3; here on, REN 1 ; goon, GEN1; whereon, WERN 2, lay on, LEN'2. 7. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are usually written with thesame outlines; also a word with all its derivatives is frequently written with one outline, the distinction being made by the context. ILLUSTRATIONS. Geography-ic-al-ly, J 2 GER; political-ly, PLET-KLE 1; critical-ly, KRET-KEL 1, bad-ly, BED 3; ease-easily, Z 1; com- plete-ly, PLET 1; gracious-ly-ness, Gre Ish 2 ; certain-ly, Iss- RET2. 132 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Straight strokes may be tripled to indicate the sound THR, as double lengths on straight strokes indicate their repetition only. A final attachment must be read after THR. Sometimes an N hook may be omitted for the sake of lengthening. ILLUSTRATIONS. can there, KTHER 2; will there, LATHER 2; by there, ETHER 1; had there, OTHER 3; down there, DTHER 3; upon there; PTHER 1. 9. In taking testimony and other rapid work, where there are many repetitions, a stroke may be tripled to add another, whether. (See legal phrases.) The THR tick may be largely used where lengthening is im- possible; as in half lengths or words ending with hook or circle. ILLUSTRATIONS. Do you know whether there is, D 2-Yu-NTHERS; until there is, TELTHERS 3; say whether, STHER 2, whether or not, WAYTHERN 2. 10. References may be indicated by position; as in Book, Chapter, Section; Epistle, Chap., Verse; Volume, Book, Chapter; Book, Canto, Line, 6 4 2 , 9 211 6 . 11. Repetitions following each other in a sort of regularity may be indicated by a long straight line, or in writing the first part of the first expression near to or joined to its repetition. ILLUSTRATIONS. deeper and deeper, D 1 DPER; quicker and quicker, K 1 KER; faster and faster, F 3 (disjoined), Fstr; bigger and bigger, B 1 (disjoined) B ger; smaller and smaller, SEM 1 SEMLAR (dis- joined). QRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 133 12. In addition to the punctuations already given, the reporter indicates applause by a short perpendicular spiral; hissing, by a HAY stroke in a large circle; sensation, by a double cross; laughter, La Eftr. 13. YOU may be joined as a hook, 2nd position, since the R hook never rests on the line, and therefore no confliction can result. It is occasionally joined in the middle of a word, though not occurring on a line. You may be inverted in a phrase. ILLUSTRATIONS. { if you desire, F 1-DERS-AE; yon say, YU 2-S; you had, YE 2-D; you do, YU 2-D; if you wish, F 1-Sher. 14. ING maybe omitted, thus: Hav(ing) been; thank(ing) you; see(ing) you; believ(ing) that; see(ing) that; stat(ing) that; dur(ing) the; inform(ing) you; know(ing) that. See page 80. 15. We may be joined as a hook to horizontals; its identity with the L or R hook causes no trouble, on account of the few words which could be made with the outlines thus used. ILLUSTRATIONS. We can, KLEN 1; we give, GLE 1; we could, KLET 1; we may be, MER 1. 16. Eshon may be added to an N or F hook or Is for the sake of ab- breviation or special outline. ILLUSTRATIONS. foundation, FEND-ESHON; taxation, TS-ESHON 2; investiga- tion, N-VSESHON 1; exposition, SPES-ESHON 2; ornamenta- tion, REN 2 ESHON. j.34 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 17. The F hook is sometimes written on curves to add words or syllables by lengthening the N hook. ILLUSTRATIONS. infinitesimal, NEFT 1; navigation, NEF-2-GASHON; useful, SEF 3; thankful, THEF 3. 18. The circle is frequently used by reporters to add us or his; or a small circle enlarged for the purpose of adding an additional sound S, or a circle sign- word. See line 49, Universal Phrases. 19. The past and present tense may almost always be indicated by the same outline, as the auxiliary verb or other word of the context clearly indicates which tense is intended. ILLUSTRATIONS. intend-ed, NET-END 2; amount-ed, MENT 2; present-ed, PERS 2; goad-ed, GED 2; fit-ted, FET 1; order-ed, RDER 1; form-ed, FEE 1 ; bate-d, BET 2; return-ed, RETERN 2. 20. Joining the back N hook for the word in, and the use of the joined circle for his may be used, especially when the same phrase occurs several times during the same writing. ILLUSTRATIONS. In his address, IN-IS-DRES; in his mind, IN-IS-MEND-1 ; in some way, IN-IS-M-WE. 21. Hooks may sometimes be omitted. ILLUSTRATIONS. It has been said, TS-2-BS-D; upon there, PTHER-1; can supply, KS-PEL-1; can only, K-NEL. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 135 22. Ought to have and would have are sometimes indicated ~by a hook. ILLUSTRATIONS. It ought to have, TEF-1 ; it would have, TEF-3. 23. We, were and with may be joined as a "We hook. ILLUSTEATIONS. With me, WEM-1; with him, WEM-2; with any, WEN-1; were not, WENT-2; We note, WENT-1. 24. It is often necessary that the skilled writer improvise forms for special purposes. When possible, the first sound should be represented ; if the word is a long one, the first and last sounds should be represented if convenient. Long hand initials may sometimes be written in shorthand, especially in the case of rail- roads; but often the long hand initial written in shorthand would be as long as the whole word written in shorthand. The best ab- breviation is that expression that sounds nearest to the whole word, expression or phrase, providing it be sufficiently brief. It must be most emphatically borne in mind that a brief phrase is just as easy to remember as a long one, providing it does not con- flict too much with something else. ILLUSTEATIONS. N. Y. C. & H. E. E. E. (New York Central & Hudson Eiver Bailroad) N Yas Ea D. West Texas Immigration Co., Was 2 T M. Armour Packing Co., Mer 2 K. Island City Abstract Co., Lents K. 25. It is not only a great aid to reading but sometimes saves absolute illegibility to indicate all pauses, except periods, by spaces. When names are written in shorthand, a long space 136 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. should precede and follow the name; this together with the fact that initials consist of single strokes, would at once arouse the suspicion on the part of the reader that a proper name is expressed thereby. ' 2b. The study of shorthand penmanship is indispensable to the writer who would win highest rank. The fact that practical writers have claimed that rules of pen- manship were not practical in shorthand, does not prove that such is the case; it simply shows that they are working to a disadvan- tage and are behind the times. The act of making shorthand characters is an act of writing. Writing requires a free and easy movement of the fore-arm (im- properly called muscular movement). The fingers and wrist joint must be flexible, to be sure, and the fingers active, but the free forearm movement with the hand unconfined to the desk will pro- duce results as superior to finger movement as a.n ordinary walk is superior to dragging the feet along the ground. (See chapter on penmanship). 27. The second word is sometimes used to govern the position of phrases, (a) When the first word is as, sometimes give the second word the position; (b) especially when both the first and second words can be written in their respective positions in a phrase while Writing the second word in its regular position, this rule would -apply; (c) when first word is a tick, always phrase ac- cording to the second word. ILLUSTRATIONS. By these; in these; in this; in those; and it; and for a; and in a ; is in ; as possible ; as much as. (See line 27, Commercial Phrases. ) 28. An extended use of the lengthening principle to add Their, There, They are. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 137 ILLUSTRATIONS. At their own, Teethern; Several other than, Is Vethern; Give thr, Gathr 1; Can thr, Kathr 2; Go there, Gather 2; Each other, Chather 1; Know their own, Enthern 2; Upon their, Pether 2 (N hook omitted); Are there, Rthr 2. 29. 'Istic may be expressed by Ska affixed to the first part of a word. ILLUSTRATIONS. Pessimistic, Pes 1 M Ska; Optimistic, Pet 1 M Ska; Charac- teristic, Ker 2 Ska; Linguistic, El Ing Ska; Artistic, Arts 3 K; Pugilistic, P 1 Jel Ska; Bombastic, B 1 Emb Ska; Elastic, La 3 Ska. 30. 'Matic by Met. ILLUSTRATIONS. Dogmatic, D Ga 1 Met; Automatic, T 1 Met; Prismatic, Pers 1 Met; Epigrammatic, Per 2 Ger Met; Eheumatic, R 3 Met; Aro- matic, R 2 Met. 31. T expressed by a half length before a final vowel, the final vowel being supplied by the perceptions: Vicinity, Vees 2 Net; Disability, Des 1 Blet; Locality, L 2 Klet; Imbecility, Emps 2 Let; Rascality, Ras 3 Klet; Validity, V 2 Eld; Novelty, N 1 Viet; Alacrity, L 2 Kret; Integrity, Net 1 Gret; Debility, D 1 Blet; Nobility, N 2 Blet; Stability, Ste 2 Blet; Durability, Der 3 Blet; Admissibility, D 1 Ems Blet; Passibility, Pes 3 Blet; Feasibility, Fs 1 Blet; Plausibility, Pies 1 Blet; Pros- perity, Pres 1 Pret; Sensibility, Sens 1 Blet; Ability, Blet 1; Ina- bility, N 1 Blet; Disparity, Des Pret; Vulgarity, VI 2 Gret. 32. A final vowel and consonant may be expressed by disjoin- ing the final stroke. 138 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. ILLUSTRATIONS. Vagrancy, Ve 2 (disjoined) Ger; Clemency, Kel 1 (disjoined) Men; Christianity, Kren 1 (disjoined) T. The disjoined stroke may sometimes be omitted. 33. Enlarging the R hook may add will or all ; and enlarging the L hook, are or our. The N hook may add own or than to whole lengths ; not to half lengths. ILLUSTRATIONS. Had all our, Drel 3; at all our, Tier 3; for all our, Fler 2; from all, Frel 2; They are all, Threl 2; by all our, Bier 1; which are all, Cherl 2. 34. N hook is often used in lieu of the syllables tial, tiate, shon, and the adverbs derived from nouns and adjectives. Substantial, SEE 2 STEN; Potential, P 2 TEN; Invention, N VEN 2; Peni- tential, P 2 TEN; Presidential, PEES 2 DEN; Pestilential, PES 2LEN; Consequential, SKEN 1; Differential, DEF 2 REN; Cre- dential, KER DEN 2; Comprehension, PREN 2. 35. Iss may be written within straight line N hook to denote plurals. REPORTERS' LIST. RULES FOR READING THE NOMENCLATURE. The figures 1, 2, 3, refer to the position as being above the line or first position, on the line or second position, through or below the line or third position. The figure is placed immediately after the character which governs the position of the outline; all other strokes or attachments are to be joined without reference to posi- tion, and to accommodate themselves to the position of the part of the outline to which they are joined. Thus: Yu 2D means that Yu is placed on the line while D fol- lows below it. Yu D2 would mean that D was placed on the line of writing, which of course, would bring the Yu above the line as Yu must be at the beginning any way: Is T 2, Is T 1, Is T 3, Is 2 T, Is 4 T; K P 1, K P 2, K P 3, K 2 P, K 4 P. Thus giving five positions according to the part of the character which is to be placed in position. When not otherwise specified, the first sloping stroke is on the line. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 139 ability, Blet 1 iible to, Blet 2 absurd-ity, Bes 2 Ard abundant-ly, Bend 2 accord ing- ly-to, Kred 1 acccpt-ed-atiou, Spet 3 accuracy, Ker 3 acknowledge, K J 2 accident, Sdent 2 abstract-ed, Bes 3 Ter acquaint-cd-ance, K 2 Net acquisition, Kaseshon 1 iidminister-ed, Dees 3 Ter admit-ed-ance, D 1 Met advantage, J 2 adventure, Def 3 Enter advanc-ed, Def 3 affect-ed, F 3 affection-ate, Fshon 3 after, Fet 2 afterward, Fet 2 Werd aggregate-d-tion, Ger 2 Ga also, La 2 S alkali, El Kel2 alphabet, La 2 F Bet along, Ing 3 always, La 2 Was amalgamate-d-ation, Mel 2 Ga am, M 2 America, M 2 K amount, Ment 2 and, Dot 2 antagonist-ic-ism, Net 3 Ga anticipate-d-ion, Nets Pet 3 auy other, Enther 1 any, N 1 any body, N 1 Bed announcement, Nen 3 annual, Nel 3 applicant, Plent 3 applicable, Pel 3 K appliance, Plens 3 apprehend, Prend 3 appearance, Paens 1 apprehension, Pren 3 April, Prel 2 appropriate, Per 2 Pret approve-d, Pref 3 approximate, Pres 1 Met awe of, Deftoid 1 awful, do. arithmetic-ian-al, Ka 2 Ith are of, Ref 2 assistance, S 2 1st assignment, S 1 Ent astonish-ed-ment, Est 1 assure, Sher 3 as has, Ses 2 as possible, Spes 1 attainment, T Ment 3 attainable, Ten 3 Bel at length, Tien 3 at all, Tel 3 until, Tel 3 at our own, Tren 3 at first, Test 3 auspicious, SIP authentic, Thent 1 K authority, Thret 1 August, Gast 1 adjust, Jast 2 avoid -ed-ance, Ved 1 average, V 2 J avocation, Vshon 3 aware, Wei 3 away, Wa 3 aware of, Werf 3 140 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. bank-rupt-cy-able, B 3 lag balance, Blens 3 be, B2 become, B 2 K because, Kas 1 before, Bef 2 between, Ten 1 begin, Gen 1 begun, Gen 2 began, Gen 3 behind. Bend 1 belong, Bel 1 behold, Beld 2 beneficial-ry-ence, Ben 2 F benevolent-ce, B N 2 V brother, Ber 3 capacious-ly, K P 3 carpenter, Ker Pent 3 Christian-ity, Kren 1 careful, Kref 2 capacity, K P 3J capable, K B 2 caused, Kas D 2 (cost, Kast 1) calcnlate-ble-ion, Kel 3 certify, Sert 1 F certain, Sert 2 care, Ker 2 challenge, Chel 2 J chamber, Cha 2 Ber characteristic, Kers 2 K character, Ker 2 K chapter, Cha 3 Pet cheerful, Cherf 1 citizen, Ste 1 circular, Iss Rel 2 circumstance, Stens 3 circle, Srel 2 combine-d-ation, Ben 1 come, K 2 common, K 1 collateral-ly, K 2 Later complexion, Pelshon 2 comprehension, Pren 2 comprehensible, Prens 2 commence, Ens 2 commerce-ial-ly, K 2 Mer consequentially, Sken 1 consequence, Skens 1 constituent, Ste Tent 1 (loop) contemplate-d-ion, T 2 Emp contraction, Tershon, 3 correct-ed, Ker 1 correspond-ence-ent, Kers Pendl country, K 2 countrymen, Ken 1 countryman, Ken 2 county, Kent 2 county court, Kent 2 K convenient, Ven 1 conspicuous, Spe 1 K criminate-d-1-ality, Ker 1 Men cross examine, Kers 1 Men curious, Kers 3 custom, Kas 2 M GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 141 D. day or two, Dret 2 dark, Der 3 during, do. danger, Jer 2 December, Des 2 M declare-d-ation, D 2 Kler defendant, D 2 defensive, Def 2 deponent, D 2 Pen dictionary, Dshon 2 Ea delight, Diet 1 delinquency, Dlen 1 delinquent, Dlent 1 deliver-ed-y, Del 2 denominate-d-ion, Den 1 denunciation ory, D 2 Nen departed-ture-ment-mental, D 2Pret depend-ent-ence, D 2 Pent description, Skershon 1 descriptive, Skref 1 designate-d-ion, Des 2 Ga disappoint-ed-ment,Des 1 Pent determine-d-ation, D 2 Tren develop-ed-ment, Def 2 P devolve-d, Def V direct, Der 2 describe, Sker 1 difference, Def 2 dignity -fy-ed, D 1 Ga dominate-d-ation, D 1 Men director, Der 2 Ter discharge, Des 2 Ch district, Des 2 Tret distinguish-ed, Dest 2 Ng distinct, Dest 2 disturb, Destr2 distribute, Destr 1 divine, Def 1 difficulty, Kel 2 did not, Dent 1 diminish-ed-ution, D Men 2 dollar, D 1 do, D2 do not, Dent 2 doctor, Der 1 direction, Dershon 2 duplicate, D 3 Pie during, Der 3 duration, Dershon 3 142 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. E. earnestly, Ra 2 Ens El (erroneously, Ra 1 Ens El) efficient-ly-cy, F 2 Sha effect-ed, F 2 electric-al-ity-ian, El 2 K. electrotype, El 2 K P elsewhere, Las R 2 empanel, Emp Nel 2 endeavor, N Def 2 England, Ingend 1 engage-ment, N J 2 English, Ing 1 enlarge, N J 3 entangle-d-ment, Ent-Ing 2 entire, Enter 1 envelope, N V 2 P enthusiast-ic-ical-ically, N Ithses 2 entitle d, N 1 T essential-ly, S 2 N especial-ly, S 2 P astablish-ed-ment, Est 2 Esquire, S 2 K eternal-ly-ity, Tren 2 Europe, R 2 P evangelist-ize-ical, Jel 2 ever, V 1 evident-ce, Ved 2 every, Ver 2 everywhere, Ver 2 R every one, Yern 2 exact, Sket 3 excellence-y, Kas 2 Len except-ed, Sept 2 exhibit-ed, Sbet 1 exhibition, Sbeshon 1 expend ed-iture, Kas Pend 2 experience-d, Sprens 2 explaiu-ed-ation, Splen 2 exist-ence, Ses T 2 extemporary -neous, Stemp Ra exterior, Kast 2 extreme, STer 2 extraction, Ster 3 extravagant, Stref, 3 expect, Spe 2 extinguish-ed, Kas T 2 express, Spers 1 expensive, Spens2 extract, Ster 3 extraordinary, Ster 1 Ard GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 143 F. fact, F 2 familiar-arity, F 2 M family, Mel 3 February, F 2 B financial-cier, Fen 2 N first rate, Ste Ra T 2 first, Ste loop 2 F. O. B., F 2 B for, F 2 forge-ery, F J gentlemen of the jury, Jet 2 Jer general-ly, Jen 2 gentlemen, Jent 1 gentleman, Jent 2 G. forget, Fer Get 2 forward, F 2 Werd for our own, Fren 3 fraternally, Fratern 2 from time to time, M 1 M from, Fer 2 frequency, Fren 1 future, Fet 3 fnrnish-ed-ture, Fren 2 give, Ga 1 glory, Gel 2 govern-ed-ment, Gef 2 gracious-ly-ness, Ger Ish 2 H. habeas corpus, Ha 2 Ker had, D 3 have, V 2 hope, P 3 have it, Vet 2 have been, Ven 2 has it, Zed 2 hesitate-d-ion, do. headquarters, Hed 2 Wartrs her, R 1 hereafter, Ra 2 Fet heard, Ard 2 however, V 3 home, M 3 house, Iss 3 hope to have, Pef 3 human, Men 3 him. M 2 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. identical, Det 1 Kel imagine-d-ation, Jen 3 impenetrable, Emp 2 Ent important, Emp 1 improvement, Emp 2 immediate, Med 1 impossible, Emps 1 immoral, Merl 1 immortal, Mert 1 impatience, Empshons 2 indefinite, End F 2 indispensible, End Spens 2 incline-d-ation, N 1 Klen in accordance, N 1 Krends infinitesimal -ly, Neft 1 indemnity-ify, End M indifferent-ence, N Def 2 independence, End Pends 2 interrogatory, Ent 1 Ga individual-ality, End 1 Ved indiscreet, Ends 1 Ket infringe-d-er-ment, N Fren 2 indivisible, End 1 Ves information, Nshon 1 indulge-ence, End J 2 inspect-ed-tion, N Spe 2 investigation, N Vesesbon 2 invalid-ity, N Vied 2 involve-d, N V 1 inferior, N 1 F invite-d-ation, N Vet 1 inexpedient, N Kas Pent 2 intrinsic, Entern 1 in stock, Ens K 1 inherit, N 1 Art inscribe, N Ska 1 instinct-ive-ly, Enst 1 insolvent-cy, Ins La Ven 2 (back hook) inquire, N 1 Wer in consideration, In (back hook) Sdershon in order, Nerd 1 interfere, Net F 1 intelligent, Net Jent 1 interior, Net 1 interrogatory, Net 1 Ga insignificant, Ens 1 Ga into, N T 2 in all, Nel 1 intellectual, Net 1 Ket. internal, Ter 1 irregular, E Ga 2 irrational, Bashon 1 irrelevant, Eel V 1 irresistible, E Ses 2 T irrespective, Ars 2 Pef is, Iss 1 it would, Tet 3 January, J 2 N Jefferson, J 2 Fer joint stock, Jet 1 Ska judicial-ry, Jed 1 Sha jurisdiction, Jerseshon 2 jury, Jer 3 junior, Jer 3 justice, Jast 2 juvenile, Jev 3 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 145 kingdom, K 1 knowledge, N J 2 large, J 3 latitude, La 2 Tet learn, Len 2 legal, La Gel 2 legible, La 2 J legitimate-ly, La 2 Jet long, Ing 3 machine, M Ish 2 machinery, M Ish 2 Ra magnet-ic-ism, M 2 Gen magnificent-ly, M 1 Ga majesty-ic, M Jast 2 majority, M 1 Jert malicious-ly-ness, Mel Ish 2 maturity, Met 2 Ret maxim, Ems 2 M manuscript, M N Ska 1 pet may have been, Empen 2 manage-er-ment, M N J 2 manufactnre-d-ory, M N F 2 manifest, M Ens 1 market, M 3 Ket Mass., Ems 3 men, Men 1 man, Men 2 meanwhile, M 1 Nel March, M Ch 3 K. L. knew, N 2 Chetoid liberty, Ber 1 licentious-ness, Els N 2 little, Let 1 length, Ing 3 looker on, La 3 Kren Lord, Ard 1 M. measure-d-ment, Zher 3 mechanic-al, M 2 K memorandum, M 2 M mention, Mshon 2 Mdse, M Des 2 mercy, Mer 2 messenger, Ems Jer 2 mistake, Ems K 1 million, Mel 1 minimum, Men 1 M misdemeanor, Ems D 1 misfortune, Ems 1 Fret moral, Merl 2 mortal, Mert 2 mortgage, Mer Ga 1 mortgagee, Mer Ga J 2 mortification, Mert F 2 movement, Ment 3 much, Cha 3 multitude, Melt 2 morning, Men 1 146 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. N. necessary, Enses 2 neglect, N Ga 2 negligence, N Gel 2 never, N 1 new, N 2 Chetoid N. Y., N Ya 3 next, Nest 2 object, B 2 obligation, Belshon 2 obscure-d-ity, Bes 2 K observe-d-ation, Bes 2 Ra only, Nel 2 opinion, Nen 1 of, Petoid 1 particular-ly, Pret 1 pleasure, Zher 2 principal-pie, Per 2 painful, Pen 2 F parallel, Prel 2 party, P 3 patronage, Pet 3 Ra J penetrable, Pet Ra Bl, 2 Penn., Pes 2 V people, Pel 2 perform, Per 1 Fer pernicious, Pren 1 perpendicular, Per 2 Pen perpetual-ate-ity, P 2 Ra Pet perspective, Pers 2 Pef phenomena, Fen 2 M perfect- ed ly, Perf 1 plaintiff, Plent 2 popular, P 2 P O. P. nominate-d-nation, N M 1 North, Ner 1 North-east, Nerst 1 nothing, N Ith 2 notification, N Fshon 2 Nov., N V2 order, Rder 1 organ, Gen 1 original, Ra Jen 2 ornament, Ren 2 Ment overwhelm, Ver La 2 over, Ver 1 or, Tetoid 1 possible, P 1 powerful, P 3 Ref predominant, Pred 1 Men prejudice-ial, Per 2 Jed premium, Per 2 M preliminary, Prel 1. privilege, Vel 2 preparatory-ed-ation, Per 2 PRet prescription, Pers 1 Kashon problem, Per 1 B probably, Per 1 B profit, Preft 1 promulgate, Mel 2 proper-ty, Per 1 proprietor, Per 1 public, P 2 B punish-ed-ment, Pen 2 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 14? Quite, Ket 1 qualification, Kel Fshon 2 quality, Klet 1 or K Let rather, Ether 3 real, Eel 1 remittance, E 1 Met representative, Ea 2 P republic, Ea 2 P B respect, Eas 2 P respectful, Eas 2 Pef Q- E. question, Ken 2 questionable, Ken 2 B recollect, Ea 2 regular, Ea 2 Ga require, Ea 1 "Wer return, Eetern 2 railroad, Eel D 2 responsible-ity, Eas Pens 2 satisfy-ied-factory, Ste 3 sadness, Iss Dens 3 seclude, Sklet 3 secretary, Skret 2 settle-d-ment, Iss T 2 La September, Spet 2 M several, Iss V 2 set off, Stef 1 set forth, Stef 2 shall, Ish 2 signify-ied, Iss Ga 1 significance, Iss Gen 1 similar, Sem 1 single, Sing 1 scientific, S Ent 1 skillful, sklef 1 solvent-cy, Sla Ven 2 somebody, Semp 2 something, Iss M Ing 2 somewhat, Smet 1 sometime, Smet 2 Southern, Iss THen 2 spirit, Spret 1 spiritual, Sper 1 special -ly-ty, Spe 3 speak, Spe 3 spoken, Spen 1 stenographer-ic, Ste (loop) N 2 strange, Stren 2 stranger, Ster 2 Jer superior, Spe 1 subordinate, Sbee 1 subject, Sbee 2 suggest, Iss J 2 subscribe, Iss B Ska 2 suspicious, Ses P 1 suspect, Ses P 2 support, Spe Eet substantial, Sbe Sten superintend-ent-ed, Sprent 2 surprise, Spers 2 system, Ses T 2 supreme court, Sper 2 Kret sufficient, Iss F Sha successful, Ska Ses 2 F selection, Slashon 2 148 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. take, T 2 technical-ly-ity, T 2 K telegraph-y-ic-ically, Tel2Ger telegram, Tel 2 Ger tenement, T 2 Ment. terminate-d-ion, Ter 2 Men testament, Tes 2 Ment testimony, Tes 2 M N thank, Ith 3 than, Then 3 thankful, Thef 3 (F hook) that, Thet 1 there, Ther 2 there would, Therd 3 them, The 2 though, The 3 thing, Ing 1 think, Ith 2 up, P2 unconscious-ly-ness, N Ish 2 unfortunate-ly-ness, N 1 Fret United States, Nses 1 universal-ly, Vers 2 La unless, Nels 1 upon, Pen 2 U. through, There 2 these, Thes 1 this, Thes 2 thousand, Ith 3 time; M 1 or T in phrases to, Petoid 2 to our, Pretoid 2 to us, Petoids 2 to have, Peftoid 2 tolerable, Tier 1 Bel took, T3 told, Telt 2 transcribe, Ters 1 K transcription, Ters 1 Skashon transfer-ed, Ters 2 F truth, Ter 2 truthful, Tref 2 upon his, Pens 2 under, End 2 until, Tel 3 us, S3 useful-ly-ness, Sef 3 (hook) understood, Ends 2 Tet understand, Ends 2 Tent validity, V 2 Eld value, Vel 3 very, Ver 2 verdict, Verd 2 Ket vengeance, V 2 Jaa virtue, Vert 2 Virginia, V 2 J visible, Ves 1 void-ance, Ved 1 GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 140 w. warrant, Wernt 1 warrantable, Wernt 1 B welcome, Wei 2 K whether, Wather 2 we, We 1 were, We 2 what, Wu 1 would, Wu 2 we are, Wer 1 where, Wer 2 year, Ye 1 yet, Ye 2 you, Yu 2 your, Ya 2 yours, Yas 2 zigzag, Zes 2 G Y. Z. which, Cha 2 who, Jedoid 2 whoever, Jeftoid 2 will, La 2 with, We 1 with me, Wem 1 within, Then 1 without, Thet 2 witness, Tens 1 yesterday, Ester 2 you, Yu 2 yon do, Yu 2 D you shall, Yu 2 Ish 150 SYNTHETIC SHOKTHAXD METHOD. Words of similar construction, but distinguished by difference of Outline or Position. [apparition, P 1 Rasbon I portion, Pershon '2 I Parisian, P 2 Rasbon I apportion, Pershon 3 [pertain, Per 2 Ten I appertain, P 2 Ret N f appropriation, Per 2 Pershon (proportion, Pre 2 Pshon (prepared, Pre 2 P Ret (purport-ed, Per 2 P Ret ("perhaps, purpose, Per 2 Pers (purpose, P 2 Pes (prohibit-cd, Per 1 Bet (dis- joined) probate, Per 2 Bet (disjoined) ("promise, Per 1 Ms (premise, Per 2 Ms "prominent-cy-ce, Per 1 Men permanent, Per 2 Men preeminent-ly, Per 2 Men Ent prompt, Per 1 Met permit-ted, Per 2 Met promote-d, Per 3 Met paternal-ly, Pet 2 Ren patron, Pet 2 Tien pattern, Pet 3 Ren prediction, Pred 1 Kashon protection, Pret 2 Kashon production, Per 2 Deshon predict, Pred 1 Ket predicate, Pred 1 Ket product, Per 2 D ("birth, B 2 Ra Ith (breath, Ber 2 Ith f beneficial, Ben 2 F | beneficient, B N 2 F 1 benevolent, B N 2 V (abandon-ed, Ben 2 Den (abundant, Bend 2 Ent traitor, Ter 2 Ter trader, Tret 2 R Tartar, Tret 3 R daughter, D 1 Ter auditor, Det I R debtor, Det 2 R doubter, Det 3 R editor, D 2 Ter fdetrinient-al, D 2 Ter (detract, D 3 TT Jdeterred, D 2 'iret (down trodden, D 3 Tret ("dominate d-nation, D 1 Men | diminish-ed-ution, D - Men [admonish-ed-tion, D 3 Men KEYS. PREFIXES, PAGE 71. Line 1 . condition, combat, cognate, inconvenience, incognito, in comparison, in conducting. Line 2. committee, comply! contend, confuse, conduct, com- mission, accompany, anxious, unconstrained, in compliance. Line 3. in conjunction, common consent, confession, conven- tion. Line 4. reconcile, recognize, recompense, reconnoiter, recon- sider, recumbent. Line 5. and content, I commit, I conceive, I consider, [and compel, and conduce. KEY TO PAGE 72. Line 1. contravene, contradance, contraband, contradistinc- tion, controversy, countersink, counterpoise, counterbalance, con- tra wise. Line 2. forever, forenoon, forefather, foretell, foresee, foretop, forewarn, foreclose, forescore. Line 3. introduce, intermittent, intervene, antimony, ante- date, antecedent, intermix. Line 4. intervene, intermeddle, interline, interdict, intercede, intertwine, intermarriage. Line 5. magnificent, magna charta, magnitude, magnify, mag- netic, magnanimous. Line 6. selfish, selfeducate, self-denial, selfish, self-condemn, self-taught, self-control, self-possession. Line 7. unrecognized, unrecognition, unrecompensed, unre- concilable, withdraw, withstand. AFFIXES, PAGE 73. manliness, stateliness, Godliness. Line 1 . sensible, fashionable, favorable, amenable, tenable, accountable, profitable, peacefulness, nobleness, doubtfulness. Line 2. Carefulness, faithfulness, wrathfulness. [151] 152 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 3. Painful, awful, hateful, forever, whenever, carry-on, looker-on, thereon. Line 5. But not, or not, if not, have not, may not, we may not, can not, will not, but are not. Line 6. Last session, next session, evening session, morning session, this session, in session. Line 7. Because there, and there, that there, could there, with there, let there, pass there, raise there, fight their. Line 8. hopeful, baneful, manfully, mindful, disdainful, joy- ful, careful. Line 9. Making there, taking their, finding their, raising their, sending their, seeming there, exceeding their, knowing their. KEY TO PAGE 74. Line 1. Doing the, making the, finding the, sending the, lay- ing the, taking the, running the, sowing the. Line 2. Doing a, making a, finding a, sending a, laying a, taking a, running and, saying a. Line 3. Take it, make it, do it, have it, sew it, use it, write it, book it, hook it, pick it, rake it. Line 4. Some other, my other, any other, no other, several other. Line 5. Lordship, friendship, penmanship, judgeship, steward- ship, carelessness, lawlessness, instrumental, fundamental. Line 6. Psychology, theology, sociology, geology, physiology, minerology, doxology, biology, zoology, philology. Line 7. whithersoever, whatsoever, whencesoever. KEY T.O PAGE 77. Line 1. illegal, legal, illegitimate, legitimate, illogical, logical, immaterial, material. Line 2. Immature, mature, immeasurable, measurable, immem- orial, memorial, immigrate, migrate. Line 3. Immigration, migration, immoderate, moderate, im- modest, modest, immoral, moral. GRAHAM AND PITMAfflC. 153 Line 4. immortal, mortal, immovable, movable, immutable, mutable, irredeemable, redeemable. Line 5. irrelevant, relevant, irregular, regular, reparable, ir- reparable, resistible, irresistible. Line G. resolute, irresolute, respective, irrespective, responsi- ble, irresponsible, irreverent, reverent, reconcilable, irreconcilable. Line 7. unnecessary, necessary, illegible, legible. KEY TO PAGE 78. Line 1. Delay, tea, peace, decay, labor, rebel, jay, gay, caper, are. Line 2. Yea, lay, layer, base, bed, dead, jet, art, let, bread, tread. Line 3. dread, deeper, elm, decline, recline, later, word, emp- ty, robber, turkey. Line 4. pity, ready, lady, pica, Topeka, penal, below, rally, pulley, tally. Line 5. goods, -written. Line 8. calcamine, biography, abbreviation, infernal, short- hand, Tennessee. Line 9. injector, intimation, effervescent, janitor, watchman, veterinary. Line 10. utterly, truly, uppercase, likely, mimicry, epoch, dicky. Line 11. epigram, bruno, Epworth, worthy, prickly, ugly, adder. KEY TO PAGE 79. Line 1. accident, except, accept, experience, express, extreme, exist, exhibit, examine. Line 2. anxiety, anxious. Line 8. transaction, transcend, transfer, transmit, transmute, transit, pensive, counsel, pencil. Line 4. subscribe, discord, inscribe, descry, proscribe, tran- scribe. Line 5. pumped, dumped, camped, jumped, scrimped, thumped. 154 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 6. postpone, mostly, ghastly, justly, last week, next week, in stock. Line 7. beastly, honestly, domestic, pessimistic, mystic, mis- take. Practice: 8. It is a mistake for the domestic to be so pessimistic. 9. The transaction for the transmission of the subscription was made last week. 10. The experience of extreme mistakes in counsel should be avoided. 11. The counsellor jumped onto the scamp and thumped his nostril. 12. To postpone to next week what we should do to-day is an extremely bad mistake. KEY TO PAGE 80. Line 1. Some of the time, close of the day, last of the sup- plies, several of the boys. Line 2. one of the most, part of the money, variety of caust s, some of the men. Line 3. part of a loaf, son of a preacher, said of a man, notice of a meeting, word of God. Line 4. I intend to be, ought to be, to make, to go, to think, to say, to sell, to hurry. Line 5. able to go, failed to make, in the world, rich and poor, more and more, wise and good, in and out. Line 6. far and near, now and then, over and above, hand in hand, case in hand, friend in need, through and through, up and down. Line 7. to have been, shall have been, may have done, you have been, on the subject, can not have done, must have done, I have been, which have been. Line 8. on the one hand, on the other hand, in the spirit, more or less, on the one side, greater or less, sooner or later. Line 9 week or ten days, in relation to, in regard to, it seems to me, in conjunction, according to. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 155 Line 10. seeing you, thinking you, hoping you, thanking you, making .you, sending you, allowing you, stating that, knowing that, saying that, believing that, hearing that. KEY TO TICK PHRASES. Line 1. I, I may, I write, I am, I will, I do, I was, I know, I think. Line 2. I hope, I had, I said, I see, I say, I use, I never, I ever. Line 3. he does, he says, he thinks, he shall, he had, he have, he has, as he, as he has, he has a. Line 4. he will, he may, he and, he rakes, he rose, should he, should he do. Line 5. and I was, and I am, and I shall, and I may, and I would, and I could, and I think, and I was. Line G. how many, how any, how can, how does, how much, how long, how shall, how are, however. Line 7. know the, can the, which the, will the, say the, are the, if the, for the, however the. Line 8. on the, to the, but the, could the, should the, who the, hut the, make the. Line 9. and on, and should, and the, and how, and I, and but, and a, and to a, and to, and to the. Line 10. and if the, and for the, and if a, and for a, and in a, and in the, and which the, and do the, and when the, and in all the. Line 11. and since a, and make a, and make the, and though a, and though the, and where a, and where the. Line 12. (He and Should.) should he, he should, and should he, and he should. KEY TO SIMPLE PHRASES. Line 1. You will do. We have no. We think. When they will. Do come. Which you are. In fact. Line 2. Which you. Do you. Think you. Have you? Make you. May come. Do go. In this. 156 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 3. As you are. In my opinion. In which you. Do you ? Common advantage. Go along. Line 4. They may. That which you. Can you ? In these. Very important. We think. With them. Line 5. I think. By your language. I have no. Do you hear? Are you sure? I am sure. We think that you will. Line 6. I am sorry. And this. And do. And some. And when. And one. And for. And those. Line 7. Fix the. Make the. Send the. When the. Let the. Give the. Have the. Which the. Line 8. Can the. They and. Your letter. Have you ? Not- withstanding the. Send you. Line 9. Come up. May have. Go down. No advertisement. May do. Go up. Go themselves. Line 10. Togo. To make. To work. To sell. To face. To think. To say. Line 1 1 . Some way. Gate way. This way. In this way. I may call you. Always go. Line 12. In my. Any of those. I wish you. Do not think. That does. As you will see. By the way. Line 13. and do the, and do a, and which the, and which a, and so the, aud so a, and where the, and where a, and by the, and by a, and as the, and as a. Line 14. on the, 01* a, and of the, and of a, and since the, and since a, and by which the, of course, does the, does a. COMMERCIAL PHKASES. Line 13. under date, by this mail, by return mail, if you de- sire, it will be satisfactory, that this explanation, we shall be glad, we shall be pleased, we hope you received. Line 14. as we are, we hope you will, (Your favor of the 5th inst.), in response, calling your attention, we shall have your, we think that you will see the. Line 15. calling the attention, in your opinion, several days ago, that we have your, several days since, we will ship you the, last week, we beg leave. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 157 Line 16. they will reach you, we inclose you, in stock, bill of lading, next week, in favor, will say that. Line 17. upon you, if you can, in my opinion, if you will be, we received, we are in; with interest. Line 18. we indorse, with indorsement, my dear sir, replying to your letter, we are in receipt, replying to your favor, esteemed favor. Line 19. referring to your letter, (In response to yours of the Sthinst.), we are in receipt of your favor (We are in receipt of your letter and contents carefully noted), by express. Line 20. with enclosure, trusting you, trusting that you will, acknowledge receipt, bill of exchange, on board, F. O. B , we herewith. Line 21. we regret, with regard, I remain, we will advise you, please advise us, C. O. D., remittance, please let us know. Line 22. let us hear from you, with check, New York draft, please include, if there is anything, statement of account, in your line. Line 23. this line, in your line of business, on account of, please send us, sent you a, sent you the, I hope you will be, and will send us check, we must say. Line 24. send us check, at owner's risk, on that date, of this date, on sale, account sales, I am glad, price list, price lists. Line 25. you are aware, receive their, in answer to your favor, we beg to thank you, I beg to advise you, I trust you will be, we will send you. Line 26. Please send us, car load, by freight. Line 27. down the, send the, send a, sent the, sent a, as in those, as possible, as this, as this subject, as if, as those. Line 28. may the, may a, we thank you, we have sent, we can be, we do the, we do a, with which the, with which a, as per, as soon as. Line 29. as some, as there is, in relation to the facts, we do not know the, we do not see the, I do not think, I did not think, in this matter, in your mind. Line 30. In my mind, any money in it, he and I, in my next, as well as, for all there is in it. 158 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. UNIVERSAL PHRASES. Line 31. if there is any, if there is any one, if there is any one else, that there, it has come, you and I, not in the least. Line 32. 60 miles an hour, do you think that the, for the last time, for the first time, in consideration, in consequence, in some cases. Line 33. in the first place, must not be, must do something, must any, must not, must say, any other thing. Line 34. on or about, it would appear, would it not be, must be made, in the world, in this world, this year, next year, last year, on the subject. Line o5. year ago, several years, for several, by which you may, in this way, in every way, we can, we can see no. Line 36. on the part, on this account, can you, I am always, we know nothing, we know your, we will have, it is not necessary. Line 37. let us proceed, I have not, I have been, I have seen, I have sent, I have several, by the way, anything more, so far. Line 38. as far as, as great as, as good as, inasmuch as, as near as you can, in this instance, under the circumstances, did you mention, should be. Line 39. how many, it would appear that, it would be, it would not be, when there is anything, whenever there is, is there anything. Line 40. another, in regard, in other words, in my opinion, at any rate, at our, at the same time, for some time. Line 41. at all events, at last, at least, some other, some other one, for the sake, more or less, one of the most. Line 42. in as many as possible, in some way, in some place, in order that you may, in order to send the, in order to have, in order to find. Line 43. in regard to this, in regard to them, in regard to that, in relation to the facts, in relation to this, in relation to your. Line 44. best of the kind, date of the letter, amount of the bill, loss of the money, change of the program, end of the world. ORAHASf AND PITMANIC. 159 Line 45. looks of the thing, part of the time, most of tlie time, last of the week, verdict of the jury, statement of the busi- ness. Line 46. subject of the lesson, work "of the machine, sale of the property, features of the business, compliments of the season, rules of the school. Line 47. end of the contract, facts of the case, list of the books, size of the bill, part of the cost, Department of the In- terior. Line 48. end of the rope, day of the week, something of the kind, nothing of the kind, cause of the strike, consent of the president. Line 49. does us, thinks us, is significant, makes us, tells us, uses us, takes us, this is, as per, goes as, sends us, lets us. Line 50. passes us, raises us, is suspicious, is surprised, is sepa- rated, is excepted, is accepted, said to be, is seen, it has been said, j nst as good as. Line 51. it may as well as, itjseems to me, it is well known, it might be, Northern States, Western States, Eastern States, South- ern States, since there. Line 52. if it is not as represented, O. K , because their, and there, behind their, upon their, as soon as there, and you think, in his experience. Line 53. his address, in his speech, in the spirit, every other one, his surprise. LEGAL PHRASES. Line 54. gentlemen of the jury, great majority of cases, House of Representatives, honorable Senator, in the course of this de- bate, point of view, learned friend, this side of the case, party of the first part. Line 55. peculiar circumstances of the case, place of business, President of the United States, Sec. of Navy, Sec. of State, de- fendant, defensive, witness, plaintiff, (incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial). Line 53. demurrer, Supreme Court, Supreme Court of the U. S , next session, last session, Circuit Court, learned judge, attorney for defendant. 160 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 57. attorney for plaintiff, counsel for plaintiff, counsel for defendant, where do you reside, where do you live, do you know whether, say whether, tell whether, what is your age. Line 58. do you know whether there is? in this case, what is your name, what was said, how old are you, how long have you lived there, what is your occupation ? Line 59. what is your business ? prisoner at the bar, affidavit, do you know whether there was, party of the second part. THEOLOGICAL PHRASES AND ABBREVIATIONS. Line 60. apostle, angel, archangel, New Testament, old testa- ment, Jesus Christ, Lord God, Almighty, resurrection, salvation, tran-substantiation, religion. Line 61. intercession, Lord and Savior, Jerusalem, Israel, Jericho, Holy Spirit, Jesus of Nazareth, kingdom of heaven, re- ligions life. Line 62. words of the text, Christian, Christian era, Christian character, Baptist, immersion, consecrated, Jewish. Line 63. atonement, word of God, grace of God, eternal, eter- nal life, amen. LIST ONE. IDENTICAL OUTLINES. Line 1. tent, then, deacon, trees, tremor, trend, velvet, vendee, ventricle, verbal. Line 2. verbatim, weigher, weighing, went, waste, waiter, wren, em, penmen. Line 3. empty, arbor, armor, art, fret, being, beget, cable, cadet. Line 4. can, case, entity, casement, cater, purple, center, essence, charter. Line 5. central, chaste, chaser, cherish, bread ; breeze, breezy, teas, cleft, clef, cleanse. Line 6. pen, 'commence, commend, comment, compensation, compelled, complete, teacher, complement, treason, completion, conjure. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 161 Line 7. continent, threat, conversation, crease, well, delay, welt, decay, waylay, Katy, pent. Line 8. lender, teakettle, versed, thirst, spell, penal, arcade, curtain, smell, smelt, germ. Line 9. term, further, diminish, later, sleighbell, dinner, wager. Line 10. dreamer, gaiter, ration, deeper, shelter, ember, shaker, pre-emption. Line 11. archer, preacher, fell, relish, murmur, wafer, waned, lens, friend, journal. Line 12. kernel, glen, shirt, pea, bea, tea, jay, kay, gay, ray, lay, way. Line 13. hay, haste, hays, wen, label, labor, lament, layer, lady. Line 14. races, lazy, lent, let, hatred, hated, bend, pent, tent, rent, lender. Line 15. debt, debtor, decent, decree, defense, deft, dement, dence, dent, descent, interest, dell. Line 16. enter, fens, vent, ferment, fleece, glee, rays, melt, meant, more. Line 17. nourishment, pen, penance, penman, permanent, fen- der, beast, pieced, tremor. Line 18. letter, pretend, prevent, piece, reft, jet, met, felt, yen. Line 19. reverent, send, sent, slay, suasion, suspense, sus- pender, tell, temper, tenant. NEARLY IDENTICAL OUTLINES. Line 1. arbitrary, arbitrate, order, arm, ascend, ascension, ashamed, associate, assert, badly, basket. Line 2. basin, basis, bass, battery, boast-bust, beacon, bacon, bigger, bosom. Line 3. betray, Babel, biggest, cabin, cackle, calamity, clip- pers, candy. Line 5. canker, cannon, canvass, candid carbon, cashier, cast, Chain. (J SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 6. chanced, cherry; checker, chestnut, normal, banner, poker, rebel, grammar. Line 7. redraw, dairy, deeply, definite, demand, demeanor, deposition, deprecation, dessert, devil. Line 3. dedication, devotion, disburse, embers, hatchet, heart, hospitable, husband, loafer, payment, persistent. Line 9. writing, reason, rebel, rusty, pity, repetition, respond, reward, Scotland, theist. Line 10. unpleasant, unspeakable, vested, vessel, way-bill, fatal, vulgar, wiggle, Wednesday, Thursday. Line 11. winter, wretched, clicker, correlative, butcher. MEDIAL VOWELS. Line 1. cub, tub, dim, dum, dam, dip, dub, dab, pick, Puck. Line 2. pack, mick, muck, Mack, jig, jug, jag, lick, lake. Line 3. lack, gush, gash, rig, rug, rag, disc, dusk, task. Line 4. ditch, Dutch, Dick, duck, tag, store, tale, fog, fake, fag, fob. Line 5. cob, cub, cab, gasp, cage, nick, neck, knack. Line 6. line, lain, loon, leap-lip-lop, lope, lap, leech, latch, laughter. Line 7. light-lot-lit, late-let, lute, least, lest, last, sneak, tag, dole-dell-dull-dale, tore, waste. Line 8. invest, variety, period, vexed, Bob, deal, dell, bear. Line 9. wine-win wean, woman, wave, wife, woof, witch, wake, poke, map, match. Line 10. mash, meal-mill-maul-mile, mole-male, mule, kneel- Nile, null-knoll-knell-nail, nib-nob, neighbor, path. Line 11. pale pole, raid-red-rode, rug, pair, wrote, rub, pump, punch, push. Line 12. rug, shave, chick-chalk-cheek, cake-coke, kick, log, lug. Line 13. cheap-chip-chop, chub, chap, keep-kip- "cop," cape- cup-cope, cap, crab, bleach, blot, please, blade bled-blowed -bloat, blood. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 163 Line 14. blithe, plows, blower, bore, boast bust-baste-best, past, bait-bayed-bet-bed-boat-but-bid, bees-boys, bounce, braze, brains, brag, brand-browned. Line 15. brig, broil, breast, bag, bell-bale-bowl, bored, bathe, beach-botch, batch, beak-balk. Line 16. beseech, babe, pope-pup, pap, black, brief, dome-dum- dame, vamp, thump, limp. Line 17. hemp, chump, dump, wretch, bush rash, rash wreathe. CONSONANTS AND VOWELS IN NATURAL ORDER. Line 1. looser, madam, lenten, mole, minister, most, mortem, marshal. Line 2. nail, men, man, mermaid, metaphor, more, end, min- istry, mitigate. Line 3. pieced, piece, pacify, payday, past, ploughman, plump, putty, pity, pattie, square, paper. Line 4. pent, paradise, parity, pension, passes, paper-mill, passion, pastry, political, press. Line 5. precious, quart, screen. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, strain. Line G. rumor, stove, more, tan, tarred, thatch, tress-trace, ulti- mate, initial, unsold, vacation. Line 7. coaster, comedy, cane, crouch, crush, comet, concern, nine, confront. Line 8. crater, Crosby, abridgement, bounty, parody, penant, brimstone, faint, blind, blend, bland. Line 9. brave, brief, bran, grief, grave, groove, spin, Spain, span, ban, band, grain, grand. Line 10. render, ray, rostrum, rumor, rusty, square, refrain, renown. Line 11. region, recur, rally, relief, serf, ensign, reproof, sleeper, stationary, stand. Line 12. silver, veracity, zealous, washer, carrot, calf, dust, doubt, tackle, dance, desires. Line 13. dane, dint, dine, daughter, Deane, decease, defame, democrat, dusty, dispose, dissent, dose. 164 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD, Line 14. daisy, dairy, deafen, draft, dream, draw, drear, drew, dreadful, endowment, unchain. Line 15. unroll, feat, fate, fat, flat, flutter, flicker, fluent, fund, frost, gaily. Line 16. guise, glacial, grease, graft, grand, gray, Holland, hemp, harbor, hardly, East. Line 17. hardware, harm, hark, Harry, hoist, haste, housed, hone, imposition, table. Line 18. dray, unclean, waste, south, buggy, intend, intent, animation, invite, Irish. Line 19. jobber, jagged, join, joy, just, jury, jump, can, kicker, cough, laboratory. Line 20. laborer, latter Topeka, hoky-poky, loan, lump, land, landing. Line 21. leeward, line, least, love, likely, legal, ledger, lull, lolled. LIST FIVE. 1. damsel, clapboard, cultivate, secure, cylinder, reefer, deceived, demise, demolish. 2. desolate, devout, devise, discern, disciple, emblaze, dusk, counsel, exceeds, often, flock. 3. chemist, crael, impeach, inaction, undergo, infamous, initiation. 4. innocent, inside, insolence, kitten, lameness, neutral, nitrogen. 5. novelty, nozzle, obey, annoys, nation, obligee, sale, cele- brate, menace, omitted. 6. margin, marine, mosquito, motto, mice, pedagogue, satin. 7. refuse, remiss, saloon, skunk, codicil, church, cigar, civic, confiscate, odor. 8. conic, annoy, balloon, belfry, benzine, bestow, buoyant, keg. 9. gunnery, carboy, intoxicate, carve, uttermost, abyss. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 164a LIST SIX. 1. daisy, ecstasy, fallacy, flowery, fiery, fairy, fury, mossy, noisy, courtesy. 2. angry, ark, blackberry, dairy, especially (a sign word but illustrates implied initial vowel), assail, crazy, early. 3. rally, par-try, gentry, esteem, estop, Estelle, musty, dusty, lusty. 4. assume, labored, elaborate, escape, pastry, vestry, racy, lazy, elk, orb. LIST SEVEN. 1. aim, dahlia, decoy, eager, ugly, echo, ease, eaves, ego, age, edge, etch, edict. 2. defy, edition, editor, egg, execution, egress, acre, oval, negro, ninny. 3. olio, ointment, operative, optic, opulence, ounce, ousted, oyster, output, oxygen. 4. August, aback, abuse, abasement, abbot, abduction, absolute, abstain, academy, casket, hammered. 5. adjective, adjudicate, adieu, attire, adduce, affirm, algebra, alight, allusion, athlete, attack, auction. 6. authentic, authorize, awkward, axiom, bestow. LIST EIGHT. 1. toughen, effervescent, periodical, unlike, badly, rural, barrel. 2. ferule, hemisphere, hydraulic, hydrometer, hygiene, notorious, maneuvers. 3. mainly, oblivion, namely, steadfast, reciprocity, resort, capital, defame, bivouac. 4. stupendous, quarrel, straighten, synchronism, cochineal, encroach, credential, Dayton, defective. 5. pettifog, output, outfit, devoid, divorce, index, barrier, prickly, provoke, probe, dividend. 164b SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LIST NINE. 1. action, active, discount, enclose, acquire, counsel, continual. 2. bonus, ash, book, admit, dishonor, small, amount, draft, check, invoice, freight, office. 3. advice, three, predict, balance, sum, mail, books, prevent, defer, road. 4. car, route, lower, rates, per cent, off, dozen, list, deduct, record, discourage. 5. August, bank, money, cash, since, same, go, this, less. 6. does, so, found, end, place, payment, terms, price, margin, ship, notify. WRITING EXERCISES. WORDS INVOLVING HEAVY DOTS AND DASHES. e a ah 1. ape ache Abe ace aim ark (R-K) lee meal kneel layer geer 2. bay beam beer deem deep deer delay sheep sheer peel 3. each ease eel eve gay jay day nail male farm par 4. pea eight age may pay palm far yea pale keel fail veal 5. peer fear leer came team balm leave lea hay way Fay nay 6. calm ear layer arm pay bee beak psalm tame dame bake 7. fame theme lathe teem tame me ma lay Lee take lame 8. Malay way-lay tale vale bale tar feel meek leak name 9. maul Paul oar oak roe coe go mole maw chaw toe mow 10. law low loom bowl pole pool poke dope foe tomb lore mop 11. mole foam four "ope" balk talk know so hoe though 12. boom loop lobe lope loaf tall toll gall raw ore bore mope 13. tour tore coke tool fool pool polo ooze woo shoal awl 14. knoll rogue cool door gnaw loath coal obey roe raw LIGHT DOTS i g a 15. vim mill Millie filly lick kick chick bell abbey tack fill 16. Nellie pick peck pack Mack mick lack tap Jack' back Tenny 17. lap limb lamb pill mell chill fell dam jam chip natty sill 18. kill bill till ill Ella elk ilk kip tip Lill shaggy Jenny Benny 19. lip Bill parry tarry any nash miff lamp bevy ink levy eddy LIGHT DASHES. 5 u 65 20. dock took booh nook .mock lock look funny jug 21. bishop cook cock muff dumb Tom top lop autumn bug 22. numb bum bock bog buck cub cup coop anatomy thug 23. shook cull purr furr knotty ruddy tub pull chum [165] 16G SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. DIPHTHONGS. I oy ow ew 1. mile mule pew new few mew mow boy toy annoy time 2. foy bow lie vow file vile ahoy bow-wow dime alloy 3. coil oil toil towel fewer fiat Jew Dewey coyly dire 4. fume power chime Mike five caw raw rye tire tissue tiny 5. fife fire like lyre lure sigh nigh die ensue adieu duly 6. our fuel Lula Luella fie Lue knew tower occupy deny 7. pile bile boil toil foil coil Doyle duty dupe Juno 8. Lucy Lura cube Roy decoy joy endow fume venue 9. rue (Ra) chow-chow high thigh Mina nephew bureau lieu 4> GENERAL REVIEW OF VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS. 1. lyre Lewis lower four Mocha Java valley billow deluge 2. delay decay talk ream tool icy match era Erie repay Levi 3. Adlof bureau pique book-case boomerang alley eighty 4. Rockdale coupa Valley-forge Dujay make shoddy Laura 5. alarm way nay essay obey oar knock cake Lora luggage 6. aid ache ode oath pie by dummy money piety review 7. bough hew cue ooze Iowa cow easy fish shame hedgerow 8. Arabelle Naylor delay ink Allie dame name naughty 9. choke check nickname cabbage room ram easier dido 10. locate top magic atom dockage package assayer layer 11. refuge rhyme Rome roam arnica (Ra N K) lounge 12. lunch alkali alimony gala rum noisy Fido Beulah 13. tool duel dole vowel Powell ratio Monday Jumbo puny 14. tissue rebuke far faro Cairo catch rowdy (Ra D) fathom 15. anthem damage comic invoke cuddy demagogue Anthony 16. Timothy topic Topeka mummy dummy ideal beauty gaudy Ha, Ch, Ra 1. horrid harp chill cheer root chime virus roup rink 2. repay terrify (T Ra F) whoop rickety rapier ring 3. period hearty choke chap Chaffee chink chunk rung 4. chalk hay horrify huge hug rope rake wrote roar 5. rug honey Rooney hog hoop roar Ruba hatch hobby GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 167 S, ISS, Z 1. sunrise sunset surmise slower sick sinks sums sails sign 2. psalms choice chores sets stays solace suppose sight 3. sunk skies soil likes Sunday suds sings sleep slap slab 4. leaps sorrows surry souls misty hayseed musty nasty slope 5. sense stows succeed sag sacks sobs snows sops asleep poise 6. surface surveys pours porous race sun sooty Sambo sauce 7. rise rose sieve sign soak seem smaller sadly Sarah goose 8. Soho soap misery sing-song smokes Simpson soar geese 9. seedy series sulky surface days save softy assign amaze 10. siege suppose scow soothe spasms seize rosy gauzy always 11. zinc zero zojie savoy Zacharia dozy gaze Ezra marks 12. daisy zouave zeal seal sneeze soars annoys busy bias 13. dozen basin says simile smile soda acid essence racy 14. hastily Cincinnati lesson obelisk basso Sitka Zion lusty 15. poison suffice suffuse desk loss boss noise noisy pious 16. music visit passive aims gazette sews Sioux cease cheese 17. faucet deceit salve piece gusty Massy listen scheme chaos 18. sago Paris vessel tassel reason sunny miser Moslem cozy 19. amaze sofa arise makes maize mason assignee pies buys 20. cask Zip sip eggs ashes police Silas soups soot sooth size 21. musty rouse palace task sash dusty refuse tires mazy bias 22. abuse ties Symes asleep mask 23. see say sigh sip sap soap mouse snob sneak Ses 1. leases losses masses gazes amuses dazes system sizes 2. forces recesses scissors CaBsar season causes appeases 3. pieces exercises excess exhaust daisies voices seances 4. Sussex successes doses loses accessory passes basses nieces 5. possessed faces saucers necessary noses tosses testy 6. poses pauses laces roses cases noises excessive possessive 7. Moses resist fusses sausage sauces Mississippi necessity T and D 1. made note not bought fought kite ached get sot sobbed 2. shot pulled mauled jolt chewed shout sagged sipped sachet 168 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 3. gault lot naught mode paid root wrought sapped sinned 4. bolt dot tot coat goat load fight write wrote "sicked" 5. night right out gate rate bolt date goats rats socket 6. killed fit light lied art dart smut sinned Sunday bad bud 7. died poured bite tight sought slight slugged snubbed 8. borrowed furrowed carried betide omitted rated pat state 9. oft loft mid indeed delayed aided pallid bullied pit spilled 10. repaid need gel cut put foot boot sallied upright skipped 11. root fate date Jude rocket kicked bucked spied saved 12. begged packed tacked mowed rowed backed begged dotes 13. bet pecked racked faded jaded scaled sagged poured 14. jarred tarred veered feared feated kitty Kate choked 15. bowed snapped snowed slapped cats joked pity rats SENTENCES. 1. I borrowed a match to light the fire. 2. The boys will have a nice time in the old loft. 4. The boy lied about the feats of the goat. 5. She sobbed at the sight of the sad fate of the old sailor. 6. The jolly old tar laughed and joked as he told his tales of the sea. 7. The ship veered to the leeway. 8. The fish snapped at the bait and was soon pulled out. 9. They packed a box for Jack and sent it to the camp by way of Paterson. 10. He asked too much for the lots and I could not buy them. 11. It is a pity you are so dull. 12. Monday is the date set for the circus (Iss Ra Kas). 13. He took the locket and put it into his pocket. 14. The sign was tacked to a pillar standing on the side of the porch (Pr Ra Cha). 15. Get out of the way. 16. The poet died in a fit of rage. 17. He mowed the tall rushes with a scythe. 18. The cook baked a cake and the boys ate it. 19. I will go as soon as Joe gets the team ready. 20. You should not make such a fuss about so small an affair. 21. He saw the money on the road, picked it up, put it into his pocket, and hastened away. 22. How did you manage to do so much in such short time ? 23. It snowed all day and the boys got a sled and had a good time. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 169 W. 1. wordy worried queer wan inward squeal winnow window 2. weep wed watch wage wag wick waged wear Winnie want 3. weave wove wing week someway my way winked quarry 4. go-away this-way our-way any-way gate-way wad wound 5. bewitch twig Dwight unweave equip twang weasel reward 6. switch swig swap swoop quaffs weep waif not washed Edwin 7. swayed swing Swede wisp whisk wizard webs swine wallet 8. waylay wives widow watched wages wives wagged quince 9. swallow wise wash quite quote quoth woof washed quell 10. qualm tweek twang twill winged wink weal weariness wilt SENTENCES. 1. The weeping widow walked wearily away. 2. The wizard watched the weasel as it skipped out of sight. 3. The willow swayed by the wind rocked and twisted as if it would fall. 4. The merry wives will sweep the cobwebs out of the sky. 5. Dwight stood in the gateway with a switch to keep off the wasps. 6. The wages of the Swede were too small to support himself and his wife. 7. The swallow swooped and caught the mosquito. Y. 1. yacht Yeddo young year yore yates Utah yam yew yes yap 2. Yarrow yam yellow yelp yawn yon York Utica Ute yolk 3. yop Yoakum Yankee unyoke Eunice eulogy Eureka yoked 4. Europe Ula eulogy yoke yanked SENTENCES. 1. The yellow yacht will sail for Europe in a week 2. It is not wise to unyoke the oxen and allow them to eat weeds. 3. Young Miss Yates has a desire to go to Yale. 4. The Yankee mowed a wide swath with a scythe. 5. To say " Eureka" is to say you have the right method. 170 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Two vowels expressed by Ye. 1. odium serious various imperious folio sensorious ammonia 2. scoria furious copious novitiate foliage Siberia obvious 3. lawyer notoriously maniac studious centurian infuriate SENTENCES. 1. The odium attached to the case by the lawyer made the judge furious. 2. He will pay six cents a folio for the written speech. 3. It is obvious that so industrious a boy will succeed. 4. The lawyer was notoriously wicked but was fair in his charges. 5. Siberia is a far-away spot where poor slaves are held for life. H. 1. hay ho house humbug hustle husky halo Hindoo hang 4. here hoke horrid Hattie hobby Hayti hoary unhealthy 3. hilly hoodoo hearty hole heavy had hang heap unhinge 4. mahogany unhung keyhole hogshead hole mayhem hoax 5. hated hood hooked hacked exhaust exhale wheel hatchet 6. wheel whale while whip white whit unhewn hedge 7. hitched hopped whistle whine wheeze hubbub highway 8. hustler worthy worth enhance whelp wheeler hawser 9. whooped heart hard haughty unhook whirl hash whiskey 10. hackney hiatus hog Elihu ham hump hoe honey hung SENTENCES. 1. The house is erected on a hill by the wayside. 2. The wheelbarrow has two wheels and four handles. 3. The boy whistled into the keyhole to annoy the pedagogue. 4. Hugh Wheeler and his hound hurried to catch the hare. 5. The toad hopped out of its hole and winked at the sun. 6. The haughty maiden was a heartless whiffet. 7. He hit the hound with a whip and made him whine. 8. The Hindoo hitched his horse and hurried into the house. 9. If you adhere to that which is good you will be happy. GRA.BAM AND PITMANIC. 171 N. 1. pin pen men den jen join coin gone thine worn wain spine 2. loin dun Ben sent lent don't coins hen swoon Simon shine 3. loins fin find Minnie finny funny slain token hone woolen 4. assign vine stone refine loans nines rain coon boon sevens 5. spoon moon moans rends remain remains spins moons stain 6. paints bone boned band sand fond vainer meaner guns 7. nunnery penury ransom lonesome finery spoon alone Spain 8. gunnery finance divine define can cannon vainer thinner 9. thins thence pants paints mends China pints dints chained 10. Chinese Johnnie stony runts taint boned stoned 11. skein assigned toned sinned slant scout skinned SENTENCES. 1. If you were to earn money and learn economy you would gain wealth. 2. The ships of Spain were sent to the bottom of the sea, while the Olympia remained unharmed, and the hero at her head sailed calmly out of range that the sailors arid gunners might take a lunch and a cup of coffee, but the war ship came back and re- newed the fight ; and though the Spanish sailors feared not death and fought with good heart, yet they could not cope with the bet- ter management of the Yankee guns; and when the news of the battle reached Spain it caused many a heartache for the families of the soldiers and sailors who had met death, and whose remains could not be borne back to the land which gave them birth, but were buried in the depths (D Pets) of the sea, to the dirge of the sighing wind and the moaning wave; and many a wife and sweet- heart were saddened for life all because a heartless and unwise ministry (Men Est Ra) thought that war was the way to put down the uprising of a land which they could not abuse or misuse with- out raising war. It is wrong and wicked to speak in heartless joke of the sad fate of these poor Spanish men, whose hearts were as full of love for the land for which they fought as was that of the American who came out of that famous siege unhurt. SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. ForV. 1. dove gave coves roves hives heaves beeves caves paves rough 2. coughs govern chaff chaffs bivouac divorce refer stoves cuff 3. staves cavern roofs toughen duffer buffer tavern defer thief 4. Dover cover doff calf Dane rebuff archive toughs serves reefs 5. cover review refer stove staffy achieves stuff rough heave SENTENCE. Again to refer to the historic event above spoken of the de- voted heroes of the land of the Antilles, as Cuba is often named, have suffered the agonies in dungeon cell that only a wretch like Weyler could impose, while poor innocent women and babes died like sheep for the want cf food that is so abundant (Bend Ent) in a land like Cuba. Some of the Cubans' wives followed with the men into the Cuban army and fought side by side with them ; some took charge of the sick ; and the fear of death was naught to them when they knew of the horrors that awaited them if they allowed the Spanish generals (Jens 2) to make them come into the towns. L HOOK. 1. plee ply play plow please plum plume splash pickle sepal 2. plaid pleasant bleak blame bleat buckle chuckle lapel 3. bloat bly blow blossom blot bloom blown clown cyclone 4. blight bloat blaze blaza bleak peaceable classical tipple 5. black oval offal Ethel Bethel flow flee bugle blissful uncle 6. beetle hackle regal label sickle civil Tuttle only reel rebel 7. satchel able table liable reliable homely dumbly rabble 8. unreliable tickle fickle nickel awful level hotel cackle repel 9. hovel subtle hubble hobble classical goggles imply bicycle 10. buckle bugle sable apple rashly harshly (upward Sh) bible 11. bushel official initial dabble supple icicle settle puddle SENTENCES. 1. Please apply the amount I sent you to the bill of June 2nd. 2. We do not think that you will be here so late in the season. 3. Ethel has gone out with a satchel to peddle buckles for a nickel apiece. UKAhAM AND P1T3TANW. 173 4. Bethel came into town on his bicycle with a bushel of apples and plums. 5. The bleak wind blew the snow around the pleasant place where blossoms bloom inside the cottage as the cheery blaze of the pine wood in the old fireplace defies (D Fs) the bitter winds. 6. Uncle William was a clown in a circus and he rode a uni- cyle. 7. The hovel, unpleasant as it seemed, was the abode of a pupil of the classical college. 8. It is plain that the apples will be ripe in June. 9. The wind blew the flames into a fearful blaze. "The Mill on the Floss " is a fine novel. The fleece is light. 10. In the flurry (Fie Ra) of flight they fell (Fel 2) flat on the floor. 11. Florence (Fel Rens) and Ethel will come by way of the railroad (Rel Ra D) tunnel (T Nel). 12. Gentlemen: Please send to this office as soon as possible ten (nomenclature, Ten, T-N hook) 6x4 panes of plate glass. This is for some big windows on a main thoroughfare, and the glass should be of high quality (Klet 1, sign-word) and without flaws. You will find herewith (Ra Ith) check to cover bill of June 30. Please send us a receipt for same on the blank which we enclose. R HOOK. 1. brace trace grace fry fright freight frame grouse ogre 2. crease throw three offer acre azure cider grabber abridger 3. odor threw agree honor humor egress ingress refrained 4. paper badger trouble miner hammer treasure atmosphere 5. free freak pressure vapor taber cradle greater imprint car 6. treble Homer express lustrous mistress prate stray shrewd 7. manor simmer cider pastry string trumpeter threat throat 8. skimmer frippery clipper clapper supper-fruit strong print 9. supper supperless sober saber soberly affray fried prospers 10. expressive impress empress gossamer deviltry frowned 11. poultry shrill shrivel shrimp cracker brawn mouse-trap 12. croak smoker joker sinner cypher crane drone orchestra 174 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 13. degree dagger dodger stroker decry engineer drive derive 14. term torn freak brawn strive brain strain critical designer 15. appear bother butcher crane refrain execrable bowspring 16. screen secret discreet creed breed treat destroy dexterous 17. mistreat grave strain trend grind listener seamstress flesh 18. brunt grand fresh border sprint strained poisoner sprays 19. sprees cypress suppress undress sprained chemistry depress 20. distress checker capricious grunt grant friend trained fro SENTENCES. 1. Peter Piper picked a peck of prickly plums. 2. The caprice of the trapper caused us all this trouble. 3. Try and break off bad habits or they will destroy all bright prospects. 4. It is proper to press the suit for damages prior (Per R) to the offer for settlement (Iss T La Ment). 5. The grocer sells pepper, crackers, rat-traps, and huckle- berries. 6. The prisoner was sent to Sing Sing to break stone for thirty (Thre T) weeks. 7. The lieutenant (Let Nent) bestowed great praise on the brave troopers for their (Thr) brave fight on the hill of San Juan (Huan). 8. Treat every (Ver 2) one kindly and you will more likely receive such treatment. 9. Travel far (F R) and near, and you will find no other school so good as this. 10. Dear Sir : We have written you three times asking for statement of our account to October (Ket Ber) 1st. Your collector (Kel K Tr) was here twice (wi) with a bill which was not made out so that we understood what it was for. We do not say we think the bill is wrong ; what we want, is to have the items arranged (Ra N Jed) so that we can tell (Tel) our customer, whom we are getting these goods for, what the price of each article (Ret Kl) is. Upon receipt of the statement with the items in full we will remit promptly. Very respectfully (Ras Pef), GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 175 St or Zd. 1. stop strap post boast roast beast imposed aurist staircase 2. feast least dearest worst most raised styles sliced effused 3. lost vest store yeast stub stone storm vast ceased danced 4. tempest least request inquest steam stone breast modest 5. lust rust durst bequest stoop assist crest stoic canst West 6. state estacado dusty trusty thrust stump step stepston tasty 7. estate forest history historical crust blazed stamp evinced 8. steal steamboat sting strong musty rusty brased mists 9. finest meanest lusty leanest dressed vests masts lasts dazed 10. stiffen vainest gust gusty roughest posts boasts lusts past 11. faintest vanish canst lanst roasts truestboasts pastry toasts ISH, SHEL AND SHER. 1. ash rash thrash rush mush marshall shore sheer share 2. mulish foolish mopish girlish boyish impartial treasure 3. dish bosh quash shawl shallow (Sha) shaker closure sugar 4. marsh shell shrill Richelieu bushel (upward Shel) fresher 5. official initial foppish doggish measure erasure glacial 6. shelf shred shrive shrug shrink shroud shreel gazure 7. shrub sheen shrew pressure thresher brazure leisurely R and Ra. 1. rear rare roar tear tore bear fear year story store 2. lear gear four lower ark lark arable drear dreary Drury 3. harp mark bower tower reply spurious serious furious 4. door your more gory orally sour bower berry armistice 5. roared review tarry to dairy earache rake rogue romance 6. rustle reside ferry merry rustle rhyme reason resume fire 7. far door farmer form Irma irksome iris rocky flyer flew 8. army lye borrowed rickety rigor recluse orange orbit 9. myriad Larry Carrie barrow narrow blower LENGTHENING. 1. enter mentor leather feather father mother fodder mutters 2. another gather weather witter bother Esther oyster cinder 3. banter canter heather litter filter setter shorter mitre 170 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 4. voter motor centers fenders lenders lumber matter 5. timber boulder shelter zither neater alter order banker G. enters matters pander temper clinker waiter linger 7. tatter fatter kelter render anger typewriter thermometers Str. 1. pastor lester vester muster roaster punsters Hester 2. caster oyster vaster poster gamester, jester monster 3. toaster coaster Wooster duster Ouster bluster roaster 4. taster minister filibuster plaster master chorister 5. Brewster feaster jester clusters ancestors songster 6. disasters adjusters dexter sinister barrister sprinter 7. youngster arrester foster Gloucester blister punster Ler, Rel and Mp. 1. idler fiddler girl scroll traveler stamp lump stump lamb 2. broil trail singular rural plural hamper lamp vamp ample 3. bottler toddler trifler liberal imply simple sample impels 4. saddler settler roll clergy impanel impure impress embrace 5. cobbler cruller growl ferrell embarrass color cooler 6. April tendril abler humbler muffler smuggler scholar Shon and Tiv 1. passion ration positive lucrative fashion definitions 2. vision motive rotation station emotion rational 3. occasion vacation permission activity auctioneer 4. edition addition lotions appreciation additions educative 5. action active illusion Hession imputation ambition 6. ammunition education admission illustration connective 7. attritions admonitions affectionate passionate negative 8. dative notion mention section native notation In and Eshon. 1. position decision incision decisions transitional sensational 2. condensation accession possession pulsation dissuasion 3. physician compensation condensation suppositional GRAHAM AND PITJfANIC. 177 4. instrument instruct unceremonious optional coercion 5. unseemly musician acquisitions causation exposition 6. attritions dispensation opposition oppositions revision SENTENCES. 1. He left his position to take a vacation in his native habita- tion. 2. The physician and the logician were in a position to feel the humiliation of the indecision of the statistician to follow his incli- nation. 3. There was opposition to the decision that the applications should be taken into consideration in rotation. 4. The affiliation was due the relation of the partisan to the physician. 5. There was an exhibition of the new method of rapid notation. G. There was no compensation on condition the work did not receive proper recognition by the board of decision. 7. The rendition of the musical selection did great credit to the musician. 8. It was at the option of the physician as to whether the students should take a vacation. 9. The politician expressed his appreciation of the motion made by the auctioneer to adjourn the session. 10. The musician will render instruction to those who have' an ambition to get possession of a musical education. 11. The celebration of the great commander will be an occa- sion of great demonstration of the affection and appreciation of the people of a nation. 12. The young student had an ambition to fill a lucrative position. 13. The revision of the constitution will be presented to the board of decision. 14. Such an occasion requires the prompt action of an officer of great discretion and firm decision. 15. His occupation was lucrative for a man who was talkative because he was an auctioneer. 178 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. 16. The chief executive of this nation will take no vacation during his administration. 17. They were having a discussion as to the latest fashions. 18. An active occupation is better for the constitution. 19. The latest edition of the book is called " The Eussian (Shon hook) Fugitive." 20. There is to be no compensation if the work does not re- ceive proper recognition by the Board of Education. 21. Though the man was talkative, his occupation was lucra- tive because he was an auctioneer. 22. A donation was given for the benefit of the mission society. 23. The physician received permission from the association to go on a vacation. 24. The optician will remedy your defective vision. 25. A motion was made but was received with derision by the commission. 26. Vocation is your business occupation, but avocation is the pursuit you follow for recreation. 27. With your permission, I will mention the proposition to the association. 28. His mission to the convention was the negotiation for a foundation to the proposed executive mansion. 29. The optician will correct your vision for slight compensa- tion. PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 1. condition combat inconvenience hateful deceitful painfu 2. uncomfortable mitigate herewith mournful overdo 3. noncompliance reconcile recommence whichever verbosity 4. recommend reconstrue contradict contravene urbanity 5. compensate inconjunction reconnoiter fearfulness whereof 6. reconsider accompany accomplish account nobility deform 7. comment commend noncommissioned compatibility 8. contradict contradistinction counteract fusibility perform 9. countermand circumstance circumspect liability feasibility 10. circumlocution circumjacent posterity potential courtship 11. selfish self-possessed intermingle insecurity Christianity GBAHAM AND PITMANIC. 179 12. enterprise intervene interfere self-assertion set on 13. self-possess self-sufficient self-control right on experimental 14. self-conceit magnificent magnify thereon instrumental 15. magnanimity magnified recognized enslaved looker on 16. incommode insatiate circumflex insecurity durability 17. decompose counterfeit contraband contribution forcible 18. circumvent self-assertion self-evident thereafter popularity 19. theology debility interlink interlude prudential rivalship 20. intermeddle interpreter interrogate instability whensoever 21. after-thought thereafter overhaste overreach fellowship 22. withdraw withheld transfer translate transcend township 23. fulsomeness forgetfulnes sorrowfulness wistfulness 24. amazingly soothingly searchingly physiology theologian 25. mineralogy partnership mayorship condemn condolence PENMANSHIP. The act of making shorthand characters is a process of rapid writing. Writing requires skill, which results from muscular de- velopment, ease of movement and a clear conception of form; therefore the stenographer should study penmanship. The fol- lowing exercises are more especially adapted to beginners; but the highest degree of skill is not attainable without constant physical as well as mental training. The fact that shorthand penmanship is a subject not common to shorthand text books, is unaccountable. It is not denied, however, that skillful stenographers have been compelled to abandon their calling on accountof ' 'writer's cramp, '' or pen paralysis, a calamity which can be obviated by proper training. INSTRUCTIONS. Line 1. This exercise should be practiced with the regular fore- arm movement, the wrist and fingers being rigid. Before making a stroke, place the pen at the beginning of the line of writing, then swing the hand through space to other end. If the end of the curved stroke thus made, falls below the line of writing, re-adjust the paper so that the end of the curve will fall naturally on the end of the line. The movement must be from the elbow joint; the wrist and finger joints must be absolutely inflexible, but not strained. Continue this exercise until a light, delicate stroke can be made, covering several pages of foolscap, if necessary. Line 3. This exercise should be done with the same movement as above given; but it is more difficult to make a short stroke with the forearm movement. Practice this at first very rapidly grading the movement down to the slowest which is perceptible. Line 4. Proceed under the same instructions already given, taking care that the wrist-joint is not allowed to bend in the least. Line 5. Continue the forearm movement, slowly at first to get the form, then rapidly to get smoothness of lines, then slowly again to acquire both form and movement. U80] GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 181 Lines 6 and 7. Proceed with this drill, under the same instruc- tions, making strokes from left to right only, swinging the hand back to the beginning without halt or hesitation. Line 8. Write this exercise without stopping any longer than necessary at the angle. An angle requires a stop anyhow, but it should be momentary. This series of shorthand "rn's" should be practiced until they can be made delicatety, accurately and rapidly. 9. The lengthened M. Write this character with a purely arm movement, the wrist and fingers being rigidly inflexible. Do not stop or hesitate between the characters; do not let the hand relax, nor lift the hand from the paper. The movement should be exactly the same as in the preceding exercise, the hand gliding instantly across the intervening spaces, as though a mark were being made there. 10. Write these characters three at a time, one under each other, as nearly parallel as possible, with a slow, gliding move- ment. This exercise cultivates the eye for form. 11 and 12. We can not emphasize too emphatically that you must not move the wrist and finger joints. These exercises are given not to develop this movement. Write these ovals very rapidly at first, then diminish the speed until one revolution only is made in a second; then as you make the final stroke, which, as you see, is at a tangent from the oval, you must imagine that you are making the character Ska or F, as the case may be; then disjoin as well as detach it, and continue making it with the same movement. Lines 13, 14 and 15. Write these F's and La's with a rotary movement, imagining while you are doing so that you are making complete ovals, but that the pen glides over a grease spot, leaving only a section of the stroke visible. Use the forearm movement purely in this drill. Line 16. This exercise is a drill on La and R joined. You will see that joined they form a semicircle, and that R forms the same angle on the one side of a vertic'.e line as La does on the other side. The second character in this line illustrates the tendency to draw the. R in, while it should follow the dotted line. The third character illustrates a slightly imperfect one. If you write this character perfectly a thousand times it will be too few. 182 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. Line 17. This line is composed of La-R and Lay-S alternately. It is easy to make Lay-S. Push the end out to the right hard when you make La-R. Lines 18 and 19. These characters are written in the general direction of P or T, either with sloping or perpendicular curves. You can not write these groups rapidly at first. You will never be too skillful not to practice on them. Line 20. The dotted line marks the division between Lay and Ka. Do not make this character like La; make the hand go slow right where you see the dotted line. Line 21. In writing the initial circle there is a tendency some- times to go twice around the circle. The first character Ra P with Iss is written as a square. Drop the Ray and repeat the character Iss P. A good rule is, that the first part of the circle is written at right angles to the straight stroke to which it is joined, if at the beginning, or if the circle is at the end of a straight stroke the last quadrant is written at right angles. Study the fourth, fifth and sixth characters of this line carefully, and note the evolutions of the square to the circle in the sixth character. 22. This illustrates the joining of a circle between two curves. The first two characters represent S written inside the L or We hook; the third character represents it as it should be written between Lay and N. It should be written as though L N were written by itself and the Iss were written afterward, as in the fifth character and closely enough to be joined as in the sixth character. Practice this until you can write it rapidly. Line 23. This illustrates the circle written between two Ka's. The second and third characters are imperfect. The fourth character is written with a continuous stroke, but when fin- ished looks as though Iss were placed there after the stroke was made as in the first character. The last character forms a study. Line 24. The circle written between Lay and R is here illus- trated. The first character is imperfect; the second one, Lays Fer, the third character, Lens R, the fourth, Lays R. You should write these over until you can write this whole line without having the Iss look as though it were inside a hook. QRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 183 The last three characters on Line 24 illustrate is at the begin- ning of Ka. "Write the first ten times and the second ten times, and gradually work it into a circle, as in third character. Line 25. The last part of this line illustrates the finishing circle to Ka. The last quadrant which is made should be in the direction of T. Study the last three characters carefully. Line 26. Here we have Iss written inside of L and N hooks. The rule for writing this circle is to have the first quadrant parallel to the stroke to which it is joined. Lines 27, 28 and 29. Normal and half lengths. Practice on these lines until they can be written as fast as the hand can move without variation. Lines 30, 31, 32 and 33. These lines are for the purpose of making brief Ye and We. Practice on Line 30 the same as Line 1, then on Line 31, then Line 32, keeping up the proper movement, then on Line 33. You will see there are three distinct lengths. Line 34. This illustrates the difference between Ye and Met. Ye is a half circle, and Met is a quadrant of a larger circle. The same is true of We and Est. You will see that Est is a quadrant of a circle, which is smaller than the circle, a part of which, is Ester. Line 35. This exercises the hand in joining a half length to a whole length. Practice this line until the third character can be written rapidly without getting the half length too long. Line 36. In joining a circle between two straight strokes be careful that you do not curve either straight stroke. Make the Ka as perfectly as though the circle were not joined to it. Line 37. P and Pet. Write them parallel and the lower ends exactly on the line. This is a difficult exercise. Line 38. This line illustrates the joining of Iss to the following R Hook. The last character is written perfectly, the others being variations of lengths to show the method of practice. Line 39. Ra's. Write these rapidly with a sharp, quick stroke. Line 40. Students who have not a clear perception of form and a strong handwriting will often persist in writing Ras T, slanting the T to the left, making it look like Ch, like the first and second characters. 184 HYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. To counterbalance this do not endeavor to write T but P. The natural trend of the hand is to follow the course of the left-hand dotted line. Incline the hand as though endeavoring to make P; as the natural movement of the hand is toward the left, there will be a compromise of the two forces, which will bring the pen along the dotted middle line, producing the desired result as in the last two characters. Line 41. Your favor, your offer and such characters are sore to be written by the untrained hand as in the first character. Dis- join as in the second character and make several of these outlines; then join the characters, making sure that the two ends of the curve Fer rest on a P, as illustrated by the dotted lines in third character. Do not make the hook uncertain, like the fourth character, but retrace the first curve a little, making the hook distinct, as shown in the last two characters. Line 42. The first character represents the most wretched error in Ea, Pel and similar forms. Disjoin a few times as in "a," then make a sharp angle as in "b," then round the angle a little bit, and you have the finished character as in " c." Line 43. N Shel, The first character shows a common error. Retrace the end trifly as illustrated. Write these characters over carefully a few hundred times to get the form fixed in the mind, and then write it a few thousand times, say, four or five. Do not imagine you are going to make a fast stenographer when you can not make a perfect character with all the time at your command to do it in. Line 45. Illustrates the progressive practice on the outline Ker. Notice the second stroke is a sharp angle, while the last two, properly made, have the angle slightly rounded. Line 46. Skas. This illustrates the worst of errors. Stop after the first circle and just before the last circle so as to get the hand in the habit of making Ka straight. You are not dull if it takes you two or three hours to approach anything like perfec- tion. The stops at the juncture of the stroke and circle will grow less and less as the hand gets skilled. Line 47. Ra must be made straight at first if you ever expect to write it rapidly. Disjoin as in character second, shortening GRAHAM AND PITJfANIC. 185 the N as in character third, then write a full page of foolscap of characters four and five. Line 48. Study the outline "a," and you will find the bad character illustrated at the beginning of the line. Line 49. Represents errors in compound curves. Go slow until you get the forms, as in 50. 18G SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. /TYx '/' I MM ,r-Ki m'j ] | J GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 187 METHOD OF PRACTICE ON THE BUSINESS LETTERS. Write fifty words, making each character of the size given in the engraving, and write it so legible that it may be read by anyone acquainted with the system; then repeat this careful work, writing evenly, never hurrying, never dragging, for about five hundred times. You have now acquired about all the speed yon can get out of it by continuous writing. If you can not now write a hundred words in one minute, take the first word, or if it be a long word, take part of it, write it perfectly, covering about five pages of foolscap paper. Then write it for a half a minute, and if it is a very long outline, your speed on that word may be about fifty words a minute. Take the next word and go through the same ordeal, never varying a particle from perfection. Then measure up your speed, and if it is a short outline you may find your speed at three hundred words per minute perhaps; averaging this up with the former gives you an average of one hun- dred and seventy-five for the two words. Take the next outline, work on it for an hour or two, write it a thousand times perfectly and continuously. Now average this up with the other words, 188 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. and you will have for three outlines an average of two hundred and eighty-seven words. The next outline being a long one will lower your average speed down to two hundred words per minute, and soon; continue making every outline as small as any you ever saw, always perfectly, never any in a hurry, yet always to the out- side limit of your speed. Keep at it; work five hours, rest five hours, and then work a couple of hours before retiring; go through the same process the next day, and so on for a month. A month of such labor would seem like a thousand years. No matter, go on and do it for another month, and for six months. Your idea is to get these hundred words where you can write it in a minute with absolutely perfect notes, and eventually you have it. Take another hundred words; if it takes you a month to get the first hundred up, you will do this in three weeks; you will do the next hundred in two weeks; you will do the next hundred in a week and a half, and so on each hundred you take, the time will lessen, and some time you will find that the time has kept on diminish- ing until you can write a hundred words in a minute the first time trying and the victory is yours. SHORTHAND PRACTICE. BUSINESS LETTERS. Letters of 25 words. Letters of 50 words. Letters of 100 words. FLASHES OF THOUGHT FROM BRIGHT MINDS OF THE PROFESSION. 1. Fallacy of Dictation. 2. The "Graduate" of Three Months. 3. Concentration. 4. The Value of Monotony. 5. Feats of Genuine Merit. 6. Ode to my Amanuensis. 190 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. SPEED AND LEGIBILITY. One of the wildest delusions that ever took possession of a stu- dent's mind is the idea that legibility is incompatible with speed. We would refer the student to the letter we have quoted from Mr. Little, and the illustrations given below. It will be seen that the faster the writing, the smaller the notes become, owing to the stress which the writer is under, compelling him to save time by shortening the space over which the pen must travel. In the first line the characters are large and the angles clear, thus giving an accurate perception of form; in the second line the forms are but slightly distorted, while in the third and fourth lines, the beauty and symmetry of the first line are apparent, showing behind small imperfections, the complete mastery of the art by the person who wrote the sentence. The cheap paper and coarse, scrawling notes permitted in some schools are a disgrace to the profession. The authors know of an instruction book published by an institution having more enter- prise than educational ability, that contains notes, some of which are one and one-half inches long. Results obtained by working from such a copy can be nothing but a disappointment a wretched failure. The student of this book has but to confer with any really high-grade, expert stenographer to verify to his satisfaction the correctness of these statements. Key to sentence : It is not possible to make headway with so little practice as some people are willing to put in. GXAHAM AND PITMANIC. 191 . / 192 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LETTERS OF TWENTY-FIVE WORDS. I ** ' I ^ ^- V. J i ..... .-^_.y_ ^^ 5 ^ c C_/^w > ^'^* \2' / * -f f 2/373 a/ 2/3 13 ^_r GRAHAM AND PITMANIC 193 7 2 " r ^wf ..r 194 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD -/ /- (/ ^^ ^ -- ~ a^ fs -..^. LETTERS OF FIFTY WORDS. ** r GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 195 - " " ^ ^-t- W. I s^*-K U. " N?" SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. rje'./.r V 3 ^ /..C r3 i, ^ ^ vS . C G_1 ~x .2/7 \ /~. ~.f ^n GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. / zo 2f J- 198 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. \ 9 r / *.3 r^f *J_t V ^~^ 9 x. /- 1 - Vc c \^f- GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 199 LETTERS OF ONE HUNDRED WORDS. 200 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. r x * 7 *-*r/ f9 V c &...-1- ^-? GRAHAM ASD PITMANIC. *\ - \> j-j 202 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. / b/^9_u s O ' i O GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 203 i 3 + <^~ 204 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. /Y v- / \ \ rv- , a GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 3 c*i 205 - 23Hr 206 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 207 , 23o-t _,^ \ 208 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. x- 1/3 f^f ^. n^:_- *\ rj _^ a/ ^o ^) iJ/-/j r^ d .A>. . .4. ^J.^1S, I-_D A GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 209 J./0-C. I V 210 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. c _ | I ^ tr J. ' /C GRAHAM AND PITMAXir. 211 L U t~ ^-1 r_-x \ 212 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. x ^ 4? . \ V ~/ ' / _ >__V- Z I.,.. / '?\ \ 01 /e /^ f u I /fl^i^t^t^i^ &U4stfaz?nS / j ll< i \ ~" _ ; - / '^ *"l ^iX "^S x<1x ^" x * P 7 N-~V X i \^TT^ \^/7,.Jx ^^- 9 -^ > i *J * \ v u --k_ L 5^-^-1 ^ J - -//-P ^iri-.^-a'^XxiV^ \ U. ^L\^l/^.. ^ ** ) ^ 218 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. J I < V-v- V ^^ __. \ \ r / ~<^. GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. SHORTHAND FEATS OF GENUINE MERIT. ~ < C ^ U- \ L.\.os -y x 220 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. LI ^- 3 V^X , / ..-.-Ur I .C ^ GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 221 ..r._ L .^..|..^ \ ~,--./- V ,\y >-l~i r.;. k ^~v .--V-C- =>p^-^--,\- /.. I . - 222 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. v/1 < ; \_ -J 1 "-' , . c ^J I -L- ~1* V^xO I _..__ ^ r r/L . s . i^, \ ,/ GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 223 \ \ / m V, Tn^o 224 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. /V -P c-D V \ GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. ODE TO MY AMANUENSIS. 225 & 1 c ..Li_ . . -o *_^>... -\,^- < f X^c \x,. (0. ~T^7 o ') / 226 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. TALKS TO THE STUDENT. Practice The first instruction about practice is, to divert the mind from some of the vague advice given by those who, whatever may be their skill as practitioners, lack com- petency as instructors. Several books make much of this legend practice, practice, PBACTICE. Now, what does the young student, lacking years of mental training, and knowing nothing of psycho- logical phenomena, really understand from this indefinite, abbre- viated, fractional part of a sentence? If the writer were to under- take to give anything in a single breath (if anything important could be given in a breath), he would say, accuracy, continuity, purpose, with equal emphasis to each. This gives a little idea of what is required, because to simply emphasize the word practice, does not indicate, as it should, that practice and labor are worth- less unless well directed; and well diiected practice achieves but little without a stupendous amount of tedious labor. The three expressive words above mentioned are fit subjects for a very long chapter. In a general way they cover the whole ground. All things which require manual skill, such as music, art, me- chanics, etc., are the result of long continued, systematic and intense application only, of which the unskilled laborer has little or no comprehension. While speaking of these three subjects, in- dependent of any particular craft, we will sum them all up undei the general heading of ATTENTION: Accuracy: That which requires thorough knowledge put into practice without errors. Continuity: Continuous, steady advance of ATTENTION. { ,, thought or hand ; not spasmodic. Purpose: As many hours labor in a day as the physical system will permit. Accuracy Accuracy evidently means doing something with- out making any mistakes; but to detect errors without the over- sight of an instructor is quite another thing. That is the thing GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 227 you must study, without which all your labor and research meaus nothing. If you are not working on a basis of absolute knowledge of first principles, and ability to put it into practice without error or oversight, you must acquire this habit regardless of speed, or you may as well abandon your pursuit. A slow, ac- curate person may succeed; a rapid, spasmodic person never. The musician must perform his selection without technical error before he can strive for brilliancy or delicacy in his execution. The artist must understand perspective and the harmony of color before he can put life and beauty into his product. The mechanic who can not accurately measure off a square would be worthless, however brilliant may be his ideas of archi- tecture. The penman who can not make a character slowly and get the correct form will never be a fine writer, however delicate the lines he may make or however rapid may be his writing. The stenographer who can not execute shorthand notes that may be read individually or collectively by another stenographer who un- derstands his system of writing, has not the first elements of success. He must first achieve this one acquirement, which is the key to success the foundation upon which all structures are built. Continuity Continuity means unbroken, steady progress of the mental or physical faculties. The slow stage horse covers more distance than the record-breaker and is worth more for practical use. The slow, methodical student who keeps moving and keeps thinking is the successful scholar. It is difficult to explain this feature of attention without verbal illustration. A student committing a history or botany lesson to memory, immedi- ately upon getting the idea of one paragraph, should pro- ceed to the next without looking across the room, without looking through the window, without stopping to think of the funny thing that happened in school the day before, and with- out haste or nervousness, simply read the next paragraph, and while reading it think of the information that is contained therein. The laborer who is sawing wood, saws off a stick, movts the bal- ance forward the length of another stick and begins the second cut with a continuous, unhesitating movement, and therefore accom- plishes much with ease. The stenographer while practicing for 228 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. speed has but one thought in his mind after having achieved accu- racy, and that is, the instant the character is written, the pen is on the beginning of the next character and is writing it. It is a fact worth knowing, that the 80 word per minute stenographer makes most of his characters at a 150 word per minute speed. Wherefore, then, these results. While he hesitates through mental or physical incompetency on one of his outlines, the student who has practiced continuity, continues while the former hesitates. Upon this sub- ject of continuity depends that faculty which is so rare, executive ability. A man who can do sixty times as much in sixty minutes as he can do in one minute has a power, which, while not apparent as you look at him, enables him to surely climb over his fellows, and out-distance them in the race. Continuity is the most difficult feature of attention to acquire. It requires the greatest effort; it is the thing, which, accomplished, enables the student, the scholar, financier or laborer to obtain the coveted results. Anybody can hang over a thing twelve or four- teen hours a day; anybody can be accurate if they will take time enough; but nobody can possess the invaluable cultivation of a continuous, unbroken progress, without a desperate effort without years of cultivation and many discouragements. It may take twenty years for the absent-minded man to become always present-minded, but the results are worth the labor. The short life he has to live is lengthened many fold by the use he makes of it. His labor, his pleasure, his rest, his recreation all come naturally in their time, as it were, with a rythm that lends a charm to exist- ence, because every part of his existence has an object and gives satisfaction. Purpose. Purpose is the effort of the mind to accomplish an end; to finish complete something. Once having mastered the fundamental principles of a science or art, and having acquired the power to work continuously, the great question now presents itself, shall we do the labor to succeed that others have done who have accomplished the same results before us? The "midnight oil," or "early to bed and early to rise," and other old saws, do not explain how to work; besides, what is there in being robbed of natural rest at either end of the GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 229 night? What we wish to present, is some definite view of labor which brings results. Many an old farmer who has risen while "the stars were shining," and labored "while they were still shining," dies and bequeaths to his children the mortgage which he himself has carried for half a century. That was labor from the drudgery standpoint, without definite purpose. \ The stenographer who is ambitious to become a famous reporter may have written from dictation (as if dictation ever gave speed) hours, days and weeks, and finally gave up in hopeless despair; the musician who played anything and everything, allows natural talent to go to waste, notwithstanding his hours of labor. Labor! but in all these cases there was nothing but labor. There was not that definite purpose of the mind with a clear knowledge of the requirements to accomplish some end. Would you have labor bring you success? Then, first ascertain what your work is doing for you; exert the mind to make an effort to GAIN THE END IN VIEW. We will present here the case of a stenographer who desires to acquire a high degree of skill. First of all let him measure up his physical capacity. The school day of five and a half hours was intended for children, and country boys, perhaps, who must work part of the time. If yon would be competent in first principles, you must work twelve solid hours of sixty intense minutes each and every day except Sunday for years. You may do it in less time than many others. It may require more. Twelve hours a day leaves about four hours for rest and physical exercise. A little careful study on your part will enable you to use these four hours so that you can labor the other twelve. Let us sum up the enormous value of time gained by a person who works twelve hours a day for a period of five years: The student who works five and a half hours a day, but not intensely, gets perhaps two hours of real value, although he appears to be fairly industrious. Figure it up and you will find that it will take him thirty years, or the best part of his natural life, to accomplish that which his friend accomplished in five years. But this does not express it all. The student who thus labors intensely for five years forms the habit of work. He has acquired 230 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. power. What was a day's labor to him, is now bnt a few duties before his day's work is begun. So we continue our ratio of six to one, the latter accomplish- ing as much in twenty-five years as his neighbor would do if he were to live one hundred and fifty years. Why do men rush to Klondike hardships and uncertainties when such a wealth of power and possibilities lie within their reach'? As above remarked, we may labor persistently for years, but it is the determined, unswerving resolution to EFFECT A RE- SULT that counts. The farmer referred to never rested from his physical toil to plan and study as to how his labor should help him throw off the galling yoke of a mortgage. The value of time and labor is appreciated by the few. Many persons who would save a dollar or a dime, lawlessly throw away, without thought thousands and thousands of dollars worth of that valuable, inestimable treasure time. Watch it; economize it; study to make the most of it, and you will feel, slowly, but surely, that you are rising, growing, devel- oping, and all that life can produce for you that makes life worth living is yours. NOMENCLATURE, OR THE TECHNI- CAL NAMES. Unfamiliarity with the nomenclature prevents either good for- mation of outlines or ready reading of notes. To be a first-class writer the following names must be studied and the characters they represent written until they are as natural as the ordinary language. Vowels, in the names, are necessary as a part of the name; they are not a part of the character named. ALPHABET. P B T D Cha J K Ga F V Ith The S Z Sha Zha La aE M N Ing Emp Wa Ya Ha Ra. Brief signs Ye, Yii, Wg, Wu, Is, H8. Never pronounce the Brief signs the same as the stroke. Iss is not Ess; Wg or Wii is not Wa. ISS PREFIXED. (188, usually written IS for convenience, pronounce soft 8.) (Soft sound of S ) Spe, Iss-Be, Ste, Iss-De, Iss-Chay, Is-Jay, Ska, Is-Ga, Is-F, Is-V, Is-Ith, Is-The, Is-S, Is-Z, Is Ish, (la-Shay when made up), Sla, Is-R, Is-Ra, Sem, Sen, Is-Ing, Sway, Is Ya, Is-Hay. IS AT BEGINNING AND END. (Give E and A long Sound.) SPes, Iss-Bes, Stes, Iss-Des, Iss-Chas, Iss-Jas, Skas, Iss-Gas, Iss- Efs, Iss-Vs, Issrlths, Iss-Thes, Is-S-Is, Is-Zes, Is-Shas, Slas, Is-Ars, Iss-Ras, Iss-Ms, Iss-Eus, Iss-Ings, Sways, Iss-Yays, Iss-Has. HOOKS. L Hook Pie, Ble, Tel, Del, Chel, Jel, Kle, Pie, Fie, Vel, Thel, THel, Shel, Zhel, Rel, Mel, Nel, Yel, Hel. [231] 232 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. When certain of above characters are followed by a vowel, or known to be the letters at the end of a word, they are pronounced as follows: Pel, Bel, Kel, Gel, Fel. Hel is indicated by enlarging the Hook on Hay; it is rarely ever used. B Hook Pie, Bre, Tre, Dre, Kre,Gre, Cher, Jer, Fre, Ver, Thre, THer, Sher, Zher, Mer, Ner. When occurring at the end of a word, with no final vowel, change certain of the above to the following names: Per, Ber, Ter Der, Ker, Ger Fer. TH when capital H is used, means hard sound, as in Then, This; when small h, give soft sound, as in Thin, Thick. N Hook Pen, Ben, Ten, Den, Chen, Jen, Ken Gen, Een, Hen, Fen Ven, Then, THen, Sen, Zen, Shen Zhen, Mem, Nen, Ingen, Empen Yen, Wan, Len, Am. F HookPef, Bef, Tef, Def, Chef, Jef, Kef, Gef, Hef, Eef, Thef, Sef. COMBINED HOOK. L and F Hooks Combined Plef, Blef, Telf, Delf, Chelf, Jelf, Clef, Glef. L and N Hooks Combined Plen, Blen, Tien, Dlen, Chlen, Klen, Glen, Flcn, Vlen, Thlen, Mien, Neln, Rein. B and F Hooks Combined Pref, Bref, Tref, Dref.'Cherf, Jerf, Kref, Gref. B and N Hooks Combined Pren, Bren, Tren, Dren, Chern, Jern, Kren, Gren, Fren, Vern, Them, THern, Shren, Mern, Nern. Enlarged Hooks Pier, Bier, Tier, Dler, Chler, Jler, Kler, Gler, Fler, Vler, Thler, THler, Shlei, Merl, Nerl, Prel, Brel, Trel, Krel, Grel, Frel, Verl, Merl, Nerl, Pshon, Bshon, Tshon, Dshon, Gashon, Mshon, Petiv, Ktiv, Jtiv, etc. S, R and N Spren, Is Bren, Stren, Is-Dren, Skren, Is-Gren, Is-Fren, Is- Vern, Is-Thern, Is-THern, Smern, Snern. S, R and F Spref, la-Bref, Stref, Is-Dref, Is-Cherf, Is-Jerf, Skref, Is-Gref, Is-Fren, Is, Vern. HALF LENGTH NOMENCLATURE. Pet, Bet, Tet, Det, Chet, Jet, Ket, Get, Fet, Vet, Thet, THet, Est, Zed, Isht, Shayt, Emt or Met, Ent or Net, Med or Emd, Let, Eld, Art, Ard, Ret, Het. (Halved only in special signs.) GRAHAM AND PITMANIC. 233 8 Combined with Half Lengths and Hooks Spet, Splet, Speft, Spleft, Spent, Splent, Spret. Is-Bet, Is Blet, Is-beft, Is-Bleft, Is-Blent, Is-Bret. Stet, Stefb, Stent, Spleft, Splet, Sprent, Spret. Is-Det, Is-Delt, Is-Deft, Is-Dent, Is-Dret. Is-Chet, Is-Jet, Is-Jeft, Is-Chent. Sket, Sklet, Skleft, Skent, Skrefb, Skrent. Is Get, Is Gleft, Is-Glent, Is-Grent, Is Greft. Is-Fet, Is-Fent, Is-Fret, Is-Frent, Is-Flent. Thent, Is-Thent, Thrent, Is-Thrent, Frent, Frends. THret, Thlet, Smelt, Snelt, Smert, Snert. ISS AND HOOKS COMBINED. When two names are given, the first is to be preferred; but in reading, if pronouncing one name does not give the required name try the other, as in many cases the mere pronunciation of the nomenclature will suggest the word if not actually pronoune it. S and L Hook combined Spel or Sple, Is-Bel, Is-Tel, Is-Del, Is- Chel, Is-Jel, Skel or Skle, Is-Gel, Is-Fel, Is-Vel, Is-Thel, Is-THel, Shel, Zhel, Smel, Snel. S and R Hook combined Sper or Spree, Is-Ber, Ster or Stre, Is- Der, Is-Cher, Is-Jer, Skre or Sker, Is-Ger, Is-Fer, Is-Ver, Is-Ther, Is-THer, Smer, Sner. Sand F combined Spef, Sbef, Stef, Is-Def, Is-Chef, Is-Jef, Skef, Is-Gef; Is-F or Sef, Is-V, Is Ith or Sith, Is-THe, Is-Es or Sis, Is-z, Is, M or Sem, Is-N or Sen, Is-Emb or Semp, Is-Ing or Sing, Is- Ya, Sway. S and N combined Spen, Is- Ben, Sten, Is-Den, Is-Chen, Is-Ken, Is-Gen, Is-Ren, Is-Fen, Is-Ven, Is-Then, Is-Shen, Smen, Snen, Is-Len or Slen, Is-Arn or Sarn. S, L and F combined Splet', Is-Blef, Is-Telf, Is-Delf, Is-Chelf, Is-Jelf, Sklef, Is-Glef, Is-Flen, Is-Vlen, Is-Meln or Smeln, Is- Neln or Sneln, Is-Rel. S, L and N combined Splen, Is-Blen, Is-Tlen, Is-Dlen, Sklen, Is-Glen, Is-Flen, Is-Vlen, Is-Mlen, Is-Nlen. 234 SYNTHETIC SHORTHAND METHOD. STE LOOP, STR LOOP AND LENGTHENED PRINCIPLE. The small loop is invariably called StS at the beginning and Est at the end of outlines, and when possible the sound should coalesce with the name of the stem, which should be pronounced according to the previous tables. Thus, Peest, not Pe Est, Kayst, not Ka Est, Nest, Ernst, etc. At the beginning it is not so easily joined in sound, but must be called Ste Pet, Ste Per, Ste Pend, as the case may be. The Ste loop is unjoinable to F or L hook, but is joined and always coalesces with the N hook on straight strokes. Thus, Penst, Kanst, etc. The half length S stroke is used following hooks on curves, and the name being similar there can be no confusion, since the nature of the stroke indicates whether loop or S stroke is indicated. Lengthened strokes are usually terminated with Tr, excepting Ing and Emp, which are called Inker and Ember; and if this does not give the word, try the sounds Dr, Thr or THr. OIDS. Old means like, as in sphereoid likera sphere. Petoid, like a Pet. The difference between the Oids and half lengths is that the Oids are theoretically a little shorter than half lengths. The one rule of pronouncing these characters is simply to add the name "Oid " to the otherwise half length. Pet-oid, etc. The Oids are arbitrary signs for words not based on the pri- mary alphabet, and are therefore the only "word-signs." They may have hooks and circles and otherwise receive straight line modifications, except they can not be lengthened nor halved. Petoid, Tetoid, Chetoid, Jedoid, etc. KEY BUSINESS LETTERS. LETTERS OF TWENTY-FIVE WORDS. [1] Messrs. Day A 1 lift \Lf ru, .* UC SOUTHERN HEGCN lWfl A 000 561 622 2 Z56 B49s 1902