THE HISTORY OF MAN OR, THE WONDERS OF HUMAN NATURE. VOLUME SECOND. *'H / I- '1 j * A A i ,*. .' 4. JL -> HISTORY OF MAN! OR, THE WONDERS OF HUMANNATUREi IN RELATION TO THE VIRTUES, VICES, AND DEFECTS OF BOTH SEXES WITH EXAMPLES, ANCIENT AND MODERN, Alphabetically Digeaed under their Proper Heads; THE WHOLE WORK BEING INTERMIXED With Variety of Ufeful and Divertive Relations; SECOND EDITION. IN TWO VOLUMES. Ponltur exempium fugiendum Jive fe quendum- t Cern'rtttr hoc oculis, mente fed illud agti. VOLUME SECOND. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR BELL & BRADFUTBj AND G. G J. AND J. ROBINSON, LOXOOV. M.DCC XC. THE ,=?.> 18 IAM HISTORY O F A ' CHAP. I. Of Heretics and Here/ies. IN the times of the Apoftfcs the myflery of iniquity began to work, many antichrifts and heretics were abroad, many fprung up fmce, many now prefent, and will be to the end of the world, to dementate men's minds, and captivate their fouls. Of thefe there are two forts, fuch as lead, and fuch as are led. Such as are led are heretics, fchifmatics, falfe prophets, and importers, whofe common fymp- VOL, II. A tonis 14533C7 S Of Heretics and Herejief. toms are madnefs, folly, pride, infolence, gancy, fmgularity, peevifhnefs, obftinacy, im- pudence, mixed with fcorn and contempt of all otfoer feds. They will approve of nothing but what they firft invent themfelves, no interpreta- tion is good, but what their infallible fpirits dictate. They are the only wife, the only learned in all truths, and all are damned but they and their followers. They make a {laugh- ter of the fcriptures, and turn it lik a nofe of wax to their own purpofes : Though fathers, councils, and all the world oppofe their fenti- ments, they will perfevere hi their herefiss. Bfc- fides thefe common, they have alfo peculiar fymptoms, which are prodigious paradoxes, new doctrines, and vahr phantafms, as many and different as they are among themfelves. Now what thefe brainfick heretics once broach, and importers fet on foot; be it never fo ab- furd, falfe, and prodigious, too many of the common rout wiil follow and believe, and either out of affectation of novelty, fimplicity, blind zeal, hope or fear, the giddy headed multitude will embrace it, and without further examina- tion approve it. Many of the leaders are men of underftandmg in other matters, but in this are certainly lunatics, and have more need of hellebore, than thofe that are confined in Bedlam. Simon Of Heretics and Here/ies. 3 ,Simon Magus, is the firft heretic that we read of, called Magus, becaufe he was a witch, a Samaritan by birth, and a Chriftian by profef- fion ; he would have bought the gifts of the Holy Ghoft for money, Acts 8. 13. He denied the Trinity, and affirmed himfelf to be the true God. He taught that the world was made by angels, and not by God ; denied the refurrec- rion of the flefh, permitted promifcuous mar- riages, and caufed his difciples to^worfhip his whore Helena or Selene for a Goddefs. Rofs's view of Relig. p. 130. Nicholas, of whom are the Nicholaitans, was a profelyte of Antioch, and one of the feven Deacons, Acts 6. and whofe works Chrifl hated. Rev. 2. they gave themfelves to all uncleannefs and flefhly lufts, teaching that men ought to have their wives in common. They made no fcruple of eating things offered to idols. At their meetings or love feafts they ufed to put out the lights, and commit promifcuous adul- teries with each other's wife. They taught that the world was made by the copulation of light and darknefs, out of which angels, daemons, and men were procreated. The profeifors of this feet did not long retain this name, but were called Gnoflicks, from yV Knowledge, which proud title they gave themfelves, as if their knowledge had been tranfcendent above other men. 4 Of Heretics and Herejles. men. This feft began about the beginning of Domitian's reign, Anno Chrifti 52 ; and out of this fink the Valentinians, Manichees, and Prif- cillianifts fucked their poifon. Rofs's view of Relig. p. 133. Carpocrates, of whom came the Carpocra- tians, was by birth of Alexandria in Egypt, who flourimed about the yeaj of Chrift 109, in the time of Antoninus Pius, and was contemporary with Saturninus. He taught that there were two oppofite Gods, that the law and good works were needlefs to thofe that had faith. They taught that Chrift was a mere man, and that their mafter Carpocrates was the better man. They held Pythagorean tranfmutation, but denied the refurrection, and faid this world was not made by God, but by Satan. The Sa- mofatenians and Arians are derived from this fec~h Ibid. p. 134. Cerinthus was born a Jew ; and taught that all Chriftians ought to be circumcifed : He was contemporary with St John the Apoftle, who would not enter into the fame bath with that pernicious heretic. He fpread his herefy in Domitian's time, about 60 years after Chrift. He denied the article of Eternal Life/and taught that the faints mould enjoy carnal delights in Jerufalem a thoufand years. The Origenifts and Of Heretics and Here/ies* 5 and Chiliafts fell in that opinion.-* Rofs's view of Relig. p. 135. The Valentinians fprung from their leader Valentinus, an Egyptian, who lived in the time of Antoninus Pius, about no years after Chrift* He taught that there were thirty aones, ages, or worlds, who had their beginning from pro- fundity and filence ; that being the male, this the female, with a deal of fuch whimfical tralh not worth mentioning. Ibid. Marcion, from whence came the Marcionites, Colarbafij, and Heracleonites, was born at Sy- nope, a city of Pontus, and lived under Anto- ninus Pius, about 115 years after Chrift. Hia fcholars called themfelves perfed, and bpafted that they were more excellent than Peter or Paul. The denied Chrift' s humanity, and the refurrection of the flefh. They held two con- trary beginnings or Gods, viz. Silence and Speech. They baptifed not in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghoft ; but in the name of the Father Unknown, of Truth the Mother of all, and of Him who defcended up. on Jefus. They held but one Perfon in the Deity, called by feveral names. They divided Jefus from Chrift, as the Neftorians afterwards. They held it no fin to deny Chrift with the mouth, when in danger of life, if the heart be- lieved in him. Ibid. p. 136. The $ Of Heretics and Here/ies. The Adamites were fo called, either from one Adam their leader, or from Adam the firft man, whofe nakednefs they imitate. They held it unlawful for men or women to wear clothes in their meetings. They rejected marriages as diabolical, and therefore ufed promifcuous co- pulation in the dark. They rejected prayers to God as needlefs, becaufe he knew without us what we wanted. This herefy began to fpread about 310 years after Chrift, under the reign of Gordian the Emperor. Rofs's View of Relig. p. 141. ^'v'v Paulus Samofatenus, fo called from Samofatu, near Euphrates, where he was born, was author of the fed of Samofatenians. They taught that Chrift was merely man, and had no being till his incarnation. This herefy broke out about 232 years after Chrift, and has continued in the eaftern parts ever fince. Ibid. p. 144. The Manichees, from Manes, a Perfian by birth, and a fervant by condition, was the fink of almoft all the former herefies, fo that read- ing them is feeing thefe. Ibid. p. 145. Tatianus, author of the Tatiani, was a Syrian born. He flourimed about 142 years after Chrift. His difciples were called Encratiae, fignifying temperance and continency, becaufe they abftained from wine, flefh, and marriage. He taught that Adam after his fall was never reftored Of Heretics and reftored to mercy ; that all men are damned except his difciples, and that women were made by the devil. -Rofs's View of Relig. p. 1 96. . Montanus, leader of the Montanifts, fpread his herefy 145 years after Chrift. He was born in Phrygia ; and was attended by a couple of whores called Prifca and Maximilla, who run away from their hufbands to follow him, and at length very lovingly all hanged themfelves together for company. His profelytes after this being afhamed of their fire, took upon them the name of Cataphrygians, but ftill re- tained his herefies. He confounded the perfons in the Trinity, faid it was God the Father that fuffered, that Chriil was but a mere man, and that he himfelf was the Holy Ghoft. In the Eucharift they mingled the blood of an infant. -Ibid., p. 197. Origen was author of the Origenifts, who publifhed his errors about the year of Chrift 247, which continued in the world above 300 after he was dead. They taught that there was a revolution of fouls from their condition after death into the bodies again ; that reprobates and devils mould be faved after a thoufand years ; that the Son is co-eflential with the Fa- ther, but not co-eternal ; which they fay could not be, becaufe the Father created both Him and the Holy Spirit j that fouls had a being Of Heretics and Herefies. long before the creation of this world, and that, for finning in heaven, they were thruft out from thence, and put into their bodies as into prifons. They turned the whole Scriptures into allegories, and brought the historical truth of them into contempt and fufpicion. Thefe herefies were condemned in the council of A- lexandria 200 years after his death, and after- wards in the firft general council at Conftami- nople, under the Emperor Juftinian I. Ibid, p. 202. Arrius was father of the Arrians, a Libyan born, and a Prefbyter of Alexandria by profef- fion. His herify was divulged 290 years after Chrift ; and, in fucceflion of time, over-run a great part of the Chriftian world. They taught that Chrift was a creature, had a human body, but no human foul, for the Divinity fupplied the place of it. Their doxology was in thefe words : ' Glory be to the Father, by the Son, * and in the Holy Ghoft.' This herefy was condemned by the Council of Nice, held un- der the Emperor Conftantine : And Arrius himfelf, when on the pinnacle of his pride and glory, was feized with a dyfentery, voided his guts into the jakes, and died. Ibid. p. 265. Lucifer, Bifhop of Coralitanum in Sardinia, was author of the Luciferians, who held that the world was made by the Devil, that the foul of Of Heretics and Here/tes. 9 of man is corporeal, and had its being by pro- pagation or tradu&ion. This herefy was broach- ed 333 years after Chrift, in the reign of Julian the Apoftate. Ibid. p. 212. Tertullian was head of the Tertullianifts ; and lived under Severus the Emperor, about 170 years after Chrift. He held and taught, that God was a corporeal fubftance, but without de- lineation of members ; that men's fouls were corporeal, diftinguifhed into members, and had their increafe and decreafe with the other parts of the body ; that the original of fouls is by traduction ; that the fouls of wicked men after death are turned into devils ; that the virgin Mary did marry once after the birth of Chrift. They rejected fecond marriages, as no lefs a fin than adultery.^ Ibid. p. 2 1 3. Neftorius, a German by birth, and after a clandeftine manner made Patriarch of Conftan- tinople, was the leader of the Neftorians. He fpread his herefy 400 years after Chrift, Theo- dofius the younger being Emperor. He held that, in Chrift, were two diftind perfons, the Son of God, and the Son of Maryj that, at Chrift's baptifm, the Son of God defcended into the Son of Mary, and dwelt there as an inmate in a houfe. He made the humanity of Chrift equal with his divinity, and fo confounded their properties and operations. Ibid. 215. VOL. II. B Eutyches, io Of Heretics and Hereftes. Eutyches, Abbot of Conftantinople, head of the Eutychians, publifhed his herefy anno Chrif- ti 413. which aflerttd, that, before the hypofta- tical union, Chrift had two diftin6l natures, but, after ,the union., only one, viz. his divinity, which had 1'wallowed up the humanity. They alfo affirmed, that the Divine Nature or God- head lu tiered and died, and that God the Word did not take from the Bleffed Virgin his human nature. This herefy was firft condemned in a provincial iynod at Constantinople, and a terwards in {he general council of Chalcedon, under Marcian the Emperor. Ibid. p. 215. Novatus, the ringleader of the Novatian he- retics, was born in Africa, lived in the reign of the Emperor Decius, 220 years after Chrift ; and his herefy lafted 150 years. They denied the benefit of repentance to thofe that relapfed after baptifm ; boafted much of their fanctity ; condemned fecond marriages as adulterous ; u- fed rebaptization like the Donatifts, and were the fires of the Cathari or Puritans. Ibid. p. 200. Donatus, author of the Donatifts, was born in Numidia ; and held that no church was to be communicated with, that was not entirely pure, without fpot or blemilh, and that fuch a church was only their own. They condemned magi- ilracy j and taught that the efficacy of the Sacra- ments Of Heretics and Here/test 1 i merits depended upon the dignity of the minify ter. With the Arrians, they made the Son lefs than the Father, and the Holy Ghoft lefs than the Son. The Circumcellians efpoufed their herefy, who lived in cells and caves, and mur- dered all they could conquer that were not of their principle. Ibid. p. 210. Pelagius, a native of Britain, and a Roman monk, was the propagator of the Pelagians, who flourifhed under '1 heodofms the Emperor, 380 years after Chrift. From Rome he came into England, and fhed his poifonous opinions over the whole kingdom. They taught that death was not the wages of fin ; that Adam's fin was hurtful to none but liimfelf j that man had free will to do good or evil ; that their feel: had no fin, nor could they fin if they would. St Aufr tin, and his friend Alypius, wrote againft them^ They were condemned by five African coun- cils, and by a fixth fynod at Carthage, in the year of Chrift 419, in the tenth year of the Emperor Honorius. Ibid. p. 214. Prifcilianus-, the place of whofe nativity is uncertain, whether in Spain or Galatia, was ringleader of the Prifcilianifts. He firft divul- ged his herefy in Spain under Gratian the Em- peror anno Chrifti 341, and from thence, like! an infectious difeafe, it over-run the wefterri parts of the world. This herefy was the com^ mem 12 Of Heretics and Herefies. mon more of all former herefies ; for, with the Manichees, they taught that the world was made by an evil God ; with the Sabellians, they confounded the Perfons of the Trinity ; with the Origenifts, they taught the pre-exift- ence of fouls ; with the infamous crew of Aftro- logers, that all human events were governed by the ftars ; with the Stoics, that we fin neceffa- rily and co-a&ively ; with the Cartites, they abftain from flefli j and with the Gnofticks, re- jected the ancient patriarchs and prophets as ignorant of the will of God. He was condemn- ed of herefy at Rome by Pope Damafcus j from which fentence he appealed to Maximus the Emperor, who confirmed the fentence, and put him to death, with Feliciffimus, Armenius, La- tronianus, and Euchochia, his brethren in evil. After his death, with great veneration, his corps were tranfported into Spain by his difciples, wlio firft paid him honour as a faint, and after- ward as a martyr ; and, that they might want no ftep to the height of profanenefs in matters of religion, it was their cuftom to fwear by his name. Ibid. p. 210. Fauftus Socinus was born at Sienna in Italy ; and his herefy has diffufed itfelf like a canker in all the parts of the Chriftian world, though it is nothing elfe but a revival of old condemned herefies, which are now too greedily imbibed in England, Of Heretics and Herejles. 13 England, as well as in foreign parts. To ac- count for all their opinions, were to tranfcribe all that I have already writ, and therefore {hall content myfelf in giving my reader but a tafte, when the whole mafs would furfeit him. They teach, that Chrift, by his death, did not fatisfy for us, but only obtained for us a power to make fatisfaction for ourfelves by faith and obedience : That Chrift died for himfelf, that is, not for his fins, for he was without fin, but for the mortality and infirmities of our nature, which he arTumed : That Chrift became not our High Prieft, not impaflible before he afcended into heaven : That eternal death is nothing elfe but a perpetual continuance in death or annihi- lation : That everlafting fire is fo called from its effect, which is the eternal extinction or annihi- lation of the wicked which mail be found alive at the laft day : That Chrift's Incarnation is a- gainft reafon, and cannot (fay they) be proved by Scripture : That Chrift is not truly God : That the Holy Ghoft is not God : That there is not a Trinity of Perfons in one God : That the Old Teflament is of no ufe to a Chriftian. - Rofs's View of Religion, 8vo. p. 258. Nicholas Storkius, a native of Saxony, near the river Sales, was the ringleader of the Ana- baptifts, fo called from re-baptifing thofe that had been baptifed in their infancy. He, with his 14 Of Heretics and Here/ies. his difciple Munfter, began to trouble the world in the years 1521. and 1522. They taught that they were infpired from Heaven, and that the world was to be reformed by their means j which done, and the wicked utterly cut off from the face of the earth, it fhould be governed by juftice itfelf. They hold that Chrift took not flefh from the Virgin Mary : That Chrift is not the true God. They believe they mall enjoy here an earthly monarchy after the day of judgment. They reject the power and end of magiftracy and miniftry ; for they fay that Chrift has freed them from obedience to human laws ; but, at the fame time, think they are obliged to efta- blifh their own religion by blood. There are many forts of them now in England ; fome are Arminians, others Calvinifts ; neither of which will communicate with the other. Some are Milenaries, and moft of them Antitriniarians. Some keep the Jewilh Sabbath, others the Lord's Day with the Chriftians. Some deny the ufe of the Sacraments, faying they are above ordi- nances. Some of them celebrate the Eucharift with bread and wine, and others with a meal of mutton in the evening ; and from thence are called the Supper People. Hiftorians fay, that the Anabaptifts in all countries are proud, cen- foriou.s, and bloody-minded. Ibid. p. 254. The Of Heretics and Here/les. 1 5 The Muggletonians owe, their beginning to John : Reeve/ and Ludowick.'MaggleroivJveha would periuade us thatt they ;.aire *he two- laft witnefies of Chriftj fent by. his Spirit to feal : the foreheads, of the eleft an-d reprobate. ,. They fay that all" -the miniitry in. this; world, whether prophetical or mmifteriaL : .with all the worfhip taught by them, is all a lie y and.an abomination- to the Lord* They lay, that, the fpirits. and, bo- dies of men are both nv real, both begot toge- ther, and both -pt, one jtacure :< That there are. three witnefles on earth,, Water, Blood, .and the Spirit: That, by Water,., is? meant the cpmmif-; fion given to Mofes and ;the_ Prophets under the' Law : By Blood, ..the cornmifiion given to, the Apoftles and Ministers of the Gofpel. And, by the Spirit, is meant the commiffion of the Two Witnefles that were to come. in this laft aige^ which are themfelves ; That they have power of blefling and curfmg ; and whom they bleJfe or curfe will infallibly continue in that ftate for ever. Ibid. p. 267. George Fox, and, foon after him, James Nayler, b.oth Yorkfhire. men, were the firft be- ginners of the fe$ called Quakers ; fo called becaufe they ufed to quake and tremble in their meetings, which fometimes growing to excefs, they would fall, as in a trance, upon the ground, and from thence pretend to infpirations, and then , 1 6 Of Heretics and Here/ies. then utter quicquid in buccam venerit ; and call irreligion, blafphemy, or nonfenfe, the dictates of the Holy Spirit. They teach that abfolute perfection, and a fmlefs life, is attainable in this world ; and that they are arrived to fuch a ftate of purity, that they are guided by the fame Spirit which the Apoftles were, have it in as great meafure, and that what they fay is of the fame authority with the Holy Scripture, becaufe directed by the fame Spirit that gave out the Scriptures. They deny the Scriptures to be the word of God. They fay they expect falvation by Chrift within them, and not from Chrift without them. They deny the refurre&ion of the dead, and fay the light within them is fuffi- cient to fave them. In fhort, they defpife ma- giftracy, reject the miniftry, flight all decency and ordinances in Chrift's church, overthrow as much as in them lies all religion and piety, fet- ting up a Babel of their own, full of impiety, ignorance, and blafphemy. They will not take an oath, but will lie abominably. They will not put off their hats, or call men mafters, but, on occafion, can be very complaifant tc their miftrefles. They hate pride, yet wear the rich- eft filks, ftuffs, clothes, hats, and the fineft linen. They call themfelves the Sober Party, and yet are the wetteft crew about the town. In fliort, they Of Heretics and Herefies. 1 7 they are a contradiction to themfelves and all mankind befides. Ibid. p. 269. George Copping of Eflex was father of the Ranters, a fort of beads that neither divide the hoof nor chew the cud ; that is to fay, they are very unclean ones, that make open profeffion of lewdnefs and irreligion, whofe God is their lulls, and whofe glory is their fiiame ; that make a laughing-Rock of Chriftianity. But, to anatomize this monfler. They hold, that God, devils, angels, heaven, hell, &c. are fictions and fables : That Mofes, the Baptift, and Chrift, are importers. In their letters they endeavour to- be flrangely prophane and blafphemous, utter- ing Atheiflical curfes and imprecations, which is a kind of canting among them, as among gypfies ; as, for example, in one of them you have this curfed language : ' My own heart * blood, from whom 1 daily receive life and be- 4 ing, to whom is afcribed all honour, &c. ; thou c art my garment of needle- work, my garment ' of falvation. Eternal plagues confume you * all, rot, fink, and damn your bodies and fouls ' into devouring fire, where none but thofe that c walk uprightly can enter. The Lord grant * that we may know the worth of hell, that * we may fcorn heaven.' Sin, they fay, is only what a man imagines and conceives to be fo within liimfelf ; and all the pleafure they know Vox,. II. C ' in 1 8 Of Heretics and Herefies. in this world is what they call ' the enjoyment * of the fellow creature.' In fhort, Mahome- tans, Jews, and Pagans, own more modefty, and are lefs prophane than Ranters *. Heretics are addicled ftitt To their firft principle^ their with No law nor cavalcade of Holborn, Can render half a grain lefsjlubborn : For they at any time will hang, For th* opportunity /* harangue, And rather on a gibbet dangle ', Than mi/s their dear delight to wrangle : Backing their want of truth andfenfe, With greater heat and confidence. For fools areftubborn in their way, As coins are hardened by th j allay : And obftinacfs ne'er fojliff As ivhen 'tis in a wrong belief. Hud. CHAP. Rofs's View of Religion, 8vo. p. 273. Honours done tofome Great Meu. C H A . II. Honours done tofome Great Men. NOTHING is fo common in the mouths of the vulgar as detraction. No action can be fo well performed, but, if they cannot totally de- face it, they will be fure to fully it by invented calumnies and fufpicions. Honour is fo fickle and fleeting, that, after all the care, hazards, and pains to procure its favour, it is very fnort- lived, and, if once loft, never to be redeemed. It is feldom granted while men are in a capa- city to receive it ; but fome we find are excep- ted from the general rule, and have enjoyed it both living and dead, as for example : Cartzfchugai Chan was fent by the King of Perfia with a fmall army againft a numerous force of the Turks that had laid fiege to Bag- dat, whom he fatigued with continual fkirmifhes for the fpace of half a year together, and at length totally defeated them, and faved the citv. The notice whereof coming to Schach Abas, -2o Honours done tofome Great Men. King of Perfia, who had thrown himfelf into the city, he went out to meet Cartzfchugai Chan, and, approaching near him, difmounted, faying, 4 My dear Aga, by thy valour and con- ' dudl thou hafl given me a vidtory fo great, ' that, if Heaven had put. me to my choice, I ' would not have afked one more confiderable : ' Come mount my horfe ; it is fit I mould ac- 8 knowledge it by attending thee on foot.' Cartzfchugai, furprifed and aftonifhed at this unwonted honour, begged the Sophy, on his knees, to be excufed, and that he would regard him only as his flave that had done nothing but his duty ; but all his intreaties fignified no- thing ; he was forced to mount, and the King and all his noble retinue followed him feven fteps on foot. Olear. Trav. 1. 6. p. 354. That celebrated warrior Timoleon of Co- rinth, having fubdued the tyranny of Dionyfius in Sicily, and reftored byracufe to their juft li- berties, that city, to exprefs their gratitude, at his death decreed him everlafling honours, and built his tomb in the Forum. Sabel. Ex. 1. 3. c. 2. p. 182. Aratus, by his valour, having delivered the Sycionians from a fevere oppreflion and tyran- ny to the enjoyment of their liberties and pri- vileges ; though he lived out of the Sycionian territories, they attended his corps crowned to their Honours done to fame Great Men. Jit their city, ringing his commendations, built him a ftately tomb, calling it by his name, and an- nually celebrate the day of his nativity with fo- lemn (acrifices and paftimes ; and, if any of the relations of Aratus were prefent at this yearly commemoration, they obliged them to take the moft honourable place in that afiembly. Ful- gos. Ex. 1. 5. c. 2. p. 585. Plato returning from Sicily, and paffing through Olyrnpias, though all the people were at the celebration of their plays, which they were more than ordinarily fond of; yet, as foon as they had notice of his approaching near, they forfook their fports, which, confidering their vanity, was a wonder ; and all run to meet him, looking upon him with refpecl and ado- ration, as a perlon more than human, that the Gods, had fent from heaven as a bleffing upon mankind. Now, confidering the fuperitition arid vanity of the Greeks in their plays, and the mean extraction of Plato, it was a greater ho* nour than ever they gave to any monarch. Fulgos. Ex. 1. 2. c. 5. p. 275. Conftantine the Great, Emperor of Rome and Conftantinople, dying in Nicomedia, his lite-guard rent their clothes, lay upon the gr und, and omitted no paffion that might ex- preis an unfupportable forrow. His prefects, captains, and the reft of the foldiers, rather fur- pafled 22 Honours done tofome Great* Men. patted than imitated their grief, crying out, that death had deprived them of their protestor and father. The citizens run about the ftreets like fo many perfons that had loft their fenfes ; others hung down their heads in perfect: filence, declaring, by the pofture of mutes, that their forrow was unexpreffible ; and all declared, that, by that fatal flroke, they had loft all the comforts of human life. At Rome, the Senate and populace obferved no meafures in their grief : They fhut up their baths, disfrequented the plays and market?, and prohibited all figns of joy and felicity. Having pronounced him a happy Monarch for dying in fo great glory, they caufed him to be painted above the celeftial orbs, in the fociety of blefied fouls ; and fent an embaiTy to his fon Conftantius to fend them the corps of his deceafed father, which would add the greateft honour to the city of Rome, that the remains of fo illuftrious a Prince was interred among them. Zuing. Theat. vol. i. 1. i. p. 97. The death of the renowned Emperor Titus Vefpafian being known in the approach of the evening, the fenators, without delay, crowded into the Curia, to lament the lofs of an illuftri- ous Monarch, in whofe death all the world was concerned, in being deprived of a public bene- factor. Then they conferred on him fuch de- grees Honours done tofome Great Men. 23 grees of honour as they had never allowed or promifed him before, and decreed his name fhould be regiftered in the catalogue of the Gods. Zuing. Theat, vol. i. 1. i. p. 96. Erafmus of Rotterdam, in Holland, an inge- nious, learned, and good man, was honoured by moft of the great and learned men of his age, who thought themfelves happy in having the honour of his acquaintance. Making a pa- negyric on Philip, the father of Charles V. as he came out of Spain into Germany, while he was a fchool-boy, that King took fuch notice of his early ingenuity, that he honoured him with a yearly penfion during life. King Henry VIII. of England wrote to him with his own hand, gave him large taftes of his bounty, and offer- ed him a houfe and land worth fix hundred flo- rins a year, to invite him to refide in England. Francis I. King of France, wrote to him alfo, offering him a bifhopric and a thoufand florins a year, to take his repofe in France. Charles V. offered him a bifhopric in Sicily, made him of his Privy Council ; and, befides other ex- preffions of his bounty, gave him four hundred florins per annum, with a promife of making them five hundred, if he would profefs at Vi- enna. Sigifmund King of Poland, and Ferdi- nand King of Hungary, were very bountiful to him, and made him great oilers to have dwelt in 24 Honours done to fame Great Men. in their dominions. Anne Princefs of Veriana, gave him a penfion of a hundred florins. Fre- deric Duke of Saxony, and William Duke of Gulick, made him good prefems. Pope Adri- an VI. wrote to him three feveral times. He congratulated the rife of Clement Vll. to the Papacy, who, in requittal, fent him five hundred florins ; and, by his Apoftolical letters, invited him to Rome. Paul III. had made him a car- dinal, if death had not prevented him. Wil- liam Warham, Archbifhop of Canterbury, gave him an exhibition. Cardinal vYoolfey gave him a penfion out of a prebendary of \ ork. The Bifhops of Lincoln and Rochefter liberally fup- plied him upon all occafions. Polydore Virgil fent him money to buy a horfe, and the Lord Cromwell fent him thirty angels. The Lord Montjoy, Sir Thomas More, Bifhop Tomtal, and Dean Colet, were his conflant benefactors. Cardinal Matthaeus offered him a penfion of five hundred ducats to live in Rome, and fent him a cup of beaten gold. Another, but a richer, was fent him by Albertus, Archbifhop, Cardinal, and Elector of Mentz. Cardinal Campegius, among other tokens, fent him a diamond ring of good value. Staniilaus Olmu- cenfis fent him a filver bowl double gilt, with four pieces of gold, the coin of ancient Empe- rors. The Bifhop of Bafil offered him half the revenues Honours done tofome Great Men. 25 revenues of his bifhopric for his company. Thurxo, Bifhop of Vratiflavia, went ten days journey out of his way to fee him ; and, to name no more, Vigilius Zuichemus gave him a gold ring, and William Karl of Eyfenberg a dagger, which, by the infcription, c he wiflied ' in the hearts of his enemies/ Full. Act. Red. p. 70. VOL. II. D CHAP. Of Honefty^ &fa 37 (CHAP. ili. Of Honefty in Life and Converfatiom WE live in an age wherein honefty is in dan- ger of being made a bankrupt, for it is difficult to negotiate without dillimulation,to fell without lying, or buy without being cheated. Juftice, fimplicity, and plainnefs, are turned into art, fubtilty, and fraud ; and, if Diogenes was alive again, he might employ his candle and lanthorn to as little purpofe as formerly. We retain no folid and exprefs effigies of true juftice and ho- nefty, but the world contents itfelf with the fha- dows and images of them. There are many Gnatho's that make a mew of honefty and vir- tue, with affected looks, counterfeit geftures, and feigned proteftations* when indeed there is no honefty at all in them, but mere hypocrify and knavery : But^ though thefe exceed in number, yet the world has many honeft people in it, fuch as fcorn to lie* diflemble, or defraud, that will fuffer a thoufand wrongs in their own perfons or eftates, before they will do the leafl injury a OfHoneJly in Lift injury to others, and always ad by that golden rule, in meafuring to others wtiat they would have metted to themfelves ; and, fmce this kind of men are rarely to be met withal, we mould put the higher value upon them when they are found, and treat them with fuch a decent and upright* behaviour, that we may always find them on occafion. It is a fingular commendation, that Camera- rius * fays he found infcribed on a Lady's fe- pulchre in Kome, that, in faying nothing, left room for all the virtues in the world to be a- fcribed to the deceafed : : ?-,;'-r t.'X'.'J '-**'. c 'I t i>;i ; D-^'I- UXZ t *'!U%'. , . Julia B. P rife a vlxlt annos XXVI. Nihil unquam pecca*uit> nlji Quod morim eft. In this only Jbe did amifs, tbatjhe died. If accufation mould imply guilt, few men in the world could be reputed innocent. M. Por- tius Cato lived with that integrity and honefty, that, though his enemies had preferred no lefs than fifty accufations againft him, yet by the common fuffrage he was always declared inno- cent ; - . * >^ ' * * ' ' * Open Subcif. cent. i. c. 97. and Converfation. 29 cent; and that not by the power of his riches, or the imereft of his friends j but the juftice of his caufe ; and the malice of his enemies, was fo apparent, that they who did not love, but rather hate him, were amazed to do the contrary. His honefty in doing right to the injured, and his feverity in punifhi g offenders proportion- ably to their crimes, had railed him many ene- mies, and no lefs envy ; for ne pardoned none that were gu'lty, nor was a friend to any but thofe that truly loved and lerved their country. He was alfo as wife as juft ; for, being accufed again in his old age, he made it his requefl, and obtained it, that Tiberius Sempronius Gracchu^, one of his chiefeft enemies, might fit alone in judgment upon him ; who examining into the caufe of the complaint, pronounced him not guilty ; and, by this confident aclion, Cato prevented all future acculations, lived in glory, and died in peace. Lip. Monk. 1. i. c. 7. p. 9 2 - AriiUdes had the reputation to be the honeft- eft perfon among all the Greeks ; and yet, fome envying his glory, he was in danger of a ten years banifhment, from the manner of the fuf- frage winch the Grecians uled, called Qftracifm, While they were colledting the voices, and he being in tne croud, one that could not write himfelf, defired him he would do him the fa- vour 30 QfHonefty in Life favour to Write the name of Ariftides in his fhell, as the perfon he would have to be con- demned and exiled. ' Do you know him, (fays Ariftides), or what wrong has he done you, of * your's ?' ' Neither, faid the man ; but 'it ' grieves and vexes me to hear him called every * where Ariftides the Jufl and Honeft, and there- ' fore I would have him condemned.' ' An * excellent argument !' faid Ariftides ; and fo took the fheil, and wrote his own name in it, as the perfon defired.^ Ibid. 1. i.e. 7. p. 90. Julius Drufus, a tribune of the people, had a houfe that, in feveral places, lay open to the view and inflection of his neighbours ; which an artificer perceiving, told him, that, for the fum of rive talents, he would prevent that in- convenience. ' No/ faid Drufus,' I have 4 (thanks to the ,Gods) no occafion for that ; ' but, if thou canft make every room in my c houfe fo perfpicuous, that the whole city may * behold all my actions, I will give thee five ta- * lents more than thou demanded.' He knew his life was innocent, and his actions juft, and therefore was in no fear of fpectators. ^Zuin. Theatr. vol. i. 1. 2. p. 133. Afclepidorus went a pilgrimage from Athens into Syria, with no other defign than to fatisfy his curiofity in obferving the regularity and ir- reguhrity of men's lives and manners ; and, at his and Conversation. 31 his return, though he had made a diligent inquifition, faid he could only find three men whofe behaviours correfponded with the laws of uncorrupted honefty ; whofe names were, Ila- pius, a philofopher in Antioch, Mares of Lao- dicea, and Domninus the philofopher. So that it was not without great reafon that Heraclitus wept as often as he went abroad, in companion to the multitude of ill men he lived among.-- Coel. Rho. 1. 14. c. 3. p. 632. When the corps of Thomas Howard, fecond Duke of Norfolk, was buried in the Abbay of Thetford, in the county of Norfolk, in the year 1524, no perfon could demand one groat of him, for any debt he had contracted, or require reftitution of him for any injury he had done, while he was among the living, Weaver's Fun. Mon. p. 839. When the fenate of Rome was about electing a cenfor, and Valerianus was in nomination, the univerfal acclamation was for him ; and one, as the mouth of the reft, harrangued thus in his commendation : e Who mould we elect but Va- < lerianus, whofe life is a cenforfhip ? Who is 6 fo fit to be judge of us all, as he who cannot 6 be charged with any crime ? Valerianus is a c prudent and wife fenator, modeit, grave, a * friend to a good man, and an enemy to ty- ^ rants, an utter foe to the vicious, but more ' fevere 32 OfHoneJly in Life ' fevere againft vice. We would have this man * for our cenfor, whom we will imitate to ihe ' utmoft of our capacities. He is the nioft * noble among all the fenators, the higheft by 4 birth, of an unfpotted life, of profound and 6 excellent learning, of celebrated manners, and * the example of antiquity, honeft in his actions, ' faithful in performing his promifes, whom no ' man reviles, and whom all men fpeak well of.' Coel. Rho. 1. 22. c. 11. p. 978. Richard II. being depofed, Henry of Boiling- brook crowned King, and a law made, that the inheritance of the crown mould remain in King Henry, and the heirs of his body, a mo- tion was alfo made in parliament how the de- pofed King mould be difpofed of: At which time, Thomas Merks, Bimop of Cariifle, with extraordinary zeal and freedom, maintained the right of his depofed Sovereign, and refolutely oppofed the ufurpation of his fupplanter ; and, though it cod the good Prelate a prifon, and the lofs of his life, yet the memory of fo gallant an action will never die, as long as fidelity and loyalty mall have any efteem in the world. 1 Daniel's Hift. continued, 1. 3. p. 50. CHAP. Hope, or Expectation, &c. 33 CHAP. IV. Hope , or Expeftation of Things to come. HOPE we have already defined to be a gentle and fweet efFufion or expanfion of the foul to- wards fome good expedted to come ; fo that, when we are full of hope, we feel a certain in- flation, both within and without, in our whole body, together with a glowing but pleafant heat, from the blood and fpirits univerfally diffufed j and, when Hope, by this means, is ftrong e- nough to produce courage, it (lands ready to encounter the difficulties that oppofes her in the way to her end, bids defiance to danger, and conquers all before it. Hence fome call it the Manna from heaven, that comforts us in all extremities ; others, the pleafant and honeft flatterer ; for nothing but Hope will carefs the unhappy, in expectation of happinefs in the bo fom of futurity. When all other things fail us, Hope will ftand by us to the laft. Hope gives freedom to the captives chained to the oar ; health to the fick, while death grins in his VOL. If. K face j 34 Hope, or Expectation face ; victory to the defeated ; and wealth to the beggar, while he is craving an alms : "Leading themftill infenfibly along. By theftrange witchcraft of anon. Cowl. When Alexander the Great took up refolu- tions to make a defcent into Perfia, he gave his patrimonial eftate to his friends ; and haying legally pafled away the whole, Perdiccas faid, * And what, O King, do you referve for your- felf ?' ' My Hopes V (faid Alexander). ' Why, then, of thofe Hopes only will we that ' are your followers be fbarers j* and for that reafon refufed what the King had freely given him j and his example was followed by feveral others. Plutarch in Alexand. p. 672. A Rhodian, taking too much freedom in re- prehending the vices of a tyrant, he was fhut up in a cage ; his hands were cut off, his noftrils flit, and his face disfigured, by many rude gam- es cut in it ; whereupon a friend advifed him to put an end to his miferies, by famifhing him- felf to death ; but he, with great indignation, rejected the propofal, faying, * While a man * has breath, all things are to be hoped for - r * and he would not lofe the pleafure of hoping sf Things to corns. f 35 * to rid himfelf of his prefent affii&ion.' Eraf- mus Ap. 1. 8. p. 171. Hope with a goodly profpeft feeds the eye, Shews from a rifing ground pojfe/fion nigh ; Shortens the diftance, or overlooks it quite ; So eafy 'tis to travel by the fight. Dryd. C. Marius, though of obfcure parentage, was very ambitious, and had deferved well of the public in feveral military expeditions, which gave him hopes of advancing his fortune in civil affairs. Firft, he fought to be made an jEdile of the fuperior clafs, and afterwards folicited for a minor JEdilefhip ; and, though he mifcarried in both, yet ftill his hopes buoyed him up, in ex- pectation of being one day the chief of that fa- mous city ; in which he luckily fucceeded. And, when Sylla profcribed him, and fet his head at a price, and being now in his fixth Confulfhip compelled to wander in ftrange countries, in hourly peril of his life, yet he ftill fupported himfelf by a prediction, that told him he fliould be Conful of Rome a feventh time : Nor was he deceived in his expectations ; for, by a ftrange revolution in public affairs, he was recalled to Rome, and eleded Conful the feventh time. Plut. Apoth. p. 436. But 36 Hope, or Expectation, But Hope ill grounded does often trick and bubble the owner, as it did the Spanifti wo- man that, coming with three of her fons a-beg- ging to a French flioemaker that lived in Spain, he faid to her one day, ' Good woman, I will ' eafe thee of fome part of thy charge ; for, if ' thou leave one of thy fons with me, I wilt * breed him up in my trade, and make him ca- ' pable of living like a man, and to be helpful 4 to his parents alfo.' ' God forbid, (faid the ' womanj, that I mould cafk away my child to ' a flranger, and bring him up to fo' pitiful a 6 mechanic trade as a fhoemaker, fince I live 6 in hopes that the eldeft will be viceroy of ' Naples, the fecond of Mexico, and the young- * eft of Sardinia.' Barclay. Euph. p. 123. Hope, Fortune's cheating lottery ! Where, for one prize, a hundred Hanks there be. Fond archer Hope ! who tak'ft thy aim fo far, That Ji ill, orfhort or 'wide, thy arrows are. Thin empty cloud! which th* eye. deceives With fljapes that our own fancy gives : A cloud, which gilt and painted now appears, But muft drop prefently in tears. Brother of Fear ! more gaily clad ! The merrier fool o'th two, but quite as mad. CHAP. Of Hofpitality, CHAP. V. Of Hofpitality^ -and Entertainment of Strangers : THE Lucanians have a law among them, as unrepeatable as thofe of the Medes and Per- fians, that no man mail refufe the entertain- ment of a ftranger (efpecially if he be under any kind of neceflity), that comes to him after the fun is fet, with a purpofe to lodge with him, and be entertained by him ; and, in cafe of offending againft this law of hofpitality, he is to be fined, ftigmatifed as a mifer, and his houfe to be demolifhed, as unworthy to have one, that was unwilling to atford the ufe of it to him that wanted it. Men that live always to themfelves, had need to have a well timbered bottom ; for, if once it proves leaky, they will find few hands to flop it, but many to wi- den the breaches, that the veflel may fink alto- gether. This was once the glory of England, that a plentiful country was given by Heaven to a hofpitable and charitable people ; but, Mr Fuller fays, good houfe-keeping fetched its lafl groan $8 Of Ho/pit ality, and groan in Kent ; and there is fmall hopes it will ever come to life again, whilft coftly equipages, and gaudy liveries, on idle fellow's backs, takes away what was wont to be laid out in filling empty bellies. Edward Earl of Derby was celebrated for his diffufive charity, and exemplary hofpitality. A true old Englifh Peer, whofe provifions was of the growth of his own country, rather abound- ing rn plenty of fubftantial diet, than in foreign ftudied dimes. His entertainments were de- figned for health and nourimment, and not to gratify over nice and curious appetites : Thefe coft him lefs, and were then more efteemed. His gates were always open, his table conftant and equal, where all were welcome, but none invited. His hall, for the mod part, was full, his gates always ; the one with the gentry and yeomanry of the country, who were his retain- ers in love and honour ; the other with the a- ged, infirm, and induftrious poor, whofe aiking was prevented by alms, and expectation with li- berality ; the firft being provided with meat, the fecond with money, and the third with work. Nor was he bountiful at other men's cofls ; for, once a month, he infpeded his incomes, and once a week he took account of his difburfe- ments,- that none might defraud him, or be wronged Entertainment tf Strangers. 39 wronged by him. When, to the grief of the whole country, he died, it was faid of him, as of the fecond Duke of Norfolk, ' Not a tradef- * man could demand the payment of a groat he * owed them, nor a neighbour or tenant the ref- ' titution of a penny he had wronged them of.' Lloyd's State Worthies, p. 548. Henry Wardlaw, prefentor of < Glafgow in Scotland, was famous for his hofpitality ; info- much that, when the fteward of his houfe com- plained that his family was innumerable, and defired that they might be reduced to a cer- tainty, he condefcended to his propofal j and his fecretary being to fet down their names, he aik- ed his mafter, * With what names he mould be- " gin the lift of his retainers ?' who anfwered, ' Fife and Angus j* which were two provinces that contained millions of inhabitants ; which his fervants hearing, gave over their project of retrenching his family j for they faw he would difmifs none that were already retained, nor hinder any that mould make his houfe their re- fuge for the future. Bp. Spotf. Hift. Scotland, 1. 2. p. 56. Conradus Gefnerus was fo much inclined to hofpitality, that his houfe was always open for the accommodation of flrangers, but efpecially men that were addicted to the ftudy of good li- terature, and thofe he feldom wanted ; as well in %6 Of Hofpitality, and an refpect of his obliging converfation, as that he had an excellent library, a repofitory of great curiofities, both in art and nature, and was communicative of his knowledge. Melch* Adam, in Vit. Germ. p. 160. Calliftratus, a Profeflbr of Rhetoric in the city of Galepfus in Eubea, was renowned for his bounty and hofpitality ; for, when he was at home, a ftranger could hardly fup at any other houfe than his. He was fo full of courtefyj that it was a difficulty to withftand the impor- tunities he ufed in carelling and inviting ftran- gers ; and was the chief man, among others^ that imitated the example of Cimon in liberali- ties. Plut. Mor. 1. 4. p. 707. Gillias, a citizen of Agrigentum, had a large fhare of the goods of fortune, and, which is greater, a will to lay out his wealth to the beft ufes, exactly agreeing with that of Tully : ' Ni- * hil habet fortuna magna majus, quam ut pof- 4 fit nee natura bona melius, quam ut velit, * bene facere quam plurimus.' ' A great for- * tune hath nothing greater in it, than that it ' is able ; and a good nature hath nothing bet- * ter in it, than that it is willing to do good to ' many.' His houfe was the treafury of muni- ficence ; the fcarcity of provifion, in dear years, were fupplied from thence ; and, tho* thefe ex- preflions of his bounty extended to all ingeneral, yet Entertainment of Strangers. 41 yet he relieved the neceffuies of particular per- fons, gave portions to poor virgins, enter- tained ftrangerSj not only in his city, but at his houfes in the country. At one time, he recei- ved and clothed five hundred Gelenfian knights, that by a ftorm at fea were cad aftiore in his territories. Whatever he pofieffed was a com- mon patrimony ; and therefore, not only the ci- tizens of his own city, but all the people of the neighbouring countries, put up prayers and vows for the continuance of his life in a Hate of health and happinefs. Valer. Max. 1. 4. c. 8. p. 24. VOL. II. F II A P. Hufbands, Loving &c. , 43 C H A P. VI. feu/bands. Loving and Unnatural Ones. IT was wittily faid of one, that he that does ftot love his wife is a fool for his own fake, and a greater coxcomb if he has not wit enough to make her believe he loves her ; for there is a refifllefs charm in Kindnefs, that fe- cures our own peace and quiet, difarrns and captivates an enraged fury, and clips the wings that were ready to fly into the embraces of an interloper. LoVe is perfuafive and attractive ; and there are but few fuch monfters among the fair fex, but what will love where they think they are beloved. Love Jludioits hoiv to pfcaje, improves our pans With poliftSd manners^ and adorn* d with arts. It kindles all ibefoitl with Honour* s fire ; -\ Curbs and re/trains extravagant defire> And to be chafte and kind does ft ill confpire. J A jujl heroic pajjlon that can find, No room in any bafe degenerate mind. DRYD. t 44 Hujbands, Loving I know fome angry poets fpit all their venom againft loving hufbands ; but it no way depre- ciates Virtue, but rather advances the efteem of it, to hear the vicious fatirize upon a happinefs that their wives are ftrangers to ; but let us turn our eyes from thefe filly falamanders ; and with pleafure behold fuch affectionate hufbands as have been proficients in this lefibn of matri- monial love and kindnefs. When Darius King of Perfia was defeated by the Macedonian conqueror, and under appre- henfions that his dear wife Statira was flain by the enemy, it went fo much to his heart, that he filled his remaining camp with grievous lamen- tations, faying, ' O Alexander, who among all 4 thy relations have I put to death, that thou ' fhouldft thus retaliate my feverities : thy dif- ' pleafure is caufelefs on my part ; but if thou ' had'ft juftice on thy fide, it is below thy cha- * rafter to make a war againft women ;' but when he heard fhe was alive, and treated by Alexander with the honour and tendernefs that was due to her fex and quality, he then fuppli- cated the Gods, that Alexander might be fuc. cefsful in all his enterprises, though he was his mortal enemy. Zonar. Annal. vol. i. p. 41. Tiberius Gracchus was fo great a lover of his wife Cornelia, that when two fnakes were found and Unnatural Ones. 45 found in his houfe, and according to the fuper- ftition of thofe times, were warned by the Augurs not to fuffer them both to make their efcapes, but to kill one of them ; affuring them, that if the male were let go, Cornelia would die firft; on the contrary, that Gracchus would die firft if the female had its liberty ; ' Then * turn out the female,' faid he, ' that Cornelia *' may out live me, for I am the older of the * two.' It fell out accordingly, Gracchus died, leaving many fons behind him, fo entirely belo- ved by Cornelia, and the memory'of her hufband was precious to her, that fhe refufed to marry with Ptolemy King of Egypt. The death of her hufband lay fo heavy upon her heart, that th fplendour of a crown, the, (late of a queen y and the glory of a kingdom were utterly reject- ed. Val. Max. 1. 4. c. 6. p. 1 14. C. Plautius Numida, a Senator of Rome, had fuch a dear affedion for his wife, that being 1 furprifed with the notice of her death, and un- able to fudain the weight of his forrow, he thruft his fword into his bread, but being hin- dered from putting an end to his days by the interpofition of his domefticks, and his wound being drefled and bound up in order to cure ; yet he was fo refolute in his purpofe, that as foon as he found himfelf alone, he tore off the applications, opened the oiifice which his 46 Hit/bands, Loving his fword had made, and fo let out a foul tha* would not continue in his body, after that of his wife had forfaken its manfion. Charles Dauphin of France having barba- roufly killed John Duke of Burgundy, his fon Philip the Good, who firft gave rife to the houfe of Burgundy, being told the hiilory of it, load- ed with grief and .anger, run into his wife's chamber, who was the Dauphin's fifter, faying, * O my Michalea, thy wicked brother the Dau- ' phin has murdered my father.' The afflicted lady, who had a tender affe&ion for her huf- band, broke out into tears and lamentations, and fearing it might occafion an irreconcilable difference between her and her hufband, re* fufed all confolation ; which the Duke fearing might prejudice her health, thus befpoke her : ' Notwithstanding thy brother's villany, thou * (halt be no lefs dear to me than formerly j it * was none of thy fault, and thou male not fuf- ' fer for his : therefore take courage, and com- * fort thyfelf with this afiurance, that I will be * loving and conftant to thee while I have a " * being.' And he was juft to his prcanife ; for living with her three years after, he always treated her with conjugal refpedt and kindnefs* ' Lipf. Monk. 1. 2. c. 17. p. 388, Oreftilla wife of M. Plautius, hearing her hufband would touch at T arentum in his voyage to and Unnatural Ones. 47 to Afia, went thither on purpofe to make him a vifit, and falling fick of a difeafe that refifted medicines, me died. Plautius having given dire&ions for the folemnity of her funeral, fuitable to her quality, fhe was laid upon the pile to be burnt according to the cuftom of the Romans. The laft office of near relations was to anoint the dead corps, and give it a valedi&ory kifs ; but while thefe ceremonies were perform- ing, the forely afflicted hufband, unable to con- quer his paflion, fell upon his own fword and died. His friends, recovering from their aftonimment, took him up in the fame pofture he was, in his gown and (hoes, and laying his body by that of his wife's burnt them both together. Their fepulchre is yet to be feen at Tarentum, and is called the tomb of the two perfect lovers, Val. Max. 1, 4. c. 6. p. 115. A certain Neapolitan, whofe name, the more's the pity, is not mentioned by my author, being at work in a field bordering upon the fea fide, his wife being at fome diflance from him was feized by the Corfairs of Tunis, and carried on board their veflel. Miffing his wife, and feeing a fhip at anchor, he foon conjectured what the matter was, and throwing himfelf into the fea, fwam to the fhip, telling the Captain, ' He was ' come to take the fame fate with his wife, for * though he underftood the hardfhip and mifery ' he 48 HuJbandS) Loving '. he mufl undergo in flavery, his love had con- 6 quered all difficulties, he neither could nor ' would live but with her.' The Turks admir- ing at the man's unaccountable affection, at their return told it to the King of Tunis, who pleafing himfelf with fo fingular an example of love and conftancy, gave them both their liber- . ties, and by his command the man was made one of his Guard de Corps. Fulgof. 1. 4. c. 6. p. 526. Bajazet I. after the great victory he loft to Tamberlane, among his other afflictions, faw his beautiful wife Defpina, whom he dearly loved, ignominioufly treated by the conqueror in his fight. Other contempts and difgraces he bore with courage, but that being more difhonour- able than all the reft, he fo refented it, that he beat out his brains againft the iron bars of the cage, wherein he was confined to be mewed in / triumph. Ricaut's pref. State of the Turkifh Einp. 1. 2. c. 21. p. 153. But it is to be feared, that the lift of unkind if. not unnatural hufbands does exceed that of good ones, which feems very ftrange, becaufe the ill ones do not defire to be thought fo, though at the fame time they are a contradic- tion and a fcandal to themfelves. But unna- tural hufbands are a reproach to humanity, and worfe than the worft of favage beafts, for the and Unnatural Ones. 49 the male tygers will carefs, cherifh, and defend their females from all kind of injury, and if they are affaulted, will hazard their lives to preferve their mates from danger. But that fome men are funk below brutes, you may read in the following examples. A Frenchman of note in the province of Languednc, whofe name was Villars, married a young, rich, and beautiful lady j but having been formerly addicted to converfe with whores, as loon as honey moon was over, gave up hirn- felf to the fame vicious courfes, flighted and abufed his wife with words and blows ; forfook her bed, took away her clothes, her rings, and jewels, and gave them to his miiirefles, told his wife, ' He did not marry her but her fortune, * which he would fpend upon thofe women that ' he lay with, becaufe he loved them, for he ' never had any kindnefs for her.' All thefe unkindndTes his wife bore with infinite pa- tience, in hopes 'to reclaim him by her niodeit and humble behaviour. At length, finding he had almoft confumed his whole eflate, broughr two of his whores home to lave charges ; lay with one of them every night, and made his wife wait upon them at table, which fhe did without difcovering any trouble or difcontent, at this more than fervile employment ; but the more fhe fought to- humour them, they grew VOL. II. G the- cp Hit/bands, Laving the more damnably infolent ; inibmuch that one of them commanding her to fetch fome water to wafh her hands, and to kneel while {he held the bafon, the lady refufmg fo mean a fubmhTion, the whore threatened to box her ; whereupon the lady taking courage, threw the water in the whore's face, who fquealing out, and the hufband coming to inquire into the reafon of that hideous noife and bawling ; fhe cried out, * Oh your wife has killed me, fhe ' has killed me, revenge my blood ;' and then counterfeiting death, fell upon the ground as if ihe had been really dead ; which the hufband believing, run his wife through the body with his fword, of which wound fhe died immediate- ly, upon which the whore jumped up and fell a kiffing the murderer ; but being apprehend- ed, were all three fentenced to be hanged, Villars as principal, and his two whores as ac- ceflaries, and were executed accordingly. -De Serres. Hifh Fran. 1. 3. c. 1 5. p. 402. Periancfcr of Corinth in a violent paflion, threw his wife upon the ground, and trod her under foot, and though fhe was with child of a boy, continued his rude treatment of her, till flie died upon the place ; but when the fit was pver, and he came to a more fober mind, being fenfible that the murder of his wife proceeded from $e malicious provocation* of his whores ; and Unnatural Oms. 5! he caufed them all to be burnt alive, and ba- niihed his fon co Corcyra, for no other reafon than that he lamented the barbarous ufage of his mother. Patric. de Regno, 1. 10. p. 249. Nero the Emperor, being upon fome trivial occafion incenfed againft his wife Poppaea Sa- bina, he gave her fuch a kick upon the belly that killed her. However, though he was a monfter that feemed to be fent into the world on purpofe to give examples of inhumanity, and to (lock hell with cruel murderers ; yet he fo repented of this barbarous a&ion, that he would not fuffer her to be burnt, according to the then cuftom of the Romans ; but built a funeral pile for her of odoriferous perfumes, and caufed her to be laid in the Julian monu- ment. Patrit. de Reipub. Inftitut. 1. 4. tit. 4* p. 1 66. When M. Antonius loft the day at AcHum* and Herod King of Judea thought himfelf in danger of his life and the lofs of his kingdom * for being his true friend, he thought it advifeable to meet Caefar Auguftus at Rhodes, and en- deavour to pacify him, by alluring him of his future friendmip and afliftance ; and being re- folved upon his journey, affigned the care and cuftody of his wife to Sohemus his particular confident, with command, that if he mould lofe^ his life in his journey, or at the place he was going 52 Hit/lands, Loving going to, that he fhould kill his wife Mariamne ; for which he gave no other reafon, but that no other man might enjoy after his death fo beau- tiful a creature. Mariamne extorted this fecret from Sohemus, and at' Herod's return, he pro- feffirig an extraordinary affection for her, me threw it into his dim, which Herod fo heinoufly refented, that he immediately put Sohemus to death, and not long after the beautiful Mariamne, whom he loved above all the world. So dan- gerous is it to be trufted with a Prince's fecrets. Jofeph. Antiqu. 1. n. Amalafuenta Queen of the Goths, taking a fancy to Theodahitus, made him her hulband, and gave him the title of King, upon condition that he mould enjoy the dignity, but fecure her by his oath, that he mould not concern himfelf with the adminiflration of the government. But no fooner was he inverted with the title of King, but he forgot his oath and obligations to his benefa&refs, recalled her profeffed enemies out of exile, banimed his wife into an ifland in the Vulfmer lake ; and not thinking himfelf fe- cure while Amalafuenta was in being, he fent fome of his inilruments in mifchief to take away her life, who rinding her in a bath, Wran- gled her there without delay or other cere- mony, Zuinger. Theatr. vol. 19. 1. 2. p. 3527. I and Unnatural Ones. 53 I faw one John Taylor a blackfmith in Nor- thamptonfhire, executed at Abbington gallows, for beating his wife's brains out with a great hammer ; who made no other defence at his trial, * but that me had given him his pottage * fo hot to his breakiaft, that they burned his ' mouth, and raifed a blifter on his tongue,' for which he thought to correct her, not to kill her ; but being in a great pafiion, ftruck a little too hard, which contrary to his firfl intention, put an end to her life. CHAP. ' .wr.6' nt f A il > Of Ulenefs and Sloth. 55 CHAP. VII. Of Idlenefs and Sloth. IDLENESS and voluptuoufnefs is a fervile, weak, and degenerate habit ; and that of the mind is worfe than that of the body. Wit, without employment, is a difeafe, aerugo animi rubigo ingenii, the rufl and canker of the foul, a plague, a hell itfelf, maximum animi nocumen- tum, as Galen calls it ; for as, in a (landing pool, worms and naufeous creepers multiply, fo do vicious thoughts in an idle perfon. The body that is idle, and knows not how to beftow itfelf, contracts innumerable difeafes. An idle dog will grow mangy ; and how can an idle perfon think to efcape the filling their bodies with grofs humours, crudities, wind, and their minds with heavy, dull, phlegmatic indifpofi- tions and difcontents ? for, fo long as they are idle, it is impofiible to pleafe them : They know not when they are well, or whither they would go, but are tired out with every thing, difpleafed with all, and even weary of life itfelf, becaufe they know not how to difpofe of the time that lies 56 Of Idlenefs and Sloth, lies upon their hands. The God of Sloth, fay the Poets, is a negligent, carelefs Deity : His leaden limbs at gentle eafe are laid, With poppies and dull nighijhade round himfpread. No pajjions interrupt his eafy reign, No problems puzzle his lethargic brain ; But dull oblivion guards his peaceful bed, And lazy fogs bedew his thought lejs head. Thus at full length the pamper* d monarch lay, Batfning in eafe, and Jlumbenng lift away. Gar. I,,., l . , j. 't K > - .}.-,,_ f...... {V- T 'ir<* ?') "- r ->"* v- Altad?s or Althadas, called by Julian the African Sethos. was the elevemh King of the Aflyrians, though fome put him the tenth, and others the twelfth in their catalogue of Mo- narchs. He was fo idle and flothful, that he reckoned all bufmefs but fo many arguments of folly. He laid down thefe two things as infal- lible maxims, viz. that he was a vain and fool- ifh man that engaged himfelf in any war ; and, that he was the greateft fool of all that toiled and fatigued himfelf, to leave an eftate to his pofterity ; and, at the fame time, ftained his dignity with the hateful epithets of Coward and Infidel, in fpending his whole life in the fociety of whores and catamites. Gamer. Oper. Sub, cent. 2. c. 32. p. 137. Domitian Of Idlenefs and Stotfi. $f Domitian the Emperor, fon of Vefpafian and the Emprefs Domicilla, was fo addi&ed to idle- nefs and floth, that he negle&ed the affairs of the Empire, and confumed his time in pricking flies to death with the point of a pin or needle ; and, from that impertinent exercife, Was called the Imperial Fly-catcher, of whom he made fuch a deftriiction, that .one afking who was with the Emperor, was anfwered, he is alone, ' Ne 'mufca quidem ; y ' there is not fo much as a 4 fly in his apartment.'- Textor. Offic. 1. 5. c. 47- P. 6?9- Romaniis, grandfoh to Romanus Laucape- hus, was fo wholly given up to idlenefs, that he thought it a great hardfhip upon him to have his clothes put on, and to be troubled to put them off again when he went to bed : He could find no time to fpare from Iwilling, drinking, and fuch like fottifh pleafures ; fo that, if the affairs bf the Empire had not been entrufted to the care of Praefe and Others WHEN men, through a lupine and carelefs temper, are unwilling, or, defect of capacity, are unable, to aflift in discovering and impro- ving art and nature, or refolving doubts that have been long flubbered over, under the idle notion of occult qualities, or infuperable diffi- culties ; they prefently either, with Valentinian or Licinius, two Roman Emperors, decry learn- ing in generalj or fay it was at the height of perfection among the ancients, in whofe opi- nions fucceeding ages ought to acquiefce, with- out prefuming to examine their dictates, im- prove their notions, or make one ftep out of, or beyond the track they have prefcribed us. A conceit, than which nothing is more abfurd, or of worfer confequence, in (lifting ingenuity, and encouraging miftakes, impofitions, and errors. It was in droufy times, when learning was at the lowed ebb, that Popery and Mahometifm got footing in the world. It was in thofe days that; 7* Of the Ignorance of that aftronomy, mathematics, and curious me- chanical performances, were flandered with re- proachful epithets ; and all ingenious improve- ments accounted no lefs than mifprifion of trea- fon againft thofe reigning monarchs, Prefent Sufficiency, Incuriofity, and Affected Igno- rance, which were employed as foft, eaiy, and wholefome pillows, for well contrived, felf- con- ceited, and uninduftrious heads to reft upon. Now, the defign of this Chapter is not fo much to expofe the ancients, and diiparage their ac- quirements and prescriptions, as to mew that, while the world endures, there will be occafion for a further progrefs in all commendable arts and fciences. Boniface, Archbimop of Mentz, lighting up- on a treatife that learnedly di. covered there were fuch men as Antipodes, written by Virgi- lius Bifhop of Saltfburg, thought the notion fo ridiculous, impoffible, and damnable, that he made complaint againft this new doctrine ; firft to the Duke of Bohemia, and afterwards to Pope Zachary, in the year 745 ; who taking it into confideration, and willing at once to (hew his zeal was as great, as his knowledge infal- lible, he condemned the author of it as guilty of herefy, and fent him into banifhment ; where he gave the learned Bifhop time enough to be- wail the Ancients, and Others. 73 his unhappinefs, in living in an age where ignorance was better efteemed than learning. St Auguftin, La&antius, and venerable Bede alfo, oppofed the growth of this opinion, as contemp- tible and fabulous. Hackw. Apol. 1. 3. c. 8. p. 248. All novelties muft this fuccefs expe} 9 When good our envy, and, when bad, neglefl. Gar, What a low tide there was of learning in our own country among our nobility about two hundred and fifty years ago, who now have a juft pretence to a large (hare of it, is but too apparent by the motto engraved on the (word of the famous martial Earl of Shrewsbury, who was General in France to King Henry VI. which was in no better Latin than, ' Sum Tal- ' bod, pro occidere inimicos meos.' Full. Ecc f Hid. Preface to, 1. 2. p. 47. Rhemigius, a Latin commentator upon St Paul's Epiltles, difcourfing upon thefe words, ' A vobis diftamatus eft Sermo,' tells us very learnedly, that diffamatus, though fomewhat im- properly, was put for Divulgatus, St Paul not being over curious in the choice of his words ; in which the commentator doubly difcovered his own ignorance ; firft, in accufing St Paul as VOL. II. K not 74 Of the Ignorance of underftanding, or neglecting, the propriety of words, whom all the learned world admire, as the moft polite writer of his age, and as hap- py in the ufe of apt words, as in the excellency of his matter : And next, in not knowing that St Paul wrote in Greek, and not in Latin. Hackw. Apol. 1. 3. p. 236. While I am mentioning commentators, I can- not omit two confiderable blunders, or igno- rant expofitions, (among many others), com. mitted by the AfTembly of Prefbyterian and In- dependant Divines in the late times of Rebel? lion, in their printed Annotations on the Bible. The firfl is, where Ifaack, being declining in years, defired to eat fome of his fon's venifon ; and Jacob prefenting his father with two kids ; the queftion is learnedly afked, ' Why two kids ' to an old and feeble man ?' which is as learn- edly anfwered in the fame paragraph, viz. ' That one kid was for meat, and the other for ' fauce.' This you may find in the firft impref- fion of their Annotation. Had it not been as proper, that one kid might have been referved for another day ? The other i? on the New Teftament, where Herod having commanded all the children un- der two years old to be killed, in hopes, by that means* to have deftroyed the Saviour of the world,, the Ancient S) and Others. 75 World, they glofs upon his cruelty after this manner, viz. ' It was a fad piece of exemplary * injuftice, to murder thefe infants without * bringing them to a lawful trial.' Which, (with fubmiflion), I think is but an impertinent glofs j for, at two years old and under, they would have made but a very indifferent de- fence, unlefs Herod had been fo kind to have allowed the children counfel. Pope Zachary, in his Refcript to a Bifhop, named Boniface, told him, that a prieft in that country was fo abominably ignorant in the La- tin tongue, that he adminiflered the facrament of baptifm in this form, ' Baptizo te in nomine ' Patria, et Filia, et Spiritua Sancla.' And E- rafmus fays, that, in his time, were fome priefts who undertook to prove that heretics ought to be put to death, from thefe words, ' iiaereti- ' cum hominem devita,' which it feems their ignorance led them to interpret, as if the Apof- tle had faid, ' De vita tolle.' ' Take away their * fins,' when the Apoille bids us only avoid them. To which give me leave to add, that, in my travels in Spain, I have feen fcores of priefts come out of their churches from faying mafr, of which not one in twenty have underilood a word of Latin ; fo that, if God Almighty mould have anfwered their prayers in the fame lan- guage in which they had been praying to him, they 7 6 Of the Ignorance of they would not have known what he faid. ~ Hackwell, Apol. p. 132. Du Pratt, a Bifhop and Chancellor of France, Raving received a letter from King Henry VIIL of England to King Francis I. of France, where- in, among other more weighty affairs, he found thefe words, Mitto tibi duodecim moloffos.' * I fent you herewith twelve maftiff dogs.' The Chancellor understanding the word moloffbs to fignify mulesy gave himfelf the fatisfa&ion of a journey to the King his mafter to beg them of him, who admiring he mould have a prefent from the King of England of mules, with which France abounded, and there were but few or none in England, the King demanded a fight of the letter, and fmiling at it, the Chancellor faw himfelf under a miftake, and told the King he miftook molojfos for muletos ; and fo, endea- vouring to get out of the dirt, leapt into the mire, made the matter worfe than it was before. Ibid. p. 237. King Alrred, in his Preface to St Gregory's Paftoral, which that monarch tranflated into Englifh for his recreation, fays, that, when he firft poflefled the crown of England, he fcarce knew one clergyman on the fouth fide of Hum- ber that underftood his fervice in Latin, or that could tranflate one of Tully's Epiftles into Eng- lifh j which poflibly the fuperior clergy encou- raged, the Ancients -, and Others. 7- raged, from that miftaken principle in the Ro. man Church, ' That ignorance is the mother * of devotion.' Ibid. p. 5. By the confeffion of Herodotus, Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, the head of the river Nilus in Egypt was unknown to the antients, to which alfo Ovid alludes, Nilus in extremum fugit pert err itus orbem, Occulititque caput quod ad hue latet. Nile fled for fear to the world's utmoft bound* And hid his head, which cannot yet be found. But latter times, and a more diligent inquifi- tion, have difcovered, that the head of Nile is a well that fprings out of the ground in a large plain called Ovembromma, in the province of Ago, which cafts up the water very high ; the well being twelve days journey jfrom Gouthar, the capital city of Ethiopia. Thefe waters run- ning northwards, pafs by feven cataracts before they enter into Egypt. There are no moun- tains near its head by three week's journey. > Ibid. 1. 3. c. 8. p. 248. Geography; or a description of the globe of the earth univerfally, as it confifts of land and water, with the principles of the fphere, its cir- cles, points, poles, and petitions ; the zones and climes, 78 Of the Ignorance of climes, and their inhabitants ; the longitude and latitude of places, with the ufe of the globes ; though the ancients had fome know* ledge of, yet they owe the perfection they are now arrived at to the care and induftry of later times. Bernd. Pref. to Bohun's Geog. Dic- tion. The great Ariftotle and Ptolemy, with other ancient philofophers, formed their fyftem of the world upon an hypothefis, that the earth ftands in the midft and center of it unmoved. At the fame time, Plato, Pythagoras, Archimedes, and their followers, had a notion of the motion of the earth upon its own axis about the fun, as the center ; but, not digefting their notion into that form, as was necefiary for the folution of things by it, it flept for many ages, till of late Copernicus, Tycho, Brahe, and Cartefius, with great art and pains, have brought it to fuch a certainty, as gives fatisfa&ion to mod of the virtuofi j though there are Sophi in the world who ftand by the former fyftem, and ft ill folve the doctrine of the fphere by it. Ibid. The bringing of the compafs to the perfec- tion it has now attained, has been the work of the ingenuity of later ages, fmce Flavia Gioia, an Italian of the city of Malfi, in the kingdom of Naples, invented the Needle in the year 1300 j for, though anciently the Greeks and Romans the Ancients and Others. 79 Komans knew and had the loadftone amongft them : Quern Magneta vacant Patrio de nomine Graii: Magnetum quiajlt pair Us dejlnibus ortus* Lucret, That is, the Greeks found it near Heraclea, a town in the territory of Manifia in Lydia, in the Lefler Afia, from whence it is called Lapis Lydius, and Lapis Heraclius; yet they knew not how to apply it to the purpoies of naviga- tion, which was the invention of later times. r Ibid. The ancients held that, under the middle or burning zone, the heat was fo exceflive and fcorching, that there were no inhabitants in it, k was impolfible for people to endure it ; but later difcoveries (hew it to be as healthful, tem- perate, and pleafant a fituation as the world af- fords. Herb. Trav. 1. 3. p. 343. They were alib wholly ignorant of America, which we now call the Weft Indies, till it was difcovered by Chriftopher Columbus, a Genoeze, who may be faid to be a greater he- ro than Hercules, for he difcovered a greater world, and went far beyond his nil ultra. All antiquity cannot parallel that exploit, which he found out by the mere ftrength of his wit, and his So Of the Ignorance of his {kill in the mathematical fciences ; for, con- templating with himfelf, that the equator, or great circle in the heavens, divided the whole world into two equal parts, and finding that there was fuch a proportion of earth on the north-eaft fide, he concluded that there muft needs be as much on the fouth-weft fide of it to counterbalance the globe, and make the heavenly circle to be juft in its divifion. He propounded the making the experiment to his own countrymen ; but they looked upon it as a fancy. King Henry VII. of England faid it was a ridiculous projeft ; Alphonfus V. defpifed it ; but, at laft, addreffing himfelf to Ifabella, Queen of Caftile, ,fhe accommodated him for that voyage, and it had its effect. Hackw. A- pol. 1. 3. c. 7. p. 249. Neither Herodotus or Thucydides, nor any of the Grecian writers that were contempora- ries with them, have in the lead particular men- tioned the old Romans, though they were both Europeans, and at that time the moft formi-r dable people in the world, and had fubdued a great part of it. The Greeks were alfo utterly ignorant of the Gauls and Spaniards ; and one of their bed authors took Spain, which he calls Iberia, to be only a city j though geographers account it to contain above one thoufand one hundred the Ancients^ and Others. 8 1 hundred thirty-fix French miles. Jofeph againft Appian, 1. i. p. 768. Great and learned men^ faith Pliny, that were greater proficients in the ftudy of natu- ral caufes than others, feared the utter extinc- tion of the great luminaries, or that fome mif- chiefs would befal them in their eclipfes. Pin- 4arus and Stefichorus were fubjecl: to this dread, and afcribed the falling of their lights to the power of fafcination. VOL. II. L, C II A P, the force of it* 83 CHAP. X. Imagination^ the force of it. c FORT is imaginatio generat cafum,' fays the Schoolmen, * a ftrong imagination begets ao * cident/ and is itfelf but the product of fancy, \vhich though it be a fubordinate faculty to reafon, and fhould be guided by it ; yet being hurt by fome inward or outward diftempera- ture, or defeat of organs, it juflles all men, and many are overthrown by its illufions. A concourfe of humours and vapours troubling the fancy, makes us imagine many times ab- furd and prodigious things ; and in fuch as are troubled with the incubus, they imagine an old woman fits fo hard upon them, that they are almoft ftifled for want of breath, when it is no- thing but ill humours that trouble the fancy. ' Ab imaginatione oriuntur affetiones, quibus e anima componitur, aut turbata deturbatur.' Sarifburienfis, and Wierius attribute all the fond (lories of witches, their progrelTes, flying, dancing, riding, transformations, and opera- tions, to the ftrength of imagination. But moft in 84 Imagination, the force of if. in paffions and affections, it has wonderful and evident effects ! What ftrange forms of bug- bears, apparitions, witches, devils, and goblins, are created by the force of imagination, with other unaccountable effects, which you will find in the following examples. A Jew in France, fays Ludovicus Vives, came by chance over a dangerous paffage, or plank tliat lay over a brook in the dark, without harm ; the next day perceiving what danger he had been in, fell down dead at the fight of a danger he had efcaped. Lib. 3. de Anim. cap. de Melanchol. A gentleman having led a company of little children into the fields, further than they ufed to walk, they began to be quite tired, and call- ed out to the gentleman to carry them, for they could go no further ; but he being unwilling to give himfelf that trouble, and befides was un- able to carry them all, which mud difoblige fome of them ; he relieved himfelf with this invention, faying, be content a little my dear children, and I will provide you every one a horfe to ride home on ; accordingly he went to the next hedge, and cut them geldings out of it ; and the fuccefs anfwered the device, for being mounted on thefe wooden deeds, the ftrength of fancy added new mettle to their legs*, Imagination, the force of it. 83 legs, and they trudged chearfully home. Dr Fuller. A noble Portuguefe was overwhelmed with this melancholy imagination, that God would not forgive him his fins, and fo continued in defpair, without receiving any benefit from pious difcourfes fuited to his condition, or the ufe of phyfic. At laft his chamber door being locked, about midnight, the roof of his houfe being untiled, they let down an artificial angel into his room^ with a drawn fvvord in his right hand, and a lighted torch in his left, who called him by his name. He immediately leaped out of his bed, and adored the angel, which he faw cloth- ed all in white, with a beautiful countenance. The angel commanded to hearken to his mef- fage, which was to tell him, ' That he mould ' no longer afflict himfelf as he had done, for * all his fins were pardoned ;' which having faid, the counterfeit angel put out his torch, and was drawn up again. The poor man over- joyed at fuch a fignai favour, and arTurance (as lie imagined) from heaven, calls up his people, and tells them what had happened to him ; and the next day gave the fame relation to his phy- ficians, who humoured the artifice, congratula- ted his happinefs, and pronounced him a holy man. Soon after he found an appetite to his meat, eat heartily, flept quietly, and enjoyed hi in fe If 86 Imagination, the force of it. himfelf as formerly, without ever relapfing into his late indifpofition. Zacut. Lucit. prax. adm. 1. i. obfer. 45. p. 35. 36. Mr Edward Smith, Secretary to the Philofo- phical Society at Dublin in Ireland, fent this extraordinary effect of the power of imagina- tion, to the Secretary of the Royal Society in London, in March 1687, in thefe words: One Elizabeth Dooly of Kilkenny, was aged thirteen years in January laft ; her mother being with child of her, was frighted by a cow as me was milking of her, thrown down, and hit on her temple, within an eight of an inch of her eye, by the cow's teat. This child has exadlly in that place, a piece of flefh refembling a cow's teat, about three inches in length : It is very red, has a bone in the midft, about half the length of it j it is perforated, and me weeps through it ; when me laughs it wrinkles up, and contracts to two thirds of its length, and it grows in proportion to the reft of her body. She is as fenfible there as in any other part. This is looked upon to be as ftrange an in- Itance of the ftrength of imagination as can be produced. Philofophical Tranfaft. R. S. p. 334. anno 1687. In the city of Prague, a woman was deliver- ed of a male child, whofe forelkin was cut and. inverted j which was occafioned by the vehe- ment Imagination^ the force of it. 87 ment imagination of the mother, who, three weeks before me was brought to bed, had been entertained with a difcourfe of the manner of the Jewifh circumcifion, to which as it proves {he had been too attentive. I (fays my author) was an eye v/itnefs of this accident, being brought by the famous Kepler to fee the child, who was at that time about two years of age. Addit. ad Donat. per. Hoft. 1. 7. p. 667. Rodericus Fonfeca gives us a relation, of a man who being feized with a burning fever, leaning over his bedfide, pointed with his finger to the chamber floor, defiring thofe that were with him, to let him fwim a little while in that lake, and he mould be well. His phyfician agreeing to the conceit, the patient walked carefully about the room, faying prefently, the water was as high as his knees, by and by it was come to his loins, and foon after it rofe as high as his throat ; then (behold the force of imagination) e he faid he was very well,' and in truth was fo. De Sanitat. tuenda. c. 24. P- 95- A woman of an ordinary degree, who dwelt at Leyden near St Peter's church, was deliver- ed of a child in due form in every part, but had a head like cat. Imagination produced this monflrous birth ; for while the mother was great, 38 Imagination, the force of it. great, me was terribly frightened with a cat which was got into her bed. Bartholinus tells us in his Anotomical Hif- tory, that there was a man in England, that would not pifs, left all the blood in his body fhould iflue out at that paffage, and therefore tied it up, till he had raifed fuch a tumor that would have killed him in two or three days more, if his brother had not loofed the band. I have read fomewhere of another, that would not pifs for fear of drowning the world, and was cured by fetting an out-houfe on fire, and begging him to pifs it out left the world mould be burnt. Schenckius tells us of one that thought his nofe was as big as an Elephant's trunk ; and of another that believed his but- tocks were made of glafs, and therefore did ail he had to do (landing, for he .durft not fit down for fear of breaking them. Cent. i. p. 115. -Hift. Med. p. 124. A young melancholy perfon had a ftrong imagination, that he was dead to all intents and purpofes, and therefore requefted his pa- rents, that he might be buried out of the way, and not kept to (link above ground. His phy- ficians advifed the humouring him in this fancy, to fee what effect it would have upon him. He was wrapped up in his winding-fheet, laid upon the bier, and was carrying towards the church : where Imagination, the force of it 89 where upon the way two or three merry wags, hired for that purpofe, afked the bearers who it was they were carrying to his long home, who told them his name. It is very well replied one of them, the world is well rid of him, for he was a very vicious fellow, and his parents have a good turn in it, better follow him to the grave, than the gallows, for that in all likeli- hood would have been the end of him* The young man vexed at thefe reproaches^ roufed himfelf upon a bier ; and in a fmart accent told them, * They might be afhamed to flander the ' dead, and that if he had been alive, as he was * dead, he would teach them better manners.' But the men followed their cue, and gave him worfe words than before ; which putting him out of all patience, he leaped from the bier, and fell upon them with fuch fury, that putting the fpirits and blood into motion, difiipated the humours, fo that he awaked as a man out of a. trance, and being conducted homej and care- fully attended, he foon recovered his ftrengthj health and underftanding.- Hey wood's Hier- archy, p. 551. Lemnius writes, that in his memory an illuf- trious perfon fell into an imagination that he was dead, and for feven days had refufed all kind of food and drink, fo that his friends fear* ing this obftinate humour would kill him in- VOL. !J. M deed, 90 Imagination, the force of it. deed, they invented this ftratagem. His room being darkened for the purpofe, fome fellows wrapped up in grave clothes, bringing in vic- tuals into the room fell (6 it very heartily, which the f;ck man feeing, made his ftomach \vambie, and he afked them who they were ? and what they were doing ? they told him they were certain dead men that made bold with his room to make their fupper in it : What fays he, do dead men eat and drink ? Yes, yes, faid they, don't you fee they do, and if you would fit down with us you would eat alfo. Imme- diately the fick man leaped out of his bed, fat down and eat as plentifully at the reft. Supper being ended, he fell into a fleep, and by often adminiftering narcoticks, (which are the only remedies .in this difeafe) he recovered. De Complex. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 124. Sir Kenelm Digby acquaints us, that a near kinfwoman of his, accuftomed herfclf to the xVearing of black patches upon her face ; and he to perfuade her againft that faihion, told her, in, jeft, that the next child fhe had, would be born with a black fpot in its forehead ; which appre- henfion was fo efficacious in her imagination, at the time of her conception, and afterwards, that the child was marked in the fame place and manner, as the mother had fancied ; of which there need no further confirmation, than the Imagination, the force of it. 9 1 the young lady herielf, upon whom the mark remains but too vifible. Treatife of Bodies, c. 38. p. 329. To conclude, how many are fick only by the ftrength of imagination ? we often fee men caufe themfelves to be let blood, purged, and phyficked, to be cured of the difeafes which they are no where fenfible of, but in their opi- nions. When real infirmities fails us, know- ledge lends us hers : That colour, that com- pleclion, pretends fome deflu&ion : This hot ieafon threatens us with a fever : This breach in the life line of your left-hand, gives notice of a dangerous difeafe approaching ; whereas, if people would feel no pain or ficknefs till they were fo, they would enjoy more health, and phyficians would have fewer fools to make ex- periments upon. C II A P. Impoftors of fever al Kinds . 93 CHAP. XI. Impqftors of federal Kinds THE grand Impoftor, who is the immediate tutor to all others under thac denomination, is the Devil, who transforms himfelf into an angel of light, to deceive and deftroy mankind ; for being damned himfelf, he makes it his whole bu- finefs to draw as many as refign themfelves to his conduct: into endlefs and infernal torments. His immediate fuccefibrs are generally the mud and dregs of the people ; illiterate brain-fick enthufiafls, and beggarly, ambitious, upftart re- bels, whofe pride and vanity not fuftering them to be content in the mean circumflances they were born to, mount them on the wings of pre- fumption into vifionary greatnefs, and then they fet up for no lefs than Gods, Emperors, Kings, Princes, or infpired Prophets j to the great diftur- bance of the church, difquiet of the ftate, and ruin of their country j till the giddy adherents being weary of the new fangle, or undeceived by a dear bought experience, they defert their leader ; 94 Impoftors of fever al Kinds. leader ; juftice overtakes the impoilor, and ends the fhow by the hands of an executioner. Falfe Chrifts. Adrian was no fooner poffefled of the Em- pire, in the year of Chrift 128 bui he ,<> aid the fame difpofition in the Jews to revolt as they had done in the reign of his predecetTor Trajan ; and therefore recalled Julius tSeverus out of Britain, and lent him into Syria to cha- ilifc thefe mutineers. But when he came he found them fo well fortified, and many in num- ber, and thofe confiding generally of thieves, robbers, and fuch like defpera<1oes, that he thought it more prudential to protracl the war, than hazard the lofs of his whole army. That which made the Jews gather together in fuch vaft numbers was, that they were headed by one that called himfelf the Meffiah ; and, in al!u- fion to the prophecy of Mofes, in Numbers 24. which faid, ' That a ilar fhould arife out of Ja- ' cob,* &c. he took the name of Bencochah, which fignifies the Son of a Star ; others fay Barcochab, which is the fame ; for Ben and Bar, in the Hebrew tongue, equally fignify a Son. This importer was in poiTeffion of fifty caftles in Judea, and 980 to\vns and villages, befides on ef federal Kindr* g $ befides Bethoron, which Severus had befieged now three years and a half; and then it was that Adrian came againft it in perfon. It is al- moft incredible what refiftance the befieged mnde, with many defperate Tallies, and great lofs of blood. Three hundred thoufand Jews were killed, befides what perifned by the plague and famine. Bencochab was killed in the laft fally, after which Bethoron was taken j and now the Jews finding him neither immortal nor the Mtfliah, inftead of Bencochab, called him Benf- cofba, the Son of a Lie Some of the Jews efcaped, and the reft were put to death. Jean Baptift. de Rocoles les Import. Infignes. 1. 7. p. 497. Under the tyrannical ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell, anno 1056, one James Naylor, born in Yorkfhire, a great enthufiail, and one of the firft and principal ringleaders of the fed called Quakers, having, in procefs of time, gained a great name among that impertinent people for his pretended fanclity, took upon him to per- fonate Chrift our Saviour ; and was attended in- to the city of Briltol by feveral of his deluded prolelytes of both fexes, fmging Hofanna before him, itrewing his way with herbs and flowers, ufmg the fame expreflions, and paying him the fame honours, as the Jews did our blefled Savi- our when he rode into Jerufalem ; for which he 9 6 Impoftors of fever al Kinds. he was convented before a pretended Parliament then fitting at Weftminfter, by whom he was fentenced to be whipped ; to be fet on the pil- lory before the Royal Exchange, London ; there to be burnt through the tongue, and branded with a hot iron in the forehead with the letter B, for a Blafphemer. All which was executed upon him j but he mowed no concern at the fin or punifhment ; which being done, one Rich, a merchant, got upon the pillory, embraced the impoflor Naylor, and licked his forehead with his tongue. From thence he was fent to Briflol, where he was whipped through the ftreets, and afterwards committed prifoner to the caftle at Guernfey during life, in com- pany with Lambert, to whom he had been a foldier in the late rebellion. Hift. of England, Octavo, vol. 2. p. 1656. Sabatai Sevi, a Jewifti impoftor, anno 1666, was the fon of Mordecai Sevi, an inhabitant of Smyrna, who got his livelihood by being a bro- ker to an Englifh merchant there ; but his fon Sabatai Sevi, addicting himfelf to ftudy, became a great proficient in the Hebrew tongue and Metaphyfics ; and, being a cunning fophifter, and broaching new doctrines among the Jews, was banifhed that city. During his exile, he travelled into Theffalonica, now called Salonica, and from thence is roving head carried him to Tripoli Impoftors of federal Kinds. 97 Tripoli in Syria, Gaza, and Jerufalem, where, aflbciating himfelf with a certain Jew, named Nathan, he communicated to him his intentions of declaring himfelf to be the Meffiah, fo long expected and earneflly defired by the Jews. This defign took wonderfully with Nathan, who, to uphold the impoflurifm, called himfelf Elias, or the Prophet, forbidding all Jewim farts ; for, fmce the Bridegroom was come, no- thing but joy and triumph ought to pofiefs their habitations. This noife and rumour of the Meffiah having begun to fill all places, Sabatai Sevi reiolved to travel towards Smyrna, the place of his nativity, and thence to Conftantinople, where the prin- cipal work of preaching was to be performed. Coming to Smyrna, he fo ingratiated himfelf with the common people, though the doctors of their law looked upon him as a vile importer, that they entertained him with fuch a pageantry of greatnefs, that no comedy could equal the mock mows they reprefented ; but, as the prefent oc- cafion feemed to require it, fo the vulgar ex- pefted fome miracles ; and the imaginations of the people were fo vitiated, that any legerde- main would pafs among them for a miracle more eafy than thofe performed by Mofes : And an occafion happening, that Sabatai was to ap- pear before the Kadee or Judge of the city, on VOL. II. N behalf 98 Impqftors of fever al Kinds. behalf of his fubjefts under oppreflion, it was thought neceffary that a miracle mould be wrought now or never. When Sabatai appear- ed, he put on a Pharifaical gravity ; and fome, on a fudden, avouched that they faw ' a pillar ' of fire between him and the Kadee," which was prefently carried through the whole room, fome of whom, who ftrongly fancied it, vowed and fwore it j and the reft ftedfaftly believing it, the report run without* probability of being flopped j and Sabatai returned to his houfe tri- umphant, wanting no other miracle to confirm the faith of the credulous multitude. From Smyrna he went towards Conftanti- nople, where the Jews, hearing their Melfiah was near, prepared to receive him with the fame joy as had been exprefied in other places. The Grand Vizier being then at Gonftantinople, and having heard much pf this importer, and the diforder and madnefs he had raifed among the Jews, fent two boats, while the faick that brought him lay wind-bound, with command to bring him prifoner to the port j where Saba- tai being come, was committed to the moft loathfome and darkeft dungeon in the city, there to remain in expectation of the Vizier's further fentence. This fevere treatment no- thing difcouraged the Jews, but they became as at Conftantinople as at other places, and paid Impoftors of federal Kinds 99 paid him the fame refpects in the dungeon as if he had been upon the fublime throne of Judah. Here he continued about two months, and then, was fent prifoner to the Dardanelli, which be- ing a better air and place, the Jews (till inter- preted it in his favour, and flocked in great numbers to the eaftle, not only from the neigh- bouring places, but alfo from Poland, Germa- ny, Venice, Amfterdam, and other places where the Jews refided. Which great concourfe of the Jews caufed the Turks not only to raife the prices of their provifions and lodgings, but they refufed to admit any to the prefence of Sabatai under the price of fometimes five, fometimes tea dollars, more or lefs, as they gueffed at the abi- lity or zeal of the perfon j by which exceilive gain to the Turks, no complaints or advices were carried to Adrianople either of the con- courfe or arguments of the Jews in that place^ but rather had all civilities and liberties indul- ged to them, which further enfnared this poor people in the bdief of their Meffiah. But, by feme means or other, the Grand Signior having received information of the ex- travagant madnefs of the Jews, and the preten- ces of Sabaui, he grew big with defires to fee him ; who was no foonef brought to Adria- nople, but he was carried the fame hour before the Grand Signior. Sabatai now appeared much dejected* i oo I/npo/lors of fevered Kinds. dejefted, and utterly fallen from that courage which he had difcovered upon other occafions. The Sultan, at firft tight, demanded a miracle of him, to prove he was the Meffiah, which was, ' If he found him invulnerable againfl the ' arrows of archers that he mould appoint to ' moot at him, then he would believe him j* but Sabatai not having faith enough to Hand fo (harp a trial, confeffedhe was a Jew, and had no privilege or virtue above that of the reft of that nation. However, the Grand Signior knowing he was guilty of high treafon, in fay- ing he was to take the crown from the Grand fciignior, and to lead him captive in chains ; he told him his crime could not be expiated with- out becoming a Mahometan convert, which, if he refufed to do, the ftake was ready at the pa- lace-gate to impale him to death. Sabatai being now reduced to his laft fhift, anfwered with great ehearfulnefs, ' That he was contented to ' turn Turk, and that it ,was not of force, but ' of choice, having been a long time defirous of * fo glorious a profefiion.' And here was the nan plus ultra of all the blufter and nolle that was raifed through thegreateft part of the world about this lewd impoftor. Jean. Baptift. de Recoles, de les Impoft. Infignes. 1. 7. p. 502. In the year of our Lord ^48, in the reign of the Emperor Theodo/ius the younger, a certain Jewifh Impoftors of federal Kinds. Jewifh importer appeared in the infulary kingdom of CanJia, who Ihid he was the prophet Mofes; and promifed th-i Jews, who were in great num- bers in that kingdom, to lead them thro* the Red Sea dry footed, without the help of veflels, as he hud done their forefathers, under the reign of Pharaoh King of JEgypt, and delivered them from fervuude. He laid he was the fame pro- phet Mofes whom God had fent from heaven to be their conductor, to repofiefs them of the an- cient and pleafant land of their inheritance. Thefe things he daily inculcated, and afligned a time for their departure out of that ifland into Paleftine ; by \vhich artifice he got great fums of money from them. When the prefixed time of their departure was come, he led them to the fea fide, and commanded thofe that wereneareft the fea to caft themfelves into it j and fuch was the folly and blmdnefs of many of them, that they obeyed him, and threw themfelves into the waves ; fome of which were charitably faved by fifhermen that took them into their vef- feis ; who called to the reft that were afhore not to precipitate themfelves into ruin ; by which the reft of thefe miferable creatures were faved. The impoftor ftole away, and made his efcape. However, this impoftor fo opened the eyes of feveral of thefe poor creatures, that they embra- ced Chriftianity, e Socrate Auteur Grec ra- * conte Impoftors of fever al Kinds. ( conte cette Hiftoire,' fays my author. Ibid* p. 497. Andrifcus was a perfon of obfcure birth, and mean condition, in Macedonia, having no bet- ter way to get a poor livelihood than by day- labour ; yet, having the confidence to call himfelf Philip, the fon of King Perfeus, whom he fomewhat refembled in his countenance, he had foon power to raife a great army ; for fome, though they did not believe it, yet, in hatred of the Rrnoans, complied with him ; who at firfl was fo fuccefsful as to overthrow a Roman Praetor, but at laft was conquered by Metellus, led in chains to Rome, and there expofed to the public contempt, fcorn, and derifion of the mobility. Lipf. Monit. 1. 2. c. 5. p. 188. Demetrius Soter, King in Aflyria, making war upon the people of Antioch, who knowing themfelves unable to withftand fo great a power as he was able to bring againft them, aflifted themfelves by this project. They found out a perfon of bafe extraction, but one that had af- furance enough to undertake any thing he was put upon. Him they carefTed by the name of Alexander, fon of Antiochus, and told him it was now high time to look after his father's kingdom of Syria. He took the hint ; and, through the hatred the people bore to Deme- trius, with the love of changing matters, Alex- ander Impqftors of federal Kinds. 103 ander was generally followed, and his intereft efpoufed. He admired his own grandeur, and the troops that obeyed him ; fought with De- metrius, and not only defeated him, but killed him on the fpot, and by that means got the quiet pofleflion of the whole kingdom of Syria ; which he kept almoft ten years ; and then aban- doning himfelf to all kind of wickednefs, he was fallen upon by the young fon of Deme- trius, overcome, and killed. Juftin. Hift. 1. 35. p. 268. Baldwin VIII. Earl of Flanders, and Empe- ror of Conftantinople, falling in a battle a- gainft the Bulgarians ; twenty years after his death, there ftarts up one Bernardus Rainfus of Campania, who reported himfelf to be the Em- peror that had b^en long kept a prifoner ; but, now having got his liberty, came to demand his empire. Though his original was known, yet he gave that country abundance of trouble, till, being cited before Lewis VOL King of France, and unable to anfwer fuch queftions as were propounded to him, he was fent away with the ignominious character of an importer ; after which, being feized making commotions in Burgundy, he was fent prifoner to Joanna, Countefs of Flanders, by whofe command he was ftrangled. Lipf. Ex. Pol. 1. 2. c. 5. p. 195- Lambert 104 Impojlors of federal Kind*. Lambert Simnel, the fon of a Ihoemaker, but inftru&ed by one Richard Sm;onu, a pntft, who had his lhare of learning ; his pupil having a pregnant wit, and a comely perfon, he reports him to be Edward Earl of Warwick, lately elca- ped out of prifon, both of them being of equal years and ftature. With this fcholar <-f his, the prieft fails into Ireland, and gives fuch a fair colour and glols to his pretences, that not only the Lord Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Kil- dare, and Deputy of IreLnd, but many others of the nobility, credited his relation ; and more efpecially thofe that had a kindnefs for the houfe of York, were ready to join with him, and al- ready faluted young Simnel as King ; and, to give fome kind of reputation to the impoftor, they fent into Flanders to the Lady Margaret, filter to the late King Edward, defiring aid and affiftance from her. That Lady, as a Yorkifl, and enemy to the houfe of Lancafter, though fhe knew him to be a cheat, promifed them her affiftance. Simnel was proclaimed King of England ; and, with a company of beggarly un- armed Irilh, failed into England, and landed at the Pile of Fowdray in Lancafliire; fought King Henry VII. at a village called Stoke, near New- ark upon Trent, where 4000 of his men being flain, and the reft put to flight, young Lambert, and his mailer Simond the pried, were both taken Impoftors of federal Kinds. 1 05 taken prifoners, and had their lives given them ; Lambert, becaufe he was but a child, and therefore might eafily be impofed upon ; and Simond, becaufe he was a prieft. Lambert was taken into the King's kitchen to be a turnipitj and was afterwards made one of the King's fal- coners. The prieft was committed to prifonj and was never heard of again. Perkin War- beck was another impoftor in the fame reign ; but he being taken, was expofed, and atter- wards hanged. Englifh Hift. vol. i. p. 313. John Buckhold, a leader of the Anabapdftsj was a butcher in Leyden ; and beirtg fuctefsfui in fome encounters, June 24th, 1534, was, by his giddy-headed rebellious followers, made King of Munfter, and inverted with all the re- galia of fupreme authority. Having hereupon immediately degraded the twelve counfellors of ftate, he conftitutes a viceroy, a cohiptroller of his houfehold, four huifiers, or common cryers^ a nobleman, a chancellor, cup-bearers, carvers, tafters, mailer-builders, and difpofed of all o- ther offices as princes ufe to do. Some of his kingly robes were made fumptuous with the gold of the ornaments, which lacrilege had fur- nimed him with. His fpurs were gilt with gold, and he had two crowns of folid gold, and a golden fcabbard. His fcepter was adorned with three golden incirculations, and his titles VOL. II. O were; 1 06 Impoftors of federal Kinds. were, ' King of Juftice, 5 and ' King of the New ' Jerufalem.' He had many Queens ; allowed plurality of wives to all his followers, and took as much ftate upon him as any potentate in the world j but, the city being all this time be- fieged, and the inhabitants almoft famiihed to death, he was betrayed by one of his followers ; the city was delivered up into the pofleffion of the Bifhop, with the mock King himfelf j who, being brought to the place of execution, was fattened to a flake, and pulled piece-meal by two executioners, with pincers red hot out of the fire. The firft pains he felt he fuppreffed. At the fecond he implored God's mercy. For a whole hour was he pulled and dilacerated with thofe inftruments ; and, at length, fome- what to haften his death, he was run through with a fword. His companions fuffered the fame punimment, and bore it with great cou- rage. All whofe carcafes were put into baf- kets ; and, as anathemas of eternal example, were hung out of the Tower of St Lambert, which was made the retiring room of the tra- gedy of Munfter. Rofs's View Relig. p. 144. CHAP. Of Imprecations ) fcrV. 107 G HA P. XII. Of Imprecations , the Folly and Danger of u them. IF men that are fo prodigal in fcattering im- precations and caries upon all they are dilplea- ed at would take time to coni'der what they are about before they difgorge them, they would certainly be afhamed of the folly of fuch a prac- tice, becaufe nobody is hurt by it but them- felves : for curfes, like arrows (hot againft hea- ven, fall upon the heads of thofe that threw them out, but can never injure the perfons or things they were levelled at. Again, what can be more foolifh than for men, in common dif- courfe, to make imprecations upon themfelvcs to confirm the truth of their aflertions, which does no more than give a handle to their audi- tors Sufpicion ; for good men will be believed without: them, and fcorn to ufe them j and ill men can never gain credit, but difparage them- felves, by fo frequent venting them ; becaufe, by fuch bitter aifeveraucns, they ieem to fufpect their own reputa::ons. It is ^lib for want of con- |o8. Of Imprecations^ &c. confideration, and too facile a compliance with a fcandalous and vicious cuftom, that men of fenfe in other matters, upon very flight, and fometimes no occafion in the world, expofe themfelves to the wrath of Heaven, by calling upon God to damn them if what they fay be falfe, when, at the fame time, they know there is no truth in it ; and wifh they may perifli e- ternally, if they don't do what they never in- tend when they fpeak it. I fay, how deplo- rable is their condition, if Heaven mould fay Amen to what they wifh for ! Three wicked fuborned wretches falfely ac- cufmg Narciffus, the pious Bifhop of Jerufalem, of incontinence, whofe virtues were fo confpi- cuous, that they perceived nobody gave credit to their allegations, though upon oath j to gain credit before the Judges, they confirmed what they had faid by dreadful imprecations upon themfelves in the clofe of their evidence. The firfl added, ' If-what I have faid be not true, I ( - pray God I may he burnt to death.' The fe- cond, * May I perifh by fome loathfome difeafe * if there be any thing falfe in my deposition.' And the third, .' I wifh I may be flruck blind * by fome judgment from Heaven if the whole * in my affidavit be not true.' This fcandalous impeachment, though none gave credit to what they Of Imprecations, &c. 109 they fo confidently avouched, had fuch an effeft upon the devout and blamelefs prelate, that he retired out of his diocefe, and betook himfelf to a folitary life. But his perjured accufers were purfued and overtaken by the juftice of heaven in their exemplary punimment. For the firft, agreeably to his wifh, having his houfe on fire by fome unknown accident, he and his family were confumed in the flames. The fecond lan- guifhed to death under an incurable difeafe. And the third, feeing the difmal fate that at- tended his brethren in iniquity, confefled the whole contrivance, and wept fo exceffively for the injury they had done the good Bifhop, that he utterly loft the ufe of his eyes. Eufeb. 1. 6. c. 8. p. 100. King Edward the Confeflbr was very fenfible that the greateft troubles of his reign came from Godwin Earl of Kent, and his fons, yet he was reconciled to them ; but, though he forgave them, it feems Heaven would not ; for the Earl being at dinner with the King on Eafter Sun- day, a difcourfe arifing about the death of Prince Alfred, in which it was fufpe&ed that he was an acceflary, the Earl, to purge himfelf from that crime, wifhed, if he was guilty of it, that the next bit of bread he eat might choak him ; and fo it happened ; for the next morfel he no Of Imprecations, &c. he attempted to fwallow was his death. -Hid. EngK 8vo, vol. i. p. 66. Mr Fox, author of the Marian Martyrology, gives us a relation of one John Peters, who was then keeper of the prifon of Newgate, who had accuftomed himfelf, on all occafions, no matter with him whether true or falfe, for goalers are feldom men of confcience, to affert it with this imprecation, ' If it be not fo, 1 pray God I may * rot alive !' and the iflfue agreed with his pray- 4 er. J Ibid. p. 377. Sir Gervafe Elways, who was put to death on Tower-iiill for being concerned in the poi- foning of Sir Thomas Overbury, confeffed that the death he was to die was a juft punimment from God Almighty ; for, faith he, * When I ' was at play, I often ufed this imprecation, I ' pray God I may be hanged if it be not fo. J Caryl. Com. Job. 16. 18. p. 376. King Henry I. of England fent an ambafla- dor to Edgar King of Scotland, defiring he might have his fitter Matilda to wife, who had devoted herfelf to God in a fmgle life; and Edgar being unwilling and afraid to difoblige him, married her to him againft her confent, or rather by compulfion ; who then prayed to God, ' That none of thofe children might ' profper that mould be born in that wedlock !* and it happened according to the vvifh ; for Duke Of Imprecations > fcfr.y. \ j 1 1 Duke William, and the Princefs Mary his fif- ter, with a retinue of a hundred and fifty men and women, were all cail away in a ftorm at fea, in their paflage between Barfleet and Eng- land. Polyd. Virg. 1. n. p. 177. A young man in Newburgh purpofmg to warn himfelf, his mother, in a great rage, op- pofed his defign ; but he being refolved upon, it, took little rega-rd to his mother's words, who continuing her anger, faid, ' If thou wilt ' go, I pray God thou mayeft never return a- gain to me alive !' nor did he j for, as foon as he entered the water, he was drowned. Lonic. Theatr. p. 296. Thomas Sally, near Goudhurft, in the coun- ty of Kent, being mounted on horfeback, in order to ride a- hunting, his father faid, ' Pray, * Son, take another horfe, and let that reft, * becaufe you know he is to be rid a great 4 journey fpeedily j' but, feeing he could not prevail with his fon to take another, he fell into a great paffion, which vented itfelf in this imprecation, ' If thou wilt ride him in fpight ' of my teeth, I pray God he may throw thee, c and break thy neck !' The fon rode away ; his father followed him to the gate, and look- ing a little after him, faw the horfe dart, throw his rider, and killed him in his father's fight. View of Kent, p. 296. To H2 Of Imprecations 9 &c. To conclude this chapter : Such paflionate wiflies are juftly blameable j and, though made without any thought at all, yet they contraft guilt in fuch as accuftom themfelves to the ufe of them. CHAP. Imprudence and Overfights, &c. 113 CHAP. XIII. Imprudence and 0-verJights in Words and Acliom* THE world is now . grown either fo wife or fo opinionated, that more care and circum- fpe&ion is required to manage one's felf in treating with one fmgle perfon, than formerly with whole nations. And yet fuch is the un- happinefs of mankind, that the greateft wits have a mixture of folly and madnefs; the great- eft courage its overfights, and the wifeft heads are often guilty of imprudence ; which men mould take the greateft care to conceal ; for all good fucceiTes put together, are not fufficient to obliterate one mifcarriage, efpecially among the vulgar, who will keep no account of your good deeds, but will not fail to engrave your indifcretions or overfights on marble. Sir Henry Wotton travelling through Ger- many on his embafly into Italy, diverted him- felf fometime at Augufta ; where being known as a perfon of great ingenuity and learning, was P defired ii4 Imprudence and 0-verftghts defired by Chriftopher Flecamo/e to write a fentence in his Albo, a paper book which feve- ral German gentlemen carry with them for that purpofe. Sir Henry complying with his re- queft, took his hint from a difcourfe that had been in the company, to write a witty defini- tion of an ambaflador, in thefe words : ' Lega- ' tus eft vir bonus, peregre miflus, ad menti- * endum reipublicae caufae ;' which Sir Henry defigned mould have been Engliihed after this -manner, * An Ambaflador is a good man, fent to lie abroad for the benefit of his country.' But the word for lie (being the hinge upon which the witticifm mould turn) was not fo ex- preffed in Latin, as would allow of fo fair a conduction as Sir Henry intended it in Eriglifh, and as he explained it to the company. How- ever, it lay undifturbed among other fentences in the Albo, for the fpace of eight years, and then by an ill fate, falling into the hands of that peevifh, malicious Jefuit Gafper Schioppius, who was at the fame time engaged in a religi- ous controverfy againft King James I. prints this conceit as a principle of religion maintain- ed by King James, and, his Ambaflador Sir Henry Wotton, who was then in that character at Venice, where the malicious Romanifts cau- fed it to be painted in glafs windows to re- proach the Ambafiador. This at length coining to in Words and Aftions. 1 1 5 to the knowledge of King James, he looked upon if/ as a piece of great indifcretion in Sir Henry, for which he was much diipleafed with him. But Sir Henry writing two incomparable ingenious and eloquent apologies, one dedi- cated to King James, and the other to the chief Magiftrates of Augufta, which fet the matter in its true light, it put an end to that difcourfe abroad, and at home. King James was pleafed to fay, upon reading of the apology, that Sir Henry Wotton had made a fufficient commuta- tion and plenary fatisfaclion, for a greater of- fence than the Jefuit had malicioufly acculed him of. His Life writ, by If. Walton, p. 45. What a great piece of imprudence was com- mitted by Louis XI. King of France, who was one of the greatePc politicians that ever filled the throne; he being at war with his own bro- thers Charles Duke of Normandy, Francis Duk : of Britain', and Charles Duke of Burgundy, N and defiring to feparate Burgundy from the ei- ther two, agreed to a treaty in a town of his called Peronne, and went thither without an army, or ib much as his guards ; and the Duke feeing his enemy in his power, and hearing that Leige was revolted, made the King 1 a priioner ; and refufed to releafe him till Leige was re- Itored to him j and the King had conltnted tu fop^.e very hard conditions in favour of his con- federates, , j 1 6 Imprudence and Over/ights federates, againft whom the treaty was defign- ed, and then he gave the King his liberty. This was fuch a complication of indifcretions and overfights, as fcarce any age affords us its parallel. Fitzherb. Relig. and Polic. Part. I. c. 3. p. 25. The Duke D'Offuna Viceroy of Naples, the beft governour the King of Spain has for a fubjecl, was upon fome private information dif- mifled from that employment ; and being come to Court to give an account of his government, being forely afflicted with the gout, he held his fvvord in his hand inftead of a cane, which the King being offended at, turned his face behind upon him and went away ; which the Duke ta- king as a contempt, was heard to mutter thefe words, ' Efto es pare fervir muchacos,' c This ' it is to ferve boys ;' which coining to the King's knowledge, the Duke was fent prifoner to a monaftery, where he continued fome years, and growing fick had liberty to retire to his houfe at Madrid, where he died foon after. : Howel's Epift. &c. Mr Noy was a man of affected morofity, which rendered him unapt to flatter other men, but made himfeli the moil liable to be flattered that can be imagined. He was made Attorney General to King Charles I. in a very fickle fea- fon, when complaints run high about grie- vances^ in Words and Aftions. 117 vances, and againft incroachments of the prero- gative, which required a perfon in that office to be very moderate in his advices, one that would make it his bufinefs to cool, and not enflame controverfies ; but the great men at court extoling his judgment, and admiring his parts, he thought he could not give the world a greater proof of them, how much he excelled other men in the knowledge of the law, that by maintaining that to be law, which all other men believed not to be fo. So he moulded, framed, and purfued the odious and abominable project of foap, and drew up and prepared with his own hand the writ for ihip money j both which remain to pofterity the lading monu- ments of his imprudence. Clarendon's Hift. Rebel. Ep, p. 34. Thomas Ruthal Bifhop of Durham, and one of the Privy Council to Henry VIII. was em- ployed by that King, to draw up a brief of the prelent (late of the kingdom, which having per- formed with great diligence and exactitude, he caufed it to be fairly written and bound up in vellum ; but being mistaken with the likenefs of the cover, and the manner of binding, in- flead of giving the book that was intended for the King, he prefented his Majefty with another book, containing an account of his own eftate, amounting to the fum of one hundred thoufand pounds, n8 Imprudence and Overfights pounds, which in thofe days being an invidious and almoft incredible fum, and the book being delivered by the King into the hands of Cardi- nal Wolfey, who owed the Bifhop an ill turn, he was pleafed with the miftake, and told the King, if he had occafion for a vaft fum of mo- ney he knew where to fupply him, and then told the King of the Bifhop's overfight ; which foon coming to the Biftiop's knowledge, it fo fuprifed him with ftiame, that he fell fick and died with grief. Fuller's Worth, p. 355. Glou- cefterfhire. The like imprudent accident befel Wilmot Earl of Rochefter, in the time of King Charles II. who having writ a poem upon the Court Ladies, that was much commended for its wit ; the King defired a fight of it, and that Lord overhaftily complying with his commands, in- ftead of giving the King the verfes upon the Ladies, gave him 'a fatyr he had made upon the King himfelf ; which the King fo refected, that he banimed him the court, and fcaree ever fmiled upon him afterwards. See his poems printed after his death. Enguarrand of Marigny, a ftatefman of pro- found abilities, was the principal governor of the finances, in the rei^n -of Philip the Fair, for which being called to account, and feverely, but unjuftly profecuted by his fucceffor Charles of in Words and Aftions. 119 of Valois, by an unexcufable rafhnefs and in- difcretion threw away his life : For Charles, with an angry countenance demanding of him what was become of the late King's treafure, he anfwered, ' You, Sir, had a great mare of * it, and the reft was laid out in the King's ' affairs by his order ;' whereupon the Priqce told him he was a liar; and that reproach putting Enguarrand into a paffion, he imprudently re- plie-1, ' By God, Sir, it is you that are the ' liar ;' for which undecent behaviour to his Prince he ended his life upon a gallows at Mountfaucon, which himfelf had caufed to be erected, when he was at the height of his au- thority. Mr Thomas Fuller, a man of great wit ac- cording to the flandard of thofe times, and whofe great fault was, that he would rather lofe his friend than his jeft, having made a diftich ot verfes upon a fcolding wife, a noble- man, and his great benefactor, hearing them repeated, defired Mr Fuller to oblige him with a copy of them ; to whom he very imprudently, though he t' ^ht wittily, replied, * It is need- ' lefs to p-' r Lordfhip a copy of them, for ' you hi original/ Which fo offended the m ,vho allowed him an exhibition while Jer fequeftration, and the free ufe I2o Imprudence and Overfights, &c. ufe of his houfe] and table, that he withdrew his charity, denied him accefs to his perfon, and gave Mr Fuller' caufe to repent his impru- dence. CHAP. Of Impudence and Shamekflhefs. 121 Of Impudence and ShamekJ/hefs. IMPUDENCE is not a pafiion, but a certain vice which contemns fhame, and oftentimes glory too, that never boggles at any thing that tends to its own advantage. If it is not natural and hereditary, the chief caufe of this vicious infenfibility of honour, honefty, and juftice, is founded in grievous contumelies to which a man has been accuftomed in former times, and which by degrees he comes to defpife, as of no force to hinder his enjoyment of emoluments belonging to his body, whereby he meafures all good and evil, thereby freeing himfelf from many necefiities and llraits to which honour would have obliged him. When once men have bid adieu to modefly, there is nothing fo unmanly, indecent, or reprehenfible, but the brazen brow will venture upon j and nothing fo high or great that his impudence dares not pretend a title to. VOL. II. 122 Of Impudence and ShameleJ/hefs. Get that great gift and talent Impudence ; Accompli/ft d mankinds higheft excellence ; 'Tis that alone prefers, alone makes great. Confers alone wealth, titles, and ejlate, Gains place at court, can make a fool a peer, An afs a bifhop, can vil'Jl blockhead rear To wear red hats, and fit in porph'ry chair. Oldh. Richard III. laying defigns, when he was Pro- tector, to ufurp the crown of England, in pre- judice of his nephew King Henry V. he and his council ordered Dr Shaw, brother to Shaw at that time Lord Mayor of London, to preach at St Paul's Crofs ; and, in his fermon, to acquaint the people, that King Edward was never lawful- ly married to hrs Queen, and, by confequence, that his children were all baftards : Moreover, that neither King Edward himfelf, nor the Duke of Clarence, were reckoned by thofe that were of fecrecy in the family to be the Duke of York's children ; but, fays he, this noble Prince the Lord Prote&or is his father's own picture, the plain arid exprefs likenefs of that noble Duke. At the rehearfmg of thefe words, as the plot was laid, the Protector mould have come in, that the words meeting with his prefence, the people might have been more affected with them j but, whether by the flownefs of the Pro- tector's Of Impudence and Sbameleffjiefs, 123 lector's coming, or the Doctor's too much hafte, that fentence was over before he came : Never- thelefs, when the Doctor i'pied his Lordfhip co. ming into the audience, he abruptly broke off from the matter he was upon to repeat the for- mer words, ' This is the noble Prince,* &c. But the people were fo far from crying out King Richard, as it was hoped they would, that they flood as people without fenfe and mo- tion, being all amazed to hear the preacher fo {hamefully abufe, the facred function, as to make it ftoop to intrigues of flate, and prop up a ty- rant's title to the prejudice of an infant Sove- reign ; but he and the provincial Penker, who harangued at the Spittle on the fame fubject, had their rewards j for the latter loft his voice, and the former his reputation ; never durii: fhow himfelf abroad in the ilreets of Londou after- wards, but confined himfelf to his own dwel- ling, where he confumed and pined to death in a few days after. Hilt. Engl. 8vo. vol. 2. p. 296. Sha Abbas King of Perfia, it feems had a concubine who had pampered her lull to fuch an extravagant height, that, complaining of her goodman's inability to fatisfy her, he being in years, petitioned that me might have additional help to alhy her heat ; whole impudent requefl being taken into confideration, and phlebotomy being 124 Of Impudence and ShameleJ/hefe. being thought too weak a remedy for fo extra, ordinary a difeafe, an aflinego was afligned her, who had a provocative portion given him for that purpofe, which fo much heated the beaft, that he, in the forced conjunction, both fatiated and killed her. Herb. Trav. p. 172. Philip Melan&hon, by the liberality of parti- cular friends, was pofleflfed of many pieces of old coin both in gold and filver, with which, for the curiofity of their impreflions, and the antiquity of their infcriptions, he was much de- lighted, and ufed to oblige others with them, as occafion offered. A ftranger made him a vifit, to have a fight of thefe rarities ; and, feeming to be hugely pleafed with them, Philip bid him choofe out one or two of them, with whom he was moft delighted, and he would make him a prefent of them. The ftranger, enriched with a great ftock of impudence, faid, * I defire them c all.' And Philip, though admiring the mame- leflhefs of the requeft, yet he parted with them all to gratify the covetoufnefs of a ftranger ; and fo made his own modefty or folly as con- fpicuous as the ftranger's immodefty and im- pudence. Zuing. Theatr. vol. i, p. 89. The Roman Emperor Caligula took delight in being thought a man void of all mame and modefty, and would fay, there was nothing in liis nature that he was fo proud of as his being ftiamelefs, Of Impudence and Shalndeflhefi. 125 (hamelefs, and that he only valued himfelf for being arrived at fuch a height of impudence, that, without any check or controul from the rules of confidence or modefty, he could commit any kind of wickednefs. Sueton. 1. 4. p. 182. The Morynaei, a fort of people of Pontus, in the eaftern parts of Afia, gloried in their fliame, and made it their common practice to lie with their women in the open ftreets by fair day- light ; and generally, for that purpofe, made choice of the moft frequented places, that they might not want the pleafure of having fpectators of their immodefty. Diodor. Sicul. 1. 14. p. 145- Martin Luther fays, that Caraloftad was cre- ated a Doctor in Divinity eight years before he had read any thing of the Bible ; and that af- terward preferring another ignoramus to the fame degree at Wittenburg, he began the cere- mony with this fpeech : * Here I fland to do a 6 fcandalous and unjuftifiable action, to make ' this man a Doctor in Divinity j and I am fen- * fible, that, in doing of it, 1 commit a morta^ * fin ; yet I muft perform it, not for his fake, * but for the lucre of two gilders that I muft * have of him for doing it.'~ Luth. Colloqu. Menf. p, 152. One Gil body, in the parifli o Warrington, jn the county of Lancafter, having fojourned about 126 Of Impudence and Shameleffhefs. about a quarter of a year in Oxford, returned again into his own country ; and, letting up for a preacher, without being able to make or con- ftrue a piece of ordinary Latin, was fo blown up into an impudent conceit of his own abili- ties by the ignorant mob that followed him, that, fetting himfelf in competition for learning with that great man Dr Pierfon, then bifhop of that diocefe, faid, ' That the Bifliop and he ' were equally learned ; but he was fure that e he was a much better preacher than his Lord- * fhip, or any of his chaplains ; and my Neime * Peires and John o'th Yate of Boden will juf- * tifie it, and that he better deferved to be a bifhop.' For he that has but impudence^ To all things has a fair pretence ; And put among his wants butjhame, To all the world may lay his claim. Hud. C. Fimbria, an audacious, proud, and fedi- tious Roman, had fo large a mare of impu- dence, that there was no crime fo heinous but he durft attempt it. He flew Craflus ; and, at the folemnization of the funeral of Caius Mari- us, caufed a holy perfon, dedicated to religion, to be wounded in the breaft with a fword ; and, Of Impudence and Shameleflhefi. 127 and, being informed that the wound was not mortal, gave him public notice, that, on fuch a Jay, he would impeach him of a notorious crime before the people* Before the day of hearing came, all Rome were amazed to think of what mifdemeanour he would accufe fo 'good and great a man as the High Prieft. The day pre- fixed being come, Fimbria appears, and, with an unparalleled impudence, accufes the High Prieft as guilty of a mortal crime, * becaufe he ' did not receive the fword far enough into his c body to kill him.' Zuing. Theatr. vol. i. Li. p. 89. Demochares, among others, was fent on an embafly from the republic of Athens to Philip King of Macedon ; who gave them a favourable audience, and difmifled them with this compli- ment : ' Tell me you Athenians,' faid the King, ' if there be any thing further wherein I * am capable of mowing my refpeds to the 4 Athenians.' Demochares, who had a brazen forehead, and an impudent tongue, replied, * Yes, Sir, there is one thing remaining, which, ' if you pleafe to do, you will infinitely oblige ' the Athenians, and that is, that you will pleafe * to hang yourfelf.' An infolent behaviour to- ward fo great a Prince ; however, Philip, know- ing the man and his manners, flighted his words ; and having commanded him to retire, faid 128 Of Impudence and Shameleffhefs. faid to his colleagues, * You may tell the Athe* ' nians, that they who give themfelves the liber- ' ty to talk fb grofsly, are a much prouder, and * a more ill-natured people, than they who can * receive fuch affronts without refentment/ Brufon, Facetier. 1. 3. c. 57. p. 255. A courtier who was taken notice of for no- thing but his impudence in begging, defired Archelaus King of Macedon, as he was fitting at fupper, to give him the gold cup out of which he drank himfelf. The King admiring at his infolence, who had no merits to recommend himfelf to any royal favour, commartfed one of his fervants in waiting to take the cup and give it to Euripides, who fat at the table with the King ; and, cafting an eye of difdain on the impudent perlon that had begged it, faid, ' As * for your part, Sir, you deferve to go without ' my bounty, becaufe you a(ked it ; but Euri- * pides deferves to be rewarded, though out of ' modefty he afks nothing of me/ Plut. Moral. P. 167. CHAP. Oflnduftry, &V, 129 C H A P. XV. Of Induftry and Diligence in Bujinefs. As idlenefs is the ruft and bane of all human virtues, fo, on the contrary, induftry and dili- gence in.bufmefs, are conquerors in all difficul- ties ; it ftpRiat which fweetens labour and pains, and gives fatisfaciion, as well as profit, in the accomplimment of what is undertaken. When men work at their play, and play with their work, they invert the order of nature, as well as the divine command, and mud expect in the lequel to come home by Weeping Crofs, be- caufe they have laboured in vain, and played the fool with themfelves, in neglecting to fecuie themfelves a comfortable fubfiftence. Among the Athenians, and ancient Romans, there was a law that exacted an account from every man how he maintained himfelf and family ; and, if unable to give a fatisfaftory anfwer, they were immediately banimed, with reproach, as vermin that devoured what they had no right to, in being unprofitable excrefcences, that cor.t:ibu- VOL. !!, R ted 1 3 Of Induftry and ted nothing towards the tranquility of the pu- blic. It is true, we have no fuch law executed among us ; and yet they are punifhed as bad ; for, when men fee others feed high, wear good clothes, and have neither eftate or employment to fuppoft it, they fly tooth and nail upon their reputations, and lay them irrecoverably under the fufpicion of cheats, thieves, robbers, or coin- ers ; for all men muft (fay they; have fome way of living ; and, where a good one is not vifible, an ill one will be prefumed ; whereas induftry is always attended with a generous character. An mduftrious Roman, named Crefm, who lived at a more plentiful rate, and had better crops tha.n his neighbours who lived on the lame foil, was accufed by the poorer fort, that he inchanted his grounds, fields, and gardens ; for otherwise, faid they, it is impoflible he Ihould have a more plentiful increafe than we have, who fovv the fame feeds, and employ the fame ground, arid yet live in extreme poverty. Creim made but a fhort defence for himfelf, and that was in mewing an able bodied daugh- ter, inured to pains and labour, and all his carts, plows, oxen, and utenfils of hufbandry, faying, * Here, mod noble judges, are all the magical 6 arts and inchantraents ufed by Crefm ; and, ' if my neighbours and accufers would take the ' fame Diligence in Bujinefs. 1 3 1 5 fame care and pains in employing thefe crea- ' tures and implements that my daughter and I ' do, they might have the fame increafe, and ' live as well j but they mud not expect that * floth and idlenefs will procure them riches.' Plin. Nat. Hift. I. 18. c. 6. p. 556. A young man, named Cleanths, whofe foul was greater than his fortune, afpiring after knowledge, but wanting wherewithal to fupply his neceflities, while he attended the lectures of Ariftippus, the famous philofopher, fupplied his wants by this project. In the night, he carried water, and fold it to fuch families as flood in need of it, and then allowing himfelf but little fleep, employed the day in hearing Ariftippus; Being fo poor, that he was unable to furnifh himfelf with paper, he wrote what he learned of his mafter upon the dried bones of cattle* broken pieces of pots and dates ; and, by this method, flruggling in the night againit extreme indigence, and in the day-time againft an un* willing ignorance, at length he became an emi- nent philofopher, and a celebrated pleader. > Lipf. Ep. cent. 4. Ep, 31. p. 880. Elfred King of the Weft Saxons divided the day and night into three equal parts j eight whereof he employed in reading meditations, and acts of piety and devotion j eight hours in his own neceflary accommodations in relation to 132 Of Induftry and to his health, repofe, and the bufinefs of his fa- mily ; and the other eight in the public affairs of the kingdom ; and was wont to fay, he had no time to wafte in pleafure ; nor had he any need of recreations ; for he had pleafure enough in the conscientious diicharge of his duty ; and his bufinefs as a King was his recreation. Ba- ker's Chron. p. 332. A gentleman in the county of Surrey, who was poileired of an eftate in land of about two hundred pounds per annum, kept the whole a great while in his own hands ; but finding, not- withftanding all his care and induftry, that he flill run behind hand, and at length was under a neceffity of felling half his eftate to pay his debts ; he did fo ; and let the reft to a farmer by leafe, for twenty-one years, at an annual rent ; which his tenant thriving upon, and co- ming, before the expiration of the leafe, to pay his rent, he alked his landlord, ' If he would 4 fell the land he rented of him ?' ' Why? (faid c he) wouldft thou buy it ?' ' Yes, (fays the c farmer), if you are willing to part with it.' c That is very ftrange, (faid the landlord). 4 Prethee tell me how that mould come to pafs, ' that I could not live upon twice fo much, ' being my own, and you upon half of it, tho* 6 you pay rent for it, are able, in lefs than ' twenty years, to buy it ?' ' O Sir, (faid the * farmer), Diligence in Bujinefs. 133 * farmer), a few words made the difference. ' When any thing was to be done, you faid, " Go and do it, and lay in bed, or took your " pleafure the while;' but I always faid, ' Come " let us go and do it, and both affifted and faw " my bufmefs done myfelf." Chetw. Hift. Collect. Cent. 3. p. 79. When the heads of the Univerfity in Oxford came to vifit Dr Reynolds, in a ficknefs he had contracted by his over great affiduity in itudy, they defired him to take care of his health, and not ' perdere fubftantiam propter accidentia/ ' that he would not lofe his life to increafe his ' knowledge.' To which the good man an- fwered, Nee propter i>ita?n vivendl perdere caufas. ' Nor will I, for the fake of life, deprive myfelf ' of the end for which I live.' Clark's Mirr, c. 82. p. 358. CHAP. 'Authors of Famous Inventions, &c. i 35 CHAP. XVI. Authors of Famous Inventions and Improvements. INVENTION is the mark of a fruitful genius, and, when beneficial to the public, it gives the author an honourable commemoration to per- petuity, efpecially where a good choice adds the character of a folid judgment to that of a ready wit ; for then they never fail to be gratefully received among the wifer and better fort of mankind. There is a time for every thing un- der the fun ; and there is no art, practice, cuf- tom, or calling, but had its introducer ; which mould encourage others in the like attempts ; for mod men, having fome time to fpare from offices of neceffity, it is a reproach not to em- ploy it in the generous exercifes of fpeculation or action, or fuffer his leifure hours to flide a- way in doing nothing, or nothing to purpofe, or live like drones, at the expence of other men's labours. Next to invention, thofe that have improved them to a greater perfection than was found by the fir ft djfcoverers, have alfo merited Authors of Famous merited our higheft gratitude, and muft have their fhare of glory with the firft authors. I know the world, either out of envy or ill-na- ture, deny mod men the honour of the firft in- vention of the things generally afcribed to them, and give the glory of their project to others of a more early date. However, I mall not dif- pute their authorities, but give you the authors of fome ufeful inventions, as they have been handed to us by antiquity. When priority, in any invention, is feconded by eminency, it is doubly excellent. It is a great advantage to have the firft hand at play ; for they commonly gain, though the cards be equal. Many had been the phoenixes of their profeflion, if others had not had the precedence. The firft have the right of elderfhip, in maring the reputation ; and there remains but a fmall portion to the others ; and that too is often difputed. It fignifies nothing to fret and tor- ment themfelves ; they cannot deftroy the opi- nion the world has taken up, that they did no- thing elfe but imitate. Great minds have al- ways affected to fleer a new courfe to arrive at excellence, but after fuch a manner, that pru- dence has been always their dire&or. By the novelty of their enterprifes, wife men have pro- cured their names to be regiflered in the cata- logue Inventions and Improvements. logue of heroes. Some men had rather be the firft of the fecond clafs* than fecond in the firft ; like the Spanifh painter, who, obferving that Titian, Raphael, and fome others, had greatly outdone him in that way, and that their reputa- tions revived and increafed by their deaths, he" refolved to paint a gros traits in the largeft fize, that, fmce he was excelled in the other, he might be the firft in this. L'Honu de Cour. Max. 63. p. 67* The inventor of typography, or printing, was a German Knight, anno 1440, named John Guttenburg, of Mentz, though Winphelingus fays he projected it firft at Strafburg, and per- feded it at Mentz ; the greateft advantage that ever the commonwealth of learning received j which made Beroaldus the Italian break out in- to a kind of admiration, and this Lyric verfe : Germania, muneris Repertrix, S$uo nil utilius dedit vetuftas ; Libros Scribere quae doces premendo* What a toil was it to exfcribe authors before* and preferve them from the injury of time ; but now typography has put a bridle into the mouth of time, that it cannot devour fo much, and has brought things under the yoke of mortality, and therefore may be juftly called, ' Ars Me- VOL. II. S ' moriae,< i -}8 Authors of famous */ J J * moriae, et Mors Oblivionis,' c The Art of * Memory, and Death of Oblivion/ The Chi- nois, if you credit their books, fay they have made ufe of printing fixteen hundred years, which was many ages before it was known in Europe ; but their's is a different kind from ours, being letters engraven in wooden Tables, which will ferve for many years to reprint the fame work, without the new expence in fetting for the prefs, as it is in our printing. Fulgos. Ex. 1. 8. c. 11. p. 1082* This art was firft brofight into England by Mr William Caxton of London, mercer, in the year 1471, who pradifed it to his great advan- tage. Bak. Chron. p. 284. The inventor of guns was Berthold Swartz of Collen in Germany, by profeffion a monk, who being addicted to the ftudy of chemiflry, and compounding a phyfical medicine of nitre, a fpark of fire fell into it, and made it fly up. ward. Whereupon he made a compofition of powder, and including it in an inftrument of brafs, found it anfwer his intention j and by this accident came the invention of guns, which grew into ufe about the year 1400, in a fight between the Genouefe and the Venetians at CIo- dia Fofla ; in which, the Venetians having got, it feems, the fecret from the German monk, made fuch Inventions and hnprovements. 139 fuch flaughter among their enemies, that they flood amazed to find fo many of their loldiers killed and wounded, and yet neither knew by what means it came to pafs, or how to prevent it. Lipfius will have it the invention of de- mons, and not of men. Sir Walter Raleigh afcribes it to the Indians ; and Petrarch and Valturius. gives the invention to Archimedes, who by that means utterly deflroyed the whole fleet of mips commanded by Marcellus at the fiege of Syracufe. Loncier. Theatr. p. 361. That admirable, excellent, and ufeful inven- tion, of the mariners compafs, and the virtues of the loadftone, was utterly unknown to the ancients, and muft, without controverfy, be a- fcribed to the Chinois, and brought from thence by Paulus Venetus an Italian ; but the contri- vance of the box, and dividing the winds into thirty-two points upon the compais, items due to the Germans or Dutch, fince the names of the feveral points, in all languages of the world, do ftill continue in the German and Dutch lan- guages. Verfteg. Reftitut. of Intellig. c. 2. P- 33- The firft navigators, builders of mips, and merchant-adventurers, to all the then known parts of the world, were the Phoenicians, who inhabited 140 Authors of famous inhabited near the fea-fide ; but their invention extended no farther than to open veffels, which afterwards had great improvements ; for the E- gyptians made mips with decks, and gallies with two banks of oars of a fide. Ships of burden and ftowage were firft: made by the Cy- priots ; fmacks, hoys, cock boats, and fkiffs, by the Liburnians , brigantines by the Rhodians ; and vefiels of war by the Pamphilians. The Beotians invented oars j Dedalus of Crete mafts and fails ; the Tufcans anchors. The rudder, helm, and the art of (leering, was found out by Ty'phis ; who took his hint from feeing a kite, in flying, guide her whole body by her tail. Heyl. Cofm. p. 83. The dying a purple colour was invented at Tyre, but found out by mere accident. A dog having feized the fifh Conchilis or Purpura, it \vas obferved that he had dyed his lips with that beautiful colour ; which being afterwards ex- perimented, and taking effect, it was worn by the greateft perfons of quality for many ages, and now is the peculiar mourning of divers fo- vereign princes. Heyl. Cofm. p. 691. The making of glafs was firft found cut by the Cydonians, of certain fands on the fide of a river near Ptolomais, that were crufted into that luminous body by a hard froft, and after- wards Inventions and Improvements. 141 wards made fufible in that city. This art of making glafs was brought into England by one Benault, a foreign Bifhop, about the year of Chrift 662, which has been found of great ufe in adorning our churches and manfions. Full. Ch. Hift. 1. 3. cent. 7. p. 84. The art of writing, by which a man may communicate his mind without opening his mouth, and intimate his pleafure at ten thou- fand leagues diftance, only by the help of twen- ty-two letters, which may be joined 58526167- 38497664000 ways, and will exprefs all things, both in heaven and earth, in a very narrow compafs. It feems the author of this miracle is loft, and is put down with the Inventa Adefpota by Mr Thomas Read, who thus laments the author's name being buried in oblivion, and extols the invention * : Quifquis erat 9 meruit Senum tranfcendere metaf, Etfati nefciri modum, qui myftica primus Senfa anlma docuit, Magicis Signarejiguris* Whoe'r be was thatfirft didjheiv the 'way T* exprefs by fuch like magic marks our mind, Deferv'd reprieve unto a longer day Than fate to mortals moftly has ajfign'd. Paper, f Hift. of Man. Arts, p. 46. 142 Authors of famous Paper, though among the Englifh it derives its pedigree from the dunghill, ' ufquc adeo * magnarum fordent primal aia. reruin ;' yet the Lord .bacon reckons it among the finguianues of art, and fays there are very few things that can compare with it for uie and excellency. It was invented by the Egyptians ; and made at firft of fedgy weeds, called Papyri, growing up- on' the mores of the river N lus, from which weed it took its name Paper. By this inven- tion, Ptolemy Philacelphus, King of Kgypt, was put into a capacity of furnilhing his vaft library at Alexandria, and finding that Attalus King of Pergamus, by the help of Egyptian paper, had taken up a refolution to erecl; a greater library than Ptolomy's, he prohibited, under great penalties, the carrying paper out of Egypt. Attalus, encountering this difappoint- ment, invented the ufe of vellum and parch- ment, which he made of calves and meep ikins, which, from the materials, was called Membra- nae, and, from the place where it was invented, Pergamena. Which exceeding in ufe and dura- bility the former invention, the Egyptian paper grew out of ufe, and our paper made of rags has fucceeded it ; though our anceftors have not tranfmitted to poflerity the author's names that firft enriched the world with fo great a be- nefit. Hoy.l. Cofm. p. 925. Bra- Inventions and Improvements, 143 Brachygraphy, or the art of writing in cha- racters, or mort-hand. was invented, lays Dion, by Mecaenas, others fay by Aquila his treed man, and that Tertius, Perfamius,anu Philargius, improved the invention ; but, when all is done, they had lights from Tullius Tito, a freed man of ( icero's, who made fome progrefs in it ; but it owes its perfection to Seneca. Ibid. 1. 4. p. 921. We are indebted to the Flemings for the art of making cloth, arras hangings, dornix, woof- ted, fayes, and tapeftry. From them we had alfo the invention of clocks and watches ; but both thofe arts are now io improved by Lnglifh artificers, that they exceed the Dutch, the Ger- mans, the French, and all the world, in ma- king woollen cloths, clocks, and watches. Ibid. p. 326. Many more particulars might be added of this kind, but 1 fpare the reader the trouble here, becaufe he may find them under the words Arts and Curiofities. CHAP. *foy Extraordinary , &c. 14 J CHAP. XVII. jfoy Extraordinary, the Effefis it has produced^ THE confideration of fome prefent good, and which particularly belongs to us, begets in the foul that delight which we call Joy ; for, as foon as our underflanding obferves that we are poffeffed of the good we defired, the imagina- tion prefently makes fome impreffion in the brain, from whence proceeds a motion of the fenfitive foul, and of the fpirits, that excite the paffion of Joy. Of which grateful affection there are feveral degrees j for, as various cir- cumftances may intervene, and caufe the foul ta be more or lels affected with her fruition of the good me poffeffeth j fo may we diflinguifh vari- ous differences of the paffion itfelf ; for there is no pleafure or good that we may enjoy but it is mixed with fome ill or inconvenience^ Medico de Jonte leporem, Surgit amari aliqirid, quod in ipfa floribus angati Lucret. 1. 4. VOL. H. T Something 146 Joy Extraordinary -, &c. Something that's bitter will arife, Pth midjt of all our jollities. Our extremefl: pleafure has ftill fome air of groaning and complaining in it ; and generally the moil profound joy has more 'of feverity than gaiety in it, unlefs it be difcreetly moderated. Jpfa fclicitaS) fe nifi temperat^ premii ; it proves fatal to us when it grows into excefs. Being lately in France, and returning in coach from Paris to Rouen, 1 lighted upon the fociety of a knowing gentleman, who gave me a rela- tion of this choice (lory. About a hundred years fince, there was in France one Captain Coucy, a gallant gentleman of ancient extrac- tion, and governour of Coucy Caftle, which is yet (landing, and in good repair. He fell in love with a young gentlewoman, and courted her for his wife. There was reciprocal love be- tTvccn tb^TTT; but her parents underflanding it, byway of prevention, muffled up a forced match between her and one Monfieur Faiel, who was heir of a great eftate. Hereupon Captain Cou- cy quitted France in difcontent, and went to the wars in Hungary againfl the Turk, where he received a mortal wound near Buda. Being carried to his lodgings, he languifhed four days ; but, a little before his death, he fpoke to an ancient fervant, of whofe fidelity and truth he joy Extraordinary, &c. 1 47 he had had ample experience, and told him he had a great bufmefs to trull: him with, which he conjured him to perform ; which was, that, af- ter his death, he fhould caufe his body to be opened, take out his heart, put it into an earth- en pot, and bake it to powder ; then put the powder into a handfome box, with the bracelet of hair he had long worn about his left wrili, which was a lock of Madamoiielle Faiel's hair, and put it amongft the powder, together with a little note he had written to her with his own blood j and, after he had given him the rites of burial, to make all the fpeed he could to France, and deliver the box to Madamoifelle Faiel. The old fervant did as his mailer commanded him, and fo went to France ; and, coming one day to Monfieur Faiel's houfe, he iuddenly met him with one of his iervants, who, knowing him to be Captain Coucy's fervant, examined him ; and, finding him timorous, and to iaulter in his fpeeth, he learched him, and found the laid box in his pocket, with the note which exprefled what was in it ; then he difmirTe-j the bearer, with menaces that he mould come no more thi- ther. Monfieur Faiel going in, fern for his cook, and delivered him the powder, charging him to make a little well relifhetl difh of it, without iofmg a jot of ir, for it was a very co.'t- ly thing ; and commanded him to bring it in himfelf, 148 Joy Extraordinary, &c. himfelf, after the laft courfe at fupper. The cook bringing in his difh accordingly, Monfieur Faiel commanded all to avoid the room, and began a ferious difcourfe with his wife, ' That ' ever fince he had married her, he obferved (he ' was always melancholy, and he feared fhe was ' inclining to a confumption ; therefore he had ' provided a very precious cordial, which he ' was well afTured would cure her j* and, for that reafon, obliged her to eat up the whole difh ; who afterward much importuning him to know what it was,*he told her at laft, ' She had ' eaten Coucy's heart ;' and fo drew the box put of his pocket, and mowed her the note and the bracelet. In a fudden exultation of joy, me, with a far fetched figh, faid, ' This is a * precious cordial indeed ; ? and fo licked the dim, faying, ' Jt is fo precious, that 'tis pity * ever to put any thing upon it :' Whereupon fhe went to bed, and in the morning was found (tone dead. This fad ftory is painted in Coucy Caftle, and remains frem to this day. Howel's Lett. fel. 6. p. 207. Arthur Plantagenet Vifcount Lifle, natural fon to King Edward IV. was imprifoned in the thirty-third year of Henry VIII. upon iufpicion that he defigned to betray Calais to the French, when he was governour of that important gar- rifon j but the accufation proving falfe, and the Joy Extraordinary, &c, . 149 King, willing to repair the diflionour he had fuftained, fent him a diamond ring, and a kind meffage by his fecretary of ftate Sir Thomas Wriothefly ; at which the Vifcount was fo over- joyed and tranfported to excefs of fatisfaction, that the night following, of that very joy he died. Stow's Annals, p. 583. Cinan Ceffutus Judaeus being at Arfmoe, a port upon the Red Sea, making war upon the Portugueze by commiffion from the Grand Signior Solyman, he there received the news, that his fon Selechus was made a flave at the taking of Tunis, but that he was redeemed by Haradienus, made admiral of fev^n (hips of war, and with them was at anchor before Alexan- dria, and from thence refolved to join him very fuddenly. This notice of his fon's unexpected freedom, and his being preferred to fuch a poft of honour, fo furprifed and overwhelmed the old man with excefs of joy, that he fwooned at the hearing of it ; and, a{ the arrival of his fon, died in his arms. Knowl's Turk. Hift. p. 550. A comical poet, named Philemon, being fomewhat luperannuated, feeing an afs greedily eating up fome figs that a boy had laid in that place j when the boy, in expectation of his figs, returned, he faid, c Now go and fetch the afs < fome drink to digeft his figs ;' the old man was fo tickled at the fancy of the jeft, that he burft 1 5 7y Extraordinary, &c. burft out into vehement laughter, and died in the fit. Valer. Max. 1. 9. p. 269. Diagoras the Rhodian, when he faw his three fons all vi&orious in the Olympic games, and crowned the fame day, he was extremely pleaied j but when his fons came and embraced their aged father, and each put their triumphal wreath upon his head, he was lo overcome with joy and delight, that he fell into their arms, and died. Cell. Noft. Attic. 1. 3 p, 108. Zeuxes Heracleotes, the mod celebrated pain- ter of his age, having drawn the picture of a very old hag of a woman, and delineated it to the life, he fat him down to confider his handy- work ; and, pleafing himfelf with the ridiculous afpect and pofture he had put her in, he fell in- to a fudden and violent laughter ; and, not be- ing able to check it, his breath failing, he died upon the place. Stradae Prplus. Acad. 1. 3. P- 3'5* An honourable and beautiful lady of the ifland of Naxos, named Polycrite, when her city was in danger of being taken and deftroyed by the Ethreans, me was humbly befought by the chiefs of the town to undertake an embafiy in order to procure them peace, which flie readily confented to ; and, being miftrefs of a very fine tongue, fo prevailed with Prince Diognetes, the general of the fiege, that he granred them peace, and Joy Extraordinary, &c. 35! and marched away ; which being known to the people, they run out of the town to meet her with loud acclamations, fome ftrewing her way with flowers, others with garlands, and all re- turning her thanks as their fovereign preferver- efs. The lady apprehended fo much joy in the expreffions of their gratitude, that in the inftant me expired, in the midft of her honours, at the city gate ; and, inflead of being carried to the throne, was brought to her tomb, to the unex- preffihle forrow of her whole country. Plutarch de Virtutib. Mulier. p. 253. When Philip King; of Macedon was overcome in fight, and all Greece was affembled at tl?e Ifthmian games, T. Q. Flaminius cauied filence to be made by found of trumpet, and thefe words to be proclaimed to the people by the crier, viz. ' The Senate and people of Rome, ' and Titus Quindtius Flaminius their general, * out of their fper:ial goodnefs, clemency, and c favour, do give liberty and freedom to all the ' cities of Greece that were formerly under the ' jurifdiction of King Philip, and do hereby re- ' ilore them to all their immunities, privileges, ' and properties.* At the fir ft hearing thefe un- expected words, the people were all fo confound- ed with a perfect filence, that they were not able to fpeak or exprefs their fatisfaction by any kind of gefture, but flood like men that had been born I5 fi Joy Extraordinary^ &c. born deaf and dumb : But, when the crier pro* nounced the fame words a fecond time, they broke out into fuch ftrong and loud acclama- tions of joy, that the birds that were flying over their heads were ftruck dead with the noife, and fell down among them, The games were all neglected, and their minds fo intent upon what the heard, that this one joy took away the fenfe of all other pleafures. Tit. Liv. 1. 33. p. 400. CHAP. Jr eland ^ its Character, &c* 153 , i CHAP, XVIH. Ireland^ its Charafler with relation to the Jrijh. IRELAND is one of die principal iflands in the world, and now more than ever ought to be efteemed fo, whether we confider the fitua- tion of the country, the number and goodnefs of its harbours, the fruitfulnefs of the foil, or the temperature of the climate. It is not inferior to England, but is mote plentiful in fim,fowl wilcJL and tame, all forts 'of flefli, corn and grain, and in every thing that is neceflary for the life of man, faving that in fome of thefe England has got an advantage by improvement and good hufbandry : The Irifh rivers are more nume- rous and clearer ; the Shenin is bigger than the Thames, and might be made navigable almoft two hundred miles ; the air indeed of England is more ferene, and confequendy hotter in fum- mer, and colder in winter ; yet that Ireland is the healthier country, may be argued from hence, that feldom any peltilential difcaie rages there, and no part of that kingdom is fo un- VOL. II. U healthy, 154 Ireland ' y its Char after ^ &c. healthy as the fens of Huntingdon, Lincoln, lile of Ely, and the hundreds of Effex and Kent ; and it may be expelled, that as the bogs are drained, and the country grows populous, the Irifh air will meliorate, fmce it is already brought to that pafs, that fluxes and diflenferie \vhich are the country difeafes, are neither fo rife, nor fo mortal as formerly. Apparatus, llibernia Anglican. Cox. Things that are molt remarkable in that country, are, that nothing venenious will live in it ; there are fplders, but not poifonous. Ireland breeds the largeft grey-hounds in the world, they are called wolf dogs, and will -dwindle and grow much fmaller in two or three generations in any other country. The Irifh hawk is reputed the beft in Europe ; and the Irifh hobbies, or ambling nags can hardly be matched eifewhere, nor do any feas abound with pilchards more than the fouthern Irifh iVa ; it is very rare to haye an earthquake ia Ireland, and when it happens it is portentuous ; I here arc a thoufand lies reported of wonderful thing? in Ireland ; but the only extraordinary tiling I c^n avijr to be true, is the ftrange qua- iiry of Loghneah, that turns wood into ftone ; for I myfJf have feen a ftick taken out of that Logh, whereof the half that was ftruck in the Ireland, its Char after, &c. 155 mud remained wood, and the other half that was in the water was petrified. It is not to be doubted but Ireland was ancient- ly governed by Kings, but they were fuch as fome of the Indian Kings are in Virginia, fcarce fo good as Lords of manors in England. The Monarch himfelf had no more than he could catch, and was rather Dux Belli, than a King, Thefe Monarchs were neither anointed, crowry- ed or inaugurated by any ceremony ; they fuc- ceeded not by defcent or election, but by pure force, fo that the title of mod of them is found- ed on the murder of his predeceffor. A hun- dred and eighteen Irifh monarchs were flaugh- tered by their own fubjects, whereof ninety- four were murdered, and of them eighty-fix were fucceeded by the regicides ; which made Proper* with good reaion, call Ireland the barbarous ifland. Nor were their laws better than their governors j and long before the Eng- lifti conqueft there were hardly any foot- Heps of learning left in the kingdom. Money was always very fcarce, and they never coined any themfelves. Their building in thofe days, even of their caftles, was no other than turf or wat- tles piaiftered over: nor didf Henry II. find any * Con. Collar, c. 41. { Ciimbrenlis. c. \ i. 156 Ireland, its Char after, &c* any thing better in Ireland, nor artificers tha could make better. Their religion, fays the learned Primate tidier 1 , was anciently ' for fubftance, the fame * which the Proteftants now profefs;' which they afterwards changed, fays the Earl of Orrery, * For fomething that pins them upon the Pope's e fleeve ; yet from the beginning it was not fo, e but their religion was pure and orthodox.' Their religion is rather a cuftom, than a dog- ma, and is no more than ignorant fuperftition ; not one in a hundred of the common people know any thing of even the moft effential ar- ticles of the creed, but having refigned their faith to the prieft, they believe every filly ftory he tells them. Nay, fome of the wild Irifh are Pagans to this very day, and worihip the new moon, for the kerns will pray unto her, that fhe would be pleafed to leave them in as good health as me found them. For all the pains the Englifh have taken to civilize them, yet they retain in fome places many favage cuftoms. They plow their ground by tying their tacklings to the horfes tails, which is much more painful to the poor beaft, than if they were before his breaft, a-nd on his $ack : And burn their corn in the huik inftead of threfhing it, which out of mere floth they will not do for prefer ving the draw. They ufed Ireland, its Char -after ', &e. 157 ufed fo ride their horfes without faddles, and in latter time if they had pads or pillions, they had no flirrups to them. They have a great averfion to the Enghfli, and extend their anti- pathy even to the Englifh cattle and improve- ments. It was O'Neal that faid, ' It did not ' become him to writh his mouth to chatter 4 Englifh ;' and that executed a foldier, * be* ' caufe he had Engliih bifket in his pocket/ The Irifli continued in their barbarity, poverty, and ignorance, till the Englifh conqueft, and all the improvements themfelves, or. country have received, and the great difference between their manners now and then, is to be afcribed to the Englifh government, under which they have lived far happier, than ever they did under the tyranny of their own Lords. More ungrateful 'people they, to begin a rebellion, to root out their benefactors, and ruin themfelves, and a fruitful country ; which by the care and con- duel: of the Englifh, had been brought to thrive wonderfully by traffic, trades, and improve- ments, and in producing as wife, learned, rich, and brave men, as any other part of Europe. C.H AP, Of penetrating Judgments -, &c. CHAP. XIX, Of penetrating Judgments in the Inveftlgatkn of doubtful Things. SIN, and excufing it, are both of the fame original, born in Paradife with defign to impofe upon God Almighty ; but, being banifhed from thence, has fo fpread itfelf over the whole world, that men have need to have all their wits about them, to difcern between fallacious pretences and real truth. Every man ought to ftand up- on his guard, to keep himfelf from being de- ceived ; but the judicious and penetrating per- fon can only detect it, while more eafy and ere- dulous fouls are deluded and cheated by fubtle- ty and artifice. He will anatomize men's capa- cities, fift them to the bottom, underfland them thoroughly, and dive into the fecrets of the clofeft hearts. He is fubtile in apprehending, fevere in cenfuring, and wife in collecting infe- rences. He difcovers all, obferves all, and com- prehends all. His penetrating judgment is a Ijey to unlock other men's equivocations and mental Of pern tr&ting Judgments , &c, . V. metal refervations ; fo that it is vain for igno* ranee to obfcure itfelf by filence, or guilt to be concealed under imprecations, feined excufes, or pofitive denials. A profound judgment will eafily difcover appearance from reality ; and, by looking through men, is very feldom or ne- ver deceived or impofed upon. L'Homme de Cour. Max. p. 49. A merchant humbly befought the Emperor Rodoiphus Auftriacus to do him juftice againft an innkeeper in Norimberg, with whom he had left two hundred merks, and refufed to reftore it, faying he received no fuch fum of him. The Emperor finding the merchant had no proof but his own oath to witnefs the delivery of the mo- ney to the innkeeper, who ftoutly denied it, faw he mud have recourfe to art to difcover the truth j and, having received from the merchant a defcription of the bag wherein the money was, commanded him to withdraw, with defign to fend for the innkeeper and examine him ; but it fell out more luckily ; for immediately the head men of the town, among which was this innkeeper, came to pay their devoirs to his Imperial Majefty. The Emperor knew him ; and, being of an affable and pleafant temper, fell a jefting with mine hoft, faying, ' You have G a very handlpme hat 5 I like it 5 pray let us * change/ Of penetrating Judgment S, &c. 16*1 6 change.' The other, being fond of the ho- nour, immediately delivered his hat. The Em- peror, pretending fome weighty affair, retired ; and by a trufly citizen fent the hat to the inn- keeper's wife, and required her, by that token, to fend her hufband fuch a bag of money, for he had prefent occafion for it. The woman knowing the meilenger, made no hefitation, and he returned with the money to the Empe- ror ; who called in the merchant, and he joy- fully owned the bag ; whereupon the Emperor called in the innkeeper, faying, * This man * complains that you have a defign to cheat him * of two hundred merks, that he gave into your ' cuftody to keep till he had occafion to employ 4 it ; what fay you to the accufation ?' The hod utterly denied the charge, faying the mer- chant belied him, or was out of his fenfes, for he never received any money from him. Then the Emperor produced the bag, at the fight whereof the holt was confounded, and confeiTecl the fa 61. The merchant received his money ; the innkeeper was fined confiderably ; and the fame of the Emperor's wifdom in detecting and puniming fo bafe a fraud, run through all Ger- many. Lipf. Monit. 1. 2. p. 259. A Roman lady, a widow, had the misfortune to have her fon ftolen from her, and made a fer- vant in another province, who being at length VOL. II. X i 162 Of penetrating Judgments, &c. informed whofe fon he was, went to Rome, and, difcovering himfelf to his mother, fhe re- ceived him for fome time very affectionately ; but her lover being difpleafed at it, me difown- ed him, and banifhed him from her houfe ; upon which he complained to King Theodoric, who fent for the widow, and charged her with being unnatural to the fon of her bowels ; but me denied him to be her fon, and called him an importer. Then the King afked her if fhe had any inclination to marry again. * Yes,' faid fhe, ' If I can find a match agreeable :' Then faid the King, ' This young man has been a ' gueft in your houfe, marry him.' ' That I * cannot do,' replied the lady, * For I am rich, * and he is miferably poor.* ' Well,' faid The- odoric, e but I will make his fortune equal with ' your's, and you fhall marry him, or incur my ' difpleafure ;' at which the poor lady fell a trembling ; and, finding herfelf condemned by the voice of nature and confcience, confeffed he was her fon, and that her love to the perfon that courted her, had betrayed her into that unnatu- ral action of denying her own child. Then re- plied the wife and great Prince, * Are not you ' a miferable wretch to renounce your own * blood for a ftranger ? Go home, make off * that fond affection, and live like a virtuous * widow with your fon, who mall afford you a * decent "fubfiitence, agreeable to your fex and ' quality/ Of penetrating yudgments, &c. 163 * quality.' Caufin. Hoi. Cour. torn. i. 4. p. 285. A young Jew of Sydon, being impofed upon by another cunning Jew, who had tutored him to it, fet up himfelf to be Alexander, fon of He- rod King of Judea, whom his father had caufed to be murdered, faying, ' That the perfons to ' whom Herod had committed the care of his ' execution, abhorring the fact, concealed him ' till after the death of Herod ; and now he was ' come, as from the grave, to demand his right, * as the undoubted heir of that crown.' This impoftor having hired a cunning fellow, a fer- vant in Herod's family, to mftruct him in the affairs and demeanour of that court, the giddy people cried him up ; and feveral of good account giving credit to his ftory, furnifhed him with great fums of money, which enabled him to car- ry a port like a prince ; and, feeing himfelf ad- vance in the people's efteem, he had confidence enough to carry him to Rome, and there dif- puted his right to the crown againft Herod's lawful fons ; nor could he flop there, bu* ad- drefled himfelf to Auguftus Caefar, requefting his favour to enthrone him in the kingdom of Ju- dea. Every one feemed to efpoufe his interefts ; but Auguftus having a penetrating judgment, foon difcerned him to be a counterfeit ; for, ta- king him by the hand, he found his (kin rough and 164 Of penetrating Judgments, &c. and brawny, like men bred up to labour ; there* fore taking him into another room, faid, * It is ' fufficient that thou haft fo long abufed the world ' already ; but now know thou art in the pre- ' fence of Auguftus, who will pardon thee if * thou declared the truth in this whole matter ; ' but, if thou doft lie or diflemble, thy life mall ' pay for the fault.' The poor wretch flood amazed at the Emperor's majeftic and awful countenance, threw himfelf at his feet, and con- fefled himfelf to be an egregious impoftor : Which being over, and the Emperor thinking he was none of the moft impudent importers, he gave him his life, but condemned him to labour at an oar in the gallies during his life. The tutor of this counterfeit being obferved to be a fubtile cunning fellow, and fit to do farther mif- chief, was put to death immediately, Jofeph. Antiq. 1. 17. c. 14. p. 460. The famous ftatuary of Rome, Praxiteles, having promifed the beautiful courtezan Phryne, that (he mould make her election of one ftatue amcf,g all the moft curious pieces he had j and me fufpe&ing his veracity, as well as her own judgment, in which was moft valuable, ferved herfelf with this ftratagem. On a time when he was with her, me cauied a meflenger to come in great hafte, and, as affrighted, to tell Praxi- teles his (hop was on fire, and all his ftatues in danger. Of penetrating Judgments, &c. 165 danger. He ftarted at the news, crying out, * Take care to fave the Cupid and the Satyr, ' for they are worth all the reft j* at which words the beautiful dame fmiled, told him it was her contrivance, and made choice of the Cupid. Zuing. Theat. vol. 3. 1. 3. p. 697. When the Duke d'Offuna was Viceroy of Naples and Sicily, there died a rich Duke, leaving only one fon behind him, whom, with his whole eftate, which was very confiderable, he left by will to the care and management of the Jefuits ; in which will was this claufe : ' When he is of full age/ ' Darete el mio Fi- 6 glivolo, qiielqite voi volete,' c you mail give my ' fon what you will/ Accordingly, the Jefuits divided the eftate into three parts ; and, taking two parts to themfelves, gave one to the young Duke, which he thinking hard meafure, com- plained to the Viceroy, who commanding the Society to appear before him, he afked them, ' How much of the eftate they would have ?' who anfwered, ' They would have two parts of * the three,' which they had almoft laid out al- ready in erecting monafteries, and an holpital with particular altars to fing ma fifes , dirges, and refrigeriums, for the foul of the departed Duke : Whereupon the Duke d'Ofluna caufed the will to be read, which contained the words before recited, * When he is come to full age, you mall 166 Of penetrating Judgments, &c. * mall give my fon of my eftate what you will. 1 Then he told the Jefuits, that the words were to be underftand, * What you will have fhall c be given to my fon ;' which, faid the Duke, by your own acknowledgment, is two parts in three ; and fo I determine it fhall be divided. Howell's Epift. vol. i. Ep. 36. p. 98. CHAP. Impartial Adminiftrators of Jttftice. 1 CHAP. XX. Impartial Adminiftrators of Juftice. So facred a virtue is Juftice, and fo beneficial to the public, that it is the great concern of go- vernments to truft the adminiftration of it to no perfon but fuch as fear God, and abhor co- vetoufnefs ; for then men will not fuffer by the fale of reafon, and by allowing the law to have a courfe of traffic. Many realons have been af- figned for promoting the fpeedy execution of Juftice, but few have been hearkened to, that tend to prevent injuftice and delays ; by which means it often happens that fentences and judg- ments are more criminal than the crimes them- felves. Buying and felling offices is the bane of Juitice ; for they that buy think themfelves privileged to fell j and, without refpecl to the merits of the caufe, efpoufe the part of the fair- eft bidder ; and fo a man receives more injury by the law, and its officers, than from his ene- my that commenced the action. Thofe that buy the Devil, fay the Serjeants at the Counter, 1 68 Impartial Adminiftrators of Jufcice. muft fell the Devil to reimburfe themfelves. Being tied up to forms of law, without leaving the Judge a power to do what he knows he ought, is often the caufe of doing great injuf- tice. Certain * men were condemned to die for a murder committed. Their fentence, if not pro- nounced, was at leaft determined and conclu- ded on. The Judges, juft in the nick, are informed by the officers of an inferior court hard by, that they have fome men in cuftody who have directly confeffed the faid murder, and make an indubitable difcovery of all the particulars of the fact. It was then, notwith- (landing put to the queftion, whether or no they ought fo fufpend the execution of the fen- tence already paffed upon the firft accufed. They gravely confider the novelty of the ex- ample, and the confequences of reverfing judg- ments ; that the fentence of death was legally pafled, and the Judges fairly acquit of repen- tance. To conclude : Thefe poor devils were facrificed to the forms of law and Juftice. But the perfons hereafter named were lovers of the thing, not the name, and acted accordingly. Juvenalis, a widow, made complaint to King Theodorick, that his Judges had fpun out a fuit of her's three years, that might have been de- termined * Mout. EiT. Eng. vol. 3. p 476. impartial Admiriiftraion of Juflice. 1 6g termined in three days. The King hearing who the Judges were, fent to them to put an end to the widow's caufe before jheni, which they did in two days, to her own con- tent. The King commanded them -to appear before him ; and they, vainly thinking it was to commend their expedition and juftice, at- tended his Majefty full of joy. The King de- manded, ' Why they kept that caufe three years ' in court, that they had defpatched in two 4 days ?' They anfwered, ' Your Majefly's rc- * commendation obliged us to fmifh it.' ' How? * (replied the Kintj), when I made you Judges, ' did I not conHgn all pleas and proceedings to ' you, and particularly thofe of widows ? You * deferve death for your unneceflary delays;* and at the fame inftant commanded then* to be beheaded. No doubt, if they had not mifan- prehended the King's intention in fending for them, they would have faid, c That the forms ' of law and juilice required fuch dilatory pro- 4 cesdings.' Cauf. 11. c. torn, i, 1. 3. p. 90. In the reign of King James I. the Lord San- quer, a nobleman of Scotland, having, to fatisfy a private revenge, hired Robert Carliile to kill John Turner, a fencing-mailer, in hopes his quality and country would bear him out in that reign at leaft ; but the King would take no no- tice of either, nor fufFer nobility to be a cloak VOL. II. Y for 176 Impartial Admini/lrators ofjuftlce. for murder ; and therefore he having been ar- raigned, convifted, and condemned, by the name of John Chreighton, Efq; notwithstanding many of his friends and countrymen petitioned the King to pardon him, he was executed be- fore the gates of Weltminfter-Hall, where he died very penitent. Bak. Chron. p. 599. King Henry II. of France having ordered an Italian lackey to be put in prifon, without af- figning any caufe for his commitment, the Judges, having firft given their opinions to the King, let him at liberty. The King again com- manded he fhould be put to death, having, as he faid, taken him in committing a notorious crime that he would not have to be known a- broad ; but the Judges refufed to pafs fentence upon him, and, initead of it, fet the prifoner a- gain at liberty ; and, though it be true that the King's agents took him afterwards, and drown- ed him in the river Seine, to avoid any popular commotion ; yet the Judges would not con- demn a perfon where there was no proof of his being guilty. Camerar. Oper. Subfcifc. cent. i. c. 100. p. 472. Herkenbald, a man of great renown, efpeci- ally for his impartial adminiftration of juftice, being under an indifpofition that detained him in his bed, and hearing a flir in the next room to him, and a woman crying out for help, he alked Impartial Admini/lrators of Juftice. 171 a Iked his fervants what occafioned it ? but all of them denied any knowledge of it. At length, feverely threatening one of his pages, that he would caufe his eyes to be pulled out of his head if he refufed to tell him the truth, the page anfwered, ' My Lord, your nephew raviihed a ' maid there, and me, to lave herfelf, made the 6 noife you heard.' The fa6t being taken into examination, and fufficiently and clearly proved, Herkenbald condemned his dear nephew to be hanged. But the Senefchal who was to fee the fentence executed appearing to be very zea- lous in the difcharge of that office, inftead of doing his duty, gave the young Lord notice of what had palled, and wilhed him to abfcond or fly, and fome hours after came to the fick per- fon, and told him his commands had been o- beyed. About five days after, the young gen- tleman, thinking his uncle had forgot what was palTed, came and peeped in at his chamber- door. The uncle efpied him, and having with fair words called him within his reach, he twift- ed his left hand in his hair, and with his right hand gave him fuch a deadly wound in his throat with a knife, that he immediately fell down dead by his uncle's bed-fide. So great was this nobleman's zeal for juilice, that he would not fpare fo near a relation. Gamer. Oper. Subfcif. p. 4 6 . Acin- Impartial Admlniftrators ofjujlice* Acindinus, Prefect of Antioch, under the reign of the Emperor Conftantinus, had a man rn- his cufiody for the payment of a pound weight in gold into the Exchequer, whom he menaced with death, if he did not make prompt payment at the day prefixed, which drew very Dear. The man had a very handfome woman to his wife, to whom a rich carle in the city fent word, that, if me would He with him but erne night, he would pay her the gold Acindinus demanded. She acquainted her hufband with the propofal, who, to> fave his life, confented to be made a cuckold ; of which me gave the rich man notice, and he obferved the affignation ; but having fatisfied his luft, at his departure, inftead of a pound of gold, gave her only a pound of earth fealed up in a bag. The poor \voman, enraged at her dishonour, and the ad- ditional cheat, complained to the Prefect, telling him the whole ftory ; who being very fenfible that his threatening her hufband with death had forced her to thefe extremities, hd pronounced this fentence : ' The pound of gold mail be ' paid out of the goods of Acindinus ; the pri- ' foner fhall be fet at liberty ; and the woman ' fhall be inftantly put into pofleffion of that * land, from whence (he received the earth in- * Head of gold.' Lonic. Theatr. p. 473. Man* Impartial Adminlftrators of Juftice. Mandane, in Xenophon, afking her fon Cy- rus how he would do to learn juftice, and the other virtues, among the Medes, having left all his tutors behind him in Perfia ? anfwered, That he learned thofe things long fince ; for his mailer had often made him a judge of the dif- ferences among his fchoolfellows, and once whipped him for giving a wrong judgment. Thus it was : A great boy in the fchool having a little mort coat, by force took a longer and a wider from a little boy that was not fo tall and thick as he was, and gave him his own in ex- change, that better fitted him ; whereupon, I being appointed judge of the controverfy, gave fentence that I thought it moft proper that both of them mould keep the coats they had becaufe they better fitted their bodies than their own : Upon which my mafter told me I had done ill, in that 1 had only confidered the fitnefs and de- cency of the garments, without the juftice of the caufe, ' which required that none fliould ' have any thing forcibly taken from him that * was his own.* Kefides, if the fitnefs had on- ly been confidered, the owner of the great coat ought to have had fome allowance upon the change. Mont. Eff. Engl. Vol. 2. p. 168. Chabot, Admiral to Francis I. King of France, was nobly defcended, had done great fervice for his country, and was highly in fa- vour Impartial Admimftrators of Jujlicei vour with his Prince ; but that decaying in time, and the King having charged him with mifdemeanors of a long Handing ; the Ad- miral, prefuming upon the good fervice he had done the King in Piedmont, and in the de- fence of Marfeilles againft the Emperor, gave the King fome indecent language, ' and dared c him to try him by law for all the offences he * objected againft him.' Hereupon the King iflued out a commifiion to Chancellor Poy- et, as Prefident, and to the other Judges there- in named, to bring the Admiral to a trial for his life, upon an information and indictment preferred againft him by the King's Advocate. The Chancellor was a man of unlimited ambi- tion, and as large a confcience, and hoping to pleafe the King in thefe proceedings againft the Admiral, inveigled fome of the Judges, by ar- tifice and cunning, others by threatenings, and the reft by fair promifes ; and, though nothing could be proved againft the Admiral that me- rited the King's difpleafure, yet the Chancellor fubfcribed, and, by the arts above mentioned, procured others to fubfcribe to the confifcation of his eftate, the forfeiture of his offices and his liberty, though he could not prevail with them to the taking away his life. But the King, ab- horring tricks and falfehood in fo great a magi- ftrate; and though, to any that mould com- plain of hardfhips put upon the Admiral, it might Impartial Adminiftraton of Jitftice. 1 7 5 might be anfwered, ' That he was tried, as he ' defired, by the law and cuftoms of his coun- * try, and by the Judges of Parliament,' yet I fay, the King made all his paffions give way to his juftice, and reftored the Admiral to his honour, his eftate, his offices, and his liberty, and caufed his wicked Chancellor Poyet, who had procured all thefe calamities to the Admi- ral by clandeftine methods, under the colour of law and juftice, to be indicted, arraigned, de- graded, and condemned, as an example and terror to others. Raleigh's Hid. of the World, 1. 5. c. 3. p. 47'- Leo Armenus, the Emperor, received a com- plaint from a very inconfiderable perfon, that a Senator had violated the chaftity of his wife, and that he had feveral times complained of this injury to the Prefect, but could have no redrefs of his grievance ; whereupon the Empe- ror ordered that all the perfons concerned fhould appear before him, and finding the mat- ter was true as the man had reported it, he turned the Prefect out of his office for neglect- in his duty, and caufed the Senator to be put to death. Lipf. Monit. 1, 2. c. i. p. 250. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, had made one of his fpecial favourites governour of a town in Zealand, who falling in love with a woman of that town, who was both beautiful and virtuous, and attempting feverai ways, but un- iy6 Impartial Admimftraton of *JuJlice. unfuccefsfully, to gratify his unchafte defires, at length commits her hufband to prifon, upon a feigned accufation of treafon, in hopes, by that feverity, to accomplifh his ends. The woman was a great lover of her hufband, and therefore went to the Governour to beg his liberty, who thus accofted her : ' Art thou come, my dear, * to entreat me ? you muft needs be ignorant of ' the empire you have over me ; grant me mu- * tual love, and I will reftore you your hufband ; * for we are both under confinement. He is e my prifoner, and I am your's ; and it is in ' your power only to fet us both at liberty ; c which, if you refufe, and refolve not to grati- * fy my paflion, I mud die, and your hufband * mall bear me company, for I will not perifh * alone.' But, feeing none of thefe arguments could prevail upon her, he threw her upon the bed, and violated her chaftity. Not contented with this villainy, he caufed her hufband's head to be cut off in prifon, and that, with his body, to be put into a coffin ready for burial. This done, he fent for the woman, faying, Do you * look for your hufband, he is in the prifon ; go ' and take him along with you.' The woman, not expecting fuch a vile piece of barbarity, went to the prifon, was aflonimed at fuch a rueful fight ; and, after having lamented o- ver the bleeding corps of her hufband, went and made her complaint to the Duke, who being Impartial Adminiftrators of Juftice. 177 being angry that fuch abominable wickednefies fhould be committed under his government, fent for the offender ; and, when he came, faid, ' Do you know this woman ?' The Governour turned pale, and was ready to fink. ' Do you ' alfo (Taid the Duke) know the complaints fhe ' has made againft you ? They are very ill ' ones, and fuch as 1 would not for all the world ' fhould prove true.' He trembles, ftammers in his fpeech, and being often taken tripping, at laft confefled the whole fad, falls at the Duke's feet to beg his pardon ; and faid, to make the woman amends, he would marry her. The Duke, feeming to comply with this propofition, grew fomewhat milder, faying, ' Woman, fince * things are come to this pafs, what do you fay '.to it ? Are you willing to take this man for 6 your hufband ?' She at firft refufed him ; but fearing the Duke's difpleafure who propounded it, at length complied. The Duke caufes the marriage to be folemnized immediately ; which being done, ' You, Mr Bridegroom, (fays the ' Duke), mud now grant me this, that, if you ' die before her without iifue, that then this ' your wife mall have your whole eftate.' The Governour willingly confented ; and it paiTed into an act at law, under the hand of a public notary and witnefles. Then the Duke turned to the woman, faying, ' Is there enough done VOL. II. Z for 1 7 8 Impartial Adminiftrators of *JuJlice* * for your fatisfa&ion ?* 6 There is,' (faid the woman. ' But there is not for mine,' faid the Duke. Then fending tbe woman away, com- manded the Oovernour mould be led away to the fame prifon in which the hufband lay mur- dered, there to have his head cut off, and to be put into a coffin as the other was j which being done, he fent the woman, ignorant of what had patted, to the prifon ; who beholding a fecond misfortune, fell fick, and died foon af- ter ; having only this advantage by her fecond marriage, that me was enabled to leave a good eflate among the children of her firfl hufband, . Lipf. Monit. 1. 2. c. 9. p. 240. By a court-trick, or aftate-plor, one Sir Tho- mas Cooke, fome time Lord Mayor of London, being very rich, was accufed of high treafon, un- der the reign of Edward IV. for lending money to Queen Margaret ; and the King fo far con* cerned himfelf in the contrivance, as to let Sir Kdward Markham know, that, if the law was too fhort to make him a traitor, he, as Lord Chief Juftice of England, upon his trial, mull flretch it till it would reach his purpofe. The confeffion of one Hawkins, who was racked in the Tower, was the only proof againfl Sir T ho- mas Cooke, who pleaded in his own defence, that it was true that Hawkins did defire the can. qf a thpufand marks upon fufficient fecu- ritv; Impartial Adminlftralors of Jit/lice. 179 tity ; but he, underftanding who the money was for, utterly refufed to lend any. The Judge dire&ing the Jury, told them the proof did not amount to treafon, and intimated to them, that they mould be tender where life was concerned, and exercife good confcience ; and the jury found it accordingly. This aftion dif- obliged the Court ; and Sir Edward was put out of his place of Lord Chief Juflice ; upon which he retired to a private life, with this fatisfac- tion, that, though the King could make him no Judge, it was not in his power to make him no upright Judge* Fuller's Hoi. Stat. 1. 4. c. 8. p. 263. A gentleman fent a buck to Judge Hales in his circuit, that was to have a caufe tried before him that aflize ; the caufe being called, and the Judge taking notice of the name, afked if it was not the fame perfon that had prefented him with a buck ? and finding it to be the fame, the Judge told him, ' He could not fuffer the trial * to go on till he had paid him for his buck.' To which the gentleman anfwered, ' That he * never fold his venifon, and that he had done * no more to him but what he had always done ' to every judge that came that circuit -,' which was confirmed by feveral gentlemen on the bench. But all this would not prevail upon the Judge ; nor would he fuffer the trial to proceed 180 Impartial Adininiftrators of Juftice. proceed till he had paid for the venifon ; whereupon the gentleman withdrew the record, faying, * He would not try his caufe before a ' Judge that fufpe&ed him to be guilty of bri- * bery by a cuftomary civility.' Various opi- nions have been given of this action ; and to farther debate 1 leave it. Dr Burnet in his Life. A German gentleman, at his return from London into his own country, meeting with an Englifh gentleman in his travels, took occafion to tell him, how, having loft his dog in that city, and by accident efpying him fome days after, he took him up in his arms, but was in- terrupted in the pofleflion of him by a life-guard man, who being aflifted by his comrades, fell upon the ftranger, and feized his dog, affirming it to be his own ; but the people, feeing fuch violence offered to a fmgle man, and pitying the poor foreigner, who, for want of Englifh, could not plead his own caufe, one of the croud, who was a blackfmith, perceiving that the quarrel arofe about the ownerlhip of the dog, prefently undertook to decide it ; and, fetting the foreigner and the life-guard man at a good diftance from each other, placed the dog in the midft, and made figns to both of them to call him, who prefently run to the fo- reigner, and was awarded to him by the black- fmith, Impartial Adminiftrators of Juftice. 181 fmith, and the whole croud. From whence the German took the opportunity to tell the Eng- lifhman that he thought the common people of England were the jufteft people in the world. Claims of the People of Engl. p. 14. CHAP. t My, its Cbarafier* &c. CHAP. XXI. Italy y its Charafter, as Antient and Modern. ITALY is a pleafant country, in which is fuch a harmonious confent of all creatures, that the elements can afford, and thofe in fuch per- fection, that as Pliny faith, ' Quicquid eft quo * carere vita non debeat nufquam eft praeftan- * tius,' c Whatfoever is, that life ought not to e want, is no where more excelling j j infomuch that the Emperor Conftantine Paleologus fays, * That if he did not know, by the affirmation * of holy men, that Paradife was eaftward, it * could be found no where elfe but in the moft * fweet Amaenities of Pauda j' whence fprung the proverb, * Bologna la grafla, Padovi la ' pafla,* Its foil is very fruitful in the pro- duction of corn and cattle, and in travelling through Apulia the fenfe of fmelling is fo delighted, that you would think you pafled through the Elyfian fields. If as Pliny reports there are fourfcore feveral forts of wines, one hajf of them may be appropriated to Italy : Who i 84 -Italy, its - Charafier, Who hath not heard of the Greek wine that grows by Naples, with the Seten, the Caecu- ban, the Falernian, the Albanian, the Surren- tin, the Maflican, the Statan, the Caleni, Fun- dani and Veliternian wines ; with the Rhetican, which grows near Verona, and is of a royal tafte ; the Liguflick and Tabian wine, and laft- ly the wine about Monte Fiafcone, called Lach- rimae Chrifti, the tears of Chrift, which a Ger- man tailing of, fetched a deep figh, faying, * O * Domine quare non lachrimaiti in noftris ter- ' ris ?* c O Lord, why didll not thou fhed * fome tears in ouf country ?' Nor does Italy want her mines of quickfilver. allum, fait, ala- bafter, marble, or fome of gold and filver j fhe hath ftore of coral and porphyrie, ophits, agats and chalcedeny ; fhe hath the hard azure and the lazule ftones, the grain for purple dies, with innumerable other rich commodities. For the luftre and number of nobility, there is not fuch a concourfe upon the earth of Princes, Dukes, MarquiiTes, and Counts. Who hath fo many ftately cities ? as Rome the holy and magnificent ; Venice wife, rich, and lordly ; Naples gentle and odoriferous ; Florence beau- tiful, a city as Charles the Emperor faid, to be feen only upon holy days ; Milan the fpacious ; Bolonia the fat ; Ferrara the civil ; Padua the ilrong; Bergamo thefubtilej Genoa the proud; Verona as Antient and Modern. 18^ Verona the worthy ; Brefcia the fortified \ Mantoua the glorious; Rimini the good; Siena the ftudious ; Luca the induflrious ; Turli the wanton ; Ravenna the mild ; Capoua the amo- rous ; Urbin the loyal, &c. with divers re- nowned cities more, that have their peculiar epithets. -Howell's Germ. Hid. Diet. p. 21. The ingeny and inventive brain of the Ita- lian is known through all Europe ; in artifls Hie excels, and for learned men in all other fpecu- lative, theorical, and practical knowledge. It is true, the lamps of learning were almofl extin- guifhed by the irruption of many barbarous na- tions into Italy, and it feemed to be over- whelmed with ignorance ; but Urban IV. re- called the mufes from banimment, and Leo X; feemed to be born on purpofe for the repara- tion of letters, and advancement of learned men. Not to mention the famous warriors a- mong the old Romans, Italy has (till many brave officers and foldiers, and was never over- reached in a treaty for want of politicians in refolution or refervednefs ; as for ; example, when King Charles VIII. of Frapce came into Italy, he advanced as far as Florence, where entering into a treaty with the Duke, he em- ployed four commiffioners to the Emperor's camp, whereof Caponi was one, who hearing the propofitions made by the King's fecretary, VOL. II. A a and 1 86 -Italy, its Charafter, and finding them very high, fnatched them from him and tore them to pieces, faying, Frenchmen, If you propofe fuch high things, ' go and found your trumpets, and Florence * mail ring her bells/ Which brave refolution fo ftartled the French, that they came to lower terms. Italy is alfo celebrated for true friend- (hip, charity, and wealth. There is a proverb in Italy, ' Al Papa non mancano maj donari, 4 quando non manca la mano et la penna.' 4 The Pope can never want money as long as * he hath fingers to write.' Infomuch that when a league was ftruck between Pius V. Philip IF. and the Venetians ; whereas the Spaniard was to bear half the charge, the Ve- netians two thirds of the other half, and the Pope the fixth part of a third, the Venetian Ambalfa- dor took him up fomewhat fhort, telling him, * That his Holinefs's quill might command all ' the wealth of Europe.' He is alfo as potent in men ; for in Paul IV's time, there were one hundred and thirty archbifhoprics, and a thoti- fand and feventeen bifhoprics, that the Pope had the confirmation of, befides thofe of the Eaft and Weft Indies. Monafteries and religi- ous clauftral houfes there were above an hun- dred forty and four thoufand, and two hun- dred fourfcore and eight thoufand parifhes, which the Pope had influence upon. So that when as Antlent and Modern. 187 when there was an overture of a league be- tween the Emperor Charles and the French King, for a conjunction againft the Turk, there was a propofition made, that every monaltery mould contribute fix crowns a year, and every parifh fifty-two crowns towards the fupport of the war, which would have amounted to near upon fixteen millions per annum. And for men, if there had been ten culled out of every mo- naftery, it would have made an army of four- teen hundred and forty thouiand men, whofe zeal to the caufe, being votaries in religion, and holding the Pope to be an earthly God, and that thofe that loft their lives in any expe- dition warranted by his crufada, made the Ihorteft cut to a greater degree^ of beatitude in heaven, would venture their fouls as well as bodies for him. Such an army as this the Pope can raife, which no potentate in Europe ever could or can do ; who out of a conceit of a holinefs they afcribe to his function and power of his commiflion, would run through fire and water to do him fervice. . Nor is the Pope thus potent among the eccle- fiaftics only for fpiritual revenues and perqui- fites, but he is alfo a great temporal Prince. Witnefs the dutchies of Ferara and 13olonia, each whereof fmgly, is able to fupport a iecular Sovereign Prince, befides other llgnories he is poiTelfed i88l Italy, its Char after, ppflefied of. Wherefore it was well exprefled by the Poet, fpeaking of the Pope : :/i;>.ir c >, i. UtUriJ/S >'JO!.>,.U -.!..>:> ;. - )* tW''-& En/e potens Gem'mo, Cujus veftigia adorat Ca<.far, et Aurato fulgentes murice Reges. This glorious character was given of Italy in (days of yore ; but now we may fay, how is fhe fallen from heaven, and what large abatements are to be made from what fhe was to what fhe is ? Formerly Italy was called the eye of the world, and Rome the apple of that eye, but now fhe is feized with fuch a blind fuperfti- tion, delirium, and dotage, that neither of them can remember what once they were. Moft of her cities have forgot their primitive names, her vital fpirits, virtue, and valour, are dwind- led into a formal and foolifh bigottry, and from her gigantic bulk is fhrunk into a, pigmy's fkin. The common tenet that Italy in goodnefs and riches excels all other regions, Boterus'her own child refutes as a mere fable, and accufes them .of imprudence and want of judgment that thinks fo. Two thirds of Italy have no navigable rivers, and the fourth part is a flerile rough hewn umbradcal country. Li- guria was damned by nature herfelf to perpe- tual flerility ; and the plains of Verona bear but a forry report for the wildnefs of the foil, and a yajl number of great ftones that are in them. as Antient and Modern* 189 In Alagnia there is a canker worm that cor- rodes the vines, ftrangely grow with the grape, and at laft take wing and fly away. There are fwarms of little ftars that much annoy the crop of corn and wine, againft which there is no de- fence they are fo numerous. What ill aired fens are in many places, which makes them fo thin of inhabitants ? How many places are there in Italy, where flrangers are warned not to go in regard of the illnefs of the air? as Piombino, Grofletto, Sinigallia, Arimino, Cervia, Pefaro. Peftilendal fevers are frequent in Venice and Ancona, and Tertians in Ferara ; nor is the meridian of Rome free from them ; for upon the maritime coafts from Port Hercules to Tar- racina, which is a hundred and fifty miles ex- tent, there are hardly eight thoufand inhabi- tants in the whole. The Voliternian wines are good for nothing unlefs they be boiled ; nor can thofe of Viterbolaft anyconfiderable time till they are fo ufed ; and in truth, ' generally the Italian wines are fo fading and apt to prick, ' that they will fcarce keep an year to an end ;' which made Scaliger utter this better jeft upon Rome, Urbem illam effe novem acetum pef- ' funum veteris vini optimi,' * That me is the ' word new vinegar of the bed old wines.' Be- fides there are no places that might be render- ed more fruitful if the people were more induf- trious, Italy ', its Cfraraflfr, trious. No clime is fo fubjed to viciffitude of tempefts as Italy : The Appenine hills keeps her fnow longer than the Abnoba, the mother of the Danube. How are travellers tormented with chinches, a little (linking vermin that haunts their lodgings in the night. It is true, that about Padova are fertile fields, but the tillers of them are half devils, and as humour- fome as any part of France. There is a prin- ciple, ' Omnes Infulanos efle malos, peflimos * autem efle Siculos ;* ' That all Iflanders are * bad, and the Sicilians the word of all ;' it is truer now th,m ever it was. King Alphonfo faid of the Calabnans, that ' nihil habebant ' praeter fixuram,' ' they had nothing of men * but the fhape.' Ca npania and the kingdom of Naples are indeed luxurious countries and very populous., but fuch is the improbity of the people, that the reft of -the Italians have a proverb, * Napoli * un paradifo, ma habitato diaboli,* * Naples * is a paradife inhabited by devils.' The Ge- noueze are as bad as the Neapolitans ; and are characterized by as ill an Italian proverb, ' Ge- * nova e mare fenza pefce, monte fenza leg- ' no, huornini fenza fide, donne fenza ver- ' gogna. ' Geneva is a fea without fifli, moun- ' tains without wood, men without honeily, ' and women without fhame.' To fhew their particular vices, were to offer violence to mo- deft as Antient and Modern. deft ears, and therefore while I am among the proverbs, its fufficient to fay, that fome of their fins are fo infecting, ' That if a Dutchman is ' tainted with them, they transform him into a * devil.' ' Tudefco Italianato e un diabolo in- c carnato.' I confefs Italy abounds with nobles, but what kinds of ones are they ? 6 I Marchefi. * di Ceva, i Conti di Piacenza, i Cavaglieri di * Bologni,' ' the Marquifles of Ceva, the Earls * of Placenta, and the Knights of BolomV are poor to a proverb. How they reward men of parts and learning, you may fee in Philippus, the learnedeft man of his time, yet they were forced to fell his books to bury him in Bolo- nia ; and who could have imagined, that JEneas Silvius or Pope Pius II. who was oblig- ed to the mufes for all his fortunes, being con- gratulated by feveral pieces of poetry, when he came to be Pope, inltead of a reward, would difmifs the poets with this diftich. Pronumeris numeros a me Operate Poetae, Carminaq. eft animus rcddere^ non Ejnere. ' O poets you may expeft numbers for num- * bers, but nothing elfe; lor I ufe to return but ' not buy verfes.' The Pope's power hath been very great -'< '513 14 2 His own fees for attendance, &c. 1989 211 Drawing and copying indictments, articles, in ft ructions, depofi- tions, informations, breviats, cafes, &c. - - i 3740 7 3 Carryover L, 18962 14 6 * ?i& Mo. WWg. P , 47 . Of Lawgivers, &c, L. fli. d. Brought over 18962 14 6 Horfe-hire, coach-hire, and other expences in travelling - 566 3 9 Reward for travelling, his own at 20 s. per diem, and his man's at i o s. per diem - - - 528 8 6 Marfhal and prifon charges - 1611 7 2 Difcount of Exchequer bills and tallies 455 13 6 Ditto, Bank L. 400, at i j^ per cent. - - - 30 o o Charges of the Admiralty feffions, &c. - - - 42 2 o Paid to John King for his (hare of the money recovered from Love- lace - - 49 15 o Reward paid to one Jenkins an evidence,, by order of the Ad- miralty 34 9 6 Paid for intereft of L. 220 bor- rowed to carry on the fervice 18 50 Ditto, L. 1800 refpited to be paid in courfe, from 5th of Nov. 1696 to Aug. 5. 1697, at 6 per- cent. - - - - 8100 Paid for lofs, by 129 malt tickets received by him on payment of arrears for L. 1828 : 14 : o 576 o o Carryover L. 22955 18 n Of Lawgivers > &c. L. fh. d. Brought over 22955 *& ll Paid to Captain Thomas Urry by order, for his charges, being wounded and profecuted for preffing men jujci tirtbi - 92 6 o For pafling the Admiralty's com- miflion, and privy feal, for ad- mitting Col. Warton ..W. 89 17 10 Paid to the Trealurer of the Navy, by order, for redemption of the King's Fifher ketch - - 50 o o For judges and jury's dinners at the Admiralty feffions, &c. - 90 3 4 To money recovered of Gowen and others, (Admiralty officers) as cofts and damages, in a fuit brought by Harvy and others in Suffolk ... 68 o e Total L. 23345 6 i Befides, from an abilraft deliver- ed to the committee, but not yet pafled the Navy-Office,, it appears that the faid Edward Whitaker chargeth the King as debtor with a further fum of about .... 2199 3 7 Total L. 25544 9 8 It Of Lawgivers, &c. 207 It is fuch fellows as this that abufe the laws, as well as the kingdom, by exa&ions and op- preffions, and that caufed fome men to fay, with Plato, ' That lawyers are the pefts of the country j* and that, when Ferdinand fent colo- nies to the Indies, he wifely provided, that they fhould carry no (Indents of the long robe with them, left fuits and controverfies mould get footing, to enrich the lawyers, who impoverifh all they have to do withal : Which, in time, our prudent legiflators will think worth their notice, and reduce their fees to a moderate cer- tainty. The multiplicity of laws is alfo a grievance to the fubjeft ; for they are fo liable to various glofles and interpretations, that a man fcarce knows when he is right, and when he is wrong, We have more laws in France, fays Montaigne in his ElTays *, than are in all the world be- fides, and more than would be neceflary for the governjnent of all the worlds of Epicurus ; Ut dim flagitiis i fie nunc legibus labor anws : So that, as formerly we were fick of wickednefs, we are now fick of the laws ; and yet we have left fo much to the debate and decifion of the judges, that there was never fo full and uncontrouled a liberty. What have our nation got by fuflfering lawyers to cull out an hundred thoufand cafes, but * Vol. 3. p. 4^7. co8 Of Lawgivers, &c, but giving occafion for an hundred tboufand new laws to explain them ? Who has got by it but the lawyers themfelves ? for, when our legiflators have done their part, we muft all be governed by the lawyers opinions of thofe laws, which too often clafh with the intentions of the lawgivers, and by art, and a cloud of words, prevent juftice, and add oppreffion to injury. i. J .ir v noi<.!V ~>il<' ^;F>/vi,,J ;*)' iMnH Of ' jgftifBcft Laws bear the name, but money has the pow'f, The caufe is bad whene'er the client's poor. The robe's too modeft to rejift our gold : So judgment, like our other wares, is fold : Ourfuits are travers'd, andfo little won, -That he who conquers is but loft undone. CHAP. -Of Learning^ &c. c H A p. xxm. Of Learning, and the refpeft paid to learned Mot. LEARNING is in truth a very great, and a very considerable quality, and fuch as defpife it fufficiently difco.ve.-r their own want of under- ftanding j but then this learning mud not folely terminate in the purchafe of words, and acqui- ring ftrange languages, but in the knowledge ; of ufeful things, fuch as render a man wifer and better in the fervice of hirnfelf, his friend, and the public ; for otherwife, a man that cud- gels his brains at fchool and the univerfity half the days of his life, in fearch of primitives, de- rivatives, logical qualities, and airy fpeculative new nothings, you will find that nil he has got is, that Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, have only made him a greater, and a more conceited cox- comb than when he went nrfl from home. He -is buried alive in a grave of pedantic education, without hopes of a refurreclion to the great ends that mankind was intended for. Learning was never defigned for ufeif, and to be clofeted VOL. II. D d in a io Of Learning, &c in the brain, but as a light to guide us to virtue, to know ourfelves and the world, and to endow us with a found judgment. Knowledge is not Co abfolutely neceffary as judgment j for the laft may fhift without the other, but the other never without this, as the Poet fays, Learning is nothing worth , if wit And Under/landing be not join* d with it. For nothing in this kind renders a man fo truly great as when his learning is made a ftep to the exercife of virtue, nor any thing fo re- proachable, as men that have arrived to learn- ing, and then ceafed to be good. A curious and rich cabinet, beautified with gold, and adorned with pearls and diamonds, which fome time belonged to Darius King of Perfia, but, after his defeat, falling into the hands of Alexander the Great, his friends about him {hewed many ufes that fplendid cafket might be put to, but none, it feems, hit his o- pinion, who faid, ' It mould be a cafe for Ho- ' mer's Works, for too much care and coft ' could not be employed in preferring them.' He alfo, when the city of Thebes was to be plundered, gave pofitive orders that the Houfe of Pindar, the famous poet, ngr any of his fa- mily Of Learning^ &c. an mily or relations fhould be molefted. In me- mory of his tutor Ariftotle, he caufed tfce town where he was born to be rebuilt in a fumptuous manner. And one day feeing a man approach him with joy in his face, as the meffenger of glad tydings : ' What, (fays he), makes thee * have fo pfeafant an afpeft, haft thou brought * me intelligence that Homer is alive again ?'- Lipf. Monit. 1. i. c. 8. p. 117. et 1. 2. p. 407. Pomponius, in the Fourth Book of his Inlli- tutes, fays, that, fo great was his defire to learn, ing, that he had always in his memory, to the fevemy-eighth year of his age, that fentence which was afcribed to Julian, viz. ' Though I * had one foot in the grave, I mould ftill have a ' defire to be learning fotnething.' Zuing, Theatr. vol. i. 1. i. p. 30. Where knowledge is joined with a good in- tention, they feldom fail of a happy fuccefs ; but a good underftanding, with a bad defign, is a monftrous copulation. An ill intention is the bane and poifon of human life ; and, when it is followed by knowledge, it is much more mifchievous. It is a very unhappy genius that employs itfelf in doing evil ; but fo it always comes to pafs, where learning is deftitute of a true and iblid judgment. L'Homme de Cour. Max. 16. p. 19. Socrates Of Learning &cv Socrates fays, * That knowledge and igno- c ranee are the beginnings of good and evil ; 9 and Baltafar Gratian, * That man is born rude * and barbarous, and that he is redeemed from c the condition of beafts only by good educa- e tion ; and, the more he is cultivated, the foon- ' er he becomes a man.' It is with refpect to education that Greece had reafon to call the reft of the world a barbarous fort of people ; for there is nothing fo brutiih as ignorance, nor nothing that" refines and poliflies mankind fo much as knowledge. But knowledge of itfelf is rude if it be without art. It is not enough that the understanding be cleared, but the will mufl alfo be regulated, and much more the manner of converfing. There are fome men that are naturally poliflied, both as to concei- ving and fpeaking, or as to the advantages of the body, which is but as the bark to the tree, of of the mind, which- are as the fruit. On the contrary, there are others fo ruftic, that all their actions, and fometimes the richeft talents they have, are disfigured by the rufticity of their hu- mours ; but, fuch is the excellency of learning, if men would employ themfelves in it, that the former would be eminent in their ftations, and the latter much reformed and amended. Ibid. Max. 6S. p. 113. There Of Learning &c. 21$ There is no man fo defpicable but he may be another man's matter in fomething. He that ex- ceeds, finds always fomebody that as far excels him as he does others ; and to know how to cull out the bed in every one is an ufeful knowledge. The wife and learned man values all men, be- caufe he knows what is good in every one, and what things coil to do them well. When, on the contrary, the ignorant defpifes all, becaufe he is unable to difcern what is good, and there- fore always choofes the worft ; but it was other- wife of the learned men that follow.- Ibid. Max. 195. p. 232. What an excellent character does Vives, who was a learned man himfelf, beftow upon Bu- daeus, m faying, he was one of the acuteft wits* that ever France produced j a man of a piercing judgment, extraordinary learning, great affidui- ty j and, which is more, all thele profound ac- complHhments were the refults of his own in- duftry, without the help of a teacher. His life was but one continued fcene of acquiring and communicating knowledge to others. Be- fides all this, he was much employed in his own- private and public affairs at home, and in em- bailies abroad *. My author concludes all with that diitich, which Buchanan, that excellent Scots poet, made of him, Galtta * Hakw. Apol. 1. 3. c. 6. p. 226. 514 Of Learning^ &c. Gallia quod Graecia eft, quod Graecia barbara non eft, Utraque Budaeo, debet utrumque fuo i-.i*t* i p.t -^fl W^$-it-<> Y ' fc 1 * ' &rf Kl ?'.TQ?i *>, ; 7 ,'; ir :; l 27W/ France is turned to Greece, that Greece is not turn'd rude, Both owe to thee, their dear, great, learned Bude. t.r, .',. l.ii-.w ';-^,' '/'(! -.;<.'J- ' ' jf'f ^-> ' ;i ^fi!? rt-.ri/' Toftatusj Bifhop of Abulum, was fo early ripe, that, before he was two and twenty years of age, he was matter of all the liberal arts and fciences. Befides his profound knowledge in philofophy, divinity, the canon and civil lawSj hiftory, philology, and the mathematics, he was inferior to none in the Greek and Latin tongues. Bellarmin, who was a great judge of men of parts, fays of him, . Hicjtupor eft mundi, quifiibile difcutit omne. The wonder of the world ; for he Knows ivhatfoever known may be. r~. . .-.i.ia o* ?!7?>:i^,'^ i,;,f4>;:.!j;'; t- fit b^it He was fo laborious a ftudent, that, with Didy- mus of Alexandria, they fay he had a body made of brafs. His (kill in antiquities is feen in his Book De Ajje, or, Of Ancient Coins. Add to which, that he was pious, wife, obliging, modeft, and juft. He died at Paris in the year 1540, Of Learning, &c. 215 1540, ordering no pomp at his funeral, but that he fhould be buried by night, without fo much as a torch. His encomiums are nume- rous ; and, not only the learned of that time, but thofe of the prefent age, admire him. Part of the epitaph engraved on his tomb was, Prlmae natalis luci, folia omnia adapt am 9 Nondumficfuerit) pagina trinafatis. The meaning whereof is, that, if three leaves were allowed to every day of his life, even from his nativity, his writings would exceed the number of his days. Hackw. Apol. p. 277. Julius Caefar Scaliger, though he was above thirty years of age before he addicted himfelf to ftudy, yet he was an excellent philofopher, and a famous Greek and Latin poet. Voflius and Lipfius gave him a large encomium, as, ' The miracle of nature, and the glory of the 4 age he lived in. 1 Meibomius fays, * The fun, c fcarce mined upon a more learned perfon.' And that incomparable hiftorian Thuanus adds, * That antiquity could not mew his fuperior, f nor his own age his equal.' Lipf. Ep. cent. 2. Ep. 44. Juitus Jofephus Scaliger has one of the chief- eft places among the learned of this latter age. The learned Cafaubon [fays, c He was able to ' teach Of Learning^ 6 teach what any man defired to know. There * was nothing fo abftrufe or obfcure in any 4 Hebrew, Greek, or Latin author, either an- * cient or modern, but what he was abje to re- 6 folve.' The univerfity of Leyden made him an honorary profefibr, where he refided fixteen years, and died in 1609. He was an excellent critic, chronolpger, and linguift j wrote fevera.l volumes ; the chiefeft of which is juftly ef- teemed, his Emendatio Temporum. A Doctor of theSorbon, Julius Caefar. Bulengerus, and Pro- feiTor at Pifa, in Italy, fays, in the Hiflory of his time, ' That, for learning and ingenuity, 6 Jofeph Scaliger could fcarce be paralelled in .' this or former ages/ Heinfius Orat. i. in Tun. Jof. Seal, totum. Roger Bacon, whom the ignorance of that age reprefented as a conjurer, was a famous mathematician, a great proficient in all other fciences, and no lefs accomplimed in all the learned languages. Selden, in his Syntagma, gives him this character, viz. ' Roger Ba- 6 con, a Minorite in Oxford, was an excellent c mathematician, and a perfon of greater and * politer learning, than any that age could pro- * duce.' Selden. Synt. c. I. p. 104. Pitfaeus gives this character of Richard Pacy Dean of St Paul's, and Latin Secretary to Hen- ry VIII. ' That he was a man of profound learn- *' Of Learning, &e* 5 ing, an acute wit, a well poifed judgment, a ' tenacious memory, a fluent tongue, and of * confiderable fkill in Latin, Greek, and He- * brew.' Relig. and Learn. 1. 3. c. 10. p. 215. Voflius fays of Hugo Grotius, a native of Delph in Holland, * That he was the mod know- * ing perfon of his age, in divine and human ' occurrences.' And Meibomius reports him to be the greateft of men, the light and colu- men of learning, ' Of whom nothing fo great * can be faid or writ ; but that his virtue or e- * rudition hath far exceeded it.' Ibid. p. 278. It would be a work of greater bulk than this Manual would allow of, to name the men of our own nation, and in our time, that have been the glory of the age for learning, efpeci- ally in divinity, as Archbifliop Cranmer, Par- ker, Ridley, Hooper, Grindall, AndreweSj Whitgift, Laud, Juxon, Bancroft, Gunning, Taylor, Tillotfon, Stillingfleet, and many others. From thence, to name the many other learned men of our nation, famous in philofophy, hif- tory, mathematics, aftronomy, geography, na- vigation, law, and phyfic, were to write another volume, and therefore I mall lay it afide for the" prefent, to tell you that the word Learning is taken in a narrower fenfe among fome mifta- ken Englimmen than among other nations. We feem to reftrain it only to the book ; and VOL. II. E e whereas^ 2 1 8 Of Learning &C. whereas, indeed, any artifan whatsoever, if he know the fecret and myftery of his trade, may be truly called a learned man, and indeed tlje ufefulleft fort of learned men j for, without them, we might want the neceflary accommo- dations of life, and commerce with other na- tions, by which iflands grow wealthy at home, and formidable abroad ; and fuch ought to be preferred, with refpect to the fubfiftence of a country, before thofe Polymathifts that (land poring all day in a corner upon a moth-eaten author, and converfe only with dead men. The Chinefes, who are the next neighbours to the rifmg fun on this part of the hemifphere, and confequently the acuteft, have a wholefome piece of policy, ' The fon is always of the fa- ' ther's trade;' and it is all the learning he aims at, which makes them admirable artifts ; for, befides the dextroufnefs and propenfity of the child, the father is more careful to inftruct him in the myftery j and this general law or cuflom, keeps their heads from rambling after book learning, and other vocations, which is the extravagant humour of our country. There is not a fimpler animal, and a more fuperfluous member of a ftate, than a mere fcholar, a felf- pleafmg ftudent, who is, Telluris inutile pvndus *y : ;*; - The * Howell's Fam. Lt. part alt. p. 13. Of Learning, &c. 219 The Goths forbore to deftroy the Greek and Italian libraries, that books might ftill keep them foft, fimple, or too cautious in warlike affairs. And therefore old Rome feems to me to have been of much greater value, both for peace and war, than that learned Rome that ruined itfelf. Add to this, that the exceffive number of thofe which converfe only with books are fuch, that one cannot live for ano- ther, according to the dignity of the calling ; a phyfician cannot live for a phyfician j a lawyer, civil or common, cannot live for lawyers ; nor a divine for divines. Moreover, the multitudes that profefs thefe three beft employments, efpe- cially the laft, make them of far lefs efteem. Mont. Eff. Eng. p. 56. CHAP. Liberty of the Subjeft, &c. CHAP. XXIV. Liberty of the Subjeft, how to be underflood, and the care to preferve it. PUBLIC good and the liberty of the fubjecl:, are two excellent words when they are honeflly and peaceably intended. The ancient Romans had liberty in fo high an efteem, that they made it one of their Goddefies, dedicated tem- ples in honour of it, and all that endeavoured to oppofe it, they punifhed with interdiction, relegation, deportation, and the like. Liberty is the greateft glory of the people, which all forts of men are fo tenacious of, that they will en- deavour to fecure it with the hazard of their lives and fortunes. But then great care is to be taken, that we are not abufed with words for things ; for if liberty is not bounded by the laws of religion, reafon, and difcretion, it is the greateft makebate in the world, and tends directly to the ruin of every community, by that known rule, * That the beft things cor- * rupted become the worft.' Liberty perverted jnto contention for fuperiority, is but trepaning and Liberty of the Subjefi, &c. and deluding men into real flavery ; catching them with words, decoying them into nets and fnares j and inftead of putting men upon con- fidering every thing in its proper place, and one thing with relation to another, according to the weight, reaion, and importance of the aclion, before we proceed to complain ; it in- dulges intemperate heats and hearfays, tranf- ports men into a feditious belluine liberty of faying and doing what they pleafe, and fo by thinking to aflert their liberties, are taught by feditious men to deltroy them ; for there is no fuch thing in the world as abfolute freedom. It is freedom from tyranny, oppreffion, inva- fions of common rights, from arbitrary impofi- tions, illegal exactions, and other ill effe&s of a defpotic power, that was contended for in the following examples. When Maximus, to enlarge his own terri- tories, made war againfl the city of Aquileia in Italy, the women cut off their hair from their heads, and converted them into bow-ftrings for the ufe of the foldiers, to (hoot arrows againft the invaders of their liberties. The fame was alfo done fometime at Rome, when that city was diftreffed by the enemy, and in commemo- ration of the ladies zeal in the fervice of their country, the fenate dedicated a temple to Ve- nus Liberty sf the Subjetf, &cv 223 nus the Bald. Pezel. Mellific. Hift. Tom. 2. p. The caftle of MefTada, wherein were nine thoufand men, befides women and children, and ftored with provifions for many years, be- ing befieged and hardly preffed by the Romans, and no hopes left of efcaping fervitude ; they refolved to preferve their liberties by a volun- tary death ; therefore chufe out ten men to kill all Me reft, who having performed that bloody office, caft lots which of them mould kill their furviving fellows. The man defigned to that fervice having difpatched the other nine, fet the palace on fire, and theti killed himfelf. None efcape >ut two women and five children, that hid themfelves in a vault, and gave this rela- tion to the Romans at their entering the caitle. Jofeph de Bello Judaico. 1. 7, c. 28. p. 761. The Tacchi a people in the remote parts of Afia, having war wkh the Greeks, and being in. danger to be captivated by them, threw them- felves defperately from high and fleep rocks ; and the women followed the example of the men, firfl throwing down their own children, and then themfelves. Clark's Mir. c. 78. p. 35 1 - Johannes Bafilides that tyrannical and inhu- man Duke of . Mufcovy, fludjed the art of op- prefling and ruining his fubjeds j and that he might 224 Liberty of the Subjefl, &c. might excel all others in laying ftrange impofi- tions upon them, he exa&ed from his people a tribute of fweat, and a certain number of night- ingales to be paid him in the midft of winter, when there was none to be found in the coun- try ; but thefe and other oppreffions coft him the revolt of his fubjeds, and the lofs of his do- minions and life. Cauf. Hoi. Court. Tom. 2. P- 399- The Clergy, the Barons, and Commons of England, depofed King John five hundred years ago, and elected Louis of France j the grounds of whofe proceedings againft him were, for re- gaining thofe franchifes that were notorioufly invaded by that arbitrary Prince, and are con- tained in the Great Charter of England. King Edward II. tracing the fame arbitrary methods, the Barons fent him word, ' That un- ' lefs he put away Peirce Gavefton, ' That cor- 4 rupted his councils and Squandered his re- ' venue, and alfo addicted himfelf to govern by ' the laws of the land, they would with one * confent rife in arms againft him as a perjured * perfon :' And fo they did, and beheaded his minion Gavefton, notwithftanding the King's earned folicitation to fpare his life. Truffel's Hift. p. 206. King Richard II. being lapfed into the fame misfortune of affecting a tyrannical govern- ment Liberty of the Subjeft, &c., 225 ment, a Parliament was called without the King's confent ; and though he refigned his Crown to the Duke of Lancafter, yet the Parlia- ment then fitting, being of opinion that this abdication was not fufficjent to build upon, be- caufe the written refignation might be the effect of fear, and fo not voluntary and fpontaneous, they proceeded to a formal deposition in the names of all the Commons of England. The articles exhibited againft him were twenty-nine in number, of which two were, that he affirm. ed, ' That all law lay in his own head, and that ' all the lives and eftates of his fubjecls were in ' his hands to be difpofed of at his pleafure.' TruiTel. 1. 2, p. 43. Illegal taxes were one of the pretences that begat the rebellion againft King Charles J. and though afierted to be lawful by the majority of the Judges, and was but a mite in comparifoa with a mountain, of what the complainers when in power laid upon the people themlelves, yet it is wonderful to obferve, how it infatuated the people into all the perverfe actions of folly and madnefs. Liberty of the fubject was the cry in all thofe bloody wars, and they kept LID that noife by artifice till the Parliamentarians had ferved their purpofe in deltroying the beft of Kings and governments, and enflaving the whole nation under the tyranny of the worft of VOL, II. F f their 226 Liberty of the Subjeft, &c. their fellow fubje&s. So great an afcendant had the word liberty upon a mifguided people, that they pleafed themfelves with the name on- ly, and loft the thing itfelf. What caufed all the misfortunes of King James II. but a perfuafion that he had invaded the rights, and infringed the liberties of the peo- ple ; which we fee the people were ftill fo careful to preferve, that, in the midft of their zeal and joy to enthrone his fucceflbr King William III. before the Convention would let him poffefs the crown of England, the Lords and Commons prefented him with a remonftrance of the feve- ral abufes and incroachments of former reigns upon the liberties and privileges of the people ; and, till he had promifed to grant all their claims and demands of rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, or proceed- ings, to the prejudice of the people, mould not in any way hereafter be drawn into confequence or example : Which claims of right have fmce palled into an act of Parliament. CHAP. Of Life, &c. 22? CHAP. XXV. Of Life, bow Overprized by fome, and Underva- lued by others. LIFE, like the harmony of the world, is com- pofed of the contrarieties of feveral notes, fvveet and harfh, fharp and flat, fprightly and folemn. It is chequered with variety of circumflances ; fometimes it fwells with a profperous fortune, other while it ebbs into the lowed degree of adverfity, and feldom admits of conftancy and durability. Good and courageous men do on- ly put iuch a value upon life as is requifite, while weak and timorous fouls anticipate its troubles by fearful apprehenfions, and fo fall under them before they come. Others moleft themfelves with futurities ; and, inftead of en- deavouring to prevent impending mifchief, feem to invite them by expectation. He efteems life at a juft rate, that neither fondly loves, nor fool- ifhly hates it ; that employs it wholly in doing good ; and, from its uncertainty, makes his re- foive to live well while he lives, and leaves the length 228 Of Life, &c. length or fhortnefs of the time to the determina- tion of Heaven, Life, at bed, is but a walking fhadow, a poor player, that frets and ftruts a fhort time upon the ftage of the world, and then, is heard no more ; a tale that is told by an idiot, full of noife and fury, and fignifies no- thing at all ; and yet we fee the world runs into extremes about it ; for fome are over defirous of it, while others throw it away upon every trivial occafion ; but few employ it to the ends it was defigned for. Dyonifius, the tyrant of Syracufe, from a juft apprehenfion of his infamous life, was fo fearful to lofe it, that he removed his friends from court, and put himfelf into the hands of barba- rian aliens. He was in fuch fear of barbers, that he taught his own daughters, to fhave him ; and, when they were grown to maturity, he durft not fuffer them to come fo near his throat with a razor ; and therefore inftrucled them how to burn off his hair and beard with the white filmes of walnuts. He durft not enter his wife's apartment before the room and bed were narrowly fearched^ When he diverted himfelf in playing at ball, he commonly deliver- ed his cloak and fword to a boy -he loved and trufted ; upon which one of his familiar friends faid to him in a j.efling manner, * Now you put * vour Of Life, &c. your life into the boy's hands j* at which the boy fouling, and the tyrant obferving it, he commanded them both to be killed immediate- ly ; one for intruding him how to kill him, and the other for leeming to confent to it with a i'mile ; but, notwithstanding all his care and fear, he at length perimed by the hands of his fubjecls, Lonic. Theat. p. 356. Henry Beaufort, the wealthy Cardinal of Whichever, being ftruck.with a difeaie that his phyficians told him would not terminate but in death, he murmured and complained at his de- fliny, faying, ' What a hard cafe is this, that ' death will not be bribed ! Mutt I die with all ' my riches ? Will all my money fignify no- ' thing ? If the whole kingdom of England ' would fave my life, 1 am able to procure it by * policy, or buy it with money ; and muft I ' die, O unhappy man that I am?' It feems this Cardinal was different from the opinion of the ancients, who thought it a happinefs to die when there was more ill than good in living, and that, to preferve life to one's own torment and inconvenience, is contrary to the very rules of nature, as thefe old laws inftrucl us *. Happy is death, whenever it ft) all come, To him to whom to live is trwblefome ; Whom * Baker's Chron. p. 2"o. Of Life, &c. Whom life does perfecute with rejllefs fpite> May honourably bid the world good night / For infinitely better 'tis to die, Than to prolong a life of mifery. C. Mecaenas, the celebrated friend and fa- vourite of Auguftus, was fo in love with life, and terrified at the apprehenlions of death, that he was wont to fay 4 he cared not what he en- dured fo long as he did but live ; of which thefe verfes are to be applied : Debilem facito manu y Debilem pede coxa, Tuber adftrue gibber urn, Lubricos quate denies. Vita dum fupereft bene eft. ' Let me be lame of my hands and feet, let * me have a huge bunch on my back, and all * my teeth be ready to drop out of my mouth, * it will fignify nothing to me fo I may but live/ Zuing. Theat. vol. i. 1. i. p. 38. Antigonus, obferving that a foldier under his command was a man of fuch true courage, that he was more ready to engage in any hazardous enterprize than the reft of his comrades, and yet withal taking notice that he was a very fick- ly infirm man, took fpeciai care for his reco- very ; Of Life, &c. 231 very ; and, having accomplifhed it, the King obferved that he did not, in his future fervice, pufti on with fuch vigour and bravery as former- ly ; and, afking him what occafioned it, the fol- dier told the King, ' That he had done himfelf * that injury in curing him of his dangerous dif- * temper ; for,' fays he, ' when I carried a dif- * eafed body about with me, I cared not what * became of it ; but now I am in health, and 6 enjoy the comforts of life, I am willing to pre- c ferve it.' Clark's Mir. c. 79. p, 354. But others have been as prodigal of their lives as the foregoing examples were covetous of theirs. Lucius Arruntius killed himfelf to efcape future evils. Granius, Silvanus, and Statius Proximus, after having been pardoned by Nero, laid violent hands upon themfelves j either difdaining to live by the favour of fo wicked a man, or that fome dine or other they might be troubled to procure a fecond pardon, confidering the proclivity of his nature to ere- dit accufations againfl worthy men. Sparga- tizes, the fon of Chieen Tomyris, being prifoner of war to Cyrus, made ufe of the firft favour Cyrus mowed him, in commanding him to be xmbound, to kill himfelf, having pretended to no other benefit of liberty, but only to take re- venge upon himfelf for the difgrace of being tafcen. Goges, governour in Bion for King Zerxes, 232 Of Life, Sec. Zerxes, being befieged by the Athenian arms under the conduct of Cymon 5 refuted the con- ditions offered, that he might return into Afia with all his wealth, impatient to furvive the lofs of a place his mafter had given him to keep ; therefore, having defended the city to the laft extremity, nothing being left to eat, he firfl threw all the gold, and whatsoever elfe the ene- my could make booty of, into the river Stry- mon ; and, after caufing a great pile to be fet on fire, and having caufed the throats of all the women, children, concubines, and fervants, to be cut, he threw their bodies into the fire, and at laft leaped into it himfelf. Sextilla, the wife of Scaurus, and Prexro, the wife of Labro, to encourage their hufoands to evade the danger that preiTed upon them, wherein they had no other fhare than mere conjugal affection, volun- tarily expofed their own lives to ferve them in extreme neceflity, for company and example. What they did for their hufbands, Cocceius Nerva did for his country, with lefs utility, though with equal affection. This great law- yer, flourifhing in health, riches, reputation, and favour with the Emperor, had no other caufe to kill himfelf, but the fole companion of the miferable eflate of the Roman republic. Nothing can be added to the nicety of the death of the wife of Fulvius, a familiar favourite of Auguftus. Of Lip, &e. 233 Atiguftus. Auguftus having difcovered that he had vented an important fecret he had entruft- ed him withal, one morning that he came to make his court, received him very coldly, and looked frowningly upon him. He returns home full of defpair, and forrowfully told his wife, that, being fallen into this misfortune^ he was refolved to kill himfelf : To which me roundly replied, e It is but reafon you mould, feeing, ' that having fo often experimented the incon- c tinency of my tongue, you could not learn* ' nor take warning : But let me firft kill my- ' felf j' and fo, without any more difpute, run herfelf through the body with a fword ; and her hufband followed her example. Philip having forcibly entered Peloponnefus, and fome one faying to Damidas, that the Lacedemonians were likely to iuffer very much, if they did not in time reconcile themfelves to his favour. ' Why you pityful fellow (replied he) do you * talk at this rate ? What can they fuffer that * do not fear to die ?' A Lacedemonian boy taken by Antigonus, and fold for a Have, being commanded by his new mafter to fome bafe employment ; ' Thou {halt fee,' fays the boy, * whom thou haft bought ; it would be a mame * for me to ferve, being fo near the teach of li- c berty ;* and having fo faid, threw himfelf from the top of the houfe. Antipater feverely VOL. H. G g threatened 234 threatened the Lacedemonians, that he might the better incline them to confent to his de- mands ; c If thou threatened us with more than 4 death,' replied they, ' we mall die the more 4 willingly :' And to Philip, having writ them word that he would fruftrate all their enter- prifes, ' What, wilt thou hinder us from dy- 4 ing ?' This is the meaning of the fentence, * That the wife man lives as long as he ought, ' not fo long as he might.' Mont. EiT. Engl. 1. 2. p. 43- Some men ha,ve thrown away their lives, and coveted death, out of hope of a greater good. As Cleombrotus Ambraciota, having read Pla- to's Phaedo, entered into fo great a defire of the life to come, that, without any other caufe, he threw himfelf into the fea. When Threcion perfuaded Cleomenes to defpatch himfelf, by reafon of the ill pofture of his affairs ; Cleome- nes, with a courage truly Stoic and Lacedemo- nian, rejected his advice, as poor and unmanly : 4 That,' fays he, 4 is a remedy that can never * be wanting, and which a man is never to make ' ufe of while there is but an inch of hope ' remaining; telling him, that it was fometimes ' conftancy and valour to live ; that he would 4 that even his death mould be of ufe to his ' country, and would make of it an act of ho- ' nour and virtue.' Threcion, notwithftand- Of Lift, &c. 235 ing, thought himfelf in the right, and did his own bufinefs ; and Cleomenes after did the fame, but not till he had firft tried the utmoft malevolence of fortune. r-Ibid. p. 49. p. 37. Thefe actions may be called Heroic Braver- ries ; but certainly they are in the wrong that practice them ; for all the inconveniencies in the world are not confiderable enough, that a man mould be guilty of fuicide to avoid them : Nor ought we to quit the garrifons of our bo- dies without the exprefs leave of the Deity, who has placed us in them. It appertains to God, who hath put us into this world, not for our- felves only, but for his glory, and the fervice of others, to difmifs us when it mall bed pleafe his goodnefs, and not for us to depart without his licence, nor any other way but what he is pleafed to direct ; for otherwife, our country has an action of manflaughter good againll us, and we mail be punimed in the next world as deferters of our duty. Gods! life's your gift; then feafoift with fuch fate, That what you mean a blejfing prove no 'weight. Let -me to the remote/I part be whirled Of this your plaything, made in hajh, the world : But grant me quiet ', liberty and peace ; By day what's needful^ and at night foft cafe : 236 Of Life, &c. The friend I truft in, and the Jhe 1 love : Then fa me, and if e'er I wi/h remove, Make me as great, that's wretched as you can ; Set iqe in pow'r, the tMoful'ft ftate of man ; To be by fools mifled, to knaves a prey, make life what I aft, or take't away. Qtw. CHAP, Likenefs offome men to others, &c. 237 CHAP. XXVI. Likenefs of fame Men to others, in Face, Features, and Conditions. I HAVE already difcourfed the likenefs of fa- ces in p. 216. and therefore fhall only and briefly treat hereof likenefs in condition ; the fame introduction ferving for both. A certain fifherman, in the kingdom of Sici- ly, was exactly like the Proconful Sura, not only in features and phyfiognomy, but in the man- ner of fetting his mouth when he fpoke, and in drawing it up into a purfe ; and, as if they had been born in nutting time, they alfo both hud- dled in their fpeech, as if their words had been fet in clufters. Plin. 1. 7. p. 162. At the city of Bazil, in Switzerland, lived two brothers that were twins of the fame birth, in the feventh month, that fo exactly refembled one another in the features and proportion of bodies, that, fays my author, I have often talked with one, inftead of the other, though I knew them both very well, and had frequent conver- fation. 'Likenefsoffonie fation with them in different affairs j and, which is more, they had the fame refemblance in their natural inclinations, that, as they have often told me, what fecretly came into the mind and purpofe of one brother, was alfo thought upon and refqlved by the other at the fame juncture of time ; and, what was yet more ex- traordinary, when one was fick in Campania di Roma in Italy, the other was as much indifpo- fed under the fame diftemper at Brazil in the Switz Cantons. Plat. Obferv. 3. p. 752. Menardus and Gerardus, twin- brothers and natives of France, were both born on the fame day and hour ; both on the fame day were con- fecrated Bifhops, the one of the diocefe of Rho- tomage, and the other of Noviodunum ; they both affected the fame ftudies and recreations, had antipathy to the fame things^ and died both in one and the fame day, month, and year, of our Lord. Fulgofus, 1. i.e. 6. p. 188. There were two young children that were brothers, at Riza, a city of Provence, in the kingdom of France, who had fuch an exact re- femblance of one another in all the accidents of this life, that, if one enjoyed the fmiles of for- tune, the other, at the fame time, had fome lucky hit. If one was afflicted with the head- ake, the other was fenfible of the like indifpofi- at the fame moment. If one of them was fleepy. in Face, Features, and Conditions. 239 fleepy, the other mud take a nap ; and, if one was melancholy, the other could not put him- felf into a pofture of being merry j fo alike were they in every thing. Gaffer. Curios, c. 6. p. 220. Polyftratus and Hippoclides were born upon the fame day, were fchoolfellows ; and both, as philofophers, followed the fentiments of their matter Epicurus j both run the fame courfe of fortune ; and both fickened at the fame moment of a like diftemper, and recovered at the fame inftant. Val. Max. 1. i. c. 8. p. 32. It is no unnufual thing to find children fuo ceed their parents, not only with bodily marks, but in a likenefs of humours, completions, and inclinations of the mind ; as was philofophically laid by Horace to a young man that hid not only his father's features and lineaments of bo- dy, but all the good qualities of his inward man, Iri/tillata Patris virtus tibi, Fortes creantur fortibus, et boms. L. 4. Ode 4. c rbou haft thy Father's virtues ivith his blood ; For the brave Jtillfpring from the brave and good. CHAP. ,1m: Of the Loquacity offoms Perfons, EsV. 241 CHAP. XXVII. Of the Loquacity of feme Perfons, and their Inabi- lity to retain Secrets. GREAT talkers are one of the plagues of in- genious converfation, in deafening the company with eternal babbling ; for, though their me- mories fupply them with an entire review of things, yet they derive their narratives from fo remote a foundation, and crowd them with io many impertinent circumfhnces, that, though the ftory be good in itfelf, yet they make a fhift to fpoil it, and leave you in doubt whether you are obliged to curfe the ftrength of their memories, or the weaknefs of thtir judgments ; who, while they were in queft of a handfome period to wind up the fcene, are fo perplexed and entangled in their oratory, that they know not what they fay. Much talking is feldom free from impertinence j and then the babler, like an unbraced drum, is able to beat a wife man out of his wits. Nature has fenced in the tongue with a double guard of teeth and lips, that it might not break loofe to the injury of VOL. II. JI a the 242 Of the Loquacity of fame Perfons, the owner. It was a good advice given by Mr Hofkins. when he was in the Tower, ' Vincula ' da linguae, vel tibi lingua dabit.' ' Tye up ' thy tongue to its good behaviour, left it, ta- * king too great a liberty, does clothe the own- ' er with a ftone- doublet, or render him a trou- * blefome impertinent coxcomb.' In tacitur- nity, there is always fafety ; but they that are forward in fpeaking, are generally mamed and cenfured. Among other misfortunes that at- tend loquacity, this is none of the leaft, that, as they are unable to keep a fecret, fo they are feldom trufted with one, and confequently un- fit for friendfhip or converfation. The Genoueze fent two ambaffadors to the Pope, to negociate fome affairs of confequence ; but they coming at a time when the Pope was indifpofed, their audience was delayed, and not obtained without great difficulty, and a promife that the ambaffadors, in confitieration of the ill- nefs, fhould not give him the trouble of making long fpeeches, but proceed immediately to their bufmefs. The ambaffadors appeared, and, con- trary to promife, the firft made a tedious ha- rangue, that gave fufpicion of his being imper- tinent, as well as troublefome. Having con- cluded, his colleague began, and feeing the fope uneafy, faid, e I have only this to fay in 'the and their Inability to retain Secrets. 243 * the name of my matters, the States of Genoua, * that, if your Holinefs refufes to comply with * their demands, my colleague has orders to ' repeat the fame fpeech over again.' The Pope fmiling at the witty reprimand of the other am- baffador's impertinent prolixity, he granted their requefts. Ricaut. Lives of the Popes. The ambafiadors of Samos, prepared with a long and elegant oration, came to Clcomenes King of Sparta, to incite him to a war againfb the tyrant Polycrates, who, after he had heard their harangue with great gravity and patience, gave them this fhort anfwer : ' As for your ex- 6 ordium, I have quite forgot it ; the middle of c your fpeech I do not well remember ; but, for e the conclufion, which contains all that you * came about, I will do what your matters de- c fire I mould.' An excellent way of fhevving the vanity, and confounding the impertinence, of great talkers. The Athenians were to choofe one of two architects for a furveyor of a very great building they had defigned ; of which, firft, a pert affected fellow offered his fervice in a long premeditated difcourfe upon the fub- je&, and, by his oratory, inclined the voices of the people in his favour ; but the other expref- fed himfelf more to the purpofe in thefe words, ' i^ords of Athens, all that this man hath faid I e will do.' Mont. Eff. Engl. Lib. i. p. 262. Great 244 Of the Loquacity of fome Ptrfons, Great talkers, women, and common drun- kards, are never to be trufted with a fecret, c- fpecially the former, becaufe their own amours or vanity will difclofe it. They wiH fay any thing rather than be filent. And of the latter Jofephus tells us, that, by giving an ambaffador information that the enemy had fent to him his full dofe of liquor, he wormed out his fecrets. Yet we find the contrary in fome great inftan- ces. For Auguftus, committing the moft in- ward fecrets of his affairs to Lucius Pifo that conquered Thrace, he never found him faulty in the lead ; no more than Tiberius did Caffius, with whom he entrufted his whole counfels j tho* we know they were both fo given to drink, that they have often been fain to carry both the one and the other drunk out of the Senate. And the defign of killing Caefar was as fafely communicated to Cimber, though he would fometimes be drunk, as to Caffius, that drank nothing but water. But thefe, being exceptions from the general maxini, had, it feems, a better ufe of their retentive faculties than common bablevs, that throw up all that comes upper- mod. The fecrets of a particular friend are facred, and we ought to keep them faithfully, or refufe to hear them. But the fecrets of a Prince are very troublefome and dangerous ; for, accor- ding and their Inability to retain Secrets. 24$ ding to the faying of Hiero King of Syracufe, ' Princes do not only hate thofe that difcover e their fecrets, but alfo thofe that know them.' So that Philippides, in my opinion, anfwered King Lyfimachus very difcreetly, who alking him, e What of his eftate he mould beftow up- ' on him ?' What you pleafe, (fays he), pro- ' vided it be none of your fecrets.' A fecret repofed by a Prince in his confident caufes both fear and jealoufy, left thofe fecrets which have paired from the ears to the heart mould in time pafs from the heart to the tongue. Be- fides, it often happens that a Sovereign, repent- ing of having imparted his fecret to a perfon that afterwards he finds caufe to fufpecl, he will fecure his fecret by the death or banilhment of his quondam confident. CI} A P. Of the Paffion of Love, and its Effefis. 247 CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Paffion of Love, and its Ejfefts. LOVE is a commotion of the foul, produced by the motion of the fpirits, which inciteth her to join herfelf, by his will, to objects that ap- pear convenient and grateful to her. It is true, there are as many diftinct forts of love as of objects to excite it ; which yet agree in this, that they all participate of love. For example, the paflion by which the ambitious are carried on to glory, the avaritious to riches, drunkards to wine, the libidinous to women, the honed to their friend, the uxorious to his wife, the good father to his children, &c. differ very much among themfelves, and yet fo far referable each other, that they all participate of love. But the love of the firft four aims at nothing but the poilefiion of their peculiar ; nor have they in- deed any thing of love for thofe objects, but defire mixed with fome other fpecial paffions : Whereas the love of a parent to his children is (acred j and that between man and wife is al- ways 248 Of the Pajfion of Love, and its Effeflf. ways accompanied with defire of fruition. The great care in the duties of love is to fettle it upon proper objects ; for, as Plutarch fays very well of thofe who are delighted with little dogs and monkies, ' That the amorous part which 4 is within us, for want of a legitimate objeft, 4 rather than be idle, will, after that manner, * forge and create a frivolous and falfe one ; 4 but, when it is truly directed, is a flame fo 4 holy and fo clear, that the white taper leaves * no foot behind it,' Love, the moft generous paJfion of the mind, The fofteji refuge innocence can find : The fafe direclor of unguided youth, Fraught with kind wijhes, andfecur'd by Truth. That cordial drop heaven in our cup hath thrown. To make the naufeous draught of life go down : On which one only blejfing God might raife, In lands of Atheifts,fubfidies ofpraife : For none did e'erfo dull andjlupid prove, But felt a God, and blefs'd hit Power in Love* Eurialus, the young and beautiful Count of Augufta, attending the Emperor Sigifmund at Sienna, fell paffionately in love with a curious piece of womankind in that city, named Lu- cretia. The virgin alfo, who, for her tranfcen- dent beauty, was generally called the fecond Venus, Of the Paffion of Love, and its Effects. 249 Venus, was no lefs an admirer and lover of him ; and their loves grew every day (till more vehement, infomuch that, when the Emperor removed his court -to Rome, and Eurialus was obliged to leave his dear foul behind him, flie was fo apprehenfive of his abfence, and fo un- able to endure it, that flie died with grief and forrow. Eurialus having notice of the furpri- fing and fatal accident, though, by the well a- dapted advices and confolations of his friends, lie was contented to furvive her, yet ir had fucii an effect upon him, that, from the day he recei- ved the news of her death to his own, he never was feen to laugh, or take delight in any thing, but went penfive and mourning to his grave. Marcel. Donat. Hill. Med. mirab. 1. i. c. 13. p. 187. Leander, a young rmm of Abydos, a fortrefs in Afia, oppofite to Seftos in Europe, on the Hellefpont, both which a-re now called the Dar- danelli, fell deeply in love with a beautiful vir- gin at Seftos, named Hero. Leander had for forne time accuftomed himfelf in the night to iwim over the Hellefpont to his love, (he hold- ing up a flambeau from a high tower to direct him where to land. This cuiiom continued lonjr between them with fecrecy and fafety. till, ven- turing one night, when the lea was rough and ternpefluous, he was unfortunately call away. VOL. II. I i The 253 Of the Pafllon of Love, and its Fjfefls. The waves threw his dead body on the more at Seftos, where Hero, from a tower, beholding it, and not defiring to live when her other life was gone, threw herfelf from the top of a tower into the fea, and accompanied her lover in death. Pyramus, a young gentleman of the city of Babylon, was paffionately in love with Thyfbe, a next neighbour's daughter of the fame place ; but the parents, bn each fide, not approving it, they were both fo clofely confined, that they had no opportunity to promote or continue their amours ; but, through the chink of a wall be- tween the two houfes, where they appointed to meet under a mulberry tree, without the walls of the city. Thyfbe came thither firft, and was let upon by a lion, from whom me made her e- fcape ; but, happening to let .her veil drop, the lion tore and bloodied it, while fhe took fhelter in a cave. Pyramus coming and finding his miftrefs's veil bloody, thought fhe had been de- voured, and fo, in defpair, killed himfelf. Thyfbe returning, and finding her lover dead, fell alfo upon the fame fword, and put an end to her days. Vid. Letter P. in Dannet's Dik. of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Eginardus, Principal Secretary of State to that great Monarch Charlemain, (whofe ambi- tion was much higher than his birth), made love Of the Paffion of Love, and its Effefts. 251- love to one of the Emperor's daughters, and (he confidering him as a perfon that had raifed himfelf by his merits, received his amours, and gave him opportunity, in winter-nights, to vifit her in her own apartment, where they improved their loves, by converfation, into mutual en- deared aiieclion ; but, flaying there one night very late, at his departure they faw a great fnow had fallen, which put them both into great perplexities, for fear his foot mould be known, and his life in danger, for vifiting the King's daughter privately without his licence ; to prevent which, me took the gentleman up- on her back, and carried him the length of the court to his own lodgings, without luffering him to fet his foot upon the ground ; fo that, if inquiry had been made next morning, no foot- ing would have appeared but her own ; but it fo happened, that Charlemain, who was a ftu- dious Prince, and induftrious in public affairs, Was up in his ftudy, and feeing this witty con- trivance, was in debate with himfelf whether he mould be angry or pkaled. Next day, in a great appearance of the nobility, his daughter and Eginardus being prefent, he demanded, ' What punifhment that fervant was liable to ' that employed a King's daughter in the office * of a mule, and made himfelf be carried on * her back through the fnow in the night, ' and 252 Of the PctJJion of Love, and its Effefls. 6 and in very fharp and piercing weather ?* Alf the Lords foon gave their opinions, that fo in- foient a wretch ought to fuffer a fevere death. The Princefs and the Secretary were under a dreadful furprife, looked ghaftly upon one ano- ther, and expected nothing lefs than to be flead alive. The Emperor, perceiving them under a terrible condensation, fmiled on his Secreta- ry, faying, ' Egrnardus, hadft thou loved my 1 daughter, thou mould have addreffed thyfelf ' to her father for his confent, in the omiflion ' whereof thou haft deferved death ; but, to re- * lieve you both from your frights arid fears, 4 inflead of taking away one, 1 will give thee * two lives ; here, take thy beautiful and kind ' portrefs to wife, fear God, and love one ano- * ther/ How thefe lovers were on-' a fudden tranfported into extafies of joy and happinefs, I leave the reader to imagine. Caufm. Hoi. Court, torn. 2. Max. iz. p. 403. In the days of Paganrfm and Idolatry, under the Seventh Perfecution, a Chriflian virgin na- med Theodora, celebrated for virtuous life, was condemned to the flews, where her chaftity was to be violated by all that would attempt it. She was no fooner commuted to that loathfome place of fin and (hame, but feveral brilk fparks were ready to enter the hcufe, to put the fen- tence in execution ; but, a man that loved her ex* Of the Pdjfion of Love, and its Effefls. 255- extremely well, who was called Dydimus, dref- fing himfelf in the habit of a foldier, faid he would have the firft turn, and huffed and bluf- tered at fuch a rate, that the reft gave hjrn way. He went in to her, and perfuaded her to change clothes with him, and fo efcaped. Dydimus appearing to be a man, was brought before the Prefident, and, confeffing the fat, was con- demned. Theodora, hearing her lover was like to die, in hopes to excufe him, came and pre- fented herfelf as the guilty perfon ; but the mer- eilefs heathen Judge eaufed them both to be executed. Lonicer. Theat. p. 420. j Clark's Mirror, c. 57. p. 230. The proverb holds, that, to be wife and love, Is hardly granted to the Gods above. A general doom on all mankind is pajl, And all arc fools and lovers, firft or laft. Michael Seigneur -de Montaigne tells us u pretty ftory of love between goats and fucking children. All about where I live, faith he, when the country-women want fuch of their own, they call goats to their affiftance. 1 have at this time two footmen that never fucked women's milk more than eight days after they v?ere born. Thefe goats are immediately taught to come and fuckle the little children, well : ; knowing 254 Of tie Pajfion of Love, and its Effefts. knowing their voices when they cry, and come running to them ; when, if any other than that they are acquainted with are prefented to them, they refufe to let it fuck ; and the child, to any other goat, will do the fame. 1 faw one the o- ther day, from whom they had taken away the goat that ufed to nourifh it, by reafon the father had only borrowed it of a neighbour, that would not touch any other they could bring, and doubtlefs died of hunger. EfT. vol. 2. p. in. Too many, fays the fame author, pretend to zeal in love, when it is nothing but luft that fires them ; therefore conqueft, and entire pof- feffioh, is what womankind ought infinitely to dread : For, when they wholly furrender up themfelves to the mercy, fidelity, and pretended conftancy of mankind, they run a mighty ha- zard ; for thofe virtues are very rare, and hard to be found. Ibid. vol. 3; p. 157. Pqftquam cupidae mentis fatiaia libido eft^ Verba mini metuere, nihil perjuria curant. When mem defires and lujls once fated arc, For oaths and promifes they little care. CHAP. OfLwt and Fidelity to one's Country. CHAP. XXIX. Of Love and fidelity to one's Country. NOTHING is fo common in the mouths of jfome men, when they firlt lay their hand to the helm of government, as the public good. The noife and clamour they made about it ejected others to make room for them ; but, no fooner were they entered, but they forgot their coun- try, and began to provide for themfelves at their country's coft, and to gain riches and ho- nours, by impoverishing the public. What they found fault with in the adminiftration of their predecefTors, they became guilty of themfelves, nay much worfe, when they thought themfelves rivetted to the crown, and demeaned themfelves as if their higheft concern, when minifters of ftate, was to promote their own jntereft, whilfl they facrificed the public to fortune ; by which they taught us to believe that all men in office are the fame. Court mollifications have lately occafioned wonderful changes among mankind. Jiave we not obferved men of eminent abilities, cele- $56 Of Love and Fidelity to one's Country. celebrated integrity, and known love to their country, preferred to places at court, who had ftemmed the current of arbitrary power, in de- fence of the laws and liberties of England ; that foon after were promoting a new kind of flave- ry, in complaifance to a court of their own mo- delling. They were fome time thought men of good nature, veracity, and friendfhip ; but, as foon as they came into play, learnt a figurative way of exprefling themfelves, by words without meaning ; changing good nature into mere art- fulnefs ; promifmg what they never meant to perform ; and, inftead of defending their coun- try, tear and worry* it at the pleafure of griping greedy courtiers, who were left to inftrucl the reft in the arts of felf-intereft, tyranny, and op- prefiion. But former ages have been better ; and, that this may mend, and mew themfelves true lovers of their country in reality, the following examples are exhibited. Sylla, by an unaccountable train of fuccefles, having defeated Marius, gave pofitive orders that all the citizens of Praenefte mould be put to the fword, excepting one man, that was his particular friend ; but he, being made acquaint- ed with the bloody edicl: pronounced againfl the reft of his fellow citizens, went and told the barbarous Sylla, ' That he fcorned to live by Of Love and Fidelity to one's Country. 257 ' by the favour of a tyrant, who intended the * deftruction of his country, and io voluntarily ' put himtelf into the number of thofe that were ' fentericed to be killed.' Fulgos. 1. 5. c. 6. p. 638. The towns of Calais, and Key cf France, being befieged by the Knglifh, and reduced to the laft extremity, John Lord of Vienna, \vho was governour of that garrifon under Philip of Valois, King of France, offered to furrender it upon the terms of enjoying their lives and goods without moleftation ; but King Edward of Eng- land, who lay before it, being angry that io fmall a town fhould coit him fo much trouble, and expence of blood and ammunition,, would not accept thofe propof ds, but had put them all to the fword, if he had not been diverted by his wife council, who faid, ' That people of fuch ' fidelity to their Sovereign, and love to their ' country, ought to be treated more hunu.nely.' The King of England. altered his former refolu- tions ; and offered to receive them to mercy, up-. on condition that half a dozen of the principal inhabitants fhould come to him, bare-footed ami bare-headed, with halters about their necks, and, kneeling, prefent him with the keys of the garrifon, leaving their lives to his difpofition. The Governour, upon the receipt o- thefe pro- pofuions, affembled the people, r.nd acquainting VOL. II. K k them 258 Of Love and Fidelity t* one's Country. them with the articles for furrendering the town, they were all under great forrow and trouble ; when, of a fudden, one named bt Stephen Pe- ter faid, ' iSir, I give God humble and hearty * thanks for the riches he hath beflowed upon ' me, 'but more for this opportunity of mewing * that 1 value the lives of my countrymen and * fel>ovy burgtffts above my own; 1 will be one * of the fix to carry the keys to King Edward.' This brave refolutioH encouraged one John Pare, and four others, to make a tender of their lives on the fame errand ; but not without abundance of good wifhes, and floods of tears, from the common people, who faw them fo willing to facri/ice their lives for the public good. Wi hout more trouble, and lofs of time, they addreifed themfelves to the King of Eng- land, in the pufture aforefaid, with the keys, having no other profpect than that of certain death, and yet marched as chearfully as if they had been going to a feaft. The fight moving a compafTion in the Queen and Englifh Lords, they interceded with the King for their pardon, who without difficulty gave them all their lives. De Serres. Gen. Hilt. Fr. p. 174. Gleomenes, the renowned King of Sparta, being reduced to great (traits by Antigonus ing of Mao-don, he fent to Ptolomy King of Egypt for afiiftance, who would not comply with QfLove and Fidelity to one's Country '. 259 with his requeft, unlefs he fent his mother and his fon to him as hoftages* Cleomenes was long before he propounded it to his mother, who, when (he heard it, faid with great chear- fulnefs, ' Why, my fon, did not you acquaint * me with it before now ? Come, get ready a * fhip preftntly, and ftnd me whether thou * wilt, before feeble old age renders me inca- ' pable of doing fervice for my country.* Be- fore her departure, they went both into the temple, and Cratefioloa perceiving her fon full of forrow, faid, ' O King of Sparta, for fhame, ' let nobody fee us come out of the temple in a ' pofture that may difhonour Sparta.' While me was with Ptolomy, the Achaians endeavour- ed to conclude a peace with Cleomenes, but he would not corifent to it, for fear of endanger- ing his hoftage's that were in the cuftody of Pto- lomy ; which coming to the knowledge of his mother, me wrote him word, ' Not to neglect * doing any thing that might tend to the ho* ** ' nour and welfare of his country, for the fake -' of an old woman and a little boy.' Memorable are the words of that hie/Ted faint and martyr King Charles I. When that fcaru dal of the law and mankind, Bracifliaw, would have had him owned the juriidiction of their court of High Injuflice, and anfwer to their falfe and infamous charge ; his Majefly replied, 4 For 260 Of Love and Fidelity to onis Country. ' For the charge, I value it not a rufh ; it is * the liberty of the people of England that I ' ftand for. For me to acknowledge a new 4 court thajrl- never heard of before, I that am * your King, that fhould be an example to all * the people of England to uphold juftice, to ' maintain the old laws ; indeed I do not know ' how to do it. I fay again to you, fo that I * may give fatisfaclion to the people of England 4 of the clearnefs of my proceedings, not by * way of anfwer, but to fatisfy them that I have ' done nothing againit that truft that has been * committed to me, I would do it ; but, to ac- ' knowledge a new court againft their privi- ' leges ; to alter the fundamental laws of the * kingdom ; you muft excufe me. I am not ' fuffered to fpeak ; expeft what juftice other ' people will have. If 1 would have given way ' to an arbitrary courfe, to have all laws chan- * ged according to the power of the fword, I ' need not to have come here ; and therefore I * tell you, and I pray God it be not laid to your * charge that I am the martyr of the people.' Hift. of Engl. oil. vol. 2. p. 261, 262, 266, 270. It is pity thefe precious gems aforegoing fhould be fet in perpetual memory without a foil ; and therefore I (hall give you one. Oli- ver Cromwell, in all his words and actions, valued Of Love and Fidelity to one's Country 261 valued himfelf upon his care of the public, which (hewed him to be a hypocrite in perfec- tion ; for, notwithstanding all his fpecious pre- tences to the contrary, Cromwell invaded and betrayed the liberties of his country, and acted a more tyrannical part than all the Kings of England had done fince the Norman invafion to his own ufurpation. Hift. Eng. vol. 2. p. 349 CHAP. Marriages Happy and Unhappy. 263 CHAP. XXX. Marriages Happy and Unhappy* HE that refolves to marry has a great work in hand, and of fuch confequence as may make or mar him ; for all the civil actions that are incident to man, there's ^not any that tends more to his infelicity or happinefs j therefore it concerns him not to be over hafty about it, nor take the ball before the bound. He muft be cautious how he thrufts his neck into fuch a yoke, whence he will never have power to withdraw it again ; for the tongue ufeth to tie fo hard a knot, that the teeth can never untie, nor Alexander's fword cut afunder among us Chridians. Let him that refolves to marry, ' choofe where he is fure he can love, and re- k folve to love his choice:' Let love rather than lucre be his guide in this election ; for though a concurrence of both be available, yet the latter mould rather be wanting than the firft ; the one is the pilot, the other but the balaft of the fhip, which ihoujd carry us to the harbour of Marriaget Happy and Unhappy. of a happy life. A good marriage, if it be really fo, is a fweet fociety of life, full of con- ftancy, truft, and an infinite number of ufcful and folid offices, and mutual obligations. That fo few are obferved to be happy, is an argu- ment of its price and value. A man may pru- dently manage his liberty while he has it in his own power ; but it is in vain to kick when a man has once put on his fetters, for having fubmitted to the obligation, he muft confine himfelf within the laws of common duty, at lead do what he can toward it. In this cafe there remains nothing for him to do, but to endeavour to make that eafy which falls to his lot, and by a wife ufe of every thing he may miflike in marriage, turn it by degrees to be very fupportable* which if neglected, might in time grow to an averfion. Whenfxt to one, love fafe at anchor rides, And dares the fury of the winds and tides: But lofing once that hold, to the wide ocean born, It drives at will, to every wave afcorn. Dryd. Anthony Guivara has prefcribed excellent rules towards the making a happy marriage, and the firft is a leifurely choice, not to be too rafh and precipitate in his election, left marry- ing Marriages Happy and Unhappy. 16 ing in hafte, he repent at leifure. Secondly that they fhould be equal in years, for the contrary muft needs minifter a perpetual caufe of iufpi- cion, and uneafmefs to one another* If the man be old, and the woman young, he will be jealous, and (he will think herfelf tantalized ; and with the Spanifh woman will fay, ' Mi ma- e rido et buen mufica, buen efgrimidor, buen ' efcrivano, excellence arithmetico, falvo que no ' multiplica/ c my hufband is a good mufician, * a good fencer, a good horfeman, a good pen- * man and an excellent arithmetician ;' yet me will be angry, becaufe he cannot multiply. To equality of years ray author adds, the fame touching birth, fortune, and conditions, but be- fore them all to prefer good nature and educa- tion, for if the former be wanting, fenfe and good manners will fupply it. -Burt. Mel. pan 3- P- 579- Francis Duke of Brittany, fon of John V. ha* ving a propofal made him of a marriage with Ifabella the daughter of Scotland, adding with- al that me was very homely bred, and without any .manner of learning ; the Duke anfwered, he liked her the better for that, for a woman is wi e enough, that can keep herfelf out of the rain, and know her hufband's mirt from his doublet. Mont. EflT. Vol. i. p. 305. Preferring love before riches, does much VOL. II. ' L 1 266 Marriages Happy and Unhappy. conduce towards a happy marriage, and the contrary practice in marrying only for wealth, is both the moft cruel and imprudent thing in the world ; for fociety is the main end of mar- riage, and love is the bond of fociety, without which there can neither be found in that con- dition, pleafure, profit, or honour. He then, or me, that marries for fo bafe an end as profit, without any poffibility or profpeft of love, is guilty of the higheft brutality imaginable, they are united to a carcafe without a foul, and are as cruel to themfelves, as Mezentius was to thofe wretches, who had the ill fortune to fall into his hands. This being alfo but too ge- neral a truth, ' That he who marries a woman 4 he could never love, will, it is to be feared, * foon love a woman he never married.' Athen, Orac. Vol. i. p. 31. Mr Howel in his advice to his coufm Mr T. V. upon this fubjeft, wiflies him a better wife than Socrates had, who when me had fcokled him out of doors, as he was going through the portal, threw a chamber pot of ftale urine upon his head, at which the philolopher having been filent all the while, fowled, faying, ' I thought ' after fo much thunder we mould have fome 6 rain.' If you light upon fuch a wife as So- crates had, I wifti you may have the fame mea- fure of patience, to fuffer the gray mare fome- times Marriages Happy and Unhappy. 267 times to be the better horfe. 1 remember a French proverb-: * La maifon eft miferable et mefcbante Ou la poule plus haul que le coc cbante. Ill bode that baplefs family that Jh civs, A cock that's fiLnt) and a hen that crows. Yet we have another Englilh proverb almofl counter to this, * That it is better to marry a ' fhrew, than a Iheep ; ' lor, though filence be the dumb orator of beauty, and the bed ornament of a woman, yet a phlegmatic dull wife is ful- fome and faftidious. Few men have made a wife of a miftrefs, but they have forrowfuily and lhamefully repented it. What an unhappy life do the poets feign that Jupiter led with his, whom he ftrft enjoyed as a mittrefs. It is, as the proverb lays, ' Like * a man that (hits in his cap, and then puts it ' upon his head.' Mont. KIT. p. 1 1 o. Not that my verfe would blemijh all the fair, But yet, iffome be bad, 'tis luifdom to beware / And better Jhun the bait> thanjtruggle in tbejnart* Dryd. CHAR * * Farriil Lett. Sec. 4 p. 109. Of Maffacres in federal Places* CHAP. XXXI. Of Maffacres in fever al Places. WE feldoin read that mafiacres have been committed but upon fome religious pretence, or that hell has broke loofe, and turned out the mob to commit fuch barbarities as thofe that fet them on would be afhamed to be feen in. The firft has been exemplified in feveral places by the Papifts upon Pagans, and thofe they call Heretics, as appears by their own narratives ; for they not only own it, but boaft of it as a meritorious fervice, which they call e extending ' their faith into all parts of the world.* The other is the vulgar rout, the mad multitude, or a herd of phrenetic fools, pufhed on by iediti. ous knaves to raife tumults, and make mafla- cres as univerfal as fire and fword could drive them. In the year of our Lord 1281, Charles of Anjou, reigning in Sicily, his foldiers, being all Frenchmen, had fo milbehaved themfelves in the Of Maffacres in fever al P laces the cities where they were garrifoned, that they became univerlaliy hated by the Sicilians, who therefore plotted the total ruin of the French, to free themfelves from a yoke that lo long had galled them. Seignior John Prochyto, whole wife they had ravifhcd, laid ttie delign, and was mod active in it, being affiiled by the Sicilian nobility and gentry. The defign was at once to deitroy all the French , and, which is itr.tnge, though it was above eighteen months on loot, fpread far and near among different fort of people, yet it was kept undilcovered. The fig- nai was, that on Eafter-day, when the btll fhould toil to Even Song, all the Sicilian* fhould be- take themfelves to their arms, and inaflacre all the French in Sicily ; which was lo punctually obferved, that all the Frenchmen's throats were cut at the time appointed, without taking one prifoner, or fparing women or children j and, thar they might be fure to deftroy the whole breed of the French, they killed all their own country women that were got with child by them. Eight thoufand were killed at that time ; and thole that made their efcapes into the fort called Sperling, were all famifhed and ftarved to death. This bloody maflacre is to this day called in all Europe the Sicilian Veipers, Gault, Tab. Chron, p. 683. Under Of Maffacres in federal Places. Under the Pontificate of Clement V anno 1311, all the order of the Knights Templars, which began at Jerufalem anno 1 18, and at firft lived on alms ; but growing rich, and refufing obedience to the Patriarch of Jeruialem, being all condemned to die by the Council of Vienne, Philip the Fair. King of France, incited to it by the Pope, and out of a covetous defire of the confifcation of their ettates, encouraged inform- ers to charge them with feveral crimes ; and fo thefe innocents were all executed. 1 he great mailer of the order, with two others of the chief among them, one whereof was brother to the Dauphin of Viennois, were all burnt together at the fame place. Matthew Paris fays, they had 9000 rich convents ; and the Order being extinguifhed, moft of their lands were given to the Knights of the Order of Sc John of Jerufa- lem, then feated at Rhodes, but now at Malta. l>amer. Oper. bubcif. cent. i. c. 83. p. 389. On the 6th day of April 1506, it being Sun- day, certain perfons in the church of St Domi- nick at Liibon, in Portugal, fancied they faw a crucifix in one of the chapels in that church, which caft a wonderfui li^ht ; upon which the pneits cried out, fc A miracle, a miracle. 1 A new convert that had been a Jew, only fay ing, * It was but the reflection of the fun from the ' window upon the crucifix, which was covered * with 2 7 * QT Maffacres in federal Places. * with glafs ;' the mob, without further exami- nation of the matter, dragged him violently out of the church, and burnt him. The rabble af- fembling about the fire, one of the friars, with vehement fpeeches, encouraged them to greater mifchief ; while two other friars ran about the itreets, crying out, ' Herefy, herefy !' with cru- cifixes in their hands. About five hundred men immediately gathered together tumultu- oufly in arms, who flew as many of the new converts, and burnt their bodies to afhes. The number increafing ; on Monday morning they murdered men, women, and children, dragging them from the very altars, where they were fled for fan&uary ; fo that this day above a thou- fand perifhed. The fame fury and villany con- tinued the third day, to the flaughter of above 400 perfons ; fo that, in the whole, there were murdered above two thoufand, many of which were not new converts, but of their own nation and religion ; for the defire of robbing and dealing, and revenging private piques, foon fur- mounted their zeal for religion. The King was then at Avis ; and, being highly offended at the infoiency of the multitude, he took away the city charter, and lent the Prior of Crato, and the Baron of Alvito, to punifh the offenders* Some of them were hanged ; the goods of others were confiscated 5 the three friars were burnt alive > .Of Maffacres in federal Places* 273 alive ; and all that belonged to the monaftery were banifhed, ^-Hift. Portugal, Engl. p. 320. War raging in France by feafon of the Pa- pifts depriving the Proteftants of' their legal privileges, at lad a peace 'was concluded be- tween them ; and, for aflurance that it fhould continue inviolably, a treaty of marriage was concluded, and to be folenmized between Hen- ry of Navarre, chief of the Protellant party, and the Lady Margaret, the French King's filter. To this marriage, where there was more blood fhed, than wine drank at the xvedding, the Queen of Navarre, and all the principal perfons among the Proteftants, v/ere invited, to cajole them with the hopes of a perpetual peace. Our Leicefler and Burleigh were invited out of Eng- land, the Elector Palatine's fon out of Germany, with many other perfons of note of that perfua- fion j that, being thus brought together, both they and the Evangelical Religion might at one itroke have their throats cut, ot at lealt be mor- tally wounded j for no fooner was the marriage Jblemnized, but the fignal was given about mid- night, by the ringing of a beil j and the Prote- flants of all qualities and degrees were butcher- ed, not only in Paris, where the wedding was kept, but through all the chief cities and towns of France, among whom were the Admiral Co- ligni, the Prince of Conde, and others $ and VOL. II. M m 274 Of Maffacres in feveral Placet* the King of Navarre was made a prifoner. This cruel mafTacre was, to the eternal infamy and reproach of France, committed in the year 1572. It extended to men, women, and children ; and continued fo long, that the principal rivers of the kingdom were almoft covered with murder- ed bodies, and their ftreams fo ftained and pot- luted with human gore, that they who dwelt at a great diftance from the places where thofe barbarous tragedies were acted, abhorred to ufe the waters of thofe rivers, and, for a long time, would not eat the filh which were taken in them. Heyl. Cofmog. 1. 5. p. 374. Mithridates King of Pontus was fome time a friend and ally to the Romans, and joined with them againft Ariftonieus, who refufed to admit the Romans into Pergamus, according to the laft will and teftament of the deceafed King At- talus ; yet afterwards, ambitioufly afpiring after the univerfal monarchy of Afia, and finding the Romans were the only impediment in his way, in one night he plotted and effected the death of one hundred and fifty thoufand Roman fol* diers, that were quartered in feveral places ia Anatolia ; for which the Romans fufficiently chaflifed him afterwards, in difpofleffing him of all his dominions., and making his fubjeds tri- butary to the fenate and people of Rome. Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. 1. 7. p. 552. No Of Maffacres in few rat Places. 275 No lefs inhuman and barbarous was the maf- iacre of the French Proteftants at Merindol and Chabriers, who being condemned of herefy by Minier, Prefident of the Council at Aix, in the year 1545, a party of foldiers fet fire on the villages; which being feen by the inhabitants of Merindol, they fled, with their wives and chil- dren, into the neighbouring woods, where they were all either murdered or committed to the gallies. In Chabriers they ufed the young wo* men and maids fo barbaroufly, that they died immediately after it. All the men and women were put to the fword, and the children re- baptifed. Eight hundred men were murdered in "a cave, and forty women put together into an old barn, and burnt. Yea, fuch was the cruelty of thefe foldiers to thofe poor women, that, when fome of them had clambered to the ridge of the barn, with intention to jump down, the foldiers threw them back again into the fire with their pikes : So that we need not wonder at the monftrous barbarity of Louis XIV. to the Proteftants ; for it feems tyranny, oppreinon, and perfecution, is hereditary to the French Monarchs. Heyl. Cofmog. p. 176. Ethelred, younger fon of Edgar, and King of England, was fo outraged by the Danes, that he was compelled to purchafe a peace with them at the annual payment of ten thoufand pounds, which Of Ma/acres in fever al Places. which in a fhort time after they raifed to forty- eight thoufand pounds, under the name of Dane Gelt ; and, feeing there was like to be no end of thefe exactions, and that his fubje&s were greatly impoverifhed, the King iffued out a fe- cret commifTion into every city and great town in his kingdom, authorifing and commanding all his fubje&s to kill all the Danes in one night appointed, as they flept in their beds ; which accordingly was executed on St Brice's night, November 13. 1002 ; and that with fuch rigour, that, in Oxford, the Danes flying for refuge in- to the church of St Fridefwide, the Englim fct the church on fire, where many of the Danes were burnt in it : And tjie fudden flaughter through the whole kingdom in one inftant, fhowed the concurrence of an inveterate malice and rancour never to be conciliated between the two nations, which had its beginning from the Danifli oppreffion, -Hid. Engl. Octavo, vol. i. p. 61. The Spaniards warring with the King of Peru, and having taken him prifoner, firft made him pay a million, three hundred twenty five thoufand, and five hundred weight of gold, be- lides filver and other things which amounted to no lefs, (fo that their horfes were mod with raafiy gold;, yet were fo wicked, cruel, and un- juft, that to be maflers of all he had befides, they Of Majf acres in fevered Places. 277 they forged accufations againit him, and hanged him. A horrid and unheard of barbarity ; which neverthelefs the differing King, being a man of a generous and undaunted fpirit, and of a clear and fettled underftanding, underwent with a truly grave and royal behaviour. The King of Mexico's misfortunes delivering him into the hands of the Spaniards alfo, upon articles of being treated like a King, his enemies not find- ing fo much gold in his treafury as they expec- ted, they condemned the King, and one of the chief noblemen of his court, to the rack and fire, and tormented them to death. In the fame fire they burnt alive, at one time, four hundred and fixty, and maflacred above two hundred thoufand Indians in the fpace of four years, as I have it from another reputable author. Mont. EfT. Eng. vol. 3. p. 211. CHAP. 42 1 af-;'lo jij :. ' *i Of Memories, Great and Treacherous* .'} " ' <*' -r v.fj.'.h-'j CHAP. XXXIL t il '-> ,y f.,H; .a !.i,,7/ Oil I Q/" Memories, Great and Treacherous. MEMORY is a faculty of wonderful ufe, with- 'out which the, judgment can hardly perform its offices. Memory treafures up all the fpecies which the fenfes bring in, and keeps them in readinefs till the fancy or reafon has occafion to employ them. A good memory, and well em- ployed, is a tranfcendent happinefs ; and a brit- tle or treacherous one a very great defect ; but great care muft be taken of a good memory, for the beft is too deceitful. Thofe things are generally fooneft remembered which ought moft to be forgot. The memory, like a falfe friend or a rude vifitant, will not only have the incivi- lity to fail one in time of need, but alfo the im- pertinence to be unfeafonably officious in affairs of no or naughty importance. Sometimes the remedy of an evil confifts entirely in forgetting it ; and, at that time, we generally forget the remedy ; for which reafon, when one offered to teach Themiftocles the art of memory, he re- jected Of Memories, Great and Treacferow* jected his motion, and told him he had much rather he would teach him the art to forget. But all this is to mow the abufe of memory, and the excellency of taking care of its flowage. The want of memory, among other things, is unhappy in this, that a man is often reproached with neglect and breach of promife to his friend, when the fault was not in the man, but his me- mory. In fuch cafes, when a man is fenfible he wants ;a memory, ("and does not make that his excufe), he ihould fupply himfelf with one of paper. ni msrf: <,q. _ot i>ru; fti "iiitd oolnst uili fbiJw L Mention being made before a Prince of Ger- many of Tacitus's Works, Juftus Lipfius being prefent, faid he had that golden volume entire- ly by heart, and was able to repeat every .line of it memoriter, daring any man to make the trial, when and as often as he pleafed. Nay further, faid he, fet one there with a dagger in his hand, and if, in rehearfmg Tacitus from one end of his book to the other, I mifs one fmgle word, I will open my breaft for him to flab me, or cut my throat. Janii Nicil pina, cothec. 2. imag. i. p* 2. In Homer's Iliads are thirty-one thoufand fix hundred and feventy verfes ; and, I fuppofe, his Odyffes are much about the fame number ; and yet it is credibly reported of Jofephus Scaliger, that Of Memories, Great and Treacherous. 281 that he was but one and twenty days in getting them both by heart* Seneca fays, that age had done him confider- able damages, as in darkening his fight, dulling his fenfe of hearing, and weakening his nerves ; but the firft thing he was fenfible of in the cala- mities of his age, was the decay of his memory ; whereas, in his more early yearsj it not only ferved him for ufe, but among others was re- puted a miracle ; for he could repeat two thou- fand names in the fame order they were fpoken, and rehearfe two hundred verfes after the firil hearing them read, though on never fuch diffe- rent fubjedts. But fmce age, fays he, has fnqw- ed upon my head, it has deprived me of that excellent and ufeful faculty. ^Controvers. 1. i. in Procem. Mithridates, the great King of Pontus, had twenty-two entire countries under his domi- nion, and yet was qualified to anfwer all thofe ambafladors in the proper language of the coun- try from whence they came, without the aflif- tance of an interpreter. A great teftimony of a large and faithful memory, that was well itored and ready to be ufed at pleafure. Flut^ in Lucull. p. 1 16. Dr Reynolds was blefled with a happy me- mory ; for all that were his intimate and fami- liar acquaintance knew that he was not only VOL. IL N n mafter 282 Of Memories, Great and Treacherous* mafter of St Auftin's Works, which of them- felves are enough to fill a library, bur of all claflical authors, infomuch that it might be tru- ly faid of him, that he was a living bibliotheca, or a third university. By reafon ot fome wri- tings that palled between him and Dr Gentilis, who was at that time profeffor of the civil law in Oxford, he publicly acknowledged, that Dr Reynolds had read, and did retain in his me- mory, a greater number of thofe laws than he did himfelf, though it were his profeflion. Hackwel's Ap. 1. 3. c. 6. p. 226. Dr Jewel, Bifhop of Salisbury, had fo im- proved a good natural memory by art and in- duftry, that he excelled moft men of his age in that faculty. He could perfectly remember any thing he had writ after once reading it over, and kept what he had learned fo punctually, that he ufed to fay, if he was to make a preme- ditated fpeech before a thoufand auditors, who were in a tumult all the time, yet they could not put him out. Sir Francis Bacon reading to him only the laft claufes of ten lines in 1 raf- mus's Paraphrafe, in a confufed and diforderly manner, he, after a ihort meditation, rthearfed all thofe broken pieces of fentences, which had no coherence,' forward and backward, without being at a lofs in any particular. Clark's Mir. c, 8 1. p. 356. Jerome Of Memories i Great and Treacherous. 283 Jerome of Prague, who was martyred for the Prottftant religion by a fentence of the Council of Conltance, was famous for an excellent ine- moiy, or which Po^gius, in his Jipiltie to Leo- nardus Aretinus, gives this occurrence as a fpe- cimen, viz. that, after he had been confined three hundred and forty days in the botiom of a dark and loathfome tower, where he was wholly without light either to fee or read; yet, \vhen he was called to his trial, he quoted fo many testimonies of the moll fagaciuus and learned men in favour of his own principles, as if all that time he had been immured in a good li- brary, with all the conveniencies of ftudying : Which is a weighty example, if we coniider his circumitance-, and how much affl:clion does weaken and impair the memory. Zuing. vol. i. 1. i. p. 35. A young gentleman of Gorlica, was fent by his friends to (tudy the civil law in the Univer- fity of Padua in Italy, in which he profited to fuch a degree, that raifed a report that he had acquired the art of memory -, in which lome of his acquaintance defiring iatisfaCtion, and he being as willing to grajify their curiofity, iomr of them withdrew into another room, and there dictated Latin, Greek, and barbarous names, Jo me coherent, others infigniucant, and all with- out dependance one upon another, til! the dic- tator's 284 Of Memories, Great and Treacherous. tator's amanuenfis, and other fcholars that join- ed t'.iem, were all weary, and expe&ed the iffue. As loon as he received them, he fixed his eye on t e ground, and. after a very fhort time of confederation, he began to fpeak, and, to the amazL-ment of the audience, repeated all that was wrote, in the fame order it was fet down, without fcarce a (top, or any hefitation. And then beginning -at the laft, rehearfed it all back- wards to the firft ; then he repeated only the rirft, the third, and the fifth ; and in that order repeated all ; and, indeed, in any order that the company defired, without any fenfible error. He farther faid, ^nd he was noways given to lying or boafting, that he could in that method repeat thirty-fix thoufand names : And, which is yet more wonderful, his memory was fo te- nacious, that, a year after, he could repeat any thing he had entrulted to it. He taught Fran* cifcus Molinus, a young patrician of Venice, who had a ve/y infirm memory, in lefs than the fpace of eight days, to repeat half a thoufand names with much eafe, and^ in what order he was defired. Muret. Variar. Left. 1. 3. c. i. P-54- Mr Thomas Fuller, B. D. was famed in the late times of rebellion to have a great memory, infomuch that it was faid he could name in or- 4er all the figns, on both tides the way, from the Of Memories, Great and Treacherous 285 the beginning of Pater Nofter-Row, at Ave- Maria Lane, to the bottom of Cheapfide to Stocks -Market ; and that he could dictate to five feveral writers at the fame time, on as ma- ny different fubje&s. This gentleman making a vifit to a committee of fequeftrators fitting at Wahham in ElTex, they foon fell into difcourfe and commendation of his great memory ; to which Mr Fuller replied, ' It is true, Gentle- 6 men, that fame has given me the report of a 4 memorift, and, if you pleafe, I will give you 4 an experiment of it.' They all accepted the motion, told him they mould look upon it as a great obligation, laid afide the bufinefs before them, in expectation of the inftance, and pray- ed him to begin. * Gentlemen, (faid he), I * will give you an inftance of my good memory * in this particular. Your Worfhips have ' thought fit to fequefter an honed but poor ca- * valier parfon, my neighbour, from fris living, * and commi'ted him to prifon ; he has a great ' charge of children, and his circumftances are * but indifferent ; if you pleafe to releafe him ' out of prifon, and reftore him to his living. I * will never forget the kindnefs while I live.' It is faid the jeft had fuch an influence upon the committee, that they immediately releafed and reftored the poor clergyman. Others fiS6 Of Memories, Great and Treacherous* Others have been unhappy in the want of memory ; fotne through the itupidity and block- iflinefs of their natures, in not cultivating and employing their memories ; and others, of great ingenuity, are fenfible of iuch a defect in na- ture as cannot be remedied by art ; and iome, by a fudJen furpri e, ficknefs, or old age, have utterly lo ! t the memories which they formerly had, and are objects of pity. Atticus, the fon of Herod the fophift, was fo flupid and dull of memory, that his tutors could by no means learn him the letters of the alpha- bet ; which was fo great a trouble to his father, that, to remedy this misfortune, he hired four and twenty boys of the like age into his houfe, and gave them the names of the alphabet, the firft A, the fecond B, the third C, &c. that, by learning the names of his playfellows, his fon might be inflruded in knowledge of the firll elements of learning. Gael. Antiq. Left. 1. 26. c. 10. p. 933. Seneca acquaints us, that Calvifius Sabinus, a rich man in his time, had fo infirm and brittle a memory, and took fo little care to mend it, that he forgot the names of UlyflVs, Achilles, and Priamus, and yet knew thrfe names as well as we do thofe of our brothers and fitters, ihis defect was fuppofed to be occafioned by a habit of flothfulnefs ; and yet he was ambitious to be thought Of Memories ) Great and Treacherous* 287 thought a learned man, though he wanted an intellect and memory. Ibid. 1. 13. p. 616. Cuno, tile orator, was ahnofl in the fame condition in reipecl of his memory ; iniomuch that, being to plead in a caute depending be- tween ixex. Nevius and Tritiuia Corta. wuere Cicero wa* on the other fide, Curio of a ludden forgot the me; its of the caule, and what he had to offer in 1 eiulf of his client ; and to excufe himfelf laid, that the advcrie party Tntinia had bewitched , him j whereas, in truth, it was the we.tkneis of hu> mem .ry which was dilcerned on orner occasions : For, ufc-.-n times, when he proposed to himfcit to l^eak upoa three parti- culars, he either would add a fourth, or leave out the third ; and, m h;s writing, would for- get what he h n.1 let Uuwn before. Zuing, Theatr. vol. i. I i. p. 36. Artemidorus, the gra'um.irian, as he was walking for h s recreation and healih upon the fea ihore chanced to ice a crocodile fleeping on the Sands, and at length p- rceiving him to move, was lo frighted with the danger he was in, in being (o near that Devouring ferpent, that a conceit poffeffing his head, t.hat it had already feizc'd his iett leg and hand, though e made a hard (hi ft to get home, yet the fright made him lofe the memory of his learning, winch Of Memories, Great and Treacherous* which he never could recover afterwards. Shenck. Obf. Med. 1. i. Obf. 2. p. 68. Germanus, a clerk under the reign of the Emperor Frederick II. having, for fome bodily indifpofition, been let blood, it produced fo ftrange an effecl, that he forgot to write or read, and loft the ufe of his memory in all kind of learning, but in nothing elfe ; for, in other affairs of life, it was as ufeful to him as for- merly. In this unhappy condition, he conti- nued a whole year ; and then, which is ftrange and unaccountable, being let blood again about the fame feafon, and in the fame vein, he reco- vered his knowledge of reading and writing, and was the fame man as formerly. Fulgos. Ex 1. i. c. 6. Hermogenes, a Cicilian rhetorician, was fa- med for his early knowledge in that fcience. He taught rhetoric when he was but fifteen years of age, publifhed books on that fubjeft when he was but eighteen, which are ftill in being, and forgot all at four and twenty; whereupon it was commonly faid, ' That Hei ' mogenes was an old man among the junior e fry, but a boy among the feigniors.' Quen- iledtit. dial, de Patr. vir. llluft. p. 496. Frincifcu 1 ? Barbaras, who was celebrated for his great learning in the Greek, when he be- came old, by feniible degrees, his memory fo decayed, Of Memories , Great and Treacherous. 289 decayed, that he forgot all his learning in every language, and appeared like a man that never had any generous education, or had been fen- fible of letters. The fame condition befel Georgius Trapezuntius in his age. And Pliny tells us of one, that, by a fit of ficknefs, loll the memory of his neareft relations and domtftic iervants ; and that the great orator Meflala Corvinus forgot his own name, though he re- membered other things indifferent well. Schenck. Obf. Med. 1. i. p. 68. Montaigne fays of himielf, that, if, in fpeak- ing, he venturtd to digrefs never lo little from his fubject, he was infallibly loft. I am forced, fays he, to call the men that ferve me either by the names of their offices, or their country, and, if I mould live long, 1 do not think but I mould forget my own name. Pltnus rimarumfum > hac atque iliac perfluo. Ymfull of chinks i and leak out every ivay. It has befallen me more than once to forget the word that three hours before I had received or given, and to forget where 1 hid my purie. Mont, EiT. Engl. vol. 2. p, 523. VOL. II. O o CHAP 0/Meeknefs, Humanity, and Mercy. 391 CHAP. XXXIII. Of Meeknefs, Humanity, and Mercy. SURLY, rafh, boifterous, and rugged natures,' are the fcahdal of humanity, and in truth are but a kind of favage beads, that walk upright^ and on two feet, who, like their fellow brutes in nature, fhould trudge it on all four. Fools are fit for little ; arid ill natured lurly animals are good for nothing. If they have leifure, they employ it in doing mifchief; and, if you put them into bufmefs, they fpoil every thing they undertake by their frowardnefs, and treating men morofely ; but the meek and humble man is eafy in himfelf, fludies to make others fo ; and a denial from him is better relifhed by his obliging regret in doing it, than a favour grant- ed by a rugged humourift. The meek and humble foul makes the neareft approach to ori- ginal iniiocency, and is mod godlike when he refembles him in doing good, and flaewing mercy, which is as beneficial to themfelves as others* They cannot hate, becaufe they efleem alt OfMeeknefi, Humanity, and Merfy all as worthy of love as themfelves : They can- not fear, becaufe they do no wrong ; and grief can find no entrance into their breads, becaufe they have given none to others. > . Lightning and thunder, Heaven's artillery, As harbingers, before th* Almighty fly : Tbofe but proclaim kisftyle, and dijappear ; Ibe flitter Joundfucceeds, and God is there. '^r&i*\ka&Ai:&&Kfa3 ,?'Ui ^/jsuS Quintus Fabius Maximus was, through the whole courfe of hia life, of fo humble and meek a difpolition, that he was commonly called the La?nb, and a perfon fo free from gall, that he knew not how to be angry, or out of humour. Zuing. Theatr. Vol. i. 1. I. p. 91. When Pericles the noble Athenian was in extremities, and the chief citizens were about his bed bemoaning their lofs, rehearfiog the illuftrious actions he had done for that republic, and the virtues that were fo confpicuous in him, they all the while fuppofmg him to be fpeechlefs ; but he hearing their difcourf(, faid, ' I admire you mould fo honourably men- * tion thofe atchievements that are common to * other Generals, and which Fortune claims a e (hare in, and yet omit what 1 value above * them all, viz. that, in the whole exercife of ' my authority in turbulent times, and when I 'had Of Mseknefs, Humanity -, and Mercy. 293 many great ^enemies, yet I never gave any *Cof rnv fellow citizens caufe to put on mourn- * ing, either for thetntelves, or any of their re- ' lat ons.' Plut. in Pericl. p. 173. When the Romans, at the taking Azazena, had made feven thoufand of the King of Per- fia's fubj-ds prisoners, and refuled to releafe them hut by a pecuniary redemption, which the King, under his prefent circumttances, was not able to comply with, though the prisoners were almoft ttarved for want of aliment. Aca- cius, Bifhop of AmaJa, lamenting their condi- tion, aflembled his ecclefialtics together, and thus befpoke them : Brethren, the God whom ' we wormip has no occdfion for gold or filver * flaggons, cups, or dimes, becauie he neither ' eats nor drinks ; and feeing the church has 6 many coftly utenfils of great value beftowed upon her by the piety and liberality of good ' Chriftians, I think it of che lad neceffity that ' the church plate Ihould be turned into money, ' and employed to redeem the captive Pcrfianfc ' out of durance, that they may not perifh with ' famine ;' which was done accordingly, and the money fent for their redemption ; which all men commended as a fmgular ad of mercy and humanity. Jaques Amiot, Great Almoner of France, told me this ftory, much to the honour of a Print e of ours, 294 OfMeeknefs, Humanity, eindMcrcyl ours, (and ours he is upon feveral good ac* counts, though originally of foreign extra&ion), that, in the time of our firft commotions at the liege of Roven, this Prince, being advertifed by the Queen Mother of a conlpiracy againft his life, by a gentleman of Anjou or Maine, kept it fecret ; but accidentally ieeing the perfon, he called him to him, and feeing him pale and trembling with the confcioulnels of his guilt* thus accofted him : ' Monfieur, you already ' guefs what I have to fay to you, your counte- * nance difcovers it. You know very well fuch * and fuch pafiages, (which were the mod fecret ' circumftances of his conlpiracy,) ; and there- 4 fore, as you tender your life, confefs be fure * the whole truth of your defign.' The poor man feeing himfelf thus entrapped and convin- ced, for the bufinefs was difcovered to the Queen by one of his accomplices, was in fuch a taking he knew not what to do ; but, joining his hands together, to beg for mercy, he meant to throw himlelf at the Prince's feet ; who ta- king him up, further faid, ' Come, Sir, tell me ' if you can, if at any time I have done you or * any of your friends or relations the lead in- * jury ? 1 have not known you above three ' weeks ; What could induce you, without pro- * vocation, to attempt my death ?' The gentle- man replied, with a trembling voice, ' That it * was OfMefkne/s, Humanity, and Mercy. 295 < was no particular grudge to his peribn, but * the general intereft and concern of a party, ' that had perfuaded him to it as a meritorious ( ad, to be rid of a perfon that was fo great an ' enemy of their religon.' * Weil, (faid the ' Prince), I will let you fee that my religion is * more mercirul than your's. I will pardon your * crime j but, get you gone, that 1 never fee * you more ; and, if you are wife, hencefor- * ward choofe honefter men for your counfel- * lors in your defigns*. Mont. E(T. Engl. 1. i. P- '73- The Emperor Auguftus being in Gaul, had certain information of a confpiracy that L. Cin- na was contriving againft him, who thereupon refolved to make him an example ; and, for that purpofe, fummoned his friends to meet next morning, to confult about the method of doing it ; but, in the night, was fo exceedingly trou- bled, that, confidering him a young man, and nephew to the great Pompey, he broke out into feveral ejaculations of paifion, one while for la- ving him, another while for executing him ; after which, he became filent for fome time, and then became louder, and draining his voice more than before, to exclaim againft himfelf, faid, ' Why lived thou ? If it be for the good * of many thou (houldft die, mnft there be no * end of thy revenges and cruelties? Is thy life 296* Of Meeknefs, Humanity ^ and Mercy. * life of fo great a value, that fo much mifchief ' mud be done to preferve it ?' Hia wife Livia feeing him in thefe perplexities, .* Will you take * a woman*s couniel ? (lay* (he;. Do as phyfici- * ans do, who, when the ordinal y recipe will do no 6 good, make trial of the contrary. By ieverity ' you have advantaged yourieii nothing : LepU * dus has followed Savidianus, Mureaa Lep.dus, * Caepio Murena, and 1 gnptiu- C.iepio. Be- ' gin now, and try what mercy and clemency * may do. C inna ,is convicted, rorgive nim; c he will never more have the face to hurt thee, * and it will be an at of glory.' Auguftus was glad to hear that nis wife was of the fame opi- nion with himfelf ; therefore, in the morning, .countermanded the meeting of his friends, commanded Cinna to be brought before him ; and havii^g difcourfed him .-.two- long hours, concluded, 'Well, Cinna, go thy way, (fays ' Ue), I once '.'gain give thee thy. life in the qua- * lity of a traitor and parricide, which once al- * ready 1 have given thee in quality' of an ene- * my. Let friendfliip, from this time forward, * begin between us ; and let us try to make it * appear whether I have given, or thou hatt re- * reived, thy life with the better, fi'.iih ;* and fo departed from him. Some time after, he pre- f( rred him to the confular dignity, under pre- tence that he had. not the confidence to afk it ; had QfMetkneff) Humanity^ and Mercy. 297 had him ever after as his very fpecial friend ; and at laft made him heir ot his whole eftate. This aft of mercy was done in the fortieth year of the Emperor's age ; after which he had no confpiracy or attempt againft him during the whole time of his reign.- Ibid. p. 173. That humanity and mercy does often meei with an unexpected reward, is wittily reprelent- ed by Urfinus Velimus, under the notion of a man that was a-rifhiug, and happened to pull up the fkull of a man that had been drowned there fome time before j upon which he luggefts to himfelf, that what had befallen that man might attend him alfo ; therefore wraps it up in his coat, and goes to a place to bury it ; and, as he was digging a hole to put it in, finds a great heap ot treafure that had been hid under ground, which he takes away, faying, The Gods do never prove ingrate Tofuch as others do coinnuj crate *. Dr Cranmer, Archbimop of Canterbury, in the reign of Henry VIII. was fo remarkable ia being willing to pardon offences, that it became a proverb, * Do my Lord of Canterbury an ill * office, and he will be fure to be your friend VOL. II. P p after * Heywood, Hier. 1. 8. p. 538. Of Meeknefs, Humanity, and Merey* ( after that fo long as you live.' Clark's Mir. c. 92, p. 410. Robert Holgate was parfon of the parifh in Lincolumire, where Sir Francis Afkew dvelt, who made him fo uneafy by continual fuits, that he left hs benefice, and retired to London, where, being preferred to be one of the King's chap- lains, he was afterward made Arcbbilhop of York, and Prefident of the Council in the North ; and it fo falling out, that the Knight having a trial before that council, he was much afraid that the Prefident would remember the differences that had formerly been between them, and flick hard upon him by way of re- quital ; but, on the contrary, the Archbifhop, palling by all former injuries, fhewed him all the favour he could with refpect to juftice. CHAP. Miftakei and Ovetfigbis* 299 Mi/lakes and Overfights* IN all human affairs, (mail matters have ok ten-times great effects, which not being regard- ed in the confequence, are irreparable in the end. Where one abfurdity is grantedj infinite others will follow ; therefore men mould be al- ways upon their guard ; for being in nature fubject to miftakes, errors, and overfights, we cannot be too cautious in forefeeing and pre- venting a misfortune, that when it happens is never to be remedied. Time, it is poffible, may be fo indulgent to fome men, as to favour them with an opportunity to repair their over- fights ; yet fo much has depended upon feem- ing trivial turns, and the weightieft affairs have been fo dilordered by them, that the greateft diligence could never make amends for a feem- ing flight miitake. Some men commit miftakes through ignorance and want of judgment, and, at the fame time, declare themfelves uncapable of' bufmeis ; others through rafhnefs and want of consideration j and others through pride, as fcorning SQ'O Mi/lakes and fcorning to confult the opinion of men that are more intelligent than themfelves, only becaufe they are their inferiors. Phyficians tell us, that an error in the firft concoction is incurable ; and fo it happens in the affairs of life, efpecial- ly in military exploits, where the miftake of one word may fpoii a well laid defign. As, for example, 1V ....' i. * : .;.'., : .:, t ?. !_*-- ;?Z;-\-, : .' : -?'; '*(*'.' At the fiege of Perugia, a city of Hetruria, now in Ombria, in the ecclefiaftical eftate, when the place was as good as taken, and nothing to hinder the entrance of the enemy but a chain laid crofs.the gate, the foldier that was cutting it afunder cried to the reft that preffed upon him, ' Give back, give back,' only that he might have room to fetch the greater ftroke at the chain ; which being miftaken for a word of command, the army that were ready to enter the city, apprehending there was fome new dan ger difcovered before them, retreated in fuch confufion and precipitation, that the city was preferved by that fatal lucky miftake. Hiylen's Cofmog. p. 99. Pompey the Great being prefent at a facrifice, where beafts being killed for that fervice, his clothes chanced to be fmeared with their blood, upon which he fent them home, and put on others j but his wife Julia feeing her huiband's garments Mtftakes and Qverfgbts* 301 garments all bloody, and none being at hand that could tell how it happened, fhe apprehend- ed that fome miichief had befallen him, and immediately fell into a fwoon, and died. Valer. Max. 1. 4. c. 6. p. 115. In the midft of that bloody battle at Cannas that was fought between the Romans and the Carthaginian general Hannibal, there happened this fatal miftake, viz. L. ^Linilius Paulus, the conful, being wounded his horfe threw him ; which being feen by many foldiers in that co- hort, they prelently dilmounted, to affift the conful on foot, and to fet him on horfeback again at the nril opportunity. The reit of the Roman cavalry perceiving what was done in the front, thought it had been by command from their fuperior officer ; fo that all followed their example, and difmounted, to fight on foot with their companions ; and Hannibal falling upon them at that advantage, won the greateffc victory that ever he obtained againfl the Ro- tnans ; and, had his future conduct been as prudent as his victory was great, he might have entered Rome itfelf with little oppofition, for the Romans expected nothing lefs, Plut. p. 183. Lartes Tolumr.ius, King of the Vientines, playing at dice v,i> , another perfon, and having a lucky tarow, laid in merryment to his aura- goiiat, Mi/lakes and Overftghts. gonift, ' Occide ;' which was no more than if he had faid, ' Now kill or beat me if you can ;* at which inftant of time the Roman ambafla- dors coming in to tranfact fome affairs with the King, his guards miflaking the King's mean- ing, and regarding the word Occide as a com- mand for them to execute, which, in truth, was but a word fpoken in jeft to the other gamefter, fell upon the ambaffadors, and killed them. Zuing. Theatr. vol. i. 1. i. p 29. Julianus, furmmed Hofpitor, returning one morning very early to his houfe, with a purpofe to take his repofe, found his father and mother faft afleep in the fame bed where his wife and he were accuftomed to lodge; and, being a lit- tle troubled with jealoufy, imagined that his wife was falfe, and was in bed with her gallant, who lay afleep by her ; whereupon, without ex- amining further into the matter, killed his fa- ther and mother by an unhappy miftake. Ibid, vol. 2. 1. 7. p. 464. Valentinus Balfius, a preacher, was tender- fighted from his nativity ; and, when he came to maturity, was fand- blind; being a painful ftudent, and rifing one morning before day- light, intending to light a candle, came with his match to the fire fide, and thrufl it into a cat's eye that had took up her fitting there, fuppo- ling, by the mining, that it had been a live coal of Mi/lakes and Qverftgbts. 303 of fire. The cat being hurt in fo tender a part gave a leap and a fcream, that frighted the poor ecclefiaftic almoft out of his fenfes ; and, fear- ing it to be a fpirit, obliged him to return into his chamber tor fafety, where at Itngth difcern- ing the truth of the matter, his fears were con- verted into a pleafant fcene of mirth and laugh- ter. Ibid. vol. 2. 1. 5 p. 382. Arnulphus the Emperor laying fiege to the chief city of Rome, it happened that a hare be- ing ftarted in the camp, and taking its way to- wards the city, a confiderable number of foldi- ers purfued her, with great noife and fhouting, which being feen by the Romans that were up. on the wahs, they thought the befiegers were refolved to make a deiperate affault ; and were fo overcome with fear, that they abandoned the walls and works, and run into the city for fatety ; which the enemy obierving, made uie of the advantage, and took the city with little op* pofuion. Fitzherb. of Relig. and Policy, part i. c. 14- P- 132. King Edward II. a Prince more weak than wicked, being depofed by his iubjecls, and hur- ried from one prifon to another, was at laft brought back again to Berkley Caftle, in Glou- ceiterihire, and there barbaroufly murdered. Some write, that Adam de Torleton, Bifhop of Hereford, by a dark and ambiguous fentence of Latin, 304. Mi/lakes and Overjtghts, Latin, inftigated the murderers to haften the execution, in thefe words : ' Edvardum occi- * tiere nolite timere bonum eft ;' which mult be either read, k Do not kill Edward ; it is good * to tear him :' Or, * Do not fear to kill Kd- ' ward ; it is a good act.' It was interpreted in the litter ienie, and co!t the King his iife. Trie execution being over, the murderers, Gour- ny and Matrevers, apply thrmfeives to ttu Bi* fhop for a reward ; but found him readier to accule their ignorance, ior mifconftruiiig nis Latin, than to own the fervite ; for you lee he had fo contrived it, ihat at onct he excited them to it, and concealed an exculc for iiauicii. - Hift. -tngl. vol. i. p. 191. ' Every man,' fays the proverb, ' is the build- * er of his own fortune 5* and the moil aiiicar- ry ior Wdiit oi taking the lucky gale j for the goou that proceeds from Heaven, lequ.res pa. tience, and that which comes from the world, care and prudence, to keep onefiom being baf- fled by impertinence or folly. It is an unhap. pinefs in tome men, that they make an engage- ment of their misfortunes. When they have once began to err, they think themlelves obli- ged in honour to continue it. Their hearts ac- cufe them of neglect or mifdemeanour, and yet their mouths defend them. Whence it follows, that having been accufed of inadvertency far beginning Miftakes and Overfigbh. 305 beginning the folly, they pafs for naturals by perfevering in them. To prevent miftakes, a wife man will do that at the beginning, which a fool does in the end. He always nicks the time ; for that being loft, nothing follows but reproach and eternal difhonour. L'Homme de Cour. Max. 26. VOL. H. < CHAP. . Y, ' Of Modefty, &c. 307 CHAP. XXXV. Of Modefty> in want of pujhing one's Fortune. MODESTY is one of the chiefeft moral vir tues in itfelf, and an excellent (lock to graft all others on. Other qualifications have cheir abate- ments agreeable to their ufe defigned, and the opinion the world has of their owners ; but mo- defty is a virtue which never feels the weight of cenfure ; for it filences envy, by meriting e- fteem, and is beloved, commended, and appro- ved, wherefoever it is found. It is the trued glafs in the world to drefs by, the choiceft dii rector of our difcourfes, and a fure guide in all our actions. It gives rules in forming our looks, geflures, and converfations, and has ob- tained fuch an efteem among the judicious, that though mode or art be wanting, it will either cover, excufe, or fupply all defects ; became it is guarded by an averlion to what is criminal, an utter diflike of what is offenfive, and a con- tempt of what is abfurd, foolifh, or ridiculous. It is the great ornament of both fexes j for thofe 508 Of Mode/ly, &c. thofe that have forfeited their modefty's, are reckoned among the ca(t-a-ways that will never come to any thing but fhame, fcandal, and de- rifion j and, indeed, the deformity of immo- defty, well confidered, is inftruclion enough ; from the fame reafon, that the fight of a drunk- ard is a better fermon againft that vice, than the befl that was ever preached upon the fub- jeft. An Athenian citizen, almoft worn out and bending together with age, and the infirmities that attended it, came late into the theatre to be a fpedator - of the plays ; and none of the citizens offering him a place, the Lacedemonian ambailadors called him to them, and, out of re- fpect to his decrepit old age, and in reverence to his gray head, gave him one of the bell places among them > which the people obferving, with loud and fignal plaudits ihowed their approba- tion of the fingular modefty of the ambafladors \ to which one of them replied, * I fee the Athe- ' nians know what ought to be done, though ' they neglecl the doing it.' Val. Max. 1. 4. p. 1 13. Archytas was fo modeft in his fpeech, as well as in all the actions of his life, that he would carefully avoid all words that bordered upon undecency and obfcenhy ; and if, at any time. Of Mode/ty, &c. 305 he found himfclf under a neceflity of ufing words that he thought might be an offence to chalte ears, or defile his own mouth, he would be 111 mi, or elfe write the words upon the wall that mould have been fpoken ; but by no per- fections could be brought to pronounce them. ^Elian. Var. Hift. 1. 14. c. 19. p. 406. Martia, daughter of Varro, had fo accom- pliihed herfelf in all famous arts, that me was accounted one of the moft profound wits of her fex, and the age (lie lived in ; but, above all, me had a peculiar talent in painting ; but could never be prevailed with to draw the pidure of a naked man, left me mould an againil the laws of modefty. CauiT. Treat Pafiions, p. 82. Michael tht- ^snperor of ' lonftandnople, af- ter a feries of continued victories, meeting with a toral.de eat in a tight againft the Bulgarians, was fo confounjed with his own difgrace, that in p'jre n.odelty he refigned his imperial crown, and '..jetook himfelf to a private life. Fulgos. 1. 4. c. 5. p 515. A gentleman being a iked how it came to pafs that he, being a man of extraordinary na- tu.ai parts, and thofe improved by an univer- fit 1 / education, foreign travel, diligent fludy, and the knowledge of mod JLuropean lan- guages ; befides, being well born, and having" many friends to recommend him, how he could mifs 3*6 Gf Mode/ly, &c. mifs a confiderable employment in the goveriu ment, at a time When there was fo many vacan- cies ? 1 he gentleman anfwered, ' The reafon * is plain ; I have too much modefty, and too * little impudence, to be preferred, where a * higher value is put upon the latter than the ' former. The friends you mention are the ' people that do me the greateft injury ; for * they reprefenting me a fcholar, put me in dan- ' ger of being thought wifer than my matter ; * or elfe the whole office confpire to keep me * out, for fear it (hould difcover their own im- ' perfections ; and therefore fay I am a bafhful ' man, and confequently unfit for bufinefs that ' requires a greater flock of confidence than c learning, and impudence than ingenuity.' Serious Complaints, p. 22. 'Ihere are others who, with Peter Blefenfis, Chriftopher Urfwick, and many others, that out of modefty refufe honours, offices, and prefer- ments, which almoft fall into their mouths, be- caufe they cannot put themfelves forward by fuch arts as are abfolutely neceffary to intro- duce them ; and therefore content themfelves with their prefent condition, and are never like to rife but by miracle. Bun. Mel. p. 115. .^ A virtuous lady, and of a confiderable eftate, difcovering to a friend that fhe could willingly make fuch a gentleman her hulband ? naming the Of Mode/ty, &c. 311 the perfon ; he acquainted him with it, who anfwered, * I am obliged to the lady for her ' good opinion of me, and mud fay, fhe is the * only perfon in the world that 1 Un.iit venture * to marry, becaufe I have a pa (lion for her ; ' but I am fo bafliful that I cannot fk h< r con- * fent ; but, if (he would conient to marry me * in the dark, I would endeavour to requite her * favour, by being a veiy kind and loving huf- * band.' Which being told the h dy, (he hrft put him upon writing to her, then employed him as her fteward, to give him accels to her perfon, and foon after made him her aufband. Fitzhcrb. Relig. and Poke. p. 128. CHAP. .> Mcfq mf> I * IJP^ ti to nolai iio') t :i' '>i. -o.mfiD i 5. rf; i/iflfid ot ii-;w^fl . i-;;?- --.I;;J/ 1 .J' -ad and s< i. f i' 'ij?l fjoo! bu>; ,( Money, its Power and Prerogative. 3 : C II A P. XX XVI.! Money , its Power and Prerogative. HE was much in the right that faid, c Covet- oufnefs is the root of all evil, and money the ' great debaucher of mankind.' There is no- thing fo dear that money will not purchafe ; nor any thing fo wicked, but money will pro- cure perfons that will dare to attempt it. When beftowed upon the grateful, it makes him your humble fervant, beyond the ftretch of a formal compliment ; he is, life and limb, devoted to your interelt. On the contrary, a mercinary knave runs along with the largeft and openeit purfe ; and a fairer bidder (hall make him betray the beft friend he has, kill a King, murder a father, ruin a brother, fell his country, with his foul and body, for the lucre of a great fum of money, and take the pillory and the gallows in his way to the Devil. Money makes the phy- fician promife you health when he fees you are a-dying ; puts an ignoramus into office ; makes the lawyer fet a good face upon an ill matter ; VOL. II. R r hides 3 1 4 Money, its Power and Prerogative* hides ibme time a Non Con Tubjier under a gown and caflbc, and perfuades him to con- form, reform, deform, and fubrnit to any form, for the fake of his Goddefs Pecunia. On this head I fee no boundary ; and therefore will quit iny own thoughts, to accommodate my reader with thofe of the incomparable Butler on this fubjeft. Money being the common fcale, Of things by meafure, weight, and tale, In all /// affairs of church and Ji ate, Is both the balance and the weight. Money is the fo^ reign pow'r That all mankind falls down before. Men 'venture necks to gain a fortune, And hemp defy, and Ketch importune. 1 he f oldie r does it every day, (Eight to the week} for fixpence pay : Tour petty-foggers damn their fouls, Tofhare with knaves, in cheating fools : And merchants venturing thro* the main, Slight pyratis, rocks, and horns, for gain* This money has a pow\r above Thejiars andfate^ to manage love ; Whofe arrows, learned poets hold, That never fail, are tipped with geld ; For, though lo-ve's all the world's pretence > Money" s the mythogolic fenfe ; The Money, its Power and Prerogative, 315 The real fubftance of the Jhadow, Which all addrefs and court/hip's made to. For money, 'tis that is the great Provocative to amorous heat ; 'Tis beauty always in the flout* r, That buds and bloffims at fourfcore. 3 Tis virtue, wit, and worth and all, That men divine andfacred call ; For what's the worth of any thing, But Jo much money as 'twill bring. He has fuccefs, and wins the fro, That burns foe love and money too ; Makes all his flames and raptures double, And hangs or drowns with half the trouble. Injhort, 'tis money, like thejwords of kings, That's the conclufive reafon of all thing*. Hud. F. Atti'cus, a wealthy citizen of Rome, re- fufmg to fupply his prodigal fon with Ib great a fum of money as he demanded, he refolved to get by fteahh what he could not obtain by en- treaty. To that end, he, and a fervant of his father's that confederated with him, refolved to break open a cheft, and rob his father of all the money that was in it ; which, by agree- ment was to be equally divided between them, and each to leek their fortunes in a ilrange country. The money was in a chamber over that where his father and mother lodged j and ha. 3 1 6 Money, its Power and Prerogative. having opened the cheft, and loaded themfelves xvith money, as they were coming down ftairs, qne of the bags broke, and the money ratling down flairs, awaked the father and mother, who Apprehending that thieves had broke into the houfe, and were robbing it. He role in great hafts ; and, laying hold of his fon, whom he thought 3 ftranger, his fon killed him with a fti- letto. The mother running to the window tq call for help, the fervant threw her out of it, and darned her to pieces. Then the murder- ers made their efcape ; and, |}y day break, were got with their treafure three miles out of Rome, where they went into a public houfe, to coniult \vhich way they (liould bend their courfe to a- void being apprehended -, bur, differing in opi- nions, and both being obflinate to take his own courfe, the fervant demands half of the money, which the fon refufing to give him, he beat his brains out with a hammer that he found in the room where they were. T^en put fome morrey into a nre-fhovel, and having melted it, called up the hnft, and thus befpoke him : ' This 1 dead man is the fon of F. Atticus in Rome, to * whom 1 was. a fervant ; laft night we robbed c 2nd murdered my matter and miitrefs, and * difagreeing about dividing the money, I have * (villain as I am) killed the fon. O curftd * money, that has betrayed mp to all thefe ads and rarely faikd of fuceefs. Ifmenias the Thebaa and Prwalency of Mufic. 33 1 Theban obferved the fame method with all his patients that were afflicted with the fciadca : And, when Apollonius inquired of Canus, a Rhodian mufician, what feats he could perform with his inftruments ? he anfwered, ' That he * could make a melancholy man jocund j him ' that was merry much merrier ; a lover more '* amorous ; and a religious man more devout 6 and zealous in the adoration and fervice of c the Gods.' And, to conclude this head, Mr Carew, in his defcription of Cornwall, fays, that whales will come and mow themielves dan- cing at the found of a trumpet ; and, in folio 154, fays, that harts, hinds, horfes, dogs, bears, &c. are extremely delighted with mufic. Zuin. Theat. vol. 5. 1. 3. p. 1291.5 Ibid. 1292. Philoft. 1. 5. c. 7. p. 205. j p. 35. 154, C H A K Natures Defefts in feme Parts, &c. 335 CHAP. XXXIX. Natures defefts in feme Paris, fupplied by others. LOUD and common have been the complaints againft Nature, reprefenting her as a ftepdame to mankind, but as a natural and indulgent pa- rent to other creatures. We (fay they) are brought forth with pain, and by our early cry- ings fortel our future miferies. We are often mifhaped in our births, defective in our parts, and fometimes monftrous, whereas other crea- tures are born with eafe, fport and play as foon as they come into the world, and are very rare- ly deformed ; but thefe complaints are falfc and ungratefully attributed to nature, who, as me is generally kind and obliging to all her creatures, leaving none without necefiary means for the confervation of their beings, fo in a fpe- cial manner has (he carried it with a motherly tendernefs to mankind above other animals, for if (he fails in her firft intentions, which are al- ways well defigned, me makes fuch after provi- fions to fupply fuch defects, as we cannot con- template 334 Nature's Defefts in fame template without admiration, and even filences the complaints of her infirm productions j when other creatures for want of reafon are unca- pable of applying fuch helps as me has pro- vided. :v - \ Thomas Schiveiker of Combourg, in Ger- many, a perfon well defcended, was born with- out arms, and yet with his feet could perform what any other man could do with his hands. Having fet himfelf upon a feat, equal with the height of the table, he took a knife witli his feet, cut bread and meat, and carried it to his mouth with his feet, as hkewife he did the cup, when he had a mind to drink, and that as rtadily as other people do with their hands. After dinner to give us (fays my author) other fpe- cimens of his dexterity this way, he writ fe- veral copies of letters in the Latin and German tongues, fo exquifitely fair, and in ftrait lines, that we were all ambitious of having fome of them, to keep as extraordinary rarities. Upon our requefts he made feveral good pens with a penknife, and prefented them to us. While he was employed in thefe things, I made particu- lar obfervation of the make of his feet, and faw his toes were long, and fit to lay hold on any thing. The Emperor Maximilian being in his progrefs in that country, had a curiofity to fee hitn, fupplied by Others. 33^ him, and being pleafed to fee how nature had fupplied her own defers, prefented him with a gratuity agreeable to his imperial dignity. The fame author gives us a relation of another German born without arms, that could flourifh a fword over his head, fling javelins at fuch a certainty that he commonly hit the mark. And all other offices of the hands he performed with his feet. Me was afterward broken upon the wheel, for feveral robberies and murders he had committed. Gamer, hor. fubfifcivae. cent. i. c. 37. p. 169. 170. Mr Crifpe, brother to Sir Nicholas Crifpe, had been deaf a long time, but had attained to fuch a knowledge of what men fpoke, by the motion of their lips, that he was admired by all the merchants on the Exchange, and is dill frefh in the memories of all that knew him. When Sir Alexander Gary was beheaded on Tower hill, this Mr Crifpe preffed through the crowd to get near the fcaffold ; and Mr Hurt an officer in the city train-bands bid him forbear, till being told who he was, and then made him room. When Sir Alexander turned himfelf to fpeak to the people, Mr Crifpe fixed his eyes fo fteadily upon the motion of his lips, 'that he carried away the fubftance of his fpeech, and declared it to feveral perfons, who all admired at 336 Nature's Defcfts in fome Parts, at the unaccountably method of his perception* Clark's Lives, p. 190. A German, who had been blind from the feventh year of his age, took fuch delight in making mufical organs, that in time he_grew to be an excellent artift:. Frederick Duke of Wirtenburg, fays my author, mewed me an organ of exquifite workmanfhip, that was of this blind man's making. I heard the artift himfelf play upon it, who made excellent mu- fic. Looking upon his eyes, I could fee no imperfection in them j but was convinced that he was really blind, becaufe he could work in the dark. He could difcover the different forts of wood he ufed in his work, by the touch only. Plat. Obfer. 1. i. p. no. I was credibly informed, faid Antonius de Palermo, by King Alphonfus, of a certain Si- cilian that was born blind, that often followed him a hunting, and would fhew the huntfmen, who had the perfect ufe of their eye-fight, the lodgments and retreats of the beafts of game, when they themfelves were at a lofs. He fur- ther faid, That the fame blind perfon having by. his parfimony got together the fum of five hundred crowns, for fear of lofing them, bu- ried them in a ground near his habitation ; but being fpied by a neighbour, and particular friend and acquaintance, as foon as the blind man- fupplied by Others. 337 man was gone, he made bold to take it away. A fliort time after, the blind man going to vifit his treafure, found to his great grief and difap- pointment, that fome body had overfeen him, and put the cheat upon him, which made him. almoft lofe his fenfes, for he was a very cove- tous mifer. At length, recovering the better ufe of his intellects, he concludes, that none could put this abufe upon him, but his particular ac- quaintance aforenamed : Whereupon he makes him a vifit, and tells him he came to afk his advice in a matter of importance. I have, fays he, a thoufand crowns, that I have no prefent oc- cafion for ; half of them I have already hid in a very fafe place, and the other half I know not what to do with ; what think you, may not I venture to lay them with the former? His friend by all means commended his prudent re- folution, and with all imaginable diligence, car- ried back the 500 crowns he had taken away, in hopes of having the whole .thoufand crowns together. A while after the blind man goes to the hole j and, finding his money there again, carries it to his own home, and after he had locked it up in his chefl, goes to his acquaint- ance, and merrily told him, ' That the blind * man faw better, than he that had the perfect ' ufe of his eye-fight.' Camerar. hor. Subcif, Cent. 2, c. 8. p. 28. VOL. II. U u In 338 Nature's Defefts in feme Parts, c. It is reported of Count Mansfield, that not- withftanding he was ftone blind, he could dif- tinguifh the white from the black only by the touch ; and in the hiftory of the philofophical tranfadions of the Royal Society, we have many examples of perfons that could diftin- guifh any one colour from another, and name what they handled only by feeling, without the help of eyes. Barthoiin. Hift. Anatom. Cent. 3. p. 87. CHAP. or Sleep-Walkers, 339 CHAP. XL. No&funbulos or Sleep-Walkers* SOME perfons that love to amufe the world with the notion of apparitions, and the walking of fpirits, will needs attribute this ftrange fort of fleeping walking, to fome fpirit good or bad, which infmuating itfelf into the body, governs it at pleafure ; whereas, in truth, we mould a- fcribe it to the imagination, which receives the impreflion of objects in a very great degree ; fo that they are conftrained to move, and go towards the things reprefented, and not to waken, though they fwim over rivers, (of which there have been examples) by reafon of the great quantity of thick and glutinous vapours that feize the brain, obftru&ing its outlets, and may be helped on by a great quantity of fub- tile fpirits, quicknefs of wit, a habit and cuftom of doing fome action : Befides, extraordinary motions may as well be referred to dreams, as any other motions which are made in fleep, confidering they come from the fame caufe, are made 34P Notfambuhs or Sleep-Walkers < made by the fame organs, and differ not but in degree, the one being made by a bare repre- ientation of the fpecies, and the other by a itrong impreffion of the imagination. So that to me it appears no more a wonder, for a man to rife out of his bed, walk, get upon the ridge of a houfe, climb a tree, and do other like things without waking, than it is to fee another dreamer to talk in his ileep, laugh, cry, ftir his, arms and legs, ftrike, kick, and quarrel j both being led to it by the fame means. A young man, in whofe conftitution choler was too predominate, rofe out of his bed faft a- ileep, took a iword in his hand, opened the doors, and muttering to himfelf as if he was much enraged, went into the ftreet, and quar- relled alone, making feveral pafies as eagerly, as if he had been duelling with an enemy, till by a flip of his foot he fell down and wounded himfelf in the bread with his fword, in the fall. Hereupon awaking terribly frighted with the wound, that miffed but a little of taking away fii> life, and being apprehenfive that thefe night walkings would one time or other be fatal to him, he applied himfelf to me fays my author, and was cured. Zacut.Lufitan. prax. admirand. J. i. obf. 43. p. 3?. Henricus Nofiambulos or Sleep-Walkers. 341 Henricus ab Heeres gives us a relation of a young man, much addi&ed to poetry, while he was in a famous academy, who cudgelling his brains fometimes the whole day, in making, correcting, and blotting out again his compofi- tions, and not being able to pleafe himfelf, was forced to leave many gapes and fpaces till a more lucky fitting ; but then would rife in the night, open his deik, fall to writing, fill up the chafms, read aloud what he had written, laugh heartily at what pleafed him, and call his chamber-fel- low to do the like ; and yet all this while he was fad afleep : then putting off his fhoes and clothes, fhutting his defk, and laying his papers in the fame pofture he had done before, went to his bed again, and flept till he was called up, utterly ignorant of what he had writ, faid, or done in the night time. In the morning re- turning to his ftudies, and finding his chafms in his verfes filled up with his own hand, he was furprifed to think whether it was done by man, or fome evil genius, and was in great perplexity, till his fellow ftudents put him out of them, by refolving his doubts. Sometime after he left the fchools, and betaking himfelf to a virtuous wife, was haunted with the fame infirmity, would rife in the night, take the child out of the cradle, walk about the houfe with it, and aufwer any queftion truly, that his wife then 342 Noflambuhs or Sleep-Walkers. then propounded to him, which he would not do at other times. About the 4oth year of hia age, and to his great fatisfaction, this cuftom left him, unlefs he had drank hard over night. His wife and whole family that had feen him walking, reading, and writing, being defired to obferve it, affirmed that he fpoke as plainly as if he had been awake, and that his eyes were open all the time, of which he was wholly ig- norant, and fmcerely protected he faw not at all, and remembered nothing of what they faid he had done. Henric. ab Heer. obfer Medic. 1. i. p. 32. An Englifhman in Paris rofe out of his bed in his fleep, unlocked the doors where he lodged, and taking his fword in his hand, walked down to the river Sein, where meeting with a boy, he killed him, put up his fword, and returned to his bed ftill faft afleep j and in the morning re- membered nothing of the evil he had done. Schot. Ph. curios. 1. 3. c. 22. p. 514. No lefs flrange is the hiftory of a young gentleman, who was troubled with this infir- mity, who rofe out of his bed in his fleep (lark naked, and taking his fhirt in his hand, by the help of a cord, climbed up to the top of a high tower in the caftle where he was ; and there rinding a ne(t of magpies, put all the young cnes very carefully in his mirt, and returned to his Noftambulos or Sleep-Walkers. 343 his bed by the fame way he came. Next morning, when he waked, he told his brother, that in the night he dreamed he had robbed a magpies neft, and wondering what he had done with his fiiirt, bid his brother look about the room for it, but he not finding it, he rofe himfelf, and fearching every where, at laft found it at his bed's feet with five young mag- pies wrapt up in it ; at which both were afto- nifhed, and to prevent future danger, taking advice of the ableft phyficians, was freed from that infirmity. Schenck. Obf. 1. i. p. 65. Gregorius Horftius in one of his epiftles to Fabricius, relates the hiflory of a young kinf- man of his, that dwelt in the fame houfe with him at Wittenberg in Germany ; that coming home one night full of drink, went to bed, and ilept till about twelve o'clock, then rofe in his fleep, and after walking about the room a while, went directly to the window to get out, the unufual none that he made awaked Hor- ftius, who confidering with himfelf, that poili- bly this man might be one of thofe that are called Somnambulis or fleep-walkers, he leaped out of his bed and run to the window, in hopes to find him flicking in it j but juft as he came to help him, the young man fell three ftories high into the paved ftreet ; where, lying fpeech? lefs and immoveable, he expected he had been darned 344 Noftambulos or Sleep-Walkers* dafhed to pieces in his fall, but it proved bet- ter ; for though he was much hurt and bruifed, yet at length he was recovered. Fabric. Obf. Chirurg. Cent. 2. Obf* 84. p. 159. CHAP. That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion. 345 CHAP. XLt. That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion* MEN are tormented with the opinions they have of things, and not by the things themfelves* It would be a great victory for the relief of our miferable human condition, if this propofi- tion were eftablifhed for a certainty throughout. For, if evils have no admiffion into us, but by the judgment we ourfelves make of them, then it would be in our own power to defpife them, or to convert them to our advantage. If things furrender themfelves to our mercy, why do we not accommodate them to our benefit ? If what we call evil and torment is neither evil nor tor- ment of itfelf, and that it is only our fancy that gives it that quality, it is in us to change and alter it ; and it being in our choice, if there be no conftraint upon us, we mud certainly be ve- ry great fools to take arms for that fide which is moft offenfive to us, and to give ficknefs, want, and contempt, a naufeous tafte, if if be in our power to give them a more grateful re- VOL. II. X x 346 That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion. lifh ; and, if chance (imply provide the matter, it is for us to give it the form. Mont. Eff. Engl. vol. 2. p. 401. We hold death, poverty, and grief, for our principal enemies ; but this death, which fome repute the moil dreadful of all dreadful things, others call a fafe harbour from the ftorms. and tempefls of life ; the fovereign good of nature, the foie fupport of liberty, and the common and fpeedy remedy of all evils ; and, as fome expect it with fear and trembling, others fopport it with greater eafe than life. 1 he Poet complains of its facility, Mors utlnam vitae fubducere nolles, Sed virtus tefola daret ! Luc. 1. 4. death ', / would thou tvauldft the cowar dfpare, That but the daring none might thee confer. Theodorus told Lyfimachus, who threatened to kill him, ' Thou will do a brave thing to u- 6 furp the power of a Cantharides.' How many of the vulgar rout do we fee led to execution, and that not a fimple death, but mixed with lhame, and fometimes cruel torments, who ap- pear with fuch aflurance, that we can obferve no change from their ordinary condition, fet- tling That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion. 347 tling their affairs, finging, preaching to the peo- ple, and fometimes Tallying out into jells. One that was carrying to the gallows, defired the meriff's officers not to carry him through fuch a flreet, left a merchant that lived there mould arreft him for an old debt. Another told the hangman, he muft not touch his neck, for fear of making him laugh, he was fo ticklifh in that part. Another anfwered his father conkifor, xvho promifej he mould that day fup with our Lord, ' Do you then (fays hej hang in my * room, for I would willingly fa ft to day.' An- other having called for drink, and the hangman having drank firft, laid, ' he would not drink. 4 after him for fear of catching the pox.' Every body has heard the tale of the Piccard, to whom, being upon the ladder, they prefented a whore, telling him, as the law of France fome- times permits, that, if he would many her, they would fave his life ; he having confldered her a while, and perceiving that fliehalted,'faid, l Come, 4 come, tie me up, tie me up ; fhe limps, and f ' abhor to ride a lame jade.' A like ftory is told of a fellow in Denmark, that was condemned to lofe his head ; and the fame propofal being made him on the fcaflold, refufed it, becauk- the maid they offered him had hollow cheeks, and a fharp nofe. When Louis XI. took the city of Arras, many of the citizens fiiiTerofI them- 348 That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion* themfelves to be hanged rather than they would fay, * God fave the King.' The like was done by iome of the Prefbyterian field conventiclers and rebels in Scotland, in the reign of King Charles 11. Should I give you a catalogue of thofe of all fexes and conditions, who with re- folutkm have looked death in the face, or vo- luntarily fought it, to avoid the evils of this life, and others for the hope of a better condition elfewhere, I fhould never have done. Ibid. p. 403, Aut fait, aut veniet, nihil eft praefentis in ilia, Morfque minus poenae, quam mora mortis habet. ' / )eath's always paft? or coming on ; in this 'There never any thing of prefent is ; And the delays of death more painful are Than death itfelf, and dying is by far* Pain is looked upon as the moft tormenting thing in. the world, and yet we may comfort ourfelves, that, if pain be violent, it is but fhort ; and, if long, nothing violent. That which makes us fuffer pain with fo much im- patience, is not accufloming ourfelves to repofe our chiefeft contentment in the foul, that we do not rely upon her who is the fole and fove- rcign miftrefs of our condition. It is the Iharp. nefs. That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion. 349 nefs of our conceit that gives the edge to our pains and pleafure ; therefore men fhould op- pofe and ftoutly fet themfelves againft pain ; becaufe, in retiring and giving ground, we in- vite and pull the trouble upon ourfelves ; for it is with pains as with ftones, that receive a more fprightly or a more languiming luftre, according to the foil they are fet upon j and pains have no more room in us than we are pleafed to allow them. We are more fenfible of a little touch with a chirurgeon's lancet, than of twenty wounds with a fword in the heat of battle. The pains of child-bearing are very great ; and yet there are whole nations that make nothing of it, as the Lacedemonian women. What alterations can you fee the Switzers wives of the French guards, faving that to-day you fee them trotting after their hufbands with the child at their backs, that yeflerday they carried in their bellies. Befides, fo many whores as daily fteal their children out of the womb, as before they ftole them in. A poor Lacedemo- nian boy having ftolen a fox, and hid him un- der his coat, rather endured the gnawing out his bowels, than to difcover his theft. Cuf- tom could never conquer nature, if we did not infect our minds with fhadows, wantonnefs, ne- gligence, and iloth, and, by vain opinions and corrupt manners, render it mean and effemi- nate ; 35 That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion* nate : So that pain and grief are not in nature, but opinion. Ibid. p. 404. How many perfons in the world have, by their own confent, acquired both profit and pre- ferments from cuckoldry, of which the bare name affrights fo many people. The genera- lity and more folid fort of men look upon a- bundance of children as a great blefling, and o- thers think it as great a bleifing to be without. That opinion gives value to things is very ma- nifeft in a great many of thefe things which we do not fo much regard to prize them, but our- felves ; and never confider either their virtue or their ufe, but only how dear they coft us : And we only repute for value in them, not what they bring us, but what we add to them. As for its weight, it ferves for fo much as its weight ; our opinion will never fuffer it to want of its value. The price gives value to the diamond, difficulty to virtue, fuffering to devotion, and griping to phyfic. Ibid. Epicurus fays, ' That to be rich is no advan- ' tage, but an alteration of affairs'. In plain truth, it is not want, but rather abundance, that creates avarice. All external acceffions receive tafte and colour from the internal con- ftitution, as clothes warm us, not with their heat, but our own, which they are fit to cover and keep in. If it be ill to live in neceffity, at lead That Good and Evil depend upon Opinion. 351 lead there is no neceffity upon a man to live in neceffity. No man continues ill long but by his own fault : And he that has neither courage to die, nor the heart to live, who will neither re- fift nor yield, What mould a man do to him ? Ibid. ' CHAP. Of Oppr effort and Oppreffion. 353 XL1L Of Oppreffbrs and Oppreffion. LIBERTY and property are fuch effential re- quifites to the well-being of every kingdom^ and are fo highly valued by all fubjecls whofe births and laws denominate them freemen, that there is no peace to be had without the enjoy. ment of them : Nay, fo zealous are fubjeds to maintain them, that, if they are once poflefied with a notion that the Prince defigns to invade their privileges, though they may be miftaken in the matter, and the Prince is mifreprefented, yet he muft never expect a good word or quiet hour after it. Their fears will fupply the want of truth, and jealoufy will put fwords into their hands, by way of prevention. Oppreffion makes wife men mad ; and none but born or made fools will bear it. A tyrant and oppreffor is no lefs an enemy to himfelf than his fubjefts ; for they feldom profper, when, inftead of the pray- ers and bleffings of the people, they are follow- ed with nothing but their reproaches and curfesj VOL. II. Y y for 354 Of Oppreffbrs a for endeavouring to enflave their perfons, and rob them of their properties. There are alfo men of much inferior rank to Princes, that, to their power, are greater oppreffors, and mud expect a proportionable puniftiment : For, the fin is fo hateful to God and man, that it is com- monly retaliated upon the firft, or, at fartheft, upon the fecoad generation. Louis XI. King of France, having been a ter- rible oppreifor of his people, by exceilive taxes, and enforced contributions, ufed to fay in mer- riment, that he was fenfible of his error, but he would take time enough to repent of it before he died, that he might have nothing to aafwer for in another world j but, if it had been real, as the refolution was feigned and jocular, he had no time to even his accounts with heaven, for he was cut off by a fudden death. French- field's Hilt, improved, p. 64. Damon the Preceptor of Pericles was baniih- ed by the Athenian Senate, and his goods con- fifcated by a decree of ten years exile, for no other reafon but that he was thought to have a greater fhare of wifdom and prudence than was common to the reft of the Athenians.-- Zuing. Theatr. vol. 3. p. 795: The Ephefians bani(hed"Hermodorus the phi- lofopher for this only caufe, that he had the re- Of Oppr effort and Oppreffion. 355 putation of an honefl man, and lived in great modefty and frugality. The tenor of their de- cree was, ' That no man mould be a better huf- ' band of his eftate than the reft, or excel o- ' thers in any particular ; for, if he did, he 6 muft be forced into exile !' Goel. Antiq. Led. 4. p. 184. John Cameron, Bifhop of Glafgow in Scot- land, was fo given to covetouihefs, extortion, violence, and oppreflion, efpecially upon his own tenants and vaffals, he would Icarce afford them bread to eat, or clothes to cover their na- kednefs ; but, the night before Chriflmas day, and in the middle of all his cruelties, as he lay in bed at his houfe in Lockwood, he heard a voice fummoning him to appear before the tri- bunal of Chrift, and give an account of his ac- tions. Being terrified with this notice, and the pangs of a guilty coufcience, he called up his fervants, commanded them to bring lights, and Hay in the/room with him. He himfelf took a book in his hand, and began to read ; but, the voice being heard a fecond time, ftruck all his fervants with horror. The fame voice repeated the fummons a third time, and with a louder and more dreadful accent. The iiimop, after a lamentable and frightful groan, was found dead in his bed, with his tongue hanging out of his mouth, a dreadful fpedacleto all the beholders. This 3 $6 Of Oppre/ors and Oppreffion. This relation being alfo made by Buchanan in the fame terms, I thought fit to record it, as a remarkable example of God's judgment againft the fin of oppreffion. Spotf. Hift. 1. 2. p. 114. Allan Pafha, refolving to perpetuate his name by erecting that ftately mofque at Grand Cairo in Egypt, and yet with little or no coft of his own, committed fuch unparalleled barbarites upon the people of the countries round about him, to get money of them to begin and finifh that noble ftruclure, that the complaints of his tyranny and oppreffion being tranfmitted to the Turkifh Emperor, he fent Ibraham Pafha with letters to him, according to the cuftom of that Sultan, lapt up in black filk ; the contents whoreof were, * As foon as this our fervant ' fhall come to thee, our will and pleafure is, * that thou immediately fend us thy head by * him to our city of Conftantinople.' And thus the miferable oppreflfor ended his hated life. King William I. to accommodate himfelf for the pleafure he took in hunting, deftroyed thirty miles compafs of ground in Hampfhire, demo- Hfhed thirty-fix parifh churches, and left all the inhabitants without houfe or land, to the ruin of thoufands of people, to make the New Foreft in that country ; but the juft hand of heaven was vifible upon his pofterity for this* oppreffion id devaluation, in turning out Chriflian people a begging-,. Of Qppreffbrs and OppreJ/ion. 357 a-begging, to make a dwelling for wild beads ; for, in this very New Foreft, his two fons, Ri- chard, by a peftilential air, and William Ru- fus, by the (hot of an arrow, whether eafual or premeditated, is not yet determined, and his grandlbn Henry, fon of Duke Robert, by hang- ing in a bough of a tree, came all to untimely deaths. Hiftory of England, 8vo, Vol. i. p. 93- A Suflex gentleman living at Rye in that county, having fome marfh land upon the fea fide, wherein were poles which fiftiermen ufed to dry their nets upon, for which privilege they paid him an annual rent. He being very covetous, and inclined to opprefs all that he had power over, thinking the poor men did not pay rent enough, ordered his fervants to pull up the poles, and difcharge the fiftiermen from coming upon his ground, unlefs they would advance the rent to the fum he demanded. The Poles were plucked up accordingly ; and the night following, by a fpring tide, and a violent fouth- weft wind, the fea broke in and drowned his whole marfli, which was never recovered fince. Clark's M. c. 33. p. 144. John King of England, among his other vi- ces, was a great tyrant and a cruel oppreflbr. He ufurped the crown from the true heir, Ar- jhur, fon of Jeoffry Plant a genet, elder brother of 35 8 Of Opprefars and of King John : ; whq being taken a prifoner at war, was bafely murdered ; and his blood, "with many other noblemen, waa laid at the King's door. Without caufe, Jie repudiated his wife Avis, and married another. He fined the Earls and Barons in eight parts of their goods, for not going with him into Normandy, which he loft by his tyranny and oppreflion. He laid jfuch heavy taxes upon the whole kingdom, and fo preyed upon the lives and eftates of his fub- jects to fupport his defperate courfes, as forced them to revolt. By violating the privileges, and feizing the demeans of the church, he fet the whole clergy againfl him. The Welfh ha- ving given him twenty-eight children as hofta- ges, to fecure their obedience upon a caufelefs pretence, they were all (poor innocent pledg- es !) hanged at Nottingham in his fight. A Jew * refufing to lend him fo much money as he required, he caufed every day one of his great teeth to be pulled out for feven days to- gether ; and then the poor Jew was content to give him ten thoufand merks of filver to fpare the one tooth he had left. The fame King, af- faulting the chaftity of the daughter of Robert Fitzwater, called Maud the Beautiful, and being repulfed, he caufed her to be poifoned, of which ihe * Baker's Chron. p. ici. OfOppreJfbrs and Opprejfions. 359 fhe died. And, not long after, the King him- felf had the fame fate, being poifoned by a monk of Swineftead Abby, in Norfolk. Vid. his Reign in the Hift. of England, 8vo. It was the matchlefs tyranny, cruelty, and oppreflion, of the Rump Parliament that over- threw their Dagon of a commonwealth, and rendered the authors of that project the con- tempt and fcorn of all the world, as well as of their own country. They began their reign by raifing a rebellion againft their Sovereign ; and continued it in the fl;mghter and robbing their fellow fubje&s, that retained either their reli- gion, loyalty, or love to their country. They laid afide the Houfe of Lords, and fcandalized them with their own character, dangerous and ufetefs. They overturned the laws, and pulled up the Englifli conftitution by the roots. They opprefled the good people of England with heavy taxes, amdunting to L. 1200 a month. They overthrew the belt church in the world ; and, to fay all in one word. They murdered their King ! CHAP. i'>'oT That Oracles, &c. 361 CHAP. XLIIL That Oracles, Augury, and AJlrokgical Predic- tions^ are all abominable Cheats, Abufes, and Deliifions. ALL oracles, though never fo antient, and whether delivered by night vifions, as thofe of Amphiarus, and the Egyptians or Greeks in the temples of Serapis and Efculapius, which were pronounced by the mouths of brafs ftatues, or by the priefts or Sybills, or that famous oracle of Jupiter Ammon in the country of the Gara- mantes, the temple in the city of Dodona in E- pirus, or that at Delos, of Apollo at Delphos, or any other place, were nothing elfe but the infatuations and delufions of the Devil, as ap- pears by the facred text, and were totally abo- 1 if bed by the Chriftian religion. Their anfwers were only ridiculous abfurdities, delivered in fuch dubious phrafes as would bear two feveral fenfes, fuch as thefe, Aio te, JEacide, Romanos sincere poffe. Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis. VOL, II. Z z where 36*2 That Oracles, &c." where a change of the point alters the fenfe, and makes it either backward or forward. They might fometimes, in foretelling much, (tumble upon truth, but there was no certainty in their anfwers, they only gueffed at what was mod probable, and kept up their fame by equivoca- tion, till they were all fiknced at the coming of the blefled Jefils. But fuch is the inveterate malice of Satan towards mankind, that he never is without his engines and fubtile contrivances to deceive and delude them, and therefore when oracles were filenced, and augury and foothfay- ing were grown contemptible, he fubftituted judicial aftrology in the room of them, which is the mod ridiculous of all fciences, the art be- ing a fuperftrufture upon falfe foundations, and their terms a fardel of gibberifh nullities, in- vented on purpofe to abufe the credulity of chil- dren and fools, and to give a poor livelihood to- cheating- knaves. For, as Horace fays, Prudens futurl tempo f is exitttm Caliginofa node premit Deus : Ridetque Jl morlalis ultra Fas trepidat. Hbr. 1. 3. odd. 29. The Eternal Mover has injhades of night, Future events concealed from hitman fight. Ant That Oracles, &c. 363 And laughs ivhen he does fee the timorous afs, "Tremble at what fb ad never come to pafs. Montaigne derides the pra&ice of divination from the ftars, and thofe weak and unknowing- animals, that ground moll of their public and private enterprises upon their falacious predic- tions, and fays it is only a wild and extrava- gant curiofity of our natures, to grafp at and anticipate future things, as if we had not enough to do to digeft the prefent ; and brings in Lucan complaining againft Heaven for f of- fering men to mifemploy their lime in matters where they are in no ways concerned. Elf. Engl. vol. i, p. 58, 59. hanc tibi t Rector 0/ympi, Solicit is vijum mortalibus adder e cur am ^ Nofcant venturas ut dlra per omnia clades f Sitfubitum quodcunque, paras fit fae.cafut.uri Mens bominumfati, Ikeat fperare timfnti. Why ? th&u great Ruler of Olympus, 'why, llajle thou to timorous mortality Added this care, that menjhould be fo ivife, To know by QJIKKS future 7tiiferi.es f Free us from this unnecejjary care ; Unlook 9 d for fend the ills thou dojl prepare ; Let That Oracles, &c. Let human minds to future things be blind, That hope amidft our fears fame place mayfnd. Craefus king of Lydia having taken up a re- folutipn to make war againft Cyrus, he, accor- ding to the fuperftition of thofe times, confult- ed the oracle of Apollo about the fuccefs of that enterprise, from whence he received this an- fwer. Craefus Halym penetrans, magnam difperdet opuvi vim. When Craefus has the Haly pqft, A world cf treafure Jhall he ivq/le. which Craefus interpreted of the riches of Cy- rus, but the event fhewed they were his own ; for in that expedition he loft his kingdom, his whole army, and his liberty j yet this was no reflection upon the veracity of the oracle, but upon his own underitanding, in miiconftruing the anfwer Herodot. 1. i. p. 20. Nero Caefar confulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphos about his fortune, and particularly concerning the length or brevity of his life ; and being advifed to take fpecial care of himfelf jn the fixty- third year of his age, he was pleaf- ed Jo think he fhould live fo long, and for the reft 3 reft, he faid, it was in his own power to make his life happy : But the oracle or Nero were mif- taken in calculating the time, and alfo the per- fon j for Galba, in the fixty-third of his age, was faluted Emperor by the Roman foldiers, and Nero was depofed and killed when he wanted many years to complete fo long a time. Sueton. 1. 6. c. 40. p. 259. Valens the emperor confulted the Devil about the name of his fucceflbr in the empire ; and Satan, according to his accuftomed method in fuch cafes, prefented him with the Greek letters 0io Theod. intimating that his fucceflbr's name fhould begin with thofe letters. Valens, with this affurance, takes up a defperate refolution, and kills all within his power whofe names be. gan after that manner, the Theodori, Theodoti, Theoduli, and Theodofiolus, a grandee of Spain. This flaughter of innocents fo terrified many, that to fiive their lives they changed their names ; but notwithflanding all this bloody care, he was fucceeded by Theodofius. Socrat. 1. 4. c. 15. p. 38. How willing fome people are to be abufed with fuch predictions, is apparent, by being de- luded by equivocal anfwers, which they always interpret in favour of the prediction : As Phi- lip king of Macedon being admonifhed by the oracle, as he tendered his life, to beware of Quadriga, .Quadriga, which fignifies a coach and four horfes, he would never have above two horfes to draw his chariot, nor more than two horfes to be made ufe of in any cart in the kingdom. He alfo carefully avoided coming near that town in Boetia called Quadriga ; and yet not- withftanding all his care he was killed by Pau- ianias, who had a coach and four horfes engra- ved on the hilt of his fword with which he murdered him. A far fetched reafon to coun- tenance an equivocal prediction.. Val. Max. L l. c. 8. p. 38. Of which we have another inftance in the reign of our Henry VIII. A friar obfervant, named father Forreft:, was condemned to die, for perfuadiug people not to take the oath of fupremacy ; and on a gallows fet up in Smhh- field was hanged by the middle and arm holes alive, and under the gallows was a fire made which burnt him to death. A little before his execution a huge great image was brought to the gallows, that had been fetched out of Wales, and called Dawel Gatheren, for which the Welch had an high efleem, and of which it was prophefied, c That this great image mould * fet a whole Forreft on fire,* and now was thought to be fulfilled in burning friar Forreft to ames. Bak. Chron. p. 410, 411. Cardinal That Oracles, cv Cardinal Wolfey, in the height of his pride and glory, was told, that he would be in danger of lofmg his life at or near Kingfton, and therefore cautioufly avoided that town. When he fell into difgrace, and was apprehended for treafon by the Earl of Northumberland, and brought out of Yorkshire as far as St. Alban's in his journey to London, he fell fick, and was unwilling to be troubled with vifitants ; but be- ing told by his gentleman, that there was one come from the king that was very defirous to fpeak with his eminence, he inquired his name, and being cold by his fervants that it was Sif William Kingfton, the Cardinal was ready to fink, faying, ' Now I fee I am a dead man ; * Sir William Kingfton is lieutenant of the ' Tower, where I fhall lofe my head, and fulfil * the prophecy of dying at or near Kingfton/ The Cardinal fends Sir William word he was much indifpofed, and defired him to delay his meffage till morning, which he confented to, but never faw him alive, for the Cardinal died that night ; but becaufe Sir William lay in the fame houfe, the prediction kept its reputation, Ibid. p. 420. And now enters Mr judicial aftrologer with all his train of alpects, dignities, and debilities ; heavenly houfes, tenanted by trigons, tripicities, exaltations, cadencies, ftationary and retrogade motions, and the reft of the canting gibberilh tha: 3 6tf That Oracles, &c. that they employ to amufe and delude the world into a good opinion of their practice, which has been branded for a cheat by the learned world, and acknowledged to be nothing better by the more ingenious party among themfelves : As for example, the Rump Par- liamentary Oracle William Lilly, who, by wriu ing in Englifh, may be faid to have fpawn'd the whole tribe of figure flingers, and by whofe rules and directions they pretend to give judg- ment either on nativities, horary queftions, or annual revolutions : In his epiftle to his book intituled, An Introduction to Aftrology, has thefe words, ' The vulgar aftrologer that lives ' by the art is a knave*' An inner room receives the numerous jhoals Of fuch as pay to be reputed fools ; The J, age in large flag chair here lolls at eafe, To promife future health for twelve-pence fees. Gar, And feels the pulfes ofthejlars, To find out agues, coughs, catarhs : And tell what crijts does divine, The rot injheep or mange infwine : ' In men what gives or cures the itch^ What makes them cuckoldt, poor or rich / What Thai Oracles, && What gains or lofis, hangs orfavto ; What makes men great ', what fools, 'what knavet s But not what wife : For only ofthofe The ft an, they fay, cannot difpofe. No more than can the ajlrologians ; There they fay right, and like true Trojans i Yet knows whatever'* to be known, And much more than he knows will own, Hud. Garden and Gauricus, two famous Aftrolo- gers, having calculated the nativity of King Henry 11. of France, gave their judgments, that by the pofition of the ftars he was decreed to live a happy life, even to a very old age ; and yet this great prince, who had fought many bloody battles with fuccefs, was miferably kil- led in the flower of his youth in a tournament. The prince's children, whofe genitures had been curioufly examined, and alfo of whom wonders had been prognofticated, were not much more happy, as all France can teflify.- Cauf. Hoi. Court. Tom. Max. 5. p. 360. The Arabians were celebrated for their great {kill in Aftrology as well as phyfic, and yet they \vere egregioufly miftaken in the fortune of their king 2ica, whom Aflrology faid mould live many years to be a terror to the Chriftians, VOL. it. A and Ma* Oracles, &cv and yet He died in the fame year they gave their predictions. 4bid. Albumazer, that great author and propaga- tor of aftrology, gave his judgment in writing, that according to the rules of aftrology, the Chriftian religion mould- not continue in the world above a thoufand four hundred years ; but he has already lied above three hundred years, and it will be a lie to the end of the world, * for the gates of Hell {hall not prevail * againft it.'-^Idem. 'p. 36 f. William Lilly, famous among the rebellious party for his predictions during the whole courfe of that unnatural war, forefeeing the Parlia- ment's tyranny and opprefSon would ruin their commonwealth, in his almanack of the year 1653, prints the picture of a very young, tall, flender black man in the frontifpiece, and, to compound for his old fins, infinuates, in ob- fcure jargon, that King Charles II. would be reftored very fuddenly, and whifpered it in the ears of the cavalier party, that it was really king Charles's picture, and very like ; but the fame year Cromwell having turned his matters out of doors, arid fet up hirhfeff protector, who was a red faced, grofs bo'died antient man, then the faid picture was faid to be drawn for him, and very like alfo. tilly's Almanack for 1653; John John Gadbury has been a very bufy fellow in all reigns ; and if he took his meafures from the art of altrology, which he retails out to o- thers for money, he fcandilized his own pro- feffion ; for he was always in the wrong, and under fines and punifhments. He calls him- felf, and is thought by fome others, the beft aftrologer in England ; but how abominably iie flattered, and how grofsly he lied in all his predictions during the whole reign of -King James II. his own almanacks for thofe years do witnefs. Partridge is no fmall fellow in his own, and the vogue of the modern Whigs, in the craft of aftrolqgy, who cry him -up for an infallible prognoiticator. He often rails at his brother Gadbury for being a Papift ; but I think he is a Papift too, for 1 find him praying for King William HI. almoft a year after he was dead ; fo that if he was not a Papift, he muft acknow- ledge himfelf a very bad aftrologer, that could not forefee the death of fo great a monarch, or el fe agree with all the learned world, that ' ju- ' dicial aftrology, as pra&ifed by hirafelf, and * the reft of the herd of figure flingers, is a * common cheat.'- See his almanack for the year, CHAP, ^>''0> Of Indulgent and Severe Parents* 373 CHAP. XLIV. ft Of Indulgent and Severe Parents* A RELIGIOUS difcharge of relative duties is the true character of a man and a Chriftian ; for, though we are obliged to be kind and be- neficial to all men, yet we mufl firft begin at home ; for, he that takes no care of his own is worfe than an infidel. All men are not capable of making their children great, rich, and learn- ed ; but all may be kind, indulgent, and do what they are able. Good words, kind looks, and wholefome advice, though of value in. themfelves, yet they coft nothing in acquiring or bellowing ; and from him that is fparing of them nothing that is good can be expected. Men often complain of undutiful children, and indeed there are too many fuch in the world ; but parents would do well to confider whether their own covetoufnefs, frowardnefs, and a con- tinued feverity, was not the firft occafion of it. There is a neceflity for a parent fometimes to (hew that he can be angry and out of humour upon ^374 - Of Indulgent and Severe Parents. upon a juft provocation ; but, to be always fo, is a fign of very ill nature, and tacitly inftrufts the child in leffons of difobedience ; for, he that (ludies to pleafe, and finds his endeavours inef- fedual, commonly runs into the oppofite vices of ftubbornnefs and extravagancy. The duties are plain on both iides., and equally obliging : Children, be dutiful to your parents ; and fa- thers provoke not your children to wrath, left they be difcouraged. Charks the Great was fo entire a lover of his fons and daughters, that he would not go to dinner .or fupper unlefs he had their com- pany ; and if, at any time, he had occafion to travel, he always took them along with him. Being afked, why he did not provide hufbands for his daughters, and fend his fons abroad to fee the worlc, and accomplifh themfelves by a foreign education? He anfwered, ' That he loved 4 them, fo tenderly, that he could not fpare * them out of his fight/ Zuin. Theatr. vol. 1. ;) '- 3*fll jjU^'Vii r,;3i! * P- 57 -) jjihjb'ii/ 'io nklqmoD r,$3o < Marcus Tullius Cicero was fo great a lover of his daughter Tulliola, that, when me died, he purchafed a piece of ground, built a temple upon it, and dedicated it to her j and took all other ways he could imagine to confecrate her memory, under the character of a Goddefs. Ibid. p. 56. Syro- Of Indulgent and Severe Parents. Syrophanes, a rich man in the territories of Egypt, was fuch a paffionate lover of his fon, yet alive, that he kept a ftatue of him in his houfe very carefully ; and feldom a day pafied over his head but he made frequent vifits to it, if his ibn was from hom-e j and, if any of his lervants had committed an offence, and lay un- der their matter's difpleafure, to the ftatue they fled for fantuary ; and, by adorning the image with flowers and garlands, commuted for their crime, and were admitted to pardon, and their matter's favour. Plutch. Pilgr. tomv i. 1. 8. p. 734. Monica, the pious, dear, and tender mother of St Auftin, while her fon was mifled into the herefy of the Manicheatts, and too much addic- ted himfelf to- an extravagant and loofe fort of life, out of her entire affeclion for him, and the welfare of his foul, continually befieged heaven ; with prayers and tears for his converfion - f which St Ambrofe obferving, and defirous to give her fome confblation in the hopes of his a* rnendment, faid, ' Impoffibiie eft, ut filius tan- e tarum lachrymarum periret.' * It is impof- ' fible a fon of fo many devout prayers and * tears mould mifcarry.'-^-Glark's Mir. c. goi p. 362. While Socrates was one day diverting him- &Vf in little childifh paftimes with his fon Lam- proclue. 57 ^ Of Indulgent and Severe Parentsl proclus, he was furprized and tartly reprimand- ed by Alcibiades, for wafting his time in recre- ations fo much below the dignity of a philofo- pher. ' Forbear your reproaches, (faid Socra- * tes), you have no fuch great reafon to laugh * at a father for playing with his child as you * imagine, becaufe you are a ftranger to the pa- e rental endearments and affection which indul- * gent fathers have for their children : Contain * yourfelf within the bounds of modefty till you * have the honour to be a father yourfelf, and * then perhaps you will appear as ridiculous to * others as I now feem to be to you.' Thus much of indulgent parents : I proceed to feverd ones. Lilian. Var. Hift. 1. 13. p 309. Titus Manlius Torquatus having a fon dig- nified with the honour of being Governour of a province in Macedonia, and other confiderable preferments, who was accufed of mifdemeanors in the difcharge of his office ; this father, with the permiflion of the Senate, undertook to be judge of the caufe. He heard the accufers all they had to alledge, confronted the witneflesj and gave his fon full fcope to make his defence* and on the third day gave this fentence : ' It ' appearing to me that my fon D. Silanus has c mifbehaved himfelf in his office, arid taken ' money from the allies of the Roman people, Of Indulgent and Severe Parents^ 377 e contrary to law and juftice, I declare him, c from this day forward, both unwdrthy of the commonwealth and my houfe.* Ih's judgi ment from the father threw the fon into i'uch a deep melancholy, that, the night following, he killed himfelf : And the father, looking upon him as a fon that degenerated from the virtue of his anceftors, refufed to honour his funeral folemnity with his prefence. Cauf. Hoi. Cour. Tom. i. 1. 3. p. 112. Epaminondas being General for the The- bans, in their war againft the Lacedemonians,, and having fome fpecial bufmefs that called him to Thebes $ at his leaving the army, he com- mitted it to the care of his fon StefimbfotuSi with a particular command not to fight the e- nemy till his return. The Lacedemonians ufed all their arts to draw him to a battle ; and, a- mong the reft, reproached him with cowardice ; which fo enraged him, that, contrary to the commands of his father, he gave them battle, and gained a fmgle viclory. When his father returned to the camp, and underftood what had happened, he caufed his fon's head to be adorn- ed with a triumphal crown, and then command- ed the executioner to cut it off from his moul- ders, for ditabeying command. Plut. in Pa- ral. p. 190. VOL. II. 3 B Herod 378 Of Indulgent and Severe Parenfs. Herod King of Judea, being informed of the birth of a new King of the Jews, to free him- felf from a competitor, caufed a great number of innocent infants in and about Bethlehem to be murdered, and, among the reft, a young fon of his own ; which being related to Auguftus Caefar at Rome, he faid, ' It was better to be * Herod's fwine than his fon ;* alluding to the cuftom of the Jews, who kill no hogs, their law prohibiting the eating of fwine's flefh. Lipf. Monit. 1. 2. c. 6. p. 228. Artaxerxes King of Perfia had fifty fons by feveral concubines ; one of which, named Da- rius, he made a King in his lifetime ; who afk- ing his father to give him his beautiful concu- bine called Afpafia ; and being refufed it, he encouraged all the reft of his brethren to join with him in a confpiracy againft their father ; which coming to his knowledge, put him into fuch an extreme fury, as at once extinguifhed both humanity and paternal affeftion, and cau- fed them all to be put to death at the fame time : By his own hand bringing an utter de- folation upon his houfe, by the deftruclion of fuch a numerous iffue. Sabellic, Exempl. 1. 3. .3. p. 132. CHAP. Of Patience and Power, &c. 379 CHAP. XLV. Of Patience and Power over our Pajfions. As anger is a fhort madnefs, fo patience is a recollection of all requiiite virtues, that enables us to withiiand the aflfaults of the former, and to behave ourfelves like fober and prudent men, fit for converfe and bufinefs. He that conquers kingdoms records his actions in the book cf fame, as an illuftrious hero ; but he is a greater man that has fubdued his own paffions, becaufe it fets him above the reach of envy, and vulgar impreflions. Precipitation has fpoiled many a well laid defign j but patience and procraftina- tion ripens fecrets, and perfects refolutions. Tb,e -crutch of time, fays Gratian, accomplices greater things than the club of Hercules j and Providence rewards with interell thole who have patience enough to attend her leifure. Blind paffion, rage, and fury, render men unfit for bufinefs, and are never more injurious to thofe that are poflefied with thofe unmanly qualities, than when they pretend to provoca- tion ; 380 Of Patience and Power tion ; for that is the time to exercife the virtues of patience and magnanimity, and fhews them fit to command others, becaufe they are mailers of themfelves. Impudent hafte and inconfide- ration produce untimely births ; but patience, directed by prudence, makes men great and fuc- cefsful. It is a poor and diminutive character to be mild and affable when nothing croffes us ; but, to ftifle our refentments, when we are ma- nifeftly injured in body, goods, or name, is a triple victory : It conquers our paflions, ftiames our enemies, and gives a durable reputation. King Henry VI. of England, among his other virtues, was celebrated for his Chriftian pa- tience ; infomuch that, when a. rude fellow {truck him after he was taken prifoner, he made no other reply, than, ' Friend, you are to ' blame to infylt a prifoner. 1 hou haft injured * thyfelf more than me in (triking the Lord's a- * nointed.' rBak^r's Chron. p. 287. Pericles, that famous, noble, wife Athenian General, being defpatching public affairs in the market-place, a mil-mannered brutifh fellow em- ployed himlelf all day in giving him ill lan- guage, and reviling him before the people ; of which that great man, though it was in his power to have punifhed him, took no notice, |aut went forward in his bufinefs till night, and then ever our Pa/fions. 381 then returned to his houfe, the villain following him with the fame reproachful dialed. Being come to his houfe, and Pericles perceiving it was very dark, bid his fervant light the fellow home, for fear he fhould lofe his way. Plut. in Peric. p. 154, Cafimir, Duke of the Senidominians, and af- terward King of Poland, playing with Johannes Cornarius a Knight, one of his menial fervants, and winning all his money, he was fo enraged at his ill fortune, that he ftruck the prince over the face, and, by the favour of the night, made his efcape - 9 but, the next day, was apprehend- ed, and brought before Cafimir, to receive his doom ; who having well confidered the matter, faid, ' My friends, this man is .not to blame ; * the fault is wholly my own ; for though, ' being tranfported with paflion at the lofs of * his money, he afiaulted me with violence, yet * I gave the caufe, in mifdemeaning myfelf to * play with a fervant, and not choofing a more ' agreeable gamefter ; therefore, Johannes, take ' both my pardon and my thanks ; thy correc- * tion has taught me to know myfelf better, and ' hereafter to keep myfelf within the bounds of * Majefty and decency ; and fo difmified him.' JUpf. Monit. 1. 2. c. 12. Zenocrates making a vifit to Plato, when he was offended at a fervant, whofe fault was too great 382 Of Patience and Power great to go unpunifhed, he requefted Zenocra- tes to beat him, for he was unfit to do it mm- felf, ' hecaufe he was in paflion.' Another time, going to ftrike a fervant, he ran under the table to fave himfelf j to whom Plato faid, ' Come out, Sirr.a, for fear I mould hit thee on * the head.' Laert. 1. 3. p. 79. Arcadius, an Argive, had accuftomed him- felf to give reproachful language in all places to Philip King of Macedon, for which, at length, he was forced to fly ; but, being afterwards ap- prehended, and brought before Philip, he treat- ed him humanely and courteoufly, ient him prefents to his lodgings, and fuffered him to re- tire in fafety. Afterwards, he commanded his courtiers, who had urged the King to punifli him, to inquire how he behaved himfelf among the Greeks ; who telling him that the Argive had changed his note, and turned his ill words into prailes of him. ' Look you now, (fays 4 Philip), am not I a better phyfician than any or 6 all of you are, and know better how to cure a foul-mouthed fellow than the bed of you. * Gifts appeafe, but punimment enrages and o- * pens the mouths of the multitude wider. 1 Plut. Moral. 1. de Ira cohib. p. 124. Ptolomy King of Egypt fcoffing at an igno- rant pedant, afked him * Who was the father of Peleus ?' c I will tell you, Sir, (faid the 4 gram- 6ver our Paffiorit* 383 grammarian), if you will firft tell me who was the father of Lagus ?' A (hrewd biting taunt 5 for Lagus was father of Ptolomy, and of a very obfcure original. This touched the King to the quick ; but, feeing all about him offended at fo rude and intolerable an affront, put it off with this modeft reply, viz. ' By the fame rule that ' Kings give jefts, they are obliged to take ' them.' Ibid. p. 125. But, of all the examples of patience, next to that of the bleffed Jefus, was that of King Charles I. of happy memory, in his whole con- duct, in the late times of rebellion ; of which one inftance, among many others that might be produced, is very remarkable. When his Majefty was taken by his guards from the exe- crable court of High Injuflice to Sir Robert Cotton's houfe, as he paffed down flairs the rude rebel Ibldiers fcoffed at his Majefty, blew the fmoke of their nafty tobacco in his face, ( a thing which was always very otienfive to him), itrewed pieces of pipes in his way ; and one, more abo- minably iniblent than the reft, fpit in his Ma- jefty's face, which the royal martyr patiently wiped off with his handkerchief, without taking any further notice of the villainous indignity ; and, as his Majefty paffed further, hearing the impudent foluiers, at the indigation of their more impudent officers, cry out, ' JuRice 1 ' Juf- 384 Of Patience and Power, &c. * Juftice ! Execution ! Execution !' his Majefty only faid, 6 Alas ! poor fouls, for a piece of mo* ' ney they would do as much for their com- manders.' Hift. Engl. vol. 2. p. 266. The fatal morning being come, that Dr Laud> Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury was to be exe- cuted on Tower- Hill, he applied himfelftohis private prayers, and fo continued till Penning* ton, and others of their public officers, came to conduct him to the fcaffold, which he afcended with fo brave a courage, and fuch a chearful countenance, as if he had mounted, rather to behold a triumph, than be made a facrifice, and came not there to die but to be tranflated. And, though fome rude and uncivil people re- viled him, as he pafled along, with opprobrious language, as loth to let him go to the grave in peace, yet it never difcompofed his thoughts, nor difturbed his patience : For he had profited fo well in the fchool of Chrift, * That, when he 4 was reviled, he reviled not again ; when he ' fuffered, he threatened not ; but committed * his caufe to him that judgeth righteoufly. 5 Wharton's Hift. Troub. and Trial of A. Bp. Cant. p. 446. Patience in cowards is tame hopelefs fear, But, in brave minds, afeorn of what they bear. Dryd, CHAP. Of Peace >j &e. 385 CHAP. XLVL and fuel) as ha^e freen Lovers of it* SIN has fo blinded the world, ever fince the firft tranfgreflion, that it has always miftaken its true interelt, and has crowned with laurels, and advanced to the titles of heroes and demi- gods, fuch as have drank deeped in human blood, mod contributed to the ruin of flourifli- ing countries, and the depopulation of the uni- verfe ; whilft the lovers of peace, and promo- ters of terreftrial happinefs, are remitted to the cold entertainment of their own virtues, though they have laid the greateft obligations in the world upon mankind. In this frantic age, great men's ambitions, private interefts, and covet- oufnefs, have put out the eyes of their reafons, and overlaid the fenfe of their duty ; that, as nothing ought to be more in our wifhes, fo no- thing feems more remote from our hopes, than the univerfal peace of Chriftendom* Not that there is any impoffibility in the thing ? or any confiderable difficulty, if all men, more particu- VOL. II. 3 C larly 386 Of Peace, &c. larly the mod Chriftian King, were fuch Chri tians as they ought to be. But, in hopes the world will grow wifer, and difcern the excel- lency and benefit of peace, before it is hidden from their eyes, I have fet down the following example o fome men, that have been fo ena- moured of the beautiful virgin Peace, that they have efpoufed her for herfelf, without any de- fign to make their fortunes by her. The inhabitants of Borneo-, one of the mod cenfiderable and largeft iflands of the Eaft In- dies, being 1600 miles in circumference, and~ divided into fevcn feveral kingdoms, have al- ways lived in fuch abhorrence of war, and en tire love of peace, that they worfhip their mo- narchs as Gods, while they preferve them in peace ; but, if once they find them inclined to war, they defert them, till they fall by the fword of their enemies ; and then, as foon as they are ilain, fight againft their enemies for the redemption of their liberties, and to en- throne another King that will be a greater lo- ver of peace than their laft was. Dinoth. Me- inor. 1. 2. p. 76. Leo, the Emperor fucceeding Martianus, and beftowing a largefs of corn upon Eulogius, the philofopher, one of his eunuchs ailumed the freedom to tell him, that fuch a benefit would hare- <0f Peace, &c. 387 tiave been better beftowed upon his foldiers. * I would to God (faid the Emperor) that the * world were fo peaceably inclined, that I might * have no foldiers to bellow any thing upon, * that I might give all I could fpare to learned * and peaceable men.' Zuin. Tfreat. -vol. -i. 1. i. p. 40. Phocion, the Athenian, was fo -renowned a warrior, and attended with fuch fuccefs in all his enterprifes, that he was forty-five times chofen. their General, by a univerfal concurrence of voites, civil and military ; and yet, upon all debates about peace or war, he was Hill againft .the latter, and perfuaded to peace, as the only thing that could render his country profperous. Plut. in Phocion. ,p. 120. James King of Arragon was fo averfe to the practice of litigious lawyers, that fet people at variance, and multiplied vexatious ftiits, that, complaints being made againft Semenus Rada, a great lawyer, lor countenancing fuch abufes in others, and perfevering in them himfelf, that he banimed him his kingdom, as unfit to live in a place to which he was fo great an enemy. Clark's Mir. c. 76. p. 343. The Lord Treafurer Burleigh, a minifter of flate to Queen Elifabeth, and King James I. was wont to fay, that he overcame envy and ill-will mpre by patience and peaceablenefs, than by per- 388 Of Peace, &c. pertinacy and ftubbornefs ; and that he mana- ged his own private eftate without either fuing or being fued by any perfon whatfoever ; which gave him a quiet life, and the good word of all men at his death. Clark's Mir. c. 92. p. 413. When Otho the Emperor faw himfelf under a neceffity of resigning his imperial dignity, or iupporting himfelf in it by fpilling the blood of a great number of citizens, and being by fome of his courtiers perfuaded to take the latter courfe, he faid, c That his life was not of that e value as to raife a civil war in the ft ate to de- c fend it ;' and therefore peaceably refigned, and retired to a private life, to give his country quiet. Erafin. Apoth. Of Perfidy and Treachery, &c. 389 CHAP. XLVII. Of Perfidy and Treachery, and their juft Re* wards* THOUGH all men love the treafon, yet they equally hate the traitor ; for by the fame reafon he has betrayed one, he will do the fame by a- nother, if the chapman comes up to his price ; therefore it is no new thing, nor peradventure without fome colour of juftice, if the fame per- fon that firft employed the traitor, takes occa- fion, after he has done his work, to ruin him for his own fecurity, though he has been ufe- ful to his purpofe in ruining others. He that has once and avowedly expofed his faith to fale, will never be trufted afterwards. But here grains of allowance muft be given to men, that, by inadvertancy or want of forefight, are drawn into a party, and by fair pretences deluded for a while, and afterwards underfland the defigns of thofe that engaged them are wicked and un- juftifiable, if, out of remorfe of confcience, and the fafety of the ftate, they deleft thofe that fir(l brought them into the mare, they ought to 590 Gf Perfidy and Treachery to be cherimed and rewarded by the govern- ment, and not expofed ; for to detect traitors, who defign to betray their country to a foreign power, is an act of juftice, and neither perfidy nor treachery ; becaufe the prefervation of the whole ought to be preferred before the intereft and fafety of a part. But thofe that firfl decoy men into danger, and afterwards betray their friends for lucre, or out of cowardice to fave their own lives ; or hunt innocent men to death by forging plots and confpiracies that never had being but by fubordination and perjury, are inexcufeable, and though they may be gra- tified with a penfion, and efcape the hands of juftice here, mult expect the vengeance of Hea- ven hereafter. To whom ought not treachery to be hateful, when Tiberius refufed it in a matter of fo great importance to- him ? He had word fent him out of Germany, that, if he thought fit, they would, by a dofc of poifon, rid him of Arminius, the moft potent and implacable enemy the Romans had ; but he made anfwer, ' That the people * of Rome ufed to revenge themfelves of their * enemies by open ways, with their fwords in * their hands, and not clandestinely, and by de- * ceit.' Mont. Eff. vol. 3. p. 2. Some and their jufk Rewards. Some perfons have commanded a thing, who* afterwards have feverely revenged the execution of it upon the perfon they employed. Jarpole, Duke of Ruffia, tampered with a Hungarian, gentleman to betray Bokflaus king of Poland, either by killing him, or by giving the Ruffians opportunity to do him fome notable injury. This gallant goes fpeedily in hand with the de- fign , and infmuated himfelf ib luckily into the king's favour, that he made him of his council* and trufted him in public affairs, by which ad- vantages, in his matter's abfence, he betrayed Vifilicia, a great and rich city, to the Ruffians, which was entirely faeked and burnt, and not only all the inhabitants of both fexes, young and old, put to the fword, but a great number of neighbouring gentry, that he had drawn thi- ther to that wicked end. Jarpole's revenge be- ing fatisfied, and his anger appealed^ and fated with the effect of this treachery, "coming with a found judgment to conlider the foiilnels of it, he eaufed the eyes to be bored out of the head, the tongue to be pulled out of the mouth, and the privy members to be cut off him that executed his commands, in betraying his friend and be- nefaolor. Ibid. p. 15. Antigonus perfuaded the foldiers called Ar- gyrafpides to betray Eumenes their general in^ to his hands. But after he had eaufed him fo delivered 39 Of Perfidy and Treachery, delivered to be flain, he himfelf would be the minifter of divine juftice to punifh fo deleft* able a crime, and forthwith committed the foU diers that had done it into the hands of the go- vernour of the province to be flain ; fo that of all that great number of men, not fo much as one ever returned again into Macedonia. The better he was ferved, the more wicked he adjud- ged it to be, and deferving greater punifhment. Ibid. p. 1 6. The flave that betrayed the place where his mafter P. Sulpitius lay concealed, was, ac* cording to the promife in Sylla's profcription, made free for his reward j but by the public juftice, which was free from any fuch engage- ment, he was thrown headlong from theTarpeian rock, and darned to pieces.- Ibid* Et nulla potentia vires, Prejlandi, ne quid peccet amicus babet. Ovid. No poiv'r on earth can e'er difpence. With treachery to a friend without offence* The Bohemians having, 'in a pitched field, obtained a victory, and killed Vratiflaus, they deltroyed his country by fire ; and afterwards finding a young fon of his, they delivered him up and their juft Rewards. 393 up to Prince Neclas the viftor, who pitying the child, his near kinfman, committed him to Earl Duringus, who had been much favoured by Vratiflaus, fi take care of the child's edu- cation and fafety ; but he, like a perfidious traitor, fome time after cut off his head with a fcymitar ; and carrying it to Prague all bloody as it was, prefented it to Neclas, faying, * I ' have this day fecured your title to the crown ; ' this child or you muft have died ; and now ' you may fleep fecurely fince your competitor * to the kingdom is dead.' The prince being aftonifhed at fuch a barbarous action, faid to Duringus, ' Treafon cannot be leflened by pre- * tended good offices to a particular perfon ; I * committed this child to thee to preferve, not ' deftroy : Could neither my commands, nor ' the memory of thy friend Vratiflaus, nor com- * patlion to an innocent infant, reftrain the * from fo wicked an action ? What was thy * pretence to juftify fuch a horrid and pre- * meditated murder ? Was it to oblige me and * make me fit eafy in the throne ? Then it is fit * I mould give thee a reward for thy pains, and ' fo I will : Chufe which of thefe three punim- ' ments thou wilt, for one of them thou (halt * fufter, viz. either kill thyielf with a poinard, 4 hang thyielf with a halter, or call thyfelf head- ' long from the rock of Vifgrade/ Dutingus, VOL. II. 3 D being 394 Of Perfidy and Treachery, being under a neceflity to comply with this feu* tence, hanged himfelf upon an elder tree hard by, which, as long as it flood, was called Du- ringus's elder tree. Gamerar. oper. fubfifciv* cent. 2. c. 60. p. 254. King Edgar, in his youth, having heard great commendations of the extraordinary beauty of Elfrida, daughter of Ordgar Duke of Devon* ihire, fent Earl Athelwold to fee her, and if me anfwered the report, to demand her in mar- riage. He, at firft view, liked her fo extreme- ly well, that he, perfidioufly to his matter,- courted her for himfelf, and, with her parents confent, obtained her for his wife. Returning to court with but a flender character of her per- ion and features, the king gave over the further profecution of his amours : But at length the treachery coming to light, and the king enrag- ed with the abufe his favourite had put upon him, he, diflembling the fenfe of the injury and his own difpleafure, pleafantly told the earl, that on fuch a day he intended to vifit him and Iiis beautiful lady. The earl feemingly gave him affurance of an hearty welcome j but in the mean time bid his wife difguife her beau- ty as much as poffibly me could, left the king fhould be enamoured. The lady, that by this time was fenfible how Athelwold had llept be- tween her and the king, and willing to be a queen, and their juft Rewards. 395 queen, without refpedt to her hufband's injunc- tions, drefles herfelf againft his coming, with all the advantages that female art could inftr\il her in, and it took effecl : For the king being- more inflamed with her beauty upon the ferric of the injury, in having been fo long defrauded and robbed of fo charming a creature, refolved not only to recover his intercepted right, but to be revenged of the traiterous interloper : And therefore, appointing a day of hunting in Harwood Forreft, he drew the earl afide, flruck ,Jtiim into the body with a dart, of which wound\ he died immediately. The king without delay ' took Elfrida to wife, who, to expiate her late hufband's death, though me was not concerned in it, covered the place where his blood was flied with a monaftery of nuns to fmg dirges over him. Hiftory of England, Svo. vol. x. p. 67. King Edward Ironfide having divided the kingdom of England (after the fingle combat) between himfelf and Knute the Dane, from be- ing but half a king foon became none at all ; for his. traiterous brother Duke- Edrick caufed him to be murdered at Oxford, by thrufting up a fword into his body as he was eafing na- ture. Having fo done, Edrick, in hopes to in- gratiate himfelf into the favour of King Knute, prefents him, at GJoucefter, with his murdered brother's 396 Of Perjidy and Treachery, &e. brother's head, faying, ' All hail, thou now fqle ' monarch of England ; behold, here is the head ' of thy copartner, which for thy fake 1 ven- ' tured to cut off.' To whom Knute made anfwer, ' And for this fervice I will ad- * vance thy head above all the peers of the ' kingdom j' and accordingly commanded his head to be cut off, and fet pn a pole upon the higheft gate of London. Hiftory of England, 8vo. vol. i. p. 63. It was a notable refolution in a fellow that was condemned to die in Monmouth's rebellion, who being offered his life on condition he would execute his companions, ' No,' fays he, ' I have already refufed a pardon rather than * be an evidence, and I won't accept it now to 4 be a hangman ; God's will be done. As we * rebelled together, fo let us hang together for * company, for I know nothing elfe that has 6 brought me to this end.*' judge Jeffery's Cam- pagne, p. 2. CHAP. Qf Perjury, &C. t H A P. XLVIII. Of Perjury, Perjured Perfons, and their Fats. DIVINE and human laws have left men no greater aflurance of truth and fidelity than that of an oath, which mould be taken in fincerity, and kept inviolably j but, fmce corrupted and depraved nature, has perverted thefe laws by wilful perjuries, fldned over with equivocations, mental refervations, or bafe ends, for the fer- vice of a faction, or fome private intereft, and have made oaths like gypfies knots, fad or loofe at pleafure, the laws of government have pre- fcribed this remedy, not to truft any man of noted falfehood but upon very good caution ; for he that has once broken down the bounds of honefty, and makes no religion of an oath, where his intereft is concerned ; his cauterized confcience will never fcruple to fwear falfely upon every advantageous occafion. Others play with oaths, without believing they fport with damnation. Some oaths they will refufe, o perfuade the world they are tender con- fcienced, Of Perjury, & fcienced, but have never denied any oath that entitled them to a profitable office ; for whom Hudibras makes this apology in their pwn fenfe, though they are aftiamed to fay fo, for fear of communicating the fecret, and rendering the party odious : Oaths are but words, and words but wind ; Too feeble implements to bind. And faints, whom oaths or vows oblige, Have a tranfcendent privilege : For if the Devil, to f ewe his turn, Can tell truth, why th* faints Jhould fcorn. When itferves theirs tofwear and lie, They think there's little reafon why. They're not commanded to forbear, ^ Indefinitely at all to fwear ; But to fwear idly, and in vain, Without felf-intereji or gain : For breaking of an oath or lying, Is but a kind of /elf -deny ing. Oaths were not purposed like the law, To keep the good and Juft in awe ; But to confine the bad and fmful, Like moral cattle in a pinfold. If oaths can do a man no good In his own bufmefs, why theyjhou'd In other matters do him hurt, They think there's little reafon for't. He Of Perjury, &c. 399 He that impofes an oath, makes it. Not he that for convenience takes it : Then how can any man be faid To break an oath he never made ? But how mueh they are miftaken that on this manner jeft with oaths, or ferve themfelves by perjury, will appear by the enfuing inftances., where vengeance has purfued them according their merits. Ludovicus, fon of Bofo King of Burgundy, warring in Italy againft the Emperor Berenga- rius II. was beaten and taken prifoner ; but Berengarius, out of pure good nature, having taken his oath that he would never more diflurb the peace of Italy, gave him his liberty ; but that ungrateful Prince, regardlefs of his oath and reiterated promifes, in a fhort time after invades Italy again with a numerous army, and for a time committed great depredations ; but, being the fecond time \vorfted and taken prifon- er near Verona, his eyes were put out by the conqueror, and thefe words burnt in his fore- head with a hot iron, ' This man was faved by ' clemency, and loft by perjury.' Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. 1. 4. p. 341. Alfred, a nobleman, confpiring with certain other confederates to prevent King Ethelflan from 4oo Of Perjury^ &c. from reigning, by putting out his eyes ; the coii- fpirators being difcovered, and Alfred denying his knowledge of it, was fent to Rome to aflert his innocency before Pope John X. where, ta- king his corporeal oath upon the altar of St Peter, that he knew nothing of the plot againft Ethelftan, he fell down immediately, was car- ried out by his fervants ; and, to the terror of all perjured perfons, died in the fpace of three days after ; and the Pope denied him Chriftiari burial till he mould know Ethelftan's pleafure in it. Hift. of England, 8vo. vol. i. p. 60. Earl Harold, fon of Godwin Earl of Kent; putting to fea in a fmall boat, to take his plea- fure on the waters, a iudden gale of wind ari- fjng, drove him upon the coaft of Normandy ; which Duke William being acquainted with^ and pretending a right to the crown of Eng- land, by promife from King Edward the Con- felTor, when he iojourned on that fide the water, he detained Harold in cuftody till he had fwore to make him King of England^ after the death of King Edward then reigning ; who fwore accordingly ; but when Edward died, without taking any cognizance of his oath, Ha- rold put the crown upon his own head, and ex- cluded Duke William ; at which difappoint- ment William was fo much offended, that he landed at Pern fey in Sufiex, gave King Harold battle^ Of Per jury ) &c. 401 battle, flew him and fixty feven thoufand, nine hundred, and feventy four Engiifhmen, and be- came Monarch of the kingdom, by the name of William I. to whom fools and flatterers falfely gave the title of Conqueror. Speed's Map, p. 9. The Equi having entered into a league with the Romans, and affured their fidelity by fo- lemn oaths, when they faw an advantage to en- rich themfelves at the coft of their allies, they broke their treaty, elected a general of theij own, and ravaged the territories of the Ro- mans. Hereupon ambafladors were fent to them, to complain of their depredations, and to demand fatisfadion ; but the general of their army flighted the ambafladors, and bid them deliver their embafly to an adjoining oak. So * I will,' faid one of the ambafladors ; and, turning to the oak, faid, ' O facred oak, or * what elfe appertains to the Gods in this place, * hear and bear wimels of the perfidioufnefs of ' this people, and favour our jud complaints, 6 that, by the afliftance of the Gods, we may be * revenged of them for their notorious perjury !' This laid, the ambafladors returned ; and the Romans fending an army againfl the Equi, they overthrew them in an engagement, and utterly ruined that perjured nation. Liv. Hill. Clark's Mir. c. 9. p. 429. VOL, II. 3 E C II A P. Cf Poverty, &c. 403 c HAP. XLIX* Of Poverty, and the Mifery and tiapplnefs that attends it. POVERTY and want are fo much abhorred by all men, as an intolerable burden, that they ftu- diouily fhun it, as the fource of all other mife- ries. Some men take a regular courfe to avoid it by diligence. -> - ' extremes currit mercator ' ad Indos/ they leave no port or creek m the habitable or unhabitable world unfearch'd, with the hazard of their lives. Ill men that have not the courage to venture abroad ftay at home^ and turn parafites and flaves to other men's hu- mours and ambitions ; fwear, foriwear, and *lie$ damn their bodies and their fouls ; forfake God, abjure religion, rob, ,fteal, and murder, rather than endure the infufferable yoke of po- verty. The latter feems to be an ad of choice* and denominates a man a villain ; whereas po- verty and honefty give a reputable character j and, among good men, they are the objects of commiferation and chanty. But here the world is too generally faulty ; for, if a man be under 404 Of Poverty ^ &C. neceffitous circumftance% he is called a poof devil, and contemned and neglected, though he be never fo well born, honeft, wife, learned, well deferving, and of excellent parts. He is forfaken of all, or employed as a footftool for every man to trample on, or a wall to pifs a- gainft" ir. ' Pauper paries fattus, quern canicu- ' lae commingant.' But it is hoped, when the world grows wifer and better, rich merit will be taken notice of, though it has no other re- commendation but its own qualifications. The Britains, complaining to their old lords and matters, the Romans, when opprefled by the Picls, faid, ' Mare ad Barbaros, Barbari ad * mare !' c The Barbarians drove them to the * fea, the fea drove them back to the Bar- * bariansV The mifery of poor men compels them to cry out, and make their moan to rich merr, who give a fcornful anfwer to their mil- fortunes. Inftead of comfort, they threaten and mifcal them, and aggravate their miferies by ill language; or, if they do give 'good words, what is that towards relieving their neceilities. h is an eafy matter, when one's belly is full, to declaim a-gainft fading. No men living fo jo- eund, fo merry, as the people of Rome when they lived in plenty ; but, when they were re- duced to extreme poverty, neither ihame, nor laws* Of Poverty, &c. laws, nor arms, could keep them in obedience. Seneca, it is tiue, pleads handfomely for pover- ty ; but his documents admit of great abate- ments, becaute, at the fame time, he was very rich, and abounded in plenty. Poor men's con- dition is very deplorable ; the Devil and the world perfecute them ; all good fortune forfakes them ; they are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirft, naftinefs, ficknefs, and all manner of excruciating torments ; which are heightened by their own ingenuity. Burt. Mel. p. 207. - The only remedy for this misfortune is hope, that hard beginnings may have profperous e- vents ; and that a louru g morning may turn to a fair afternoon. Machiavel relates of Cof- mos de Medices, that fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, thar all his youth was full of perplexity, danger, and mifery, till forty years were p;ift, and then on a iudden his honour and happineis broke out as through a cloud. Hun- niades was [etched out of prifon. Henry III. of Portugal out of a monaftery, ;md King Charles II. out of exile, to be crowned Kings. Beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out ; and who knows what is in the womb of futu rity. All the funs are not yet fet j a day may come to make amends for all. Fret not your- felves bccaufe you are poor and flighted, or that you 406 Of Poverty, &c. you have not the place due to your birth or me- rits ; or that, which is the (harped of all corro- fives, that you have been happy, honourable, and rich, and now are poor and diftrefled j the fcorn of men, a burden to the world, irkfome to yourfelves and others, in having loft all. ' Mi- ' ferum eft fuiffe felicem.' The greateft mifery in the world is the remembrance of having been happy. This made Timon of Athens half mad with melancholy, to think of his former happi- nefs, and prefent unhappinefs ; it is able to clofe up the miferable in defpairation. ibid. p. 209. Nor is the poor man, if honeft, left without fome comfort, though the cloud of poverty often fo dims his intellects that he cannot difcern it. Chrift himfelf was poor, born in a ftable, laid in a manger, and had not a houfe to hide his head in all the days of his life. What though one of fmall defert be rich ? What gets he by it, but pride, infolence, luft, and ambition ? He has variety of dimes, better fare, and richer wine ; but, with all, has the ftone, gout, pox, rhumes, crudities, and oppilations. Yea, but he hath the world at will ; every man feeks to him, applauds, honours, and admires him ; but, take this with you, that he expofeth himfelf to hatred, envy, peril, and treafon. Their means are their mifery ; and, though they have col- logued and flattered their fovereigns, they are e often- Of Poverty, &c. 407 oftentimes but fatted like hogs to be devoured by their princes. The rich man has many fer- vants j and this more adds to his trouble ; for fo many the more enemies has he to fufpeft. To conclude : The rich man hath abundance of wealth j but the poor man is not molefted with the cares of keeping ill-gotten pelf, nor the dread of accounting for it in the next world. Nature is content with bread and water ; and they that can content themfelves with that may contend with Jupiter himfelf for happinefs. Ibid. p. 2o|. v-j'' ju o* 3gQ{! :>;iii iott&.Jud m; 3ioi j;i (tL-du rlliri a.-rm ibh a:IT : aL i. f i.iii Jon il a-4'i' iv>q_ nj}Q^-ijt aii 3iii .ni ji '.' 'ib'itKui. i^i flip ta .fo oi oT H3 Of Pride and Haughtinefs. 4.0$ , CHAP. L. Of Pride and Haughtinefs. PRIDE well placed, and rightly defined, is of ambiguous fignification, fays the late incompa- rable Marquis of Hallifax ; one kind of it is as rnuch a virtue as the other is a vice ; but we are naturally fo apt to choofe the word, that it; is become dangerous to commend the belt fide of it. Pride is a fly infenfible enemy, that wounds the foul unfeen j and many that have refifted other formidable vices, have been ruin- ed by this fubtile invader; for, though we fmile to ourfelves, at lead ironically, when flatterers bedaub us with falfe encomiums, though we feem many times to be angry and blufli at our own praifes ; yet our fouls inwardly rejoice ; we are pleafed with it, and forget ourfelves. Some are proud of their quality, and defpife all below it ; firft fet it up for the idol of a vain imagination, and then their reafon mu4t fall down and worfhip it. They would have the world think that no amends can be made for VOL. II. 3 F the Of Pride and Haugktinefi* the want of a great title, or an ancient coat of arms. They imagine, that, with thefe advanta- ges, they (land upon the higher ground, which makes them look down upon merit and virtue as things inferior to them. Some, and moft commonly women, are proud of their fine clothes ; and, when (he hach lefs wit and fenfe than the reft of her neighbours, comforts her- lelf that me hath more lace. Some ladies put ib much weight upon ornaments, that, -if one could fee into their hearts, it would be found that even rhe thought of death was made lefs heavy to them, by the contemplation of their being laid out in Hate, and honourably attend- ed to the grave. The man of letters is proud of the efteem the world gives hhn for his know- ledge ; but he might eafily cure himfelf of that dileafe, by confidering how much learning he wants. The military man is proud of fome great action performed by him, when poflibly it was more owing to fortune than his own va- lour or conduct ; and fome are proud of their ignorance, and have as much reafon to be fo as any of the reft ; for they, being alfo compared with others in the fame character and condition, will find their defects exceed their acquifi- tions. Of Pride and Haitghtincfs. 4 1 1. The Order of Jefuits, which, from very mean beginnings, are grown the wealthieft fociety in the world, are fo fwelled with the tumor of pride, that, though they are the mod juv-enile of all other Orders in the Roman church, and therefore, by their canons, are obliged to go laft in the mow on feftivals, never go at all in proceflion with other Orders, becaufe they will not come behind them. Fuller's Hoi. State, c. 15. p. 45- Aldred, Archbilhop of York, in the reign of Williaml. having afkeda favour of that Monarch, which he thought fit to deny, he, out of great pride and difcontent, was walking very haugh- tily out of the prefence ; but the King, being fearful that, by reafon of his authority, the Bi- fhop might create him fome difquiet, importu- ned him to flay, fell upon his knees, begged his pardon, and promifed to grant his requeft. The King kneeling all this time, at the proud prelate's feet, the Quality that were prefent put him in mind of the indecency of the pofture, and told him he ought to give the King his hand to raife him up : ' No, (fays the Archbi- ' fhop), let him continue as he is, and know c what it is to difpleafe St Peter.' Bak. Chron. p. 40. King Edgar, fole monarch of England, ta king his progrefs to the city of Chefter, thither fummoned 412 Of Pride and Haugbiinefs. furnmoned all the Kings that held of him to do him homage ; by name, Kered King of Scots, Malcolm of Cumberland, Maccufe of the Ifles, five Kings of Wales, Dufwal, Huwal, Griffith, Jacob, Judethil ; and thefe he had in fuch awe, that, going one day into a galley, he caufed them each man to tafce his oar, and row him down the river Dee, while he fat in flate in the item, faying, ' That then his fucceffbrs might * glory in being Kings of England, when they ' had fuch honour done them.' And perhaps the Divine Power was difpleafed with him for infuldng, and taking fo much honour to him- felf ; fince we read that, in the next year, in the height of his glory, and flower of his age, he was taken out of this world by a mortal ficknefs. Hiftory of England, .8 vo, vol. i. p, 66. King Henry II. of England, out of tender paternal affection to his fon Prince Henry, cau- fed him, at feventeen years of age, to be crown- ed joint King of England with himfelf ; and, in compliment to him, on the feu 1 ival of his corona- tion, fet the firft dim on the table with his own hands after the new King was fet down ; upon which the Archbifhop of York pleafantly faid, * Be of good cheer, my bed fon, for no prince * in the world has fuch another fervant to wait * on him at his table.' To whom the young King Of Pride and Haugbtmefh 41 j King haughtily anfwered, 'My father; does no> ' more than what becomes him ^ for he being * only a King by the mother's fide, ought to * ferve me, who have a King to my fatlier, and 6 a Queen to my mother.'- Poi^d. Virg. 1- iJ p. 212. Simon Thurway, born in the county of Cornwall, was educated in one of our Englifh Univerfities, and from thence went to the Aca- demy at Paris in France, where he became fo great a proficient in logic, that he carried the fame from the reft of the collegiates. He had a great memory, as great elocution, and knew all things but himfelf ; but, for want of that, was fo blown up with pride, that a judgment followed it. At once, he loft his memory and judgment, walked up and down without reafon or fpeech ; he fcarce kne\v one thing from ano- ther j and, inflead of fpeaking, made a noife like the howling of a dog. Polyd. Virg. Hid. Angl. 1. i. p. 284. All the virtue and famous conquelts of Alex- ander the Great were clouded by his pride and infoleuce. In contempt of King Philip, he would have Jupiter Ammon to be his father. Defpifing the Macedonian habit, he dreifed himfelf in the Perfian mode, and afpiring to be more than man, would be worfhipped as a 'God, j|i4 ty Pride and Haught'mefs, God. Thus, at once abufmg the dignity of a fon, the honour of a citizen, and the excellency of a man, in diflembling himfelf to be what in truth he was not, even among thofe who knew his original.^-Lonic. Theatr. I. 637. fi?' ItT .Jb,l 3fb CT-V* ;) CHAP, .*inA guarreh on Slight Occajions, &c. 415 CHAP. LI. Barrels on Slight Occafions, often produce Fatal Conferences. HE was certainly in the right, that faid, e Man himfelf is a quarrel, and his different c parts. are always in a domeftic war, without * poffibility of reconciliation till a grave fweat * cures him.' Therefore he that finds himfelf prone to that vice, fhould carefully flop the firft fally of his emotions', and leave the fubjecl: that begins to be troublefome, before it precipitates him into great undecencies. He that flops not at the ftart, will never be able to prevent the dan- ger of the career, or keep himfelf from falling, if he cannot recover himfelf when he firfl be- gins to totter. They fall headlong that lofe their reafon, for frailty does fo far indulge it- felf, that its unawares carried out into the deep, and can find no quite port to anchor in. A man fhould be an enemy to all contentions as much as lawfully he may, and I know not whether fomething more : For it is not only li- beral, but fometimes advantageous too, a little to Quarrels on Slight Qccajiew, to recede from one's right ; for by this means a prudent and peaceable man, by doing himfelf a manifeft injuftice, has prevented a worfe be- ing done him by proceedings at law, lawyers and judges, after an age of vexations, dirty, and vile practices, which are greater enemies to in- genious natures than the fword, fire, or rack. / "What ruin did our late Duke of Burgundy run into, about a cart load of fheep's pelts ? And was not the graving of a feal the firft and principal canfe of the greateft commotion that this machine of the world did ever undergo ? For Pompey and Caefar are but the offfets and continuation of two others. I have feen the wifefl heads in France afiembled with great ce- remony and public expence about treaties and agreements, of which the true decifion only de- pended in the mean time upon the ladies ca- binet council, and the inclination of fome foolifh women. The poets well underftood this when they put all Greece and Afia to fire and fword for an apple. Inquire why that mari hazards his life and honour upon the fortune of his rapier and dagger ; he cannot acquaint you with the occafion of the quarrel without bldfhing, it is fo idle and frivolous. Mont. Efl~* Engl. Vol. 3. p. 386,, 387. A often produce Fatal Confequences. 417 A fuit at law was commenced between the heirs of Sir Thomas Talbot Vifcount Lifle, and the heirs of the Lord Barkley, about the right of certain lands and tenements near Wotton- Under-Edge in the county of Gloueefterfhire : which fuit began at the latter end of the reign of King Edward IV. and continued till the be- ginning of the reign of James I. and then it was ended by arbitration. The full time of continuance was about one hundred and twenty years. Cambd. Brittan. Fuller's Worth, p. 256. Gloucefterfhire. Two Italian brothers of the Houfe of de Liminp in Padua, diverting themfelves in the country, walked out for their pleafures after fupper ; and gazing on the (tarry firmament, one merrily faid to the other, ' Would I had as * many oxen as there are ftars in the fky.' The other fays, ' and would I had a pafture as large s as the heavens ; where then' faid he ' would'ft thou feed thy oxen ? Where mould I feed * them,' faid his brother, ' but in thy pafture ; * But what if I would not give thee leave,' faid the other ? Then 1 would take leave whether * thou would*ft or not. What* faid the other, 4 in fpight of my teetti ? Yes,' faid the other, * in fpight of all thou could'ft do to hinder me.' From this idle quarrel and infignificant words, they proceeded to approbrious language, in that Vol. II. 3 G heat 4i 8 Barrels -on Sligljt Occa/tonf, , heat drew their fwofds, and tilted at each other' with fo much fury, that they run one another through the body, made a paflage for their fouls fo go out at, and both died immediately. Camerar. Oper. Siibcife. Cent. i. c. 92. p. 429- John Cardinal de Medices, and his brother Gartia, joining their hounds in hunting, and killing a hare, differing about whofe dog made the firft feizure, gave each other hard lan- guage; which the young Cardinal refenting, gave his brother a box on the ear, which Cartia returned with a wound in the Cardinal's thigh, of which he died immediately. In re- venge whereof a fervant of the Cardinal's kill- ed Cartia, and fo Cofmo Duke of Florence loft two young princes and hopeful fons for a trifle, viz. ' whofe dog catched the hare.* Ibid. p. 430. In the reign of Claudius Caefar, came great numbers of Jews from all parts to celebrate the pafibver at Jerufalem ; and certain cohorts of Roman foldiers being ported about the temple as a guard to it, one among them difcovering "his privy parts, perhaps only to make water, .the Jews apprehended the uncircumcifed ido- later did it in abufe of their nation- and reli- gion, and therefore fell upon the foldiers with ftaves, clubs, and ftones j the foldiers on the o- ther often produce fatal Confluences, 419 ther fide defended themfelves with their arms, till at laft the Jews oppreffed with their own multitudes, and the wounds they had received, gave over the rencounter, * but not before * twenty thoufand of them were killed upon the 4 fpot in fo foolifh a quarrel.' Jofeph. Antiqu. 1. 10. c. 4. p. 519. A quarrel happening in the reign of King Edward VI. about precedence, between Queen Catherine Parre, late wife to King Henry VIM. and then married to the Lord Thomas Sey- mour Admiral of England, and the Dutchefs of Somerfet, wife to the Lord Protector of England, and brother to the Lord Admiral. Thefe two ladies carried the quarrel fo high, that at length they engaged their hufbands in it, and fo incenfed one againft the other, that the Protector gave way to the cutting off his brother's head, upon an impeachment in Par- liament ; upon which he as it were laid his own head alfo upon the block; for if thefe two brothers 'hnd held together, which they did till the difference happened betwixt their wives, they had fupported each other. The Admiral's courage would have Strengthened the Protestor's authority, and the Protector's au- thority might have indulged the Admiral's va- lour ; but depriving one another -of thefe af- iiftances, the one fell by his brother's autho- rity. 420 Quarrels on Slight occafions, &c. rity, and the other not long after was facrificed to the Duke of Northumberland's malice, and beheaded for felony. Fitzherb. Relig. and Polic. PHAR Of Religion, be, CHAP. LII. Of Religion) and the Lovers and Defpifen of it. WHEN I name the word religion, it cannot reafonably be prefumed that I intend any but the Chriftian, delivered to the world by Chrift Jefus the Son of God, and after his afcenfion to the Father, taught by his twelve Apoftles, and their orthodox fucceffors under feveral de- nominations ; and, fmce our fins have caufed divifions among Chriftians, and many names have been impofed upon them for diftinction ; when I name the true religion, I would be un- ^lerftood of the true ancient, catholic, and apof- tolic religion, regularly preached, profeffed, and pra&ifed among the reformed Chriftians. AH other religions in the world are a compound of abufes, impoftures, and delufions ; but Chrifti- anity approves its excellency by its own native verity, unity, fimplicity, candour, juftice, and goodnefs. It teaches us e to deny ourfelves, to * take up the crofs of Chrift, and follow in the * exercife of all virtues, wherein confifls the 6 life of religion j* laying afide all idle quarrels, felf- 422, Of Religion, &c. felf-intereft, and needlefs debates about circum itantials ; for this religion is not in words but in works ; not in opinions but in aflurances ; not in fpeculation but in practice. It is this religion all men oughc to love for their own fakes, becaufe a holy life which it teaches, gives a comfortable death, and a happy eternity ; while thofe that defpife it, and die in a (late of impenitency, muft expect their punifhments in Tophet, where will never be any eafe or end of their miferies. The Emperor Conftantine prefiding in the council of Chalcedon, and receiving feveral pa- pers containing the differences in opinion and practice of divers Chriftian bifhops, and the ar- ticles they mutually exhibited againft one ano- ther, he folded them all up together, and un- read committed them all to the fire : Exhorted the bifhops to peace, love, and unity, faying, he would refer their particular differences in opi- nion to be determined by God Almighty, and prayed them in the mean time, to live and love like Chriftian brethren, as the only way to pro- pagate that religion. Fulgof. Ex. 1. i. c. i. p. 17. When a certain Duke of Saxony, made great preparations for war againft the pious and de- vout bifliop of Magdeburg, the brfliop taking no Of Religion, &c. 423 ho care for his defence, was always employ- ing himfelf in vifiting and \vell governing his churches ; and being told that the Duke with numerous forces was coming to attack him, * Let him come if he pleafes,' fays the Bifhop, * I will not neglect my duty to take care of my * fafety.' The Duke having a fpy in the city, gave him notice of what paffed, and particular- ly, that though there was no preparation to op- pofe his defigns, yet the Bifhop thought himfelf fecure, and only minded his ecclefiaflical af- fairs. The Duke receiving this information, and the meflenger expecting he would have fpurred on his march, it fell out quite con- trary ; for the Duke a while confidering with himfelf, commanded his army to face about and march home again ; for fays he, ' I will ' not fight againft him that has God Almighty ' to fight for him.' Otho. Mel. Joe. Sena, p. 250. A Marian martyr in Efiex, named William. Potter, being condemned to the ftake for deny, ing the Popifh doctrine of Tranfubftantiation, was perfuaded by an acquaintance to be kind to himfelf, and for the fake of his wife and children, (hew himfelf a convert outwardly at leaft, which he might do, faid his friend, and retain his inward principles, which no human power could difcover or punifh. Potter, an- fwered, 424 Of Religion, &c. fwered, ' I love my wife and children entirely j ' nor have I lived fo ill to be amamed or weary ' of my life ; but I love my God, my foul, and ( my religion, better than them all, and will ' not hazard the lofs of a happy eternity to fhun ' a temporary fire, that will tranfport me from * this loathfome dungeon to manfions of joy ' and bleflednefs ;* and accordingly was burnt to afhes, rather than he would diflemble or counterfeit being a Papift. Fox. Act. Mon. p. 612. On the contrary, thofe that have flighted and defpifed religion, or only employed it as an art to ferve their worldly interefts, have generally been as exemplary in their punimments, as icandalous in their crimes ; or, if they have efcaped it here, muft expeft it hereafter j ' for ' God will not be mocked.' The Emperor Julian at firft counterfeited be- ing a Chriftian, and for fome time appeared zealous in the worfhip of Chrift ; but afterward his mafk dropping off, he became a violent per* fecutor of the Chriftians, and ridiculed their whole religion. In thefe fcoffing practices he continued, till making war againft the Perfians, he was deadly wounded, by an unknown hand, betwixt his ribs and bowels ; and, finding his cafe defperate, he filled his hand with his own blood, and threw it up againfl heaven, faying, 6 Satisfy thy malice, O Galilean, (meaning Chrift; Of Religion, &c. 425 Chrift) for thou haft overcome me.' Fulgos. Exemp. 1. i. c. 2. p. 52. Nero the P^mperor, in abhorrence of the Chriftian religion, fpik their blood in fport, de- moiifhed their temples, threw down their altars, an'i, in this extravagant humour, fpared not the Syrian Goddefs which he worfhipped himfelf, but threw nafty urine in her face. By thefe abominable practices he became hated of God and men ; the people of Rome rofe againft him, and forced him to fave himfelf from their fury by a mameful flight, where, being apprehenfive that he at laft mult fall into their hands, and that they would load him with torments worfe than death, he killed himfelf with his own hands, to prevent a popular execution, Id. p. 46. John King of England faid, his affairs had been always without fuccefs fmce he was recon- ciled to God and the Pope. Being in feme diftrefs, he fent ambafTidors to Mirurmnalin King of Morocco, with the tender of his king- dom, if he would afiifl him againft his enemies ; and, if they fucceeded, he promifed to turn Ma- hometan *, A poet ftains his memory with this diftich : Angliaficut odhucfordes Faetore Johanni^ Sordida faedatur faedante Jobanni Gcbcnna* VOL. I!. 3 H In * Englifh Hiil. vol. T. p. 152. 426 Of Religion, &c. In thofe bloody wars in France between the Papifts and Hugon->ts about matters of religion, Dinoth lays, there were great numbers found that icoffed at both parties, as a fort of fuper- flitious fools that threw away their lives and fortunes for moonmine in the water ; for they counted all religion as fopperies and illulions : And Mercennus was of opinion, that there were then no lefs than fifty thoufand Atheifts in Pa- ris ; and, if that difeafe had not infected Ver- felles alfo, Europe would be more at peace than it is, Te Dewn would be more at quiet, and not, on all occafions, be employed to fill the world with lies, and abufe the name of God and reli- gion with invented forgeries, mams, and car lumnies. Burton's Melanc. p. 614. CHAP. Of Reprovers and Reproofs, &c. 427 Lin. Of Reprovers and Reproofs well or ill Refented. REPROVING is the office of a true friend, a benefit none can want but thofe that are difpo- fmg themfelves to ruin, by concealing fuch loads of guilt as in the end will be ominous. Great art is required to (hoot the arrows of re- proof, left they return and fall upon the arch- er's head, for want of confidering the greatnefs of the perfon againft whom they are levelled ; the words, the time, the place, and many other circumftances, abfolutely necefiary in the regu- lar difcharge of this duty. Reproofs are allow- ed to be warm, becaufe it difcovers a certain zealous affection, which renders it grateful ; but, if it grows fo hot as to fcald off the fkin of another's reputation, it is reproaching rather than reproving, which by all means ought to be avoided, even to perfons under the meanest circumftances, who, though they have no repu- tation, are yet tender in keeping up the belief of it in others. Another ingredient to make reproofs 428 Of Reprovers and Reproofs, &c reproofs go down the glibber, is to fpeak truth, and exprefs love j for then nothing but a brute can ill refent it. Above all, a man mutt be careful not to reprove a fault in another that he is guilty of himfelf; for that admits of an un- anfwerable return with fhame and confufion. The married clergy of England being unwil- ling to part with their wives, and the bifhops rather lofing than getting ground upon that fubjecl, the Pope interpofes his authority, and fent John de Crema, an Italian cardinal, to blufter the clergy out of their fpoufes ; who, to that end, having fummoned the clergy to a meeting, brifkly harangues before them in com- mendation of virginity ; but, being the fame night taken in bed with a whore in London, he was reproached with his own oratory j told that marriage was better than whoring ; and all he faid amounted to nothing. Full. Ch. Hift. cent. 12. p. 23. Seneca, that wrote fo incomparably well up- on the fubjecl of moral virtues, and the praifes due to it, yet allowed his pupil Nero to commit inceft with his own mother Agrippina ; wrote -againfi: tyranny, and yet was tutor to a tyrant ; reproved others for haunting the Emperor's couf t, and yet himfelf was fcarce a day abfent ; reproved flatterers, while he meanly ftooped to thofe Of Reprovers and Reproofs, &c. 429 thofe bafe offices himfelf ; inveighed againft riches and wealthy men, and yet heaped up himfelf a vaft deal of treafure by ufury and op- prefilon Clar. Mir. c. 27. p. 315. Otho Emperor of Germany lo indulged him- fe4f in his paffion, that he did many things in a heat that he after feverely repented of. He had taken up a reiolution to deftroy feveral great men, and was laying a train for them accor- dingly, wherein he wanted not the afliftance of ill men and flatterers. An old courtier refol- ving to prevent the effects of his fury, or add another life to be facrificed among the reft, ta- king a convenient opportunity,* thus addrefled the Emperor : ' Sir, you are put upon a very ' evil action, in deigning the death of fo many ' good and great men. Don't indulge your an- ' ger in every thing ; firll give yourieir time to * confider the action, and the conlequences of ' it, and then act as prudence and your true in- ' terefl mail direft,' The Emperor paufed a while ; and, having overcome the firft aifault of his paflion, faid, c Since you are the firft man ' that has had WJ iyjK-ft &t> lltfif lit c - ;J ,u ioi- That woman we a fweet one call^ Whofe body breathes no fcent at all *. ^ais:iif ii3if/ i e 3Jirt< ..... . ,li And fuch as make ufe of exotic perfumes are of good reafon to be fufpected of fome na- tural imperfection, which they endeavour, by 'thefe "odour's, to conceal, according to that of Mr Johnfton. $//// ,,-5^f*!''R Gsn! '.'-.sib.vn.Ti' il^i^^oiii * '-tortwrtyr * Mont. EiF. Engl. Vol. , 1 . 53 1 * Of the Senfe of SmtHing, 48 j Still to be neat^ftill to be As you were going to afeajl ; Still to be powder* d,-Jlill $erf urn* d, Lady, it is to be prefum'd, Though Arfs hid caufes are not found, All is notfweet, all is not found. Of all fmells, the fimple and natural are the mod pleafmg. Let the ladies look to that, for it is chiefly their concern. ^Plaut. Model. Art. I. Sect. 3. Nafty {linking fmells fuddenly ftrike to the brain, poifon the fpirits, and oftentimes are at- tended with deadly confequences j lamentably experienced at the folemn aflizes held at Ox- ford, where Bell and Braham the judges, the high fherifF, and mod of the juftices of the peace upon the bench, were killed by the ftench of the prifoners. To which I take leave to fubjoin, That Dr Tompfon, Dean of Briftol, endeavouring to make the prifoners fenfible oi their crime, that were condemned and going to be executed at Bedminfter, for being in Mon- mouth's rebellion, a dreadful ftench from the malefactors flew in his mouth and noftrils that poifoned his brain ; of which infection he died, a young man a in a few days afterward : Con- firming firming what the Lord Verulam fays in his Na- tural Hiitory, ' That the worft of all fmells is * that contra&ed in goals.' Sandy's Qvid* Met. 1. 7. p. 149. CHAP. Of long Sleepers f J CHAP. LXIV. Of long Sleepers. MODERATE fleeping is certainly one of the greateft benefits in nature, without which there is an utter impoflibility to preferve the body in health, or the mind in its due force and vi- gour. It is the bed medicine to wearied limbs, an antidote againft diftra&ing cares, and the great comforter under trouble and difcontent. It ftills a feaman though the ftorni be high, and frees the captive from his weightieft chains. It flops the mouth of want, cures difeafes, gives eafe in pain, makes us cheerfully bear the fa- tigues of a bufy life ; is a bleffing denied to pompous courts, and to be found in an humble cottage. Ofacred reft ! Sweet plea/Ing Jleep ! of all the powers the beft ! peace of mind 1 repairer of decay ! ^ Whofe balms renew the limbs to labours of the day, C Carejhuns thy foji approach, and fullen foes away. ) Dryd. Thefe 4 S3 Of long Thefe are the praifes the poets beftow upon the God Somnus, when moderately ufed j but, as all the benefits of nature are fometimes attend- ed with exceflfes and diminutions, fo has it been with fleep in the following examples. William Foxley pot-maker to the Mint in the Tower of London, in perfect health and fo- briety, fell afleep on Tuefday in the Eafter week, in the year 1547, and could not be wa- ked with pinching, burning, and other like ex- periments, till the fir ft day of Eafter term, which was no lefs than full fourteen days after ; *. then he waked of his own accord, and appear- * f * ~\ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ed, in his own apprehenfion, and that of others, as if he had fleeped only one night, and lived forty years after Bak. Chron. 428. Pliny acquaints us, that, when Epimenides the Cretan epic poet was a youth, being wear- ied out with the heat of the weather, and fore travel, he went into a cave to reft himfelf a while, and there flept fifty-feven years ; then, being cafually awaked, he returned home, ad- miring at the changes and alterations he found every where ; and, at laft, with fome difficulty, was known by his younger brother, then grown an old man. It is alfo faid, that, after he was awake, in fo many days as he had flept he him- felf became old. However, he lived in the whole one Of long Sleepers^ 489 hundred and feventy-five years. He is quo- ted by St Paul in his Epiftle to Titus ; and from him the fleep of Epimenides became a proverb. Nat. Hid. 1. 7. p. 184. Crantzius tells us of a young fcholar in Lu- beck, in the time of Pope Gregory XI. who, that he might fleep undiflurbed, retired to a private place, and there flept feven years ; and, by accident being awaked, his completion was no way altered, and was eafily known to all his former acquaintance. Grantz. Vandal. 1. 8. c. 39.' Marcus Damafcemis writes, that, in his time, there was a hufban-dman in Germany, who being wearied with travelling, laid him down under a hay. rick, and there ilept the autumn and winter following ; but, when he was awaked, was found almod dead, and bereft of his fen- fes. Zuing. Theatr. Vol. 2. p. 415. Maximianus, Malchus, Martinianus, Diony- fius, Joannes, Serapion, and Conftantinus, commonly called the St-ven Sleepers, to avoid the perfecution under the Emperor Decius, hid thernfdves in a cave in the mountain Caelius, and there flept till the thirtieth year of Theodo- fms the Younger, which was one hundred and ninety- fix years, and then went into the city as if they had flept but one night ; but the truth was foon discovered, by their different habits and VOL. II. 3 Q^ fpeech, 490 Of long Sleepers. fpeech, and the money they had about them of an antiquated flamp and figure. Niceph. Eccl. Hift. 1. 14. c. 45. George Caftriot, otherwife called Scander- beg, Prince of Spirus, was fatisfied with fo little fleep, that, from the time he firft invaded that kingdom, to the day of his death, he never flept above two hours in one night, yet died in the fixty third year of his age. Zuing. Theatr. Vol. ii. p. 415. Perfeus King of Macedon being defeated and taken prifoner by -5milius, was led captive to Rome, and there guarded by foldiers, who kept him fo ftrictly from fleep, that they would not fuffer him to clofe his eye lids, or take any reft at all ; which ftrange kind of cruelty fo exhaufted nature, that he confumed away and died. Plut. in vet. 2E.mil. p. 162. CHAP. Of Sobriety and Temperance. 49 1 CHAP. LXV. Of Sobriety and Temperance. SOBRIETY and temperance in meat, drink, and pleafures are the great fupports of nature, prevent weary days and wakeful nights, which are the common effeds of rioting and drunken- nefs. There needs no greater commendations of a fober life, than that all men covet to be fo reputed, though they are utter (hangers to the pra&ice of it. What is a drunkard or a glut-- ton fit for, but to make a tub to hold warn and grains for fwine, or a refervatory for noifome offal ? whofe bellies are their Gods, and glory in their fhame, are defpifed by all the fober men in the world, as incapable of bufinefs, and un- fit to be trufted with any thing, but what might be as fafely communicated to the common cryer. So much care and time is employed in making provifion for the belly, that a minute cannot be fpared for other matters, and when that is crammed, he is unfit for every thing but fieep. In drink men traduce or betray the befl friend 492 Of Sobriety and Temperance. friend they have, and if flander is not the topic* out comes a fecret to make room for the othe? bottle ; againft which vices fobriety and tem- perance is the only antidote ; gives men repu- tation, prevents and cures difeafes, and length- ens the thread of life to the utmoft period. A German gentleman of an ancient family, was recommended by a prince to the fervice of the Emperor Philip, under a very advantageous character, as a well read man, and one thai* had polilhed an univerfity education by foreign travel, and had no fau-lt but what was cuftoma- ry in that country, viz. ' He would fometimes ' take a cup too much.' To which the Empe- ror anfwered, * Then with that original fault ' he muft neceffarily have all others as confe- e quents,that being a fin productive of a thoufand e neglects, nuftakes, errors, and infoleneies, and * render him incapable of my fervice/ Hift. Ger. vol. 3, p. 236. Ludovicus Cornarius, a karned Venetian, wrote a treatife of fobriety and temperance, and gives himfelf as a teUimony of the benefit of it. ' I was,' fays he, ' till the fourtieth 1 year of my age, continually afflicted with a c concatenation of diitempers, and always out c of order. 1 was molefteu with crudities at 6 my ftomach, fevers of all forts, a pleunly, 4 and Of Sobriety and Temperance. * and was often laid up of the gout.' At length this gentleman, by the advice of his phyficians, took up fuch a fober and temperate way of living, that in one year's time he was almoft free from all his former diftempers. He broke his arm and leg by a fall in the feventieth year of his age, and though nothing lefs than death was expected from that accident, yet he recovered without the ufe of phyfic ; his tem- perance preventing the recurrency of humours to the parts affe&ed. In the eighty.third year of his age, he was fo hale, vegete, brifk, and vigorous, that he could run up a fteep hill, leap upon his horfe from the plain ground, and per- form all his youthful exercifes. His allowance of bread and all other aliments was but twelve ounces a day, and fourteen ounces of drink for the fame time ; and if by chance he exceeded, he was apt to relapfe into his former ill habits-. This relation was written by himfelf, and is an- nexed to Leonardus Leflius, the phyficians book, printed at Amfterdam 1631. Drexel. Oper. torn. 2. c. 4. p. 86. Cato the younger marching his army through the hot and weary fands in the deferts of Lybia, the whole army was fo -opprefled with an im- moderate thirft, that they were ready to faint and die away. In this diftrefs one of the fol- diers prefented him with fome water in a hel- met 494 Pf Sobriety and Temperance* met that he had found with great difficulty to quench his thirft ; Cato took the water into his hand to accept the courtefy, but poured it on the ground in the fight of all his army, as dif- daining to receive a benefit himfelf, which he could not communicate to his whole army, by which example of temperance and tendernefs, he encouraged his foldiers to endure their hard- fhips chearfully. Herodot. 1. 9. p. 206. Agefilaus king of Sparta, marching with an army to afiift the King of Egypt, at his arrival the king, his nobility, and great commanders, with infinite numbers of other people, went out of curion>y to fee him j and what raifed their admiration was, that when they faw the great prefents that were made him to fecure his wel- come, and acknowledge his favour, he took only of the coarfeft diet, and bid the perfumes, confections, jellies, and dainty fweetmeats fhould be given to his flaves. - Clark's Mir. c. 113. p. 557- CHAP. Spain and Spaniards, their Character. 495 CHAP. LXVI. Spain and Spaniards, their CharaRer. SPAIN has been always reputed a confider- able country, witnefs the Romans, by whom Ihe was prima tentata and ultima fubafta, firft at- tempted and lad fubdued : For the antient Ro- mans, like the new ecclefiaftic lords of Rome, and the new fpauned Jefuits, fought moft after thofe places where the plenty and pleafure of the foil, might drive with their defire to make them happy, and where they might meet with fat and golden returns : And here, for the clear temperature of the air, the falubrity of the foil, and the conftancy of one fort of weather a long time, has Homer and other authors placed the Elyfian fields. Navigators know when they come near the coaft of Spain, by the fragrant odor which rofemary and other aromatic vege- tables, that grow their wild in the common fields, do ufually perfume the air with. Howel's Germ. Diet. p. 14. The Spain and Spaniards, their Cbara fieri The bowels of Spain abound with excellent snetals. What ft eel goes beyond that of Bif- cay ? What fiiver comparable with ihat of Me- dina? What gold purer than that which is found in Tagus ? What (ilk better than that of Gra- nada and Valentia ? What flax fo good as that of Murcia? Or what wool primer than that of Segovia ? Spain is not parched with fo violent a iun as the coafts of Africa, is not difquieted with fuch impetuous winds as France, maken with fuch earthquakes as Italy, or benummed with exceflive cold as other regions ; but par- takes of all theie in a middle kind of tem- perature, and her paftures are in fome places fo exuberant, as about Cadiz, that the milk can- not turn to whey, nor can be made into cheefe, unlefs water be mingled with the milk, it is fo thick and creamy, How Spain abounds in marble, and other curious (tones for architecture, the monaftery of St. Laurence near the Efcurial can witnefs : A ftupendous fabric, an egregious and imperial piece, which coft Philip II. more than twen- ty millions of gold the building. This monaftery and royal palace the Efcurial, exceeds any ftrudure in the world befides for matter and form j for delicate orchards, curious aqueducts and fountains, for grotts and groves, for galleries and ambulatories, and Spain and Spaniards, their Char after. 497 and for neatnefs and amenity of all things, you would think it fome earthly paradife : And if he that would take an exaft fur- vey of this {lately ftructure, muft go thirty- three miles pafling from room to room, from quadrangle to quadrangle, with other places annexed ; you may eafily judge the magnitude and vartnefs of the whole. What can compare with Seville for riches, which pays the king for goods imported above a million a year ? What place can compare with Valladolid for a large market place, of feven hundred paces cornpais, and the falubrity of air ? What town is like Ma- drid, the greatefl village in the vvorldj and fome- time the moil populous ? What a beauteous city is Valeritia, where there is a kind of fprin# all the year ? The only place to make a man forget his own country. The Spaniards have been always reputed a flout magnanimous people, contemners of death, and mighty confervators of liberty. Nor are they lefs fkilful in managing the pen than the gun and fword, and have afforded as many learned men as any other nation. It is true they do not write lo much, nor print fo often as other people, but in what they publifli they generally exceed all other authors. The Spa- nidi monarchy is the greateil that has been fince the creation, confidering all things j take VOL. 11. 3 R all 498 Spain and Spaniards, their Char after* all the members together, and it is ten times bigger than the Ottoman empire, for the fan always mines upon fome part or other of it. That king has dominion on both the hemi- fpheres, which no other monarch in the world has befides. But that which moft tends to the glory of the Spaniards, is their policy and pru- dence in governing fo many diftinft regions, fo many fquandered kingdoms, fo many mil- lions of people of differing humours, cuftoms, and commit utions. But what has been faid of Spain already will meet with great abatement, when we conlider that her commendations referred only to fome parts of Spain, and to rime long fmce paft ; what it was, not what it is ; for unlefs a man be itark blind he muft fay, that Spain is the moft unhufbanded and the fterikfl country in Eir- rope, the thinnefs of people, and the fulnefs of fruitlefs hills, which in truth are no better than wilderneiTes ; infomuch, that though me be mightily drained of her inhabitants, yet (he has not bread enough to put into the mouths of the fixth part of them ; but muft be fup- plied from Germany, Prance, or Sicily: Yet there is no pdople can fo artificially diflembre plenty as the Spaniard, who will (land at his door, ftroke his beard and bread from crumbs, flt, and pick his teeth in as much ftate, as if be .had Spain and Spaniards, their Character. 499 bad been at a feaft in Germany or England, when he has had nothing but dry bread, rub- bed with a bit of pickled herring for his din- ner. It is true, they are zealous in their reli- gion, but that they owe to the inquifnion ; for if they doubt or difpute any thing of the Romam church, they are anfwered with a fyi- logifm of fire or hemp, which concludes more ftrongly than a fyllogiim in barbara. The Spa- niards are moll made up of imagination, and a kind of fantaftic gravity, which cloak a great deal of pride. They believe more what they fancy, than what they do or are : And for his ftate, you mall fee him march gravely with a crowd of fervants or ilaves, two before him, another holds his hat upon occafion, another his cloak, if it rains, another carries a clout to wipe the duft off his fhoes, another a cloth to rub his gennet while he hears mafs, another a currying comb to comb his mane, and all thefe when they come home, muft be content with a brown loaf and a raddifh a piece for their dinners. The prefent power of Spain is dwindled, to nothing ; the Netherlands colt her ten times more than they are worth, if they were to be fold in the market. Naples is tottering, and its fate is to be read in its forehead, and Sicily, while things (land as they do, dreads another mafTacre. Milan is the feat of war, and can 500 Spain and Spaniards., their Character. can fcarce be fuccoured by the French, if Sa- voy joins in the confederacy : Catalonia is up- on terms of revolting as foon as they find an army to cover them. Portugal is in open war againft Spain, while in French hands the gran- dees are difcontented to fee the French their matters, and all things tend to the ruin of Spain while governed by French councils, which nothing can prevent but fending King Anjou home again, and efpoufing the interefts of Charles III. their lawful fovereign. They have been accounted prudent and po- litic, but with this allay, that a Jefuit has al- ways held the" helm of their government; a fort of people they always hug and doted on, infomuch that a Burgundian nobleman faid, Un Efpagnol fans fon ye/uife, eft comme un per- drix fans orange : ' A Spaniard without a * Jefuit is like a partridge without an orange ;* and how much they were miftaken in their hafty compliance with Portocarero's forged will, and his fucceffive advices, time will ma- nifeft. CHAP. Men of Extraordinary Strength, &c. 50 i CHAP. LXV1I. Men of Extraordinary Strength and Tallnefs, GEORGE LE FEUR, a learned German author, tells us, that, in the year 1529, there lived a man in Mifnia, in Thuringia, named Nicholas Klumber, an ecclefiaftic, and provoft of the (Great Church, that, by main firength, and without the help of a pulley or other engine, took up a pipe of wine in a cellar, carried it into the ftreet, and laid it upon a cart. The fame author fays, that there was a man in Man- tua, named Rodotnas, that could break a cable as thick as a man's arm with as much eafe as a brown thread. Hakewel's Apol. c. 5. p. 215. Mr Richard Carew, in his Survey of Corn- wall, tells us, that a tenant of his, named John Bray, carried about the length of a butt at one time fix bufliels of wheat meal, at the rate of fifteen gallons to the bufiiel, and a great lub- berly miller of twenty years of age hanging up- on it. To which he adds, that John Roman, of the fame county, a fhort clownifh grub, would JO 2 Men of Extraordinary Strength, &c." would carry the whole carcafe of an ox upon his back with as much eafe as another of a greater ftature could carry a lamb. Ib. Apol. 1. 3. p. 216. Caius Marius, who was originally a cutler, and in the time of Galienus elected Emperor by the foldiers, was fo ftrong a bodied man, that the veins of his hands appeared like fi- news. He could ftop a cart drawn with hor- fes, and pull it backwards with his fourth fin- ger. If he gave the ftrongeft man a philip, it was felt like a blow on the forehead with a hammer. With two fingers he could break many things twifted together. Pollio. Camer. Hor. Subcif. cent. i. p. 337. John Courcy, Baron of Stoke Courcy, in the county of Sommerfet, who was the firft Englifli- man that fubdued Ulfter in Ireland, and was honoured with the title of Earl of it, was fome time after furprifed by Hugh Lacy, his compe- titor for that title, fent over into England, and committed to the tower by King -John. A French caftle being in difpute by the two kings of England and France, they agreed to decide it by a combat in their prefence. Courcy was fent for out of the Tower to engage the French champion, and being weakened in body by a long imprisonment, was allowed a time to ftrengthen himfelf by a good diet ; and the French- Mert of Extraordinary Strength, &c. 503 Frenchman obferving how much and hear- tily he eat and drank, and thereby gueffing at his ftrength, faid he was a canibal, that when he had killed him would eat him, and there- by declined the combat. Afterwards, the two Kings defiring to fee a proof of Courcy's ftrength, caufed a fteel helmet to be laid upon a block before him, which Courcy at one blow cut in pieces, and (truck his fword fo far into the block,- that no man but himfelf could get it out again. Fuller's Worthies, p. 26. The Emperor Aurelian, as it is recorded in hiftory by Flavius Vopifcus, was very tall of ftature, and of fuch wonderful ftrength, that, in a pitched battle againft the Sarmatians, he killed in one day, with his own hands, forty- eight of his enemies ; and, in fome fkirmiflies afterward, made them up nine hundred and fifty. When he was colonel of the fixth le- gion, he made fuch a flaughter among the Franci, that feven hundred of them periftied by his own fword, and three hundred were fold that were taken prifoners by himfelf. Ca- merar. Hor. Subcif. Cejit. i. p. 378. The tailed man, fays Pliny, that was found in our age was one named Gabara, who was brought out of Arabia in the reign of the Em- peror Claudius, and was nine feet and nine inches high. L. 7. c. 16. p. 165, I 504 Men of Extraordinary Strength, &c. I faw a girl in France, fays Bartholinus, of eighteen years of age, who, though defcended from middle fized parents, was of fuch a giant- like ftature, that her hand, in length and big- nefs, was proportionable to three mens hands if they had been joined together. Hift. Ana- tom. p. 198. Maximinus the Emperor, was eight foot and a half in height ; he wore his wife's bracelet as a ring upon his thumb ; and his fhoe was long- er by a foot than any other man's. He was a Thracian, barbarous, cruel, and hated of ail men ; and fulfilled the proverb, * That high * rooms are always ill furnimed/ For, The greateft virtues ofteneft lies In bodies of the middle fize * Zuing. Vol ii. p. 276; II A t*. Swift Runners. CHAP. XLVJII. Swift Runners. PHILIPPIDES being fent on a meflage from the Athenians to the Republic of Sparta, to gain their afliftance againft their enemies the Perfians, run, within the compafs of two days, an hundred and fifty Roman miles and a half. - Plin. 1. 7. c. 20. p. 167. King Henry V. of England was fo fwift of foot, that he, and two of his Lords, without the help of bow or toil, would take a buck or doe in a large park or foreft. Bak. Chron. p. 388. Harold, the fon of Canutus II. fucceeded to the crown of England, and was fuch an excel- lent footman, that few horfes were able to keep him company. He would, fingle handed, run a hare to death, and therefore was furnamed Harefoot. Zuing. Vol. ii. p. 388. The Piechi are a fort of footmen that carry the exprefles of the Grand Signior from one VOL. II. 3 S place Svbtft Runners. place to another,- as occafion offers, and rurf with fuch wonderful fwiftnefs, that, with a little fhort pole-ax and a viol of fweet waters in their hands, they will run from the Port of Conftantinople to Adrianople in the fpace of a day and night, which is about one hundred and fixty Roman miles. Lipf. Epift. cent. 3. p. 271. Tinder the Emperor Leo, the fame that fuc- ceeded Marcian, there was a Greek named In- dacus, a man of extraordinary courage, and of wonderful nimblenefs of foot. He was to be feen at parting, but vanifhed in the twinkling of an eye. He rather feemed to fly than run over mountains and dangerous precipices ; and would run further in a day than any pod could ride, though he flaid not a minute to change his horfe ; and having performed his journey, woalcl return back the next day, though there was no occafion for making fo much hafte, merely becaufe he took delight in running, and never complained of being weary. Zuing. Vol. ii. 1. 5. p. 388. Bocchius tells us, that Polymneftor, a boy of Mileiia, being put out by his mother to keep goats, to a. matter that had many of them ; while he. was in this fervice, he purfued a hare for his recreation, and made fuch good ufe of his legs, that he overtook and catched her ; which 507 Swift Runners. which being made known to his matter, he in- troduced him into the Olympic Games, where, as victor, he gained the crown, in the forty- fixth Olympiad. Solin. c. 6. p. 190. In Peru, they have cafquis or foot- ports, to carry letters or meflag.es from place to place, who have houfes about a league and a half a- funder, they running each man to the next, will run fifty leagues in a day and a night. Plutch. Pilg, p. 1066. CHAP. Of the Myftery of Sympathy, &c* 509 CHAP. LXIX. Of the Myftery of Sympathy and Antipathy. I CALL them myfteries, becaufe the relations touching the force of imagination, and the fecret inftin&s of nature are fo uncertain, that they require a great deal of examination before we can conclude upon them j for oftentimes when ipen think they have folved the do&rine of oc- cult qualities by fome intervening accident, or repeated experiment, they are as much in the dark as ever. That there are many things that work upon the fpirits of men is certain, but the modus of fympathy and antipathy is a fubjecl: of fuch a nature, as is only proper for the exercife of wit, not of demonflration ; and in thefe ab- ftrufe operations, it may be faid of the beft phi- lofo'phers, as fome fay of phyfitians, they are in their higheil excellencies but good gueifers. That things operate thus and thus we are con- firmed by every days experience, but the caufe of their operations in nature, the Divine Power is often pleafed to conceal, till we mall know as we .$ io. Of the Myjleryof we are known at the revelation of all things. To give many examples of fympathy and and- pathy were to light a candle to the fun ; for there is fcarce a man breathing upon the face of the earth, but is able to give an example in his own perlon : However I (hall treat you with fome, and aflign the beft reafons that hitherto have been given for them j and firft of fympathy. There are many ancient and received tradi- tions and obfervations, touching the fympathy and antipathy of plants, for that fome will thrive beft, growing near others, which they impute to fympathy, and on the contrary ; but that is a grand miftake, and the true reafon of their thriving is, that one plant draweth fuch a parti- cular juice out of the earth, as qualifieth the earth, fo as the juice which remaineth is fit to nourim the other plant ; fo the neighbourhood does good ; but where two plants draw much the fame juice, there they ftarve one another. Sow onion-feed under a rofe-hedge, the rofes will be fweeter and larger, and the onions will be bigger and fmarter tafted, becaufe they draw contrary juices, and improve one another, by drawing out what is offenfive to each particu- lar. Verulam's Nat. Hift. Cent. 5. p. 101. It has been obferved, that the diet of women with child does work much upon the infant. As Sympathy and Antipathy . 511 As if the mother eats quinces often, and the feeds of Coriander, the nature of both which is to reprefs and flop vapours that afcend to the brain, it will make the child witty and ingeni- ous. Id. p. 210. Mummy has a great force in (launching blood ; which, as it may be afcribed to the mixture of balms that are glutinous, fo it may alfo partake of a fecret propriety in the blood, which draw- eth man's flefh. It is approved, that the mofs which grows upon the fkull of a dead man un- buried will (launch blood potently. And fo do the dregs or powder of blood fevered from the water, and dried. Id. I would have it thoroughly inquired into, whether there be any fecret paflages of fympa- thy between perfons near of blood, as parents, children, brothers, fifters, hufbands, wives, &c. becaufe hiftory is very full of examples, that upon the death of perfons of fuch nearnefs, men have had an inward fente of it, though it has happened at far diflant places in remote coun- tries beyond the feas, and fo of other remark- able things. Pius Ouintus, at the very time when that me- morable -victory was won by the Chriflians a- gainft the Turks, at the naval battle of Lepan- to, he being then hearing caufes in the Confi- ftory, broke off fiuldenly, faying to thofe about him 512 Of the Myjlery of him, c It is now more requifite that we mould ' be giving thanks to God for the vi&ory he ' has given us againft the Turks.' It is true, that victory had a fympathy with his fpirit, for it was merely his work to conclude that league; or it may be it was a divine revelation ; but what mall we fay then to a number of examples among the Grecians and Romans ? where the people being in theatres at plays have had news of victories and defeats fome few days before it was poffible for a meffenger to arrive. Id. p* 212. There are fo many examples of antipathy which we cannot pofitively account for, that it would be an endlefs tafk to recite them : As that of the poet, Non amo te Sabidi, ^ Sabides, I do not Iove 9 Tho* why I cannot tell : But that I have no love to thee, This I know very well. Cardinal Don Henrique a Cardona would fall into a fwoon at the fmell of a rofe : Cardinal Oliverius CarafFa was forced to inclofe himfelf in a chamber all the time that rofes were blow- ing, and durft not go abroad for fear of being fuffocated by .a fmell that others covet : And Sir Sympathy and Antipathy. 5 1 3 Sir Kenelm Digby writes, that the Lady Hen- nage of the bed-chamber to Queen Elizabeth, had her cheek bliftered by laying a rofe upon it. Some have averfion to a cat, others to a pig, others to wild fowl j and there is fcarce a joint of meat, either of beef, mutton, veal, pork, or lamb, or any other eatable, but there is fome perfon to be found that has an antipathy againft it : Of which nothing elfe can be faid, but that thofe creatures, and meats which the mother had an averfion to, occafioned by fancy and in- difpofition of body in breeding the child, the fame by the imagination of the mother, impref- fes and fixes into the very nature of the child lhe goes with. Schenck. Obi. p. 891. Treat, of Bodies, p. 336. 3 T CHAP. Of the Senfe of Tqfllng, fcrV. 5 1 5 CHAP. LXX. Qf the Senfe of Tq/ilng^ how exqitifite infomc, and loft in others. AMONG the five fenfes, tafting is a very ne- ceffary one ; for by it we difcern what is whole- fome and what is hurtful ; it perceives all fa- \ours by the tongue and palate, by the means of a thin fpittle, or a watery juice. The organ of tafte is the tongue, and its libative nerves j the medium is a watery juice ; the object reli/li or favour, which is a quality in the juice, ari- fing from the mixture of things tafted. Epi- cures, above all men, pretend to have this fenfe in perfection ; which is a great miftake, and upheld by a wanton curiofity, or a humour of approving or difcommending \ for, in truth, none have this fenfe fo exquifite, and in great perfection, as the temperate man ; for fatiety, gormandizing, and excefs in drinking, firft palls, and then deftroys it. Father Paul Sarpi, a perfon of fingular qua- Hfications, and profound learning, had all his fenfes fenfes fo vivacious and fprightly, as few other, men were bleffed with. His tafte was fo per- led, that he was able to difcern almoft infen- lible things ; but, in compound meats, it was a wonder how quickly he could diftinguim what was beneficial from what was dangerous, and thereby prevented the attempts of his enemies to poifon him, and preferred himfelf to a very old age, being feventy and one when he died. Life of Father Paul, p. 47. Rodericus Fonfeca acquaints us, that, in a plague which happened at Lifbon, in Portugal, there was an unlearned man who went to difea- fed houfes, to make experiment of fuch as were in fevers, whether they had the plague or not, which he performed after this manner. In the firft aflault of a fever, he tailed the patient's u- rine ; and, if it was fweet upon the palate, he gave judgment that the lick perfon was vifitecf with the peftilence j and, if it was {harp or brinifh, that it was only a fever, and not mor- tal : And, as it appeared by the event, his tafte was fo exquifite and true to him, that the pa- tient fucceeded according to his prognoftic. De Horn. Excreme. c. 14. p. 115. Sir Kenelm Digby fays, that it is the cuftom of fome hermits that abide in the deferts, by their fmell and tafte, to inform themfelves whe- ther the herbs, fruits, and roots, they meet withal Of the Senfe of Tqfting, &c. 517 withal in thofe folitary and unfrequented pla- ces, be proper for them to feed on or not, and accordingly eat or refufe them. Treatife of Bod. p. 295. Cardanus reports, that he knew Auguftus Corbetas, an eminent patrician of their city, whofe fmell was very good, but he had no tafte at all. He could fmell ginger, pepper, or cloves, but could not tafte them, or difcern their po- tential heat, and fo of other things. Lazarus, commonly called the glafs-eater, was well known to all in Venice and Ferrara. He never had any tafte, or knew what it was ; could not difcern between fweet and four, frefli and fait, infipid and bitter ; but all things, whe- ther glafs, (tones, wood, coals, linen or woollen cloth, tallow, candles, or the dung of animals, came all alike to him ; he found neither plea- fure or offence in eating. When he was dead, Columbus opened him, and found that the fourth conjugation of nerves, which in other men (for their tafte fake) is extended long, in this man did not bend itfelf towards the palate or tongue, but was turned back to the hinder part of the head. Sennertus gives us the like hiftory of a Lorrainer, from Johannes Nefterus an eminent phyfician, and it is related in Mr BoyPs Philofophical Experiments. Columbus Anatom. 1. 15. p. 486. CHAP. r ', - ' Touching* or the Senfe of Feeling. CHAP. LXXI. Touching, or the Senfe of Feeling. TOUCH is the laft of the fenfes, and, though accounted the moft ignoble, is of as great ne* necefiity and pleafure as the other. Its organ are the nerves ; its object the firft qualities, hot, dry, moift, cold, and thofe that follow them, hard, foft, thick, thin, &c. In the other fenfes, divers other creatures furpafs man ; yet he is fo exquifite in the judgment of the touch, therein he excels all other creatures ; and, in fome perfons, this fenfe has difcovered itfelf in its fuperlative excellency. Meeting cafually (fays Mr Boyle) with the defervedly famous Dr Finch, extraordinary a- natomift to the Duke of Tufcany, he told me of a great rarity he had feen at Maeftrich, in the Low Countries ; a man that could difcern colours by the touch of his finger, but could not do it unlefs he was fading ; any quantity of drink taking from him that exquifitenefs of touch 520 Touching, or the Senfe of Feeling. touch which is requifite to fo nice a fenfation. Mr Boyle's Hift. of Colours, p. 42. It is credibly reported of Count Mansfield, that tho j he was blind of both his eyes, yet, by his touch only, he could diftinguim between black and white, and name them in their proper co- lours, which was the one, and which was the other, without ever being miftaken. John- (ton's Nat. Hift. p. 87. A certain young man (fays Bartholinus) had totally loft his fenfes of tafting and feeling ; nor was he at any time hungry, yet eat as other men do to fuftain life, but more out of cuftom than neceflity. He could not walk but upon crutches, and the reafon of it was, he did not know where his feet were, or whether he had any or not. Hift. Anat. cent. 4. p. 401. That excellent lithotomift Mr Hallier ac- quaints us, fays Mr Boyle, that, among other infirm people that were fent to be cured in a great hofpital wherein he was employed as a chirurgeon, a maid of about eighteen or nine- teen years of age, had fo utterly loft the fenfe of feeling in all the external parts of her body, that fevere trials of pinching and burning were employed, but to no purpofe ; for fhe was as unconcerned at them as if they had been tried upon wood, ftone, or a dead body. Having thus remained a long time in the Hofpital, without Touching, or the Senfe of Feeling. 521 without any fymptoms of amendment, or hope of cure ; Dr Harvey, upon the ftrangenefs of the accident, and to iatisfy his curiofity, fome- times made her a vifit, and fufpe&ing her dii- temper to be uterine, and curable only by hy- meneal exercifes, he advifed her parents, who were of good iubftance, (and did not lend her thither cut of poverty), to take her home, and provide her a hufband ; they followed the Doctor's advice, and were not long before they difpofed of her in marriage, which in effect was her perfect cure, as the Doclor had prognosti- cated. Mr Boyl's Experiment. Philoi. p. 72. VOL. II. ^ U CHAP. Of the Teeth, Tongue, Voice, and Speech. 523 CHAP. LXXIL Of the Teeth, Tongue, Voice, and Speech. NATURE has given mankind teeth, chiefly for two reafons j firft, to prepare the meat, that it may be fit to be received into the ftomachj which is called the firft digeftion : and, fecond- ly, to render fpeeeh articulate and pleafant to the ear, the want whereof caufes a mumbling unintelligible noife. The tongue, fetting afide its beneficial ufes, is an unruly member, and therefore, as the moralifts fay, (lands in need of a double inclofure of lips and teeth, that it might not break loofe, to the prejudice of the owner. The number of teeth are thirty-two ; and, when they exceed that number, they are ac- counted preternatural ; and, when they come fhort of it, Nature is faid to be defective. Co- lumbus, fays he, faw one over in a certain nobleman. Some have had but twenty-eight, which is thought to be the lowed ; and yet the fame 524 Of the Teeth, Tongue, Voice, and Speech. fame author obferved, that Cardinal Nicholaus Ardinghellus had only twenty-fix in his mouth, and yet had never loft any, as himfelf related. Reald. Columb. Abat. p. 65. Fyrrhus King of Epirus had no teeth in his upper jaw, that is to fay, not diftinguifhable one from another, as in other people, but only one entire bone poflt fling his gumb, notched a little on the top, where the teeth in other men are divided.- Plut. in Vit. Pyrrh. p. 384. , It is credibly reported that Louis XIII. King of France had a double row of teeth in one of his jaws, which was the caufe that he had an impediment in his fpeech. Bartholin. Hift. Anat. Cent, i. p. 48. The Lord Michael de Romagnano, at the age of ninety years, caft his teeth, and had a new fet that came in their places. The Emperor Charles IV. had one of his grinders dropped out, and another came in the room of k, the* he was then in the feventy-firft year of his age. And an Englifh gentleman, whofe name 1 can- not recover, from a decrepid old age, grew up- right, renewed his conflitution, and had a new fet of teeth, by the freqifent ufe of bathing and drinking the Bath water, which has been cuf- tomary ever fince. Cornman. de Mirac. Vivor. p. 92. Ama- Amatatus Luf,.W> <"> d one James, that had lo. us a relation ot his tongue, which, as ofteu . growing upon ed out, would grow again. Dour were puU- Mir. 1. 6. p. 302. " ( l. Med. Schenkius fpeaks of divers perfons tha fiones taken out of their tongues, iome as r v as peas, others as big as a bean, which obitrutl- ed the freedom of fpeech, which they recover- ed again, the caufe being taken away. Schenk. Obf. Med. p. 182. The wife of Naufimenes the Athenian having furprifed her fon and daughter in the horrid act of inceftuous copulation, me was ftruck with fuch confufion that fhe loft the ufe of her fpeech, and was mute as long as fhe lived. Valer. Max. 1. i. p. 30, Atys, the fon of King Croefus, being dumb from his birth, feeing a foldier about to kill his father, cried out, ' O man, man, do not kill * Croefus !' and by this violent paflion loofmg the firings of his tongue, he had ever after a free ufe of fpeech. Schenck. 1. i. p. 183. CHAP. i< Mont. Eff. Eng. vol. 3. p. 410. Among the witches in Scotland, Agnes Simpfon, generally called the wife witch of Keith, was mod remarkable. She had a fami- liar fpirit who was at her back, appearing when me called, and made anfwer to all her demands, but could not kill the king, becaufe the fpirit faid he was a man of God. Spotfw. Rift. 1. 6. P- 3 8 3- Winceflaus, fon to the emperor Charles IV. efpoufing the Princefs Sophia, daughter to the Duke of Bavaria ; and the Duke knowing his fon-in-law much delighted in necromantic feats, he fent to Prague for a whole wagon load of witches and conjurers to make fport at the wedding ; but while the greateft artifl in thefe black practices was ftudying for fome un- common illufion, in comes Zyto, Winceflaus's own conjurer, having his mouth flit up to his ears, and at one go down fwallowed the Duke's chief conjurer, all but his fhoes, becaufe they were dirty, which he fpit a great way from him ; but being unable to digeil this gobbet, he unloaded his ftomach, and voided him down- wards, into a great fat that (toed full of water, and brings him in wet as he was to the compa- ny, who, you mull imagine, laughed heartily at fo ftrange and pleafant a jeft ; but the other com- VOL, IL 3 Y pany 538 Of Witches and Witchcraft. pany of conjurers would play no more. This ftory my author borrows from the hiftory of Bohemia, written by Dubravius bifhop of Ol- muts. Zyto the conjurer was at laft carried a- way alive body and foul by the Devil. Delr. Difq. Mag. 1. 2. p. 365. lamblichus a notorious conjurer, having facri- ficed to the Devil, was raifed immediately up ten cubits high from the ground, and, to the a- mazement of all the fpectators, feemed to walk in the air ; and, as Evanippus relates of him, his clothes were flrangely altered, as if they had been newly died with a thoufand feveral beau- tiful colours. Heyw. Hier, 1. 4. p. 253. CHAP. Wives very Good, Bad, and Unnatural. 539 CHAP. LXXVI. Wives, very Good, Bad, and Unnatural. IT is a general received opinion, that next to no wife a good wife is beft, and ought to be every man's care to keep her fo. Vir fine uxore malorum expert eft, &c. is but the language of the diftruftful and fufpicious part of mankind ; for all mud not be condemned for fome : There are many good as well as bad wives, and he that has the good fortune to meet with one of the former, may write his condition happy. Optima virl pojjejfio eft uxor bencvola, Mitigans iram et avertens animam ejus a trijlla. Euriped. Man's left poffejfion is a loving wife, She tempers anger and diverts all Jlrife. A good wife is a young man's pleafant miftrefs, a middle aged man's chearful companion, and an old man's nurfe, friend, and pltyfician, not to be 54P Wives, very Good, Bad, and Unnatural. feparated by any calamity, but ready to fhare as well his afflictions as comforts. But the great- eft misfortune in the world is a bad wife j and when you would give all worldly plagues a name worfe than they have already, you may ftain them with that appellation : However, we fee, firft or laft, all men will venture for better for worfe, And on their own heads defperaiely Jlray, Still to be happier the vulgar way. Sidl. Admetus king of Theffaly, when he lay up- on his death bed, was told by Apollo's Oracle, that if he could procure any perfon to die for him, he might live longer yet ; but when all refufed, his parents, et ft decrepiti, friends and followers forfook him, his dear wife Alceftus, though young, chearfully undertook it. Burt. Mel. p. 357. The Emperor Conradus III. having blocked \:p Guelpho Duke of Bavaria in Wirtzburg in Germany, and reduced the place to extreme exigencies, at the cries and importunities of the women in the town, he publHhed a diplo- ma or imperial placart, wherein he indulged all yromen in this privilege, that they might freely Depart from the town, but not carry any lug- re Wives, wry Good, Bad, and "Unnatural. 541 gage with them, but what they could bear up- on their backs. Hereupon the Duchefs took Guelpho her hufoand upon her flioulders, and all the other women following her example, came out of the gates, inftead of gold and fil- ver, laden with men and youths. The empe- ror being much taken with this witty ftrata- gem, forgave Guelpho the duke, with all his adherents. Lorenzo de Medicis duke of Tuf- cany, reading this (lory, was fo tranfported with joy and pleaiure, that being fick of an in- difpofition, to which his phyficians could apply no remedy, recovered his health by it, as we are told by Bodin. Gamer. Oper. hor. Siibcif. c. i. p. 228. King Edward I. before his father's death, had a mind to exercife his valour in the Holy Land, and at his coming thither having reliev- ed the great city of Aeon, and kept it from being furrendered to the fultan, that, with other a&s of courage and conduct, rendered him fo hated by the Turks, that they refolved to take away that life by treachery, whom they durft not attempt in battle. To this purpofe one Anzazim, a defperate aflaflin, under pre- tence of delivering letters to him from the Grand Signior, gave him three dangerous wounds with a poifoned knife, which were fjiought to be mortal, and doubtlefs would have been 542 Wives i very Geod, Bad, and Unnatural, been fatal to him, if the Lady Eleanor his wife had not fucked out the poifon with her mouth ; a rare example of conjugal affection. Hift. Engl. 8vo. vol. i. p. 170. But now we muft turn the tables, and mew you the reverfe of this lovely picture in bad and unnatural wives, who, by their extrava- gant and vexatious tempers, have haftened the deaths of their too indulgent hufbands. Bithricus king of the Weft Saxons, efpoufed the daughter of Offa king of Mercia, who after he had reigned feventeen years, poifoned him ; and afterward fled into France with a great mafs of treafure, where Charles the then reign- ing monarch, knowing me was vaftly rich, put it to her election, whether fbe would marry him or his fon ? She made choice of the fon, becaufe, as fhe faid, he was the youngeft. * Then,' faid the king, e hadft thou chofen * me, thou fhouldft have had my fon ; but now * thou haft put a flight upon me, thou malt ' have neither of us.' Then feized her money and fent her to a monaftery, where fhe became a profeft nun, and afterward was lady abbefs for fome time, till fhe was found to have com- milled adultery with a layman, and then was expelled the convent, and ended her life in po- verty and mifery. S tow's Annals, p. 77. bemiramis Wives, 'very Good, Sad, and Unnatural, 543 Semiramis wife of Ninus king of Aflyria, was a very ingenious and beautiful woman, whom her hufband paffionately loved, and was very conftant and faithful to her ; and fhe be- ing fenfible he would deny her nothing, defired him, as an evidence of his afte-lion, that he would refign the government of the empire to her for five days. The king, fufpecting no ill, complied with her requeft ; and now having the power in her own hand, fhe caufed her hufband to be murdered, and ufurped his empire. Clark's Mir. c. 65. p. 296. Fulvius being informed that the Triumvirate had decreed him to be banimed, applied him- felf to his wife, arid defired her for the love he had always fhewed her, that fhe would com- paffionate his circumftances, and contrive fome way to conceal him from his enemies ; and he had reafon to believe fhe would confider him in this extremity, becaufe from a flave he had made her a free woman, and taken her to be his wife : But he found himfelf miftaken ; for fhe lufpecling he was kind to another woman, dif- covered him to the Triumviri, who put him to a miferable death. Fulgof. Ex. 1. 5. c. 3. p. 609. CHAP. Wife Speeches, &c* 545 CHAP. LXXVII. Wife Speeches, Witty Sayings, and Smart Replies A GREAT famine happening in the reign of King Edgar 9 Ethelwold Bifhop of Winchefter fold all the church plate, and employed the money to relieve the poor, faying, ' There was * no reafon the fenfelefs temples of God mould ' abound in riches, while men, the living tem- ' pies of the Holy Ghoft, were ready to ftarve ' with hunger.' Cambd. Rem. p. 184. Jeoffrey, natural fon to King Henry II. being made Bifhop of Lincoln, ufed this proteftation : 6 By my faith and the King my father.' To whom Gualter Mapes, one of the King's Cha- plains, faid, ' My Lord, you do well fometimes * to mention your mother's honefty, as well as 4 your father's royalty.' Mapes de Nugis Cu- rialium. When William of Wickham begged the Bi- flioprick of Winchefter of King Edward IIL the King denied to give it him becaufe he was unlearned. To which the Bifhop replied, ' To VOL. II. 3 Z maks 546 Wife Speeches, &C * make amends for that fault, I will make ma- c ny learned men ;' and performed his promife in founding a New College in Oxford, and an- other in Winchefter. Camb. Rem. p. 186. Elizabeth, widow of Sir John Gray, petition- ing King Edward IV. for her jointure, the King importuned her for another favour ; but the lady told him his fuit was in vain j ' For, tho' * me was of too mean a quality to be his wife, 4 me thought herfelf too good to be his whore.' bid. p. 214. When Sir Thomas Moore was firft made a Privy Counfellor, he oppofed a motion at the board made by Cardinal Wolfey, which all the reft of the council aflented to ; whereupon the Cardinal in great paflion faid, ' Are not you 4 afhamed, being the meanetl perfon here, to * diflent from the opinion of fo many wife and * honourable perfons ? certainly you prove your- 4 felf a great fool for your pains :' To which Sir Thomas replied, ' Thanks be to God, I re- * joice to hear it, that the King has but one ' fool in his Right Honourable Privy Council.' Vita Tho. Mori. When he was Lord Chancellor, he decreed a gentleman mould pay a round fum of money to a poor widow he had wronged, to whom the gentleman faid, * Then I hope your Lordfhip 4 will grant me a long day to pay it in.' ' I will Wife Speeches, &c. 547 6 will grant your motion/ faid the Chancellor, * Monday next is St Barnabas day, which is ' the longeft day in the year, pay it the widow ' that day, or I will commit you to the Fleet/ His lady, though an excellent houfevvife, was too much given to chiding her fervants for trivial offences, for which he often gently repro- ved her j and one day coming from confeffion, me faid to her hufband, ' Be merry, Sir Tho- ' mas, for this day i have difburtheried my con- * fcience, and will leave my old mrewiihnefs.* ' Yes,' fays Sir Thomas, * and begin anew.' When being fentenced to die, and was per- fuaded by his friends to comply with the King, and fave his life as other great men did, he faid, ' He would not pin his foul at another ' man's back, not even on the beft man living, ' for he knew not whither he might carry it.' When he was mounting the fcaffold, in order to his being beheaded, he faid to one of the iherifPs men, 4 Prithee, friend, help me up, as * for coming down I take no care.' Ibid. p. 226. When Theopompus was King of Sparta, one faid in his prefence, that now affairs fucceeded well among them, becaufe their Monarchs had learned the art of governing. * Rather,' faid the King, ' becaufe the people had learned to * obey.' Fulgos. Exemp. L 7. p. 897. Dionyfius 548 Wife Speeches, &c. Dionyfius the elder, reprimanding his fon for violating the chaftity of a citizen's wife of Sy- racufe, among other things he demanded of him, whether he ever heard that he had been fo rude ? ' No,' faid the fon, ' leflfer crimes ' might ferve your turn, becaufe you had not ' a king to be your father :' ' Nor,' faid Dio- nyfius, ' unlefs you reform your life, will you ' ever have a king to be your fon.' The event proved the truth of the prediction j for when this young Sir fucceeded his father, his mifbe- haviour caufed him to be expelled the king- dom. Ibid. p. 898. The goldfmiths of London had a cuftom, once a year to weigh gold in the Star Chamber before the privy council and the King's attor- ney, whofe fcales were fo exact, that the mafter of the company faid, they would turn with the two-hundredth part of a grain. ' I mould be 6 loath,' faid Attorney General Noy (being prefent) ' that all my actions mould be weigh- fc ed in thofe fcales.' Fuller's Worthies, p. 201, Bon Bertram de Rofa being to marry a rich Labrador's (a yeoman's) daughter, me was much importuned by her parents to the match, becaufe it would ennoble their family, he being a cavalero (knight) of St Jago ; but the young maid understanding that Don Bertram had been Wife Speeches, &C. 549 at Naples, and carried that difeafe about him, anfwered wittily, En verdad pro adobarme la langro, no quiero danarmi la came. ' Indeed, ' Sir, to better my blood I will not fpoil my * flefh.' Howel's Fam. Lett. p. 60. In the King's wardrobe was a rich piece of arras, representing the fea- fight in 1588, ha- ving the lively pourtraitures of the chiefeft com- manders worked in the borders of it. A fea- captain, who put a value upon his own fervices in that aftion, was much difpleafed that his effigies was not among the reft j and complain- ing of the dimonour done him to a friend, he replied, ' Be content, noble captain, thou haft * been an old pirate, and art referved for ano- ' ther hanging.' Fuller's Worthies, p. 193. Count Gondamore the Spanifh ambafiador took great pains to promote the match between Prince Charles and the Infanta of Spain ; and to that end ingratiated himfelf with divers Englifh perfons of quality, efpecially the ladies j but could do no good with the Lady Hatton, whom he lately defired, that, in regard he was her next neighbour at Ely Houfe, he might have the benefit of her back gate, to go abroad into the fields ; but her ladyfliip put him off with a compliment : Whereupon, in a private audience with the King, among other paflages of moment, he told him, that the Lady Hatton was 55 Wife Speeches, &c. was a ftrange fort of a woman; ' For me would ' not fuffer her hufband, Sir Edward Cooke, ' to come in at her fore door, nor let him go * out at her back door j* and fo related the whole ftory. Howel's Fam. Lett. p. 44. Sir William Lilly, a famous painter in the reign of King Charles I. had at a certain agree- ment drawn ihe picture of a rich citizen of London to the life, that was not indebted to nature either for face or proportion of body ; but when Mr Al n came to fetch it away, he refufed to give Sir William fo much money as they had agreed for ; becaufe, as he alledged, if the owner did not buy it, it would lie upon his hands. ' That is your miflake,* fays the painter, ' for I can fell it for double the price ' I demand !' * How can that be,' lays the citi- zen, * for it is like nobody but myieli '?' ' Tis * true,' fays Sir William, ' but I will draw a * tail to it, and then it will be the btft piece ' for a monkey in England. 1 Upon which Mr Al n, rather than be expofed, paid down his money, and took away his picture. When I was at Cambridge, fays Mr Fuller, there was a current but falfe report, that Pope Urban VIII. was imprifoned by his Cardinals in the caftle of St Angelo ; whereupon a witty lad, a fcholar in the univerfity, faid, "Jam v?rif- fimum eft> Papa non potcft err are. A Wife Speeches, &c. 551 A thoufand different jlmpes wit 'wears., Comely in thoufand Jhapes appears. y 1is not a tale, 'tis not ajejl, Admir'd with laughter at a feaft^ Nor florid talk which can this title gain, T.he proofs of wit forever muft remain* Dryd. CHAP. Touth, Hopeful, Wild, &c. 553 CHAP. LXXVIII. Toutb, Hopeful, Wild, Reclaimed^ and Declined, No fooner are men blefied with children, but then begins their trouble, foiicitude, and care, to train them up in virtuous principles, and lay the foundation of their parents comfort, and their own future happinefs. The fymptoms of their inclinations, in their young and tender age, are fo obfcure, and the promifes fo uncer- tain and fallacious, that it is very hard to efta- bliih a folid judgment or conjecture upon them ; which renders our circumfpeclion perpetual, till they can choofe for themfelves. Learning is a very neceffary qualification in a youth ; but have a care of pedantry, left his reading ipoil his manners, and mifguide his judgment. Let him imbibe his tutor's knowledge, but not be corrupted with their formal precepts. It is no matter if he forgets of whom he had his learning, fo he knows how to apply ic to his own ufe, without being troubleibme with it. Converfation with wife men, and foreign travel, VOL. II. 4 A i 554 Youth, Hopeful, Wild, &c. is of very great ufe to young men ; wheres.*:, being brought up in their mother's lap, and within the finoke of their chimneys, makes them fucklings all the days of their lives. Next to fortifying the foul, the body muft be inured to hardfhip and labour to fit him for every con- dition ; for no man knows what little matter may be forced to in the fervice of himfelfor his country. Ariftotle did not fo much trouble his great difciple with the knack of forming fyllogifms, or abftrufe notions in philofophy, as in principling him with valour, prowefs, mag- nanimity, temperance, and the contempt of fear or danger. If you fee a youth hopeful, encou- rage him by fuch methods as agree with his in- clination, and he will foon be a good proficient in the fchool and exercife of virtue. If he is wild, reclaim him by gentle ufage, and a fe- vere fweetnefs, before iliame and punimrnent make him obdurate ; and, as often as you per- ceive him apt to decline, reduce him, by re- prefenting to him the confequences of an ill life, and trie following examples. Alexander the Great gave evident fyrnptoms in his youth of a magnanimous and unparalleU led maturity ; for, when no man durft mount the fierce and unrulyhorfe Bucephalus, that was prefenicd to his father Philip, he bedrid hiin ; and Tsvtb, Hopeful, Wild, &c. 555 ,5ind managed him with fuch dexterity, that, when he difrnounted, his father embraced him, and, with tears trickling from his eyes, faid, ' Son, feek out a greater kingdom, for that * which I mall leave thee will be too narrow to content fo great a hero.' He had before obferved the greatnefs of his fon's mind ; for, when he was .a boy at fchopl, and news was brought him of a great vidory his father had gained, '-If,' fays he, fetching a deep figh, * my ' father conquer all, what will be left for me * to do .?' And being told all his father gained was for him, ' 1 little value,' faid he, ' a great * and potent empire, if the means of gaining * glory and renown be taken from me.' Ful- gos. Ex. 1. 3. p. 293. Themiflocles, in his juvenile years, gave fuch prefages of a quick wit, and a iblid judgment, that his fchool matter obferving it, was wont to fay, ' My fon,' thoy wilt be nothing indifferent, 6 but either a great glory or a plague to thy 4 country ;' and he happily proved the former, though it was fome time firlt. Plut. Paral. in Themift. p. 112. Theodorictis Mefchede, a learned phyftcian in Germany, was blefied with a fon of his own name, who, at fifteen years of age, in learning and eloquence, excelled thofe that had gained a reputation by it. He wrote to Trithemius, and other 556 Tbuth, Hopeful, Wild, &c. other learned men of that age, many epiftles, on variety of fubje&s, in fuch exquifite Cicero- nean eloquence, that, for the accuracy of his wit, and dexterity and promptitude in writing, and fmartnefs in difputing, he was accounted the non-parejl of his age. Titus Vefpafian, in his younger years, was fo cruel, covetous, riotous, unchafte, and given to all manner of debauchery, that he was com- monly called another Nero ; but, being elected Emperor, he fo changed his courfe of life, that he was celebrated for the contrafy virtues. He would not fuffer any of his former affociates fo much as to come into his prefence. Queen Be- renice, for whom he had fome time a great af- feclion, he fent away from Rome. He made himfelf Supreme Pontiff, to keep his hands from being defiled with blood ; and demeaned himfelf, during his whole reign, with fo much juftice, integrity, clemency, and innocence, that he was meritorioufly itiled, from his coro- nation to his diifolution, ' Deliciae humani ge- ' ncris,'-"-' The joy and delight of mankind.' Sueton. 1. 1 1. p. 32 1. King Henry V. while Prince, was extremely wild, and being corrupted with extravagant, leud, and riotous companions, did many things to the griet of the King his father, and had al- moft forfeited the love of the (ubjects ; but, imme- Youth, Hopeful, Wild, &c. 557 immediately after his coronation, he fent for his former loofe aflbciates, who being in his prefence, (and it may be in hopes of being made great men), he commanded every one of them, upon the peril of forfeiting their heads, never to appear in his prefence, qr come within the verge of his court ; and, that they might lie under no temptation to difhonefty, by their neceffity and poverty, he allowed them each a competency for their iubfiftence in a reputable courfe of life ; and became himfelf an exem- plary and victorious prince. Hiftory of Eng- land, Svo, Vol. i. p. 136. Philip, the laft, fave one, of the Macedonian Kings, was a prince endued with all the per- fections of body and mind ; he was a comely perfon, of a ready eloquence, of a royal gra- vity and Majefly, of a great fpirit, liberal mind- ed, and, in a word, a King of fuch promifing hopes in his youth, that Greece had fcarcely feen the like ; but behold, in a moment, was fo changed for the worfe, that he became cruel, even to his own blood, poifoned the bed fort of men, beheaded fome, banifhed others, de- clined into a very evil prince, and was hated and unfortunate. Polyb. Hift. 1. 4. p. 339. Herod, King of Judea, in the firft fix years of his reign, was one of the beft of princes, courteous, affable, mild, and obliging, but after- 55 8 Youth, Hopeful,, Wild, &c. afterward degenerated into downright barbari- ty. At one time, he caufed feventy fenators of the royal blood to be put to death. He killecj his beloved wife Mariamne, and three of his ions. When he faw death approaching, he fent for all the nobility from every part of Ju- dea, caufed them to be confined in the Cirque, with a purpofe to have them all murdered, not for any fault they had committed, but becaufe, at his death, there mould be a real and univer- fal mourning, becaufe no family was exempted from that calamity.^ Lips. Mon. 1. 2. p. 228. Nero, Emperor of Rome, at his firft afcend- ing the throne, was a Prince celebrated for his virtues, in which he continued five years ; but afterwards outlived his fame ; for he poifoned his brother, compelled his tutor Seneca to bleed to death, ripped up the bowels of his mother, fet Rome on fire, and abftained from no kind of wickednefs, till the world, being weary of harbouring fo vile a monfter, he became his own executioner. Lips. Monit. 1. 2. p. 229. In youth alone unhappy mortals live ; But ah / the mighty blifs is fugitive : Difcolour'd ficknefs, anxious labours come, And age and death's inexorable doom. Dryd. 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