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 THE PREPOSITIONS 
 
 IN, ON, TO, FOR, FORE, AND ^T 
 
 IN ANGLO-SAXON PROSE 
 
 A STUDY OF CASE VALUES IN OLD ENGLISH 
 
 A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY MARVIN BELDEN, B. A. 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE FRIEDENWALD COMPANY 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
THE PREPOSITIONS 
 
 IN, ON, TO, FOR, FORE, AND ^T 
 
 IN ANGLO-SAXON PROSE 
 
 A STUDY OF CASE VALUES IN OLD ENGLISH 
 
 A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY MARVIN BELDEN, B. A. 
 
 PRESS OF 
 
 THE FRIEDENWALD COMPANY 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 

 • • 
 
Dedicated to 
 PROSSER HALL FRYE. 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The following pages present the results of an investigation 
 begun some time ago and aiming, primarily, to discover the exact 
 values of the accusative and dative cases after the preposition on. 
 A dissertation by A. Harstrick, Untersuchung ilber die Prdposi- 
 Uonen bei Alfred de?7t Grossen, Kiel, 1890, says on this point : 
 ** Gewohnlich steht nach Verben der Bewegung on mit dem 
 Akkusativ, nach Verben der Ruhe 07i mit dem Dativ. Dass 
 diese Regel jedoch Ausnahmen hat, zeigen die folgenden Bei- 
 spiele," and gives examples of on — dat. after faran, gebringan^ 
 afeallan, but without further comment ; and under the category 
 of time (p. 35) " Auch mit dem Akkusativ wird on verbunden," 
 and gives examples oi on tid from Bede and the Cura Pastoralis, 
 This is hardly satisfactory. In order to set forth the principles 
 governing this apparent irregularity in Ags. syntax the division 
 under cases is in this paper made to supersede the division into 
 categories of meaning. 
 
 The range of texts studied is, it is believed, wide enough to 
 make generalisation safe. They are all in prose, and may all, 
 with the exception of Bede, be counted as West-Saxon monu- 
 ments. They are : 
 
 C. P. King Alfred's West-Saxon Versio?i of Gregory's Pas- 
 toral Care. Ed. by Henry Sweet for the E. E. T. S. London, 
 1871-2. 
 
 O. Khig Alfred's Orosius. Ed. by Henry Sweet for the 
 E. E. T. S. London, 1883. 
 
 Bo. Ki7ig Alfred's A?iglo-Saxon Version of Boethius De 
 Consolatione Philosophicc. Ed. by Rev. Samuel Fox. Bohn's 
 Antiquarian Library, London, 1864. (The citations from Bo. are, 
 however, from Prof. Bright's copy of the Cott. MS., and (B) = 
 Fox's print of the Bodl. MS. is given only where the Cott. MS. 
 fails or (B) presents a different reading.) 
 
 B. The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History 
 of the English People. Ed. by Thomas Miller for the E. E. T. S. 
 1890. (Latin citations from Bede are from Bedce Historia 
 
 OF THB 
 
 \3R 
 
 OF T 
 
 XTNITERSITY 
 
VI 
 
 Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. Alfred Holder, 2. Ausgabe, 
 Freiburg i. B.). 
 
 Chron. The Anglo-Saxoji Chro7iiclc {six texts parallel). Ed. 
 by B. Thorpe. London, 1861. (Rolls Series.) (The different 
 MSS. are here indicated by the letters (a) = C. C. C. C, (b) = 
 Cott. Tib. A. VI., (c) = Cott. Tib. B. I., (d) = Cott. Tib. B. IV., 
 (e) = Bodl. Laud 636, (f) = Cott. Domitian A. VIII.) 
 
 kS*. C. The Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church : The first 
 part, containing the Serniones Catholici^ or Homilies of y^lfric. 
 Ed. by B. Thorpe. Vol. I. London, printed for the ^Ifric 
 Society, 1844. 
 
 j^. Gr. ^If^dc's Grammatik und Glossar. Herausg. von 
 Julius Zupitza, Berlin, 1880. 
 
 Letters in () after page and line numbering refer to different 
 MSS. of the text from which the citation is made. 
 
 Bede being the only one of these texts that holds very closely 
 to a Latin original, the Ags. has been compared with the Latin 
 throughout for this text. Little was found, however, to show 
 dependence of the Ags. prepositional idiom on the Latin. The 
 Latin originals given with the examples from Bede will show 
 this. 
 
 A word as to the manner of treatment, which may at first sight 
 seem irregular. As this is a study in case-values, the ace. is in 
 each division treated separately from the dat. and insir., even 
 where the value of the preposition is the same for both. Bi and 
 on are considered together, likewise for and fore, and a summary 
 of differences appended in each case. A general discussion of 
 the use of ace. and dat. after in, on is prefixed. The instr., a 
 fragmentary case, is considered together with the dat. Bi, on in 
 time relations is treated apart, in order to give a better view of the 
 relation oi ace. to dat. in phrases of time ; and further because the 
 use of the ace. here seems to have no connection with the con- 
 struction in, on + ace. after verbs of motion. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgment is here made to Prof. Bright for the 
 loan of his copy of the Cott. MS. of the Boethius, and for general 
 guidance and assistance throughout. Harstrick's dissertation 
 gives the meaning of in, on and to exhaustively for Alfredian 
 texts, but pays little attention to the value of cases. Miller's dis- 
 cussion oi 071 and hi {BedCy Introd. xxxiii. ff.) has been relied on 
 for texts not read for this work. 
 
Vll 
 
 [This work was done in 1895, before I had had an opportunity 
 to consult Dr. Wiilfing's Die Syntax iii den Werken Alfreds des 
 Grosse?i. The part dealing with Prepositions has not yet 
 appeared ; Vol. I. contains the discussion of cases in other than 
 prepositional constructions. I have made references to his book 
 in cases where he has touched on matters discussed in this study.] 
 
 Henry Marvin Belden. 
 
 Springdale, Conn., July 4, 1897. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction v 
 
 Contents ix-x 
 
 IN and ON 1-48 
 
 Discussion of cases after in, on 1-12 
 
 I. gebringan, 2. — 2. ace. in C. P. and O., 2. — 3. settan, gesei- 
 tan in B., 2. — 4. extension of dat. in A^ljric, 3. — 5. verbs of 
 believing, rejoicing, trusting (in), 5. — 6. ace. and dat. after on 
 in yElf. Gr.,8. — 7. preposition separated from its case, 9, 
 
 IN, ON + ACC 12-25 
 
 I. Of place, after verbs of motion. 
 
 I. of that which contains, 12. — a. in non-physical sense, 
 13. — 2. of the object, surface, upon which, 14. — a. after verbs 
 of hostile motion, 15, — b. after verbs of striking, &c., 16. — c. 
 /on, 17. — d. wrecan, 17. — e. beseon, loeian ; meldian, secgan, 
 asecgan, wita7i, 17. — 3. that on which one goes, the path, &c., 
 18. — 4. after verbs of believing, &c., iS. — 5. /;/, on -\- ace. of 
 purpose, function, 18. — 6. of resultant form, after verbs of 
 changing, 19. — a. after verbs of dividing, 19. 
 
 II. Adverbial phrases. 
 
 I. oti hand, on . . . healfe, &c., 20. — 2. on yiczt gerad, 22. — 3. 
 on borg, pleoh, treowa, 22. — 4. phrases of manner, 22. — 5. 
 words denoting language, 24. — 6. of that received in pay- 
 ment, 25. — 7. exceptional constructions, 25. 
 
 IN, ON -|- DAT. and instr 26-34 
 
 I. Of location. 
 
 I. of that which contains, 26. — a. in non-physical sense, 
 27. — b. =: predicate noun or adjective, 27. — c. phrase of reason 
 or means, 28. — d. of the occasion, 29. — e. of the disease 
 which is the cause of death, 29. — 2. of that on or upon which, 
 29. — 3. of the part affected, 29. — 4. after verbs of depriving, 
 30. — 5. after verbs of believing, &c., 31. — 6. wrecan, 31. — 7. 
 phrase of specification, 32. — 8. phrase of purpose after beon, 
 7ueor'Sa?i, 32. — 9. measure of distance and value, 33. — 10. ad- 
 verbial phrases, 33. 
 
 IN, ON in TIME PHRASES 34-45 
 
 I. 'I'ime when. 
 
 tid, 34. — tinia, 36. — dcEg, 37. — neaht, nihi, 39. — inorgeti, tzfen, 
 40. — gear, 41. — st^, 42. — seel, 42. — dcegred, 43. — last, syvibel, 
 43. — lif, 43. — time when rendered by the^^w., 43, 
 
 II. Time within which 44 
 
 III. Time how long 44 
 
 Summary of constructions in time phrases 45 
 
 IN versus on 45-47 
 
 Compounds 47 
 
TO 48-6 1 
 
 I. After verbs of motion 49-53 
 
 I. person to whom, 49. — 2. place toward which, 49. — 3. after 
 verbs of speaking, writing, looking, 50. — 4. in non-physical 
 sense, 52. 
 
 II. After verbs not strictly of motion 53-55 
 
 I. x\fter verbs of fastening, joining, mingling, 53. — 2. of 
 belonging, pertaining to, 53. — 3. of subjugating, submitting, 
 praying, reconciling, converting, 53, — 4. of urging, striving, 
 helping, 54. — 5. ^iiitr gewti7iian, gestaf&elian, gewissian, 54. — 6. 
 after Jiabba7i., niuian^ivitan, healdan-\- ace. of feeling or pas- 
 sion, 55. — 7. after certain adjectives, 55. — 8. of that to which 
 distance, degree, extent is reckoned, 55. — 9. of that given in 
 exchange, 55. 
 
 III. Phrases of purpose, function 56-58 
 
 I. phrases of purpose, 56. — a. inflected infinitive, 56. — 2. 
 after verbs of becoming, appointing, changing, 56. — 3. after 
 
 kalgian, hadian, 57. — 4. after tellait^ ialiofi, gedon, 57. — 5. 
 to^instr. in phrases of purpose, 57. — 6. phrases of degree, 
 58.-7. to ^ gen., 58. 
 
 IV. In time phrases 59 
 
 Compounds 60 
 
 FOR and FORE 61-73 
 
 I. FOR, FORE-|- ACC 61-64 
 
 I. = over, in authority, 6[. — 2. of what a thing is counted, 
 reckoned, to be, 62. — 3. = instead of, in the place of, 62. — 4. 
 = in behalf of, 62. — rare and special usages, 63. — Notes : the 
 preposition distinguished from the inseparable prefix/f?;', 64. 
 
 II. FOR, FORE-f- DAT. and INSTR 64-7O 
 
 I. = before, in the sight of, in front of, 64. — 2. expressing 
 reason or cause, 65. — 3. expressing purpose, 66. — 4. = in 
 behalf of, 67. — 5. of that in return for which something is 
 given, 67. — 6. = instead of, in the place of in B. and yElfrie, 
 68, — 7. in conjunctional phrases: a. r= because, 69. — b. 
 ^r- therefore, 69. — c. forhwv, forhwon^ 70. — d. correlative 
 phrases, 70, — 8. in time phrases, 70. 
 
 Compounds 71 
 
 Summary : A. for v?,. fore ; B. cases 72 
 
 ^T 73-78 
 
 I. ^ r -|- DAT 73-78 
 
 I. denotes location, 73. — a. with verbs of motion, 74. — b. in 
 place-names, 74. — 2, of the occasion, 74. — a. = in the matter 
 of, in regard to, 75. — b. = against, 75. — 3. in time phrases, 
 75. — 4. of the source, 76. — a. t= seca7i and wibiian, 77. — b. 
 verbs compounded with cct, 77. — 5. exceptional construc- 
 tions, 78. 
 
 II. ^T-f-ACC 78 
 
 Vita 79 
 
IN AND ON. 
 
 The prepositions z?i and on present peculiar difficulties in Ags. 
 syntax. Originally distinct in form and meaning, they became in 
 course of time so confused in meaning that in was dropped, o?i 
 being felt to have the same value. This is the state of things in 
 W. S. prose. Alfred shows m occasionally, but never with dis- 
 tinction in meaning or use between zn and on. In vol. I. of 
 ^Ifric's Homilies there is a single instance of the preposition in : 
 in ealra worulda woruld 6i8. 35, — a liturgical form, in which the 
 scribe may very well have been under the influence of the Latin. 
 
 The relation, chronological and dialectical, of in to o?i in Ags. 
 has been discussed by Miller in the Introduction to his edition of 
 Bede, pp. xxxiii-xliv. He shows that while early documents use 
 both in and o?i, with distinction of meaning, the later standard 
 prose, the W. S. of Alfred and of ALUric and Wulfstan, uses 
 almost exclusively o?i, and Mercian tends to a similar generaliza- 
 tion of in. The use of zu in the Tanner MS. of Bede, which 
 Miller holds to be the most authoritative text, is one of the argu- 
 ments employed by him to establish the Mercian character of the 
 Bede. 
 
 Of the monuments studied for this work, Bede alone (M5S. T. 
 and C.) presents abundant examples of zVz. The citations from 
 Bede are from MS. T. unless otherwise indicated. 
 
 I?i and 071 are followed by the ace, dai., and instr. cases. The 
 categories for the ace. are as a rule (except in time phrases) 
 quite distinct from those for the dat. and i7istr. The rule of 
 Latin syntax regarding the ace. and ablative cases alter in 
 holds for the ace. and dat. (or insir.~) after in and 07i in Ags, 
 But the question arises, Which are verbs of motion, and which are 
 not ? Should settan, lecgan, for instance, or sincan, besezicazi, 
 take the ace, or the dat. of place after on, in ? The answer is 
 different for different languages, for different periods or dialects 
 of the same language. The works read for this investigation 
 show a fairly regular gradation, from C. P. and O., which imply 
 the idea of motion in some verbs in which it is lost to us, through 
 the Bede, which shows uncertainty — sometimes ace. and some- 
 
times </^/- -after ceftiin' verbs, to -^Ifric, who has to a great 
 extent lost the feehng for the ace. relation, and employs the dat. 
 after a number of verbs that show only the ace. in Alfredian texts. 
 The following are the chief points to be noted: 
 
 1. gebringa7i always takes the dat. of place after 07i : 
 
 . . . wi'S 'Sone ilcan Samuel ^e hine aer on 'Saem rice gebrohte. C./^. 35. 17. 
 
 . . . "Saet mon Johannes 'Sone apostol gebrohte on Bothmose'Saem iglande, 
 on wraecsi'Se from o'Srum cristenum monnuni. O. 264. 11. 
 
 ponne pinc^ him p he sie on carcerne gebroht, o'55e on racentum. Bo. 
 186. 15. (B). 
 
 ... & him wi^ gefuhton, & gebrohton hie on fullum fleame. Chron. 
 188. 10 (abed). 
 
 and se clasne hwaste biS gebroht on Godes berne ; paet is, paet "Sa right- 
 wisan beo'5 gebrohte to pam ecan life. S. C. 526. 30. 
 
 The only two instances found in which this rule does not hold 
 are: 
 
 Da ongan he smeagan & leornigan on him selfum hu he p rice "Sam un- 
 rightwisan cyninge aferran mihte, & on ryhtgeleaffulra and on rihtwisra 
 anwald gebringan. Bo. 2. 19 (B) — on the first page of the text in Fox, which 
 also contains the only two examples of iti as preposition in Bo. Observe 
 also that the phrase is on anwald {ci. in — on-\-acc I, i. a.), which may per- 
 haps be a stereotyped form. 
 
 Se bi'5 pin eage, se'5e pe wisdom taecS, and on rihtne weg pe gebrinc'5. S. 
 C. 274. 5. 
 
 gebrmgan to is not found except in the Chronicle — 219. 9. (de.), 
 state to which — and in ^Ifric, where it occurs frequently, being 
 followed by personal pronoun (to me 62. 34.), noun of place (to 
 t5am temple 506. 10.) and noun of condition (to heofonlicum 
 geSincSum 548. 8.). 
 
 2. C. P. and O. show on + ace. of end of motion after verbs 
 which, according to our modern feeling, call rather for the dat. : 
 
 C. P. plantian 443. i, saewan 357. 17, secean 3. 11, wealwian 
 289. 6. 
 
 O. licgan (of bodies of water that extend into the land, espe- 
 cially in the Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, where in^ up iUy 
 adverbial, is commonly prefixed to on^ 17. 21, 19. 21 etc. 
 
 3. Bede shows both 171, 071 -\- ace. and 171, 07i -j- dat. after settan^ 
 gesetta7i, where C. P, (with one excQ^iion, gesetta7i 253. 16), O., 
 and Bo. show only 07i 4- ace. : 
 
 Ace. in : 
 
 "Saet Cristes msel genom & in Sone seaS sette (foveae imposuerit) 154. 26. 
 ... & swa (scl. Sone lichoman) in '5a cyste gesettaS (reponite in area) 
 376. 20. So 204. 28, 322. 34, 320. 2. 
 
071 : 
 
 forSon seo seolfe stow on ofer 'Saes streames wees geseted (super ripam 
 situs) 434. 29, So 402. 17, 130. 14, 132. 21. 
 
 Dai. in: 
 
 scSe in fyre geseted biS & beornan ne conn 82. 24. So 106. 4, 6, 232. 23, 
 4c6. 24. 
 
 ^« : 
 
 . . . Lundenceaster, on ofere geseted 'Soes foresprecenan streames (super 
 ripam posita) 104. 16. So 322. 7, 360. 28, 342. 27, 
 
 y^l/ric shows on ■\- ace. after hy hi sett an (see 5), otherwise on -j- 
 dat.: S. C. 50. 21, 74. 32, 476. 26. One exception is noted in S. 
 C, settan on -j- <3!<:^., of person, and after predicate of hostile feehng: 
 
 Eac Sone rihtwisan Jacobum hi ascufon of Soem temple, and acwealdon, 
 and ehtwysse on Sa o5re apostolas setton 402. 18. 
 
 4. j^lfj'ic uses 071 + dat. (only, or interchanging with on -\- 
 acc.^ after a number of verbs which in earlier monuments take 
 regularly 07i -j- ace. : 
 
 cuTuan : 
 
 Da^a he (i. e. Pharao) com on middan daere sx, pa wses pcet Codes folc 
 up-agan. S. C. 312. 4. So 134. 14, 144. 10, yE. Gr. 3. 7. The same rarely 
 in Orosius : 150. 13, 282. 29. Cu?/ian on-\-acc. rarely : on middangeard S. C. 
 32. 30. 
 
 feallan : 
 
 se bi'5 untrum, se'Se on leahtrum fylS, S. C. 240. 10. So 22. 35. C. P. 
 shows three times afeallan on-\- dat. of state into which (on scyldum 21. 13, 
 437' 3) 01^ synne 123. 12) but feallan, gefeallan, befeallan only with ace. 
 after on. 
 
 befealla7i (exceptional; on-^acc. is the regular construction 
 after this verb for yElfric as for Alfred ; cf. in — on -\- ace. I. i. a.) : 
 
 we sceolon carfullice hogian, gif we a-war, purh deofies syrwunge, on 
 twam frecednyssum samod befealla'5, pa^t we symle cione maran gylt 
 forfleon purh utfaere paes laessan. S. C. 484. 7. So ^. Gr. 220. 11,15, 121. 8. 
 
 onfon : 
 
 Min cild, Maxime, gehelji min ; onfoh me on Sinum geleafan ; naes ic 'Se 
 derigende on aenigum Singum. S. C. 414. 15. 
 
 /Elfric shows on-\- ace. once after this verb — on hyre innoxS S. C. 200. 28. 
 
 Bede shows both i]i-\-aec. and in -{-dat. after this verb, with no discern- 
 ible difference in meaning : in-{-acc. 164. 25 (in onwald), 284. 23, 300. 28, 
 344. 33; in -\- dat. 372. ^Z^ 406. 15, 432. 12 ; on-\- ace. only in the phrase on 
 anweald 120. 3, 4, 124. 12. 
 
ageotan : 
 
 for'San pe Godes lufu is agoten on urum heortum purh Sone Halgan Gast, 
 se^e us is forgifen S. C. 554. 28. 
 
 Bede shows in-\- dat. diittr geotan: . . . "Sses floras, in Saem '5act waeter his 
 bana "Sweales goten waes 184. 16. But C. P. and O. show only on ■\- ace. 
 after geotan {ageotan does not appear): C. P. 283. 6, 373. 15, 16, 459, 14; 
 O. 258. 16. 
 
 ahebba7i : 
 
 Ne com he no to "Sy paet he waere on maerlicum cynesette ahafen, ac paet 
 he waere mid hospe on rode hengene genseglod. S, C. 82. 24. So 550. 8, 
 596. 20. C. P. shows only on-\- ace: 245. 16, 423. 7. 
 
 hreosa?i : 
 
 Hire beam on deaSe hreosa^. S. C. 410. 13. C. P. on -\- ace: 457. 9. 
 
 (^ge)lecga7i : 
 
 Se ^Imihtiga Godes Sunu, Se heofenas befon ne mihte, waes geled on 
 nearuwre binne. S. C. 34. 31. So 30. 13, 86. 24, 584. i6. 
 C. P. on-^- ace. only : 219. 5, 343. 20, 21. 
 
 sceofan : 
 
 Hwaet 'Sa, Egeas hine gebealh, and het sceofan pone apostol on sweartum 
 cwearterne. S. C. 590. 34. So asceofati : 564. 8. 
 
 besejican : 
 
 He mihte mid anum worde besencan Sone deofol on paere deopan ny wel- 
 nysse. S. C. 174. 24. So 28. 14, 328. 21, 330. 26, 514. 18. 
 
 C. P. has on-\- ace. 233. 18 ; O. 172. 10, undetermined. O. shows only 
 on-\-acc. after besincan: 88. 14, 152. 10, 160. 30, etc. 
 
 Bede has in -j- ace. 90. 27 ; m -\- dat. 150. 17. 
 
 yElfric shows on-\- ace. once : on forwyrd. S. C. 256. 20. 
 
 {ge)settan : see 3. 
 
 aweorpan : (exceptional ; on -(- ace. the usual construction in 
 ^Ifric: on weallendne ele 574. 9, on 5a yttran Seostru 130. 32, 
 132. 8, 530. 21 ; or into + dat.^\ 
 
 Socrates, setJe ealle his ashta behwyrfde wi^ anum gyldenum wecge, and 
 sytS'San awearp Sone wecg on vvidre S3e,)iaet seo gitsung 'Saere aehta his willan 
 ne hremde. S. C. 394. 13. 
 
 weorpan in C. P. and beweorpan in O. {aweorpan does not appear) admit 
 only the ace. after on : C. P. 71. 22, 339. 14 ; O. 76. 32. 
 
 Bede shows weorpan /«, t?;/, -j- «<:<:.: Da genom se engel sona '5one mon ; 
 wearp eft in "Saet fyr 216, 2. So 416. 25, 33. 
 
 'Sa gegreopon ^a unclaenan gastas asnne of '5am monnum ... & wurpon 
 swa beornende on hine 214. 32. 
 
From 2, 3, and 4, it appears that the feeling for the value of the 
 accusative after on, in with verbs of motion, stronq^ in C. P. and 
 O,, unimpaired in Bo.^ is much confused in the language of the 
 Bcde with that of on, in, -\- dat., and has in /Elfric to a great 
 extent fallen out of use. The whole number of instances in the 
 first volume of yElfric's Homilies is 49, the number of the verbs 
 that take the construction is 23; of this 49, five nouns cover 17 
 instances, and three verbs — becuman (4), asendan (6), befeallan 
 (7), afford 17 instances. It seems not improbable that on-\- ace. 
 is retained from older usage for archaic or religious value in some 
 phrases, as modern English retains many antiquated phrases for 
 the same purpose. So in speaking of Christ's conception, 07i 
 inno"^ {07if on, becuman) is a fixed phrase : 6". C. 194. 8, 200. 19, 23, 
 28; I'aes heofonlican ^(5elinges to-cyme on hire innocS. 460. 6. 
 Befeallan, followed by 07i -\- ace. of moral condition or future 
 state, occurs 8 times, by on •\- dat. in the same sense once ; the 
 ace. is here perhaps a relic of an earlier religious style. 
 
 C. P., O., and Bo. show, outside oi gebrijigan, very few cases 
 of 07i-\-dat. of end of motion. C. P.: gedufa7i (on scyldum) 
 439. 8, 437. 33 ; gecu7na7i (on Saere eorSan) 133. 2 ; afeallan 21. 13, 
 123. 12, 437. 3. O.: cn77ian (on faerelte) 150. 13, (on his hierede) 
 282. 29; feolan (on fleame) 186. 25. Bo.', geeuman (on aelcre 
 aedre) 152. i. 
 
 5. A number of verbs meaning to believe (in), rejoice (in), trust 
 (in), take sometimes the ace, sometimes the dat., after ^>^ or 07i', 
 and some of them take also the dat. or the ge7i. without preposi- 
 tion, of that believed or trusted in. These verbs are: 
 
 gelyfa7i : takes 071 -\- ace., on -|- dat., ge7i., and dat. 
 
 on -f- ace. : 
 
 . . . 'Saem . . . 'Se wel on hine gelifden under lyfte. C. P. 467. 30, 
 
 . . . "Sa "Se on Crist gelyfdon (in Christum credentes). B. 46. 30 (Ca.) 
 
 Sume hi gelyfdon on (Sa suiinan, surae on 5one monan, sume on fyr, and 
 on manega o5re gesceafta. S. C. 366. 28. 
 
 on •\- dat. : 
 
 pu iElmihtiga God, on ^am ^e Abraham gelyfde, and Isaac, and Jacob. 
 ^S*. C. 464. 30 is the only instance found. Bede shows once geleafan hab- 
 ban in-\-dat. : ^aet he in Sissum haefde faestne geleafan & onwalhne (in hoc 
 habere fidem, i. e. in Oswald's relic). B. 192. 12. 
 
 gen. : 
 
 peah his (i. e. this doctrine) dysige men ne gelefen. Bo. 196. 29. 
 for'San '5e hi noldon aet fruman gelyfan his aeristes of deaSe, tJa'JSa hit him 
 egcydd waes. S, C. 300. 25. 
 
dat. : 
 
 Hwaet ya. menn "Se pysum leasungum gelefdon, 'Seah wisston paet his mid 
 pam drycrsefte ne mihtcSara tnanna Modon wendan. Bo. 196. 8 (B).* And 
 heo (i. e. Maria) his (i. e. Gabrieles) wordum gelyfde, and swa mid pam 
 cilde wears. S. C, 460. 6. 
 
 In ^Ifric (who alone furnishes a sufficient number of examples 
 to render generalization safe) there are three distinct constructions 
 with gelyfan (cf. Wiilfing, §§ 14, 72. b and 103) : 
 
 on ■\- ace. of the divinity, the object of religious worship: 
 
 On God S. C. 62. 18, 54. 8, 26. 18, on "Sone so'San God 70. 32, on "Sa Hal- 
 gan Drynnysse and on so^S Annysse 134. 4, 292. 20, on me igo. 26, on deade 
 entas 366. 21, etc. (on ^am 464. 30 is the only exception). 
 
 dat. of the utterance to which credence is given : 
 
 his wordum 24. 26, 460. 6, pam wordum 202. 22, minum wordum 202. 6, 
 his behatum 224. 21. 
 
 gen. of the fact, the point of faith : 
 
 his aeristes 300. 25, Cristes aeristes 222. 2, his ( i. e. the miracle) 190. 23. 
 
 gefeon : 
 on -\- aee. : 
 
 Ic eom sui'Se gefeonde on Dryhten, t5aette ... C. P. 207. 18 (Hatt.). 
 Da wundredon ealle menn & on daet gefegon, hwylc wundor Saer haelo 
 purh Drihtnes gife aeteawde & geworden waes (gaudentibus only) B . 272. 3. 
 
 in^ on -f- dat. : 
 
 swa hit nu swi'Sur gefth'S on his synnum C. P. 417. 2. 
 
 Ic eom sui'Se gefeonde on Dryhtne C. P. 206, 18 (Cott.). 
 
 in 'Saes Drihtnes 'Saem ecean rice gefeo'S eal eor'Se (in cuius regno perpetuo 
 exultet terra) B. 480. 17 (C). & hie in '5aem (i. e. the miracle of heal- 
 ing) ealle blissedon & gefegon (congaudentibus £>«/;/) B. 380. 20. 
 
 gen. : 
 
 & (scl. hie) his gefsegene waerum Chron. 148. 9 (abcde). 
 
 & hie ^aes (ac. ; his b.) gefaegene waerun Chron. 126. i (abc). 
 /(Tgnian takes regularly the ge^i. in Bo. ; xvi. 4 (B), 40. 18, 58. 9 (B), 
 68. 16, — and ^^;-r. or on -^ dat. in Ailfric : his tocymes S. C. 560. 33, mines 
 for'Ssi'Ses 88. 2; on "Sam wyrstan Singum 40S. 4, on his gesundfulnysse 
 584. 6. 
 
 From the instances oi gefeon 07i-\-acc. given above — the only 
 two found, and one of these represented by on -^ dat. in another 
 MS. — it is evident that the construction is exceptional. 
 
 * Mo don wendan in Fox. Read Mod onwendati. 
 
getreoivimi : 
 in, on -\-acc,\ 
 
 Osweo se cyning mid AlhfriiSe his sunu — woes getreowende in Cristes 
 fultum — mid medmicle weorode him togegnes cwom (Christo duce confisus) 
 B. 236. 5. So : in godcundne fultom (in divinum . . . auxilium) B. 118. 7. 
 
 ic getreowige on "Sine geornfulnesse B. 2. 5 (Ca). So: on godcundne 
 fultum (in divinum . . . auxilium) B. 48. 22 (Ca.). 
 
 on -\- daf. : 
 
 Nella'5 ge getruwian on ealdormannum, ne on manna bearnum, on Sam nis 
 nan hael S. C. 410. 16. 
 
 More often the simple verb trtnvian in TElfric : Ne truwige nan man be 
 aslmesdaedum o'SSe on gebedum, buton cSaere foresajdan lufe S. C. 54. 12. 
 So: on (Sinum gold-hordum 424. 27. 
 
 C, P. shows fortruwian (on craeftum) once, 463. 7. 
 
 From the examples it appears that Bede uses the ace, ^Ifric 
 the dat., after the preposition with {ge)treowian. 
 
 wynsu77iian : 
 
 in -\- ace. : 
 
 ond ealra heora heortan & lichoman wj'nsumedon in ^one lifgendan 
 God (exultaverunt in deum vivum). B. 304. 4. 
 No other construction observed with wyiisu77iian. 
 
 hiht habba7i : 
 
 on + ace. : 
 
 spent in ahum ftiimqiiam Jiabui, prcEter hi ie, dcus Israel, naefde ic 
 naenne hiht on o'Serne naefre, buton on 'Se, Israhela god. ^. Gr. 270. 11, 
 
 hiht besettan : 
 on -\- ace. : 
 
 peah-hwaeSere ne sceole we urne hiht on laece-wyrtum besettan, ac on 
 'Sone A^lmihtigan Scyppend, ye '5am wyrtum ^one craeft forgeaf. S. C. 476. 7. 
 
 Mid pam is geswutelod pact cristene men ne sceolon heora hiht besettan 
 on woroldlice gestreon, ac on Gode anum. S. C. 326. 30. So : on his 
 goldhord 326. 31. 
 
 on -f- da/. : 
 
 Examples just given, S. C. 326. 30, 476. 7. Ic taehte '5am rican, paet hi ne 
 onhofon hi, ne heora hiht on leasum welan ne besetton, ac on Gode anum. 
 S. C. 378, 19. So : on '5am eor'Slicum welan 204. 10. on pissum life 174. 14. 
 
 hiht besettan is evidently very uncertain of its regimen. ^Ifric 
 hesitates, apparently, between on -\- ace. after the analogy of 
 gelyfan, and his general tendency to use the dat. for older ace. 
 after on. 
 
8 
 
 Several other verbs meaning to delight (in) and the like take 
 in, 07i-\-dat. or i7istr., but do not appear with 07t-\-acc. These 
 are : bli^sian or blissian^ efenblissian, ceahhetaii, gladian, gelust- 
 /ullian, wuldrian, 
 
 bli^sian, blissian : 
 
 he sceal . . . blissian on '5aem ecum gefean C. P. 395. 22. 
 
 BliSsa, cniht, on 'Sinum giogu'Shade C, F. 385. 33. 
 
 Ond he blissade in "Son, "Saet he o^ b'aet in lichoman gehealden vvses, o'S 
 "Saet he geseah . . . 7^.474. 17 (C). So: on ^on B. 426. 33. Ic geseah 
 . . . 'Sa awyrigedan sceoccan blissigende on eowerum forwyrde S. C. 68.1. 
 So : on Gode S. C. 422. 19, on ofer-aete 530. 32, on his weldasduni 562. 6, on 
 yfeldaedum 408. 4, on "Sam behate 74. 20, on heora aeg'Srum (i. e. Paule and 
 Stephane) 52. 8. 
 
 ge7i. : 
 
 Ic wat past Sis ludeisce folc micclum blissigan wile mines deaSes S. C^ 
 86. 32. 
 
 efe7iblissia7i : 
 
 efenblissiendre Breotone in his (i. e. Cristas) geleafan (congratuiaute in 
 fideeius) B. 480. 18 (C). 
 
 ceahhetan : 
 
 pa geseao ic mgenigo para wergra gasta v. manna saula grornende & 
 heofende teon & lasdan on midde pa peostra, & heo on "Son swi'Se blissedorv 
 & ceahheton. B. 426. 33. 
 
 gladian : 
 
 paer nis Paulus gescynd purh Stephane siege, ac Stephanas glada'S on 
 Paules geferrgedene. S. C. 52. 8. So : on offrunge ure heortan 584. 18. 
 
 gelustfullia7i : 
 
 pis meeden Se inne laeg on dea'Se geswefod, getacnaS paere synfullan 
 sawle deaS, 'Se gelustfulla'S on yfelum lustum digellice. S. C. 496. 13. 
 
 wuldria7i : 
 
 Ne scealt Su on Se silfum wuldrian, ac, swa swa se apostol cwae'S, '* Se 
 'Se wuldrige wuldrige on Gode." S. C. 578. 17. 
 
 On-\-dat. with these verbs falls properly under iTi^ 07i-\-dat, 
 I. I. c. Oti -\- ace. is the predominating construction with 
 gelyfa7i, only occasionally represented with other verbs ; that it 
 is due to the Latin cannot be proved, nor does there seem to be 
 any good reason for making such an hypothesis. 
 
 6. yElfric in the G7'a77i77iar ^hows uncertainty between ace. and 
 dat. after 07i in describing inflections. Words are said to termi- 
 nate (befeallan, wendan, awendan, gebigan, all regular according 
 
to illy on-\-acc. I. 6; but also macian (ablalivum, etc.), geendian, 
 beon) on sceorhie, langne e, a, etc. 
 
 pas geendja^ on sceortne iis : hand sectis na elles, ccelitus heofonlice JE. 
 Gr. 239. 6. Ill el prodiictam on langne el synd agene naman masculini 
 38. 13, etc. 
 
 But the regular construction with the dat. also appears, without 
 apparent difference of meaning : 
 
 Seo 'Sridde geendung ys on scortne e. on ISaere geendjaS manega naman 
 34. 10. '5as (i. e. certain letters of the alphabet, in the pronunciation of 
 their names) ongynna'5 of him sylfum and geendja'S on Sam clypjendlicum 
 stafuni 6. 9, etc. 
 
 The irregular ace. here is due to the Latin ; it appears only in 
 the phrases on sceortne <?, etc., on laiigne <?, etc. 
 
 7. When the preposition does not immediately precede its case, 
 the dat. is used instead of the ace. 
 
 Only the personal and relative pronouns appear in this con- 
 struction. The preposition is sometimes prefixed to the verb, 
 making a compound, sometimes follows the verb ; in either case 
 the prepositional value of the particle is impaired, so that the dat. 
 should perhaps be considered a dat. of interest rather than under 
 the regimen of the particle as preposition. Cf in Latin syntax 
 "verbs compounded with certain prepositions " and followed by 
 the dat. The dat. is here considered to be under the regimen of 
 the preposition, because of its exact correspondence in value to 
 the ace. after the preposition. 
 
 C. P. 
 
 ^onne him se wi'Serwearda gtes'5 on becom, 183. 24. gif he ne ongiet 
 hu monega costunga "Saes lytegan feondes him on fealla'5, 161. 18. 
 Further: 105. 15, 113. i, 129. 21. 
 
 o, 
 
 '5a becom him Antigones mid firde on, 146. 25. 
 
 & 'Ssem o^rum, Gallienuse, waeron monog folc onwinnende 274. 27 (only 
 instance noted in O. that is not rel. or pers. pronoun). 
 
 Further: him 21. 15, 30. 5, 88. 20, 112, 23, 164. 15, 21, 188. 15, 240. 28, 
 268. 8, 10, 12; hiere 174. 10. 
 
 on bestelan, however, takes ace, apparently as direct object of the com- 
 pound verb : & Sa nihtes on ungearwe hi on bestasl (ex improviso adgredi) 
 47. 34. So: 92. I. 
 
 Bo. 
 
 ya. ongan se catulus him spiegettan on. 96. 6. 
 
lO 
 
 Further: him 36. 29 (B), 210. ii; me 76. 15, 14; Se (personal) 16. 26 
 (B), 22. is(B). 
 
 Chron. shows only "^cBVon (feohtan 194. 30. (a).) and on adver- 
 bial (feohtan 194. 26 (a).). 
 
 Ailf^'iCy only three instances observed, all with the verb 
 ablawaw. him 07i ableow S. C. 12. 29, 16. 13, 370. 6. 
 
 Bede is here, as elsewhere, at variance with the other texts. 
 The dat. (him) is noted three times : 
 
 Da se cyning him on beseah (rex intuens eum) 228. 16. 
 
 Da fliton him on 'Sa wergan gastas (no Latin) 212. 15. 
 
 Feaht him on & wonn Penda se cyning (impugnatus) 192. 3 ; 
 
 but more commonly the ace. appears: 
 
 ^anon ^e hi sciphere on becom (barbarorum inruptis timebatur) 46. 7. 
 (Ca). 
 
 gif he his honda hiene onsette & hiene bletsian wolde (ei manum im- 
 ponere) 396. 25. 
 
 "Seah c>e his feond hine onsette o'Ser benda cyn ond eft o'Ser (ei . . . 
 imponerent) 328. 31, 
 
 teah hine ^a ferd on (no Lat.) 92. 15. 
 
 Da teah Penda hine fyrd on & here (bello petitus) 168. 20. 
 
 Da ongunnan twa 'Seoda Pyhtas nor'San & Scottas westan hi onwinnan 
 (very loose from the Latin) 44. 9. (Ca). 
 
 . . . t?ara Singa '5e hine mon forevvregde & onstaslde (no Lat.) 458. 28 (O.). 
 
 From the Latin rendered in these instances it is evident that 
 the Ags. owes neither the construction with the dat. nor that with 
 the ace. to the Latin of Bede; nor does the distinction between 
 dat. and ace. depend on the position of on before or after the 
 the verb (him on beseah, fliton him on: hine onsette, teah hine 
 . . . on). The poetry shows the same irregularity : Gif monna 
 hwelc mundum sinum Aldre beneoteS, hine on cyme's ^fter 
 ]>aere synne seofonfeald wracn. Gen. 1041. Hine (i. e. Cain) 
 waldend on, Tirfaest metod, tacen sette. Gen. 1043. Gif "Se 
 senig eorSbuendra Mid wean greteS, ic hine wergSo on Mine sette 
 & modhete, Longsumne ni5. Ge7i. 1755. He ... in gefor ])a 
 aenlican geatu Neorxnawonges mid nerigende. Gr.-Wlkr. H, 
 254 (" Vom Jiingsten Tage," I. 63). But also the normal con- 
 struction: pa (5u, militig god, man geworhtest, & him on dydest 
 oruth & sawul. Gr. Wlkr. H. 244 (" Gloria " 1. 55). 
 
 Ingaji takes obj. ace. of place entered, B. 442. 22 ; but the 
 preposition is commonly repeated after in{ji)gan, and regularly 
 after other /;2-compounds when the place entered is expressed. 
 
II 
 
 In other words, m has not prepositional (case-connecting) value 
 except when it immediately precedes the case. 
 
 The relative particle \^e and the pronominal adverb p^r are of 
 frequent occurrence with this inversion of the preposition, but 
 prove nothing with regard to case. 
 
 a. The verb fofi requires separate consideration. Fo7i, to 
 grasp, lay hold (on), takes ^?2 + «^<:. of that grasped; but 07ifo7i 
 to receive takes more often the ge7i. (like onbyriaTi, etc.) than 
 the dat., and not infrequently the ace, of that received. 
 
 Bo. 
 
 pa bead he ealle his aehta wi(5 his feore ; pa nolde se cyning paes onfon 
 104. 21 (B.). 
 
 So: hiora 232. 21, [6'sere B.] lare 232. 22 — 2\\gett, 
 
 B, With daL : 
 
 to onfonne Saem halgan geryne 86. 13, 84. 18; "Saem biscopscSle (sedem 
 accepit) 90. 13; ^am biscophade 16. 30 (Ca). 
 
 with acc. : 
 
 & ic onfeng gewit mines modes (recepi sensum) 186. 11 ; and very often 
 in MS. Ca. : geleafan 4. 3, biscopsetl 10. 9, biscophad 466. 4, Sa steore 
 . . . NorSanhymbra rices 472. i, his reliquias 8. 20, unrihtlice lare 6. 24, 
 micelne dael Breotene 6. 14. 
 
 The case of rice, occurring not infrequently, is not determinable. No 
 instances of onfon -\- gen. observed in Bede. 
 
 Chron. With dai. : 
 munuchade 68. 8 (abcde) ; fuhvihte i. 13 (a), biscopdome 50. 4 (a). 
 
 with £^e7Z. : 
 
 rices 94. 8 (abc) ; his 46. 4 (abce), 46. 17 (be) ; bisceopdomes 50. 4 (be). 
 
 with acc. : 
 
 pallium 90. 2 (abc), 76. 12 (abcdef) ; hine 46. 17 (ae) ; geleafan & ful- 
 wihtes baee) 36. 31 (be). 
 
 j^lfric. With ge7i. : 
 ^aera hlafa S. C. 450. 3 ; Sass drences 72. 17 ; paes wynsuman waetan 510. 2. 
 
 with acc. : 
 
 Haligne Gast 6". C. 232. -9, 370. 6; 'Sone ecan e^el 510. 17. 
 
 ^?^/'^;^+^^;^. appears from this to be the preferred construc- 
 tion in W. S., but not in Bede. The uncertainty between ge7u 
 and dat. is perhaps due to the fact that the 07i oi 07ifo7i " receive " 
 is not really the preposition, i. e. that 07ifo7i is not the inversion 
 
12 
 
 oi fon on, but an inseparable compound, regularly followed by 
 the^(??z. like 07ibyrian (see Sweet's Reader, 6th edition, p. Ixxxi), 
 and that this verb is then confused with the proper inversion of 
 /on 071, which takes the dat, like on wi7i7ia7i, etc. 
 
 For further variant or uncertain usage of ace. and dat. after 
 071, in, see below, in, on -\- ace. I. 5 and in, 07i in time-phrases. 
 
 IN, ON, W^ITH THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 
 
 I. Of place, after verbs of motion. 
 
 I. in, on + ace. of that which receives, contains: 
 
 he laedde '5a allSeodgan aerenddracan on his ma^mhus. C. P. 39. 3. 
 
 Seo cwen het Sa 'Saem cyninge "Saet heafod of aceorfan, & beweorpan on 
 anne cylle. O. 76. 32. 
 
 Ac peah hi seldum hwonne beswemde weor'Sen, 'Sonne sleaS hi eft on Sa 
 solu & bewealwia'S hi ^seran. Bo. 192. 29, 
 
 & (scl. hi) sume on fleame (ae. ; fleam be.) bedrifon on "Sone wudu '5e is 
 genemned Andredes leage. Chron. 22. 39 (abce). 
 
 This construction is comparatively rare in ^Ifj'ic, being re- 
 placed partly by to, into, and partly by on -f- dat. — see pp. 3-5. 
 It occurs only after beciimayi, ga7i (on h^^nd), genima7i,asendan, 
 besetta7i, stiga7i — eleven times m S. C. 
 
 Bede affords very few instances of on in this sense ; i7i is the 
 regular use, as in modern English. 
 
 on\ 
 
 "Saet hie woldon his ban on niwe cyste gedon (in novo recondita) 374. 22, 
 code inn on 'Sis hus to me twegen geonge men (intraverunt domum banc) 
 438. 21. 
 
 in'. 
 
 swa eode he in scip & ferde to Breotone 256. 24. 
 
 ... in Sone cafertun eode "Saes huses 186. 5. 
 
 for'Son in 'Sone forecwedenan portic ma ne meahte 106. 5. 
 
 MSS. (a) and (e) of the Chro7iicle s\\o\^ in in this sense: 
 
 Her comon Westseaxe in Bretsene ... in 'Sa stowe Se is gecueden 
 Cerdices ora 26. 12 (ae). — (bef) have on. 
 
 Names of countries, islands, bodies of water, etc., are commonly 
 thus construed in the ace. after i7i, 071, with verbs of motion. 
 
 Most of the cases of i7i -j- ace. in Orosius (see p. 46) are before 
 proper names of countries. 
 
 MS. (a) of the Chro7i. here again shows i7i twice where other 
 MSS. have 071 : 32. 20, 36. 17. 
 
13 
 
 Bede shows in here, hardly ever on. 
 
 Names of towns in this construction are rare, and occur only 
 where the notion of containing is plain : 
 
 . . . aefter feovvertene dagum, 'Ses '?!e he in Someburh cuom B. 422. 4. 
 Da cwom he Theodor biscop to his cirican in Cantwara burg B. 258. i. 
 
 To is the preposition commonly used before names of towns 
 after verbs of motion. But before stowe, stede ; fcssten, bnrg (=z 
 stronghold), mynster^ etc., both on {iii) and to are of frequent 
 occurrence, with distinction of meaning. 
 
 a. The same construction may of course be used in a secondary 
 — figurative or non-physical — sense : 
 
 fortJamSe seo lar hwaethwegnunges eode on his andgit. Bo. xii. 17 (B). 
 God onsende in Sara bro'Sra mod 'Saet heo. . . . B . 374. 19. 
 Sa (i. e. these teachings) '5u tognsdre gesomna, & on OngoltSeode mod in 
 gewunan asete (apud Anglorum mentes) B. 66. 27. Also with on 292. 20, 24. 
 <Na beam him on mod his gebro'Sra gemynd. S. C. 332. 28. 
 
 Very often of the state, condition, circumstances entered into: 
 
 'Saet hie weor'Sa'S besencte on Sa ealdan unryhtwisnesse ISaes lytegan 
 fiondes. C. P. 233. 18. 
 
 ^aet hi befealla'S on idelgielp. C. P. 457, 20. 
 
 he waes on swa micle ofermetto astigen, "Saet he . . . 6>. 264. 8. 
 
 jni spaenst me on 'Sa maestan spraece & on ^a earfoSestan to gereccanne. 
 Bo. 216. 15. 
 
 . . . waeron heo begen of munuchade in biscophad gecorene. B. 300. 9. 
 
 Bede shows on here only in the phrases on aniveald, on hand, 
 see below ; otherwise zVz. 
 
 on his stall Bryhtwald aercebiscop gehalgode Aldwulf to biscope. Chroii. 
 75. 6. (de). 
 
 Her forSferde Fri'Sestanu^ b. Wentanus ; & Byrnstanus weariS geblet- 
 sode on his loh. Chron. 201. 9. (f). 
 
 So frequently in MSS. (def) of the Chronicle, but not in the 
 better MSS. (abc). On loh is peculiar to (f). 
 
 and pa '5e fyliga'5 jiaere gytsunge, ... hi befeallaS on mislice costnunga 
 and derigendlice lustas, Se hi besencaS on forwyrd. S. C. 256. 20. 
 
 on aniveald, on geiveald-:=i into the power of, under the control 
 of, are fixed phrases in historical writing : 
 
 on geweald — commonly with poss. pronoun: 
 
 Chron. onfon 108, 8. (abc), begietan 192. 4. (bed). 
 
 O. gedon 118. 27, underfon 122. 3, belytec^ian 112. 26, genie- 
 dan 196. 26, 122. 33, 82. 17, 70. 31, 28. 29, be^ridian 112. 28. 
 
14 
 
 on a7izvald — commonly with dat. of interest : 
 
 O. gedon 52. 28, 62. 3, gesellan 54. 11. 
 
 B. onfon 120. 3, 4, 124. 12; in anwald 164. 25. 
 
 on hand gan, sellan •=. surrender, transitive and intransitive 
 resp. The phrase is common in (9., B.^ Chron, and yElfric. 
 Bede shows here only on, not i7i. 
 
 Similarly the receiving, surrounding body, the including num- 
 ber are construed in the ace. after i7i, on : 
 
 ^Ic treow mon sceal . . . weorpan on fyr, & forbaernan. C. P. 339. 14. 
 
 & (scl. Nilus) Sonne besince eft on 'Saet sand. O. 12. 22. 
 
 gif jm nu haefde micel gold on pe, & jm ponne become on jnofscole, ]»onne 
 ne wendes pu , . . Bo. 46. 26. 
 
 "Sa tugon heo hine nydinga of 5am mynstre & Iseddon on Sone here B. 
 208. 23. 
 
 & 'Saette he for'Son in 'Sa fyrd cwome, ^aet he ... ^. 326. 17. 
 
 Some nouns derived from verbs of motion take a complemen- 
 tary phrase in this construction; cyme, for, npasiignes etc. 
 
 Bede uses in {on) -j- ace. of that taught after {ge^h^ran, tyn^ 
 apparently with the feeling that the pupil is introduced into the 
 subject : 
 
 "Saet he raoste heo gelaeran in Sa gerynu "Saes cristnan geleafan. (fidei 
 Christianse sacramentis inbui). 308. 21. 
 
 Waes Raedwald ... in Cent gelaered in ^a gerynu Cristes geleafan (sac- 
 ramentis Christianae fidei imbutus est) 140. 31. 
 
 & heo betweoh halige bee & ciriclicne 'Seodscipe in metercrseft & in tun- 
 golcraeft & in grammaticraeft tydon & laerdon. (metricae artis, astronomiae 
 et arithmeticas ecclesiasticas disciplinam inter sacrorum apicum volumina 
 suis auditoribus contraderent.) 258. 14. 
 
 wa;s se blaca Heawald hwe'Sere mas in wisdom haligra gewrita getyd. 
 (sacrarum litterarum erat scientia institutus) 414. 24. 
 
 & Scottas lasrdon geonge & ealde on regollicne Seodscipe (inbuebantur 
 praeceptoribus Scottis paruuli Anglorum una cum maioribus studiis et 
 obseruatione disciplinae regularis). 158. 30. (O.) 
 
 The regular W. S. for this is on ■\- dat. (see in, 07i, -\- dat. I. 7.) 
 which Bede also uses. That the ace. here is not due to the Latin 
 is evident from the Latin correspondences. 
 
 2. The object, surface, on or upon which, after verbs of motion, 
 is put in the ace. after on. 
 
 In does not occur in this sense ; — & sona in baed gefeol, & 
 grymme sar ongon cSrowian B. 438. 4. was doubtless a case of 
 " into" rather than '* on" to the translator. 
 
 ... '5a lac . . . "Se mon on '5aet weobud legde C. F. 219. 5. 
 
15 
 
 Oft eac gebyreS <Saette tvvegen untSeawas hreosaS on aenne man. C. P. 
 
 457- 9- 
 
 For ^aere daede wearS Agustus swa sarig "Saet he oft unwitende slog mid 
 his heafde on Sone wag, 'Sonne he on his sette saet. O. 250. 12. 
 
 for'San "Se he (i. e. se Wendelsae) brycS swiSor on <Sone su'Sdael Sonne he 
 do on tSone nor'Sdael O. 24. 27. 
 
 "Su setstus on "Saet sett "Sines sceoppendes. Bo, 24. 2 (B). 
 
 swa swa sio nafu biS symle swa gesund, hnaeppen pa felga on paet pe hi 
 hn<xppen Bo. 222. 27. 
 
 & (scl. he) on his hors hleop & rad Sider he aer mynte (ascendit equuni) B. 
 178. 34. 
 
 for'Son seo seolfe stowe on ofer "Saes streames waes gesetted (super ripani) 
 B. 434. 29. 
 
 On "Sa ea hi tugon up hiora scipu oS "oone weald. Chron. 162. 36. 
 (abcdef ). 
 
 ac hira (scl. scipa) Saer tu sae on lond wearp. Chron. 176, 42. (abed). 
 
 God -(^Imihtig cwy'S, Ne ascytt Sennacherib flan into "Saere byrig Hieru- 
 salem, ne mid his scylde hi ne gewylt ; ac ic geslea asnne wriSan on his 
 nosu, and asnne bridel on his weleras, and ic hine gelaede ongean to his 
 leode S. C. 568. 33. 
 
 This construction is comparatively rare outside of C. P. and B. 
 Upon is preferred (see p. 47). But one application of it is very 
 common, viz.: 
 
 a. Verbs of motion with hostile intent are followed by on -f- aci\ 
 of the person against whom the action is directed ('mod. Engl. 
 upon) : 
 
 . . . Saem "Se ealing gadera^ an hine selfne ^aet hefige fenn. C. P. 
 329. 17. 
 
 "Sonne bestiTS sio slaewS on us. C. P. 283. 3. 
 
 & on Ahtene ungearwe becoman, & hie gefliemdon. O. 98. 15. 
 
 & woldon 'Sa faran on hergoS on 'Saet Cristene folc. Chron. 234. 14. (c). 
 
 So regularly in O. and Chron. of the persons or people who 
 are the object of a military expedition ; at^ter cicman, becnman, 
 faran, onfaran^fird ^elcedan, utrcBsan, bestelan, wendan. 
 
 Bede shows on here, never in ; although of the five examples 
 noted, four translate Latin in. 
 
 (scl. he) in municep Saere byrig on ungearone "Sone Osric mid his fyrd 
 becwom. (Osricum . . . erumpens subito cum suis omnibus inparatum . . . 
 delevit.) B. 152. 23. 
 
 he raesde on Sone cyning (inipetum fecit in regem.) B. 122. iS. 
 
 y^lfric makes no distinction with regard to the purpose of the 
 motion ; but uses 071 -f- ace. of that " upon which," chiefly of per- 
 sons : 
 
 and (scl. hi) ehtnysse on "Sa o^re apostolas setton. S. C. 402. 18. 
 
i6 
 
 se Halga Gast cymS ufen on 5e, and miht Saes hyhstan ofersceadewa^ 'Se. 
 S. C. 198. 30. 
 
 The verbs winjian (C P. 129. 8), iersian (C P. 189. 8) ; feoh- 
 ian, hergian, wimia?i, (O.'); wiiinan {^Bo. 74. 34 (^B).')', feohtan 
 (B. 124. \6)\feohtan^ herian, geherian, {Chro7t.) \ andian {^If. 
 Gr. 249. 13), take on -\- ace. of person, people or place attacked, 
 or person who is the object of anger : 
 
 "Sonne he on o5er folc winnan sceal. C. P. 129. 8. 
 
 "Sa gesawan hie Romana serendracan on hie feohtende mid ^aem burgwa- 
 rum. O. 92. 10. 
 
 he waes feohtende wi'5 SciSSie, on ane burh, & 'Saer wear's ofscoten. O. 
 30. 12. 
 
 ^a Cwenas hergia^ hwilum on ^a Nor'Smen ofer Sone mor, hwilum "Sa 
 NorSmen on hy. O. 19. 24. 
 
 & sona Saes ^e he on heo feaht, wseron him ealle his fynd gecySede, pa 
 ^e aer ymb his feorh syredon (venit adversus gentem Occ. Saxonum). 
 
 B. 124. 10. 
 
 & oft hergade on Peohtas & on Straecled Walas. Chron. 144. 5. (abcde), 
 ... & fuhton on Sa burg ealne daeg. Chron. 194. 14. (a). 
 invideo tibi ic andige on ^e. ^If. Gr. 249, 13. 
 
 herian in the Chronicle admits also on ■\- dat. of countries 
 raided — conceived as mere phrase of place : & Sa hseSenan on 
 NorShymbrum hergodon Chron. loi. 34. (de.); on Portlande 
 234. 39. (c); on 6aem norShere 184. 4. (abed). 
 
 These verbs of fighting (except herian^ take also wt^ + ^'^^^ 
 The distinction between the two constructions is that on intro- 
 duces the defensive party, while the use of wi^ represents rather 
 a regular engagement, presumably on equal footing. 
 
 b. Verbs of striking and the like [slea^i, ofstingmi, hrcBcan, 
 geicesmi, atcssan^ spiwan, hond settan^ ^ydan\gefeallan^for'^lutan, 
 weorpan) take in^ on -\- ace. of the part affected : 
 
 Sonne hraece hio him on "Saet nebb foran. C. P. 43. 15. 
 Da ^ydde /Efner hine mid hindewerde sceafte on Saet smaeldearme. C. 
 P. 295. 17. 
 
 hit (i. e. Saet mod) biS getaesed (Hatt.; Cott, ataesed) on 'Saet ingeSonc. 
 
 C. P. 297. 18. 
 
 & wearp hine mid Saere tungan on j'aet neb foran. Bo. 52. 25. 
 
 he genedde under aenne elpent Saet he hiene on 'Sone nafelan ofstang. O. 
 156. II. 
 
 'Sa sette he mid t?a swiSran hond him on "Saet heafod & Sus cvvae'S : (im- 
 posuit dextram suam capiti eius). B. 130. 4. 
 
 "Sa gefeoll he semninga on his earm ufan,& Sone swi'Se geSraeste (repente 
 corruit, brachium contriuit). B. 156. 17. 
 
17 
 
 & (scl. he) for'Sleat in his ondwlitan & geornlice in his gebede hleoSrade 
 (procideret in faciem), ]>. 268. 19. 
 
 slogon mec iSa, oiSer in heafod, oSer in fet (percusserunt me, unus in 
 capite et alius in pede). />'. 440. 13. 
 
 Observe that Bede uses in here only when it is found in the 
 Latin. 
 
 c. Fo7i, to lay hold (on), to take in hand, — almost never of 
 physical objects — takes in, on + ace. of that grasped at, taken in 
 hand : 
 
 '5aet unclasne mod swiSe hraedlice feh'5 on ^a ladunga. C. P. 241. 19. 
 
 . . . 'Saette se mon se pe bispell secgan wolde,ne sceolde fonon to ungelic 
 bispell 'Saere spraece pe he ponne sprecan wolde. Bo. 166. 20. 
 
 'Sa feng after hire in tSa ^egnunge abbudissan Seaxburh hire sweostor 
 (successit in ministerium). B. 318. 33. 
 
 we willaS nu fon on ]»one traht pissere r^edinge. 6". C. 206. 21. 
 
 we fo'S nu gewislicor on Sa forman declinunge (i. e. take up the first 
 declension in detail). ALlf. Gr. 21. 15. 
 
 C. p. shows the same construction with befon (199. 14, 23, 239. 
 11) 2.xi6.gripan (41. 6, 53. 6, 63. 7). 
 
 Chron. 225. 10. (d.) shows rice in this construction : . . . 'Sy 
 XIII. geare 'Se he on rice feng — which is not found in the other 
 texts, feng to rice being the usual expression. Rice onfon is 
 somewhat more frequent ; see p. 11, and To I. /^.fon. 
 
 d. Wrecan, which might naturally be expected to have the 
 same regimen as verbs of hostile motion, takes always on -f- dat. 
 of person on whom vengeance is wreaked. See In, on -\- dat. 
 I. 6. 
 
 e. beseon, locian, take i7i, on -\- ace. of person or object looked 
 
 upon : 
 
 Sonne hie besawon on ^a besengdan burg & on '5a westan. O. 92. 32. 
 hi ealle locia'5 mid bsem eagum on pas eorSlican Sincg. Bo. 206. 16. 
 he locode in 'Seosne middangeard (respicere in mundum). B. 212. 19. 
 & (scl. he) "i5a unheanlice hine werede, o'S he on (Sone aeSeling locude. 
 Chron. 82. 31. (abode). 
 
 Similarly meldian, secgan, asecgan, witan, take on -j- ace. of 
 person etc., affected by an utterance : 
 
 ac 'Saem gielpnan bi'S leofre Saethe secge on hine selfne gif he hw^t godes 
 wat. C. P. 217. 14. 
 
 & '5eah . . . Syllica bismra on hie selfe asaedon. O. 164. 5. 
 
 Hwaet godes niagon we secgan on pa flaesclican unpeawas ? Bo. no. 24. 
 
 pact an ic wat godes on pa {B.\ pam Fox) aepelo, paet . . . Bo. no. 3. (C. 
 has Sa, but what precedes is lost.) he nolde meldian on his geferan Bo. 
 52. 20. (Cf. vulgar English " he wouldn't tell on 'em.") 
 
i8 
 
 Bede however shows here in -\- dat, : 
 
 Meahte se cwide wel beon to him (i. e. .'ESelfriS, king of Northumbria) 
 gepeoded, pe Jacob se heahfaeder in Saules hade paes cyninges cwae^\ pa he 
 his sunu bletsode : Beniamin is risende wulf ; (in personam Saulis dicebat). 
 B. 92, II. 
 
 3. That on which one goes, the path &c., is put in the ace. after 
 in, on. 
 
 hit bi'5 wyrse ^aet mon a onginne faran on soSfaestnesse weg, gif men eft 
 wile ongean cierran&'Saet ilce onfaran (Melius erat eis non cognoscere viam 
 justitiae, quam post agnitionem retrorsum converti). C. P. 445. 28. 
 
 Donne staep'S se sacerd sui'Se taelleaslice on 'Sone weg. C. P. 77. 19. 
 
 & si^t?an mid eallum his folce on "Saere ea gong on Sa burg faerende waes» 
 
 O. 74. 5- 
 
 'Sat hi on '5one ilcan weg (i. e. through the Red Sea) feran meahtan. 
 O. 38. 32. 
 
 eft heo (i. e. seo sunne) sec'5 hire gecynde, & stig'S on "Sa daeglan wecgas 
 wi'S hire uprynaes. Bo. 38. 26. (B). 
 
 GaeS ealle on pone weg pe eow laera'5 pa foremaeran bisna para godena 
 gumena. Bo. 238. 28. 
 
 Bede shows no instance of on, and only one sure instance of 171 
 — & he eft forSeode in his weg (pergens itinere suo) B. 180. 21. — 
 The instrumental without preposition is preferred : min latteow 
 mec eft laedde 'Sy selfan waege Se wit aer comon (ipsa, qua venimus, 
 via reduxit) B. 430. 26. 
 
 The second instance of on -\- ace. after gebrinp^an^ S. C. 274. 5 
 (see p. 2) is apparently an example of this rule. 
 
 4. Verbs of believing, trusting, rejoicing, take sometimes 
 in, on -\- ace. of that believed in, rejoiced in. See pp. 5 ff. 
 
 5. I71, on -\- ace. is used to express the purpose of an action, or 
 the function to be performed. 
 
 "Sa 'Sa him mon on bismer to gebaed. C. P. 261. 17. 
 
 & hine mon scyle on bismer halan se anscoda. C. P. 45, 8. 
 
 i)a sende him mon ane blace hacelan angean, him on bismer, for trium- 
 phan. O. 234. 22. 
 
 he wolde hi him on fultum geteon. O. 112. 2. 
 
 & (scl. hi) Sa ilcan studu nales swa swa aer uton togesetton . . . , ac in 
 gemynd 'Saes wundres in tSa cirican setton (in memoriam miraculi) B. 204. 27. 
 
 ^aet hie mihton (scl. sumne dael his feaxes) heora biddendum freondum 
 syllan, oppe aeteawan in tacon Saes wundres (in signum miraculi) B. 382. 17. 
 
 . . . seo tunge, Se swa monig halwende word in Saes scyppendes lof 
 gesette (in laudem conditoris) B. 348. 22. 
 
 ISylaes him aetwite & on edwit sette his geSoftan, dcet he for ege Saes 
 dea'Ses "Sa ping dyde, j'e he aer gesund don nolde (expiobrarent only). B. 
 438. 9. 
 
19 
 
 & him on fultom cecrdon "Sa godcundan aarfxstnesse (invocantes divinae 
 auxilium pietatis). B. 356. 24. 
 
 & he micle geornfulnesse dyde, paet he aeghwanon maest reliquia begeate 
 para eadigra apostola «&: martyra, & on heora weorcSunge wibedas sette & 
 porticas worhte & todaelde on pact sylfe (in hoc ipsuni, := to that end) binnan 
 pxre ylcan cyricean weallum. B. 466. 11. (Ca), 
 
 & ei't ocSre sicSe he waes on hergaS gelend on Sa^t ilce rice. Chron. 168, 23 
 (abed). 
 
 & woldon (Sa faran on hergoc? on Sast Cristene folc. CJiron. 234. 14. (c). 
 
 To is more usual in phrases of purpose. Except for the phrases 
 onfuliofu (found only after verbs of, or implying, motion ; other- 
 wise 071 -\- dat.) and on bisme?', on edwii, this use of m, on is almost 
 restricted to Bede. Bede has m where the Latin affords it, but 
 otherwise on. See examples. 
 
 j^lfj'ic shows no examples of this use oi on. 
 
 6. After verbs denoting a change of form or nature, the resultant 
 form is put in the ace. after in, on. 
 
 This notion is much more often rendered by to -\- dat. (see To. 
 III.), except after verbs of dividing, see below, a. 
 
 . . . o'S'Saet hio (i. e. seo costnung) utasciet on weorc. C. P. 71. 7. 
 
 Ac seo hreowsung 'Se him ^a geweai'h' (wear'5) swySe ratSe on wyrsan 
 getSanc gehwyrfed. O. 38. 21. 
 
 Ac (scl. he) gesette '5a men on aenne truman Se mon hiora masgas aer on 
 "Saem londe slog (i. e. constituted them a separate company). O. 80. 19. 
 
 Da ongunnon lease men wyrcan spell, «&: saedon paet hio sceolde mid hire 
 drycraeft pa men forbredan, 5 [read & ?) weorpan hi an wilde deora lie 
 (Circe's transformation of the companions of Ulysses). Bo. 194. 31. 
 
 pa weoxon pa fyr swi'Se & heo togsedre peoddon & somnodon oS j^aet heo 
 wasron in sene unmaetne laeg geanede & gesomnade (in immensam adunati 
 sunt flammam). B. 214. 2. 
 
 '5aet se earm wses in micelne swile gecerred (grauatum est brachium . . . 
 ac versum in tumorem). B. 392. 5. 
 
 para trea ascyrfe & lafe o'Sye. fyre forbsernde wasron ocSpe in hwylchwugu 
 fatu geheowod waeren mennisces broces (in vasa quaelibet humani usus 
 formarentur). B. 224. 16. 
 
 '5a (scl. hus) syndon nu in hus gehwerfed oferaeta & druncennesse & 
 leasspellunge (in comestionum &c. . . cubilia conversas). B. 354. 19. 
 
 For yElfric see p. 8. The in's of the examples from Bede are 
 all from in of the Latin. 
 
 a. A special note is here made of iji, on -\- ace. of resultant 
 parts after verbs of dividing. To -Y dat., by far the more usual 
 construction after verbs of transformation, does not appear after 
 verbs of dividing; in^ on -j- ace. is the regular construction for all 
 texts. 
 
20 
 
 . . . swa swa scearp sweord '5a wunde tosceat on tu. C. P. 453. 17. 
 
 'Sonne 'Saet mod bi^ forlaeten & onstyred & todasled ungedafenlice ... on 
 un'Seawas. C. P. 315. 7. 
 
 Ure ieldran ealne ^isne ymbhwyrft 'Sises middangeardes ... on ^reo 
 todseldon. O. 8. 3. 
 
 Hie wxron ^a aerestanmen 'Se Romana onwald on tu todaeldon. O. 268.3. 
 
 heo (i. e. Nilus) toli'S on twa ymb an igland '5e mon h^et Moeren. 
 O. 12. 32. 
 
 se mennisca gedwola hine (i. e. God) todaele^ on maenig. Bo. 122. 22. 
 
 jionne hi ponne hiora god on swa manige daeles (Cott. ; daelas B.) todaela'S, 
 ponne . . . Bo. 122. 25. 
 
 In "Sas twa maeg^a Nor'Sanhymbra '5eod in geara todaeled waes. B. 152. 
 
 II (O.). 
 
 Ond he 'Sa todaslde in twa biscopscire Westseaxna maeg'Se (dividensque 
 in duas parrochias provinciani'). B. 170. 3. 
 
 (scl. he) ealle his aeahte in ^reo todaelde (in tres divisit portiones). B. 
 424. 7. 
 
 eall Breotone cyn & maeg'Se, ^a seondon on feower gereordo todaeled (in 
 
 III linguas). B. 164. 24. 
 
 Her todaelde se foresprecena here on tu. Chron. 152. 17. (abcde). 
 and Sa deoflu pasrrihte hine forleton, and he feallende tobaerst on feower 
 sticca. S. C. 380. 24. 
 
 for'San "Se nan staef ne by'S naht, gif he gceS on twa. yS//". Gr. 5. 4. 
 
 The following is the only exception observed : 
 
 we todaela'S 'Sa boc to cwydum and sy'S'San Sa cwydas to dcelum, eft "Sa 
 daelas to stsfgefegum and sy'SSan Sa staefgefegu to stafum. yfi"//". Gr. 
 4. 19. 
 
 II. The ace. is used after in^ on, in a number of phrases, quite 
 independently of any notion of change or motion in the predicate 
 to which the phrase belongs. The ace. here seems to have an 
 adverbial value in itself, and the preposition (except in phrases of 
 direction, see below, i.) has not a directive, and sometimes 
 scarcely a locative, character. 
 
 I. On . . . hand, o?i . . . healfe, are used to denote the " side on 
 which," without reference to any idea of motion in the verb of the 
 sentence : 
 
 "Sonne biS hit on sume healfe open to wundian. C. P. 431. 9. 
 
 Ga'S ge gewaepnode acg'Ser ge on 'Sa sui'Sran hond ge on Sa winstran mid 
 'Saem waepnum ryhtwisnesse. C. P. 83. 12. 
 
 on aelce healfe Saes fyres seo eor'Se waes fif aecra braede to axan geburnen. 
 O. 160. 25. 
 
 Hwa is 'Saette ariman maege hwxt Saer moncynnes forwearS on aig'Sere 
 hand . . . ! C?. 50. 14. 
 
 for'Si hi (i. e. Sa sunnan & Sone monan) ne lact God on ane healfe paes 
 heofones bion, jiy laes hi fordon o'Sre gesceafta. Bo. 234. S. (B.). 
 
21 
 
 ic on him (i. e. Sxin wealle) na;nige duru ne eahiSyrl ne uppastignesse 
 onhwanon on a;nge halfe geseon meahte (alicubi). B. 424. 23. 
 
 (scl- sio dene) was unc on (5a wynstran liealfe geseted (ad locuam nobis). 
 B. 424. 23. 
 
 Da cerde he '5a sona on '5a swiSran hond (conuersus ad dexterum iier). 
 B. 428. 24. 
 
 & "Saer wacs on gehwxSre hond micel woel geslagen. Chron. 182. 11. 
 (abed). 
 
 for'5aem 'Soer stent lang leoma of, hwilum on ane healfe (scl. ^a;s steorran), 
 hwilum on aelce healfe. Chron. 162. 13. (abc). 
 
 hac on '5as healfe, iliac on '5a healfe. Ail/. Gr. 225. 4. 
 
 Se engel saet on '5a svvi'5ran healfe 'Sasre byrgene. S. C. 222. 13. 
 
 Se Wealdenda Drihten, ccfter '5isum wordum, wai-s genumen to heofonum, 
 and sitt on 'Sa swi5ran hand his Fasder. ,5'. C. 306. 34. 
 
 Bede prefers 07i to in here; m sii<Shealfe (Lat. ad -\- ace.) 142. 
 32, 204. 9, are the only examples of in observed. 
 
 Other phrases of direction also appear. In the Voyages of 
 Ohthere and Wulfstan, O., appear the navigator's terms on 
 bcecbord, on steorbord: 
 
 Donne is '5is land o5 he cym'5 to Sciringes heale, & ealne weg on "Sast 
 baecbord Nor'Sweg. O. 19. 17. 
 
 let him ealne weg 'Sset weste land on Sset steorbord, & '5a widsa^ on ^ast 
 baecbord '6rie dagas. O, 17. 10. 
 
 0}i bcscling, translating post terga, occurs in Bede, but not in 
 
 the other texts : 
 
 5a geherde ic saemninga micelne sweg me on bscling. B. 426. 29. 
 "Sa aet nestan locadon we on baecling. B. 384. 25. 
 
 Bede uses also, however, 07i bcEclinge : 
 
 Mid '5y ic '5ast dyde, ]ia geherde ic pone bisscop me on baeclinge mid 
 geomrunge cweo'5an : Eala, hwa^t '5u me micel yfel & la5 dest mid pinre 
 ccrninge (post tergum mihi). B. 400. 17. 
 
 Underbcsc is usually employed in this sense : 'Sa beseah he hine 
 underbsec wi^ t^aes wifes Bo. lyo. 14; respicio ic beseo underbaec 
 ^. Gr. 277. 5. 
 
 yElfric shows here, exceptionall}', an extension of the use of 
 the ace. : 
 
 '5a o^re (i. e. the ordinals from 13th on) wenda5 on a2g'5erne ende. tertius 
 decimus se preotteo'5a, tertia decinia and tertium deciinuni and swa for'5 to 
 ^rym cynnum. Ai. Gr. 282. 20. 
 
 Heo (i. e. seo halige gela'Sung) tosprast hire bosm paer ^aer pa re^an 
 wunia'5 on nytenlicum '5eavvum, and heo is genyrwed on j'one ende pe pa 
 gesceadwisan wuniaS. S. C. 536. 19. 
 
22. 
 
 2. On ^£st gerad, "^cet . . . , introduces the terms on which a 
 proposal is accepted : " on condition that "; and sometimes the 
 reason for an action : '^ to the end that," " so that." 
 
 & ealle Sa men . . . hie gefreodon, on Saet gerad, ^aet he him a^as sworon. 
 O. 190, 31. So 202. 20, 122. 4, 180. 12. 
 
 & he . . . hasfde ^riddan dasl his firde beasftan him, on ^aet gerad, gif 
 aenig waere 'Se fyr fluge . . . , "Saet him mon sloge. O. 52. 33. 
 
 Silla geacsade on hwelc gerad Marius com to Rome (i. e. for what pur- 
 pose). O. 236. 8. 
 
 Swa ic wolde, la Mod, paet pu pe fore up to us, gif 'So lyste, on pa gerad, paet 
 pu eft mid us pa eor'San secan wille for godra manna pearfe. Bo. 22. 7. (B). 
 
 & (scl. he) hit (i. e. Cumbraland) let eal to Malculme Scotta cyninge, on 
 paet gerad, paet he waere his midwyrhta. Chron. 212. 12. (abed.). 
 
 & Sa Pihtas heom abasdon wif aet Scottan on '5a gerad tSaet hi gecuron 
 hyre cynecynn aa on ^a wif healfe. Chro7i. 5. 5. (de). (on pat forwyrd, f,). 
 
 3. On (Jiis &c.) borg, pleoh, treowa, " on (his &c.) responsi- 
 bihty," " in pledge," " trusting in," is a construction found in C. P. 
 alone, of the texts read for this work. 
 
 . . . Sa Se bera'S on hira greadum '5a a libbendan fatu to 'Saem ecean 
 temple on hira agenne borg. C. P. 77. 7. 
 
 forSaem '5u eart on borg began (Hatt.; gegan Cott.) "Sinum friend. 
 C. P. 193. 17. 
 
 . . . ^onne mon gehate for his freond 5aet he underfoo his saule on his 
 pleoh. C. P. 193. 7. 
 
 . . . "Sa ^e o'Serra monna saula underfoo'5 to laedanne on '5a treowa hira 
 agenra geearnunga to "Saem innemestan halignessum. C. P. 77. 4. 
 
 Cf. the following passage from the Chron. ^ where 07i wedde 
 (dat.) is very close in meaning to 07i borg above : 
 
 (scl. hie) haefdon . . . gehaten, & sume on wedde geseald, & sume mid 
 a'Sum gefaestnod, pset hie on hire raedenne beon woldan. Chron. 192. 10. 
 (bed). 
 
 4. Phrases of manner. 
 
 Ags. prefers the ace. to the dat. in purely adverbial phrases of 
 manner. So always 07i {^a. &c.) wisan ; on riht, on unrihi ; on 
 %weorh ; on woh ; on idel, on idehiesse. 
 
 on wisan : 
 
 Ne gedafena'5 hit no ^aet we ealle menn on ane wisan lasran, for'Sam hie 
 ne sint ealle anes modes & anra '5eawa. C. P. 173. 17. 
 
 xfter 5aem Somnite awendan on o'Sre wisan aeg'5er ge heora sceorp, ge 
 call heora wacpn ofersylefredon. O. 138. 30. 
 
 ))onne hio on nane wisan his agues cracftes ne mxg forbugan j'oet he jiact 
 ilce yfel ne gepafige oSrum monnum. Bo. 54. 5. (B.). 
 
23 
 
 ne meaht tSu on oSre wisan biscop halgian buton cSrum biscopum. 
 B. 72. 14. 
 
 an nane wisan ne wurSe gecoraen nan . . . , butan Ses arb. raede. Chron. 
 
 67. 39- (f') (late). 
 
 sume (scl. verba) niacjaS on twa wisan : plico ic fealde, plicui vel plicavi 
 ic feold. Mlf. Gr. 13S. 5. 
 
 Gif Sonne se cristena man swa de'S for Godes lufon, ponne geoffra"S he 
 '5a turtlan on pa betstan wisan. S. C. 142. 16. 
 
 Bede uses on instead of in here ; in wisan is noted only once, 
 346. 19. . 
 
 The only instance of wisan in the dat. after the preposition is in 
 Bede, 68. 3 : sume seondon pa ])e in ))isse wiisan jmrh wseSelnesse 
 agylta^ (hac in re, nr in this matter, i. e. of stealing, rather a 
 phrase of specification than a phrase of manner). 
 
 A number of phrases of similar character, not so often used 
 and so not represented in all texts, may yet be considered regu- 
 lar ; they show always ace, after on. These are : 
 
 on riht (Mod. Engl, aright) : 
 
 j)aet he maege ongitan aslcne mon on riht hwelc he sie. Bo. 226. 2. 
 
 hwae'Ser ic on riht butan incan gefuiwad waere (absque scrupulo) B. 402. 21. 
 
 Ecgbryht . . . 'Sa munecas on riht gecierde, "Saet hie Eastron on ryht 
 heoldon. Chron. 70. 28. (abc). 
 
 pisne anweald forgeaf Crist pam apostolum and eallum bisceopum, gif hi 
 hit on riht healda'S. S. C. 232. 34. 
 
 on unriht: 
 
 . . . py laes hie on unriht haemen, C. P. 99. 14. 
 
 . . . Zacheus, se'Se healfe his aehte pearfum daelde, and mid healfum dajle 
 forgeald be feowerfealdum swa hwaet swa he aer on unriht be anfealdum 
 reafode. S. C. 134. i. 
 
 on woh : 
 
 hi wilnia'S tSaet hie andrysne sien ^aem ^e on woh libba^. C. P. 109. 21. 
 for'Sy (5a goodan 5aet good on riht seca'S & yflan on woh. Bo. 178. 6. 
 
 on "^weorh : 
 
 'Saet hi eft "Sy mare wite haebben Se hi gere witon "Saet hi on "Sweorh dot), 
 & ^eah nylla'5 geswincan. C. P. 429. 9. 
 
 & (scl. he) pa eac ongeat paet he haefde on "Sweorh gedon, B. 170. 20. 
 
 071 idel : 
 
 "Ic wene pxt ic swunce on idel, 'Sa'Sa ic eow to Gode gebigde." S. C. 
 102. 18. 
 
 On idel oiS aelc man gedrefed, se'Se horda'5, and nat hwatu he hit gega- 
 dera«. S. C. 66. 4. 
 
24 
 
 on a7i : 
 
 Da gesaegdon Romane on an Bryttum, 5aet hi no ma ne mihton for heora 
 
 gescyldnysse swa gewinnfullicum fyrdum swencte beon. B. 44. 32 (Ca.). 
 
 Da faeste Crist feowertig daga and feowertig nihta on an. ^S". C. 168. 17. 
 
 The two examples show that the phrase has two meanings : 
 " once for all " (Latin 2iltra) in the first instance, " continuously ' 
 in the second. 
 
 in, on 07ilic7iesse, ^elicnesse : 
 
 & (scl. he) eorre from him acyrde '5aes soSfaestan deman, in'Sa onlicnesse 
 Niniuitwearena (instar Nineuitarum) B. 350. 3. 
 
 So : in bryda onlicnesse (ad uicem sponsarum) B. 354. 24, on onlicnesse 
 upastigendra yselena (instar fauilarum) B. 426. 22, treow geweorc on gelic- 
 nesse medmicles huses geworht (in modum domunculi facta) B. 272. 5; 
 although not proved, are doubtless in the ace. 
 
 071 gewill (zz: at the command of) : 
 
 gif seo wyrd swa hweorfan mot on yfelra manna gewill. Bo, 8. 20 (B.). 
 hu he het sumne biscep secgan on his gewill hwa his fseder ware. 
 
 0> 3- 13- 
 
 '5a, Seh "Se hwa waere mid Saem cyningum on hiora gewill yfel donde, Sast 
 hie swa '5eah aet him ne mehton mid 'Sy nane are findan. O. 56. i. 
 
 on U7igewiss : 
 
 Romane ... on ungewiss on an nirewett beforan. O. 120. 28. 
 
 O71 ti7igeaywe, " suddenly and secretly," seems to be instru- 
 mental: forSon ^e he on Sa burgleode on ungearwe becom, O. 
 196. 25. So O, 46. 36, 118. 20, 166. 32. 
 
 Bede shows a number of phrases with the ace. that do not 
 appear in the other texts. 
 
 & (scl. he) hine wses in gebed streccende aet lichoman Saes Codes weres 
 (prosternens only). B. 380. 8. 
 
 & (scl. Caedmon) 'Sasm wordum sona monig word in "Saet ilce gemet Code 
 wyr'Ses songes toge^eodde (in eundem modum verba . . . adjunxit). B, 
 344. 16. 
 
 So : in gemet 'Sara biddendra (in modum orantium). B. 288. 33. 
 
 sio swaetnis, ^e ic aer bregde & me micel 'Suhte, in 'Sa witgemetnisse 'iSxs 
 aefteran leohtes & beorhtnesse waes lytel and medmicel gesaewen (in com- 
 paratione). B. 430. 20, 
 
 5. The word denoting the language in which something is said 
 
 or written is construed in the ace. after on^ in. So the proper 
 
 adjectives (in substantive use) lcede7i, e7i^lisc, seytiise, creeisc, etc. : 
 
 ongan ic . . . tia boc wendan on Englisc '5e is nemned on Lxden Pas- 
 toralis, & on Englisc Ilierdeboc. C. P. 7. 18. 
 
25 
 
 For'Son hi iiion hxt on Crecisc Amazanas, ^aet is on Englisc * for'tende.' 
 O. 46. 14. 
 
 peah hit nu gebyrige |'a;t jia utemestan Sioda eowerne naman upahebban 
 & on manig 'Seodisc eow herigen, . . . ne se dea'S jieah swelces ne rect). 
 ^^.68. 30. {B.). 
 
 se is nemned on Englisc Cuoferesburg (lingua Anglorum). B. 210. 24. 
 
 So: on Englisc (Anglorum sermone). B. 110. 12. 
 
 (scl. 'Saet ealond) is in Scyttisc genemned Inisbofnide (sermone Scot- 
 tico). B. 272. 27. 
 
 . . . se steorra '5e men on boclaeden haet cometa. Chron. 162. 8. (abc). 
 
 Stephanus is Grecisc nama, paet is on Leden, Coronatus, paet we cv. eSa^ 
 on Englisc, Gewuldorbeagod. S. C. 50. 11. 
 
 Further ge'^iode, gereorde : 
 
 for'Saem'Se hie (i. e. Sa bee) naeron on hiora agen gCSiode awritene. 
 
 C. P. 5- 13- 
 
 Da frsegn hine & ahsode his maessepreost on his agen ge^eode . . . for 
 hwon he weope (lingua patria). B. 198. 6. 
 
 se wer wass on Lsedenesc gereorde «S: in Grecisc & in Englisc micellire 
 intimbred & wel gelaered (Latina, Graeca et Saxonica lingua), B. 408. 13. 
 
 Bede and Ailfric show rarely instr. dat. without preposition : 
 
 Dis ealond nu on andweardnysse aefter rime fif Moyses boca, "Sam seo 
 godcunde ae awriten is, fif cSeoda gereordum jenne wisdom paere hean so^- 
 faestnysse & "Saere so'San heanesse smea'S & andetta'S ; 'Sset is on Angol- 
 cynnes gereorde & Brytta & Scotta & Peohta & Laedenwara. B. 26. 28. 
 (Ca.). 
 
 And ure aelc gehydre hu hi spraecon urum gereordum, on ^'am '5e we 
 acennede wasron! 6". C. 314. 18. 
 
 Observe that the preposition in each case appears in the follow- 
 ing phrase. 
 
 Ai.lfric uses on-\- dat. except for Lcsden and the words in -isc : 
 
 Emmanuhel, fxt is gereht on urum geSeode * God is mid us.' S. C. 194. i . 
 So: on urum gereorde, 30. 25,94. 27. on ure ge'Seode 90. 11 is possibly 
 an insir., more likely an isolated instance of retention of the older ace. 
 The use of on -\- dat. for older on-\-acc. is a characteristic of /Elfric's 
 syntax, see pp. 3 ff. 
 
 6. Very rarely, that received in payment is construed in the 
 ace. after on, in. 
 
 . . . '5aet he sceolde his freond Sone betstan ... in gold bebycgan (auro 
 vendere). B. 130. 33. 
 
 Cf. : Nu ic on ma'Sma hord mine bebohte frode feorhlege. Beowulf 2d)00. 
 
 7. Instances of the ace. after i?t, on that cannot be listed under 
 some one of the categories already given (except time-phrases, 
 
 ^KIVEBSITY 
 
26 
 
 which will be treated further on) scarcely occur. Sua t^set he 
 self nat huset he on t5aet irre deS, C P. 289. 10, is the only un- 
 explained passage 1 have found. 
 
 IN, ON + DATIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL. 
 
 The t?is^r. after the preposition (except in time-phrases, see 
 pp. 34 ff.) is rare, being almost entirely confined to the pronouns 
 ]>y, \07i, hwon. pam, not ]>07i or ]ry, is the form of the article after 
 in, on. 
 
 I. In, on -f- dat, gives location. 
 
 I. Of that which contains : 
 
 'Saet waeter en 'Saetn ceake waes gedrefed. C. P. 105. 21. 
 
 hu Julius besaet Tarquatus, Pompeiuses ladteow, on anum faestenne. 
 O. 6. I. 
 
 Da waes heo restende in sweostra slaeperne (in dormitorio). B, 340. 4. 
 
 & hie resta*S begen on Eoforwic ceastre, on anum portice. Chron, 78. 8 
 (abcde). 
 
 God waes mid hire, for^an 'Se he wses on hire inno^e belocen, sCSebelictJ 
 ealne middangeard on his anre handa. S. C. 198. 3. 
 
 Bede uses on here very rarely : Ond he wses on his circan be- 
 byrged (in . . . ecclesia) B. 406. 4. 
 
 Also in a wider sense, of geographical location : 
 
 'Saet hi hi forlaegen on Egiptum on hira giogu'Se. C. P. 403. 33. 
 
 On Saerc ilcan Asiam is se hehsta beorg Olimpus. O. 12. 15. 
 
 . . . wear^ "Sa fordrifan on an igland ut on paere wendelsae. Bo. 194. 11 
 (B.). 
 
 Seo dun stent on Campania landes gemasron, wi'5 pa sae Adriaticum. S. 
 C. 502. 3. 
 
 Bede uses both on and in here, with perhaps a preference of in : 
 
 he wolde in 5am fyrrestum daelum Ongolcynnes ... '5a saed sawan '5aes 
 halgan geleafan (in . . . partibus). B. 166. 26. 
 
 Waeron 'Sa Wihtred & Swefheard cyningas on Caent (in Cantia). B. 
 408. 7. 
 
 For in in the Chron. see p. 46. 
 
 Three instances of on -f- instr. in C. P.\ on Sis wege 395. 8, on 
 
 Sis middangearde 393. 15, 445. 9, are all that have been observed. 
 
 Also of the including body, assembly, number : 
 
 On his fe'Sehere waeron XXXII M, & "Saes gehorsedan fifte healf M, & 
 scipa an hund & eahiatig (in exercitu ejus). O. 124. 11. 
 
 Bede shows only in here : 
 Da saet he Aidan in cS^eni gemote (concilio inerat). />'. 164. 2. 
 
27 
 
 a), hi, 071 -\- dat. is employed in a secondary figurative sense to 
 express a great variety of non-physical relations. So of the seat 
 of thought and emotion ; of the (moral) person in whom some- 
 thing is observed, the composition, body of doctrine, in which a 
 statement is made : of the state, condition, office, etc., etc.: 
 
 suae suns tJara monna honda & fet vvaeren a^wcegene on "Saere ealdan ac on 
 ISaetn ceake beforan 'Seem temple. C. F. 105. 17. 
 
 ... & Sactte tcelwier'Ses on him sie, "Saet hie ^aet taelen. C. P. 194. 24. 
 
 him "Sa wear'S emleof on hyra mode ^aet hi gesawon mannes blod agoten 
 swa him waes Sara nytena meolc 'Se hi maest hi libba'S. O. 30. 8. 
 
 '5asr he on tweogendlican onbide waes hwae'Ser he wi'5 Romanum winnan 
 dorste. O. 204. 28. 
 
 & se god is simle on anum untodaeled. Bo, 142. 22. 
 
 "Su tSaet seolfa leornadest in bebode Saere aldan cyf?nesse (testamenti vete- 
 ris praeceptione). B. 76. 7. 
 
 he hit gehyrde from Saem seolfan Uttan mxssepreoste, in ^aem & ^urh 
 "Sone Sis wundor gefylied waes (in quo et per quern). B. 200. 26. 
 
 Mid '5y he '5a us eac sceawode & geseoh in gewinne & in ormodnesse 
 gesette beon . . . (in labore et desperatione positos). B. 386. 8. 
 
 for'Son "Se hi woldon, for Godes lufan, on el^iodignesse beon. Chron. 
 160. 31. (abed). 
 
 Da waes pa sume hwile Godes ege on mancynne aefter pani flode, and waes 
 an gereord on him eallum. S. C. 22. 18. 
 
 swa eac on engliscre spraece ne cwe^ nan man se, buton he aer sum "Sincg 
 be 'Sam men spraece. yElf. Gr. 99. 3 (cf. p. 25). 
 
 He com Sa on naeddran hiwe to pam twam mannum. S, C, 16. 32. 
 
 Bede uses both in and on\ but there appears a tendency to use 
 ^« where the Latin has not in\ on mode 148. 21, 234. 25, 334. 32, 
 378. 29, 380. 6, 404. 25 — none of them translating in : in mode 
 68. 15, 86. 34, 190. 26, all from Latin in. The following passage 
 shows the vacillating use of the two prepositions in Bede: he waes 
 in his mode & on his ^eawum to Son elreordig, 'Saet . . . (animo 
 ac moribus) 148. 17. 
 
 On scarcely appears in giving citations from books : swa swa 
 we in Sisse serran bee feawum wordum forecwsedon (prsecedente 
 libro). B. 252. 12. 
 
 b). On, in -\- dat. is used in phrases nearly equivalent to a 
 predicate noun or adjective, to express that in which a possession 
 or quality consists : 
 
 ^aet hi Sonne gehieran'Sreagende of Saes lariowes mue?e hu micle byrSenne 
 hie habba'S on hiera scyldum. C. P. 159. 19. 
 
 Daet gafol bi'S on deora fellum, & on fugela fe'Serum, & hwales bane, & 
 on 'Saem sciprapum. O. 18. 17. 
 
28 
 
 nu ic ongite openlice b'ast sio so'Se gesael"S stent on godra monna geear- 
 nunga, & sio unsael'S stent on yfelra monna geearnunga. Bo. 212. 12. 
 
 "Sa cyningas begen aetgaedre sendon pasm apostolican papan micle gife 
 on monegum goldfatum & seolforfatum (missis . . . donariis et aureis atque 
 argenteis vasis non paucis). B. 252. 15. 
 
 Sende eac swilce se eadiga papa in pa ilcan tid Gregorius .'Epelberhte 
 cynitige aerendgewrit somod & woruldgife monige in missenlicum mceg- 
 wlitum (in diversis speciebus). B. 90. 8. 
 
 & genamon eal 'Sast "Sasr binnan wses, ge on feo, ge on wifum, ge eac on 
 bearnum. Chron. 168. 5. (abed.) 
 
 Nis na gytsung on feo anum, ac is eac on gewilnunge micelre geSinctJe. 
 S. C. 176. 25. 
 
 c). In, 07t-\-dat. or insir. sometimes forms a phrase of reason 
 or means — of that '' in " and " by " or " for " which : 
 
 ForSasm'Se on eowerre towesnesse ge habba^ gecy'Sed "Sast ge ures nanes 
 ne siendon. C. P. 211. 13. 
 
 swa hit mon on 'Sara waepnedmonna gebasrum ongitan mehte, hu hie 
 afyrhtede wseron. O. 194. 9. 
 
 aelc gesceaft wilna'S symle to bionne ; pset is swlSe sweotol on ^aere tid- 
 runge. Bo. 152. 25. 
 
 swa swa we magon on anre bisene sweotole oncnawan (ut uno probare 
 sat erit exemplo). B. 196. 5. 
 
 Saet he meahte swi'Se gef ultumed beon in heora daeghwamlicum gebeodum 
 (juvari . , . orationibus). B. 230. 11. 
 
 and seo eorSe, pe is awyriged on Sinum weorce, syl5 j'e 'Somas and 
 bremblas. S. C. 18. 16. 
 
 The instr. of the dem. pronoun, \wn, ]>y, appears frequently in 
 this sense after 071, in in Bede; rarely in Orosms and Boethius: 
 
 (sc). he) baer him sexe & adosan on honda ; tacnode in pon, paet he nales 
 to idelnesse, swa sume oSre, ac to gewinne in past mynster code (no Lat. 
 for inyoii). B. 264. 7. So in -pon : (ex quo) 290. 28, (no Lat.) 130. 18. 
 
 pa ongunnon pa nedlingas & pa scipmen pa oncras upp teon, & in pone 
 sae syndon; woldian paet scip mid faestnian, &peah j'e heo ]>is dydon, noht 
 heo on pon fremedon ; ac pa ySa weollon & ymbsweopon & aeghwonan paet 
 scip fyldon (hoc agentes). B. 200. 13. 
 
 So on you : (no Lat.) 126. 22, 164. i, 186. i, (in quo) 106. 20. 
 
 . . . feng Alexander to Macedonia rice ... & his serestan "Segnscipe on 
 Son gecy'Sde Se he ealle Crecas . . . geniedde. O. 122. 32. 
 
 nis hit j'onne on py (i. e. what I have said) swi'Se sweotol j'aet Sas and- 
 weardan god ne sint na Sa soSan god ? Bo. 90. 15. 
 
 So on yy Bo. 46. 14, 46. 16(B). liut also : On pasm wxs sweotol pxt hi for 
 heora godum weorcum hasfden Sone craeft ysot him mon ne meahte ofer- 
 swi'San. Bo. 230. 3. So : on yam 56. 32 (B) ; on hwajn 24. 1. (B). 
 
 Observe that Bede uses ]w7i. Bo. py. 
 
29 
 
 d). Of the occasion : the time of an occurrence is indicated by 
 that which occupies the time. So on gefcohie &c. have almost 
 the value of time phrases. 
 
 him bi'5 sua sua tSam menn Ne biS abisgod on fa;relde mid oSrum cier- 
 rum. C. P. 37. 22. 
 
 On 5asm forman gefeohte wear'5 Romane consul ofslagen Mallius. O. 
 108. 4. 
 
 c^a wear5 he semninga on middum Sa^m si'Stxte mid hefigreaSle gehrinen 
 (medio itinere). B. 378. 19. 
 
 Da onget heo ge in h'a^m swefne ge on hire modes gesyhSe hire xteawed 
 weosan, Nnette heo geseah (vel insomnio vel in visione mentis). B. 340. 14, 
 
 & ^a on Sasre hergunge wass past maere mynster forbaernd aet Rypon. 
 Chron. 213. 36. (d). 
 
 e). The disease which is the cause of death is construed in the 
 dat. after on with the verbs gefaron^ swelta7i^ for^feran : 
 
 Traianus gefor on utsihte (profluuio ventris extinclus est). O. 266. 4. 
 '6'a folc . . . on feferadle mid ungemete swulton. O. 198. 34. 
 Da woes . . . pcette Oswio Nor^Sanhymbra cyning waes gestonden untrym- 
 nesse, on Saere he eac for^'terde, (qua et mortuus est). B. 274. 28. 
 
 2. On + dat. denotes that on or 2ipon which. In does not 
 occur in this sense. 
 
 & ealle Sa hearga Israhela folces waeron atiefrede on Sacm wage. C. P. 
 
 153- 23. • 
 
 for'Sam he bi'5 gesewen standende on 6"am hrofe godcun(d)ra Singa. C. P. 
 81. 15. 
 
 ic sitte on anre heare dune. O. 142. 14. 
 
 Sa cild rida^' on hiora stafum. Bo. 180. 9. 
 
 }?a code he to him, grette hine & fraegn, for hwon he in jiaere tide, j'e 
 o'Sre men slepon & reston, ana swa unrot on stane wasccende saette (in 
 lapide). B. 128. 19. 
 
 Mid '5y wit tSa becoman to ^am walle, pa sona instaepe, ne wat ic hwelcre 
 endebyrdnesse, waeron wit on his heanesse on Sam walle ufonweardum 
 (in summitate eius). B. 430. i, 
 
 & 5reo (scl. Sara scipa) stodon ■x.x. ufeweardum 5a:m muiSan on drygum. 
 Chroti. 176. 15 (abed). 
 
 and '5aer com 'Sa fleogende Godes engel scinende swa swa sunne, and . . . 
 agrof mid his fingre rode-tacn on Sam fySerscytum stanum. S. C. 466. 14. 
 
 3. Li, on -\- dat. is the construction for the "part affected," 
 whether the place be ''in" or "on" in mod. Engl. Bede shows 
 here both prepositions. 
 
 "Sonne ne burne se weli2a"Se swiSur on Sasre tuncran '5e on oSrum limum. 
 C. P. 309. 3. 
 hie hiene meSigne ou cneowum sittende metten (iixo genu). O. 134. 31. 
 
30 
 
 Daer wear^ Pirrus wund on o'Sran earme. O. 158. 2. 
 
 paet him mon oflete blodes on paetn earme. Bo. 104. 23. 
 
 & he (i. e. the body of St. Cuthberht) waes begendlic in "Saem getJeodnes- 
 sum leo'Sa, paet he waes mycele gelicra slaspendum menn ponne deadum 
 (flexilibus artuum compagibus). B. 374. 30. 
 
 pa pohton heo & spraecon, paet hy o"Spe o'Sre pruh sohton o'S'Se pone licho- 
 man on cneom gebegde, to pon paet heo hine paer in gedon meahton (in 
 genibus). B. 296. 23. 
 
 Da gefelde he, swa swa he seolfa sefter saegde, swa swa mycel bond & 
 brad his heafod gehrine in ^aem daele pe paet sar & seo adl on waes (in parte, 
 qua dolebat). B. 380. 13. 
 
 Swa hwylc hyse-cild swa ne bi"5 ymbsniden on pam fylmene his flaesces 
 his sawul losaS, for'San'Se he aydlode niin wed. S. C. 94. 13. 
 
 This idea is also expressed by the dat. without prep.: 
 
 Ic waes blind baem eagum, nu ic beorhtlice leohtes bruce. S. C. 422. 7. 
 & ponne lytte aer his mid ferh'Se weor'Se baem eagum blind. Bo. 206. 26^ 
 
 4. Certain verbs of depriving take ace. of thing and on -\- dat. 
 oi person. Cf. Wiilfing I, §§40, 18. These verbs are nimaft, 
 ge7ii?nany geneman, reafian^ gereafian. The particle be- pre- 
 fixed to these verbs changes the construction to ace. oi person 
 and gen. of thiyig (the only exception noted is : fremde & 
 ell^eodge . . . lyttes hwaet on us bereafia^S. O. 152. 32). 
 
 eft bi'S genumen on 'Searfendum monnum 'Saet Saet hie 'Sonne wena'§ ^aet 
 hie Gode sellan. C. P. 343. 5. 
 
 he him ageafe ^ast he (aer) on him gereafade. O. 146. 30. 
 
 & Romane genamon on him (i. e. Penum) LXXXIII scipa. O. 172. 33. 
 
 . . . paes pe . . . sio wyrd pe on geniman ne meahte. Bo. 34. 14. 
 
 . . . se pe hit gadera'5 & on o'Srum reafa'5. B. 38. 13 (B. ). 
 
 Gegyrewa^'Sone lichoman mid neowum hrasglum fore 'Sam 'Se ge 'Saer on 
 noman (quae tulisti only). B. 376. 20. 
 
 & "Sone masstan dael 'Sinra aehta^u onfehst, '5a 'Se on Se genemde waeron 
 (tibi ablata). B. 462. 32 (Ca.). 
 
 & genamon 'Sreo ceastra on heom. Chroji. 32. 40 (be). 
 
 beniTnan^ bencBinan, bereajian, on the other hand, take ace. of 
 perso7i and gen. of thing: 
 
 buton hie eac hie 'Saes naman benanie 'Saet hie nan folc naeren. O. 94. 4. 
 So O. 62. 17, 22, 28, 86. 30. 
 
 Ac Constantinus hiene benasmde asgSer ge 'Sa2S onwaldes, ge Nxre pur- 
 puran Se he werede, ge 'Saere scole Se he on leornode. O. 284. 23. 
 
 Cirus benom Babylonia hiere onwealde (Cott. ; but Lauderdale gives the 
 normal ^^«., onwealdes). O. 252. 10. 
 
 ponne meahte hi mon his benimaii (Cott.; Bodl. has hi mon Jti). Bo^ 
 188. 24. 
 
31 
 
 (scl. se mona) eac hwilum Sa sunnan heore leohtes bereafat?. Bo. 8. i 
 (B). 
 
 Her eac wearo ,'ESeredes dohtar, Myrcna hlafordes, xlces onwealdes on 
 Myrcum benumen. Chroti. 192. 23. (bed.) 
 
 for'San t^e se anda ablent his mod, and aelcere gastlicere blisse benaem'S. 
 S. C. 606. 4. 
 
 The ace. of the thing and of-\' dat. of person also appears, espe- 
 cially in yEl/ric, where it may be considered the regular idioni : 
 Se 'Se me bring lac of earmes nionnes aehtum on woh gereafodu. C. P. 
 
 343- 8- 
 ne nanes cinnes ^eudom ne nime man of paet abbotrice of Medeshamstede. 
 
 Chroii. 58. 30 (e^-) (late). 
 
 beo hire nama Virago, paet is fasmne ; forSan 'Se heo is of hire were genu- 
 men. S. C. 14. 25, So: 14. 21, 18. 9, 17, 260.6; yEl, Gram. 9. 19, 203. 11. 
 
 and (scl. Crist) pone deofol gewylde, and him of anam Adam & Euan. S. 
 C. 28. I. So : 216. 29. 
 
 Other constructions with these verbs are rare : 
 a). Dai. of person diud gen. of thing : 
 
 (scl. he) benam Sigebrihte his rices. Chron. 82. 3. (bed) (a. has, regu- 
 larly, ace: Sigebryht). 
 
 ne maeg para yfelena yfel pam goodan beniman heora goodes & heora 
 wlites (Cott.; Bodl. has hiora god). Bo. 188. 22. Cf. Wulfing I. §31. 
 
 and hu he (i. e. Crist) 'Sone hellican deofol gewylde, and him mancynnej^ 
 benaemde. S. C. 460. 10. 
 
 b). Aee. of pers. and aee. of thing : 
 
 '5aet he scolde Eadwine "Sone cyning somod ge rice ge lif beneoman 
 (sperans se regem . . . regno simul et vita privaturum). B. 122. 10. Cf. 
 Wulfing I. ^117. 
 
 c). Dat. of pers. and ace. of thing : 
 (scl. he) benam Sigebrihte . . . his rice. Chron. 82. 3. (ef) (late). 
 
 d). Verb in the passive, and dat. of thing : 
 
 his cirice eallum hire ashtum waes bereafod & forhergad (ecclesiam . . . 
 rebus ablatis omnibus depopulatani). B. 298. 19. Cf. Wulfing I. §78. 
 
 e). Acc. of person and 07i -\- dat. of thing in what is really a 
 
 phrase of specification, see p. 32. 
 
 '5aet we earme men reafige & strude on heora aehtum & on heora godum 
 (no Lat.) B. 214. i. Cf. Wulfing I. §111. 
 
 5. Verbs of believing (in), rejoicing (in) etc. See pp. 5 ff. 
 
 6. W^^eean takes the acc. of the wrong, or person, avenged, and 
 071 -j- dat. of the person on whom vengeance is taken. Cf. i7i, 
 071 -j- acc. I. 2. 
 
32 
 
 hit God siSSan longsumlice wreccende vvaes, serest on him selfum. & 
 si'SSan on his bearnum. O. 58. 17. 
 
 'Saet he "Sa gyltas ne wrece on scyldegum monnum. C. F. 383. 16. 
 
 nu ic beode minum englum pset hi me on Sisum fiscere gewrecon. S. ۥ 
 376.21. 
 
 7. hi, 071 -\- dat. is used to form a phrase of " specification " — a 
 phrase limiting the application of an adjective, verb or noun ; mod. 
 Engl. " in," " in regard to," in the matter of": 
 
 "Sast he sie hiera fseder & reccere on lare, & hiera modur on mildheort- 
 nesse. C. P. 123. 25. 
 
 "Seh ic ymbe Romana gewin on ^aem gearrime for^ ofer ISaet geteled 
 h^ebbe. O. no. 12, 
 
 paet se waere an fe^e meahtegost se ^e meahte gan o'S "Sisse eor'San ende. 
 Bo. 180. 20. 
 
 ac ealle cyningas, pa ^e in Breotone waeron aer, jm in meahte & in rice 
 feor oferstigest (potestate). B. 128. 33. 
 
 & he gearo waere mid him selfum & on eallum ^am'Se him laestan woldan, 
 to "Sass heres "Searfe. Chron. 142. 36. (a), (bcde. have mid.') 
 
 forSan "Se seo halige gelaSung on flasclicum mannum is swiSe brad, & on 
 gastlicum nearo. S. C. 614. 11. 
 
 On is rare in Bede here ; 171 the customary preposition. But 
 before the i7istr. 07i is used : gif heo on hwon agylton (siqua delin- 
 quissent) 162. 13, is the only example noted. 
 
 8. The function, the purpose served, appears in the dat. after on 
 with the neuter verbs beo7i, weor'6a7i ; rarely after other verbs, in, 
 071 -\- ace. being the preferred construction. See in, 07i -{- ace. 
 
 1.5- 
 
 ^onne sculon hie eft niedenga gadrian o5er ierfe on 'Saes wriexte '5e hie 
 asr . . . sealdon. C. P. 341. 18. 
 
 he wende '5aet hie wolden Hannibale on fultome beon. O. 196, 7. So, 
 with dat. of person interested, 48. 24, 78, 22, 98. 20, 112. 22, 144. 26, 162. 
 II, 196. 7, 200. 10, 208. 7, 220. 4, 238. 7. 
 
 Darius, Persa cyning, Laecedemonium on fultume wearS -wVS daem 
 Athenienses. C^.go. 11. 
 
 (Seh Se hie mid'Sacre wraccScem adraefdan on nanum stale beon ne mehton. 
 O. 232. 23, 
 
 . . . '5aet he hie ymb '(Saet rice gesemde, & on ^asre gewitnesse wcere dxt 
 hit emne gedaeled wcere. O. 114. 18. 
 
 & heora (i. e. Sara laeca) nan him ne mehte bion on nanum gode (Cott.; 
 Laud, has bion 7iane gode, instr.). O. 282. 18. 
 
 & him Penda on fultome waes (auxilium praebente illi Penda). B. 146. 29. 
 
 Me is, cwacS heo, (Sin cyme on miclum Sonce (gratus mihi est multum 
 adventus tuus). B. 290. 15. So 128. 3. 
 
33 
 
 Bede has commonly on here, as the Latin original almost never 
 has the preposition. In is exceptional: Wccron her stronge 
 cyningas & wel cristne ond eallum ellreordum cynnum ut in 
 niiclum ege (barbaris nationibus essent terrori). B, 258. 21. In 
 the following passage the dat. is anomalous, being after a verb of 
 motion and from Lat. in-\-acc.: Seo stow neowan gemonig- 
 fealdedum geleafsumum folcum in setle bisceopstoles waes toaeteced 
 (in sedem pontificatus addita). B. 478. 28 (C). 
 
 9. On + dat. is used to measure distance and, very rarely, 
 value : 
 
 AlecgatS hit 'Sonne forhwsega on anre mile '5one macstan doel fram Sx-m 
 tune, Sonne o'ISerne, Sonne Sasne Sriddan, ot>5e hyt eall aled bit^ on ISxre 
 anre mile. O. 20. 30. 
 
 Donne sceolon beon gesamnode ealle ^a menn Se svvyftoste hors habba'S 
 on "Saem lande, for hwaega on fif milum o'S^e on syx milum fram 'Saem feo. 
 O. 20. 35. 
 
 Seo (scl. ceaster) is from Cantwarena byrig on feower & twentigum mila 
 westrihte (distat . . . milibus passuum ferme xxiv). B. 104. 25. 
 
 ... in Fame "Saem ealonde, ^aet is on twaem milum from Saere byrig ut on 
 sae (duobus ferme milibus passuum). B. 202. 10. So B. 40. 3 (Ca.), 360. 
 24, 394. 15. 
 
 Bede never uses in in this sense, nor does the Latin use a 
 preposition. 
 
 & on aelcre (scl. bee) biS an asstel, se biS on fiftegum mancessa. C. F. gi. 
 
 After verbs of motion, distance " how far " is rendered by the 
 ace. without preposition : & hiene het iernan on his anum pur- 
 purum fela mila beforan his rasdwaene. O. 280. 12. This is 
 parallel with the time-constructions, see pp. 34 ff. ; time or dis- 
 tance within which, o?i + dat; time " how long," distance " how 
 far," aec. 
 
 10. A few adverbial phrases of manner show the dat, — cf. in, 
 on -\- ace. IL 4. 
 
 So regularly 07i szuidrnm, simdron : 
 
 ... & 5eah biS giet earfoSre xlcne on sundrum to Ireranne. C. P. 
 
 455- 6. 
 
 separaiim on sundron. ^If. Gr. 229. 7. 
 
 Other words rarely : on styccemaelum (paulatim) B. 3S0. 14 
 (O., Ca.); hio (i. e. lufu) scinS suit^e smicere on twaem bleom sua 
 sua twegea bleo godwebb. C. P. 87. 9. Cf : & paet (i. e. (Saet 
 blodig wolcen) waes swySost on middeniht o6ywed, «& swa on 
 mistlice beamas waes gehiwod. Chron. 234. 14. (c). 
 
34 
 
 On (or hi) Godes &c. namayi, translating in nomine, is doubt- 
 less dat. A few other phrases, peculiar to Christian theology, 
 occur : 
 
 Seo is so^ lufu, J^set gehwa his freond lufie on gode and his 
 feond for gode ("love his friend well, and his foe for his good," 
 Thorpe ; but a likelier rendering is " love his friend in God and 
 his foe for God's sake.") ►S. C. 528. 32. 
 
 Time Phrases. 
 
 Q.i. Wulfing I. §125. Wiilfing says that the instr. answers 
 " auf die Frage ' wann ' oder ' wie lange,' " gives abundant 
 examples of the first, but none that really holds of the second. 
 " Monigra geara tide'' may be explained as acc.\ " & ofer t5aet 
 ealle \y dcsge ne blon & ^cere cEfterfyligendan nihte " was to the 
 writer a case of " time when "; and these are the only examples 
 he gives of the instr. •m"- time how long." 
 
 Anglo-Saxon has a great variety of constructions to express 
 " time when," some of which have apparently no distinct value ; 
 e. g. "^(Ere tide, on "^cere tide, on ^« tid are quite indistinguishable 
 in meaning. The difference between them, if there be a differ- 
 ence, as the law of economy in language leads one to expect, I 
 have been unable to discover. The question as to the individual 
 values o{ ace. and dat. {Joe., instr,) after in, on is further compli- 
 cated by the occurrence of the forms d<^g, niht, morgen, which 
 may be loc. as well as ace. The condition of things can best be 
 set forth by taking up each time-word separately, and tracing it 
 through the texts read. The ace. is alleged only where it is 
 proved by the form of the noun itself or of accompanying adjec- 
 tive. 
 
 I. " Time when." 
 Tid. 
 
 C P. shows only on ^a tid : 
 
 Donne cym^ his hlaford on 'Saem daege ^e he ne wen'5,& on "Sa tid ISaet he 
 hine aer nat. C. P. 121. 15. 
 
 ... on ^a tid "Se se biscephad swa gehiered waes. C. P. 53. 18. 
 
 O. shows only on . . . tide, tidum : 
 
 for^on ^e he on 'Sasre tide sige hxfde. O. 246. 18. 
 
 Donne on "Seem wintregum tidum wyr'S se mu't^a fordrifen foran from 
 "Saem nortJernum windum 'Saet seo ea bi'S flowende ofer eal Aegypta land. 
 O. 12. 34. 
 
35 
 
 Bo. shows on •\- ace, on -j- dat., and simple dat., without differ- 
 ence of meaning ; but on + dat. is preferred : 
 
 pu pe pam winterdagum selest scorte tida & ))dcs sumeres dahum langran, 
 pu pe pa treowa purh pone stearcan wind nortNan & eastan on hacrfest tid 
 heora leofa bereafast, . . . Bo. 8. 6 (B.). 
 
 for'Ssem se pe his aer tide ne tiola?5, jionne bi'S his on tid untilad. Bo. 
 io6. 3. 
 
 . . . ealle pa pe on his tidum libbende waeron on eor^an. Bo. 58. 16 (B). 
 
 ne (Sine's me na^fre nan wuht swa so'Slic swa me "Sinca'S pine spell "Saem 
 tidum pe ic pa gehere (Cott.; B. has yiam tinmjn). Bo. 204. 23. 
 
 Observe that the datives are plural^ the ace. singular. 
 
 Bede shows all three constructions, and both on and in\ but 
 on is rare, in being the preposition ordinarily used : 
 
 end heo him sasgdon, in hwj'lce tiid heo of middangearde leorde 
 (quando). B. 340. 30. 
 
 Daet gelomp in 'Sa tid his biscophada (tempore episcopatus eius). B. 
 200. 28. 
 
 '5aet he to '5aem seolfan mynstre becwom in "Sa tide 'Saere miclan dea^lic- 
 nesse & wooles (tempore mortalitatis). B. 232. 19. 
 
 Da 'Saet land 'Sa getawod waes, & he on gerisne tid mid hwaste hit seow, 'Sa 
 ne com '5aer naenig grownes up ne wasstm (tempore congruo). B. 366. 24. 
 
 In 'Sisse stowe he simle on ^a tid '5aes feowertiglican faestennes aer 
 Eastrum & eft 'Saet feowertig aer Cristes gebyrdtide in micelre forhaefd- 
 nesse & in micelre witsumnesse gebeda & in teara gegote gewunelice waes 
 (tempus agere . . . solebat). B. 376. 9. 
 
 The two last are the only instances of on tid noted in MS. T. 
 
 In 'Saere tide haefde Honarius biscophad (quo tempore). B. 146, 3. 
 
 Haefde Osweo se cyning in 'Sgem aerestan tidum his riices efenhletan Saere 
 cynelecan weor'Snesse (primis regni sui temporibus). B. 194. 4. 
 
 Daet sylfe eac swylce Boisel his magister on his tide gewunelice dyde 
 (suo tempore). B. 362. 22. — on-\-dat. is very rare in (T). 
 
 Daere tide DinoS waes haten 'Saes mynstres abbod (tempore illo). B. 
 100. 18. 
 
 se leofa^ usse tide (qui ad nostra . . . tempora permansit). B. 144. 20. 
 
 Dissum tidum cwom Mellitus Lundenceastre biscop to Rome (his tem- 
 poribus). B. 108. 7. 
 
 'ScEre tide is by far the most usual rendering of qtio^ illo, isto, hoc, eo tem- 
 pore, and ^^issujH tidtivi of his tejuporibtts, in Bede. 
 
 Chron. shows on tid rarely, in "^as tid only in MSS. (de), 
 (late), on tide, on tidum only in (def) (late) and rarely there, 
 in tide, in tidu7n and the dat. without prep, not at all. 
 
 Feld dcennede secgas hwate si'S'San sunne up on morgen tid . . . o'S sio 
 aeSele gesceaft sah to settle. Chron. 202. 13. (abed). 
 
 Her Nor'Shymbra fordrifon heora cyning Alchred of Eoforwic on Easf- 
 ertid. Chron, 91. 33. (de). 
 
36 
 
 & in ^as tid waeron serendracan gesend ... to Englalande. Chron. 97. ri 
 (de). 
 
 On ^am tidum aras Pelaies gedwyld. Chron. 17. 17. (e). 
 
 Her waes Eadweard cyning ofslaegen on sefentide aet Corfesgeate, on XV. 
 Kl. Apl. Chron. 232. 2. (def). 
 
 The infrequency oi tid in the Chroji. — more definite dates being 
 generally used — may account for the absence oiiiistr. dat., other- 
 wise a preferred construction for dates in Chro7i. 
 
 u^lfric yields no examples of on tid. On tide alone is found. 
 
 The word is less frequently used in ^Ifric than tima^ and means 
 
 not "time" — in general — but " time of day," hour. 
 
 He tSa befran on hwilcere tide he gewyrpte. S. C. 128. 11. 
 pa andwyrde Petrus, Hit is underntid ; hu mihte we on 15ysre tide beon 
 fordrencte ? S. C. 314. 23. 
 
 Tid means " tense " in yElf. Gr. 
 
 Summary: 
 
 The two most authoritative texts, C. P. and O., each consistent 
 in its use, C. P. oi ace, O. of dat., after 07i, show that the uncer- 
 tainty as to case is old. Bede shows as usual both constructions, 
 but prefers ace. to dat. after the preposition, and dat. without 
 prep, to either. The preposition is in, rarely on, in Bede. y^lfric 
 follows his general tendency (see pp. 3-5) here, and uses only 
 dat. after 07i. 
 
 Note, cenige tide B. 356. 12: Dis spel we forSon setton in ure 
 bee, }>3et we men monede, fSaet hio gesege Dryhtnes weorc, hu 
 egesfuUic he is on getSeahtingum ofer monna beam, t5y laes we 
 aenige tide ussum licumlicum unalefednessum sion peowiende 
 (tempore aliquo), seems a case oifem. instr. in -e. 
 
 Tim a. 
 
 Tima does not appear as a means of dating in C. P. or B. In 
 Bo. it is found rarely, not often in Chron., frequently in Ailjric, 
 who here often retains the construction on-\- ace. 
 
 Bo. shows only on-\- ace. : 
 
 he ne meahte, ne nan mon, on pone timan pa sprasce to nanum ende 
 bringan. Bo. 246. 30. 
 
 hi nyston naenne o'<Serne god on jixne timan, buton hiora cyningas hi 
 weor'Sedon for godas. Bo. 194. 15 (B.). 
 
 Chron. shows on-\-ace. only, except in late MSS., or in what 
 Thorpe brackets as late insertions in (a) : 
 
 (scl. he) ferede Sees bisceopes lie to Bedanforda, for'5an '5e he wa^siSxr 
 'Sa abbud on Sone timan. Chron. 224. 7 (be). 
 
37 
 
 & on Sam timan com Angelcynn to Sisum laiule. Chron. 21. 3 (f). (abce 
 have here on heora dagtim.) 
 
 ^Ifric shows on^ ace, on-\-dat., and (rarely) ^a/. without 
 prep. : 
 
 Dysesgodspelles anginnhrepode ures Hoelendes prowunge,]'eah-hwae5ere 
 ne 'Srowade he na on cJysne tinian. .S". C. 152. 27. 
 
 So : on '5one timan 244. 15, on hwilcne timan 82. 7, on a;lcne timan 252. 
 14, on sumne timan Gram. 123. 17. 
 
 Se halga heap befran Crist, hwae'Ser he wolde on j'am timan pisne mid- 
 dangeard geendian. S. C. 298. 10. 
 
 Nu eac on urum timan, gehwaer paer halige men hi Testa's, aet heora 
 deadum banum God wyrc'5 fela wundra. S. C. 292. 15. And so commonly 
 on-\-dat.t 208. I, 224. 29, etc., etc. 
 
 We lybba'S mislice on twelf mon'Sum ; nu sceolon we ure gymeleaste on 
 pysne timan geinnian, and lybban Gode, we "Se o'Srum timan us sylfum 
 leofodon. S. C. 180. 18. 
 
 Note. O. uses tittia 2.i\.tr ytnbe (186. 33, 188. 7, 282. 34), but not afters;/. 
 
 C. P. shows regularly on-\-dat. (or loc, dcsg)\ insir. without 
 prep, only in connection with cbIc^ and on-\-acc. (except for the 
 unproved dceg) not at all : 
 
 se hine wile selfne bedi^lan 'Saere bledsunge & '5aes weolan on iSa^m 
 ytemestan daege. C. P. 333. 4. 
 
 hu "Sa kyningas ^e '5one onwald haefdon on '5am dagum Gode ond his 
 jerendwrecum hersumedon. C. P. 3. 5. 
 
 swa swa ^aet leohfaet lieht on nieht urum eagum, ^sette ^a gewritu on 
 daeg liehten urum mode. C. P. 365. 16. 
 
 ^aet hi aelce daeg beoS on Saem gefeohte 'Sisses andweardan lifes. C. P. 
 431. 2. 
 
 O. likewise shows no sure ace. of dccg after on, but frequent 
 dat., and in the singular the insir. without prep. — only the latter 
 when celc is used. 
 
 & (scl. hie) wendon Scet hieon '5aem daege sceoldon babban Sone masstan 
 sige. O. 190. 5, So: on 'Sasm ilcan daege 92. 7. 
 
 he waes eallra monna mildheortast on '5aem dagum. O. 242. 20 — and so 
 commonly, equivalent to %issuvi tidum in Bede. 
 
 . . . Sy ilcan daege "Se hiene mon to consule dyde. O. 245. 8. 
 
 & aelce daeg mon com unarimedlice oft to cSrom senatum & him saedon. 
 . . . O. 88. II. 
 
 Bo. shows one proved ace. after on, on dagum once, gio dagiun 
 
 once, and celce dcsg frequently : 
 
 Ac hio (i. e. sio sunne) ne bi'S Seah py near 'Srere sx (i. e. at sunset) '5e 
 hio bi'5 on midne daeg. Bo. 214. 28 (B.). 
 
38 
 
 . . . ^aem miclan flode Se giu on Noes dagum waes. Bo. 50. 6. 
 hwast pu geherdest 'Saette gio dagum gelomp, paet . . . Bo. 66. 27. 
 nu he eow aelce daeg toweardes on et. Bo. 210. 28 (B). So 94. i. 
 Ac him bi^ swa 'Ssem fuglum & 'Saem diorum pe magon bet locian on niht 
 ponne on daeg. Bo. 206. 4. 
 
 Bede shows no ace. after the prep, except in MS. (Ca.): on 
 (Sone forman Easterdseg 24. 25. 
 
 The Tanner MS. shows in dcege^ in dagum) on '6inum dagum 
 (in diebus tuis) once, 354. 31 ; but in the great majority of cases 
 the instr. (or dat.') without prep. : 
 
 Ealle "Sas wasron endebyrdlice in his dsegebiscophadabrucende (sub rege 
 Wulfhere). B. 240. 17. 
 
 Swelce eac in 'Saem ileum dagum ne sceal him bewered beon 'Saem geryne 
 onfon (in eisdem diebus). B. 78. 30. 
 
 '5a gelomp sume dasge,'Saet he . . . (die quadam). B. 262. 27. 
 
 ^aet hie ^aet dydon 'Sy daege ^e his gemynddaeg wasre (die depositionis 
 €ius). B. 374. 27. 
 
 Ond eallum pam dagum buton Sunnandagum he afaeste to aefenes, swa 
 swa his ^eaw waes (quibus diebus cunctis). B. 230. 30. 
 
 Cliron. also shows ace. very rarely (a. i, b. i, c. 2, d. 2, e. i), 
 dai. frequently, after on ; and insir. without prep, commonly, in 
 all MSS., especially with pronominal adjectives : 
 
 Her Tanbryht waes gehadod to aercebisc, on 'Sone feowertegan daeg ofer 
 midne winter. Chron. 88. 18. (abed). 
 
 . . . for'Sferde ... on Cildamaesse daege. 220. 10. (a). 
 
 ... on his dagum . . . 96. 13. (abcdef). 
 
 . . . "Saet hit him gearo waere, swa hwelce daege swa hie hit habban wolden. 
 142. 33. (abcde.) 
 
 & hi mon eac mid o'Srum floeeum sohte, maestra daga aelee. 164. 29. 
 (abed.) 
 
 ySl/ric shows on -\- ace. not often (proved ace. noted 3 times ; 
 on . . . dcEg, in compounds, occurs but is indeterminate), regularly 
 on -\- dat. For inst. {dai.') without preposition, see note. 
 
 On '5one o^erne daeg eom Paul us into Saere byrig. S. C. 374. 27. 
 
 And Crist aras of dea^e on pone easterlican sunnan-daeg. S. C, 216. 2tZ' 
 
 nieridie on midne daeg. Gram. 236. 15. 
 
 " Nu on sunnan-daeg, mines aeristes daege, pu cymst to me." .S". C. 74. 17, 
 seems to show that dag in compounds after on — ^'Elfric does not show 
 -dage in compounds — is felt not to be ace. 
 
 interdiu on daeg. Gram. 237. 4. 
 
 nudiustertius on aerron dasg. Gram. 224. 2. 
 
 On ^am oSrum daege code se apostol be 'Saere straet, pa ofseah he , , . 
 S. C. 60. 21. 
 
 on 'Sysum daeg15erlicum dxge S. C. 28. 26, on j>am j'riddan dsege 28. 4. 
 
39 
 
 pa ealdan Romnni, on hae^enum dagum, ongunnon poes geares ymbryne 
 on Sysum daege. S. C. 98. 19. 
 
 Note. — In : *' Ic eom mid eow ealluin daguni, ot5 pisre worulde 
 geendunq;e." 6*. C. 310. 19, and the same quotation, 600. 17, the 
 dat. without prep, may be a mark of earlier biblical style ; it is the 
 only instance of dceg in this construction in vol. I. of ^Ifric's 
 Homilies. 
 
 Neaht, Niht. 
 
 A proved ace. of this word after the prep, is very rare. Only 
 two examples have been found, both in Bede, one after on and 
 one after z;i: Da ongan heo semninga on midde neaht cleopian 
 (circa mediam noctem). B. 286. 12; & in forewearde neaht 
 fort5ferde (primo tempore noctis). B. 422. 28. 
 
 Dat. without prep, is also extremely rare except in Bede,v^\i^x^ 
 it is of frequent occurrence, in accordance with Bede's general 
 tendency ; elsewhere 7iiht^ neaht appears regularly in the dat. after 
 the prep. 
 
 hwseSer hit waere 'Se dceg Se niht. C. P. 427. 31. 
 
 Ac 'Saere ilcan niht 'Se mon on dasg hsefde Sa burg mid stacum gemear- 
 cod, . . . wulfas atugan 'Sa stacas up. O, 226. 17. 
 
 So : "S^ere ilcan niht. O. 236. 12. 
 
 Deah Sasm fcohgitsere cume swa fela welena, swa para sondcorna beo^ 
 be pisum saeclifum, o^^e para steorrena^e Seostrum nihtuna scinat) . . . Bo. 
 22. 28 (B). 
 
 & "Saere ilcan nihte wes Eadwine dohter acenned, seo waes gehaten 
 Eanfled (from Bede, 122. 26. ^tzre ilcan neahte). Chron. 43. 17. (e). 
 
 These are the only instances oi dat. without prep, observed out- 
 side of Bede. 
 
 . . . Saette "Saere seolfan rieohte ^a brohton ban ut awunedon (ipsa nocte). 
 B. 182. 23. 
 
 So : 'Saere neahte (nocte ilia). B. 184.14, 342. 26, etc. 
 
 Hwaet we don scylen on cSisse niht, 5aet is ^'is andwearde lif. C. P. 
 
 365- M- 
 
 . . . '5asm kokkum "St on cJistrum niehtum crawa^. C. P. 459. 31. 
 
 '5rie wulfas on anre niht brohton anes deades monnes lichoman binnan 
 "Sa burg. O. 160. 20. 
 
 f>a waes in ^aere seolfan nihte, paette se aelmihtiga Dryhten hire forSfore 
 in oSrum mynstre . . . mid sweotolre gesyhSe waes geeaSmeded to onwreone 
 (qua . . . nocte). B. 338. 31. So, with in : (ipsa nocte) 114. 9, 174. 11. 
 
 Weox seo adl sticcemaelum & sona on iSasre ilcan niht hefigre gefremed 
 waes (nocte superveniente). B. 378. 26. So : (eadem nocte) 410. 10. 
 
 Sa geseah he semninga on middre niht sumne mon . . . (intempestas 
 noctis silentio). B. 128. 15. 
 
 '5y laes he on niht onweg fluge and besta^le (noctu). B, 326. 21. 
 
40 
 
 Bede uses both on and in, except in the phrase on niht without 
 adj. or other modifier, which does not show hi. 
 
 Chron. has on "^csre nihte once, 240. 2. (cdef), and 07i niht 
 often : 
 
 se here hiene on niht up bestael, & oferhergeade alle Cent eastewearde. 
 Chroii. 130. 17. (abcde). 
 
 u^lfric has on niht and on .. . nihte : 
 
 Ac se stranga Samson aras on midre nihte and gelaehte 'Sa. burgh geatu. 
 S. C. 226. 17 ; on Saere nihte 504. 21, on middere nihte 246. 33. 
 "Sa on niht com him to Godes engel. S. C. 230. 21. 
 
 Very rarely there appears a form that looks like the ace, with- 
 out preposition : 
 
 Da W3es he same niht on anum nicealtan huse. O. 286. 29. 
 
 pa eode he sume neahte on ise unwasriice, pa gefeoU he semninga on his 
 earm ufan, & '5one swi'Se ge^reeste & gebrsec (noctu). B. 156. 17. 
 
 ond aeghwelce niht ofer his byrgenne heofonlic ]eoht waes a^teawed 
 (omni nocte). B. 90. 30. 
 
 but is rather to be explained as fern, ijistr. (see p. 36, note), 
 as dating by simple ace, is otherwise unknown in the texts read. 
 
 Morgen, yEferi. 
 
 MS. (fj of the Chron. affords one, S. C. two and yElf. Gr. one 
 proved ace. of morge?i after 07i : on aerne morgen Ch7'on. 61. 9. 
 (f), on aerne merigen 6^. C. 286. 33, 458. 20, ^If. Gram. 
 234. 19. 
 
 MSS. (b) and (c) prove the ace. for cefen twice after on, and 
 MS. (a) gives one instance of ace. after iji : . . . waes gefullod on 
 Sone halgan aefen Pentecosten Chro7i. 42. 8. (be), (where (a) has 
 in "60716 halgan csfe7i) ; Her com yESelflaed Myrcna hlaefdige, on 
 t5one halgan aefen Inventione See. Crucis, to Scergeate. Chron, 
 186. 7. (be). 
 
 But morgen and csfe^i have commonly no determining word. 
 No instances of accompanying adj. in the dat. appear, and no 
 instances of the construction in the i7istr. without prep. The 
 forms i^cer^morgeji, morge7ine, mor7ie, 7nar7ie, {cEr^77ierge7i, merig€7i 
 are found after the prep. Bede has regularly cefe7i7ie {dat.) and 
 u^lfric cBfe7i (probably locative). 
 
 Bede uses on, not in before these words: in aermorgen (mane 
 primo) 402. 10 is the only exception noted. 
 
 Seasons of the year : su77ior, wi7iter, lcncte7i, hcerfesi. 
 
 Only Boethius and the Chro7i. show these words in the acc^ 
 
41 
 
 after on, and then almost always with some word ( 7nidne,fore- 
 weardtie) showing what part of the season is meant. 
 
 Ne miht "Su win wringan on niidne winter, '5eah (Ne wel lyste wearmes 
 mustes {Fox, presumably from Junius' reading of Cott. ; Bodl. has here on 
 medde winter ; — com p. noun in the acc.l) Bo. lo. 31. 
 
 on lencten hit grew'5, & on hajrfest hit fealwa'S. Bo. 74. 22 (B). 
 
 on lengten. Bo, 234. 18 (B), 8. 7 (B). 
 
 Her hiene bestasl se here on midne winter ofer tuelftan niht to Cippan- 
 hamme. Chron. 146. 19. (abcde). 
 
 on forewerdne winter. 172. 18. (be). 
 
 . . . & '5a burh '5xr getimbrede, on foreweardne sumor. 186. 28. (be). 
 
 on foreweardne sumor. 186. 31. (be). 
 
 on ufeweardne hasrfest. 186. 31. (be). 
 
 on haerfest. 190. 18. (abed), 194. 34. (a), 227. 25. (d). 
 
 Otherwise on-\-daLy or instr. without prep. : 
 
 For ciele nele se slawa erian on wintra, ac he wile biddan on sumera. 
 C. P. 285. 6. 
 
 on frowum stowum styccemEelum wicia'S Finnas, on hunto^e on wintra, & 
 on sumera on fisca'tSe be ^sere sae. O. 17. 5. 
 
 on sumera hit bi'S wearm & on wintra ceald. Bo. 74. 23 (B). 
 
 & 'Sonne on wintra eft ham hwurfon (hieme succedente). B. 274. 3. 
 
 ^ses on sumera Chron. 186. 16. (abed), 172. 26. (abed), 174. 14. (abed) ; on 
 haerfeste Chron. 146. 13. (abcde), 'Sass on hsrfeste, 172. 13. (abed); on 
 lasngtene Chron. 105. 24. (de). 
 
 J?a ealdan Romani . . . ongunnon paes geares ymbryne on "Sysum dasge ; 
 and ^a Ebreiscan leoda on lenctenlicre emnihte ; 'Sa Greciscan on sumer- 
 licum sunstede ; and 5a Egyptiscan 'Seoda ongunnon heora geares getel on 
 haerfeste. S. C. 98. 20. 
 
 Ac he pa se ilea Peada py nehstan lenctenne swi'Se manfullice acweald 
 waes (proximo vere). B. 240. 3. 
 
 & ^y wintra Eadmund . . . him wi'Sfeaht. Chron. 134. 19. (abed). 
 
 "Sy ilcan sumere Chron. 152. 28. (abcde), 'Sy ilcan sumera 178. 4. (abed), 
 ^y sumera 144. 12. (acde) (where b. has ^as on sumera). 
 
 Bede shows only on, never z>z, before these words. 
 
 Gear. 
 
 Gear is found in the ace. after on only once in the texts read, 
 Chron. 192. 5. (bed) : Her heo begeat on hire geweald ... on 
 foreweardne gear . . . t5a burh set Legraceastre. Note that here 
 again the/>ar/ of the year is indicated. 
 
 Elsewhere gear is construed in the dat. after 07i, in the instr. 
 after 07i, and (most often) in the iristr. without preposition : 
 
 & "Saes on "Sasm aefterran geare he gefor O, 268. 23. So on-\- dat. : O. 60. 
 17, 102. 26, 180. 24, etc.,^. 20. I (Ca.), -5". C. 60. 3. Her on "Sys geare, ymb 
 
42 
 
 Martines maessan . . . Chron. i86. 12 (abed). So on-\-insir. : Chron. 164. 
 
 11 (abc), 170.39 (a), 182. 17 (a), 186. 11 (abc), 188. 2 (a), 192. 21 (a), 192. 29 
 (a), 234. 6 (c), 234. 17 (c), 234. 27 (c), 240. 16 (c), 174. 14 (abed)— found only 
 in the Chron. 
 
 Dy geare Fiaminius se eonsul forseah "Sa saegene Se '5a hlyttan him 
 saedon. O. 184. 26. 
 
 breng^ eor^e aelcne westm & aelc tudor aelee geare. Bo. 234. 14 (B). 
 
 pa wass ymb syxhund wintra & feower & hundeahtatig aefter paere Drih- 
 tenlecan menniscnesse, jiy geare, j^aette Ecgfri'SNorSanhymbra eyning sende 
 weorod & fyrd in Hibernia. B. 356. 18. 
 
 & ^y ilcan geare hie fuhton wi'S Brettas. Chron. 26. 20 (abce). So 
 commonly instr. without prep, in (9., B. and Chron. 
 
 Si's. 
 
 Sz'6, besides the meaning "journey," has a secondary meaning 
 " time," measuring recurrence. In this latter sense it is com- 
 monly construed in the znsir. without prep., but occasionally in 
 the ace. after on. 
 
 Da wilnedon Cartaine o^re si'Se frit^es to Romanum. O. 180. 11. 
 
 "Sa hie sume si'Se druncne aet heora symble saeton. O. 130. 25. 
 
 ... & seldon, butonmaran symbelnessum & tidum o'Spe maran nyd'Searfe, 
 ma ^onne aene si^e on daege past heo wolde mete pycgan (semel). B. 318. 
 22. 
 
 Ne com se here oftor eall ute of "Saem setum ^onne tuwwa, o^re si^'e ^a 
 hie aerest to lande comon . . , o'Sre si'Se ^'a hie of ^sem setum faran woldon. 
 Chron. 166. I (abed). 
 
 " Ge synd mine beam, 'Sa 'Se ic nu o^re si^e geeacnige, cSpaet Crist beo 
 on eow geedniwod." S. C. 492. 12. 
 
 The following are the only instances of sv^ in the ace. after on 
 in the texts read : 
 
 ... & ge'Sohte his misdaeda, . . . hwast he haefde Godes Seowum on oft- 
 siSas to la^e gedon. O. 290. 29. 
 
 se (i. e. Neron) bet aet sumum cyrre forbaernan ealle Rome burh on 
 asnne si'S aefter paere bisene pe gio Trogia burg barn. Bo. 58. 3 (B). 
 
 ... & Saer wurdon gescipode, swa 'Saet hie asettan hi on anne si'S ofer 
 mid horsum mid ealle. Chron. 162. 20 (abcdef). 
 
 Dy ilcan geare waes gesewen blodig wolcen on oftsi'Sas. Chron. 234. 
 
 12 (c). 
 
 Seel, in a sense similar to that of si^ just considered, appears 
 
 occasionally in the ace. after on : 
 
 for^on Se heora wise on naenne sael wel ne gefor, na'Ser ne innan . . . ne 
 utane. O. 164. 13. 
 
 quandoque on sumne sael. ^Elf. Or. 232. 5. 
 aliquotiens on sumne sael. /^If. Or. 286. 15. 
 
43 
 
 Dcsgred appears at least once in the ace. after on\ he micle 
 hludor singS on uhtan (Sonne on dsegred. C P. 461. 2. 
 
 On last:=L finally, on ^j^/;;2(5«?/::^ continuously, on {ealra) worulda 
 
 woni/d =z {or ever a.nd ever, are fixed phrases with the value of 
 
 simple adverbs : 
 
 & nu on last pu swedes paet yfel ngere nauht. Bo. 164. 30. 
 for'Son hie on symbel wi'S Romanum sibbe heoldon. O. 186. 3. 
 for'San "Se ure behat, ye us God behet, 'Surhwuna'S a on worulda butan 
 ende. S. C. 204. 25. 
 
 Lz/. 
 
 Z,//" appears in the dat and frequently in the instr.^ after on, 
 but not in the ace. : 
 
 & "Sa lean bicS on ^asm ecean life 'Saes "Se we to gode do^. C. P. 387. 19. 
 
 hu he nyttos^ meahte beon his nihstum on "Sys eor'Slican life. C P. 49. 14. 
 So: on 'Sys andweardan life. C. P. 161. 22. 
 
 ic wat "Saet nan swa god (man) ne leofa'S swa he is on ^eosan life. O. 
 242. 23. 
 
 . . . ge on pis andweardan life ge on paem toweardan. Bo. 212. 24 (B. 
 and Junius). 
 
 on pis andweardan life. Bo. 34. 15, 188. 13. 
 
 "Saet he on 'Syssum life hundteontigfealdlice mede onfenge, & on "Saere 
 toweardan wearolde ecce lif. B. 450. 5 (O). 
 
 Other words are construed in the dat. after on, in, or in the 
 mstr. without prep., to denote " time when." 
 
 & on ^asre hwile t?e he '5asr winnende wses, frefelice hiene gesohte 
 Minoth(e)o. O. 130. 9. 
 
 '5aet ge faestun & weopua on ^aem fiftan & on '5aem siofo'San mon'Se. C. P. 
 315. 25. 
 
 ne waeron cyrican getimbrode ne fulwihtstowe in '5aem fruman ^aere 
 acendan cirican (in exordio). B. 140. 20. 
 
 'Sy eahte'San indictione (indictione viii — in the date of the Proceedings 
 of the Hatfield Synod), iff. 310. 17. 
 
 Note. " Time when " rendered by the geyiitive. 
 
 Dceges, iiihtes, " by night," " by day," are found in all texts. 
 The Chronicle shows an extension of this construction to the 
 words gear, hcerfest, sumor, winter, as a variant means of dating : 
 
 'Sass geares wurdon viiii. folcgefeoht gefohten. Chron. 140. 27. (abcde); 
 & "Sass geares . . . 140. 36. (abcde). 
 
 Da o^res geares for'Sferdon twa abbodessan 236. 7. (c). 
 
 Da '5aes for hra'Se, ^aes ilcan sumeres, for Eadweard ... to Passan- 
 hamme. 195. 6. (a). 
 
 Da eefter '5am, 'Saes ilcan sumeres, gegadorode micel folc hit on Eadwear- 
 des anwalde. 194. 28. (a). 
 
 ^aes ilcan wintra (ade., wintres be). 146. 31. 
 
44 
 
 This construction is by no means so common as that with the 
 insfr., and seems to have no distinct value. 
 
 II. " Time within which." 
 
 The period of time within the limits of which something is done 
 is rendered by in, on -\- dat. 
 
 se fserlica (lea's he on lytelre hwile bereafode "Saes 'Se hi on langre hwile 
 mid unryhte strindon. C. P. 333. 16. 
 
 & hu (he) gegaderode on '5an serran syfan gearan mid hys wisdome, Sset 
 he "Sa aefteran syfan gear call 'Saet folc gescylde wi'S ^one miclan hnngor. 
 O, 34. II. 
 
 Wulfstan saede 'Saet he gefore of Hae'Sum, ^ast he wsere on Truso on 
 syfan dagum & nihtum, O. 19. 33. 
 
 . . . paet eall se d^l se Se Saes treowes on tvvelf mon'Sum gewex^ paet he 
 ongin'S of ^aem wyrtruman. Bo. 148. 35. 
 
 'Saet he symle in Ssem feowertiglecan faestenne asr Eastrum sene siSe in 
 daege gereorde (semel in die). B. 244. 23. 
 
 & he 'Sa in medmicelre tiide micel folc Drihtne begeat (pauco sub tem- 
 pore). B. 222. 30. 
 
 & seldon . . . ma Sonne aene si'Se on daege paet heo wolde mete pycgan 
 (semel per diem). B. 318. 22. 
 
 . . . licade us eallum gemaenelice, paette in Agustus Kalende aene si'Sa on 
 gere seono^ gesomnode in stowe, seo is genemned Clofeshoh (semel in 
 anno). B. 278. 26. 
 
 Min Srowung geenda'S on anum daege, cS^e on twam, o'S'Se be 'Sam 
 maestan on prim ; scSlice Sin cwylming ne maeg binnon Susend geara to 
 ende gecuman. S. C. 594. 24. 
 
 And Crist aras of dea'Se on pone easterlican sunnan-daeg, pe nu bi'S on 
 seofon nihtum. S. C. 216. 33. 
 
 yElfric uses this construction occasionally where we should 
 
 expect the ace. of duration : 
 
 & (scl. heo) waes on eallum pam fyrste wunigende binnan pam Godes 
 temple. S. C, 146. 26. 
 
 So : on^aere hwile. .S*. C. 216. 28. 
 
 III. Time " how long." 
 
 Cf. Wiilfing I. §93. Wiilfing is misleading in I. §119. b. He 
 says: " Der Akk. antwortet auf die Frage * wann,' " and gives 
 examples that belong under §119. a. " wie lange." 
 
 Duration of a state or activity is expressed by the ace. without 
 preposition: 
 
 Her waes seo sunne a^eostred ane tid daeges. Chron. 150. 6. (abed). 
 Da waes sume hwile Godes ege on mancynne aefter pam flode. S. C. 22. 17. 
 
 The foUowino^ looks an ace. of " time within which ": & sum 
 his fultum worhte t5a burg ^a hwile cet Heorotforda on su6 healfe 
 
45 
 
 Lygean. Chron. i86. 24. (;ibcd) ; but if worhte here was felt to 
 have the vahie of mod. " worked at " rather than " built," the 
 construction is quite regular. 
 
 Bede shows one indisputable instance of dat. of duration of 
 time : he waes micelre tide in Ibernia wuniende 168. 28. 
 
 Summary : 
 
 ^V^, on -\- ace, iUy on -\- dat. or i7istr., instr., loc. or dat. without 
 prep., and^<?;z., in time-phrases. 
 
 1. Prep. 4" <^cc. 
 
 a. is found only with the singular of the noun (with the excep- 
 tion of <7/y^zS«.9, and perhaps tide in Bede — in 6a tide (tempore) 
 B. 232. 19, in gelimplice tide (hora competenti) B. 342. 27 — the 
 latter probably insir. fevt., the former possibly ace. sin^.). 
 
 b. is preferred for denoting the ^«r/ of the period intended, see 
 p. 41. 
 
 2. Prep. + dat. or insir . 
 
 a. has no apparent difference in meaning from prep, -f- ace. 
 
 b. dat. is preferred to instr., as the latter is felt to be sufficient 
 without prep, (but life is regularly insir. after 07i). 
 
 c. prep, -f- dat. is used distinctively for '' time within which." 
 
 3. Instr. and dat. without prep. 
 
 a. is of variable frequency in different texts, most common in 
 Bede and the Chro7i.\ insir. as proved by pronominal or adjec- 
 tive forms is not found in the portions of ^Ifric read. 
 
 b. agrees for the most part with the Latin in Bede, but cannot 
 be shown to be derived therefrom. 
 
 4. Genitive : rare except for dcB^es and nihtes, and seems to 
 have no distinct value except in these words. 
 
 5. In and on. 
 
 Bede uses both, preferring hi before iid and showing only on 
 before niorgen, ccfen. Chron. (a) shows hi occasionally before 
 tid. 
 
 For to^ est, for in time-phrases see under those prepositions. 
 
 In versus On. 
 
 See Miller's Bede, Introd. pp. xxxiii ff.* 
 
 The prep, in is so rare in C. P., Bo. and y^lfric that it may be 
 considered accidental. I find it five times in C. P.: in Hierusa- 
 lem, 385. 22, in Ageas bocum 343. 18, in Essaies bocum 329. 22, 
 
 * Where figures will be found for other texts as well. 
 
46 
 
 in f^aes monnes mode 155. 22, in 'Se 445. 21 ; twice in Bo.\ in 
 anwald 2. 4 (B), in boccraeftum 2. 13.; once in y^lf.\ in ealra 
 worulda woruld kS. C. 618. 35. 
 
 In O. it is more frequent ; in -\- ace, ten times, 171 + «^^^. 
 twenty-four times, all of geographical position except 14. 24 
 Albani hi sint genemde in Latina (scl. Ii7igua ? probably, as 
 LafiTia is not Ags.). 
 
 MSS. (d.) (e.) and (f) of the Chroti. show i7i a number of times, 
 but as they are generally acknowledged to be late and to repre- 
 sent no dialect in purity, they are not here considered. MS. (a) 
 (Parker MS.), on the other hand, having long been considered 
 the best representative of the original W. S. Chronicle, is of 
 more interest. It shows iot -\- ace. seven times where (b) and (c) 
 (and sometimes other MSS.) show oti: 24. 27, 26. 11, 12, 32. 20, 
 36. 17, 42. 8, 68. 20; and i7i -\- dat. fifteen times where (b) and (c) 
 have 071 : 8. 22, 12. 2, 17, 22. 4, 26. 29, 28. 37, 32. 38, 34. 8, 46. 3, 7, 
 54. 19, 68. 19, 128. 5, 148. 27, 166. 24. This occurrence is 
 restricted to no particular idiom ; 171 -{- ace. of place 5 times, of 
 resultant parts once, of time once ; in + dat. of that which con- 
 tains once, of geographical place 11 times, partitive (in t5aem here 
 weorSuste) once, of time twice. This is of course a very small 
 number in proportion to the number of times on occurs, yet shows 
 that in this particular (b) and (c) are nearer the W. S. norm than 
 (a), and contributes slightly to the confirmation of Mr. Howorth's 
 theory, put forth in the AthenceuTn for Sept. 20, 1879, that the 
 Parker MS. is Mercian, not W. S. (b) and (c) show i7i twice, 
 both in Latin phrases : in Epheso 12. 24, in Gallia 16. 15. 
 
 In predominates in Bede^ i. e. in the Tanner MS. and MS. C, 
 which Miller prints as far as they go, vacancies being supplied 
 from other MSS. which use regularly on. But there are certain 
 categories in which MS. T. uses on to the exclusion of in, or in 
 which on is preferred to in. These are: 
 
 i7i, on -\- ace. I. i. a. on hand gan, sellan &c. 
 " " I. 2. surface on which. 
 
 " " I. 2. a. hostile motion. 
 
 " II. I. on bond, on healfe. 
 *' II. 4. on wisan, on riht. 
 
 in, on + dat. I. i. on honda. 
 
 I. 2, surface on which. 
 
 I. 4. after verbs of depriving. 
 
 I. 9. measure of distance. 
 
 
 (( (( 
 
47 
 
 in, 0)1 in time-phrases : on morgen, aefen. 
 
 So that the use of m and on in Bede is in general that of the 
 present day — i7i of that which contains, on of that "on," *' upon " 
 which. A tendency to the use of 07i in short fixed phrases is 
 observable. Bede also agrees with the Vespasian Ps. in using 07i 
 where the Latin has not i?i. 
 
 The relation of the Ags. to the Latin o{ Bede will doubtless be 
 thoroughly treated in Prof. Miller's forthcoming second volume. 
 The Latin correspondences given here are sufihcient to show that 
 the Latin idiom does not, as a rule, override the English in the 
 matter of cases, slavish as the translation is in many respects. 
 
 Compounds. 
 
 The adverbs in(ji), up{p), directive; iiine, uppe, innan, uppan, 
 locative, combine in varying degrees of closeness with on (not 
 with i7i) to form new prepositions ; and i7i7ta7i, uppa7i are occa- 
 sionally prepositions themselves, i. e. take cases. 
 
 There seems to be some confusion between i7i . . . on and inna7i, 
 upp . . . 071 and uppa7i. The separated forms should, and for the 
 most part do, retain the values of adverb and preposition distinct ; 
 but sometimes i7i 07i, tip on are interchanged with i7i7ia7i, tippa7i. 
 
 These compounds are subject to the same rules for the follow- 
 ing case as the simple preposition, except when there is confusion 
 of the compound with the adverb in -a7i in prepositional use. 
 
 inna7i, adverb : 
 
 ne puhte he him innon swa faeger swa he utan pohte. Bo. ii6. 24 (B.) 
 
 i7i7ia7i, preposition : 
 
 & ^aet sar innan ^aere wambe, ^aet tacna'S ^a sorge ISaes modes. C. P. 
 259. 16. 
 
 innan for i7i 07i : 
 
 y\i eart nu fulneah cumen in on (C, innon B.) ^a ceaslre paere so'San 
 gesaelSe. Bo. 158. 9. So (B.) has innon -\- ace. for /« ofi-\-acc. of (C), 
 Bo. 140. 18, 148. 31. 
 
 . . . for se here of Wirhealan innan Nor^Vealas. Chron. 170. 40. (bed.) 
 {in on (a)). 
 
 So innan -^ ace. Chron. 174. 8. (acd.; on-\- dat. b.), 134. 4. (abed.; in 
 on e.), 166. 6. (bed.; {in on a.), 134. 16. (a.; on (be.). 
 
 071 i7ina7i : 
 
 ic wat paet ge wenalS paet ge nan gecundelic god ne gesaelpa on innan eow 
 selfum naebben. Bo. 44. 16. 
 
48 
 
 tippan, adverb : 
 
 Holh waes beboden ^aet sceolde beon on Saem weobude uppan. C. P. 
 219. 4. 
 
 Uppan, preposition : 
 
 "And ic timbrige mine cyrcan uppon Sisum stane." S. C. 368. 17. 
 cf.: suelce ic hine beere uppe on minum hrycge. C, P, 153. 12. 
 
 Uppan for tip on : 
 
 pa for-arn he ^am H^lende, and stah uppon an treow, paet he hine geseon 
 mihte. S. C. 580. 31. 
 
 y^lfric makes no distinction between tippan and up on : 
 
 up on + ace. 2, + dat. 4; upon + ace. i; upp on + ace. 4; 
 
 uppon + ace. 2, + dat. 6 ; uppan + ace. 2, + dat. 3, in Thorpe's 
 
 print of ^Ifric's Horn. vol. I. 
 on uppan : 
 
 He sarette 'Ssette 'Sa synfullan sceoldon bytlan on uppan his hrycge. C. 
 P. 153. 10. 
 
 TO. 
 
 To has the idea of direction as its basic notion, and this sense is 
 apparent in all its uses. In expressing physical relations it ap- 
 proaches the value of hi, on -f- acc,\ while in its use to express 
 purpose it approaches the meaning q{ for. The difference in 
 value, however, between to and in, on, with verbs of motion is 
 almost always perceptible. The sense of location is never absent 
 in in, on (faintest, perhaps, with verbs of hostile motion), while the 
 idea of location in to is rare, and then only apparent, being due to 
 a process of mental ellipsis. 
 
 To takes the dat. and instr. cases, and in a few phrases the 
 ^en. 
 
 Note. The ace. after to\ to mec sprsecende (ad me). B. 402. 
 13, to hie code (ad earn). B. 382. 29 — is quite abnormal, and 
 doubtless un-English. Cf. & paer sefter to o?nnes sanctos BliSmod 
 bidde. Gr.-Wlkr. II. 278. (8. 22.) Other instances of too close 
 dependence on the Latin will be noted further on. 
 
 The dat. of ind. obj. is a construction in full vigor in Ags. 
 With the decay of inflection the construction has fallen into dis- 
 use, and is generally replaced by to in mod. Engl. But in Ags. to 
 seldom has this value. Certain verbs show the beginning of the 
 change ; cwe^a7i, for instance, takes to -\- dat. of person spoken to, 
 where Gothic uses ind. object: ik qi\a izwis Matt. V. 28. etc.; 
 but secgan uses only ind. obj. It is assumed that the relation of 
 
49 
 
 ind. obj. is rendered by the simple dat. except in the cateqjories 
 here given for to. Many verbs (e. g. brinprafi) regularly con- 
 strued with the ind. obj. admit also to ■\- dai. as an alternative, 
 for distinction or emphasis. 
 
 I. After verbs of motion, that toward which, that which is the 
 object of the motion, is put in the dat. after to. 
 
 The preposition is often separated from its case and put with 
 the verb, either immediately before or after it ; which is in char- 
 acter with the purely directive nature of to in this use, merely 
 complementary to and emphasizing the case value. 
 
 1. Person to whom (but not with verbs of" hostile motion," cf 
 in^ on -f- ace. I. 2. a). 
 
 Intransitive verbs, of coming and going, show both ind. obj. 
 and to -\- dat., but prefer to ', transitive verbs, such as bringan, 
 sendan, prefer ind. obj. ; verbs less purely of motion — giefan, 
 sellaii — hardly admit to. 
 
 . . . 5aet we hine laeden to sumum ricum menn. C. P. 63. 2. 
 
 ^a hit (i. e. Pompey's head) mon to him brohte (ad se). O. 242. 18. 
 
 ^onne seo leo bring'S his hongregum hwelpum hwaet to etanne. O. 142. 24. 
 
 swa bi^ eac paes wisan med pe maere pe him wra'Sre wyrd & reSre to 
 becymS. Bo. 238. 13. 
 
 o5i5e hwae'Ser him cume pe re'Su wyrd pe li^'u. Bo. 238. 9. 
 
 t^'ast he scolde of middangearde to Drihtue feran (ad dominum) B. 
 262. 26. 
 
 (scl. he) eode to 'Ssem biscope & to 'Sam papan (ad pontificem). B. 96. 33. 
 
 &'Saes ymb iii. wiecan com se cyning to him. Chron. 148. 25. (a). 
 
 o<S him mara fultum to com. Chro?i. 194. 16. (a). 
 
 Nu wundra'S gehwa hu se deofol dorste genealsecan to 5am Haelende. 
 S. C. 166. 32. 
 
 pa'Sa he gesset, pa geneal^ehton his leorning-cnihtas him to. 6". C. 548. 13. 
 
 to appears occasionally in O. with verbs expressing hostile 
 motion : Rat)e aefter Saem com Darius mid firde to Alexandre 
 (i. e. against him, with hostile intent, as proved by the context) 
 O. 124. 33.; but the hostility is not expressed by to, any more 
 than it would be by towards in mod. Engl., whereas the use oi o?i 
 shows that the motion is one of attack. 
 
 2. Place to, toward which. 
 
 To is used regularly before names of towns, and other places 
 and objects considered as points to be reached ; countries entered, 
 on the other hand, are construed in the ace. after 07i, in. Names 
 of peoples in the plural may present either the idea of country or 
 
50 
 
 of persons, and so appear in both constructions. To + dat. of 
 region entered is exceptional. 
 
 he "Sonne sceal fleon to anra Sara Sreora burga Se to fri'Sstowe geserte 
 sint. C. P, 167. 2. 
 
 Du slawa, ga "Se to ^emetthylle. C. P. 191. 25. 
 
 cySa^ minum bro^rum ^aet hie cumen to Galileum. C. P. 43. 20. 
 
 & (he) hiene het si^'San to Rome bringan. O. 224. 15. 
 
 Ac gif ^u aefre cymest on pone weg & to paere stowe pe pu nu geot for- 
 giten haefst, ponne wilt pu cwe^an . . . Bo. 174. 21. 
 
 Mid "Sy we "Sa upp cuomon to lande (evadentes ad terram). B. 386, 15. 
 
 OSpo in pam lacum geleafsumra, pe heo to wigbedum & to Godes cirican 
 bringa'S, hu monige daelas para beon scyle (quae fidelium oblationibus 
 accedunt altario). B. 64. 7. 
 
 Da com "Saem Deniscum scipum "Seh asr flod to, aer Sa cristnan mehton 
 hira ut ascufan. Chron. 176. 37. (abed). 
 
 se gerefa . . . hie wolde drifan to 'Saes cyninges tune. Chron. 96. 16. 
 (abcde). 
 
 pa cwae'S se apostol, Ga'S to smiSSan, and fandiaS pises goldes and 
 "Sissera gymstana. .S". C. 64. 6. 
 
 pa'Sa se Haelend to Scere burhscire genealaehte. S, C, 366. 5. 
 
 Da gelamp hit paet hi genealashton anre byrig pe is gehaten Hiericho. 
 S. C. 152. 10. 
 
 Dat. without prep, is rare here — perhaps only used where 
 there is a sense of "advantage or disadvantage": . . . Saette ealre 
 worulde swelce sibbe bringan mehte. O. 106. 34. But genea- 
 Icecan in yEl/ric, as the examples above show, takes dat. with and 
 without to indifferently. 
 
 histr. after to here is rare : gif her Segna hwelc Syrelne kylle 
 brohte to ^ys burnan. C. P. 469. 10. 
 
 3. Verbs of speaking, writing, looking and the like take 
 to -\- dat. of person spoken, written to, of person or thing looked 
 towards. 
 
 a). Verbs of speaking regularly take to : so sprecan, cwe'^an^ 
 cleopian. But secga^i as regularly takes dat. without to. 
 
 Da cleopedon his "Segnas him to, C. P. 197. 17. 
 Ond eac Dryhten cuae^' to Noe & to his bearnum. C, P. 109. 5. 
 ic ne sprece nu no to dysegum raonnum, ac sprece to t?aem "Se wel wilniaS 
 wisdom ongitan. Bo. 198. 20. 
 
 ^aet we him "Sonne secgen Saet hie haebben wierst gedon. C. P. 209. 16. 
 Fela he me saede ymbe Su'Sseaxe. B. 4. 13. 
 
 Secgan to is found only once in the texts read, and that in very 
 late work in the Chronicle : . . . & eac to tSan t5e mid him weran 
 
 . . . saede, ... 136. 24 (f). 
 
51 
 
 Nouns occasionally take this construction: 
 far'Sjem he biiS Godes boda to '5am folce. C. P. 91. 18. 
 
 The verbs mcBnan, wregan, take io -\- dat. of person to whom 
 complaint is made : 
 
 cfa he (i. e. Moyses) gehierde "Saet 'Sast folc maende to him (&, Cott.) 
 Arone ymb hiera earfe'So, cSa cuocS he. ... C. P. 201. 4. 
 
 Nu secgaS wyrdwriteras poet Herodes betwuce 'Sisum \vear5 gewreged to 
 pam Romaniscan casere yt ealne middangeard on pam timan geweold. 
 .S". C. 80. 6. 
 
 b). The person written to, to whom a message is addressed, 
 is put in the dai. after io\ 
 
 t?a heht se foresprecena papa aerendgewrit writan to ^E^elrede & to 
 EaldfriiSe Ongelcyningum. B. 460. 3. 
 
 Da aet nextan he dihte pisne pistol to pa^re halgan wydewan Paulum. 
 S. C. 436. 19. 
 
 The verb sendan shows a distinction between ind. obj. and 
 to -\- dai. In the simple sense of " send," with object expressed, 
 sendan is followed by i7id. obj. of personal pronouns, and some- 
 times of nouns; while in the sense of "send (to some one for 
 something) " it is always followed by io. In the latter case the 
 object is commonly not expressed. 
 
 & he him sende Arrianisce biscepas to lareowum. O. 240. 28. 
 
 Cartaginenses sendon fultum Tarentinum. O. 162. 8. 
 
 Her sende Gregorius papa Agustino (a. ; Augustine beef.) aercebiscope 
 pallium in Bretene. Chron. 36. 16 (abcef). 
 
 Da sendon hie to Philippuse & basdon ^aet ... (9. 114. 17. 
 
 To 5am Lucius Brytene kyning sende stafas, & bred '5ast he waere cris- 
 ten gedon. Chron. 14. 9 (abcde). 
 
 Nouns of place are construed only after io (except the locaiive 
 ham). The person or thing sent for is construed in the dai. after 
 csfier: & Mammea his sio gode modor sende sefter Origenise 
 ^aem gelaeredestan maessepreoste. O. 270. 26. 
 
 Bede sacrifices this rule to a minute exactness in following the 
 Latin. The ind. obj. after senda7i, noted 14 times, never trans- 
 lates ad; io '\- dai. of person, noted 11 times, translates in 
 almost every instance ad, never a dai. oiind. obj., in the Latin. 
 
 g). locia?i, beseon (cf. z>^ 07i-\- ace. I. 2. e.), take io -\- dai. of 
 that toward which one looks : 
 
 & sua5eah for 'Saere gewilnunge hiera giefernesse hie simle locigea5 to 
 'Sasre eor'San. C. P. 155. 20. 
 
 ^a beseah he he to fultorne Saere godcundan serfjestnisse. B. 234. 27. 
 
52 
 
 o'Sre hwile he smeaS on his mode ymb ^is eor'Slice, o'Sre hwile ymb 5ast 
 godcundlice, swilce he locie mid o'Sre eagan to heofonum, mid otire to 
 eor'San. Bo. 222. 6. 
 
 pa beseah Petrus to pam fleondan dry, jms cwe^ende : *' Ic halsige eow 
 awirigede gastas, on Cristas naman, paet ge forlaeton Sone dry ^e ge be- 
 twux eow feria'S." S. C. 380. 21. 
 
 The distinction between on and to after these verbs is dehcate 
 but real. Locian, beseon with 071 mean to look upon, with to to 
 look toward^ to turn the eyes upon an object (from another object). 
 
 4. There is the same extension oito + dai. after verbs of motion 
 to non-physical relations as has already been noted for in, 
 on 4" CLCC. So we find to -|- dat. of state, quality, condition to be 
 attained, of the occasion (as a marriage, a feast) to be attended. 
 
 It is in this category that to is most nearly synonymous with in^ 
 on. Yet there is scarcely an instance where the two prepositions 
 have the same value ; the idea of " direction toward " being ex- 
 pressed by the one, of resulting in" by the other. 
 
 '5a he hine ascead of Sam woruldrice & hine gehwyrfde to ungescead- 
 wisum neatum. C. P. 39. 22. 
 
 Ssette '5a godan lareowas . . . "Sa niwan & "Sa ungeleaffullan mod midhira 
 lare gelaede to ryhtum geleafan. C. F. 171. 14. 
 
 'Saet hie under "Ssere sibbe to "Sasre m^estan sace become. O. 182. 28. 
 
 . . . swa hwa swa mid fulle willan his mod went to '5aem yflum '5e he aer 
 forlet, . . . Bo. 170. 20. 
 
 ^aet he mid him cwome to'53em gefeohte (in proelium). j5. 208. 21. So ^^ 
 ^^/^^/^/^ = in proelium 92. 25, 114. 3,208. 18, although Bede\s generally very 
 exact in rendering iit by in, ad by to. 
 
 hio hwurfon to 'Sam aerran unsyfernessum (redierunt ad -|- ace). B. 
 356. 2. 
 
 And (scl. hi) syrwedon mid micelre smeaunge, hu hi mihton hine to 
 dea'5e gebringan. S. C. 214. 31. 
 
 for'5an 'Se ic nah geweald, ])eah hi (i. e. '5as boc) hwa to woge gebringe 
 5urh lease writeras, and hit bi'S 'Sonne his pleoh, na min. j!^l/. Gr. 3. 22. — 
 cf. in, on -\- ace. II. 4. ofi woh, not found in ALlfric. 
 
 NAz pgera pe mid geleafan and fulluhte to Gode gebih'S, he Gym's to pam 
 gyftum ; ac he ne cym^ na mid gyftlicum reafe, gif he ^a so'San lufe ne 
 hylt. S. C. 528. 19. 
 
 Veneo ic gange to ceape o^^e ic beo geseald. y^lf. Gr. 201. 6. 
 
 Fon regularly takes to rice, to ^am anwalde in the sense of 
 
 " assume the throne," succeed to the government." In the Chro7i. 
 
 fon to biscopdo7ne interchanges with onfo7i biscopdom{e') ; the 
 
 better MSS. prefer the latter: 
 
 feng to papdome 15. 6. (f) — onfeng bisc. dom (abcde). 
 
 feng to Sam bisc. dome 64. 23. (abc). 
 
 feng to b. stole 81. 32. (f) — onfeng bisc. dome (abcde). 
 
53 
 
 Fon to is not common in other connections: 
 
 ... & fon to (Saim Codes wisdome Se him dysig '5ync'5. C. P. 203. 14. 
 Nu hxbbe we awriten 'Secre Asian sutJdxl ; nu wille fon to hire norlSdxle. 
 O. 14. 6. 
 
 II. To is used to express direction toward something with a 
 o-reat many verbs that are not strictly verbs of motion, i. e. that do 
 not denote passage from one place to another, but rather ten- 
 dency, inclination, effort, " moral direction." The following are 
 the most important of these. 
 
 Dat of ind. obj. and dat. comynodi occur occasionally instead 
 of to. See examples. 
 
 1. After verbs of fastening, joining, mingling. {^On appears 
 rarely after these verbs, with the distinction already mentioned.) 
 
 . , . ^onne he gebint hine selfne to him mid his wordum. C. P. 193. 2. 
 
 , . . se 'Se hine selfne diofle befasst. C. P. 465. 2, 
 
 & (scl. Antonius) bebead 'Saet hiene mon on Sa ilcan byrgenne to hiere 
 swa somcucre alegde. O. 246. 31. 
 
 ac ic me to Sam plegan gemasnde (ludentibus me niiscui). B. 400. 15. 
 
 Sceawa nu on anum aege, hu paet hwite ne bi'5 gemenged to Sam geolcan, 
 and biS hwas'Sere an aeg. S. C. 40. 28. 
 
 2. After verbs of belonging (to), pertaining (to) : 
 
 & "Sas land eall hyra'S to Denemearcum. O. 19. 36. 
 
 & jieah to paem twasm.paet is topaere saule & paem lichoman belimpa'5 ealle 
 pas paes monnes good, ge gastlicu ge lichomlicu. Bo. 140. 29. 
 
 unus (I) an gebyraS to werlicum hade, titia to wiflicum, tinum to neu- 
 trum. ^If. Gr. 2S1. i. 
 
 3. After verbs of subjugating, submitting, praying, converting, 
 reconciling (to), etc.: 
 
 he hiene geea^medde to ISaem folce "Se he him ^asr heardost ondred. O. 
 112. 32. 
 
 "Sonne heo heora heafod & heora eagan to onheldon & him to gebasdon. 
 B. 322. 30. 
 
 & iE'Selwald saet binnan ^aem ham mid ^^m monnum '5e him to gebugon. 
 Chron. 178. 28. (abed.) 
 
 Ic wene poet ic swunce on ydel, ^a^a ic eow to Gode gebigde. S. C. 
 102. 18. 
 
 biddaii, ask, pray for, takes ace. ox from -{- dat. of person from 
 whom, to -j- dat. of place from which, something is desired, and 
 gen. of that desired ; or ace. of thing and cbI + dat. of person 
 (cf. y^t I. 4). 
 
 Bryttas to Rome fram Ettio Sam cyninge \va:ron him fultumes biddende. 
 B. 8. 2. 
 
54 
 
 Hwilc wile sellan his cilde stan, gif hit hine hlafes bitt ? S. C. 280. 8. 
 
 gebiddan, to offer prayer (as a form of worship), takes to -\- dat. 
 of that worshipped, and refl. dat. of the worshipper: 
 
 ^a holde he him gebiddan to ^aem selmihtigum Gode. O. 254. 12. 
 
 sometimes refl. ace. : 
 
 . . . "Saet is 'Saet he hine gebidde to 'Se. C. P. 273. 16, 
 
 refl. sometimes omitted : 
 for^on hie noldon to him gebiddan swa to heora Gode. O. 132. 3. 
 
 secan takes ace. of thing (or person) sought, to -\- dat. of 
 
 person from whom it is sought : 
 
 Ac ge seta's paere hean gecynde gesaeVSa & heora weor'Sscipe to paem 
 ni'Serlicum & to pam hreosendlicum pingum. Bo. 44. 30. 
 
 gesecan in O. shows a different construction ; ace. of person 
 
 from whom, refl. dat, eoni.^ and to •\- dat. of that sought (really a 
 
 phrase of purpose, see III. i.) : 
 
 & he si^'San gesohte Romane him to fri'Se. O. 228. 13. 
 iEfter 'Saem Germanie gesohton Agustus ungeniedde him to fri'Se. O. 
 250. 14. So 242. 32. 
 
 wilnian takes gen. of thing desired, to -\- dat. of person from 
 whom : 
 
 Da wilnedon Cartaine o'Sre si^e fri'Ses to Romanum. O. iSo. 11. 
 
 For'Son he (i. e. yE'Selhun) purh gesyh'S geleornade, ge hwaes he (i. e. 
 Ecgberht) God baed & to him wilnade, & 'Saet pe his bene gehyrede waeron. 
 B. 244. 9. 
 
 {ge)'6i7igia7i takes dat. of person for whom, to -\- dat. of person 
 with whom, reconcilement is made : 
 
 We bidda'S pingunga ast halgum mannum, paet he sceolon us pingian to 
 heora Drihtne and to urum Urihtne. S. C. 174. 10. 
 
 paem waere mare pearf pe "Sa o^re unscyldge yfla^, paet him mon pingode to 
 "Saem ricum. Bo. 208. 29. 
 
 For (^ge')seean, wilnian, see also yEt I. 4. 
 
 4. After verbs of urging, striving, helping : 
 
 ac him gefylste God eft to maran are. O. 288. 8. 
 
 . . . tSonne he funda'S to 'Saem weor'Sscipe "Saes folgaSes. C. P. 55. 4. 
 
 & oft eac mon sceal '5one welegan ofermodan to him loccian mid litSelicre 
 olicunga. C. P. 183. 19. 
 
 Saulus heold "Saera leasra reaf, and heora mod to paere stacninge geornlice 
 tihte. S. C. 50. 30. 
 
 5. After gewunian, getrymman, gesta'^elian, gewissian: 
 
 he bi'S on ofermettu awended, & gewuna'5 to "Saem gielpe. C. P. 35. 13. 
 
55 
 
 & monige he . . . to Cristas geleafan getrytnede (in fide Christi . . . con- 
 firmavit). B. 210. 12. 
 
 & gewissa me to j'inum willan & to minre savvle pearfe bet jionne ic sylf 
 cunne ; & gesta'Nela min Mod to )'inum willan & to minre sawle j'carfe. Bo. 
 260. 6. (B). 
 
 6. After habba7i, niman^ witan^ healdan^ ace. of feeling or 
 passion and to + dat. of the object of the feeling : 
 
 he sceal habban andan to hira yfele. C. P. 75. 13. 
 
 & he him forgeaf 'Sone ni'S 'Se he to him wiste. O. 250. 15. 
 
 Maran lufe nim'5 se heretoga on gefeohte to ^am cempan, "Se aefter fleame 
 his wiSerwinnan ^egenlice oferwin'S, ponne to "Sam Se mid fleame ne 
 aetwand, ne '5eah on nanum gecampe naht Segenlices ne gefremede. S. C. 
 342. 23. 
 
 peah 'Se hit(i. e. 'Saet cild) beo gegremod, hit ne hylt langsume ungep- 
 waernysse to 'Sam Se him derode. S. C. 512. 15, 
 
 7. Certain adjectives take to + dat. as complement ; so gearo, 
 geornful, strange sti^, &c. : 
 
 ne sie he to hrzed ne to stiS to "Sasre wrace. C. P. 79. 11. 
 ponne hi 'S^re SoSfeestnysse spraece eadmodlice gehyraS, and gearuwe 
 beo'S to Lifes bebodum. S. C. 362. 14. 
 
 cii^, wilsum, leof, gelic, take complementary dat. without to. 
 
 8. To + dat. of that to which distance, degree, extent is 
 reckoned. The preposition here is not so closely connected with 
 the verb as in the cases heretofore considered. 
 
 Hu Gallic oferhergodon Romana london III. mila to "Sgere byrg. O. 3. i. 
 
 heo (i. e. seo cwen) gelaerde Sone cyning ^tct he hiene (i. e. 'Sone Segn) 
 swa upp ahof 'S^ette he wass bufan eallum 'Saem ^e on Ssem rice wasron to 
 •Saem cyninge (ad summum fastigium provexerat). O. 148. 5. 
 
 (scl. Herodes) ofsloh ealle Sa hyse-cild . . . fram twywintrum cilde to 
 anre nihte, be "Saere tide pe he geaxode set pam tungelwitegum. S. C. 
 80. 16. 
 
 (96 is more usual in this use : 
 
 pa het he acwellan ealle Sa hyse-cild psere burhscire, fram twywintrum 
 cilde o^ anre nihte. S. C. 82. 11. 
 
 & (scl. he) het aenne weall 'Swyres ofer eall 'Scet lend asettan from sas 
 o'S sae O. 270. 14. 
 
 9. To -^^ dat. of that given in exchange (cf. in, on -\- ace. II. 6) 
 appears once : 
 
 Heofonan rice waes alaetan pisum foresaedum gebroSrum for heora nette 
 andscipe, and eft sySSan Sam rican Zacheo to healfum daele his aehta, and 
 sumere wudewan to anum feorSlinge. S. C. 580. 24. 
 
56 
 
 III. To-\-dat., histr., or (very rarely) gen. forms a phrase of 
 purpose, of function, and, after verbs of changing, of the resultant 
 form— but not after verbs of dividing, see in, on + ace. I. 6. a. 
 This notion is occasionally rendered by 07i, in \ but outside of 
 Bede this use of on is almost restricted to on edwit, on bismer, and 
 onfultum in Orosius. 
 
 1. The ideas of reason and oi purpose^ regularly rendered in 
 Ags. hy for and to respectively, are very rarely confused. 
 
 To in this use is not separable from its case, nor is it inter- 
 changeable with the simple dai. The dat. of person interested 
 is commonly added, see examples. 
 
 "Sis waes ryht dom on Saere ealdan st, & is nu us to bispelle, C. P. 43. 18. 
 
 hie wiella'S "Sast hie hiene eft haebben on 'Ssem ecan life betux him & hiera 
 hieremonnum to isernum wealle. C. P. 165. 12. 
 
 se waes of Sicilium him to fultume gefett. O. 174. 20. 
 
 gif to 'Ssem yflum cym^ re'Su wyrd ponne Gym's hio to edleane his yfla, 
 o^^e to ^reaunge & to laere jiaet he eft swa ne do. Bo. 236. 7. 
 
 ponne is 'Seaw 'Saes apostolican series, 'Sonne heo biscopas halgia'S, ^aet 
 him bebodu sella^S, ond p^ette ealles pses ondlifenes, pe him gegonge, feower 
 deelas beon scyle, an aerest biscope & his heorode for feorme & onfcng- 
 nesse gsesta & cumena, o'Ser dasl Godes peowum, pridda pearfum,, seo 
 feor'Sa to edneowunge& to bote Godes ciricum (quattuor debeant fieri por- 
 tiones : una videlicet episcopo et familiae propter hospitalitatem atque sus- 
 ceptionem, alia clero, tertia pauperibus, quarta ecclesiis reparandis). B. 
 64. 18. Note here thzt /or renders propter — "because of," while to-\-dat. 
 of purpose renders the 'Lzii'in gerti fid. dat. of purpose. 
 
 & seo Seod gesohte Ecgbryht cyning him to friSe & to mundboran. 
 Chron. no. 36 (abcde). 
 
 ac ^onne fela 'Ssera foresaedra tacna gefyllede sind, nis nan twynung paet 
 pa feawan ^e pasr to lafe sind witodlice gefyllede beon. S. C. 610. 14. 
 
 Ic gegaderige in to pe of deorcynne, and of fugelcynne symble gemacan, 
 paet hi eft to fostre beon. S. C. 20. 35. 
 
 aries byS ram betwux sceapum and ram to wealgeweorce. y£if. Gr. 
 12. 5. 
 
 Eac ic hierde to soSum secgan, cwae'S Orosius, "Scet. . . . O. 138. 18. 
 
 a. The inflected infinitive is regularly construed after to, form- 
 ing a phrase of purpose or intention. That to -\- hifl. injin. is 
 also used as subject, even in C P., the following sentence shows : 
 Eac is to witanne tiaette hwilum bi^ god waerlice to miSanne his 
 hieremonna scylda & to licettanne suelce he hit nytte. C. P. 
 151. 8. Cf. Wulfing I, §498, c. 
 
 2. Verbs of becoming, appointing, changing, take to -\- dat. of 
 resultant form or state. So don, gedon, ni'inavi, ge-, forscieppan, 
 
57 
 
 gewyrcan ; gaderian^ geotan ; ceosan, geceosan^ hadian^ halgian, 
 gesettan ; weor^mi ; awe^idan, and others : 
 
 To ealdormenn 5u eart gesett. C. P. 119. 22. 
 
 "Saette his godan dccda ne weorcSen to yfelum dxdum. C. P. 21. 22. 
 
 hu Brettanie namon Maximianuni him to casere ofer his willan. O. 
 7. 12. 
 
 he het cristenra monna ehtan, & monege gedj'de to halgum martyrum. 
 O. 274. 5. 
 
 . . , paer ]ia good gegadrade bio'5 swelce hi sien to anum wegge gegoten. 
 Bo. 146. 20. 
 
 Daet he Augustinus Mellitum & Justum to biscopum gehalgode. B. 10. 30. 
 
 %2l gehadode he hine Eastseaxum to biscope. B. 226. 17. 
 
 & se here . . . hine geces synderlice him to hlaforde & to mundboran. 
 C/iro7i. 195. 20 (a), 
 
 Ac se '5e his tSeawas mid anmodnysse, jmrh Godes fultum, swaawent, he 
 bi'S 'Sonne to o'Srum menn geworht. S. C. 360. 8. 
 
 He awende waeter to wine. S. C. 26. 8. 
 
 God gesceop to maeran engle pone pe nu is deofol ; ac God ne gesceop 
 hine na to deofle. S. C. 12. 19. 
 
 Adjectives, however, appear after these verbs in predicate con- 
 struction, nom.. or ace, as in mod. Engl. : 
 
 (scl. se Se) nau'Ser ne 'Sone folgaS self nytne gedon nyle, ne '5one tolsetan 
 tSe hine . . . nytwyr^ne & wces'Smbaerne gedon wilie. C. P. 337. 16. 
 iemcs ic gewanige o'SSe ic do sum ping pinre. yElf. Gr^ 137. 8. 
 
 3. After halgia7i, hadian, in the Chron. is found to ■\- dat. of place 
 to which one is consecrated, in which one is to serve; whence to 
 sometimes seems to be equivalent to cet or on : 
 
 se waes cerest to Uorkeceastre to leodbisceope gehalgod, & eft to Eofer- 
 wicceastre. Chron. 222. iS (be). 
 
 Her waes gehadod Beornmod bisc. to Hrofesceastre. Chron. 106. 10 (abc). 
 
 & man gehalgode yE'Selberht to Eoforwic, & Alchmund to Hagustaldes ee. 
 Chron. 91. 17 (def). 
 
 4. Tellaji.talian^ gedon and like verbs take to -^ dat. {x2,x€iy 
 instr.') of that to which something is to be reckoned : 
 
 ^onne ne talode se ofermoda Phariseus to sua micle maegene Sa for- 
 hasfdnesse sua he dyde. C. P. 313. 5. 
 
 paet wit gereahton to goodum, paet folciscum monnum yfel Suhte. Bo. 
 248. 6. 
 
 ac pa goodan, gif hi fulne anwald habba'S, hi magon don to goode paet paet 
 hi willa'S. Bo. 184. 8. 
 
 pa ne sint fur'Sum to woroldgodum to tellanne, ac to godcundum. Bo. 
 82. 29. 
 
 5. To -f- instr, of purpose scarcely occurs except in the phrases 
 to "6071, to 5jj/, anticipating a clause. 
 
58 
 
 The dat. (Jo "^ccni) is also used with the same value, particularly 
 in C. P. and Bo. 
 
 O. and B. use only to "Soji ; Cott. MS. of Bo. prefers to ^o?iy 
 Bodl. MS. fo ^am ; C. P. prefers to "^csm (noted 8 times ; to "^on 
 5 times); Ailfric uses to Sj/ {to Sz) almost exclusively, to ^am 
 being found but once in S. C. — 614. 8. Dz without prep, also 
 appears once, 456. 13. Cliron. has no distinctive use; to "^on, (a)» 
 to ^arn, (bed), to "^an, (e), 6. 6 ; to ^i 41. 21 (f). 
 
 to hwon, interrogative, occurs 4 times in Bo. 
 
 6. An extension of the notion of purpose is found in the phrases 
 of degree : to ^a^m, to ^on, to "^cbs. 
 
 C. P. shows to '6071 here more often, proportionally to to "^csnty 
 than in the phrase of purpose; to "6071 67. 24, 295, 10, 383. 21, 
 391.4; /^ S^;;^ 271. 4, 319. 17, 459. II ; ^ /2ze/^;2 "at all" 417. 35; 
 to "6(^8 345. 8. 
 
 Bo. shows to ^071 and to "^cevz in about equal ratio; the two 
 MSS. make no distinction here, to "^ces (lytel) occurs once, Bo, 
 80. 24. 
 
 Bede shows to ^o?i and to ^cbs, the former regularly, the latter 4 
 times and only with adjectives : to ^ses heard & to Saes staenihte. 
 366. 17, to ^«s mycel 28. 11, to 6ses gedyrstig 114. 30. 
 
 ^Ifric shows only to ^an, making a clear distinction between 
 phrase of purpose (Jo ^jj/) and phrase of degree. 
 
 7. To-^-geii. hardly appears except in phrases of degree and 
 in time-phrases, see IV. C. P., however, shows the phrases 
 to "dances, to urt^ances : 
 
 "Saette hie nanwuht godes ne magon Sa hwile Gode bringan to Sances. 
 
 a p. 349. 8. 
 
 'Sa ageaf he hit (i. e. Saet feoh) to un'Sances, 379. 9. 
 
 Cf. heora agues trances " of their own free will, on their own 
 account," Bo. 18. 13. (B). The gen. after the prep, is probably 
 not an original Ags. idiom, but due to confusion of to + insir. 
 with simple adverbial ^(??z. 
 
 Note. The following are specimens of the close rendering of 
 ad by to in Bede\ they do not fall under the categories estab- 
 lished for the other texts: 
 
 . . . (Saet hi 'Sa aefestncsse geleornad & onfongen hoefdon to bysene '5xre 
 halgan Romaniscan cyrican (ad exempluni). B. 468. 11. 
 
 He '5a Sone onfongnan biscophad to onhyrenisse Sara eadigra apostola 
 mid weorcum gastlicra mrcgena froetwode (ad imitationeni). B. 368. 27. 
 
59 
 
 IV. To is used also in time-phrases, with the dat.^ instr. and 
 gen. cases. The sense of direction is still present, even in to dcsg. 
 
 1. Time when. 
 
 To dc'cgie), to viergen (jnorgen, -ne), have the same value as 
 
 in mod. English. That the original value of to in these phrases 
 
 is that oi direction in time, not that of purpose as Skeat seems to 
 
 imply, is evident from the following examples : 
 
 ic eom clxne & unscyldig nu giet to dajg eowres apices blodes. C. P. 
 
 379- M- 
 
 seo stow gewearS swi'Se ma^re, & giet to drcge is, O. 120. 21. 
 
 Ga, & cum to morgenne (Hatt.; niorgen Cott."), Sonne selle ic tSe hwaeth- 
 wugu. C. P. 325. I. 
 
 Nu to-merigen hasf^ pis folc gemynt pact hi heora lac him offrion. S. C. 
 462. 3. 
 
 Cf. 5^^ on mergen S. C. 290. 18. &c. To dag, to morgen 
 reckon always from present time. 
 
 Other words after to denoting "time when" are rare. The 
 following are all the instances observed : 
 
 to + dat. 
 
 gif 'Sat underfangne andgit to ryhtre tide bi'5 for'Sbroht. C. P. 367. 11. 
 So : to tide 459. 12, to "Sam timan Chron. 41. 8. (f), to 5am ylcan timan 
 135. 37. (fi), to ^ysan timan 94. 13 ([a]) — all late. 
 
 & "Sa aefter '5am, on '5am ilcan geare, to gangdagum, he het atimbran t5a 
 burg set Wigingamere Chron. 194. 7. (a). So : to Omnium Sanctorum 
 200. 17. (a); to See. Michaeles tide (acde., masssan b.) 88. 6. 
 
 to -\- gen. 
 
 Da clypode Herodes ^a 'Sry tungelwitegan on sundorsprasce, and georn- 
 lice hi befran to hwilces timan se steorra him cerest aeteowde. S. C. 78. iS. 
 ealne weg hi sston asne on daeg, & paet waes to aefennes. Bo. 48. 8 (B), 
 
 The date seems to be less definitely given with to than with ow, 
 to here = '' towards," " about." 
 
 2. Time how long. Very rare. 
 
 To -\- dat. or gen. sets the further limit of time — "until" — or 
 gives the period of duration — " for a while." 
 
 a. " Until." 
 
 . , . jiset heo ]iy feor5an wicdasge & '5y syxtan faeston to nones (ad nonam) 
 B. 162. II. So : to ffifenes (ad vesperam). B. 232. i. 
 
 & he "Saer wunode to his ende. Chron. 45. 24. (e). 
 
 si pe lof & wylder nu a a a to worulde buton a^ghwilcum ende. Bo. 
 260. 15(B). 
 
 One instance of instr. is noted : Nis hit fear to '6on (i. e. to the 
 time of lauds). B. 348. 15. 
 
6o 
 
 b. Period during which : 
 
 "Sa liefde he him '5one gielp to sumre hwile, & forbead '5get yfel. C. P, 
 457. 33. So : to sui'Se scortre hwile. C. P. 255. 10. 
 
 Swa 'Sonne ^is monna lif to medmiclum faece setyweS; hwaet tScer fore- 
 gange, o'5'Se hwset paer aefterfylige, we ne cunnun. (ad modicum apparet.) 
 B. 136. 5. So : to tide (ad tempus) 406. 14, to medmicelre tide (ad breve 
 tempus) 440. 18. 
 
 /Efter 'Sissum hi Sa sfeweredon to sumre tide wiS Peohtum (inito ad tern- 
 pus foedere), B. 52. 19, is obscure. Does it mean '* for a while " or " at a 
 certain time " ? 
 
 Se /Elmihtiga God ge^afa'S pam arleasan Antecriste to wyrcenne tacna, 
 and wundra, and ehtnysse, to feor'San healfan geare. S. C. 4. 31. So : to 
 lytelre hwile 64. 14, to langum fyrste 374. 11, 388. 18. 
 
 A peculiar construction appears in the Chronicle for the years 
 913-924, in the three best MSS. (abc), (and occasionally in (d.), 
 not in (ef.)) ; vlz./oran to = before, of time only : 
 
 Her wear's Ecgbriht . . . ofslegen foran to middansumera, on XVI. Kl. 
 lul. Chron. 190. 30. (be). 
 
 So : foran to middum sumera 192. 30. (a), 196, 16. (a) ; foran to middan 
 wintra 186. 36. (be) ; foran to Eastron 194. 2. (a), foran to hlafma2ssan 190. 
 39. (bed), 186. 29. (be) ; foran to Martines maessan 190, 19. (abd) (c. has cet- 
 /ora7i), 192. 23. 
 
 Compounds. 
 
 To forms compounds with adverbs, and these compounds occa- 
 sionally serve as prepositions, i. e. take a case. So to eacan^ io 
 geanes, toweard. Togemies and to eacan always take the dat.\ 
 toweard is uncertain of its regimen, being followed by^fw., dat. 
 and even acc.\ 
 
 . . . Sa 'Se ga'S on ryhtne weg toweard ^ses hefonrices. C. P. 59. 19. 
 Donne serna'S hy ealle toweard Saem feo. O. 20. 36. 
 Sset land . . . "Saet hie toweard wseron. O. 202, 3. 
 
 The following seems rather an instance oiio -\- gen. than of a 
 
 preposition toniiddes : 
 
 Sa he hiene tomiddes Saes westennes hsefde gelaedd (in deserta perduc- 
 tus). O. 286. 17. 
 
 /n(?i) shows various degrees of closeness in composition with 
 to : 
 
 'Sonne he tieh'S his heafod in to him. C. P. 241. 21. 
 
 & (scl. he) haefde ealle Sa geatu forworht inn (be, in ad.) to him. 
 Chron. 178. 29. (abed). 
 
 'Sy laes hie on hwylc hus to him in eodan (ad se introirent). B. 58. 21. 
 
 & he code in to Sam biscope & hine grette (intravit ac saluauit episco- 
 pum). B. 398. 6. 
 
6i 
 
 Ic gegaderige in to ye (i. e. Noe~) of deorcynne, and of fugelcynne symble 
 gemacan, pret hi eft to fostre been. 6". C. 20. 34. 
 
 'SoTine orn he eft innto (Sxm temple. C. F. 103. 4. 
 
 Hannibal gefeaht wi'5 Sempronius '5one consul on Italiam, & hiene 
 bedraf into Romebyrig. O. 200. 6. 
 
 Her hiene bestscl se here into Werham Wesseaxna fierde. Chron. 
 144, 19. (abcde). 
 
 Eft, set sumiim sxle hine geloehte an nceddre be t>am fingre, ac he ascoc 
 hi into byrnendum fyre, and he 5aes oettres nan ^'ing ne gefredde. S. C. 
 574. 16. 
 
 Into, the definite compound with the value of modern " into," 
 is especially frequent in Ailfric, where it helps supply the place 
 of the vanishing construction " on + ace. of that which contains." 
 See p. 5. 
 
 FOR AND FORE. 
 
 For and /(?;'<?, distinct in Gothic {faur -f- ace. -=. " iox^'' faura -f- 
 dat. HZ " before ") are confused in Ags., especially in Bede. In the 
 other texts read for this work, though distinction of meaning is 
 not firmly held to, there is a distinction in syntactical function : 
 for is the preferred form, in most of the categories, for the prepo- 
 sition proper, immediately preceding its case, whileybr<? is always 
 used when the particle is removed from its case and more closely 
 united with the verb. 
 
 For, fore takes the aee., dat. and ijistr. cases. The categories 
 for the aee. are fairly regular and well defined ; those for the dat, 
 are less strict, so that we sometimes find a dat. where we should 
 expect an aee. — but not an ace. where the meaning calls for a dat. 
 Dat. for aee. is especially frequent in Bede and yFlfric.- The 
 instr. is rarely found except in the conjunctional phrases for^y 
 {^e^.for^on {jSe~). 
 
 I. For, fore + Acc. 
 T. For, fore + clcc. =: over, in authority : 
 
 Hu ^aet mod 'Ssette wilna"?* for o'Sre beon lihS him selfum. C. P. 55. 14. 
 So : II. 13, 195. 12. 
 
 ... '5a ... Se fore o^re beon sculan. C. P. 195. 16, 20. 
 
 But when the particle is prefixed to the verb (always in the form 
 fore) the case is dat.\ 
 
 "(Sa ^e oSrum fore beo'S. C. P. 103. 20. So : 139. 16, 193. 23. 
 
 & he monig ger Saere ilcan 'Seode fore woes. B. 168. 35. So commonly 
 in Bede, translating prce esse. 
 
 Note. Fore appears once in this vatzmng followed by the dat.: ealle '5a '5e 
 fore o'Srum beon sculon. C. P. 107. 23. zi. for , fore -\- dat. i. 
 
62 
 
 2. For (never fore) + ace. of what a thing is counted, reck- 
 oned to be : 
 
 ^ast he him gename ane iserne hearstepanuan, & sette betweoh hine & 
 ^a burg for iserne weall. C. P. i6i. 8. 
 
 Hie wilnia'S ^aet hie mon hsebbe for 'Sa l^etstan & "Sa halgestan. C. P. 
 135. 20. 
 
 hwas'Ser nu god hlisa & forewasrnes sec for nauht to tellenne ? nese, nese. 
 Bo. 86. 18. 
 
 Wite 5u for so^, j'aet . . . Bo. 46. 16. 
 
 Cwaedon heo, 'Saet heo nsenig pyssa don wolde, ne hine for cercebiscop 
 habban wolden. B. 102. 17. 
 
 he waes gestaened o^ dea'S, swa paet Sa ehteras hine for deadne leton. S. 
 C. 392. 4. 
 
 And menn us wur'Sia^ for godas, ponne we soSlice deoflu sind. S. C. 
 462. 28. 
 
 3. For, fore + ace. =z instead of, in the place of: 
 
 ^£et he gesette o5re for hine to demenne betweox 'Sam folce ymbe hira 
 geflita. C. P. 131. 15. 
 
 Da sende him mon ane blace hacelan angean, him on bismer, for trium- 
 phan. O. 234. 22. 
 
 se foresprecena wer for hine in biscophade waes gecoren. B. 336. 11. 
 So 118. 26, 144. 8, 146. 14, 220. 17, 246. 15, 298. 26, — all from Lat. /r^ + 
 ad/. 
 
 Micel truwa hwearftlode on Petres heortan ; he ana sprasc for ealne Sone 
 heap, " We forleton ealle 'Sing." S. C. 394. i. 
 
 ac sume naman synd gehatene 7notioptota, . . . and se an casus geeS for 
 ealle Sa o'Sre : nequam manful. ^If. Gr. 89. 5. 
 
 Fore in this sense is found only in Bede, where however the dat. 
 is more usual than the ace. {sqq for, fore -j- dat. 5) : 
 
 ond Theodor biscop fore hine gehalgode Haedde to biscope in Lunden- 
 ceastre (pro eo). B. 298. 6. So 448. 9. 
 
 4. For, fore + ace. =. in behalf of: 
 
 gebidda'S for'Sa "Se eower ehta'S & eow la's do'S. C. P. 222, 17. 
 
 gif '5u hwaet gehaetst for 'Sinne freond, Sonne hafas Su '5in wed geseald. 
 C. P. 193. 3. 
 
 & sio hond sceal wyrcean for Sa wambe. C. P. 233. 9. 
 
 "Saet hi sceolden mid monnum for hie heora godum blotan. O. 184. 5. 
 
 ic wat ])aet pu naht ne forslawodest j'aet jm Sin agen feorh for hine ne 
 sealdest. Bo. 28. 15 (B). 
 
 Sast heo scoldon for heora compweorod gebiddan-, B. 102. 33. 
 
 ^aet he scoldon for hine Singian & for sibbe his Seode (pro pace gentis 
 only). B. 236. 26. 
 
 Saet he mec ofslegene tala'S & for mec gelomlice msessan deS (pro me). 
 B. 328. II. 
 
63 
 
 pSLvn spedigum gedafenaJS pxt he spende and dxle ; Sam wacdlan gedafenaS 
 ]'a;t he gebidde for iNane da?lere. S. C. 256. 33. 
 
 Except in Bede.fore in this sense appears only in composition 
 with the verb, and the pronoun (nouns do not appear) is in the 
 dat,\ 
 
 paet mon helfe (Cott.j helpe B.) ])3es unscyldgan, & him fore15ingie. Bo. 
 210. 4, 
 
 'Sast he to '5aem untruman men ineode & him fore gebaede (pro illo). B. 
 396. 23. 
 
 He sceal him fore-gebiddan, paet God gehealde jia strangan, and gehxle 
 'Sa untruman. S. C. 240. 7. 
 
 But Bede, besides the regular construction as in the last exam- 
 ple but one, shows the ace. preceding the particle, and the dat, 
 after it : 
 
 Da dyde he swa : gebasd heo fore & heo gebletsade (benedicans illos). 
 
 B. 200. I. 
 
 ond (scl. yE'Selwald) wass gebiddende fore usse haelo &forussum life (pro 
 nostra vita et salute). B. 386. 10. 
 
 Cf. 2\so for, fore + dat. 3. 
 Rare and special usages. 
 
 5. For + ace. z= " in comparison with " in Bo. : 
 
 Eala paet hit is micel craeft paes modes for pone lichoman ! Bo. 196. 11. 
 (B.). 
 
 . . . eowerne hlisan ungemetlice to brasdanne ofer swelcne cavertun swelce 
 past is Ssette bugia'S Sisse worulde, fulneah swilce an prica for ^ast o'JSer. 
 Bo. 62. 20 (B) — seems corrupt. 
 
 6. For (once), fore (once) + ace. :zr in, into, the presence of: 
 
 forSon he oft aer for hine (i. e. '5one biscop) cuom & his selmessan feng. 
 (ante ilium venire). B. 388. 16. 
 
 & hine ea'Smodlice on eorSan astreahte fore 5one biscop (no Lat.). B. 
 266. 21. 
 
 7. foregan " precede " appears in Bede with the ace. — perhaps 
 due to the Latin : 
 
 pa waeron 'Sa Crisles peowe utgongende of cirican to byrgenne para 
 broc?ra, pa 5e heo of j'issum leohte foreeodon (qui eas ex hac luce prasces- 
 serant). B. 284. 1 1, 
 
 8. For 4- ace. of cause {zi. for, fore -j- dat. 2.) is noted once in 
 the texts read : 
 
 sua oft sua we ure hand do^S to urum muSe for giefernesse ofergemet. 
 
 C. P. 313. 14. 
 
64 
 
 Notes. I. The following seems to be a case oi for instead of 
 fore in composition : Heo 6a for-arn Sam folce, and genealsehte 
 to })3ere byrgene mid wope 6". C. 566. 11 ; but in view of the fact 
 that for, the preposition, does not elsewhere appear in composi- 
 tion except in the form fore, I am inclined to think that for is 
 here the inseparable prefix, and \\\2X for am •=:'■'■ outran." 
 
 2. The meaning oifore in the following is uncertain — possibly 
 " in the presence of," more probably '' because of" : Sume 
 gedwalmenn cwsedon, f>2et ]?aet heafod sceolde ablawan 6aes 
 cyninges wif Herodiaden, Se he fore acweald wses, swa paet heo 
 ferde mid windum geond ealle woruld. S. C. 486. 6. 
 
 3. Also in the following : ])2et hehste good sie . . . ]?set }>ing \q 
 mon eall god fore deS. Bo. 142. 36. 
 
 II. For, fore + dat. and instr. 
 
 This preposition with the dai. has two distinct values ; it means 
 " before, in the presence of, sight of," and "because of." The 
 former appears much less often than the latter use; its place is in 
 part supplied by the compound forms beforan, toformi, cstforan. 
 The latter is the ordinary function of this preposition in Ags. 
 Through the notion of "for the sake of" this construction is 
 occasionally (especially in Bede and Ailfric) confused with that 
 q{ for, fore -\-acc. 4, and sometimes 3. 
 
 I. For, fore + dat. =z before, in the sight (judgment) of; before, 
 in front of: 
 
 Sonne biS hit suelc Saet feegere hiw Saes goldes sie onhworfen, & hit sie 
 ablacod & forsewen for monna eagum. C. P, 135. 2. 
 
 Sast he for ^isse worulde sie foresewen. C. P. 217. 7. 
 
 Eala wseran ^a ancras swa trume & swa ^urhwuniende ge for Gode ge for 
 worulde swa swa 5u segst. Bo, 30. ii. (B). 
 
 Wees he se wer se fromesta & for Gode & for mannum micellic (coram 
 deo et hominibus). B. 466. 6. 
 
 "Sa sona adrugode se stream & beah for his fotum (viam dedisse vesti- 
 giisV B. 38. 17. 
 
 & wislice raedde oftost a symble for Gode & for weorulde ealre (d ; eall e.) 
 his 'Seode. Chron. 219. 5. (de). 
 
 hi woldon hine gelceccan, and ahebban to cyninge, paet he wacre heora 
 heafod for worulde, swa swa he wees godcundlice. S, C. 162. 5. 
 
 forSan ^e hi sind gebroSru for Gode, se hlaford and se Seowa. ^S'. C. 
 378. 30. 
 
65 
 
 Fore in this sense appears only in Bede (but see p. 64, 
 
 Note 2.) : 
 
 Cwa;i5 he ; Ne wede ic : ah i^a wyrrestan ingewitnesse me ic geseo, & 
 fore minum eagum haebbe (proe oculis). B. 438. 20. 
 
 "Sast heo segn fore him bxron xt gefeohte (ante ilium). B. 144. 31. 
 %2i todcclde se engel eft '5one leg iSxs fyres fore him (no Lat.) 214. 28. 
 
 Fore appears to form compounds with the idea of precedence 
 or superiority, but not of simple presence. 
 
 2. For^ fore of cause or reason. 
 
 For -\- dat. (or instr., in certain phrases) is the ordinary means 
 of expressing both cause and reason in Ags. Certain points 
 require special notice, but general examples are given first. 
 
 for "Sasre genyhte ISges flowendan welan he blissa'S. C. P. 55. 8. 
 
 'Sonne he for Codes lufum and for Godes ege de'S 'Saet 'Saet he deiS. 
 C. P. 169. 3. 
 
 '5aes landes is xliii. 'Seoda, wide tosetene for unwxstmbosrnesse 'Saes 
 londes. O. 14. 18. 
 
 Da saegde se Clitus for ealdre hyldo ^aet Philippus mare haefde "Sonne he. 
 O. 130. 28. 
 
 he bi^ for swi'Se lytlum Singum oft swi'Se ungemetlice gedrefed. Bo. 
 32. 17. 
 
 . . . o'S'Se hwy paet is weor'Se, & eft for "Saere sunna scinan to his agnuni 
 gecynde weor^e ? Bo. 216. i (B). 
 
 '5a he for maran xldo Sone biscophad ^segnian ne meahte (prae maiore 
 senectute). B 404. 12. 
 
 ond sonafor his (i. e. Cu^bryhtes) cyme ^a wergan gastas ^onon onweg 
 gewiton (ad adventum). B. 366. 11. 
 
 he waes from Saem mynstre for sumum Singe fyr gongende (no Lat.). 
 B. 352. 16. 
 
 Sast gelomp for wean & for yfelnesse Sara eardiendra S^er in Scere byrig 
 (a malitia). B. 348. 30. 
 
 & ^aer for heofona rices lufan in el'Seodignesse lifde (pro aeterna patria). 
 B. 190. 5. 
 
 for neade Eadfri'S to Pendan "Saem cyninge gebeag (necessitate cogente). 
 B. 148. 8. 
 
 & seo "Seod gesohte Ecgbryht cyning him to fri'Se & to mundboran, for 
 Miercna ege. Chron. iic. 37. (abcde). 
 
 and (scl. Adam) si^'San swealt, swa swa him aer behaten waes, for ]^an 
 gylte. S. C. 20. ID. 
 
 "Wa middangearde for aeswicungum." S. C. 514. 30. 
 
 qicas ob res 9 for hwilcum Singum ? yElf. Gr. 263. 2. 
 
 propter jidem passzis est ioT gt\QZ.i^n he Srowode. ^If. Gr. 270. 2. 
 
 Frequently with verbs of fearing, dreading, etc., and in negative 
 sentences : 
 
 Oft eac ^a unwaran lareowas for ege ne durron cleopian. C. P. 89. 11. 
 
66 
 
 Ssette "Sa "Se him under'Siedde sien him dyrren hira dieglan "Sing for 
 scome geandettan. C. P. 103. 21. 
 
 And 'Seah pa heard-heortan ludei noldon for eallum ^am tacnum pone 
 so^an Scyppend tocnawan. S. C. 108. 22. 
 pr(2 timorc non audeo for ege ic ne dear. ALlf. Gr. 272. 7. 
 
 The instr. of nouns is rare (for pronouns, see 7.) : 
 
 'Sylaes he for S}'^ underfenge his ea'Smodnesse forl^ete. C. P. 23. 22. So 
 23. 24. 
 
 & for "Son gebode gewurdon fela martyra. O. 280. 19. 
 
 pa stanas hi styredon for "Sy swege. Bo. 168. i (Cott.; B. has '^ani). 
 
 ic nat (for hwilcon B., . . . Ice Cott.) dysige ge girna'S past ge woldon 
 eowerne naman tobrasdan geond ealle eor'San. Bo. 64. 4. 
 
 swa Saet he for "Sy sare ne meahte fur'Son his hond to mu'Se gedon. B. 
 156. 19. 
 
 ond gelefde 'Sset his eage for Sy fexcSaes Godes weres . . . hra'Se gehaeled 
 wsere. B. 382. 31. 
 
 Fore in this sense is unusual — observed only in C. P. and B. : 
 
 hu se reccere sceal bion '5aem weldoendum monnum fore ea'Smodnesse 
 gefera. C. P. 13. 3. 
 
 ■Saette reccere his godan weorc fore gielpe anum ne do, ac ma for Godes 
 lufan. C. P. 13. 9. 
 
 His o'Sre geferan fore gelimplicum intingum hwurfon to cirican in eJcet 
 mynster (pro) B. 262. 29. So : (pro) 76. 7, (propter) 154. 7, 216. 9, 284. 31, 
 (ob) 176. II, 190. 15, 446. II, (ex . . . causa) 76. 31, (causa) 114. 32, (gratia) 
 270. 17. 
 
 But fore- in composition in all texts : 
 
 sua sua manegra cynna wyrta & grasu beo5 gerad, sumu neat batiga^ 
 fore, sumu cuela'S, C. P. 173. 20. 
 
 . . . &ymbe'Sa Gotan, '5e him fore andredan ge Pirrus se re'SaCrecacyning, 
 ge se maera Alexander, ge lulius se Casere. O. i. 27. 
 
 Dyslic waes syn, ^e se cyning fore ofslegen waes (pro qua) B. 228. 5. 
 
 3. For ^ fore -j- dat. of reason is sometimes used where the rela- 
 tion is to our feeling rather that of purpose — *' for the sake of" 
 something to be attained by the act — ; but such use oi for for to 
 is exceedingly rare, the two categories being as a rule kept quite 
 distinct : 
 
 . . . giefa, "Se him God for monigra monna tJingum geaf, naes for hiera 
 anra. C. P. 41. 22. 
 
 Daet gewinn '5aet his faeder astealde he diegellice for ^aem V. gear scipa 
 worhte, ond fultum gegaderode. O. 78. 32. 
 
 aelc wyrd j'ara j^e to ]>a;m yflum cym'S, cym'5 for '5asm twaem pingum 
 (i. e. either for punishment or for warning) Bo. 236. 6. 
 
 he ^aer gehet for wegferendra gecelnisse stapolas asettan (ob refrigerium) 
 B. 144. 27. 
 
67 
 
 ac for leornunge haligra gewreota he wais micelre tide in Iberiiia 
 Scotta ealonde wuniende (legendaium gratia scripturarum) B. 168. 28. 
 
 Teinpus accidit verbo tid gelimpcS worde for getacnunge mislicra dxda, 
 Ailf. Gr. 123. 12. 
 
 Ac we habba'5 nu micle maran endebyrdnesse paere Cristes bee gesaud 
 ponne Sis dxgSerlice godspel behxfS, for trymminge eowres geleafan. 
 S. C. 220. 26. 
 
 This extension is more frequent in Bede and Ailfric than else- 
 where. 
 
 4. The notion "in behalf of" (s&e for, fore -\- ace. 4.), being so 
 nearly identical with '' for the sake of," is frequently rendered by 
 
 for, fore -\- dat. instead of acc.\ 
 
 "Sset ge meahton standan on minum gefeohte for Israhela folce. C. P. 
 89. 19. 
 
 Deah we nu ofer ure mae^ "Sencen & smeagean, Saet we doo^ for Gode. 
 C. P. 10 1. 12. 
 
 "Sonne for him nriKSsan sungene waeron (pro eo) B. 20. 18. 
 
 '5aet hie for minum untrymnessum ge modes ge lichoman gelomlice & 
 geornlice 'Singien mid Saere uplican arfaestnesse Godes aelmihtiges. B. 
 486. 8. 
 
 5aet he for ^aem ecan riice symle wonn & God bletsode (pro aeterno regno) 
 B. 1S8. 5. 
 
 ■Saer he mycle tid for Dryhtne campode (pro domino) B. 374. 3. 
 
 "Sa gebaed he for ^am sawlum his weorodes (pro animabus) B, 188. 15. 
 
 Beo^ nu mine 'Singeras, biddende for minum synnum ; for'San "Se ic eom 
 gearo to gecyrrenne to munuclicere drohtunge. S. C. 534. 32. 
 
 se goda hyrde syl5 his agen lif f or his sceapum. S. C. 238. 13. 
 
 geopena his mu'S, ponne fintst pu tJaeron aenne gyldenne wecg, nim ^one, 
 and syle to tolle for me and for "Se. S. C. 512. 5. 
 
 fore again only in Bcde : 
 
 'Saet me an 'Sara bro'Sra saegde, fore "Saem & in Seem 5e hit (/. e. 'Saet 
 wundor) gefremed waes (propter quos et in quibus). B. 384. 11. 
 
 ^aet heo fore his gehaelde t^aem aelmihtigan Gode jetgaedre heora bene 
 & gebedo senden & geoten (pro eius custodia). B. 72. 18. 
 
 hwaet ic fore Cristes cneohtum . . . t)rowade & arasfnde (parvulis Christi). 
 B. 114. 22. 
 
 For, fore -\- dat. after verbs of praying is found only in Bede 
 and yElfric. 
 
 5. For -\- dat. of that in return for which something is given, for 
 which return is made : 
 
 He ne sealde Gode nanne metsceat for his saule, ne naenne gcSingsceat 
 wi5 his miltsc. C. P. 339. 10. 
 
 Da brohton Romane '5one triumphan angean Pompeius mid micelre 
 weorSfulnesse for 'Ssem lytlan sige Se he Sa haofde. O. 234. 29. 
 
68 
 
 god haef^ getiohhod to sellanne witu & erm'Su "Saem yflum monnum for 
 hiora yflum weorcum. Bo. 198. 2. 
 
 (scl. Eadvvine) Soncunge dyde his Godum for 'Saere deahter, 'Se him 
 acenned wses (pro nata sibi filia) B. 122. 29. So : tJonc secgan for (pro). 
 B. 236. 21, 380. 17. 
 
 " Du earming, beorh ^'e sylfum, and wyrc daedbote for ^aere halgena blode, 
 •Se "Su agute." -5". C. 418. 35. 
 
 Heofonan rice wass alaeten pisum foresaedum gebroSrum for heora nette 
 and scipe. S. C. 580. 23. 
 
 Note, wi'6 is the prep, commonly used in this sense. The 
 notion of "reason" is present wheny«?r is used. 
 Fore is noted once : 
 
 seo Cu'Sbriht geaf '5one abbote L punde Scerfore (i. e. for the land) 
 Chron. 92, 15 (e), very late ; observe the ace. of the article z.it^x geaf. 
 
 6. Bede shows often for, fore + dat. and yF,lfric for + dat, =z 
 " instead of," "in the place of"; ^Ifric even for + dat, = " reck- 
 oned," " held to be " (ci. for, fore -j- ace. 3 and 2) : 
 
 Daette forSferdum Paulino '5am biscope Ithamar for him ast Hrofeceastre 
 biscopsette onfeng (pro eo). B. 14. 28. 
 
 . . . 'Saette, wundorlice gemete, for openre wunde & geomiendre . . . '5a seo 
 'Synneste dolgswae'5 & seo laesseste aateawde (pro aperto et hiante vulnere). 
 B. 322, 10. 
 
 Hononus for him gecoren waes (qui lusto in episcopatum successit). B. 
 12, 24. 
 
 For '5aem (i. e. Puttan) Theodor biscop in Hrofesceastre Suichelm to 
 biscope gehalgode (pro quo). B. 298. 24. 
 
 a domo fram huse : her is se a for anum staefgefege. ab hojnme fram '5am 
 menn : her is se ah an staefgefeg. y£//. Gr. 7. 5. 
 
 And '5u nelt syllan 'Sinum bearne prowend for asge, nele eac God us 
 syllan orwenysse for hihte. S. C. 252. 31. 
 
 ponne by'5 he indeclinabile, paet is, undeclinjendlic, ac gae^ se an casus 
 for eallum "Sam o'5rum casum, swa ys huitis modi. JElfr. Gr. 88. 15. 
 
 For nahte he tealde aenig '5ing to biddenne buton gesih'5e. S. C. 156. 21. 
 
 Fore again only in Bede : ' 
 
 Gegyrewa'5 '5one lichoman mid neowum braeglum fore 5am 5e ge '5aer on 
 noman (pro his). B. 376. 20. 
 
 se biscop . . . , se 5e fore Cu'Sbryhte gehalgod beon sceolde (pro Cud- 
 bercto) B. 374. 8. So 140. 16, 248. 28, 458. 14 — all from Lat. pro. 
 
 7. The dat. i^csni) and both forms of the ijistr. {"^on, '8jp) are used 
 withybr (never fore) to form a conjunctional phrase of reason, 
 or, rarely, of purpose. The resultant forms are for'^iEm i^e), 
 
 for^on {j6e),for^y (6«?). 
 
69 
 
 a. For^ccm {'6e),for'6on{j6e) z=z " because," followed by clause of 
 reason : 
 
 ond '5a swicSe lytle fiorme 'Sara boca wiston, forlSxm^e hie hiora nan 
 wuht ongiotan ne meahton, fortSaimlSe hie naeron on hiora agen gceJiode 
 awritene. C. P. 5. ii. 
 
 j'ara wasron syx stxlhranas, 'Sa beo'S swySe dyre mid Finnum, for "Saem 
 hy fo5 ]ia wildan hranas mid. O. 18. 12. 
 
 Sic gitsungpa «Si '5a gewin waeron grimlicran j'onne hy nu syn, for Son 
 hy hyre nane bysene asr ne cu'5an swa men nu witon, ac on bilvvitnesse 
 hyra lif alyfdon, O. 30. 23. 
 
 Bede uses almost exclusivelyy"c?r 'S^??: 
 
 Ac for5on missenlice intingan & unaemtan oft gelimpa5, licade us eallum 
 gemoenelice paette in Agustus Kalende aerie si'Sa on gere seono^ gesonmode 
 in stowe, seo is nemned Clofeshoh. B. 278. 24. 
 
 ^Ifric uses the ioxxw for'^a7i ^e most often : 
 
 . . . for'5an "Se '5u eart rihtwis and me becweme. S. C. 20. 30. 
 
 but for^i ]><^/' sometimes, apparently as a more emphatic form, 
 " for this reason (purpose) that ": 
 
 He gereordede hine aefter his aeriste, na for'Si ]?xt he sySSan eor'51ices 
 bigleofan behofode, ac to '5i paet he geswutelode his so'San lichaman. S. C. 
 296. 25. 
 
 pa cwse'S se Haslend, past he naere for his agenum synnum, ne for his 
 maga, blind geboren, ac for 'Si paet Godes wundor purh hine geswutelod 
 waere. ^5'. C. 474. 5. 
 
 or when another clause is inserted between the conj. and its 
 clause : 
 
 . . . ponne bi^ se faeder mara, and se sunu laessa. Hwi swa? For'5i)'onne 
 se sunu \vyx'5, ponne ealda5 se faeder. S, C. 278. 24. 
 
 and rihtwisra manna dea'5 is deorwyr'Se, for'5i 'Sonne hi geendia^' c>is 
 geswincfulle lif, beo5 hi gebrohte to '5am ecan life. S. C. 218. 20, 
 
 sometimes, also, in the same position in which for'^an (^e) is 
 
 commonly found : 
 
 Se getigeda assa and his fola getacnia'5 twa folc, paet is ludeisc and 
 hseSen : Ic cwe'Se, haeSen, for^i pe eal mennisc waes ^a-gyt wanigende on 
 haeSenscipe, buton pam anum ludeiscan folce. S. C. 206. 32. So 276. 31, 
 286. II, 322. 21. 
 
 b. " Therefore," referring to some statement already made, is 
 
 commonly expressed by for ])y in all texts except Bede, which 
 
 again uses/brS^w ; 
 
 Ne ofermodgia'5 '5a scirmenn na for5y. C. P. 109. 18. 
 
 & se nim'5 j'one laestan dacl se nyhst p^m tune paet feoh geaerne'5. (S: 
 
70 
 
 ponne ride'5 ale hys weges mid San feo, & hyt motan habban eall ; & for ISy 
 "Saer bee's pa swiftan hors ungefoge dyre. O. 21. 5. 
 
 and hu maeg se geleafa beon for'Sgenge, gif seo lar and ^a lareowas ateor- 
 ja^ ? is nu for ^i godes peowum and mynstermannum georne to warnigenne, 
 paet seo halige lar on urum dagum ne acolige o^'Se ateorige. ^//. Gr. 3. 9. 
 
 paes biscopes lif & drohtunge in biscophade ge 3er biscophade is sjegd 
 paette waere ^aet halgeste, swa swa eac swylce aefter mid heofonlicra 
 maegena tacnum gecy'Sed waes. Ond for'Son seoppon longe his horsbeer, pe 
 hine mon untrumne on baer, waes from his discipulum gehealden ; & monige 
 untrume . . . paer aet haeloonfengon. B. 282. 3, So 346. 20, 354. 25, etc., etc. 
 
 Bo. uses also for'^csm in this sense : 
 
 pa felgan bio^ fyrrest paere eaxe, for'Saem hi faro'5 ungeredlicost ; sionafu 
 faer^ neaxst 'Sasre eaxe, for'Sy hio faer'S gesundlicost. Bo. 222. 21. 
 
 and yElfric ^z without preposition, rarely : 
 
 God is ure Faeder, pi we sceolon ealle beon gebro^ru on Gode. S. C. 
 260. 28. So 82. 30. 
 
 c. The interrogative "why" is rendered by hwy ^ forhwy , for- 
 hwon (the last being the usual form in Bede) : 
 
 hwi ne hwearfast '5u eac mid him ? Bo. 18. 7. (B). 
 
 ... & for hwy se goda God laete aenig yfel beon. Bo. xviii. 2. (B.). 
 
 cur hwi, quare for hwi, qiiani ob rem for hwi oS'Se for ^i. ^If. Gr. 
 231. ic. 
 
 forhwy, C. P. 451. 6; for hwi, O. 54, 33. 
 
 ... & hine frignan, forhwon hine mon gebindan ne meahte (quare). B. 
 328. 5. 
 
 d. The correlatives (1) "because . . ., therefore," (2) "for this 
 reason . . ., because . . .," show the utmost variety of form, espe- 
 cially in Bo.^ where they are very frequent, from the argumen- 
 tative nature of the work : 
 
 (i) forSy Se . . ., fort^y . . ., Bo. 98. 30. 
 
 forSsem . . ., forSsem . . ., 240. 28 (Cott.). 
 
 fortSaem . . ., forSi . . ., 240. 28 (B.). 
 (2) for])i . . ., forpy . . ., 70. i, 122. 29, 214. 19 (B.), 246. 29 
 (Cott; Ac . . . for(5i . . . B.). 
 
 forSaem . . ., fort5sem fe . . ., 108. 31 (B). 
 
 forSaem . . ., forSy . . ., 126. 15. 
 
 for8i . . ., py laes (neg. sent.) 234. 8. 
 
 forSsem . . ., j^e . . ., 230. 24. 
 8. For + dat. in time phrases (observed only in j^lfric). 
 a. For -\- dat. of time {d^g-, gear^zzz^^ . . ago"; cf. German 
 vor. 
 
 swa swa hit waes gedon on Angelcynne nu for anum feawum gearum. 
 ^7/. Gr. 3. 12. So S. C. 458. 7. 
 
/I 
 
 Min Urihten for feawum daguni me geswutelode pxt icsceolde mid pysre 
 eJrowunge his fotsvvaNum fylian. S. C. 382. 16. So 104. i. 
 
 b In the following sentences the beginning of the modern idiom : 
 " for two years," etc., is apparent, though they were still doubtless 
 phrases of" purpose," '* interest," to ^^Ifric : 
 
 Witodlice se (Se nane brocunge for t?isum life ne 'Srowa^, he faer^ to 
 •Srowunge. S. C. 472. 21. ("in this life" Thorpe). 
 
 He (i. e. se hyra) cep^ paera sceatta, and blissaS on 15am wur^'mynte, and 
 hsef'S his mede for Sisum life, and bi'S bescyred jiacre ecan mede, S. C. 
 240. 21. 
 
 . . . for^'an 5e oft getimaS yfelum teala for life. S. C. 332, 15. 
 
 In one passage indeed the Latin ace. of duration is rendered by 
 for\ 
 
 hiennium fortwam gearum o'S^e twegra geara fyrst. yg//". Gr. 287. 15. 
 
 Compounds. 
 
 The adverb y^r^w combines with the prepositions on,io,csi^d,wd 
 be to form compound prepositions, taking for the most part the 
 dat. case. Onforan, however, is followed by the ace. winter in 
 the Chronicle, 170. 23. (abed), 172. 17. (a). Toforan in Bo. and 
 j^lfrie denotes precedence and preference : 
 
 paet ic maeg pe inweardlice lufian to foron eallum pingum mid damnum 
 ge^ance. Bo. 260. 12 (B). 
 
 paet he sy toforan oSrum mannum purh his glencge getealde. .S", C. 
 328. 28. 
 
 pra vie toforan me,/r^ onutibus toforan eallum. y^lf. Gr. 276. 2. 
 
 y^tforan has a considerable range of uses : 
 
 1. In the presence of: 
 
 coram vobis stat xtforan eow he stent. ^If. Gr. 271. 16. 
 
 and Crist hine gehselde astforan gesih^e ealles paes werodes. S. C. 154.3 
 
 Also with verbs of motion: 
 
 Ne glad he (i. e. se steorra) ealne weig him aetforan, ac sySSan hi comon 
 to Judeiscum earde, sy^San he waes heora latteow, o^ pcet he bufan Cristes 
 gesthuse ^etstod. S. C. 108. 32. 
 
 2. Before, of place: 
 
 J?a gesawon hi retforan 'Sa;re cyrcan nortS-dura, on 'Sam marmanstane, 
 swilce mannes fotlaesta fastlice on ^am stane ge'Syde. S. C. 506. 11. 
 
 3. Before, in a series : 
 
 ac hi habba'5 ealle sceortne i on sopinum aetforan paui -turn. yEl. Gr. 
 193- 7. 
 
72 
 
 4- Before, above, of preference : 
 
 ac 5eah he geendebyrde pone unspedigan fiscere astforan 'Sam rican 
 casere. S. C. 578. 10. 
 
 5. Before, in time : 
 
 . . . and be 'Sam manega bee setton,'Sa^e we nu oferrseda^ set Godes 
 ^eowdome aetforan his gebyrdtide, him to wur'Smynte. S. C. 6co. 13. 
 astforan Martines masssan. Chron. 191. 19. (c.) (foran to abd.). 
 
 Beforan has all of these meanings except " before in time": 
 
 beforan "Sasm temple stod aeren ceac. C. P. 105. i. 
 Seo menigu pe eode beforan Sam Haslende. S. C. 156. 10. 
 sua manegra wieta hie beo^ wyr'Se beforan 'Sasm c'Srum sua suahemonna 
 on won gebrohte. C. P. 191. 7. 
 
 The closeness in meaning of these -foran compounds to one 
 another is well illustrated by the following : He (i. e. Johannes 
 se Fulluhtere) waes asend toforan Drihtne, swa swa se daegsteorra 
 gseS beforan ^aere sunnan, swa swa bydel setforan demen, swa seo 
 Ealde Gecyt5nys aetforan ^sere Niwan. fS. C. 354. 33. 
 
 Summary. 
 
 A. For versus y<?r^. 
 
 1. Fore is the regular form, whatever the meaning, when the 
 prep, does not immediately precede its case. 
 
 2. Fore before its case occurs only in C P. (^fore-\-acc. i.,-\-dat 
 I.) and in Bede (in all categories except /or -\- ace. 2. and 
 for + dat. 7.). Except for this limitation of fore^ the two forms 
 seem not to be distinguished in Bede. 
 
 B. Cases. 
 
 1. Ace. gives place to dat. when the prep, does not precede its 
 case, — except in Bede. Cf. m, on, pp. 9 ff. 
 
 2. Dat. appears often instead of ace. 4. (in C. /*., B. and yFlf. 
 — see p. 67), less often for ace. 3. (^B. and yFllf.) ; for ace. 2. only 
 in yFlfric. 
 
 3. Ace. for dat. or insir. of cause does not occur ; for giefernesse 
 ofergemet. C. P. 313. 14, is the only instance. 
 
 Note. The intensive adverb/"*??' is sometimes liable to confusion 
 
 with the preposition. So in the sentence : 
 
 pu meaht witan be manegum pingum paet pact gecynd is swi'Se micel : is 
 paet for micel gecynd Saet urum lichoman cym'S eall his mxgen of Sasm mete 
 pe we pigga-S. Bo. 150. 33. 
 
 Fox translates /(^r micel gecynd " through mighty nature," i. e. 
 for -f- ace. of cause, which does not occur. The meaning of the 
 
73 
 
 passage is : ** that is (an instance of the) very great power of 
 nature, that &c." Cf. the following : 
 
 is \rx.i ponne for dyslic geswinc ]i?et ge winna'S eowre woruld to don paet 
 ge wilnia'cN eowerne hlisan ungemetlice to brsedanne ofer swelcne cafertun. 
 Bo. 62. 17. 
 
 & ^eah hi for micel god ne don, hi wilnia^ "Saet hi micel "Syncen. C. P. 
 
 439- 35- 
 
 The idea of approximate location — nearness, neighborhood — 
 is at the base of all the values oi est. It is followed regularly by 
 the dat.y very rarely by the ace. case. 
 
 I. Mt + DAT. 
 
 I. ^t denotes location less closely than ^V^ and 07i', that near 
 which, by which, rather than that in or upon which. So it is used 
 to give the place of a battle or other meeting, of a church or 
 monastery, &c., &c. 
 
 He geseah ane hlaedre standan cet him on eor'San. C. P. loi. 19. 
 
 he ne cuse'S na Sset Sa giemmas wasreu forsceadne aefter ISaem str^etum, ac 
 aet 'Sara straeta endum. C. P. 135. 17. 
 
 Se westsu'Sende Europe landgemirce is in Ispania westeweardum et 
 '5aem garsecge, «& msest aet ^aem iglande ^astte Gades hatte. O, 8. 24. 
 
 heora gemetting waes eft aet Trefia ^aere ie. O. 186. 31. 
 
 hie . . . ne durran . . . hie selfe jet ham ast heora cotum hie werian. 0. 
 136. 29. 
 
 paet waeter . . . cym'S ponne up aet paem aewelme. Bo. 140. 19. 
 
 . . . paet mon heh'S asnne heafodbeag gyldenne aet sumes aerneweges ende. 
 Bo. 188. 9. 
 
 pa ne wiste he hwaet he gefelde cealdes cet his sidan licgan ; cunnode '5a 
 mid his hond & sohte, hwaet paet waere (lateri adjacere). B. 156. 32. 
 
 gesawon heo '5aer monige men aet him beon (adfuisse). B. 184. 33. 
 
 & his lie W^ on ^am mynstre ast Abbandune. Chron. 234. 34. (c). 
 
 Her het Eadweard cyng atimbran Sa norSan burg aet Heorotforda. 
 Chron. 186. 13. (abed). 
 
 Her waes paet myccle gemot ast Kyrtlingtune. Chroti. 230. 11. (be). 
 
 Her Cynric & Ceawlin f uhton wi'S Brettas aet Beranbyrg. Chron. 30. 9. 
 (abce). 
 
 & (scl. hi) eodon ofer land 'Sast hie gedydon aet Cw^etbrycge be Ssfern. 
 Chron. 174. i. (abed). 
 
 donii est he is ast ham. ^If. Gr. 234. i. 
 
 SoSlice 5a halgan apostolas wasron swilce culfran aet heora eh-'5yrlum, 
 ^a'5a hi nan jnng on 5isum middangearde ne gewilnodon, ac hi calle 'Sing 
 bilewitlice sceawodon. S. C. 586. i. 
 
74 
 
 CBt honda (ad manum) is exactly our modern " at hand ": 
 
 pa saet he aet beode, naefde "Sa ast honda hwaer tiaet brohte lac gehealdau 
 scolde ; sende 'Sain his bosm. B. 156. 28. So 122. 20. 
 
 This is distinct from the cet hondum of 4. 
 
 a. y^/^ occurs rarely after verbs of motion : 
 
 Ic eow cleopode ar to me, ac ge me noldon set cuman. C. P. 247. 21. 
 
 "Saet hie naefre noldon aet ham cuman aer hie ^aet gewrecen hasfden. 
 O. 56. 19. 
 
 . . . ^aet hie gebrohten Romana consulas & heora witan aet heora agnum 
 londe & him beforan drifen swa swa niedlingas. O. 122. 6. 
 
 & 'Sa ni'Semestan ic gebrenge aet Sam hehstan, & 'Sa hehstan aet 'Sam 
 ni'Semestan ; 'Saet is j^aet ic gebrenge ea'Smodnesse on heofonum, & 'Sa heo- 
 fonlican god aet 'Sam ea^medum. Bo. 22. i. (B). 
 
 & gesyndge windas Surh Sone smyltestan usic aet londe gebrohte (ad). 
 B. 386. 14. 
 
 b. y^t sometimes combines with proper nouns of place, so that 
 the whole is treated as a name : 
 
 . . . ^aem porta "Se mon haet aet Has'Sum. O. 19. 23. 
 
 ... in "Saere stowe "Se is geceged M,t Hwitan yErne (quae Candida Casa 
 vocatur). B. 478. 27. 
 
 Wynfer'S hwearf to his mynstre, j'aet is nemned aet Bearvve (dicitur 
 Adbarvae). B. 280. 27. 
 
 ... on ^aere stowe 'Se . . . genemned is aet Eamotum. Chron. 199. 34. (d). 
 
 Cf. M. H. G. ze\ da zen Burgonden, so was ir lant genant, 
 Niebelungen 5. 3. The phrase is not, however, really a noun ; 
 it appears to be so only with verbs of naming. 
 
 2. ^t introduces the occasion, — the activity, function, which 
 marks the time or in which one is engaged, j^t is here scarcely 
 distinguishable by definition from 07i in similar use. Cf. m, 
 on -j- dat. I. I. d. 
 
 se sacerd scyle onfon Sone suiSran bogh aet ^aere of[f]runge. C. P. 
 81. 19. 
 
 hi seca^ . . . ^aet hie fyrmest hlynigen aet aefengieflum. C. P. 27. 7. 
 
 ^t heora 'Sriddan gefeohte Galerius wear'S gefliemed. O. 280. 9. . 
 
 'Saer hie aet hiera gemote waeron. O. 224. 25. 
 
 'Sa hie sume si'Se druncne aet heora symble saltan. O. 130. 25. 
 
 swi'Se wel pu min haefst geholpen cet jmsre spraece. Bo. 250, 18. 
 
 "Sa hio aet beode saeton & aet swaesendum (ad mensam). B. 396. 31. 
 
 Sa he aet fulwihte bae'Se on'Swegen waes (egressus de fonte). B. y:j2. 4. 
 
 gif he aet leorninge saete o'S'Se elles hwaet dyde (legente eo). B. 26S, 15. 
 
 Mellitus betweoh hy aet Saem seono'Se saet (no. Lat.). B. 108. 14. 
 
 . . . ^a 'Se aet "Sam deaSe heora synna hreowe dydon (ad mortem). B. 
 216. 1 1. 
 
75 
 
 & "Saer waeron act his halgunge twegen ercebisceopas, & tyn leod 
 bisceopas. Chron. 234. 9. (c). 
 
 Barnabas waes "Sa Paules gefera cet tSaere bodunge to langum fyrste. 
 S. C. 3S8. 18. 
 
 aet Godes dome ne bi'S nan beladung ne witJertalu. S. C. 530. 6. 
 
 Dass ealdormannes dohtor lasg set fortJsi'Se. S. C. 469. 7. 
 
 iT'a gelamp hit paet get "Sam gyftum win weartS ateorod. S. C. 58. 9. 
 
 a. A further development of this value of est appears in the 
 (rare) use oi estziz " in the matter of," " in regard to." Cf. in, on 
 + dat. I. 7. 
 
 Oft men biS sui'Se wandigende aet aelcum weorce & sui'Se lactraede. C. P. 
 149. 14. 
 
 (scl. hi) cwaedon "Saet hie to ra'Se wolden fultumlease beon aet heora bearn- 
 teamum, '5a hi ^aer swa longe 'Sohton to beonne. O. 56. 21. 
 
 gif ge ast ^issum 'Sreora 'Singum me hyrsume beon willaS (in tribus his). 
 B. 102. 10. 
 
 wa 5am menn ^e cSerne ast his aehtum, o'S'Se aet his feore beswic'5. S. C. 
 516. I. 
 
 J?eah se retJe reafere us ast aehtum bereafige, cS^e feores benseme . . . 
 S. C. 576. 10. 
 
 b. In the following passage cstzzz against : 
 
 Xersis j'^et ocJer folc swa swi'Se forseah, paet he ascade, hwaetsceolde set 
 swa lytlum weorode mara fultum,buton jia ane pe him j?aer aer abolgen waes 
 on paem xrran gefeohte, paette waes on Merothonia paerc dune. O. 80. 16. 
 
 3. yEt is used with certain words to form time-phrases. So 
 always with cyrr, fruma, and in the phrase est niehsian; in 
 u^lfric also with scbI. More definite time is rendered by ^t only 
 in Bede, where d(Zg, neaht, surnor, (but only when accompanied 
 by the adj. mid) and Eastor, Peiitecoste, occur after cBt. 
 
 He maeg 'Saet aet sumum cierre betan. C. P. 235. 24. 
 
 "Sset we aet ytemestan onfon sumne dael bledsunge. C. P. 333. i. 
 
 & 5a aet nyhstan he waes feohtende wi'5 Sci'S'Sie ... & '5aer wearS ofscoten. 
 O. 30. 12. 
 
 hit scyle eall swa geweor^an swa swa god aet fruman getiohhad hasfde. 
 Bo. 246. 17. 
 
 Ra bestaelon hie hie '5eah nihtes upp aet sunium twam cirron. Chron. 
 190. 6. (abed). 
 
 pa becom se apostol aet sumum saele to '5oere byrig Pergamum. S. C 
 62, 24, 
 
 Waes seo beorhtnes . . . mara, 'Son sunnan leoht bi5 ast middan dKge (sol 
 meridianus). B. 284. 16. 
 
 pa Wtes aet middre neahte, j'a he waeccende wass, pa ne wiste he hwast he 
 gefelde cealdes act his sidan licgan (medio noctis tempore). B. 156. 30. 
 
76 
 
 Eodon wiit suigiende, pes ^e me puhte & gesegn waes, ongen nor'Seast 
 rodor, swa swa sunnan upgong biS aet middum sumere (contra ortum solis 
 solstitialem). B. 424. 2. 
 
 Ond (scl. heo) seldon in hatum ba^um heo ba'Sian wolde, buton ^am 
 hyhstan symbelnessum & tidum ast Eastran & aet Pentecosten, (imminenti- 
 bus sollennis . . . paschic, pentecostes). B. 318. 17. 
 
 Seo waes gefulwad '5y halgan djege ast Pentecosten (die sancto pente- 
 costes). B. 124, 5. 
 
 Bede's peculiarity here is evidently not due to the Latin. 
 
 4. ^t indicates the source — "at" and from which something 
 springs or is received or obtained, as in our modern phrase " at 
 his hands." ^t in this sense has however a much more extended 
 use in Ags. than in mod. English. That this meaning of est is 
 only a special development of the place-meaning (see i. and 2. 
 above) is evident from the following passages, in which cet has 
 the values of both " aet" and " from ": 
 
 Ealle staerwriteras secga'S ^set Asiria rice at Ninuse begunne, & Romana 
 rice aet Procuse begunne (a Nino ... a Proca). O. 60. 25. 
 
 Da onfeng he him & nom aet fulwihte bse^e & aet ^ses biscopes bonda 
 "Saere godcundan Segnunge him to godsuna (de lavacro exeuntem). B. 
 168. 5. 
 
 hie ondraeda'S 'Saet him derian maege aet ^sem gielpe. C. P. 143. 23. 
 
 y^t appears in this sense after the following verbs in the texts 
 read : 
 
 geaxian, gehieran^ {ge)leornian, gelcsred beon^ wifan ; 
 
 {a)biddan^ findan^ onfon^ underfoyi, begietan, geornian^ ,^^J^^- 
 cmi, habbaUy ofgan, bismer and sige gefaran, {^ge)niman^ secan, 
 wihiian ; 
 
 (^ge)bycga7i, geceapian^ geearnian ; 
 
 gehadiaji, gefzillod beon, gehceled weor'6a7i, acweald weor'^an, 
 gedemed beon, forweor^a?i. 
 
 ahredda7i, alesan ; bercedan ; ahreatian : 
 
 We 5e his liomu sindon leornedon ast him Saet we flugen (Sa oliccunga 
 'Sisses middangeardes. C. P. 33, 22. 
 
 eowerne gefean eow nan mon ast ne genim'5. C. P. 187. 22. 
 
 "Saet hie o^er sceolden, o'S'Se 'Saet lond act him alesan, o'^'^Se he hie wolde 
 mid gefeohte fordon tS: forherigan. O. 44. 9. 
 
 hi astgaedere gelasrede waeron aet Aristotolese heora magistre. O. 132. 2. 
 
 Hu loseph . . . ahredde Egypta folc aet 'Saeni seofan geara miclan hungre 
 mid his wisdome. O. i. 11. 
 
 he eft waes biddende aneslytles troges aet anum earman men,^aet he aiehte 
 his feorh generian. O. 84. 15. 
 
 ic ne masg findan ast me seolfum 'Sset ic hine aefre geseo, O. 244. i. 
 
17 
 
 ealle gesceafta, gesewenlica & ungesewenlica, stillu & unstillu, onfo'S set 
 "Saem stillan & aet iSasm gestoe'S'Segan & act pacm anfealdan gode endeberdnesse 
 & andwlitan. Bo. 218. 14. 
 
 hwact beef's he set "Sasm hlisan, asfter 'Sacs lichoman gedale & 'Saere sawle ? 
 Bo. 68, II. 
 
 swa swa me sum aid macssepreost arwyrSlice sa;gde,'Sact he act his seolfes 
 muSe gehyrde (ab ipso). B. 242. 21. 
 
 ne mihton hi (i. e. Bryttas) nxnigne fultum act him begitan (ab illo). B. 
 48. 10. 
 
 ond (scl. Wine) mid feo gebohte act him (i. e. Wulfhere) 'Saet biscopseiSl 
 aet Lundenceastre (ab eo). B. 170. 12, 
 
 he onfeng Rsegnolde cyninge (ad.; Raegnoldes cinges be.) aet bisceopes 
 handa. (7/zr(7w. 210. 22. (abed.) 
 
 & (scl. se here) winter setle namon aet East Englum. Chron. 131. 23. (e), 
 {on abed.). 
 
 Egeas saede, " Ic wille mid tintregum aet "Se ofgan 'Sises binges insiht." 
 .5". C. 590. 22. 
 
 se waslhreow Domicianus on "Sam ylcan geare wear's acweald aet his witena 
 handum. S. C. 60. 4. 
 
 (scl. Herodes) ofsloh ealle Sa hyse-cild . . . fram twywintrum cilde to 
 anre riihte, be Saere tide pe he geaxode aet "Sam tungel-witegum. S. C. 
 80. 17. 
 
 Mare syl'S se 'Searfa pam rican ponne he aet him nime. S. C. 258. i. 
 
 and hi Sa gelyfdon,and gefullode wurdon aet Sasra maessepreosta handum, 
 ^e se apostol acr gehadode. S. C. 470. 10. 
 
 nan cristen mann ne sceal his haele gefeccan buton act Sam yElmihtigan 
 Scyppende. S. C. 470. 20. 
 
 a. Secan and wibiian (cf. to II. 3.) take cet or to without appar- 
 ent difference of meaning : 
 
 Da'Sa he wilnode lare aet Gode. C. P. 443, 31. 
 
 heo Sa naenge cu'Se ondswaro findan meahte, Seah 'Se heo georne sohte 
 aet Sffim sweostrum. B. 284. 7. 
 
 forSan Se hi beo'S ure mundboran, pa ^e nu waedligende aet us bigleofan 
 wilniaS. S. C. 334. 35. 
 
 Se cristena mann Se on aenigre pissere gelicnysse biS gebrocod, and he 
 Sonne his haelSe secan wyle aet unalyfedum tilungum, otJtie act wyrigedum 
 galdrum, oppe Kt aenigum wiccecrsefte, 'Sonne bi'S he Sam hae'Senum mannum 
 gelic. S. C. 474. 20. 
 
 b. Verbs compounded with ^^in this sense take the dat.: 
 
 mid 15am casic (i. e. ablativo) by'S geswutelod swa hwa;t swa we actbredaS 
 o'Srum o'S^e swa hwact swa we underfo'S aet o'Srum. y£//^. Gr. 23. 9. 
 
 but sometimes the ace, the feeling for the compound as such 
 having been lost. 
 
 . . . Sa 'Se 'Sa frecednyssa cetflugon. S. C. 506. 3. 
 
78 
 
 5- A few exceptional uses of (st are assembled here. 
 
 a. Condition in which : 
 
 aet hu micelre scylde Sa beo^ befangne, '5a Se . . . C. P. 377. 22. Ci. 4. 
 
 b. Concerned in : 
 
 & ealle '5a men lulius het ofslean ^e aet ^aere lare ,waeron "Saet mon 
 Pompeius ofslog. C. 242. 23. Cf. 2. 
 
 c. Means : 
 
 Swa swa ic nu aet feawum wordum secge (breviter). B. 206. 15. 
 
 II. T^T + ACC. 
 
 The ace. after est is very rare; in the texts read only the phrase 
 cet ^ysne andweardan dcBg is found : 
 
 paet ilce waeter aet 'Sysne ondweardan daeg eallum 'Saem 'Sider cumendum 
 his heofenlicu gifu genihtsumnesse ^egna'5 (usque ad banc diem). B. 
 366. 21. 
 
 . . . paet maeste wael ... ^e we secggan hyrdan aet 'Sysne andweardan 
 daeg. Chron, 122. 8, (b) — ((ac) have <7'5 ; (def) only csfre). 
 

 • • • «•* 
 
 I • 
 
 -**;:*: :,•••, 
 
 Henry Marvin Belden, second son of Samuel B. and Georgiana 
 Belden, was born in Wilton, Connecticut, October 3, 1865; 
 attended Wilton Academy 1882-4 ; entered Trinity College, 
 Hartford, in January, 1885, and was graduated with the degree of 
 B. A. in June, 1888; was a graduate student at the Johns Hop- 
 kins University during the academic years 1889-90 and 1891-93, 
 attending lectures by Professors Bright and Browne, in English ; 
 Wood and Learned, in German ; Griffin, in the History of 
 Philosophy; and Bloomfield, in Comparative Grammar; was 
 instructor in English at Lehigh University 1890-91, and at the 
 University of Nebraska 1893-4 ; studied at the University of 
 Strassburg, Germany, 1894-5 ! ^^^ ^^s been for the last two years 
 assistant professor of English at the University of Missouri. 
 
 Springdale, Conn., yuly, 1897. 
 
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