YOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES WITH A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE NATIVES, THEIE CUSTOMS AND HABITS, AND OF PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS AT COLONISATION. BY Er. Ad. deROEPSTOEEE, CANDIDATE OF PHILOSOPHY, UNIVEESITY OF COPEKHAGEN J FELLOW, KOYAL SOCIETY, NORTHEBIT ANTIQUABIKS, ETC. ; BXIEA ASSISTANT 8UPEHINTENDENT, ANDAMAN AND NICOBAESj LATS IN CHABGE OF THE NICOBABS. SECOND EDITION. CALCUTTA: OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOYERNMENT PRINTINa. 1875. CALCUTTA t TBINTID BY THE SUPEEINTENDENT OP GOVERNMENT PBINTIK(J, ^ KlSTINaS STBEET. RG5 HENRICO RINKIO, Ph.D., ReOI DaNIAE a CONSILIIS JrSTITIAE, Meecatfeae Geoenlandicae peaepecto, CxrJTTS LAETFM TULTFM ET BBNIGNUM: ANIMUM PUBB VIDI, psttdentiam juvenis pee8pexi, Qui peimtjs de instjlis Nicobaeicis libetjm sceipsit, cujtjs, dtjm eeunt qui de illis scbibant, nulla oblivio Memoeiam delebit, quamvis ille aliam gloeiam EX ultimo septenteionb tuleeit, HUNC libbllum summa obseevantia sumhoque STUDIO PEAEDITUS r> r> D F. A. deROEPSTORFF, Ik UlflVBBSITATB Haunibwsi CANDIDATUS PHILOSOPHIAB, SOCIBTATIS BBOIAB AITTIQITABIOBUM SBPTBirXBIONALIUM SOSALIS. 155199 ■ ^^ THE ^X VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOIOEN IN THE NICOBAH AND- ANDAMAN ISLES, M^ reasons for writing this Vocabulary have been as f'olloW'j — - (Vst,) to enable officers deputed oh duty to the Nicobars to keep up - communication witli this truly reitiarkable peoplfe, and'Y^^^^^^ espe- " cially I wish to 'secure'to th^ scidutific world th^ languages of these people, who are fast dying out. Several sinall dbllecti"ons have be6h at different times made, from which I have extraetied only a few words that were unknown to me, and which have been noted' in • every case. The first collection of words of tjbe Nancowry dialect was made by Surgeon Fontana, who was th^re from April to Sep- tember 1778 in au' Austrian vessel, t:he Joseph and Thehsa, The neit was made by the Revd. D. ' Uosen, a Banish clergyman, ^ho ' was there from August 1831 till December 1834: he saw a good deal of the natives and wa^ a general favorite with them. It is to be regretted that when his house was burnt at Nancowry most of hi^ papers were destroyed, but in his Erindringer fra mit Ophold paa de Nikobarske Oer KjSbenhavn (Copenhagen, 183^9,) he gives sixty-three w^ords in addition to the num^ralfe. In 1846 a few words were collected by Father Barbe, a French pl'iest from the Straits of"' Malacca; wh^camfe on a flyihg visit' in hi^ own little schooner,' the ' Carolina. ' He Was accompanied by-M. Lacrampe, who had stayed '^ on' Teressa Island as a missionary, and was thus able to obtain th^' '' be^t information abotrt the islands. The Commander of the Danish' Obvernment Steamer Ganges gave them a passage in his ship,'(which was at the time at Little Nicobar,) to Teressa and Katchall Islaiids, where M. Lacrampe landed to take away some property left behind by the French Mission a short time before. Dr. Rink, the pi-esent director of the G-reenland trade, who* was a member of the Galateal ^ Expedition, 'has written a paper on the geology of the islands, and ' mentions a few Nicobarese words. He catiie there in December ^ VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 1845 and left in May 1846. The Austrian vessel Novum was there in 1862. Her stay among the islands lasted only a month, eleven days of which were spent at Nancowry, and a collection of words was made. In 1869, when the Indian Government took possession of the islands, Mr. A. C. Man, a passenger accompanying the expedition, collected some words; his brother, Mr. E. H. Man, Assistant Superintendent of Port Blair and Nicobars, made also a list soon after his arrival in 1871. It would therefore appear from the above that many collections were made, but with the exception of the Revd. D. Rosen, no one had sufficient time to learn the language so as to speak it; and his book contains sixty- three words only. The last column in this Vocabulary contains all the words used by the aborigines of the Andamans which 1 have been able to col- lect. No apology is necessary for including these, as a great inter- est has lately been taken in this tribe, who in their ' kjokken- moddings * have left distinct marks of their antiquity. They may possibly be related to the people mentioned by Wallace in his Malay Archipelago as distinct from the Malay element, and may be autoch- thons. Isolated as they have been in their island home, — cut off from the supply of metals and all communication with the outer world, — it is possible they may have lost even the record of a higher state of civilisation. I think this can be surmised from certain things found in the lower layers of their ' kjokkenmoddings, ' such as pot- tery and iron. I hope to be able at a future date to write more fully about these interesting records of so ancient a people. Of my present list fifty-three words appeared before in the Tro- ceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for June 1870. Mr. O. H. Brookes, Extra Assistant Superintendent, Port Blair and Nicobars, has kindly given me those marked with his initials. A lady, who has taken a great interest in the education of Andamanese children, has given me valuable aid in forming my collection, for which 1 would beg to offer my sincere thanks, although not allowed to men- tion her name. When now, after the aid received from others, the number of words collected is so very small, it might be interred by people unacquainted with the peculiar circumstances of this convict settle- ment, that I had not exerted myself to make a full collection. This is, however, not the case. The Andamanese have never been in my charge ; they are not allowed to leave their encampments and homes to visit the settlement, and when I had the chance of seeing and conversing with them, they had been taught Hindustani and preferred to talk it. Greater opportunities of communication will doubtless hereafter be opened, and this Vocabulary will, I trust, be of some use to any one commencing the study of the Andamanese dialects. One column contains words of the Sliobaengs, whom I believe to be the aborigines of the Nicobars, though little is known about them. The Revd. D. Rosen says in his book :— Thb 8hob«ko8. " The Nicobarians do, however, not seem to be the aborigines " of these islands. In the interior of Great Nicobar there is said KICOBAR AND ANDAMAN IStES. ^^ to exist a savage people, which probably is of greater antiquity '^ than the other. The Nicobarians consider themselves very much '' superior to these savages, whom they compare to monkeys. They " say that they {i. e., the savages) wear no clothes, have no houses, '^ and live like animals in the dense jungles ; fear the sight of other " human beings, and never come out of their hiding-places excep:^ '^ in search of food, which they sometimes steal from the huts along ^^ the coast when they perceive them to be deserted.^^ Some members of the Galatea Expedition went up the Galatea River and thought they had come upon a hut belonging to these inland people. From the Danish descriptions and from what the Nancowry people told me, one might infer that they were a tribe of Negritos, like the Andamanese ; but lately I was fortunate enough to see one of these Shobsengs. He was a big, strong youth, nearly as well built as those of Nancowry. If the Shobseng I saw is a fair specimen of his race, he is of Mongolian origin, the small oblique Mongolian eyes being quite a distinct feature. The head is otherwise formed, the lower part of the face being more prominent and the back of his head not flattened : it is customary with the Nancowry people to flatten the heads of their children. In the faces of the men from Trinkut, Nancowry, Camorta, Katchall and Car Nicobar there is little of the Mongolian. Not so, however, with the people called ' Tatat-* from Schowra. Tliey do not resemble the youth thb Tata* 1 saw from Great Nicobar, but their eyes remind me of his. My ^^<'^^*- theory is, that the people who inhabited these islands before the Nancowry race came were of Mongolian origin j that they were attacked and driven away from the best places, and a remnant of them is now found in the interior of Great Nicobar and on the little isolated island of Schowra. They were driven away from the fertile alluvial soil and from the cocoanut trees on the coral sand. In Nancowry, Camorta, Trinkut and Car Nicobar they could not subsist when driven away from the coast, the sterile grass plams not affording them any means o£ obtaining food. Great Nicobar is entirely covered with dense jungle ; the soil is fertile, and there they still live. In Schowra they make their living as potters. They supply the other islands with well-made cooking- pots, which they convey in their canoes. The men of Schowra are fairer than the Nancowry people, and at Nancowry they say that the girls from Schowra are the prettiest. The people at Schowra have largely adopted the Nancowry language. It would be very interesting to discover whether they have anything in common with their cousins in the interior of the Great Nicobar Island. The Shobaengs at Great Nicobar are hostile to the Nancowry people who reside along the coast, and not long ago a coastman was killed by tnem. This happened in December 1872. The Shob^ngs have ^el to be described and their language preserved. I have only been able to obtain a few words, as it was no easy matter to obtain them from ray Shobseng acquaintance. This man professed to belong to an inland tribe, and I have given the words he told me ; yet I should like to see the tribe .4, >VGOABULARY OF DUTiECTS SPOJCEN IN so extensive that an inland people could subsist; but it is not so at the Andamans. ' I hope, however, to be able to search for these Shobjengs -before very long". I ,have RiOW inhabit Trinkut, Nan- cowry, Camortaj.Katchall, Car: Nicobar a/nd the coasts of Little and Great Nicobars. They, may also inhabilt Teressa land Bompoka ; but I do not know,-:as I hav^e not visited these islands. It would, ■kowevery appear f r^m thel Focadiilar^ of [M. Plaiaant that they are pure Nancowry people. Thistraoe is well worth the trouble of a closer; invfiistigation. They display ^ihighi degree of civilisation. Though it is .about as democriatic ft state of society as. could well be imagined, they are still strictly go Vi^riied by their old rules >and customs. Nowhere, is [property. safei^. than there. I cannot make out their origin, but I am certain that- they are not Burmese, land I do not believe that they are li'elated.tp. the Malays; I have reason to -suspect .that the so-called al)origines of Formosa are neairer related. to them than any of their neighbours. This is, however, a suggestion 6nly^ {^^idei' T^e 'MaU, September 7th, 1874, Formosa), I believe them to be an .ancient people who have preserved their old civilisation, and religious i;cust(i)ms intact>> while perhaps their neligious ideaaiaind theoriels havGigitaduially died out. Each one can do what he ou she Jikes, but f^ithin. certain limits. The climate is, so mild and the -land soi i i^ichi that they have everything they require; luxuries only are, supplied by foreigners, and doubtless it womld be best for .them, to -have no intercourse with any. foreigners at iall. Tbey inhabit, only .the low ! alluvial coast, where there 18 a r6ef. to (Shelter their MV'illQge> ajnd where cocoanuts grow. The GooosMiut tree is, their ^reat. mine of wealth. The young nut pro- vides a o^ol, ,vsweet drink> far. i more wholesome than the water obtainiible, wliich)COutains decomposed matter. The ripe nut forms an important part of their diet ; their dogs, fowls, aud« pigs live almost entii'ely> on it. Traders visit these ishuids solely for the cocoanuts. The .coooa«ut tree also supplies them with paJm wine and water vessels. The cocoa-nut yields oil, which they know how to extract; thfc dry leaves. make beautiful torches, which, burn well and are used while fishing. The bread made from the fruit of the Pandanus Mell'Ti \q much eateji ; and fish they can obtain at all seasons. The Pandanus grows .to perfection in this warm, nooist climate iftnd in a Ji^lf-swiampy soil, 'ilt requires, however, great labor to extract and .cook the edible fannaceous part. The process of extracting the fibre is very tedious work. A species of Cj/cus ' NlCOBARvANB\A'ND!x\MAN ISt.ES , 5 ' also yields a farinaceous material, which is eaten ; but the Cijcas is not cultivated, as it grows. so slowly, that it is rare. The forest yields capital timber for the posts and: planks of their houses, and Timber, for boats. The bark of a small tree makes very good twine and ^'^'■^• fishing-lines, and the jungles abound in rattan, which they use Rattan. for the tying of planks, making baskets, and the like. Wild hog abounds, and the jungles contain very few obnoxious animals. On none of the: islands are found deadly poisonous snakes, except on Teressa. The people describe this snake as black and » making a snakes, hissing noise. The worst thief on these^ islainds^ is a big boa, or rather a python (.Schneideri)) which i steals fowls, and small pigs. SfS • The Areca (bejtel-nut tree) land the Chavica (betel-leaf) are very common, and are cultivated. In the creeks in the Nancowry group and. in Sambelong {ii e.. Great and. Little Nicobars) the JVipa mpafncctmns. ff'ucUcans grows, which affords a good that(3hing material for the houses, (in Car Nibobar the lalang grass is used instead). The sea Laiang grass. abounds iii fish, which the Nancowry people spear at night by torch- Fish. light from their light canoes. They use also baskets, which are sunk Mode of c»tch- with little stones and left for a couple of nights under water. '"^ Nets and stakes they do not use, but often fishing-lines. The crabs and the crayfish are very large, and oysters are found in some places in the southern islands. Turtles they are fond of eating, and the tortoise is i -also caught. Sharks and alligators are the worst of their sea and water enemies. Their boats axe, however, very safe, raind it is thirty years since any one was eaten by au alligator. I < think I have shown .the resources this people possess, and that they have all that a people in their state can want, — food, good lalnd plentiful J excellent materials for building houses and making boats ; a hot, s moist climate, the heat seldom much above or much under 85° Fahrenheit. Can it be wondered at that they give way to the temptations offered to them t^ lead a lazy life ? I hope, however, to show that the Nancowry people, though they love to be i lazy and to stretch themselves in the shade to sleep, are neverthe- less very active when s they ihave anythiiig to do. And what they do, they d& well. The tillages are ibjuiltMon the low land below the jungle, and Their villages. are generally situated behind a coral reef, to be sheltered from the sea. In a village there are rarely ■ more than twenty houses, land often only two or three. The yhouses of the Nancowry people i^nd their way of living remind, me of v^hat I have read of the remains of villages found in the Swiss lakes, and perhaps many things could be explained, from a knowledge of the Nancowry people, which now ar^ doubtful. The houses are raided on poles some six or eight feet from the Their houses ground and stand below high-water mark, so that the water washes Sow K"'^^ under them when the tide comes in and clears away whatever refuse ^^^^' "^'^^^' i may be collected underneath them, — which, however, is not very much, as each thing has its place, even refuse. Underneath the houses are little rough platforms on which Pandanus fruit, not pre- pared, is kept. Theiie lie also the troughs for feeding the dogs and VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE swine, and there sits the woman of the house every evening about 5 o'clock and feeds her live-stock, — pigs, fowls, and savage dogs. There are also the hencoops. The houses do not look very nice outside as they are weather-beaten, the rains being very heavy for six months and the winds very high; but when you enter a hut, you will invariably find it well-made, well-kept, and in beautiful order. cieaniinesa. A little square hole in the floor gives entrance, and on the landing- place there lies a little brush (one of the scales of the Pandanus) to wipe your feet with, so as not to bring sand or mud on the floor : I have never seen dust or sand on a floor in any village. Right in front of the landing-place on the other side of the hut is the fire- Cooking.piace. place. This is a long rectangular railed-ofF place, with a platform above it. In this is cooked all that is wanted. The ' larome ' or Pandanus bread must be well boiled ; but otherwise the cookery is very primitive. On both sides of the cooking-place are poles hung some four or five feet from the floor with cocoanut shells polished and cleaned inside, quite black. These are the water cisterns of the people. They are called ^ hishoje.^ Above the cooking-place are hung the unfinished shells, and also ' larome ' ready for eatings neatly tied up in leaves. Pi?8' jaws. Looking back to the entrance again, you find a row or two of some pigs' lower jaws with big tusks. It has been generally surmised that these represented wild boars killed by the master of the house and a sort of proof of his valour, and I expect it was so in former times. Now-a-days they are those of pigs reared in the house, and the woman Domestic affairs wlio can show tlic biggest is the proudest. All the domestic animals, as well as the cooking utensils, belong entirely to the housewife. Above the pigs' teeth are rows of spears of different sorts ; along the inside of the house-wall are boxes and mats, and the middle of the floor is kept clean and clear. As a rule, you will find big figures, cut in wood in natural size, in the middle of the floor repre- senting men in European dress. More than once have I started, on going up into a house, at a man standing ready to strike me ; and I have found it to be one of these figures. They do not worship idols, but still they like to have images of all sorts about the house. As a rule, one or two figures are tied to the roof, and hang down about five feet from the floor. These figures are of every descrip- tion. Sometimes a ship in full-rig and the captain with a speak- ing-trumpet or a telescope in his hand. The ship is made to rest on a fish of great size ; very often the fish has the head of an alligator. The roof of the house is like a cupola, and is made with beauti- ful regularity. A grating is constructed so as to cut off" the upper part of the dome, and there are kept the things they want well preserved or well smoked ; for, as there is no funnel for the smoke, it has to strain out through the roof and leave all the soot behind. The grating is therefore, as a rule, black. This round cupola-shape presents the least resistance to the wind and rain, and gives more room than square-built houses would afford. Several villages have, however, lately been burnt by English men-of-war ; in such villages you will find many square-shaped houses. At a distance, the round houses resemble bee-hives. wife. Images, idols. not NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. On both sides of the village the boats, or rather canoes, lie. Their canoes. These are very light, and are carried up high-and-dry as soon as work is done. The canoes are made of one piece of wood, hollowed out and burnt, always very carefully made. The canoes are flat- bottomed and big-bellied, but narrow above, with a little raised rail, and small sticks are laid across at regular intervals to sit on. They have an outrigger and are fast-sailing and very safe when managed with care. The bow protrudes so far that a man can stand on it with his spear. Their war canoes have got a peculiarly- formed ornament some ten feet above the bow, like a figure-head ornamented with dragons. "Where the reef allows the boats to come near to the village, village posts, some high poles are raised, with knots of leaves tied all the way up ; these leaves are green when the poles are raised. The dress of the people is scanty, only so much as decency ^'■®^^- demands. The men have a narrow strip, two inches broad, hanging down behind like a tail, and the women wear a little blue skirt. Vanity has however there, as elsewhere, its worshippers. The greatest prize in dress is a black silk hat, and many an old man appears when he wants to be grandest with an old silk hat and his little strip of cloth. For a woman a skirt sewed after the European fashion is a treasure. The usual thing was to see the whole village turn out and dress when my boat approached. Except at low tide, when all meet, you will find each person at his own work, which is often different from that of his neighbour; for each house has to supply everything for itself as far as it can. Some villages have no Pandanus or pan-leaf and are supplied from others ; but what they are possessed of each man must look to for himself. To get Pandanus is left to the women, but cocoanuts the men fetch. At low-tide, off go all spare hands to fish, the men in small way of fishing, canoes, one or two in each. They spear the fish and are splendid shots and sharp-eyed. Should the tide fall after dark, so much the better they say. The fisherman then holds a torch in his hand. It consists of a dry cocoanut leaf tied at intervals. Sometimes the harbour is covered with these lights at night. The man looks for fish in all directions. In his left hand he holds the torch, in his right a light spear. On those islands where there is trade with ships the inhabitants ^^IxSq "'^ '^ like rice very well and are eager to exchange nuts for it. Though the Nicobarese have many pigs and fowls, it would be a Their food, mistake to think that they eat much meat. On common occasions ' larome ^ {Pandanus bread), cocoanut fruit or rice is their main food, together with fish. Fish they are very eager to obtain. They fry it on a spit and eat it half-raw. Only on great occasions will they kill pigs and fowls ; and then they have a regular feast, eating as much as they can, and drinking the toddy of the cocoanut-palm till they are quite drunk. Such a feast generally goes on for a day or two. 8 VOCABUIiKRY ^F DiALKttS SPOKEN IN 'THE" Stimulants. The cllmate beintJ^ malarious 'and enervatin^i:, the Ni(?obareg!e iiS6 pan-leaf, betel-nut, and quick-lime as a stimulant. They chew these things together and to such excess that the quick-lime forms a black lump all round their tee^h, and this gives their mouth a most > hideous appearance. *' A future historian of these people may quite safely speak of ' parted lips; ^ for after a certain age their lips never ' meet again till all the teeth are gone. This altogether sjioils the looks of these people, who otherwise might be called good-looking. They cannot live without these things and th^y take them wherever they go. This craving* after stimulants which the debilitating climate creates makes them drink much liquor. The only liquor they can produce is the toddy (?*. e., the palm wine made out of '• the juice of the eocoanub tree). In every house a thick bamboo * stands in some corner containing this wine for common utee. Arrack. The trakling- ships have, however, introduced within' the last'" thirty years' some detestal)le white arrack' from Penang, which '' certainly in a short time will make their numbers decrease if its importation is not totally stopped and some better liquor substi- tuted in its place. Their houses are always 'open for an}^ traveller or visitor, and their hospitality knows no bounds. ^ When any stranger comes, he ' hauls up his boat, goes into the house' where he intends to stay, (or, if ' a total stranger, into the nearest one,) helps himself to what he wants, ■'- and is not subjected to any questions. Thi^ is a little trait not to be found with all people. He calls for what he cannot find, and ' when he is satisfied, he sits down and talks ; but unless he chooses to tell, he is not questioned about himself or his affairs, or the reason ' ' of his trip. When he goes awa}^, he says * I go ; ' they answer ' 'Stop a little :'' Now it is enough./ he says;-'iStop a little,'* • they reply. Modiers. A pcculiar customis, 'that ^Vhen' a Woman is ascertained »'to be' pregnant, she and her husband are supposed to desist from all 'work. They then have a holiday. They pay visits to their relatives in ■ ' other villages, and wherever they go they are feasted, and it is ^ considered very lucky if they will go to the gardenis and sow some vegetable* seed there. Then they think the garden and its owner I)rospers better. Their children they nre fond of, and every man and ' woman is willing to carry another person's" child if thd mother is 4 tired of carrying it. ' The 'mothers are forld! of boasting' of how many children th('y have. It is not only 'an honorable, but also a profitable thing to have many children, because when they grow up they very carefully tend their old parents. Head of the The father is the head of the fariiily, and after his death the house. mother assumes that position, and they exeivise a certain amount of authority. A boy or a young' man is always supposed to give way to an old man and to obey him; whoever he may be. The eldest brother is the head of the family when the parents are dead. In one house generally many people live, mostly a father with' his i sons and their families. I have counted in one house the old \ NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. C mother with four married couples, with their five children, — all her children and grand-children, — in all, fourteen persons. When the parents are dead, the children divide the coeoanut Heirs and mar- and Pa7idanus trees, as well as other property of that description. "^^^^" The house falls to the eldest brother and he takes the greater part of the coeoanut trees; but, on the whole, they share pretty equally. The sisters take no portion. Those that were married before the parents died received at the time o£ their marriage some coeoanut and Fandmms trees for their support. Those that marry afterwards are allotted trees and pigs by the brothers. As long as they are unmarried, they generally Hve with their eldest brother, but some- times they go to some other relatives. The girls are married when marriageable, generally at thirteen to fifteen years of age, and, strange to say, there are invariably less girls than boys in a family. They are perfectly free to choose their husbands, but the question of trees and pigs very often influences their relatives, who then lay a certain pressure on them. The marriage takes place with- out further ceremonies, and it is very rare that the wife is found unfaithful to her husband. But very often a couple separate and marry again if they do not agree, so that a woman sometimes has had four or five husbands at diff'erent times. If there are children when they separate, the children are given in charge of some relatives, and are not brought into the new husband^s or new wife's house. They are the most honest, upright, and good-natured people Good-natured. that I know of. I have been several times in a village where nearly every one was drunk. I did not see one angry face; nor did I ever hear any quarrelling among them. They esteem their women highly, treat them tenderly, and are The position of very jealous of them. This is one of their best features and forms ^"™^"- a great contrast to the customs of most Eastern countries. While a Hindoo or Mussulman woman is a slave and a chattel, a Nico- barese looks up to his mother, wife, and sister. The women are very good-looking when young, but when the teeth turn black their good looks soon disappear. Religious superstition plays a great })art in their lives. The RiijRious super- Nicobarese believe in a life hereafter and also believe in spirits, toms"." *°*^ ^^^' These spirits they seem to fear more than to love. Among the spirits are the defunct, and these they fear more than any. Ill-luck of all sorts they ascribe to these ' Iwi. ^ The word for these spirits and for * to become ' is the same. To the sun and the moon they attribute mystical powers; and Suu and moon, at certain stages of the moon they will work, at otliers not. Their priests are called ' manloene, ' and are supposed to be able to cope Their priests. with the supernatural. These priests are also their doctors, and every cure is r^ombined with ghost exhortation and a spiritual fight between the priest and the spirit who has possessed himself of the sick man. The priests shroud themselves in a good deal of mystery, and practise B 10 VOCABULAUY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ventriloquism to some slight extent. I was once rather ill with fever when I was visited by some Nieobar friends. They pitied me and told me to take advice from their ' manloene. ' ' Very well, '' I said, ' brings one. ' Next day they returned with a priest, who began to rub my chest, at the same time murmuring something to himself. Occasionally he blew in his hand, and said it was life he blew into it. Suddenly he shrieked and produced a pig's tooth, which he said he had pressed out of my chest ! The tooth is now in the Ethnographical Museum in Copenhagen. Since this little affair the priests do not like me so well, and always think I want to mock them when I try to get hold of their tales and theories. One must always be on the look-out, for the spirits are prone to mischief. If in any village there is much sickness, the many bad 'Iwia^ are the cause; if no fish is caught, again they are sprited away. To keep these r/ii manes from making too much mischief, it is necessary to satisfy them with offerings, and this is done on Libation. ovcry occasiou. When a man drinks anything, he offers a libation, as the old Romans did, and especially is this done at their feast for Religious feast, the Spirits, or, as the missionaries called it, ' the devils' feast/ I believe it is more a sort of \feralia* On this occasion all relatives and friends are invited. The men sit quietly and smoke or drink. The women, — each from her own stock, — bring provisions of all sorts, implements, weapons, and curiosities. The women set up a horrible howling, and after cutting and breaking up their gifts, they throw them outside the house. A monster pig is then killed and roasted whole over the fire; meanwhile the men sit and drink till the pig is ready. The best portion is appropriated for the living, and some parts for the manes. The heap of sacrificed things lies outside the house till the tide washes it away. When the sacrifices^ are at an end, the spirits are supposed to ^e more tractable. The priests, who have not eaten for a long time beforehand, but by constant potations and mysterious ceremonies have brought themselves up to a certain excited pitch, then com- mence their conjurations. They are daubed over the face with red paint and rubbed with oil over the body. In deep bass voices they sing a doleful dirge and rush wildly about. On the beach lies a small model of a boat adorned with garlands made of fresh leaves. The priests want to catch hold of the spirit; they coax, scold, abuse and rush after their invisible antagonist. During this part of the feast the women howl worse than ever, and it is not to be wondered Embarkation, at if the Spirits give in. At last it comes to a fight hand-to-hand, and after great trouble the ' Iwi * is safely brought on board and seated on the skiff. Young men in boats then tow the craft out so far that it will not, led by tide and wind, return to their village, • About these sacrifices, compare J. J. A. Worsuae Om Befj/dningen of vore store Mosefund fra den uEldre Jernalder, KjSbenhavn, 1868, p\ige 2p.p.. 12p.p., where this savant explains the great sacrifices Iroui the Danish Iron Age. Vide also Denmark in the Early Iron Ag*', illustrated by recent peat mosses of Slesvig. London, 186G, 4to. NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 11 and there set it adrift and then they return to their feast. At this stage the serious part of the feast is over, and all sorts of fun is kept up_, but especially eating* and drinking, singing and dancing. It is curious that the ' Iwis "' are considered safe^ if taken out to sea. The Nicobarese are very musical, and some of them have :ju6icai. a very fine ear and sing very well. They make on hollow bam- boos a stringed musical instrument on which they accompany themselves. Their dance is a round dance, which is performed inside the Dance. cupola-formed houses. They lay their arms across each other's backs, with their hands resting on the next man''s opposite shoulder, and then form a circle. One man leads, and to a monotonous song they step out, sometimes to the left, sometimes to the right, the leader giving the direction, occasionally all jumping and coming down on both heels. A chief from the neighbourhood had a son born to him during Namingfcast my first stay, and he came to me very proudly and told me about it, and asked me to come and name the child. I went there. The little boy was at his mother's breast in a corner of the house. I could see that great preparations had been made for a feast : fowls lay roasted in heaps ; pork had been cut up ; Pandamis bread, the Ci/cas l)read, and all other good things were ready to be attacked. The guests were waitin«^ below. When the father had given the boy his Nicobar name and I his English name, three old women who were present set up a great crying. They, however, soon settled on the floor, (collected round a trough and crying all the while,) and commenced to throw little bits of fowl and pork and all the other eatable things collected for the feast into the trough ; every time they threw a bit in, one would say : 'He will be as hand- some as his uncle Johoang; ' the other: ' He will be brave to kill the pigs;' the third : ' He will find the fish,' or ''He will plant many nuts ; '' or ' The buffaloes will fly before him/ and so on. When this curious ceremony had taken place, the trough was thrown into the sea, and the little boy belonged to the society of men. How they finished the day I cannot say, but I have a sus- picion that they made the best of their time, for the next day a deputation came to me for a little present of rum. Though they are a good-natured people, still quarrels do happen, Q*^^"^'* ^°^ but they are never fought out at tiie moment. The friends put a stop to the quarrelling, and if it only concerns a trifle, it is settled with angry words by the parties' friends, but it ends in a feast given by the man who is considered in the wrong. One of the most frequent causes of a quarrel between villages is the landing of the little skifl" I previously mentioned, in which the spirit had been sent away. Where it lands, there the evil spirit is supposed to stop. Should it land near any village, it causes enmity. In such a case the affronted village holds a council of war, and relatives and friends from far and near are secretly called upon for help. A certain dark night is fixed upon, and noiselessly the aggressors VOCABULARY OF DIALTXTS SPOKEN IN THK arrive by high-tide, when all in the village they are going to Fighting sticks, attack are sleeping. Their arms are long sticks steeped in pig's blood and covered with sand. They now fall upon their enemies. The sticks are, however, so long that they cannot be used inside the houses. As every house has a number of sticks standing ready at all times, they can hardly be accused of unfair at- Fightingr hats, tacks. The combatants cover their heads with hats that are well padded, so that no heads are broken. The aggressors' faces are smeared with red color or pig's blood as the occasion may be, and they howl like wild beasts. The fight now goes on till the one party is getting the worst of it. ""' ' IS A fight. A hero. (Jnrdciiin; The women then rush between them with sword-blades and cry for peace. This granted, and the aggressors remain as the guests of their former enemies for a day or two ; being well feasted and tired of this sort of happiness, they go back with aching brains to their own places. Such fights occur abo on other occasions, such as when offence has been given. It then sometimes happens that the sticks are covered with little bits of glass. This custom seems to me to point to a wise lawgiver who has devised this way of settling petty quarrels to save bloodshed. During my second stay at the Nicobars there was a fight of this sort. Okpank (?*. ^., Captain Johnson), the evil genius of the Nancowry tribe, began to assume the position of a chief and wanted to give orders to villagers other than his own. This man, whose character is very bad, has nevertheless from time to time acquired some influence on account of his talking English during the visits of the English men-of-war and in the first days of the Settlement, as he was often employed as an interpreter; but on account of his being so false, nobody liked to have anything to do with him. The other villagers refused to obey him, whereupon, he having at his back a big family and two big villages, called out Malacca and Inuange to fight him. He overruled their fears that it was so near the Settlement by saying that I would not know anything about the fight. The fight came off, and Malacca and Inuange assembled with so large a force that Okpank and his party were thoroughly beaten. Upon this he rushed off to me and wanted me to burn the villages which were opposed to him. This perfidious behaviour irritated the opponents very much, and the feeling was very bitter against him, when I went to Malacca with him. Malacca and Inuange had stole n amarch upon him, for they had called upon all their relatives from Trinkut and from the western coast, and I was astonished to see what a number of bruises the young men had to show, — broken fingers and sore shoulders ad infinitum. They were daubed red on the face and looked very savage. The whole affair was, however, so little dangerous that I brought my wife, and she was at once taken charge of by an old woman, who said that she would answer for her safety. Before sunset peace was restored in the villages. The Nicobarese are capital gardeners. They plant all their cocoanuts and clear jungles for vegetable gardens. Gardening is, however, a matter of difficulty, as the trading ships that come NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. want vegetables very much, and their semi- wild pigs would root them up entirely. They therefore club together and clear a piece of jungle in an out-of-the-way place where they hope nobody will find it. I have visited such gardens, and they bear good testi- mony to their industry. Seeds are very eagerly sought after, and I expect in some years fruits of all sorts will be very plentiful. Cotton was introduced by the Danes, and it grows in big bushes round the villages, and the Nicobarese carefully collect the cotton. A minute Chinese orange-tree is found at Malacca, — the only irace of the garden of the Moravian missionaries. At all the islands different varieties of limes and oranges occur. The way the Nicobarese treat their dead is peculiar. When a man Bumi. is dead, his relatives assemble and clothe him nicely and he is buried behind the villages with wailing. They then open his boxes and rummage his house, and all that was his of movable things is brought outside and destroyed. It is not considered loyal to take any inheritance from relatives except such things as boats, trees, houses, &c. Sometimes even his boats are broken up. The spears are splintered and all that was his is arranged as a sort of monu- ment over the grave. Afterwards imitations are put on the grave. The mourning then commences, which lasts for two months."^ All Mourning. the blood relatives, even distant ones, go into mourning. This consists in abstinence from all sorts of amusements and from certain favorite things. During the mourning no dancing or singing is allowed in the dead man's village. No pigs are killed, no liquor is touched, and the nearest relatives even abstain from tobacco. This last is certainly no little sacrifice of comfort on their part. When the time is over, the mourners collect at the grave and dig it up again. The nearest female relatives, wife or mother, seize the man-'s head, and tear whatever flesh or foreign matter there may be off the skull. The dead is then again given over to mother-earth, Re-buriai, but often memory of the defunct dwells many years among them. In December every year the busy time commences at these The trading islands. From Great and Little Nicobar the people come in season. boats to the Nancowry group, bringing baskets of different kinds (amongst others the very much valued open ones for fowls), tortoise-shell, split rattan for boat-work, and the bark of the sestus, and a few boats. The sestus bark is now a traditional thing. Up to some forty years ago [Revd. B. Rosen) the women wore it instead of cloth, but they always wear blue cloth now. It is now used for mats. From Schowra the people come to the Nancowry group to buy whatever the Nancowry people have got, i. e., their own pro- duce and what they get from Great and Little Nicobar. From Nancowry nearly all the northerly islands are supplied with boats and spears. The Schowra men bring in return pots (which they manufacture themselves) and pig-spears of a very antiquated model. The Nancowry men also go to Schowra and meet there the Car Nicobar men, who pay very highly for boats and all the other * By ' mouruing ' is meant that they abstain from certain things, not that they drtss peculiarly. 13 14 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE things in hard cash, cloth, some close-grained baskets, which they manufacture themselves. The Car Nicobar people are the most numerous and wealthy tribe of all. A man is rich at the Nicobars when he possesses above four hundred rupees, plenty of pigs, nuts and sons. The Nicobarese are very conservative. They do exactly as their fathers did, and do not differ at all from what is delivered down to them. I must, however, note that in 1831 they used leaf tobacco ; now they will not touch it but use instead China tobacco, and make little cigarettes with dry leaves, which they smoke. They do not do it in the same way as is customary in Burmah ; I rather think that the Portu£:uese captains, who brought them their language, imported the art of making cigarettes. I have in the above few lines tried to give a brief sketch of this people, with whom I have spent many happy days. Their truthful- ness, honesty, good-humour and politeness, industry anddilird,) that the climate was too unhealthy. Mr. Rosen now strove to finish the brick-house before he left; but, though the walls were put up, he never finished the roof, as both his carpenters died. A light roof of rough poles and leaves was put over. About this time the Nicobarese asked Mr. Rosen to keep some of their children to teach them. It was, however, too late, as he was on the point of leaving. On the 1st November the schooner ist November arrived from Tranquebar and brought a subordinate, who was to ^^^^• take charge of the establishment from the Revd. Mr. Rosen. The greater part of the workmen were embarked, and the Settlement may be considered as ended on the 16th December 1834, when Mr. Rosen left it, though it lingered on till 1837. Mr. Rosen had spent three and a half years in this place, and had with the means at his disposal done wonderfully well. Always active and ready for any emergency, not easily daunted, he deserves much praise, though his enterprise did not end in success. For this he was not answer- able. The inadequate means at his disposal, the want of commu- nication with his head-quarters, the paucity of his men, his want of experience, the unhealthy climate and a series of mishaps, all combined to defeat him, and he had just arrived at that point when success could have followed when he was recalled. Proper quarters were nearly finished, cultivation was flourishing, and he had learnt the language of the people of the islands. It is satisfactory to know that after his hardships in the Nicobars, he went home to Denmark, and spent his last years in a snug rectory in Zealand. In 1845, Mr. H. Busch was sent round the Nicobar Islands in i845. a little schooner to report on them. He was at the islands from i'i^"^!^^"' *^® the 18th March to 19th May. His diary is found in the Records {^[hMay'isls. of the Government of India, No. LXXVII, Calcutta, 1870. In January 1846, the Danish corvette Galatea visited the i846. sth Jan. to islands. She was sent round the world on a scientific expedition The Danish by His Majesty King Christan VIII., himself a lover of art and Qliatel a scientific man, and one of the objects of her voyage was to examine the Nicobars \ and if they were thought worth colonis- ing, she was to leave a part of her officers and crew at the islands. An old steamer, the Ganges, had been bought in Calcutta and placed in command of Danish officers. The expedition came 24 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE The Ganges. 184S: Denmark takes awj.y her flag. 1868 : The Jfovara. Ths English to the concluRion that an attempt at colonising" the islands should be made, and the Ganges was left behind, when the Galatea proceeded, in the end of February, on her journey. The site of the Settlement was chosen on Little Nicobar in Ganges harbour, with Palo Milo as a support. The original journal kept on board the Ganges, which lies before me, illustrates, however, clearly the abortive attempt at colonising. Chinamen were imported from Penang*. They cleared a little jungle; but opium was not provided, and sickness and death, as well as want of interest, made the matter drop entirely. The Ganges was nearly always at Petiang, where it was much more agreeable to be, than at the feverish station. Then came 1848 and its political storms, and Denmark was no longer able to devote attention to these possessions. The Galatea and Ganges expeditions had cost very much money, and the best result of them was the paper written by Dr. Rink on the islands. Dr. F. Von Hochstetter, who belonged to the Novara expe- dition, says in Ids own paper on the Nicobars : '* As to scientific " inquiry, I left the Nicobars quite unsatisfied, in spite of the " comparatively long time of one month which we spent in their '^ waters. I know how little my own observations increase the " geological knowledge of these islands, for which we are indebted "to Dr. Rink; for just the grandest objects, — the Islands Teressa, " Little and Great Nicobar, — remain altogether a terra incognita'' In 1848, the Danish corvette Valhyrien was sent to take away the Dannebrog- (i. e., the Danish flag) from the diflPerent islands, and therewith all attempts ceased from her side. On the 23rd February 1858 the Austrian frigate Novara anchored at Car Nicobar. She was on a scientific voyage round the world, and was especially sent to look at these islands. The report of her voyage has been printed and is well known. The commander of the expedition wrote a memorandum on the occupation of the Nicobars, and calculated the cost of the first year at £115,000. The islands were for a long period (1848 — 1869) without any masters ; matters were very unsatisfactory, and many complaints were made of piracies. The Indian Government then resolved on colonising them. On the 27th of March 1869 the islands were taken possession the name The take possession, of by Commander A. Morrell of H. M. S. Spiteful of Queen Victoria. The flaor was hoisted and saluted. .^ ,.„. — . _ .... pro- clamation was, however, found not to put the islands under the Indian Government, so the ceremony was repeated on the 16th of April 1869, and the flag was again hoisted and saluted. The Great Indian Penal Settlement at Port Blair with its inexhaustible stores and resources being the support of the new Settlement, it was an easy matter to start well. It is an easier matter, with a regular monthly steam communication, to undertake to settle in such an unhealthy place, than it was for poor Mr. Rosen with his few men, little schooner, and with Tranquebar so far off. It is no blame NICOBAU AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 25 foi* tlie pioneers, who did Dot succeed in their undertaking'^ if the Nicobars, when taken in hand by the Indian Government and affiliated to Port Blair, will one day be an important station in the Indian seas. H. M. S. Dryad came on the 24th January 1871 to Nan-i87i:The cowry to take possession once more of the islands. She first ^^y"-^' touched at Galatea Bay in Great Nicobar, where a flag-staff was erected and the proclamation read. The site was chosen on the eastern side of the bay. The S. E. Point was called ' Hayward^s Point/ the S. W. Point 'Miller's Point/ after a son of the cele- brated geologist Hugli Miller, who accompanied the expedition. On the 1st of February 1871 the flag was hoisted at Car Nicobar on the eastern side of the northern bay. The bay was called 'Dryad''s Bay' and the staff was erected on 'de Boepstorff^s bluff*' as it was called in remembrance of a Danish naval officer, who visited these islands a quarter of a century ago. This is the latest of the occasi )ns that the islands have been taken possession of, and I hope it may be the last. The Andamans were not permanently occupied by any Euro- Andamana. pean nation till the end of the 18th century. In 1789 Lieutenant Blair, acting under orders from the Hon'ble East India Company, founded a penal settlement in the great harbour on the east coast of the ' South Andaman :' this was called 'Port Cornwallis.' The Port Comwaiiis. place was found to be very unhealthy, and the settlement was in 1792 abandoned, and a new one opened on the 'Great Andaman.' 1789-1792. Here also, however, sickness prevailed, and in 1793 it was given up in its turn. This second settlement was also called ' Port Corn- New settlement. „. , 1792-1793. wallis. At the close of the mutiny in 1858 the want of a penal settle- ment was felt, and it was decided to open out one on the site of that founded by Lieutenant Blair in 1789, and it was now called ' Port Port Blair. Blair.' On the 10th March 1858 the first batch of one thousand convicts, principally mutineers, arrived. Since the arrival of the first batch of convicts more than seventeen thousand have fol- lowed. The Andaman Islands are densely covered with jungle, and with the exception of wild pigs, only a few berries are found iu the forest to feed upon. The coast is, on the other hand, rich in shell-fish and oysters; the sea abounds in fish. The wild tribes that lived on these islands therefore kept near the sea, and not knowing the art of raisintr crops, lived by hunting pigs and fishing. The pigs are^ however, not very plentiful, and so they mainly drew their supplies from the sea. On a convenient spot, where there was fresh water at hand, they would meet, and have their meals at these rendezvous places. A big shell-heap generally indicates where they met. These are the ' kjokkenmioddings ' KjdkkenmWd- of these islands. If you search them, you will find that all the ^^^^' shells in them have been under the influence of fire ; and, in such where the form makes it difficult to get the animal out, the shells have been broken^ invariably on the same part. It will also be D 26 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE seen in searching these shell-heaps that the people have in the course of time changed their way of living. In the lower layers are found nicely -glazed pottery and iron arrow-heads. This seems to indicate that they once were in a higher stage of civilisation than they now are. But even more peculiar is the circumstance that bones of birds are found in the lower layers, for at the time of Port Blair being opened out, they did not eat birds. Probably, with the loss of communication with the outer world and the consequent want of iron to form their arrow-heads, 1 they gave up the chase of birds. The best eatable birds on these 1 islands are the pigeons, but they sit high, more than one hundred feet from the ground. Oysters are found to have been the staple of their food formerly ; now they will not touch them. orijjiu. The Andamanese are a dwarfed, wooly -haired, dark-skinned; Negrito race. I beheve that they are an old people in these places. Their ' kjokkenmioddings^ indicate, by their number and size, that they are either the remains of an old but not numerous people or of a numerous poople, who may have been a shorter time on these islands. And, as they were only slightly more numerous in 1792 than they are now, it is more likely that they are an old, not numerous, people. In several of the ' kjokkenmioddings ' one foot or more of soil have formed above the top layer. This proves at least something. The Revd. D. Rosen in his book on the Nicobars says that he has heard a rumour that they are the descendants of slaves wrecked on these islands. They may be ; but I do not think so. They are divided into tribes, whose languages are very different, though a few fundamental words are common. This points to a length of time which has allowed the language to divide and change. Their number is, though not very great, at all events too great to suppose that they owe their origin to a few cast- away slaves. The climate is not very favorable. The Anda- manese of the present day find it very difficult to rear their children. The great rains generally kill them, and it is hardly credible that the same people in a short time should have multi^ plied greatly and divided into tribes. I think it more likely thai they are the original inhabitants of these once sterile islandsj who have formerly been in a higher state of civilisation, and a1 all events had communication with other nations still in the stone age ; for flint is found in their ' kjokkenmioddings,' and flini is not found at all in situ at the Andamans. They have noW been trained to a certain degree and are becoming useful, bring, ing in runaway convicts, collecting tortoise-shells, pulling oars, an(" their time will soon be gone. They are passing away, as every other tribe of savages have invariably done when coming in con- tact with civilisation. Some of their children have been baptisedj but it is an easier matter to baptise children and give thei Christian names, godfathers and godmothers, than to make Chris- tians of, and civilise the wild tribes of the jungle. NICCBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 27 Finally, I beg to thank those officers of the Settlement who have given me assistance ; also Cand. Philol. Mr. O. Siesbye^ of Copenhagen, who kindly helped me with the dedication. The copies that were printed at Port Blair having run out, the book has been reprinted at Calcutta and some remarks which 1 owe to the kindness of Mr. Tuson have been added. Calcutta, I 'ZOt/i Jauuurj/ 1875. | %s VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ^ M U 00 ^^ 108 • lo a M lo 8=. lO p^ C O •^ iS -1^ ee ^ P --^S' o3 cd lO OS P^ O ICO -4^ ^ be o • "^ 1" be : ^ o § • -^ . =§l r^ • c> J- 3 : : : bD * * * 9 S ® ^ « J S3 O -M O o ® • a § to -^ tjD : r« ■p4 : O H U U Ir; M '^«>§ p^ '-^ Co? 1^^ i 'a^ ig:3^i •^^ o : riCI. 5S3 : a • • CO u ^"^ <— N. .9 2 -^ BA p bp P. ^ X> -Q -O ^ ,jQ X» O S <5 . p o o o O « "TS NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 29 ■*■' Ji .2, tJD'S es Q 'a J3 &C lo^a bo a S «fl 8 8. ; ^ be rt 5- be.-. . e ? e o « ■■ ^ a bo . . o ? • -^ ^ ^2 • -be 3 o ?-i TO -jj , 9 : : pi e3 ,ra ffi : ; o o : :tfi,£3 es ^ : :^ 1777771 g7777F" 1^ ^ '''' a ^ ^^ §rS ^ ^ ^iafr'® >^^s X 0! 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' ' * * ' ' J«j • ' * o * * • • : ice '- .g : : VD (D '.0? • -2 > •fi 1 lea 1 |,o 2 1 :i : ■J Hi : iJ : \ t: l-S i , • • y\ . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' --5 1 O cu ^ 00 <5 « 8 :^ 1j ill td 1 1 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 33 t o oc ,£3 J'^ :fi -S-Sg •rn ee CM lo -s § § ^ I ^ ^ a C^ ^ ^ ^ «Q 0) o o o CS w Cw C3 C^ pqmwpqw (3 ce 2 S ^ C a U -f-t U 'f^ m pq W fq fq pq pq pq pq S^ m S 8 53i 3 -.A %} s $i§^ i * || S 1 >> «1 V ^ tilf? n^ .1^ . . § « 1 QsQj 1 H ' 1 (» §S5^g c8 « Ti a |J hS •S a S*^ S-S ■§^ '^1 ■siy5 : 5 iS : d bb • • • • ,^ 5 % .43 O) cs ^0 &bp !2 ?v : ; 11 \ : 5 a .X G a ? : X i ^ fll "to ii § .r ; : : «0 •9 : : : T : = ; ; s til 1 :2 IS ^1 i 1^1 ^ <-s •4Pa^ -Mi ^ : 1^- £2 la i '- i ^ '■ '■ ^ : : : : : '• : : : : 1 f n 1 1 '-+3 a 1 :§ M CO -H -4^ ^ a ea c3 c3 ee rt ii u n=) a> fl5 PQ (S PQ m & «« ^(^;2S fSfSfS^wm NTCOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 35 .? .§■§ §1 &^ c^ 2 s « i fl-rio ? 'O .s ^ 60 i a V s s s <=> eS €3 3 ^ : :3 > o SB'S o >«« NO) ® ja "^ci .rt :a§ is &0 %> i'? Ni nt S"^ ^ ?» (-^ (M iC- 00 § ^ ^ ^ 00 &D Oi 5c tDr^ ^?=!;=;^^ a a a 35 eq pq pq pQ pq pq fq aq pq pq eS 9 id :s» 00 00 ' 5» vo ejj «.<^r«^ III I I m7 .7^ i *» e ,1 I S .2 8 1^ ^2 1^=^ e e at •^ s a I I I 1^1 i =:-55 • '« -to :5 ^ § -to - 8 ii^ ■y s I j. UJ. U 1 1 I. 38 VOCABULAEY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE a - M n ■< » M » 2 « , k> S "S e3 1 (>> 1 1 6 o o ,i4 .A o si ,Id s 1 o •1 3 ^ } CO » o S C8 i««pd d ce eS . . . •4 ,^ . . . . . . (H H • • * * * i * * • • " ■43 ^ "5 5a It i be J. 1^1 I o : ••"Si ■ — ' a 1 : : : : :2 d II 11 -g l«8 *^ ^^ ::3 r^ • : S ^ C3 e8 : ... O "^ M^ kO pi*) fl . e3 ea •r£3 p^ Ph : : : : ri4 : : '' • ; ^ ^ i : o i : : : - : : : n -M s S *S) ^ * * '• • I ' bo * ^g) 1 ''■ ''■ \ - • ' 1 : : r-*-^ : : : : ^1 i ? > : IS : : : : 1. fill ' mis 2 «. — ~ "^ 'S fe k; ^ S.'£ 1 1 'o • i gee ,i CO -«? % d c3 pC pi4 4 i d •M ^.3 y^ 00 • I— 1 CO oS • * s * * • fO * CO • * * * * s -~^ 1 I 1 ^ 1 00 1- d u '^ s -i 2 m •3 1 «o, |i « 2d ^^-S.lbn W W WPQ PQ NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 39 v^ O lO .^ S P <» ® • ee J o eS'^.i:^ ? '^1 3j I- a a 6D ■g 1 8i a ^ ^^ a ce I' 1 03 ^o OMH v^ ■^ I 11" : a 'o '^^-•^^ m ^i'^^ o 0) g O ^s-O bp l,^-«-K. <5 il'^l « •S i ao-anya hao-enlo ma oosh 1 >^ W « o «v. - V. 'S 8 P II S ^^ f?fi6^ 'rt 1. 1. 1 1 1 »0 CD l~^ 00 03" 3 (©CO cocoS 1 03 : : : : : i^ : II II - i i-s : : : : :i S . : : : : : . . . . . •4? 'o eu T P4 5 S §> Brea gni oung i<5 ,11 : Ph id -^3 O ic« d .11 '■ 3 iJe W^ 1 : o 'o ^ * • co" : : • • oo" • : : : I . . s • --X) ' * ' CO * " * " 8 . ^-^ ^ ii § f i^ s^ • 6C«0 inja] melo oken oom othei o 11 1^ o 1 >^ Jh " ;h t^ tH S »H C d 3 :3 !:3 Ei !=i 3 ::i 3 ;3 PU pqpqpq WPQ pqpqpq pqpq pqpQ pqpq pqpQ W M ^'^^ I- J « o f-j.^ o^ •2 a ^1 11 -French. - E. H. Man has nd 60.— from the -of the Fandanui -chest. -breasts (iooman\ -b-nipple. > fe \ K"^ ^ ». 1 1 -SS i>00 Oi rH (N CO -^ to to to CO CO CO CO 40 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE n Ui M •^ » H « OQ A O t>» 1 ^1 , !"-• • ^"."S SI .J ^ /^.^ . 1 :0 1 QQ : ©^ ^ 1 : : : . : : « -® , o 'fl ; : ; ; : 1 i : ; . « • rH . . . -^ ^-i» 31 II 1 P 1 1 1 1 14^ 1 '^ ^ ii p 1 ^1. II .2 « t 1:1 CD : : : : : : : : : : : M •3 JS >«» s a 3 fc^ 1 11 1 B^ I *P m pqpqpQPQ m OQQO 60 60 000 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 41 ?? eg o 5» Co e ^ "» o S r <» 60 Pi t^ 'phS ^-v '^ ^ a^:§j ^1 o . 1^ 1.2 1^ c3 - VO) 'pHr« o o O « (M CO. ^ o © ® _, -*^ bD Pi >-d pM S^ Sh ?H 02 3 > 1 ^'1 g a- § ?i. 8^ § I 5 a « S >> e d « ;S3 -^ a a o '^ «D § • n § 0*1 1 1.^ o ^r-l 1> t-t- H", 42 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE Q4 05 ii « bo ^ M ---^ J3 ^ ^Jg 'Ti I : : '^ : : eS 1 5 i' i 1 ^ na-tot. mjokka. alai. noa-tjie S ^ 1 1 mibatei aoi oe-e Ph Ph ^ OQ bt) 0,£> be PI "4^^ o^ : 5S .- Sa Mi- .2:5' .1 I < o ee id'sis d g^ja ja^ rd •4 h) O d d -^ d a Vis* ^d a^ 'lo* d ,f ^ drd.^' *-' bO O . <© .-S t^ fL, p4 ID ' a OS o d :t^ 85^45 ^'o tl 05 ^ (O dua 'S ot-* p. d 6 66o Pt^ j^ bO ;= d K >k^ !>. OU >J £- 9 c^ S '-P p^-e d »M M eo CO l> o (U OP V .iH »J COOT GOGOraCO^'4' _ __- .ja ^^ ^^^^.drd rd -d^^a l3 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 43 s, 'I i t^ v< ^11 ^ - ^ 5r! -^ ^^ -? 1^3 o 1-1^ i s g" ^ ^oo o 12 NO d ^ : :^?^' lo S^ «« M M ^^ -M -^ -M 42 I i d e3 d O rt • 'a o ^.S d d « 'f •lis 00 c»oo 'S OQ 1'^ Is Is -=5ii ^ i I I I 44 VOCABULAUY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE i III ||§. 1i i-'s i o a^i-i 03 ri4 -«! O '3 II 11 a J- P4 SO) ^ -3 a 1 ,ja p 1 ,1 r-S fccSfck§ S '^ o r-2 ^ ^^ g' p. : &D-S ^ ,^ a O H - ft •r-» OS O I* Co o beg «) ri4 Ph »H (O rt ^ c^ 83 .^ 1^1 o o 00 s F 1 6 6 d o 1 a o NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 45 K| s f=^i tq-i o-l i-s l6-2>oto M fn PI d d CS^^ : eu kamapj |2 . ^ 50 •rd « -I il CIS N^ ■s d ;N i d to h^" ■§.i d d ^-^ •^ boti e3 ^ oj :li5 : «e 53 iS C/J Mrlsj •^^^ hi -3 '" d be «e d'^ S d d 000 dado 0000 OQOO I"^ 03 CO • o d,o St: 00 00 o ^ § 000 QC d CO « d d d ^ o 000 -^ hi ^• ►^ S « « « S c V ■^^ 65 8 1-^1 >> r •« SM 5 CO p^ TO 2 « o a > ^ is §: •s 8 o « .§0 i H ^s If •2 e » .' a> a> v a> ,.4 !^ >^ 5q qq55 i i : i bc^ o P^- cfi as 05 w Q QQ QOafiQ Q NICOBAU AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 4^ •S ™ .2.2 a =° Ss^ «3 «>o «3 cS'^'o >,"" ^g^ eg ^ ■^^■^ e3 1.& ii ■s, -»3 -^ 5 C3 O a :io §11 . ^ ^^ -§ fl-^ iil .sa /I c 1 • • S3. 1. _...— ^ . . : : . ; J 5 1 f gs ?§.. ^ ® g o 6C r=! o !3 > ^ o o o o o O o o Q QQ Q« P fift o a 't^ o -§ a s US ,^-«--3 • o S o fSf ^ ^ S -^ fe it^i^ ^ ^,r<^.^ ^:5^^'^«'^ 1 1 1 03 rHCTWTH* 06 OS 0> 00 « fi 09 <» ^ 5 « ^« CO '^'^ 3 o § J « <» S li iT *i ^Si "^ •»» ■*;»•«* ^ '-^ f«; ?s <» 5~ V3 g •« >5; la § <»'0 ,o - s S» ^ - -'S o « i U I. CO oio 00 00 a> 50 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE oo W « ^ \ 1 1 i 6 -r4 1* Ml CO 5^ •g s*. 'J : ; I '•^s : : O 00 1l II =1 1 -^ 3 • tD 11 8 i • "* % 1 3 ; ii : , . , . , . ... , , • • • • • • -• • • • « • « n o -*3 , , ■ . • , ^ • 8 e3 • i§ • • • • • • • • • • • M ^ lO < ffi ^ o to : S i ; a : : : : > * . • ® >— ' • • ... • • • . , . . . . . I .— N , . a • • • • ? ' • ^ =11 w • • Si o . io ^ •^ a c -4-3 ^ . . s5 M H -2 p^ 1 ] sl .1 ■3mS5 .3 rif: 8^ a^ • . . . . . . . , , . , . . . 1 - • • : : : • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . • • : : : : K • • • • • « • • • • • • • • • • 5 S o , , , , • • • s : , « , « , s • • • • • • • • * • • " • • »4 in 1 : c • 9> "a .1 o ?: 11 ■+3 Si * • : ? .J N 1 1 ^ i • S" w* , , , . , ^ ^ : i 1 : ! : • aS • • • • • • • • • • Q P4 i • 1 i bo 1 <4M 1 |ii:3 QOQQ J 1 -^'1 M 1 1 j NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 51 ' aS J i1 eating). el-la-air-kay waitka. "^ - . . : •^ . -^ . 1:1 -f •§ fl • § :18 '^ ^ , cd 6 '9' • • : • i C?^ J3 e e ttl • :CbQ} • • — ' - • Vi^v-^ • • . . ... : «& . * * ■ i * c9 ffi •a § ! * i § reankiang. sekong. hyhaho. iaeang. iang-ton. nreng'n tsi haat eta where). 1^ • : : : : : : : : : : : 5*& • . *» ^ : g^ s fl .. ^ ^ O "^ ** lo O 1^ s a ^-^ f^ I> 00 ^ p^ t-^ ^ ^ (-1 o •i oj ^ pL, p^ gp^gpq g a a a I I I I. I 1 1-^ O "Si "O i3 oD t3 fl M'rt i^ c o •^ H H H W ! bb.>; a ■^ S $i? NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 53 (D Ti 60 a ^«-^ &c ■a J 'S be 05 5^ ■ ^ '^ ?o?^ •" . ice > >> >> ?-^ cS ee «3 « « Si ■ i I I I. I 1. 54. VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE m \ ^ •4 » H 133 "* 1 1 6^ '5 J II- i i *a 1 ^8 •_ 1111 > . ; . , , , , a • • • * • • • goQ •«3 ■< o id 1 OS OQ : -5 : 1 IP 1 ,4 1 ^ ^^ ^a et] • lO • ea fl :J3 13 Ph • -^ • p4 « *o' , . , , , . M n . , . , . . • • • 1 • • « Jz; * * • * * • • M d • • « • . • • • ■ • • • • • • • • : • • • S5 J ^ '' -4-3 i :■&. ^ ^ . . .4 O) m : : :^ 1^ 5 J 1 o5l « a P5 III nn HH t S2 . . . , . . . . . . • • • . . i • • • • • • • • • • !. : : : • • s • • , , , , , , , . • • • • . ^ • * * * * .... . 1 I I * » • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . r f 2 1 Is •14 .2 j6 (1 : 1 1 la 31 . •il : v^ : : : : ; : : .... . i o 2 ^ pH" ^ 4 i-H 5 1 ^d 1 ^ 11 1 1 11 is IT 0) > -^1 •lit 1 II a 1: a ■S": : 1' 5s '^ "S <3 5>i ^ W <1« — -»r5.2 • • • • • • • • • • • ' 'To • . . • : : • • . . . . '3 1"? • • 'd a 1* : : : : : : : : : : : o <^ «1i ill 09 C3 pomon {112)^KJu6 {fight- ing stick), (113) kamili ganetei {finger) mandu-e {thumb) manshonka {2nd finger). monju og gni {long finger). tanoemandsentje {mfinger). mandsentje {little to O c3 eS © anet-layeehery' means when a vocabulary is ich and Many. This to 'many '! V-^v -/ : : : _J . : : \^^'^ • • • " 1 CO ^ ^ 1 «* iH i-H o r 1 • r-i rH^ pH > § '^ -a & CO •a 1 1 O 3 a 66 VOCABULARY OP DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE (» 3 S 1 1^ t^ s Js"* J £?< I 1 o . . . . , . H-. Ill a • ♦ • O CQ be 3g •a §1 I * 1. §* : : 13 M : bo : ^ I 1 5^ 1 1 I : 2 ;,i 03 . , , , . : : : so : I I M , rS -<1 1 1 5D : : 1 1 : : i >^ C?S r^ !>«» O « «.« 5j « c§ 5^&. : . • Qj Cb . . . — ' • ""-^ ""^ • • • : : : : : : : : • ^ . . * . . . * * * ' * s • • : 1 1 1 1 - S IB Id ; : : : : : : ; : : : . ; I I • 5 " . . . . . * " * . . . o 2 • • • • . • • . • • * . . « : 1 : ^ " ... ... • : • ■ * • • o * . . • : : : : : : • • • • • • I I : |H 9> • -^ :??il : • : : : : : r M ^ * '1 -^-^ a " " 1 6o1 .S 11 S eS 5 >«« iiiti <5 •S 'S 1 ...si 0) P c3 8 : 1 a IB . , . . : • . . . . . . . . . . . . — s . . d • I I Z * t II « I I I I I • r I Ill I<1 I I Jo *>. 1 1 ! .a. «.? ^ ll ?! Slie m £ ^^ I^Ph ^(^^ p;^ SgggCbgggggg Z4(Z4pE4S NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 57 1^ I I § 6 o c5o o p^ s ^ s 2 "« li "«« i-s" c8 ic« "K. eS eS ' 1^ bD& es O rri ^ ;^ O O O O ^^ o § ^ s ;h ;h ;-i ^ ^ « o o o o o o I I I I te s o s «e .^ "* . .''^ ° « I I I J? «CD L- '• '••5' o U5 a5i>i> rH tH rl p-l 58 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE o o p4 U 6 « e8 . rrt •<* eg »-;st> Oh "^ 1'^ H-. O QQ *. 1 bo 1^ v Ol CO d : : : • : : : • ^ : : : : : : : : s ^•1 p4 . ^ C8.!=3 P4|C«tW CO *2'rt CI 0^® > o 2 S V4 S (H ;h o o S 2 o ^ S S 8 §^ S NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 59 • m O rj =0 3 (B O <" 02 S . (B O 1" 03 w . ?^ to' a I.- i ?^ « I ^ .5^ §.S ^6' c3 a o i be »?1 OS . IB : § el « *3 *^ *« ''(D "^ §. 13 I I a ^ o a> rd ^ •^1 : o • I— c O o O O <1J t-i n^ ii-x? CM ^ c3 s fl o o o OO o o o o 60 VOCABULARY 0^ DIALECTS SPOKEN TN THE iliil-^i.sV||i52_. U EO &£,iS •Ci> ^ 5 ee,£3 2 § lo' . 53 a ^sj O :3.s -a :^^ e8 5 o 'o c: 6m o 3 lO^it) ,^ a a a lO lO ■5 J io2 ,£3 lO I, '4P o •3 o ^. o .2 i eS Cv^ -Sii rvi H to -^-^^ •villi's ^1 0^. § *.::::::::: : : : : : : 5 . _ci i_ « oose randdaug randfathe randmoth randson rass (124) ratitude rave rease reat TS 2-g roan roun row 0OOC5OOOOOO OO ooo O hi jo" it3 e8 >- > d - eg cd n d d d d d OOOO &S d CJ «9 r3 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 61 i •5? 6 "to ^^ ^.•^ (^ ^^, .fcl F?. J^O 55JCO d ^i" 'o «i « 6C o . CO .,-5 Cb xs •r ^ C3 «^ i1 NO ^ -la C^ p -(-3 > — Ph^ — i NO) J I'd f^ O) — ^ ii 6C^ ^;xi ;ii^ !^ !^ Xt^\A ^ W ^ m Ml I • I > .^ ,2g ft! i 62 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 4 ^^ c3 ?> ^ 5 O p O) ^ Sdd ■^ r! o ^^ ;3^^C.- Id W) ^^^ : c( o ^ 'lo S •<— » r^ rd -M pj /c3 be a O' (U (V oi c8 ^ ; be o 1 • o UiM . CO o ^^ ■ '^ I— c § s o ^ g ^S .3_d o Wffl W "m >i 6JdS^ a a -^ 000 WWW WW w 64> VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE fti o . o CrjTJ S 1 w3 ;iv=- 8 S 1 \o § s §<> KS .r: o jOJ ^ ^3 s 1 I-5J ri4 . If .^-^ i M "-« .-a .a .2 il o o (4 o8 I i I www fl d d d WW d d WW NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 65 ^^1 tit Oh tJO &• . *— s §^^i; K} . L • * • ;e'|'^i te|-| f^ ; - " • ' : .9 1 -M M • , . * • ' • ^ <^ Q^ ^ ^ CS i«3 f3 -; Php4 oq 1 ' o ■•§ o '^^ ''"^ rSs ^i^S* Nr :^f^ v=i : : : I-^ 13 ''^ .5 ^ § .-2 g CO 'c3 ^ ^ b b go^s^-g III I 02 fl 2. 1 bo ^ < -.1 fl -. o'«i m S «o a s ilN « » ^ig . a> - « 8 .- |.^ :§ ?lhi 'S llN 1 1 1 a 1 1 '. ES eorj? «3 coweo CO ^ 5 Id 09 ^ ^ s. B4 9 is I I VOCABULAHY OF DIALECTS SPOKEIT IN THE M M ■«J » » Ph i 1 8>| o 4i a ¥«. 11^ 1 to <3 l^li* Is 53J 0-^ H. ; ; i : : Si p^ ; -4 o fcOJ i 3 : 1 ; ; ; ; : « ■^ § ; : ; J ; & " ■ * * ' 3 o : : : : : •^ ^ ^ •to ^ • ; w* ; ; 'rit '^i^ «5 is if 5^ 1 " 4^. ii ^ ^ : - , . . . . , , • . .— «. , • : ; J ; 1 ; ; : :i^ , » • * • • - * .B ••1 ,3^'* • I : lO : : : : 1 Ph 11 8 i : i H . C8 ; •13 • .■14 ^ T-l Si 1 N • • • : -Hi . . . , . . . , . . , Q ,^^ 1 1 . II a a CO CO Ha Hi 0^ 3 to § CO !3 ¥ ^h^ h5 t— < HH l-5t-5l-3 •-5 Ha Ha Ha ^ M NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 67 K| tq ^4 o J4 O '•'IP c3 . . . •3 : :^ a w §= (D O P^ O 00 § ^ rH rq a> 5 CO c3 : .P - *S : Ml) VI) o ee *5^ - -^ ^ %* 00' CO ^1 •WW WWW WW s .S .S .2 M M M o t— < o a •3 ^ «s .2 hi •§ t^- o i ^d l§ ^ -(^i^^ • w »>• ^ -8«l» 5 •T3 — Wi From Gala ko a W- 1 1 o I>00 OS CO cocoeo •» '^ ^- Ti ^o >j it s.'; a 5>S -2 '2 l>6 •2.S 8 -K. > 4 tq feCQ :| tq .§ ■^ _2 1^ CO M m -^ u M H .§S ^ H^H) 3' S '-^ NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 69 )03 J? ^ ^ 6C : : : : : : ; : : « : to ^-^ • ^ -^^'*^ S ?r -^ . ^ ^-^ I : : : : : : : : : : : : : : a :^ r^ '2. 15 IS 's C: T ^ :io : :ci.^ 3 : : : : S, : : : i2 S 3^ 6.^ ^ ^ ^ g o 0X3 a fl 00 II a> O) (D o 03 a 00 Oi N e S 8 js o hS -< t3 I I. I I I. O .-*(M CO ^ ^t ^^ ^* ^it* ^^ r-7 i-H rl iH iH 70 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE i ft^ §N 1^ IIS" 8 Ph "^ -m >^*' 1^^ O kPh tn a - ri!5 60 .•« •?> o a> r£3 ^ o f3 s a (11 H i_i ^ a^^ ,£3 : « P ^ S so CO -^ fl "♦£ H^''^:::^?^!!^ .5 bog I PI fl •<; • o o H O e p Tvp 8^ K eS Y * "S a a o-^ 6H *43 -^ Hi '^ s S frog § -§-3 a a a S s-s" 2^ > >• fc» N 6D NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 71 iS" ^ i §1 1^ i 1 11" y 1 i be s^ 1° ■i ': '• '• ^ • g '- :. I : ; 8 : .•^ I : P^ 03 o on=i 8 '- : ; ^ •• •S'ca-o' • •• . , . . : : : . ' • * * * * " * « • ' * ' * * * * ' * • - • • • * * - . .<:i • ^ d* ^ : 1 arhu kbugtot aaghot-hahi-tin. uchi ki. uroh 1 &D i : :i • 'i ..1 g .d 1 unhuhomi ; 3 vi vihuk ; i-khiuk-haheng {m- room). khik (m- white) thuak {m- black ^ : ^^^^ '% • • a rd r^ ^ -M > e8 c3 : : : : ; I : : : : : ^ ~ 8 : : : : : : : : If: : . . PI . . . . . - • * t ' ' * * <» c3 • d d * ^ .§ : : : 1 d '-^ d a Co3 e8 . •5? : t : : : TS| :■ . . . . . ; . : : : : : : ^^ 4 II 1 ll a Mackerel fis Magician (1 Maiden Mainland Maize Make .2 §11 5J 8 ~ } ^ J si-'oji e^ ?, 1 '§ ^ n o -§ ^ W o J S-a S S Hi '3 ^S C-' 8 ^ d.2 ''^l^ ^^ Si's 1^ 'a^ .!•§ g ^ N^- ^-^ co^ . . s i^^ ^wfi -^s li^^P^^ ^a MM iife di-3dco oO 12:212:2 72 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 1^ ll "i o jf w 50 -J3 «5 ^ :s ia PI W § t? \i^-?| "^.l^ i^^x ■§ 4sii.i-!li.iili^:«Ilt i. |. .ij|?r|§?||^iiii|t.i, ^ 1 alad alay -s 1^ ^ :^ I NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 73 ^1 i O °3 bi 03 I • ^s ,^s a O lO 2 ^ J i &c ^J ffi a mi ip.po intseh ilce-e lO lO -i3,j:3^ > .^ •i P. • a I : lO lO yo m p o3 r>^ ^ o •S S) « -. 1 IP t>, «-.,-S ^ '^ t3 1 • 1 fl § U2 10 CO Ti rH r-t CS j •~ i.: ?5 • s :4i g : 60 : p 1 6D P O ^J' ■« F-( O 00 rr{ JH »0 r2J .2 ^ ^ riJ ^ u crt ert as IK! e3 g ^ ^^^ .--^ 3 ^ bD ^ g^^ fee (B P OQ 02 oo P 5^^ 2 i-^l §p o •43 6D ^^^,^ ^.g^^ ^^ g •'^ -^x ^s ^ i^'o 3 ts S Q W S ^ o J ^ n S " i! 1.-^ -^^ ^i§ 1 o o 1 loi > ^ lO CD CO ^2. rHrH 1-4 74 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 1 I teoo bo a :«i : 01 3 "5P : 3 e3 •3 «i =^ -^ O O eJ fa «3 eS Zj «• -^ • . . • ^-^ . s ■ ■§, 1 ina ("£tt Andamarie ind inor irror iserly iss {with a (15yA.) isuse ix ob oist a o onth onthly oon (161) i S S S^J^^ SSSS :^ S ^ SS^ a NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 75 o § ^ o ■*^ x> 3 O M -tJ 2 ^ a bD 3 • = I .^ S d ife--2||| j3 a fl 2 o ^ 2 § «s '^ d ^eS Id Id : 2 S -{f rd d ^ Jd o d ••Si .^ i • d r£3 lo d los d 03 eS ^ N 3rdrd^ S bo .9 *d }-* o I O O O CO d M -)-=» d d d o o o t3 it d d m tn VI ^ ^ ^ d d P Is 1 55c?» =1%^«. ?£ II 8'^ i; 5 CO o o la i I I I 04 »-Ic^ :P^ lOtC <£> CD 76 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ■s 4i ■i^i^ ^^h5« ^ O . rrt s ao^ PS fc 8^ ^ ?^1 td3 m ■Si) S e3 -<-3 -(-3 «tH •^ • « ? 3 8 g) a o o •i -^ o ©■ i^i^ -M TO O e8 i a c3 c3 O jij5 a o, 2 JtJ '2 TO 11 I 4 ^ ^ f :7: c>s rs^ a OS C3 CS 11 CO TO ed a> ^ 3 J2; ^ NICOBAE AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 77 c5 ^ be id ^ ^-^^ ^^ a hi? ^ Is d : ^ S : c:^ d P <2 t:^ .2, • • • «^-^ • a "^ III s /•■^ 8 r-O so u 'IS a? d 2 -^ ■■■^^ ^2 5Si> _2 S ^. « 1«i be i ^ Co 4?-^ 2 Set (D bcrS Ph M O QJ O Q? Q> ..^ 125 12; .S tn ee c » a Is Q)" .£3 ^ ^f 1 1 1. Ug CO coco «o r-l T-l f-4 tH HO 78 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE n o o 2 ^S) ^ -~s ^B5 i-la-ru rub. < o^ B-. i o oa -.1 (JJ M fe 0^ ^ n ^2 d fcco ? 6 r^ Cb ■^ 2 PI fl H i ,14 « eS §r ci :2,i^- ^-:: ^-^^ ^•s « o I m 60 >25 ;z; s 1 a >, ,£) a> 4} « .SP.9 •S .3 ^\^i ;z; Jz; NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 79 C3 QJ "eg O 5S HISII AHHSa"^ g^S-Sfc^ have gi ellings a t themf BEerent si show ho tly peop e words, "&g,^2§5 :44i •§"§ 4^ « cs ..-So • be ^,-^n:5 §.ggi:q| ^ff^i e i Stq 1^ •J-|l£^ be • b£ be c qj IcS ^ a • - P s - o I ^ 8 o ^ g :^^ bO ^ a ro^ :2^ a NOJ *2 .""*t eg 2 g •: fe P g: Pt a< ^^ : be : g^ 13 cS — -S e r^ 5! ^ B 8 "S : -TP ,£3 be c8 ^ ;2; p o ti o o o 125 ;25^ CO CO -<-> o o o 1 60 ^ C3 o O ^ 12; r-a cSi b .5 a e CSKSi ^ « *S,3 is It •if if ii > §3 00 o> © o <©«o 80 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKKN IN THE 10) 4 tq hi'i ■I a 60 03 ie8 m -"I t-a i eS d ^ e3 s a r. 0) >. 'J e8 c3 S C :3 e ^r^ CO ,_2 ►jd -K> d o " w^ »rt o il be o so p a. as a :^ -JJ fH i-H &i. i e8 t. a C fl C S cS rr; 03 ^ S ;-l Ui <0 d 0000 00000 00 00 <& C5 1>1>I>. :3 . 53 •73 c8 ^ ■s ^ , <» TS 'fe> ^ §« >> Pi k s < •«^ 'S 'S 9 s «9 s '« no 8 C . a '^ '%'t a « a. y ^ * ^ r'?- 2"*= .a-fi J. ■n -?! ■« fl £- rg ■" e •S^ £.-« o .« J3 a H a 82 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE CD / *< ' 1 H ! » H ;' 03 1 1 ^1 d 1 ■>> p g bD o 1 s i^ i ^ 'S ^ N o o «! "-3 " — 1 ; «"• • • U CD M « H iz; : I '§ •-H» -^ : : i : : k : i § n S3 •: : 6 if : (4 : : •-IP 1 ^ •: : • : 11 if :l ; : : 5 13 p % ^ ,i«l Xi i A o •S ; • (^ D f : 1 <5 ^a M „ ^^^ ' — S-- « '^:i^ -^ o.-a M c^ s •SI i it Pi M ;l fl *> M. : CO : 00 - • eg ^^ TO M-i^ r^ <«« .2 rj erf • § I I :2 '^ . &D' ^6 5^ ^ rfl 11 .^'"'.2 fl S" S M a es i 5S •** S ^ ^ T-s •-p. a '« -^ lllS'lii; :^ CD si I a 00 u t> ;-4 1— I •S 'M "a^ Ph ** .u w w d "fl fl o p. 2 Ph (1| Ph PL| (li Ph p^ Ph P^ g'^-s §.2*2 t, ^ ;_, ^-> £r» ^ oj QJ a> a oi o ^ ,rq ,S .-iJ Ph Ph p^ Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph '"S bD 61) Ph 1^ ^'^ « 1 1^ I. 1.^' I. M O O rH CJ CO 00 00 00 00 00 '*:> S ■►i So 00 CQ £" n I'* o K• t^ 1> t^£ o 84 VOCABULARY Oi' DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE f be J ha r2 be P lO '« ri4 8 O ~ ^f^ O V ^ o _2 ,^ S .2r rt ?5 O ?=l » » r ? I -S o * ^ ■♦^ •'-< ^ "^ I s ;rSr« 9 "^ •- 00 I : m • O w ^ S3 M 1— I »3 O o to H bp p^ • -^ r:3 .2 .S S ^~^ &".« Ph PU (li P^ S P4 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 85 ^ IS a ::^ 2 — • o hi I to : o o-^ 3 lit ««3^ ^J4 ^ r£5^^ o PI ?^a •2 ^ >-i CO ' O p M bo fee.-. . M«i^ :22Cb 60 sal g ^ 5 S ob.S ^ o o i3 C! a Ph o o o o o o o o o 00 2 o o PhPh 1 1 i I Ml - ?; 5 « a W u o I- Eh II. f1 « « -o > « 86 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE >= 9 ••I o hid 11. NO o . c3 1^ 6^ (=1 o o « o *S SO) ^ a^^^ a .9 a C3 I . 1=1 • . 14) c3 5 lO e3 VTiM g 10$ lO lO ,r3 «j • CJ 'O • lid : : a o p c3 .ri*l •^ be ;^ n ^ § a J3 ',i4 O H s C»4 : o : « "S '^ "- 8 1=1- i 9^ 13 ^ bo s OhPhPh en ^j -^j y ei ^ a> ( o o fl S ' o es a ^ ^ vo) NO) «t-i bD^ a a^gd '' : : : : : : : : : i : . . . . 2 * a 1 • , ,i«i : M ' • d s 1 6D . -8 : ■§ : . c! : • • , , . . "♦«> . • ■ • • -M •^ • e8 ^^ <| . 1 J 2 : ^ : -§ a J .2 s 1 ^s • 1^ o 53 ,XI 1. a 'S ^1 *> •a -§ or O ^ a,0 <» ?! I? I I 88 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE )C3 < o Hi H fccn >4 H «5 ii lift I 1IS|l-i I II It ^-^sl S^^**:: r^:^"^:::: i^S^S*-^* SoS'SwrnQs^'^ ss i^ 8t' be -^1 0) a> o O ro Pi '43 - u a i:? -e, -i-> J3 NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 89 If I 4 a a. ly (r- on ground). moda. B.) batma. B.) maka ^■g o ?l^ l-i^ ^t^i^l £- i 3l£ 3S=^ J do"" o Cb-^ <§ ^ ^ «o *§ '^ ^ !C3 .S -S 3 ^ ;3 -^ .^ rd 11 "3 ^ <® o .^ .2 :^ rd g Id 12 lO . I ^ P s o . 12 05 a ce rj <5 oj *2 ^.s^ &o bo d «3 rS lo . O -fa Il'if ea d 53 o •a K M >1 o o o «4-i a ^-» o o o o o o PhPhPh d o rd cq >> •• .2 S>) S •«^ fl 8 ^i. 3 -^ n3 , a •W O S ■^vS d e S^ •gj ^° „S •-.2 § '« ^a H i! e - '^'i 00 /-N .^ s ^1 ;^^ >• g 1 1 o> 90 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THB ca M M •< » «a P3 OQ o II ,^4 .1 1 5 c3 i 1 1 I— f 1 . , . . . ^ • H-. * * * * * * * • * O OB ; , . . , . . , , , o 1^ § s« t : i : : : : I z . . . . . . I I z I I I I z H -^ n o , , . , , a , , , • ^ • * • • • • • * " g o •: : ; : : :• : : : . , . . . . . • * * • • , • • • • H H «5 00 3 : ; a e9 : ; : 3 : 1 1 : 1 1 ^ rd 1 : : I g) . . . . . . , , * M -«( m o , , , . . . • , , . . S5 • • • • « • • • • • • • 5 S o , • • • . . , , • • • • : : : • • * z ; . . . . . . . . . , . H • • • • : : : • J • • • z a . 1 J3 3> 1 4 A ; .-3 OQ ! IT 14) d 1 1 t 1 . . . . . . I « , i«^ n » • • • • . . • • • ^ . • O M O ^ ^ ^^ Oi . CO v.. ^ rH^ H 9Q O) >S'^ ''^ ■0 s J i-H 1 S g OQ s Jill ■^ S '§ s 1* 1 i NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 91 2 g i «j § .fel P 9 '^ 6A-^ ins 5. :'^' o» 0000 .0 u^ O )i (A o3 \a , ^ P -^ a g r^ o ^ic8 p 1* ^ I^T ' -- t'"c5 5 P^Kj «» ( '^>d 5 p bib^^ I ^1 OS cd"~ jd^O^ !"» : : : : i sg e§ : : ; ; ; -t! o g W : : : i : : . . , • i • • • • H ■^ n § : . ; : ; ; M Ha * M ^ . ; : : ; : , : • 6 vgj I : • "§ ■l ? II 5a ■^ 1 . rd 1 rd 1 '• : *3 s o 4 ^ : ^ r^ 2< r^ 'S S 2 d ^ M '?- e3 :3 «j e3 O IC3 rd • I i • ' ' * ' * * * * i J5 ^ • J m • • . • . • • • • • • • • H e8 a 1 o : : I ii ; : : ; i ; : J i : : : . ~ . . "7 . . be . . 7 • I • • • • • • • • • • *i 1 3 .a • • * • v^ ^rd VD r« fl 5 i ;; • ■8 1 .£3 • • Oi .OS • • rd ^00 i p^ 2 11 so ^ : • ^ . , , ^ ~~^ ^ . t ^ v_ -J . . 3 V^^^ a .1 * ' * ' ' * ' ' ' * ' * o »< ^ ^ 1 1 . . . ;•"<> . . "ll- • • • : oi «o • • • « • • • -rO - • • . . . . . 'o ; ; ; ; : S : ; .a ; : - ; : Cb : ; J * * • • • ' * • ; I i '-- . i "¥ '■ e ; TO ee c2 _fl bo3 tc be § o o s» ^ ^ .III §1 1^^ : lo CI J<^ bfl '^'^ _^ «5 , ^5 is? fe ^ s • TO ^-^ -O ^ §3 I I a 94 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ^ ft a H J Pi •< -«1 ^ 1 i f 1 •i lO) J ^1 1 P to j^ •so .^ a "S' ^6 = ■% -^ ■ : : : : <» : a S . • . -^ . . . • • • • -^ • • • « P^ © n ,rj •4^ M ^ _^^ 2? a t> ; J : : Cb »H ; ; ; • • * * "^ — ' " • . 'to' - . . . . ** : a e =s. -*-» n to ^5 ^}^ •83 ^ .rH ^S : -^ • * M M S i e8 I--4 rd *5 &t ^ •*s ^ •a o II S J 8-^ i| 3-3 • .^ ,5 ^« : : : : •2 T ; : : : : •1 1" : if 00, S '^ s •M «9 •^ jj '^ •| ^^ pq M H 4 -^1 ^ fee Ph o o 11 ll 1 'o ha, p i 1 is •>-s : '- JO p P i p p e9 . 1 P4 Hi _ . . 7~ "~7 . . . . . . . rf • • • • • • • • " • • • • • * • • P ^_^ ^1 ^ o i-^ ^ n C3 w T^xj 2 ^ II ^ d 1^ B ^ s? CM o r3 "^ ^ s I 1 : : '' e3 ; I 1 . « a» . . lO ri4 IS 1 S3 itmk plaap awnh 3 ^ •^ rfl ^ tx > rQ O M ^ :^ ^ 03 pd I S 2 |f^' I S .f^ K ia ^ :?.. S£ d o 1"^ 8 o o —I (to d 5i o d be > <2 ^ 5 d o o o o o C£l CC CO CQ OQ CQ 03 o I ^ 8 S ^.tl U% 03 s ..-^ « "f llll S I I I 96 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ic9 .^ R -Ss :^'^ ft| Ph-' ii bl fe ^^ o C5 .rH ' : '- bo • ' (vide .pear), kakan gcfi bo 00 3 etf . I 6 ^ bO d -5 ^ .c« ^ 9 *o ; "^si P^ o « a a a a • bo fl fl C P p pJ rlJ c^c» c» c» c^ (» (» c£ ca c^ c^ c» ^ P CX^ P4 P 3 3 o o o o O O CU P4 O^ caCQCQ V ^^ eS bo OQ NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 97 ^ ^ a o3 o 1^ a^ M -t^ ~l^ -M ~M -«^ mmmm m =5* C e3 ^"4 11^ (S N VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 03 M P4 * ■« ^ ^ 1 1 1 It 4 1 d 1 t •53 'i 4^f 11 ^» : : : "7 : : : : : ; ; H- si pf^ I • J 5 I I : • • ! Z . 55 g • • • • • • 1 * * -«l o Hi M $cica . I ; : : '' : I : ' '' : . . , . ~ ~ - &D • • • I I • m Z • rt'^^ * * * " ' * * • ^ 08 ;! n •r-j.M ^ o ^ > ^ , , , , , ^ ^ ^ , o lO ;S ■S4 * • * * . * * • * * li 3. : : : : : : : : : . ~~r : ; "T ~ • ^ 1:^ of . • I I m • I r I •r— 1 O "» 8J & : : : : -i •a ^ 03 8 ^ ^ 3 g i ^ J d bD * : : n:3 1: : i. S IS bD : ; : : ; "7 ~ ; : ~ ; J : ~7 : : : : : « • * • • » • • • • • • • • • • • • • • A 1 1 'B 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 t II -»3 be •5 1 ll 1 £J3 bo a •c -4^ a^vi ^ OQ OQCQCa CQ mm w 02 mmmm maim NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 99 ).S u ^f 'il ^ § m o f¥ o O O '^ -^ ^ -^ 7t c oQ p^ •^ ^ ?! § o. 8' i if -1^ b « '^ «tt be be C3 i3 3 OJ 02 02 (M a a 02 02 o >» S =3 p! QJ <^ CO § -IT a :3 IT! ^ ^ ^ ^ la 100 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE p4 Ph Vl ,^4 a 1" -s « p:>i pi4 ^— s — : : • : : : : 1 : : 60 a . 1 -1 ^i s:^ • * • A • • z 1^ * • (-[ «S1 1^ l-i 1 III d (=1 • • ,£3,^ - • ' -♦-> ^.i4 QJ Q ft) a» ft> H H EhH HHEH H H H NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 101 )C3 es ,£3 V oo « 'e? ^ ^ 3 ce 1 -~N •^ e8 «1 Pq •-§• hi N>oi g O c5^| :a ca w » ^ • «5 <0 _• ^• §> o M> ^ "... lO) _S ^ g 1 a'1:a OQ E3 ■+3 m 1^ o ^^ : : : : : : : .^^ l^f . .N© •MS S . 5i,§ n • fl C 6D e3 e3 c3 o o f^Si2 R ^ o a i^ a :SS^ J §. . g ^ c 5 '^ .?? ^§a ■ — a --^^ _S +3 F^ vo ;-i a a s a a> .;5 .S .rH .^ .s .s .^ 102 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE n> M M ^ « 1 4 5L 1 ti 6 u .'3 ia> s 1 O 1^ •« "^i-s •^^ 5^ pq^^ 2 ^ 1— 1 IC8 1 It ^tq>s3 ^Tl 5 1 a r^J e 4- ^■^ 'S.^'^o ^d^ d- «o ■ — ' . . , . O on • • • • ^ «ij; ai : • : ; J 3 H . • goQ l-(- : ; l : ; ; ; I : : M ■«) n o o ; • * ; • 5? • * ■ • • M d i : : : : «j • • • M ^ o 1 I • I a re e 1 : 1 : c : (D ■3 i-S^ «0 : : *§ : rt , . . . . . . . . . m • • * • * • • • * • • • o o H ^ • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 pq M CJ « . • • • , . , , . a , • * • * • • • • • • • • *53 1 .'s 1 5 • i II a •S i — ' ^1 MM (M 1 ill M M p^ 5' s NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 103 e3 o lO I CO 05 I. I. CO Tji III 5 § .dr^ i.s^ ba a e« 3 ^ ^i 4i ^<^ Ei :§ a 1— 1 i I '♦^ g CO a^ a i:^ Art CO ^,-^ (M (M G<1 — ' (jQ o ^-^ u c 11 ^ s SB&5 : : 1 : : — 1 '^ •(M •r« rl - '- J2 © be II ^ la R |M O 104 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE ?^ ■+3 "TS ■8 a ^ ^t^ J4 ^ :^ ^ o Pi o -2 a : : fl • bo o *^ ^1 — > — (to e3 "^ S *'• O ^ ■ d d d^ ; 03 eS o bo -S o o o o o o o &T3 O O O >-. M t^ 6D ^ u >- ^ ^11 .^p§ d JH - t< Ui t^ Vh Jh t- H HEhEhHEhH -^ 2 a -e d d d a d NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 105 •i-a P*^« — ' -4J Of) I 2- -5 a ^ \0 M ^ Ph-m « >H beta -3 C3 S CI CO a § ^ > f^'^ e w o "^ "^ '^ s <» o , «i •^ ■^ (» ■»-. bD •< 4, s «» a' <1 '« 'a ^ -? 1111 03 ^|o\ 8 §>!-& ■^wi^s b 21^ £- (D 1 gfjH 1 •J fit! fl S 1 1 1 . M^ (jq (M (M =^1. S4 (M "S fieg ; ; ; • ; I 5§ * " * * 3 H teoQ : : : ; • J . . . . . '^ * I r I I I i tf £S ^ § _» : : : : : : •^1 M ^^ 8 « . 1:1111 1 . . . . . . • • * • • • : : • • I I M * * * * * * < n o , , . . . . , , ^ , , ^ » • • • • * • • • ^ . • • • • • • • • 5 1 o * * . • * . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . ^^ . . . • * * • • • • O4 • • : • • : : : J ; : : : : CO i"S : 1 *i ; : J 4'" 1 . a il ; r 1 a ; : : ; : ; : : : ; : ; ; g 1 1 1 2 "a a Oi =5 4 > Um^ 1 -S 1= ^ 0U DU t3 0^ >;>>>^;> > > p>t> NICX)BAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 107 -M Cd r— I S3 «8 . I s Is § ^"^^ •% Ph3 rar£4 S •5^ If il 33 : 68 o rt eS 05 63 MM P4^ I CO-— N • o o ;^ -8. ^ o b^^a-s -I a> i 1 ^ -^ < ■f:> o (Js 08 Virtue Vomit Voyag< Wages Waistc Wait 1 1 68 ^ ^^ ^ g cx> Cl 1-4 '^ OJ ^ be 3 g < « ^ 2 ^ «« s o g-S ^ ~" coco 108 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE P (=5 ° es « rcJ .->. ^ 1 »^ » X«tq 1 T#r^^ §3i6 '^ =8 ^O *. 60 : i * be la pi 2 3 -2 f3 ^ 9 r£3r« -§ §.2 i-i eg f-1 tt^ P • ph a> ce — ce O d c3 C O H § ^ O so (-1 " ^ bfl^ (i> 5 a> ^^ S leS ^ i ^ ic8 Id •— s a bo •^ . bo 'D ^ bo Oi o : «s 4:^ 13 bo ^ ^ & -« S KCi ^'' "^ "'«» --^ ^ ^ ^ U5 P^ bC— . -t^ 0) (U « o gg NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. 109 'Z (o §^« a :s'^^ 8 2^1 -.^ S«" _s- &> ^"^ 'S 'e ^ .S eS .?|-s JH "^ «S IV, CO l^tq e3 ■^1^ a ^ 8 03 e «9 •TU 1 ^2 1 • . '-+3 , -B e TS CS 1 nderstood the p the water with fc. He did thi r. Tuson's own. 1 'a ailli lff{ll 11 05 ^~^ 1 i 1 1. C8 be o 3 d CD *a : : : : : <5 » '^ -^ s^S^ 1 - - - • ■ • • • 05 es i here. I at lappi saw hi ort Blai errogati : : : : : ~ i : : oT : : : .« • - • • • • • • • > le got of this ago made a with me he oking down r. He fixed and wanted C3 .^ . • eS'^ ^ ^ s t> ; v_^ Id ^ II silt ,« I I ^ri4 o ; r^ r^ 5S5 ea T i ; ; : ; : : i i i S g ^ g e .09 ■ 1-1 ea § §,« ^ » '^ . . • • . . . • . . -fcs s ^ S <» S « SS *» i« * a S '- ; • ' * ' J ; • • - o a L .2 J 2-g ] d : 8 a o .a : • e3 d .a be a o d 1 1 "7> o rd i i 8 : i d o O pd '^ — ' : Andaman, deRff"., ' in-6-ji ■age I learnt from a bi ner. He was put in my > 1 away. He was always i * Mount Harriett', w'hic) me low islands on the 1 CI7 . : . • ^ ^-Y-X. ^ ; : : : : ' • * • * ' " ' * * eS « «S,S|sS 03 i .2 3 .-§ S ^ o -3 -^ si si ilHl.8 1. fi ^ (-] 2 S ^ Fd ^ M-CMM 2 6 ^ ^ ^ fe^P= ^ ^ ^^^^ k 110 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE 3 6Dr ^ ;l« ^§ rB .^1 ^^ 4 Ph.^- e3 "^ • rfl -S Ui p30 ^ a K a " a a • bD . bcco &0 a a> CO tJo.a;2 -r! 'U CM ■ — ' ^ F^d 8 ■a o a-^ a a a "^ •III I O !h h ^ ;» h ^ ^ ^ M 1 (M ^ 1 bD ^q eS ^ ^ ^ P a 'a ^ ^^^^^ >^ >^ >H e e *. S '^ « 1*1 a '§•" - Si '^ S « R » -^ I S e S !» 8 ^^ <«<. H I d S9 a o S a «'§ Ill I-^ ^ ^?| I- ^ Mi ►tf a S:S ^«5 I I I <© CD t^QO CO 00 CO CO 112 VOCABULARY OF DIALECTS SPOKEN IN THE O O <15 M ^ -i^ ^ ;d ^^ o o d ''*'-' -+^ .y c« 5 ° o O c3 P TO . NO? ^ O g3 r-l ^ -^ ^ ^ d d d g IP a O g CO TO 03 H 0) s ^ 2 •?„ O TO ^ &C rj ^ d O P TO > C3 •S '=' "S (S .^ ^ ;^ <;2 '^ (^ ^ d J? ^ CO >~J^ <^ 'S >-. ^^^ 02 d o CO d o 'to (D CO rrt O) o 2 .-d G C« 8 2 ^rH Ph 5 d pu^ oj O *^ (72 "-^ 'd g'^§^^ -d 5jd rt -o -^ r-, a -a> pd '-^^ ^ ^_^ ^ 'o .H ^:S §<^^ d ^ -^ d -o :^ ^ d d ^ »_ d ^ a n* S rj 3 ^ M :2 Ilia's C^ -+3 -+3 _ cs o) a. jH ^ ^ i § •X O V0 CO o -^ CQ O d fl rS <1> -2 ■§- Cm is pd ^ •2,d ^ d a .a d s.a I o ^'Z ^ i-^ Qj MOP m 1^ « d Oi^ 03 -^ d d d «^ C^ CO is n teCQ bD Z -d i 1 ^ ^ be &C § fl tf vu ^ vQj 2 -*;' 2 ^ a 2 '^^ 5 p^ g-, H Pn f*t NICOBAR AND ANDAMAN ISLES. US J I I g • ■*s SB o i i § fl : ^ ^ ^_^ .^-.s '^ '^ • : to to : • > — ' : : : 6D . .S ^ ^ c2 ^ i2 I ei, § a g' g^ ^ ^ g^ -J :s I -2 3» I ^ : 2 J .2 J J J 2 -P ^ J J ^ 1^1 .•••••••••ai'Ci • ?s. •g-^-jl^ § c fid i'l |'53 1 g I § |i^ N § f f i § g § g g g « «'s'i Ills s t ^ -^ ^ ^id o^ ^:d§ 02 CQ fi5}25HWEHE-