CAPT-JAS-A-MOSS CAPT-M-B-STEWAKT U-S-ARMY GIFT OF Larry Laughlin "We must depend in every time of national peril, in the future as in the past, not upon a standing army, nor yet upon a reserve army, but upon a citizenry trained and accustomed to arms. "It will be right enough, right American policy based upon our accustomed principles and prac- tices, to provide a system by which every citizen who will volunteer for training may be made familiar with the use of modern arms, the rudi- ments of drill and maneuver, and the maintenance and sanitation of camps." (President Wilson, in his message to congress, December, 1914-) SELF-HELPS/or the CITIZEN-SOLDIER Being a Popular Explanation of Things Military BY CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS AND CAPT. MERCH B. STEWART UNITED STATES ARMY Pen Sketches by Lieut. W. E, Lamed General Agents e In- < itl ! ry iut r JI r r H a GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY MENASHA, WISCONSIN Copyright 1915 by CAPT. JAMES A MOSS and CAPT. MERCH B. STEWART PRINTED AND BOUND BY 3EORGE' BANTU rUB~_ISKINC COMPANY LA / D EDICATED to every red-blooded American b- who is willing to do a mans share in the defense of his country. 34661 1 ri \ oo COPYRIGHT BY RIS4 EWING INTRODUCTION Our early Presidents pointed out again and again that the safety of the nation depends upon an armed and disciplined citizenry. They recog- nized that in a free democracy founded upon manhood suffrage there must be manhood obliga- tion for service ; that when men exercise the right of suffrage they must accept the responsibility of service. Washington on January 1, 1790, in a com- munication transmitting the plans of Secretary Knox, said: "Fourthly, that every man of the proper age and ability of body is firmly bound, by the social compact, to perform personally his proportion of military duty for the defense of the state. "Fifthly, that all men of the legal military age should be armed and enrolled and held respon- sible for the different degrees of military ser- vice." Jefferson, in a letter to James Monroe, dated Monticello, June 19, 1813, said: "It proves more forcibly the necessity of oblig- ing every citizen to be a soldier. This was the case with the Greeks and Romans, and must be that of every free state. Where there is no op- pression there will be no pauper hirelings. We must train and classify the whole of our male citizens and make military instruction a regular part of collegiate education. We can never be safe until this is done." This letter was written fourteen months before the fiasco at Bladensburg and the burning of Washington. These words are as true today as when they were written and should be heeded by each and every one of us. The conditions of organization on the part of the great nations of the world make them all the more forcible in their applica- tion to ourselves. We must strive to instill into the youth of the country the idea of their individ- ual responsibility for military serviice and we must adopt some systematic plan for securing such general instruction of our men as will make their service effective. It is not enough for a man to be willing; he must be trained. Willing, but untrained men, cannot meet with any hope of success against equally good men trained and disciplined. Major General, United States Army. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I PREPARING THE GROUND FOR THE MILITARY SEED . . . . .' ... 1 The First Step The Nature of War The Na- ture of Man The History of War The Causes of War Our Wars Our Military Policy Some Popular Fallacies Military Preparedness. CHAPTER II OUR DEFENSES . ... . 29 The Military Force of the United States The Regular Army The Militia The Organized Militia The Reserve Militia The Navy Lines of Defense Provisions for Defense The Obli- gations of Citizenship The Infantry The Cavalry The Field Artillery The Engineer Corps The Signal Corps The Medical Corps The Coast Artillery Corps The Navy The Marine Corps The Organization of the Army What We Would Need. CHAPTER III ONE MILLION VOLUNTEERS . 51 CHAPTER IV THE MAKING OF A FIGHTING MAN . . ... . A ; . . . . 68 The Time it Takes The Work it Takes The Kind of Instruction The Instructor Must be a Master Quick Training Requires Prepared- ness The Recruiting Station At the Mobiliza- tion Camp The Uniform Arms and Equip- ment The Recruit's First Work Reveille Breakfast Police of Tents and Camp Physical Drill Close Order Drill Extended Order Drill Dinner Various Kinds of Instruction Parades and Reviews Retreat Short Lec- tures Taps. CHAPTER V THE MILL OF INSTRUCTION . . 79 The Daily Work Setting-up Exercise Calis- thenics The School of the Soldier The Posi- tion of Attention The Facings The March- ings The Salute The Manual of Arms The School of the Squad Extended Order Drill Bayonet Exercise and Combat Target Prac- tice Sighting Drills Position and Aiming Drills Trigger-Squeeze Exercise Estimating Distance Practice Combat or Battle Practice Horsemanship First Aid The Use of Cover The Use of Trenches Patrolling and Scouting Individual Cooking Personal Hygiene Camp Sanitation. CHAPTER VI THE MAKING or THE FIGHTING MACHINE 107 The Making of the Fighting Man Camp Train- ang and Camp Discipline Camp Protection March Training and Discipline March Protec- tion Fire Control and Discipline. CHAPTER VII THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY TRAINING . 133 Military Habit Military Efficiency Physical Fitness Self-Confidence Handiness Self- Control Orderliness Devotion to Duty Loyalty Teamwork Obedience. CHAPTER VIII THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING MAN 143 The Difference What is Back of It? If not Patriotism, What? What is Military Disci- pline ? How Does Military Training Teach Dis- cipline?- Confidence and Respect Lead to Loyalty Respect and Loyalty Lead to Courtesy. CHAPTER IX THE ORGANIZED MILITIA . . 153 A Training School Its History Its Develop- ment Its Work Today In the Armory At Maneuver Camps. CHAPTER X COLLEGE STUDENT CAMPS . .163 The Purpose of such Camps The Main Features of the Camps Routine Results. CHAPTER XI THE BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP . 171 The Purpose of these Camps What does the Citizen Gain from Them? Routine The Net Result. CHAPTER XII How A BATTLE is FOUGHT . 179 The Man who does the Thinking Sizing up the Lay of the Land Deciding What to Do The Curtain Rises The Play Begins The Battle The Charge. CHAPTER XIII RIFLE CLUBS FOR CITIZEN- SOLDIERS 199 The Necessity for Rifle Practice The National Rifle Association Rifle Clubs for Citizens Rifle Clubs for Boys. CHAPTER XIV PRACTICAL HINTS FOR SELF- PREPARATION 209 What Should I Do? Taken an Active Interest in Military Policy Read Military History Look Military Preparedness in the Face Keep Abreast of Things Military Observe the Militia Take an Interest in Patriotic Societies Take a Hand in Politics Try a Taste of Mili- tary Training Attend a Business Man's Camp Send Your Boy to a Student's Camp Learn to Shoot Take Care of Yourself Take an Inven- tory of Yourself Systematic Exercises Little Things. CHAPTER XV THE SOLDIER'S CAMPAIGN CREED 217 Field Service In Camp On Outpost On the March On Advance Guard In Night Opera- tions Carrying Messages In Battle In General. APPENDIX: STUDENTS' MILITARY INSTRUCTION CAMPS . 225 NATIONAL RESERVE CORPS 226 GOVERNMENT RIFLE CLUBS 229 BUSINESS MAN'S CAMPS . 237 This book is in no sense a manual by which the civilian may train himself to the work of the soldier. Indeed, such a book could not be written, for the reason that the business or trade of the soldier can no more be learned from a book than can that of the plumber, the carpenter or any other artisan. The book is merely a sort of guide by means of which the civilian may inform himself in a general way concerning military rudiments and other military matters, so that, should he ever be called upon to defend his country, he may better understand the general nature of things military and may thereby learn the soldier's trade all the sooner. NOTE: Manual of Military Training, Geo. Banta Publishing Co., Menasha, Wis. ($1.90), is recommended to those wishing to get in simple, condensed form a more definite, detailed idea of the basic, fundamental principles of military training. 44T)UT in demonstrating by our -LJ conduct that we do not fear war in the necessary protection of our rights and honor, we should give no room to infer that we abandon the desire of peace. An efficient preparation for war can alone secure peace." (Extract from President John Adams' second annual message.) PREPARING THE GROUND FOR THE MILITARY SEED THE FIRST STEP The first step in planting is to prepare the ground for the sowing of the seed. If you, my civilian reader, would like to become, in the words of President Wilson, "Trained and accustomed to arms" if you would like to learn something about the soldier's trade the best way to start is by getting a clear under- standing of a few of the broad, general facts underlying the need and use of military forces. By so doing, you will be able to approach the work in a .*' proper spirit with a mind prepared to receive the mili- tary seed. Let us begin at the begin- ning. THE NATURE or WAR It is useless to try to describe war, for words fail us. You, Mr. Citi- 2 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier zen, have heard of it and read of it all your life. Perhaps you may even have viewed it from the side lines, and may know what it looks like from the outside. Some day, in contributing your mite to the de- fense of the country in its hour of need, you may learn from bitter, personal experience what war looks like and what it feels like from the inside. War is a blight that strikes at the best in the heart of a nation and leaves always a slow-heal- ing wound infected with bitterness and hate. It gnaws its way into the heart of the fighting man. It envelopes and poisons the souls of those to whom we ordinarily look for charity and justice in human dealings. BY NATURE, MAN is TWO-FACED In his everyday life, he is charitable, peaceable and reasoning. In crises, his primitive em tions are apt to assert them- selves, and passion to take the place of reason. When the war-crisis takes possession of his mind and the call to arms stirs his blood, the thin veneer of modern civilization and refinement falls from him, leav- ing instinct in control of his actions. With this side of man's nature uppermost, it is no wonder that war is ruinously destructive, or Preparing the Ground that its path is darkened by every shade of suffer- ing and misery. THE HISTORY OF WAR War has marched side by side with man in every step of his upward climb from savagery to his present state of civili- zation. No age, no nation has ever escaped its wither- ing blast. Our Holy Bible is largely taken up with accounts of the wars of the Children of Israel. THE CAUSES OF WAR The causes of war are as numerous as wars themselves have been. From the day of his creation, man has been a fighting animal. Before the dawn of that intelligence which taught man the wisdom of combining forces to } 1 U f U4- make war, he 1 ought as j- -j i TT i. an individual. He be- gan by fi g h t i n g any animal he could eat or that ate anything he wanted. He fought in self- defense to keep from being killed and eaten himself. In those days fear and necessity drove him to fight. Since then, self-defense, conquest, oppression, liberation, religion, racial antagonism, conflict- Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier ing interests and what not, are the causes that have led man to continue waging war. There was a time when war was caused largely by individuals rulers, cabinet ministers, fa- vorites to gratify selfish ambitions or satisfy petty grudges. Today the people alone bring about war. Under whatever guise they may be waged, the wars of today are, in reality, caused by conflict of interests resulting from the modern struggle for existence. Down at its root, it is the same cause, unrecog- nizable in its modern /^''^/^"^V ^ frills, that made our an- /! >h*-< N ^ Au'T" cestors resort to war. It is the same cause that makes for war among the birds of the air, the animals of the earth, and the fish of the sea. THE WARS OF THE WORLD A list of the wars of the world, giving only names and dates, would fill many pages of this book. During the last one hundred years, for ex- ample, there have been fifteen notable wars (of which we have fought three) among the civilized nations of the world an average of one every six and one half years not to mention innumer- J ~^, Preparing the Ground able conflicts among semi-civilized and uncivilized people of the globe. OUR WARS We of the United States, a peace- loving people, have never been free from war. Every step in our national existence, our birth, our expansion, the final cementing of our Union, our place in the family of the nations, all have been gained through war and war alone. The War of the Revolution (1775 to 1783) was fought with Great Britain to gain our free- dom. It is the sole reason why we are today free and independent. The War of 1812 (1812 to 1815) was fought with Great Britain to gain our freedom on the seas. The Mexican War (1846 to 1847) was fought with Mexico to settle the dispute over the bound- ary line between the two countries. "The Civil War (1861 to 1865) was fought be- tween the Northern and the Southern States to settle the question of slavery within the United States. The S panish- American War (1898) was fought with Spain to give freedom to Cuba. The Philippine Insurrection (1899 to 1902) was fought with the insurrecting Filipinos to es- tablish the sovereignty of the United States in the Philippine Islands. Preparing the Ground Other Hostilities In addition to these wars, our guns were turned against the Indians during a period of more than a hundred years. We have turned them at one time or another against the people of Tripoli, Samoa, China, Mexico and Hayti. On land and sea, since our history began, Americans have fought more than six hundred and fifty skirmishes and pitched hattles. WILL WARS EVER CEASE? we ask ourselves. Since war is so terrible, why do we not stop it? It goes without saying that every one of us would like to abolish war, just as we would like to rid the world of disease and misfortune, but so far we have never been able to do either. Does the future hold out any encouragement for us? Whether disarmament, arbitration, a new order of life, or some agency now unknown will ever abolish war, no one knows. However, we do know that judging from the number of wars during the past fifty years, little or no headway has yet been made toward the abolition of war, and there is nothing about the history of the past or the facts of the present that indicate that war will ever cease. As long as the laws of nature and the instincts of man remain as they are today, war will con- a o Preparing the Ground 9 tinue and it is not likely that these laws or in- stincts will undergo any material change during this or the next generation. WILL THE UNITED STATES EVER HAVE AN- OTHER WAR? Examine our past history, consider our posi- tion today, look ahead a little and then let the facts answer the question. At the end of the Spanish- American war, the United States stepped up into the ranks of the first-class powers of the world. Up to that time, our interests had been chiefly within our own country. Yet, in spite of our policy of minding our own business and of keep- ing out of "entangling alliances," we had aver- aged a war every twenty-three years of our exis- tence as a nation, while hardly a decade had passed in which we had not employed our armed forces against someone. With such a record in the past, when we were a home-keeping people, when we had few com- mercial interests to make trouble for us, what may we reasonably expect of the future, now that we have taken our place as a world-power, with the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Alaska, Porto Rico and the Canal Zone added to our responsi- bilities, and with interests, finger-like, reaching out and touching on every shore? o I to fc Preparing the Ground 11 Since the Spanish- American war, what with our interests at home and abroad, there has been scarcely a time when we have known what it was to be without some international question of gun- powder delicacy. Then, too, the Monroe Doctrine, we have al- ways with us. Let us look ahead and try to see a picture that the future may paint for us. On one side of the canvas, cluster the nations of Eu- rope, at peace, poverty - stricken except for veteran armies and mighty military machin- ery. On the other side, alone, stands the United States, the greatest unguarded treasure-land of the world. Now, while we hold this picture in the mind's eye, remember that nations, like individuals, when hard-pressed by want, can always find a pretext for making trouble. Add all of this together. What is the answer? OUR MILITARY POLICY Let us read 12 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier A LITTLE NATIONAL CATECHISM What is meant by Military Policy? By Mili- tary Policy we mean the steps taken by a nation to protect itself against defeat in case of war. What is our Military Policy? Our Military Policy has always been: 1. To maintain a small Regular Army. 2. To depend upon Volunteers to do the bulk of the fighting in case of war, these Volunteers being hastily called to the colors, organized, armed, drilled and equipped after war has actu- ally commenced or is imminent. 3. Not to accumulate war supplies during times of peace, but to purchase same at enormous cost after declaration of war, in a sort of "catch- as-catch can" way, often being compelled to take inferior articles. In short, our Military Policy has always been not to prepare for war until war is imminent or until it has actually commenced. Has this Military Policy been successful? Yes, in that we have finally been victorious in every one of our wars. // this Policy has been successful, why not con- tinue it? We should not continue it for the following reasons : Preparing the Ground 13 1. So far, our enemies have always been as unprepared as we were and our victories have been due to the weakness of our enemies as much as to our own strength, but we can hardly expect such good luck to continue forever. 2. By going into our wars unprepared we have prolonged the conflict and thereby paid an enormous price for our victories a price in blood and treasure vastly greater than would have been the case had we gone to war prepared. In other words, our policy of unpreparedness has been one of wasteful sacrifice, our victories having been attended by enormous and unnecessary loss of life, property and money. Indeed, because of our unpreparedness the price we paid for our vic- tories has been out of all proportion to the object attained. But does not unpreparedness keep a nation out of war? It has not kept us out of war. Although we are the most unprepared first-class nation in the world, during our national existence of one hundred and thirty-nine years, we have had six wars an average of one war every twenty-three years. SOME POPULAR FALLACIES For a people who can usually be counted on to think straight to the Preparing the Ground 15 point, we Americans are apt to go far afield when it comes to conclusions about things military. Fallacy No. 1 is gray-headed with age. It is called "Geographical Security." There was a time when our location did afford us some security, but today it is a myth. Indeed, in the long run, geography has played us false- she has left us a coast line to defend such as no other nation on earth has to think about. Progress in marine construction and inventions, resulting in high-speed ships of gigantic size, has reduced the width of the ocean to the East and West of us to the breadth of mill-ponds. As a matter of fact, with our Navy destroyed, these waterways would be a help rather than a hindrance to an invading enemy, for they would supply him with the best and cheapest kind of transportation. Fallacy No. 2 is almost as in- firm with age. It might be called the "born-soldier belief," one which lurks in the back of every American mind. In plain English, it is an idea that the average American is a natural-born soldier and all he needs is a rifle and a uniform to transform, him into a fighting man without a peer. 16 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier A long time ago, this was partly true. The Indian and game were then everywhere and the rifle was as common in a man's hand as the walk- ing stick is today. The men of Concord and Lexington were not trained soldiers, but they knew how to shoot, how to feed and clothe themselves, how to take care of themselves out of doors. Today, the Indian fighter, the hunter, the frontiersman, even the cowboy, are little more than dim figures of the past. Today, the American does not have to shoot or live out of doors as a mat- ter of business, and when it comes to pleasure, he generally prefers some- thing else. The American of today may have the heart of the soldier but he has none of the tricks of his trade. Fallacy No. 3 is the new-born belief that the present war in Europe will bring about such com- plete physical and financial exhaustion that we need have no fear of war again for years to come. Preparing the Ground 17 If we judge by what has happened in the past, the end of that struggle will be the precise mo- ment when each party to it will be best prepared for war. It was so in our own case. At the end of the Civil War, when Grant's trained veterans passed in review in front of the President in Washington, we were at the highest tide of military preparedness in our history. And we proceeded at once to demonstrate our complete preparedness and willingness for war by concentrating a large force on the Mexican border and ordering France to withdraw from Mexico the troops with which she was endeavor- ing to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne. France withdrew, without a shot on either side an excellent example of the way in which preparedness for war may prevent it. Fallacy No. 4 is the growing conviction that man has reached the point in civilization where he will be willing to risk the fate of his country to the decision of others. Arbitration is a beautiful ideal, and we should do everything in our power to foster it, but in the meantime, we should remember that there are shades of dishonor which we as individuals look upon as worse than death. Preparing the Ground 19 In the same way, there are depths of humili- ation that nations dread worse than war. Just as there are intimate personal questions which no man will submit to another, however wise he may be, so there are questions which no nation, under any circumstances, would leave to arbitration to settle. Fallacy No. 5 is the belief that the lack of money, the so-called "sinews of war," can pre- vent war. History fails to record a single instance where the lack of money has prevented war. On the other hand, there are many examples of nations, apparently poverty-stricken, who have put large, well-equipped armies in the field and have carried on war successfully. The recent Balkan war is a striking example of this. Poverty in a nation does not necessarily mean that all of its people are poor, and experience shows that a popular war will al- ways open many private purse- strings. Then, too, war loans pay good dividends and there is always money to be loaned when the honor of a nation is offered as collateral. 20 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier Fallacy No. 6 is a conceit that has suffered hard usage at hands of spread-eagle oratory in this country. It is best expressed in the familiar phrase that "prepared or unprepared, we can lick any nation on earth." This amounts to more than an idle boast. It is a dangerous fallacy, fostered by the misleading history taught us in school, that, in spite of having gone into every one of our wars, un- prepared, we have been vic- torious in all of them and are, therefore, invincible. But we have always won out, you say. True, but how have we done it? Let us be sensible and remember that in all of our wars we have fought only one first-class power, Great Britian. We know now that the people of Great Britian, as a nation, did not take the War of the Revolution seriously. The English people were never back of that war, and were content to have hired Hessians sent over to fight us. And let us remember, too. that the result of that war Preparing the Ground 21 might have been very different but for the assist- ance that France gave us. In the War of 1812, Great Britain was en- gaged in the Napoleonic wars, and, consequently, could give us comparatively little attention. In spite of this, a handful of British regulars over- ran the country for a time, doing very much as they pleased, even marching to Washington and burning our capital. Our only decisive victory in this war, the battle of New Orleans, was gained after peace had been declared. Let us not forget, too, that, in fact, we were generally unsuccessful on land and were practically driven from the sea, and that we finally made peace without any assurance that the principle for which we had fought would be recognized by England. In our other wars, we have fought second and third rate nations equally as unprepared as we were. Fallacy No. 7 is the mistaken idea that men, money and material resources are the same as military strength. We look about us and see a country, vast in area, rich in money and in every kind of raw ma- terial we count up our mllions of able-bodied citizens and we comfort ourselves with the belief tin- (r round 23 tliat our ha hi i ice of men, money, and material is big enough to tide us over any trouble it is when in the right shape. We conjure ourselves with a vision of a million patriots springing to arms hi -t ween sunrise and sunset, and we believe ourselves in consequence to be uncon- querable. As a matter of fact, our immense resources bear the same relation to military strength that iron ore does to polished steel. Without the machinery to convert the one into the other, neither is of any value to us. AMU -ricans arc brave men. Our citizen-soldiers have fought our wars, gallantly and successfully, but what has it cost us? Military experts tell us that a force of twenty thousand trained men could have put an end to the Civil War in four months, whereas we spent four years, over six billions of dollars, and more than one hundred thousand Union lives in doing it the Cost of Unprepa redness. It is a well-established fact that had we possessed a first-class navy in 1898, we would have been spared the War with Spain. Even that 24 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier short-lived war cost us millions of dollars and hundreds of lives. Let us ask ourselves another question : Unpre- pared as we are, if we should go to war with a first-class power, backed up by a big, efficient, up-to-date Army and Navy, what would happen to us? Again, if by any chance, we should ultimately win out in such a war, what would it cost us in treasure and in blood? It is a waste of time to speculate. He hat reached the STOP, LOOK, LISTEN sign in his journey and is hearing rumbling noises. Preparing the Ground 25 Now, let us ask ourselves one more question: Would it not be more sensible to do something to avoid such a war, or to guard against defeat and otherwise lessen its evil, if we cannot avoid it? We have reached the STOP LOOK- LISTEX sign in our national march. Let us stop; let us look around the world; let us listen to the rumbling noises; let us consider the new, changed conditions and then let us see what our judgment, what our common sense, what our instincts of self-preservation, tell us about pre- paring for contingencies. MILITARY PREPAREDNESS What do we mean by preparedness? Preparedness is only another name for pre- caution, provision the taking of measures be- forehand, making arrangements in advance to meet a possible need. Preparedness in general is one of the most natural, common and necessary acts of life. Even wild animals provide for the winter prepare against want. We provide for old age by saving in earlier life we prepare against helplessness. By means of insurance and investment, we provide for our families we prepare against death. We provide against fire by maintaining a fire department, and against crime, by maintaining 26 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier a police department we prepare to meet both with proper measures. We provide for sickness by preparing hospitals, and so on, indefinitely, the thread of preparedness runs through every serious act of our lives. A nation is but a collection of individuals, or- ganized into a government, and national pre- paredness is as natural in the life of a nation as individual preparedness is in the life of a man. Xo one questions the wisdom of preparing in advance to meet a possible need. If it is likely to occur, the only natural, common-sense tiling to do is to prepare for it. The only point about which there can be any question is the existence of the need whether that for which preparedness should be made is probable. The question of whether a nation should be prepared in a military sense depends entirely on whether it is probable that the nation will ever have war. With the probability of war elimin- ated, there would be no more reason for military preparedness than there would be for hospitals if there were no probability of sickness. Military preparedness readiness for self- defense is nothing more than national insurance. If we make it into a bogie to frighten our- selves, we have only ourselves to blame, Preparing the Ground 27 Is military preparedness a menace a bogie which may tempt us to abandon our traditional policy of peace and trespass on the rights of others? In an address eighteen years ago, Theodore Roosevelt said: "In this country there is not the slightest dan- ger of an over-development of the warlike spirit, and there never has been any such danger. In all our history there has never been a time when preparedness for war was any menace to peace." This statement is just as true today as when uttered. As long as wars, like the sword of Damocles, continue to hang over our heads, prudence and reason dic- tate that we ought to prepare for them, insure against the chance of de- feat by maintaining an army and navy sufficient for our ordinary needs and by having in reserve, ready for defense, a nation of citizen-soldiers "trained and accustomed to arms." The man who goes out for a trip in his auto- mobile prepares for trouble. He carries extra t ulics and tires he insures against the possibility of having to walk home, but he does not want trouble. He does not look for trouble. In spite 28 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier of his provision against trouble, he does every- thing in his power to avoid it. He is merely ready for it, if it cannot be avoided. Wars give little warning these days and prepa- ration must be made in advance. FOR ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINE TEARS he hat played in the greatest luck but will it continue forever? In the past we have played in great luck. Is our good luck going to continue forever? If not, what have we with which to meet the situation, and how would we meet it? Read on and see. Our Defenses 29 CHAPTER II OUR DEFENSES THE FIRST STEP in the education of the citizen- soldier is to learn something of the agencies upon uliich the United States depends for its defense. They are two, its military force and its naval force. THE MILITARY FORCE OF THE UNITED STATES, in t line of peace, is made up of the Regular Army and the Militia. In time of war, Volunteers are added to this nucleus. THE REGULAR ARMY is composed of the Ad- ministrative and supply Departments the busi- ness and housekeeping departments; the Mobile Army, so called because it is capable of moving from place to place ; the Coast Artillery, so called because it is employed to defend our seaports and other important points on our coasts; and certain auxiliary troops, such as the Engineer Corps, Signal Corps and Medical Corps. THE MILITIA is divided in the Organized Militia and the Reserve Militia. THE ORGANIZED MILITIA consists of the men who are organized, uniformed and equipped for 30 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier military service by the various States. It is com- monly known as the National Guard. THE RESERVE MILITIA comprises all able- bodied citizens of the United States of military age namely, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years who do not belong to the Or- ganized Militia. This Reserve Militia might well be called the Army of Citizen-Soldiers. THE NAVY is made of vessels known as Dread- naughts, Battleships, Cruisers, Torpedo Boats, Destroyers, Submarines and certain Auxiliaries or Supply Ships. These vessels are organized into Fleets, Divi- sions, Squadrons and Flotillas, each composed of a certain number of ships of different types and each assigned to a certain part in the naval scheme of offense and defense. LINES OF DEFENSE Generally speaking, the military and naval forces are organized into three lines of defense, the sea, the coast, and the land. The defense of the sea falls, of course, to the lot of the Navy. Its first duty is to locate the hostile fleet; its next duty is to destroy it or turn it back. It thus enjoys a sort of roving commis- sion, foot-loose except for one thing, it must always keep itself between the threatened coast and the enemy's fleet. Our Defenses 31 If strong enough, and in the right place at the right time, the navy ought to be able to pre- vent an enemy from landing on our shores. However, this is something we can never be quite sure of. Our coast lines are long; good landing places are many; and our means of lo- cating the enemy's fleet are not always to be relied upon. So. additional measures must be provided against the chance that the navy may fail in its duty or may go down in doing it. The defense of the coast is the first and only line of support for the navy. It consists of forti- fications placed near important sea-coast cities and other important points along the coast. These fortifications are manned by the Coast Artillery and are equipped with guns of heavy caliber which command the channels up which a hostile fleet must pass or the places where landings might be attempted. The business of these forti- fications is to prevent such a passage or landing, to assist the Navy with their guns and mines or, in emergency, to use both to shelter the Xavy, if it becomes crippled or disabled. As long as these fortifications remain in fight- iiiLi shape, they are generally able to stand off an enemy's fleet and protect the cities in rear of them against seaward attack. 32 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier Knowing this, the enemy does not, so to speak, approach the front door. Instead, he goes around to the side and sends his men ashore to batter down the back door. Hence the back door must be protected. The land defense is assigned to the Mobile Army. Its duty is to meet the enemy on the beach, prevent his landing if possible, and if not, to drive him back and defeat or capture him after he has landed. If it is not able to do either, it must fight him stubbornly every step of his in- vading march. At this stage of the game, the Navy, if still afloat, can do nothing but cut off supplies and reinforcements sent to the enemy. The guns of the fortifications have no further part to play un- less the enemy fights his way up and lays siege to the places they defend. The defeat of a force landed rests entirely on the shoulders of the Mobile Army, the third line of defense, the line in which the bulk of our citi- zen-soldiers will find their places. PROVISIONS FOR DEFENSE The next thing to be considered is the system we have adopted and the means we take to provide for our lines of de- fense. As we have seen, it has always been the policy of this country to maintain a very small army and Our Defenses 33 a comparatively small navy. Of late years, this policy has changed somewhat. A few years ago, the building up of our Navy was begun and today it occupies a respectable place among the navies of the world. The Army has also been slightly increased from time to time but is still nothing more than a trained nucleus about which volun- teers may rally, and we must depend upon volun- teers from ;tn long the citizen-soldiers to bear the l>nint of our fighting. This policy of relying upon volunteers ordin- arily makes it possible for the citizen-soldier to choose whether he will take an active part in the war or will stay at home. However, in a large war, such as the future would probably bring, it is highly possible that enough men for our needs might not volunteer. It would then become necessary to resort to some form of conscription, such as drafting, as u MS done during the Civil War by both the Xorth and the South. In such an event, the citizen-soldier might find himself called upon to do military service whether it suited his wishes and convenience or not, and, if not prepared for war service, he would cer- tainly find himself handicapped in more ways than one. 34 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier THE OBLIGATION OF CITIZENSHIP Under the laws of the United States, it is provided that: "The militia shall consist of every able-bodied male citizen of the respective States, Territories and the District of Columbia and every able- bodied male of foreign birth who has declared his intention to become a citizen, who is more than eighteen and less than forty-five years of age." It is a fundamental principle of government that the obligation between State and citizen is mutual. The State protects the person and property of the citizen, who, in turn, must lend his help to protect the State. We depend upon the country not only for our livelihood but for our liberty and there is a price to pay for both. The Military obligations of citizenship are, therefore, both legal and moral. Legally, it is an obligation on the part of a citi- zen to give military service in time of war, if called upon to do so. Morally, it is an obligation on his part to pre- pare himself to do a man's full share. THE NEXT STEP in the citizen-soldier's prepa- ration for the work of a fighting man is to learn something of the machine of which he will form a part. This is necessary because in the fighting Our Defenses 35 each man has a part to play. Some play it one way, some another. When he volunteers, the citizen-soldier may elect to serve in either the Army or Navy. In the Army, he may go into the Mobile Army, made up of Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, KngineiT Corps, Signal Corps and Medical Corps; or, to the Coast Artillery, or to any one of the various supply departments. THE INFANTRY is the arm of the service in which we find the foot soldier the man with the pack on his back. It is the slow moving, hard hit- ting arm which goes to make up the bulk of every army and upon which the fate of every battle depends. The Infantryman is an independ- ent fighting man and in return for his independence he must pay a price. lie must depend upon his legs alone to cany him over miles of road, from one battle field to an- other. In addition, he must carry his tools and his household goods. On his shoulder, he carries his rifle; on his back, his bayonet, intrenching tool and pack in which are his extra clothing, blanket, shelter-half, poncho and food. About his waist is his am- In fan! ry mini 36 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier SHOWN BROS. munition belt in which he carries one hundred rounds of cartridges and from which is suspended his canteen and first aid packet. THE CAVALRY is the mounted branch of the service, the arm of the man on horseback. For this reason, it is able to move rapidly and it is generally kept well out in front of the other troops, on the lookout for the enemy. Because of this, Cavalryman ft fr^ a j wa y s been knOWIl as the "Eyes and Ears" of the Army, ever on the move, ever alert, on guard every hour of the day and night. THE FIELD AR- TILLERY is divided into the Light Ar- tillery, Horse Ar- tillery, Mountain Artillery and Siege Artillery. connmn , ,,.... The Light and & Field Gun m Action Horse Artillery are armed with guns known as three-inch field guns which are mounted on wheeled carriages. Our Defenses 37 In the Light Artillery, a part of the men are mounted on horses, while the rest ride on the gun COPYRIGHT, AMIR. PS AIN Mountain Artillery and ammunition carriages. In the Horse Artil- lery, all of the men are mounted on horses. The Mountain Artillery is armed with the three-inch "ui i, so arranged that it can be carried on pack mules. The men are not mounted. The Siege Artil- lerif is armed with uiins of large cali- ber, mounted on carriages which are pulled by either horses or motors. These siege guns are also mounted on armored railway cars miniature rolling fortresses. ,'J4C>(>1 1 38 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier THE ENGINEER CORPS is charged with all the surveying, map-making, construction and repair of roads, bridges and fortifications. THE SIGNAL CORPS constructs, operates and repairs all military telephone and telegraph lines, cables and field telegraph lines. It also has charge of all wireless sta- tions, telegraph and balloon trains. The newly created Aviation Corps is a part of the Signal Corps. THE MEDICAL CORPS attends to the sanitary condition of the Army and its camps and cares for the sick and wounded. Semaphore Signalling THE COAST ARTILLERY CORPS is responsible for the care and operation of the fortifications and their guns, and of the mine fields. THE NAVY In the Navy, the volunteer must be either a Sailor or a Marine. As either, he may find Disappearing Rifle himself aboard any one of different kinds of vessels. Our Defenses 39 The duties of the sailor are many and varied. There is no fixed organization, such as Companies, Regiments, >JL. etc., in the Navy. Knough men / are sent to each ship to operate it D ;IIK| navigate it, and taken alto- gether, they are known as the Crew of the ship. The Crew is divided into groups of varying sixes called Divisions, each charged with some particular part in the life of the ship. For example, there is the Deck Divi- sion, composed of the men charged with the gen- eral care and navigation of the ship. Dreadnoughts and Battleship* are the heavy- weight fighters of the Xavv, sometimes called CUI-THIOMT, AMI*. Mt* AMH. .Win, COmiOMT, AMIR. rlt( All* A Dreadnatnjht, The U. 8. 8. Arizona 40 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier "Floating Gilbraltars" because of their great fighting power. The Battleship is a heavily armored ship cap- able of throwing a projectile weighing 1,400 pounds, with accurate aim over a distance of from ten to twelve miles. They also have batteries, or groups, of smaller guns for fighting smaller vessels at close ranges. The Dreadnaught is a sort of overgrown battle- ship. It also is heavily armored and carries all guns of large caliber. It is the long range, heavy hitter of the Navy. COPTHIOMT, AMID. PRIM . A Cruiser, The U. 8. S. St. Louis The Cruiser is a boy-sized battleship, less heavily armored, and equipped with guns of smaller caliber. They are speedier than the Our Defenses 41 battleships and for this reason usually form the first line of the Navy's attack or defense. Torpedo boats and Destroyers are the grey- hounds of the sea. They are not armored and they carry only guns of small caliber. As a matter of fact, they are little more than steel A Dettroyer, The U. 8. S. Pretton shells built around a mass of powerful engines and machinery. They are the scouts of the Navy, capable of great speed and sudden dashes and they make use of this speed both in attack and defense. Formerly, the torpedo boat was the only means of handling torpedoes. They usually worked in groups of four or five and their plan of action was to slip up as close as possible to a hostile fleet with- out being seen, then dash suddenly in at top speed, fire their torpedoes in the hope of sinking a 42 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier battleship before they were themselves destroyed. The Destroyer, as its name implies, was built to fight off the attacks of torpedo boats. The Submarine is the under-sea prowler, armed with deadly torpedoes against which the most powerful Dreadnaught is well-nigh help- less. The later types of submarine are also armed A Submarine with guns of small caliber capable of sinking un- armored vessels. The submarine ordinarily travels on the sur- face of the water, on the lookout for its target. When this is sighted or located, the submarine quietly submerges, leaving only the periscope, a sort of prismatic telescope, above the surface. In this way, it approaches its target until within range, then fires its torpedo from beneath the water. In general, the submarine is a cigar shaped shell, enclosing machinery for propelling it and Our Defenses 43 lor discharging the torpedo. In the bottom half of the boat are a number of tanks which may be filled with water. In order to submerge, or go down, the water is permitted to run into these tanks and fill them. Before this is done, all open- ings in the boat have been tightly closed. The tanks rapidly fill with water and the submarine sinks beneath the surface, leaving only the peris- cope above. Each submarine is provided with a number of steel cylinders containing compressed air which is gradually liberated while the sub- marine is submerged and supplies the crew with fresh air. When it is desired to come to the sur- face, the water in the tanks is forced out by powerful pumps, thus lightening the l>oat and permitting it to rise. The average speed of the submarine is from eight to twelve knots an hour. The Periscope is a kind of telescope made with prisms and mirrors so that a man in the boat be- low the surface of the water is enabled to see any- thing on the surface and thus to control and direct the course of the boat. The Torpedo is, in reality, a sort of automatic vessel itself. After it is expelled from the tube in the submarine, it is propelled by compressed air, stored in a chamber, which takes up the greater part of the torpedo. It is kept on its course by a self-steering apparatus which can 44 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier be set so as to direct the torpedo towards its target. The explosive is in a chamber in the front end of the torpedo, and the tip end of the torpedo is an explosive fuse called the war-nose. When this fuse bumps into the side of a ship, or other I COPTIIIOHT, Axen raua M. Torpedoes, showing the propellers obstacle, it explodes and this explosion, in turn, discharges the torpedo. The Auxiliaries are the supply and repair ships. They are known as tenders, supply, fuel, and repair ships. The fuel and supply ships are generally manned by merchant sailors. Our Defenses 45 cormioMT, AMU. MMM AMU. . / Fuel Ship, Th U. 8. 8. Jupiter Tin-: M\ KIM: CORPS The Marines are the soldiers of the sea. Soldiers and sailors too, their duties are here, there and every- where. On board, there is little in which they do not take part. Guard d 1 1 1 y is their special business but they help in the general police of the ship as well as in the mannin of any and all of the guns. On shore, they become soldiers and their duty is of a strictly military kind. At home, they Marine t at Gun Drill on Board 46 Self -II dps for the Citizen- Soldier guard the navy yards and their stores. Abroad, they are the Navy's trouble hunters. When any- thing goes wrong and our interests have to be protected, the Marines are sent ashore to hunt the trouble down and straighten it out. Their work carries them in the vanguard of all disturbances and there are few shores on which they have not done duty of one kind or another. ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY In the Army, the citizen-soldier will at once become identified with a Company, Troop or Battery, and he will remain with it until promoted or mustered out of the service. During his service, the Company is at once his work shop, his home, his club and his family circle. In the Infantry, Coast Artillery and Kn- gineers, it is called a Company; in the Cavalry, a Troop, in the Field Artillery, a Battery. A Company of Infantry at war strength is composed of one hundred and forty-four enlisted men soldiers and three officers. It is com- manded by a Captain. Kach Company is divided, according to its size, into two, three or four parts called Platoons. Kncli Platoon is commanded by an officer, a Lieu- tenant, or by a noncommissioned officer, an en- listed man, called a Sergeant. 48 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier Each Platoon is made up of from two to four groups called Squads. Each Squad is composed of eight enlisted men, one noncommissioned officer, called a Corporal, and seven Privates. A Troop of Cavalry at war strength is com- posed of eighty-six enlisted men and three offi- cers. It is subdivided into Platoons and Squads and each is commanded as in a Company of In- fantry. A Battery of Field Artillery is composed of one hundred and seventy-one enlisted men and five officers. It is divided into Platoons and Sec- tions, instead of Squads, and is commanded in the same way as in a Company or Troop. The Battalion, next to his Company, Troop or Battery, is the organization in which the soldier is most interested. It is composed of four Com- panies of Infantry, or of three Batteries of Field Artillery, and is commanded by a Major. The Squadron is the Cavalry equivalent of the Battalion, and is composed of four Troops. The Regiment is the organization beyond which the soldier rarely ever sees much and outside of which he will have little interest. It is composed of three Battalions, a Machine Gun Company and a Band, and is commanded by a Colonel. Our Defenses 49 A HANDY TABLE OF ORGANIZATION As far as the soldier is concerned, the organization of an Army beyond the Regiment may well take the form of one of the familiar tables of our school days: 8 Regiments make 1 Brigade, commanded by a Brigadier General. 3 Brigades make 1 Division, commanded by a 2 or more Divisions make 1 Field Army, com- manded by a Major General or a Lieutenant General. The total of a Field Army amounts to some- thing between fifty and seventy-five thousand fighting men and from three to five thousand auxiliaries, or men who attend to the care, trans- portation and supply of the fighting man. \\ 1 1 \ T \ VK WOULD NEED In its studies of the defense of this country the General Staff of the Army rstiinah-s that we would need an army of at least four hundred thousand men to be sure of preventing an enemy from landing on either of i MM- coasts. Hack of this, we would need a million more fighting men to insure defeating an enemy and driving him from our shores. 50 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier The small Regular Army cannot do this. The Organized Militia cannot do this. Together, they cannot do it. How then would it have to be done? It would have to be done by organizing and training armies of volunteers from among our citizen-soldiers. How would we go about doing this? The pages that follow will tell you. "Company Troop Battery 1 Captain 1 Captain 1 Captain 1 First Lieutenant 1 First Lieutenant 2 First Lieutenants 1 Second Lieuten- 1 Second Lieutenant 2 Second Lieuten- ant ants 3 Officers 3 Officers 5 Officers 1 First Sergeant 1 First Sergeant 2 Corporals 1 Quartermaster 1 Quartermaster (Scouts) Sergeant Sergeant 1 Corporal 8 Sergeants 5 Sergeants (Signal) 10 Corporals 7 Corporals 2 Privates 2 Cooks 2 Cooks (mounted) 1 Artificer 1 Farrier 1 First Sergeant 2 Musicians 1 Horseshoer 1 Quartermaster 119 Privates 1 Saddler Sergeant 2 Trumpeters 1 Stable Sergeant 65 Privates 1 Mess Sergeant 1 Chief Musician 7 Mechanics 3 Musicians S Cooks 6 Sergeants 4 Gunners (Corporals) 13 Caisson Corpor- als 60 Drivers 65 Cannoneers. 144 Kn listed men 86 Enlisted men 171 Enlisted men One Million J'oluntcers 51 CHAPTER III ONE MILLION VOLUNTEERS WAR HAS BEEN DECLARED Congress Has Authorized the Raising of One Million Volunteers THE PRESIDENT ISSUES CALL TO ARMS AT MIDNIGHT Fancy yourself on your way to work when you unfold the paper and read those headlines. What does it mean to you? War, of course, hut what sort of a picture does it hring to your mind ' Let us look at it. One million men out of our inak' population. One man out of every forty- srvrn ma Irs hoys and men, young, old, able- bodied, drrrrpit. That is the first thing it means to the life of the nation. 52 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier What it means in the home, in the business, of the 47th man, we can only guess. What does it mean for those who face the tusk of finding those million men, taking them in hand, sorting them, arranging them, organizing them, arming, uniforming, training and equipping them making them into a righting machine? Summed up, it is a task that would tax the finest organization and machinery that peace- time ingenuity could devise and years of patient preparation could effect. With disaster hanging over our heads, danger threatening us on every side and the confusion of unpreparedness handicapping our every effort, it means a task that will strain the utmost shoulder-to-shoulder effort of the nation to the breaking point. Let us glance at the round numbers that such a task rolls up in front of our eyes. First of all, 1,000,000 men a column of men, four abreast, over four hundred miles long a million men eager to fight in defense of their country and ignorant of the first principles of a soldier's trade ! A million of men who are noth- ing but a burden to be cared for until they can be taught to care for themselves. A million men who cannot move without leaders, or raise a hand in defense until they have been taught. One Million Volunteers 53 U'liat else does it mean? 7->0,000 rifles and bayonets for them to fight with. 265,000 pistols, little brothers of the rifle. 8.000 machine guns, the military scythe. J.I oo field guns to batter down attack. !,.), 000,000 cartridges to carry with them into their first fight and as many more for each suc- ceeding fight. 2,500,000 shells and shrapnel for our field guns for every hour they are in action. 196,000 horses to carry them and pull their gun carriages. 1 '27,000 mules to haul their supplies and pack tlieir guns. 8,000 wagons to transport their supplies and ammunition. l.ooo.ooo cartridge belts for their ammunition. 1.000,000 first aid packets to bind up their wounds. 1 ,000,000 canteens. Each of them must have uniform and equip- ment. l.ooo.ooo shelter halves to protect them from the weather. 1 .000.000 ponchos to keep them dry. J.ooo.ooo blankets to keep them warm. J. ooo.ooo pairs of shoes. 54 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier 2,000,000 uniform coats, breeches, leggins, suits of underwear. 1,000,000 hats. 2,000,000 shirts. 4,000,000 pairs of socks. 1 ,000,000 haversacks to carry their equipment. Finally they must eat : 1,000,000 pounds of meat each day. 1 ,000,000 pounds of bread each day. 2,000,000 pounds of vegetables each day. 3,000,000 pints of coffee or tea each day. All this must be purchased, transported, pre- pared and cooked, each day, and to eat it, they must have: 1,000,000 cups. 1,000,000 plates. 1,000,000 knives. 1,000,000 forks. 1,000,000 spoons. To provide for proper care, training and lead- ing battle, they should have: 25,000 trained officers. The building of the Panama Canal was the greatest piece of construction of modern times. Its machinery for the sheltering, feeding, sanita- tion and care of its force is regarded as the model for doing business on a large scale. Experts One Million J'olnntct r.v 55 devised it and time and experience tested it. No effort or expense was spared in making it perfect. There was nothing to interfere with the work- ing of this machinery or to create confusion for those who had it in charge. At the heighth of its work, the Panama Canal employed about 40,000 men one twenty-fifth of one million volunteers. CONGKKSS HAS AUTHORIZED THE RAISING OF ( )\1 Mil. I. ION ('lTIXKN-Soi.l)IKRS TO BE TRAINED INTO FIGHTING M i \. Tin: PHI.SIDIM HAS ISSUED THE CALL TO ARMS. At anii moment the en cm// ma// be battering at our doors. Before you reach your work, the War Depart- ment is wiring every post and station in the I'nitcd States the order to concentrate assem- ble at points designated hy the war plans of the General Staff'. Hy tomorrow, a hundred trains will be bearing the scattered regiments to these pi )ints, where they will be mobilized or- gani/cd into Brigades, Divisions and Armies, and recruited to War strength and made ready to move as fast as they arrive. Through the Bureau of Militia Affairs, a branch of' the- War Department, the order is going out to the Adjutant General of the Militia 56 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier of every State and Territory calling upon them to assemble the Organized Militia for muster-in to the volunteer service and to prepare them to leave their homes for mobilization camps as soon as possible. While you are opening your mail, telegrams are flying to the Governors of each State and Territory telling them the number of volunteers they will be expected to furnish as their share of the million men. Before night the Governor of New York, will be preparing the drag-net that is to gather in the quota from his State nearly 100,000 men. Out in California, they will be preparing to scour the State for something like 20,000 men. Down in Louisiana, they will be sending out the call for nearly 18,000 more. Up in Michigan, 20,000 homes will each be sending out a volunteer. Before you go to lunch, a hundred purchasing officers and agents all over the country will be making ready to order millions of dollars worth of supplies. The forces at arsenals and depots from the Atlantic to the Pacific will be girding themselves to work at top speed and over time for months to come. Train after train will be back- ing into sidings for loads which they are to rush to mobilization camps. One Million 1'olu ulcers 57 Today, all over the country members of the ( )rgani/ed Militia are rushing business in a fran- tic effort to close up their affairs before donning their uniforms and leaving for the front. Within the next two or three days, a thousand recruit mi? parties will IKJ hanging out their flags in every community in the land. Tonight, when you go to bed, 10,000,000 men will be giving serious thought to the question of answering the call. \\Y speak lightly of a million men springing to arms at a day's notice. We picture them leav- ing tlu plow, the shop and the counter to rally on the firing line in their country's defense. Do you know what it would mean, if such a thing were possible? For one thing, it would mean organizing, equipping and training ten armies, each the size of our present United States Army. Economically, it would mean something closely akin to national paralysis. If one million men should abandon their work in a single day and go in search of recruiting oflices. twelve thousand passenger coaches or more would be needed to carry them on their journey. If these million men stood in line before the doors of one thousand recruiting offices, it would require the uninterrupted effort of one thousand 58 Self-Hclps for the Citizen-Soldier recruiting parties, working clay and night for more than ten days to enroll and enlist them. It would take another week to ship them to mobili- zation camps, if the railroads of the country did nothing else. It would require the day-and-night work of a thousand men for ten days to put up the tents for them. When completed, this vast camp would amount to a city of more than 125,000 tents, covering an area of more than 8,000 acres, an area five times the size of Poughkeepsie, New York, three times the size of Utica, equal to Mobile, Alabama, Richmond, Virginia, Spring- field, Ohio, or St. Joseph, Missouri. Assuming that everything was ready and wait- ing, it would be the work of another week to uni- form, arm and equip them a grand total of at least three weeks before they could be ready to learn the name of the rifle with which they were to fight. While all this is going on, hundreds of officers are out over the country, enlisting men at large, wherever they can find them, and these men, United States Volunteers, are being hurried to the mobilization camps, to swell the ranks of the Regular Army or to be organized into regiments of United States Volunteers. On*- Million Volunteers 59 This is the sort of thing that will be going on around you for the next three months. As you go about your work, the net-work of military activity is spreading out to close in over every city, town, hamlet and farm in the country. From Washington, through each Capital, the call to service is reaching out for its toll from every walk of life. The million men are gathering slowly to the colors. They are being transformed into fight- ing men, built into fighting machines as fast as human effort can do it. Every day, men are leaving their work and their homes to respond to the call. A vacant desk, an idle machine, an empty chair, tells the story of another citizen-soldier who has held up his hand under some one of a thousand flags and has sworn to serve for the period of the war. Every passenger train in the country bears its toll of volunteers. Every laboring freight carries its share of the supplies for their use. Twenty-five thousand, fifty thousand, perhaps more, men are working with all their might to supply the needs of these one million fighting men. All over the laud hundreds of factories are working double shift in the frantic effort to turn out the things needed to make the fighting man 60 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier ready for his work, as well as the things he will need with which to do his work when he is ready for it. Every morning as yon turn over for your second nap, 6,000 bugles will be waking the grow- ing roll of one million volunteers to another day's work. As you drowse, they will be swallowing a hasty breakfast and preparing for the long, weari- some hours ahead of them. Perhaps three months from now, you will begin to learn something of what has been going on around you. The first grist from the military mill will be marching through your streets on their way to the front. You will hear their music and behold their flags. You will see them swinging on their way, awk- wardly, perhaps, and without the stride of the trained soldier, but brown and strong with the toil of honest, hard work in a worthy cause the defense of the Nation! As you watch them going past you, each intent on the moment when he shall turn his body into a* shield for those behind him, does anything sug- gest to you that your place is out there in the street, among them, with a rifle on your shoulder, a pack on your back, and a single purpose in your heart? One Mil linn r 61 I )<> you feel on your shoulders the responsibility which c-iti/eiiship lianas about the neck of every American? An- you prepared to shoulder that responsi- bility.' I )< you kn)\v how to prepare? The pages that follow will n-ive you the clue. /9/O Intrenching Tools Tin- Making of a Fighting Man 63 CHAPTER IV THE MAKING OF A FIGHTING MAX THE Ti M r 11 T.\ K is -The time it takes to turn a civilian into a fighting man depends, first of all, on the man himself. If he is physically fit, active. <|uick to learn if his heart is in his work it is neither a long nor a difficult task. The work of the fighting man is simple and easy to understand. His training consists in learning tu inarch, to shoot, to tal'e care <;f him- self, to do -cliat he in told and to go inhere he is led. Under (\r/>erienced mid efficient instructor*. three months ought to l>e enough in which to train the right sort of a man into a fairly g(xxl field soldier. The making of the trained soldier is another matter. lie is expected to know what to do under all ordinary circumstances, and how to do it. whether he is led or not. Training of this sort takes years when- the other takes months. Tin. WORK IT TAKF.S It takes work to make a fighting man gnu-Ming, tc, lions work but that is not all. Instruction, drill and practice play the leading part in the training of the fighting 64 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier man, but something else is also required the re- cruit must lend his mind and his heart to the in- structor. Earnestness and determination are half of the make-up of the fighting man and this is some- thing that training cannot give to any grown man. It is the part that lie must do for himself. THE KIND OF INSTRUCTION The kind of in- struction makes all the difference in the world. At best, the work of training means aching muscles and long hours, hours in which the man's mind must drive his bcxly to its tasks. Unless the work of instruction and training be properly directed, it means monotony, wasted effort and discouragement. Poor and indifferent instruction is a ease of the blind leading the blind over a long and rock// road. Good instruction .shortens the road and makes the going easier. No system of training or instruction that does not take into account human nature can be thoroughly effective. The human element prob- ably enters into war and all that pertains to war more than it does into any other pursuit. The old idea of turning a human being into a machine, by means of discipline, and of making him dread his officers more than he does his enemy, The Making of a Fighting Man 65 died long ago, especially with the American people. THE INSTRUCTOR MUST BE A MASTER OF HIS '['HADE lie must know every detail of the work from having done it himself. He must be ahle to teach what he knows quickly, simply and directly. He must understand men, how to in- terest them and keep their attention, how to play on tin it- enthusiasm, how to lighten the monotony :ind fatigue of drill. The trained instructor is the Volunteer's short- < v/ cut to the field of battle. QUICK TRAINING REQUIRES PREPAREDNESS It n-oes without saying that the fighting man must have the tools of his trade if he would learn to use tin -in. Without a gun, a man cannot be taught to shoot : without equipment, he cannot be trained to the burdens of the march. These things must l>e ready and waiting for the Volunteer's hands. He gives to the Government the man and the zeal; the Government must pro- vide the uniform, arms and equipment against the day when they will be needed. Assuming that the machinery of training has been provided in advance, the road of the Volun- teer from his home to the firing line, though \\tarisome. is short and straight. 66 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier THE RECRUITING STATION The recruiting- station is the first step on the journey. In time of war, the prospective volunteer will probably find one in his own home town, or at the near- est county seat. At the recruiting sta- tion, the applicant .__ for enlistment gives an account of himself and his past record to the recruiting officer and undergoes a rigid OOTY..OMT. AR P.*,...... physical examination The Recruiting Station at the hands of the surgeon. If lie passes the scrutiny of both recruiting of- ficer and surgeon, he then takes the oath of en- listment and signs a contract to serve the United States as a fighting man, generally, for the period of the war unless sooner discharged. When this oath has been taken and the contract signed, the applicant has become a recruit in the Volunteer Army of the United States and, in company with other recruits, is hurried at once to the nearest mobilization or training cam]). AT THE MOBILIZATION CAMP At the mobili- zation cam]), the new recruit is assigned to a regi- The Making of a Fighting Man 67 ment and company, troop or battery. A non- commissioned officer, a sergeant or corporal, of his company takes him in charge and assigns him to a place in a tent, after which the work of equip- ping him is at once taken up. THE UNIFORM The uniform the livery of the fighting man is the first thing issued to the recruit. This is fitted to him as carefully as pos- sible from the stock on hand in the supply depart- ment, special attention being paid to the fitting of the shoes. ARMS AND EQUIPMENT These come next. They consist of the fighting weapons, the rifle and bayonet, the messing equipment, the meat-can a combination plate and frying pan tin cup, knife, fork and spoon. With these also come the canteen, or water bottle, the intrenching tool a small pick or shovel the shelter-half, blankets, poncho a kind of water-proof sheet and a package containing first aid material. To carry all this equipment, he is given a cart- ridge belt for his ammunition and a haversack and carrier for the rest. THE RECRUIT'S FIRST WORK The recruit's first work will be to learn how to take care of his i mi I'M rn i. arms and equipment. He usually learns this from lectures and demonstrations given by 68 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier officers, noncommissioned officers or experienced privates, if there be any. This work is really of great importance. It is the recruit's first introduction into the military habits of neatness, orderliness and care of both The Fiyhtiny Tools, Rifle, Dayonct, Ammunition Jirlt ami First Aid Packet person and belongings. These habits are a matter of duty. The clothing is given to the soldier by the Government and he is responsible to the Government for its proper care. The rifle is his fighting weapon, given to him with which to defend his countrv and himself. It 7V/c Making of a Fighting Man (V.) is the soldier's best friend. He should know it and its peculiarities as he would know a friend. Its care should be his first thought, for if he would have it take care of him, he must take care of it. When the recruit lias learned how to put on his uniform and how to take care of his property, he begins at once the daily routine he is to follow until the day when he will go aboard the train or transport that is to carry him to the front. HKVKIM.IV --Keveille beings the day. It is the call that will wake the soldier to every day until he receives his discharge from the service. While the buglers are sounding this call up and down through camp, the men get up and dress. The end of the call is the sig- nal for them to form in ranks and answer to their names. HHKAKFAST Kreakfast follows reveille and takes about fifteen minutes, after which each man washes his mess kit, and puts it in his tent. POI.KT. OF TEXTS AND CAMP Police of tents and camp is next in order. Half an hour is generally allowed for this work. Kach man ar- conmiOHT, AM*, nttu AMD. II 'nxllllHI II j> fr 70 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier ranges his clothing and bedding and helps to clean his tent. All then clean up around the tents and in the company streets. They then get ready for drill. PHYSICAL DRILL Physical drill of some kind is always first and foremost in the day's work. Why? you ask. Because, first and foremost, the fighting man's work depends on his physical fitness. Caluthenic Drill To begin with, his mind must be always on the alert and equal to any strain, and no man's mind can be at its best when it is handicapped by a weak or an ailing body. Then, too, the work of the fighting man makes harsh demands on his body. It must be strong enough to undergo the strain of marching when every muscle cries out for rest ; strong enough to hold a rifle steady under fatigue and excitement ; more, it must be strong enough to resist those- The Making of a Fighting Man 71 diseases of campaign which kill more men than do the bullets of the enemy. w Kvery man's work calls into play the muscles of some part of his body and exercises them in a certain fashion. The work of the soldier calls all of the muscles of his body into play at one time or anotlu T and works them in new and pain- ful ways. The muscles of the body must be trained to all of this work, not suddenly and by the harsh nut hod of straining them to the breaking point, but gradually, slowly and in a way to develop tlu-ir utmost power and endurance. ('msi. OHDI.K DRILL Xylose order drill in one form or another gem-rally follows next in order. This drill is sometimes known as the "Mill of Disci /dim-." hrraii.se it is the kind of drill in which the soldier is taught habits of attention, precision and instant obedience to the voice of his commander. It has another purpose, a practical one, in which the volunteer recruit is more interested. It is this: In order to control and handle large bodies of men, quickly and without confusion, they must be taught to group themselves in an orderly arrangement and to move in an orderly manner. 72 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier For example: Infantry is grouped or formed in line, an arrangement in which the men are placed in two lines or rows, one behind the other. They are taught to march in column, an arrange- ment in which groups of two or four men march abreast of each other, followed in succession by other groups of the same kind. The recruits must he trained to move in an orderly manner from one group, or formation, to another, how to stand, step off, march, halt, handle their rifles and all to do it together. It requires practice to learn this, even without the precision expected of the trained soldier, but for the practical purposes of the quickly-trained fighting man, all that is necessary can be mas- tered in a comparatively short time. After a time, the recruit will discover for him- self another purpose in this kind of drill. He will learn his place in the squad and company and will begin to feel at home in both. He will be- come accustomed to working side by side with the man next to him and, unconsciously, both will get into the habit of working together. Thus they will learn the first lesson in the teamwork which plays such an important part in the fight- ing game. EXTENDED ORDER DRILL Extended order drill is the fighting drill. It is the drill in which The Making of a Fighting Man 73 the recruits are taught the formations in which tlu-y will have to move on the field of battle. Today, men do not fight in close lines or masses as they used to do. Instead, they scatter out- extend the lines or columns into a single line in which they are separated from each other by intervals of from half a yard to two or three yards, according to circumstances. This line is called the skirmish line, and the men, when on this line, are called skirmishers. Thus scattered out or deployed, as it is called, they furnish a smaller target for the enemy to shoot at and, at the same time, get room in which to fight with greater ease and freedom. The recruit begins the work of extended order drill in the squad, under the instruction of his squad leader, a corporal. The first thing taught to him is how to obey the command, FOL- LOW ME. The squad is told that after that com- mand has been given, it must follow the squad leader, in whatever formation it may be, line or column, walking when he walks, running when he runs, halting when he halts, and all at a signal from him. The squad is then taught how to form the skirmish line and the signals by which this line is controlled and moved are then explained. 74 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier The Squad forming a Skirmish Line When the recruit has learned these movements and signals and how to execute them, his individ- ual instruction in extended order drill is over. In company, battalion or regiment, forming for battle, or on the firing line, all lie lias to remember or to do is to follow liis leader and obey his orders and signals. The squad is then promoted to the company extended order drill where each man will learn how he is to play his part in the work of the real fighting machine. DINNER This meal comes at 12 o'clock the old-fashioned, working man's dinner hour. One hour is always allowed for dinner and rest. VARIOUS KINDS OF INSTRUCTION Preparation for target practice, shooting, bayonet fighting, The Making of a Fighting Man 75 the pitching of tents, first aid to the wounded, and other things, all of which will be explained in detail later on, take up at least a couple of hours of the afternoon. PARADES AND REVIEWS Parades and reviews, known under the general name of Ceremonies, complete the day's work. Neither parades nor reviews form any prac- tical part of the fighting man's training for battle, but they do serve a useful purpose in his general training. These ceremonies are the dress-up occasions of military training "on parade." For them, each man makes himself spick-and-span from top to toe. Rifles are cleaned and dusted, cloth- ing brushed, and shoes polished. Hi- fore marching out for parade or review, the company is inspected by the captain to see that every man looks his best, that each belt is ad- justed, each uniform without a wrinkle, each man just as he should be. For these ceremonies, the men are formed in lines and masses which march to martial music, or stand, move, and handle their rifles, all with the greatest possible smartness and precision, doing everything in perfect time and unison. All of this concerted movement produces a pleasurable feeling such as we have when we 76 Self -lid pit for the Citizen-Soldier dance or when we sing in chorus. In other words, thette ceremonies are a .sort of get-together exercise which pulls men together in spite of themselves, gives them a shoulder-to-shoulder feeling of solidity and power and builds up that confidence and spirit which win battles. It is the first step toward "the spirit of the team." SUPPER Supper, again the working man's meal, comes between five and six o'clock. RETREAT is an informal sort of ceremony which is held on days when there is no evening parade. It generally takes place in the evening after supper. At retreat the flag is lowered, or furled, for the night and the ceremony is sometimes referred to as, "Flitting the flag to bed." After being lowered, the flag is carefully folded and kept under care of the camp guard until Reveille when it is again raised. . ,.....-, Loiceriny (he Flag at The Making of a Fighting Man 77 For the ceremony of retreat the companies are formed in line in their respective company streets, uniform and arms are inspected by an officer, after which the hand plays the Star Spangled Banner and the Flag is lowered. SHORT LECTURES Short lectures on some kind of military work usually take up an hour or so of the evening. TAPS Taps, sounded generally between 10 and 11 o'clock at night, is the signal for putting out all Tapt lights and going to bed. It closes the day for the soldier and sends him to his blankets a tired and sleepy man. sffOW H4WL , / BOpy \ COHDMffi/7 M00& OF WO s/iir BOX Of &/O TOP Mess Equipment Tin- Mill o/' Inxtnu'tiim 79 CHAPTER V THE MILL OF INSTRUCTION Tin DAILY \VOHK 01 TIIK SOLDIER has been outlined in the preceding chapter. Let us now take a closer look and see what he does when he gets down to work, and how he does it. SETTING-UP EXERCISE is the first form of physi- cal exercise the recruit undergoes. As its name implies, its purpose is to give the new man the set- up the bearing and car- riage of the military man. In addition it sen s to loosen up his muscles and prepares them for later experience and de- velopment. The recruit must get ready for the work of inarching, of carrying a pack, and of shooting. Each of these things will make new demands DM his muscles which must he prepared to adjust I mi mi'l Slutnltli i- I'.i-i i-'-i.ti 80 Self -Help* for the Citizen-Soldier themselves to their new duties. Setting-up ex- ercise blazes the way. These exercises consist of simple arm, shoulder, chest, trunk and leg movements, arranged in sets which are easy to learn and to remember. CALISTHENICS is the grown-up form of setting-up exercise. These exercises embrace the whole broad field of the human body and in such a way that every part, every muscle, may be exercised and developed. When the recruit comes to this Leg Exercise u-ork, he may be perfectly sound physically, yet have any number of defects that will handicap him for the fighting man's work. For example: one is stoop- shouldered, another is flat- chested. Neither of them will make good marching men they haven't enough lung space. An- other is fat. He can't march either he has too much surplus load to carry. Another is sway- backed. He must be taught to stand and walk properly, in such a wav as to take the strain off the small of his l-'lllt Clll:il.t The Mill of Instruction 81 l>;irk. Another is spindle-legged. His legs must be developed and so on down through the list. ( 'alisthenics p r o v i d es a proper prescription for each. Tin instructor must under- stand enough about anatomy to know where the muscles lie, how the soldier's work will i-in ploy them and how to reach them with SOme form Of Trunk Ererntt exercise. He then decides upon a muscle or set of muscles to be exercised. Then, partly by explanation, partly by illustration, he causes the men to go through the ex- ercises, a movement at a time. ..-,* /<,*, Gradually, explanations and commands give way to counting and. before they know what they are doing, the men an- swinging through the exercise in rythni u itli the count of the instructor. THE SCHth. the arms must be so accustomed to the weight and feel of the rifle that they handle it with certainty and precision, leaving the mind of the man free to think about what he is doing, whether it be aiming at a target, thrusting, lunging or cutting at an opponent, or merely marching at ease, with mind alert or wandering far afield. Tin: Sruooi. oi TIM: Sgr.U) When the re- emit has learned to stand, march, salute and handle his rifle, he is promoted to the next grade the School of the Squad. This promotion marks an important step in liis training, for the squad is the team in which IK is to h-arn and play the fighting game. In the sqnad. he becomes associated with the even other men with whom he is to eat. sleep. Hi >ilit Shoulder . i rmt 88 Self-Hel])* for the Citizen-Soldier march, fight and have his being until disability or promotion takes him away from them. The Squad the Team of Eight The first tiling done in the instruction of the squad is to review all the work learned in the school of the soldier, until the men of the squad can do all of it together. After this, they take up the work which the squad will have to do as a part of the company. The squad is the unit upon which all of the work of the company depends. Unless the men of each squad work together as a single man, the The Mill of Instruction 89 work of the company is well-nigh impossible. Kach squad must always he found in the same place in the company, doing the same thing time after time, in exactly the same way. The greater part of the movements of the company is by squad and each squad must be taught to turn to the right, left and about, to march, halt, execute the manual of arms, and do all of the other work of the company as one man. From this close order drill, the company goes to the extended order drill and there the squad puts into practice what it learned of this drill in the school of the squad. With the do/en or more other squads of the company, it learns to form its part of the long skirmish line. It learns the movements and signals by which the company is handled in battle. It becomes acquainted with the platoon to which it belongs and learns the part which each platoon plays in the fighting of the company. THE EXTENDED ORDER DRILL of the company is the drill in formations and signals, the practice in teamwork, by which the squads are welded into a single fighting machine. FIRING follows next in the order of instruction of the squad. Having learned how to form the fighting line, they must next learn how to load their rifles and fire in any position standing, 90 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier Cold Steel Thrust kneeling, sitting or lying down, each of which is used at one time or another. BAYONET EX- ERCISE AND COMBAT Fighting with the rifle and bayonet the cold steel of the foot soldier is an important part of the recruit's training. In spite of the withering effect of r i fl e and artillery fire, it often happens that nothing short of a per- sonal encounter will successfully stop or dislodge the enemy in battle. In this hand-to-hand fighting, use is made of both the rifle and bayonet, the bay- onet as a cutting and stab- bing weapon, and the rifle as a club. The bayonet exercises are the practice by which the recruit learns the foot move- ments how to jump for- ward, backward, to the side, to whirl to the right or left or to the rear and the way in which to The RifleA Club The Mill of 91 liir i or. thrust and cut with his bayonet, or club an >p|n mriit with his rifle. These exercises must be mastered until the soldier uses the movements in at- tack or defense with the ease of a boxer using his fists. TA R o E T PRACTICE, or shooting with the rifle, is the most important work of the great majority of soldiers. The Infantry and Cavalry are armed and fight with the rifle. The Field Artillery. Kngineers and the other special troops depend upon the rifle, either in their own hands or in the hands of others, for protection while they work. It is therefore most important that every man who is preparing himself for the work of the fighting man should understand the rifle and how to shoot it. Using the Rifle Butt rirlny Kneeling A great deal may be learned about shoot inn from a careful study of the rifle itself, its manipu- lation, its sights and their use. Familiarity with all of this is the best sort of a start toward the 92 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier training. When the theory of shooting is under- stood, the work of training the muscles begins. A man shoots partly with his arms, partly with his hands and partly with his eyes, and his brain is the link that connects them all into working shape and establishes the relation between the eye and the finger which en- ables the man to pull the trigger at the proper in- stant. All of this requires firing Stumlin;/ training and practice to get the feel of the rifle, the knack of sighting and the hang of pulling the trigger. The work of training in shooting actually logins when the man takes his rifle in his hands for the first time and begins to get its feel. It continues in the manual of arms while he is learning to handle the rifle easily and it ends in the training for shooting which makes the man and the rifle into a single machine. firing Sit ling The Mill of Instruction I' Tin. SuiHiixc; DKII.I.S, for the purpose of teaching the recruit how to sight his rifle, form the first real training in shooting. This work is taken up as soon as possible after tlu- training of the recruit begins. It starts with use of the rifle in a fixed rest, from which the recruit learns how the notch in his rear right. tin- t

\IT all sorts of ground, up hill, down hill, over level ground, across water, and in all sorts of weather. When all of this work has heen completed, the recruit is ready for combat or battle practice the rehearsal of the business of finding the enemy .UK! trying to destroy him. COMBAT OR BATTLE PRACTICE In this prac- tice, the enemy is represented by groups of tar- Xilhouettet for Combat Practice m Is or silhouettes in the form of men in standing, km (lino ;iiid lying positions. These targets are placed in positions such as an enemy would l>e likely to occupy and partly concealed from view. The squad then advances as in an engagement, searches them out and fires on them. HORSEMANSHIP For the mounted men, horsemanship, by which is meant the care and 1 1 .lining of the horse, is just as important as physical condition or march training is for the foot-soldier. 96 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier Saber Combat This training, for both horse and man, begins as soon as possible after they are brought to- gether and continues as long as they are as- sociated. The man and the horse form one fighting ma- chine whose parts must work together in perfect harmony and with the least possible fatigue to each other. COPYRIGHT , AMI*. ! ASSN. ,, The horse saves the Hume Traiinnn. riders strength, trie rider m HMt help the horse to keep hi*. This means that the soldier must give his horse proper care, groom- ing, feeding, watering and that he must know The Mill of Inxlnn-tiim 97 how t<> ride him in a way that will save him all unnecessary work. FIRST AID is the name given to the early assistance of the sick and to the hasty dressing of the wounds on the field of battle, Kvery soldier carries on his l>elt a pouch containing a her- metically sealed tin package in which are sterili/ed com- presses and handages. This package constitutes the sol- , . . ' , i Splint ami X/ino dier s red-cross supply. Instruction in the use of the first aid material is general ly limited to a few simple dressings, such as the use of the tuiiniifjin't to stop Needing. ///< //-sr of ImmldfiTx to hind up and protect wounds I'rom dirt and infec- tion, and the me of iii handa-in- ln-oken hones. Instruction is also given ill the use of (irii/ii-itil rfxjiimiinn in restoring drowning 98 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Sold in- Resuscitation and suffocated men. Simple methods of caring for men suffering from sun-stroke or heat ex- haustion are also taught. In general, the purpose of first aid instruction is not only to teach one soldier how to help another, but, in many cases, how to help himself, by bandaging his own wounds and prevention of infection. THE USE OF COVER Be- fore firearms were invented, men fought in the open, standing up face to face. However, the use of bullets soon put an end to this and men began to look for ways of protecting themselves be- hind natural objects, such as trees, rocks, hillocks and the like, and this led to an im- portant part of the modern soldier's instruction the use of cover. The whole subject has been reduced to a few simple principles easily taught and easily under- stood by the average man. Using Tree for Cover The Mill of Instruction This instruction includes training in the use of cover while either stationary or moving. The recruit is first taught how to shield himself behind a tree, rock or hillock, or in a doorway, while firing. It is impressed on him that the best kind of cover is that which gives him the most protection and at the same time permits him to fire at the enemy, Firing from behind and that, no matter how good the protection may be, if he cannot fire effectively at the enemy, he must not avail himself of it. He is also taught that, no matter how good the cover may be, he must not stay too long behind it, but must always be on the lookout for an oppor- tunity to move forward, jumping up suddenly, running at top speed, then throwing himself behind the cover, before his enemy has had a chance to fire at him. THE USE OF TRENCHES When men fought with swords and spears, they wore suits of mail and armor and rarrird shields to protect themselves, but with the introduction of fire arms they had to look for an- from Doorway 100 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier other way of shielding and protecting themselves, and they began digging trenches the modern soldier's armor and shield. These trenches play an im- portant part in every modern battle and they vary in kind from the hasty or shelter trench, a shallow hole scooped out of the ground, to the elaborate under- ground galleries of which we read in connection with the pres- f ent war in Europe. **- The Hasty or Shelter Trench Then j s j lis t w } la t its name indicates a trench made in a hurry, to get cover from the bullets of an enemy or to help in holding out against an expected attack. In the first case, when the fighting line has gone for- ward as far as it can, the men throw them- selves down on the ground, and, while part of them keep on shooting, the rest under the protec- The Mill of Instruction 101 tion of tliis fire, begin scooping out holes for themselves and throwing the dirt up in little mounds in front of them. Then they change off. They use for this work small shovels, picks and axes, called intrenching tools. These trenches are not much protection and when time permits they are deepened and made into trenches in which a man may sit, kneel or stand while shooting. This enlarging of the trench is continued by scooping out the sides to make room for ammuni- tion, food and water, or places where wounded men may be sheltered until they can be carried to the rear. , Orcrhrad corcr. to protect from fire which comes from alrive. is made by placing platforms of plank, poles or brush across the trench and eo\rring them with earth. Tins work of enlarging the trenches and mak- ing overhead cover over them may be continued almost indefinitely until we have elaborate under- ground garrisons provided with all sorts of con- veniences, kitchens, dressing stations, sleeping places, even electric lights and running water. Trenches of this kind amount, in reality, to field fortresses, and they are ordinarily to be found only in positions occupied by troops f..r long periods, as in the c ise of a siege, or where 102 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier two opposing lines deadlock in a position from which neither can advance. Obstacles, or traps and obstructions of all kinds are placed in front of these trenches to make it Wire Entanglement difficult for an enemy to approach them. Com- mon among these obstacles is the entanglement made of stakes and wire and the abattis, consist- Abattis ing of a tangle of felled trees whose sharpened branches are turned to the enemy. PATROLLING AND SCOUTING form another im- portant part of the soldier's training for the field. This is what is known as "The work of eyes, ears and brain." In patrolling and scouting, the The Mill of Instruction 103 soldier tries to see and hear as much as he can and to make a very little tell him a great deal. It is dangerous work, in which an effort is made to sneak up close to the enemy's lines or camp and observe all that can be seen. The scout must make use of cover and of every form of stealth to conceal himself as much as possible. He lurks be- hind walls and fences, Keeping under rover sneaks from tree to tree or bush to bush, or crawls from hillock to hillock often covering himself with grass or leaves to hide his movements. INDIVIDI \i COOKING In garrison and camp, each company, troop or battery has a kitchen and enlisted cooks to do the cooking. In field service, this arrangement is kept up as long as the organi- xation has a wagon to carry its cooking outfit. When, for any reason, the company becomes separated from the wagon, each soldier has to do his own cooking. The ration consists of bacon or canned meat, bread, or hard bread a kind of water biscuit- coffee, sugar, salt and pepper, which the soldier 104 Self-Helps for the Citken-SoMier carries in his haversack. Occasionally, potatoes, onions and canned tomatoes are issued. Individual cooking generally consists of frying bacon, warming up canned meat, making coffee, and sometimes frying potatoes and onions. This simple cooking is a dreaded task for the new man. He frequently ends by wasting part of his food, spoiling another part, and eating the rest half cooked, sometimes raw. Uuilding the right sort of a fire is the first thing to learn. The experienced soldier picks up a couple of flat rocks and a handful of sticks or branches of wood. He puts the rocks on the ground four or five inches apart and builds his fire between them a small fire, so that he can cook comfortably, without scorching himself or being smoked out. First of all the tin cup full of water is put to boil over the fire, and while it is boiling, the soldier cuts up his bacon and gets it ready to fry. When the water boils, it is taken off the fire, a heaping tablespoonful of coffee is put in it and the cup is shoved into the edge of the fire to simmer. Then the bacon is fried. Potatoes, if any, are peeled, sliced and fried. Sugar is put into the coffee and stirred up a dash of cold water is thrown into the coffee to settle it. A package of hard- bread is opened and dinner is served. The Mill of Instruction 105 PKKSONAI. II YHIENE, taking care of himself out of iling kills the genus. 106 Self-Hdps for the Citizen-Soldier Don't drink liquor of any kind. It merely weakens a system that is already overworked. Sleep whenever you get the chance. You can- not count on regular hours and every soldier in the field should have at least eight hours sleep out of every twenty-four. Sleep off the ground whenever possible. Hay. straw, dry grass, branches of trees, under the blanket, make sleeping more comfortable and lessens the danger from dampness. CAMP SANITATION The soldier's share in camp sanitation consists in helping to keep the camp clean. He should not only help to clean the tents and ground, but should avoid doing any- thing to soil either. Food, apple cores and other refuse bring flies, and flies in camp are almost as deadly as bullets are on the battle field. the Fi^hUm* Machine 107 CHAPTER VI THE MAKING OF THE FIGHTING MACHINE THE MAKING OF THE FIGHTING MAN is only tin- first step in the making of the fighting ma- chine. Until they have been organized under proper control, until they have learned to play the game work together until they understand the meaning of teamwork, trained fighting men are no more than separate parts of a machine waiting I'm- tlu- assembler's hands. The basic fighting machine is the company, troop or bath i\. The assembler is the Captain. His assistants are the two lieutenants; his fore- men are the noncommissioned officers. These men must put the machine together, adjust it, train it tune it up to the point where it will work smoothly and respond instantly to their touch. There are many things which the well-trained fighting machine un^ht to be able to do. There arc ////<< things which the (/nicklff-traiiu'tl fight- ing machine must be able to do. It must be cap- 108 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier able of taking care of itself in the field Camp Training and Camp Discipline. It must be able to move from one battlefield to another and ar- rive in condition to fight March Training and March Discipline. It must be able to fight- Fire Control and Fire Discipline. CAMP TRAINING AND CAMP DISCIPLINE come first. They are first both in the order in which they are taught and in their importance. It is clear that men must be taught how to live, eat, sleep, work and take care of themselves in the open, before they can be expected either to march or fight. Camp Training is the instruction in which the soldier is taught how to pitch and strike tents, how to make himself as comfortable as possible under canvas and, above all other things, how to care for his health in his outdoor surroundings. A military camp is a tented city, laid out, whenever possible, with the greatest precision and , Aim. pittt* AMD. A Maneuver Camp the Fighting Machine 109 in accordance with certain prescribed rules. This is done in order to prevent confusion and discom- fort. In a permanent or training camp, the life CAMP OF A REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. WAR STRENGTH (111 /Um) .!*. tena;T* M U -D *D; U 'D "D "Dl 'D *0 'D 1M D D a o: a a a a; a D D a a; a D a a; D a a D rf D: a D o: a D D a: a a a D i & a; D D D a'> a a D D: a a a a : a D: D D a : D a D a; a a a a : n. a; a D D D; a a a a; D a a r. d> a: o a D o! D a a a: D a D D tf- a= D a D o! D a a a: a a a D : D : D: D a D D; a a D a: a Q o c D* o; O D D O; a a a a: a a D a D! o; D a O : a a a o: a a a D a a; a D a Qi D a a a: a a a r: 1 i a a D a: a a a a: D a a D 1 I a D a D' a D D 0; D D D :: ! j a a a Di a a a- a a a :: i a a o o: a a a a! a a o D ! a D D a' a D a a| a a D :: i . i : i** ** . U mi- ^*i-- I* i* f m \ UlMk IH i Aldb hi S jhcter tMjfi ' , ;ta( ta; era 1 L. i t=t c=. C=3 :_ i T Nk j Stan J. < * M 110 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier is very much the same as that of any city. It must have streets through which traffic may pass without inconvenience to the inhabitants. It must have some system by which the place of each man in the camp is easily located. It must have its business section and its residence section. It must be capable of being guarded and policed. All of this requires an orderly arrangement, the same one time as another, the same in one camp as another, so that a soldier, familiar with camps in general may go unhesitatingly from place to place in any camp. For the day-to-day camps of a marching force, this order of arrangement is all the more neces- sary. At the end of the march, everyone is tired. Each wants to get himself settled with as little delay and confusion as possible. In order to do this, each tent, man, animal, wagon, gun, box of rations and bale of hay must have its place in the camp. Once this is known, the camp may be pitched with the precision and quickness of a fire department drill. There are no questions to be asked. Each man knows exactly what to do and he does it in the least possible time. In the same way, the camp must be struck taken down quickly and without confusion. One hour is generally allowed from the time the soldier tumbles out of his blankets at reveille un- Making the Fighting Machine 111 til he must be standing in ranks ready to march. During this hour, breakfast must be eaten, tents st nick, packs packed, wagons loaded, the grounds policed cleaned up and all preparations for the march made. Again, each man must know exactly what is expected of him and how to do it with the least delay and confusion. Tent Pitching This precision can only be learned from prac- tice, from doing over and over again the many things connected with the pitching and striking of camp, until each man knows his place and his work and goes about it without hesitation. Camp Discipline is next in order of importance. Just as every city must have its sanitary rules and regulations, so every camp has its rules and regu- 112 Self -Helps fur the Citizen-Soldier lations by which the health of the fighting 1 mail is protected. Water is the most common source of disease among soldiers. Above all things, the water supply must be protected from pollution. As a general rule, water for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing of clothes comes from one sourer, some nearby stream, and to prevent the fouling of this water, guards are placed along it. Drink- ing and cooking water is taken farthest up stream; next, animals are watered; next, bath- ing is permitted and below this, clothing may be washed. In this way, one stream furnishes a sup- ply for all purposes. Toilets called "sinks" by the military man- are next in order of importance. They must be carefully guarded and regulated in order to pre- vent the spread of disease. Kitchens are another prolific source of disease. Unless they are kept scrupulously clean, they will attract flies, and flies are the soldier's deadly enemy. All utensils are kept scrubbed and bright. The ground must be kept clean from all refuse, scraps of food, rotten fruit, anything and every- thing that will attract flies. Good camp discipline means that every man makes it his business to see that none of the regu- lations in regard to health is broken by anyone. Mal.-ing fin' Fighting Machine I KJ \t\rt conies the soldier's indmdnal health code. On arriving in camp, his first thought should IK to get his tent pitched as |)roinptly as possible and to arrange his possessions for the night. If his blankets arc damp, lie should throw them over the top of liis tent to dry and air. His IK -\t thought .should be to clean himself. It' possible, he should try to find a place or way to bathe himself. Hathing is a cardinal virtue with the soldier, but one he cannot always find means to practice. He should alicai/ft be on the lookout for a l/ath. If he cannot find the means for a bath, he should at least wash his feet and change his shoes and socks. Next to a warm meal, there is no restorer for the tired soldier like a footbath. \(\rt com ex the subject of eating. As a gener- al rule, the soldier should eat whenever the oppor- tunity is given him. lie never knows when the next chance may c.nnc. However, heavy eating just before the beginning of a march and eating while on the march should IK- avoided. The heavy meal should come after camp has been reached and when a night's rest is in sight. Then, in spite of hunger, the soldier should cat slowly. In this way. he Li.-uiLM s his appetite, eating all lit \\ants without overloading his stomach. 114 Self -lid p8 for the Cithcn-Soldier The trained soldier sticks to the food supplied him in the company. He knows that it is whole- some, well-prepared and safe none of which lie- knows concerning food ohtained from other sources. Before dark, the trained soldier arranges his bed. If possible, he secures a little hay, straw, grass or leaves to put under his blanket. He makes everything ready for sleeping, and stores all of his clothing and equipment in his tent, tak- ing no chances of having it rained on or wet by dews. Camp Protection The principal occupation of soldiers in camp should be to rest and prepare themselves for the work of the following day. In order that they may do this, steps must be taken to protect them. Otherwise, it would be necessary for them to keep themselves in readi- ness for an attack at any time, or if the enemy should not actually attack, small parties could easily sneak up close to the camp, fire into it, and disturb and break the rest of all in camp. To prevent this, a part of the command is charged with the guarding of the cam]) from sur- prise or annoyance. This part is known as the Outpost because it moves out from camp and is posted in places where it can prevent the enemy Making //'<' /'V.L'7/ ////' Machine 1 Li from approaching, generally along roads leading to camp. The troops composing this outpost are divided ii|) into parts, each charged with the duty of guarding tin- roads or approaches from some one direction over which the enemy is likely to come. Along these roads or approaches, at a distance that keeps tin- camp safe from attack, are sta- tioned little groups called Outffuanln. whose duty it is to watch for the enemy and give warn- ing of his approach. These groups are of different sizes. Here, a single man may crouch heside the road; there, two men, within easy speaking distance, are con- cealed at some good view- point. Hack of each man or pair of men. a hundred yards perhaps, is a little g r o ii p whose memhers take turns in relieving the man on \\ a t c h. Tlu-se men ;uid groups make up \\ hat is called the Lhn /' Observation, The sol- diers on \\nteh are knou n as ,SV//////<7v. The groups in rear are called CussticL- /'o.v/.v. Si'ntrii Sijiuulx or Picl't l.\. accord- ing to their si/c. Lookout M/ iking the Fighting Machine 117 Back of this line are other still larger groups known as Supports. These supports are the fighting groups. It is their duty to take positions from which they can support or protect the ob- scr\ ing Croups if attacked. Back behind the line of supports is another group, the largest of all, called the Reserve. This reserve is not called into action except in case of a determined attack on the part of the enemy. In such a case, it is the duty of the Reserve to go to the assistance of the Supports and to hold the enemy in check until the main lx>dy in camp can make ready to fight. M AKi-ii TKAIMM; AND DISCIPLINE March- ing is the principal occupation of troops in cam- paign and it is one of the heaviest causes of loss. Tins is true of all branches of tin- service and ( 'specially so of the Infantry. On the march, the Infant ryi nan is one part of a great, slow-moving body that grinds its way steadily, day after day. over miles of scorching, dusty road or through mud and slush. The average march of large bodies is from twelve to fifteen miles per day not a long dis- tance, you say, nothing any man in good condi- tion cannot do without trouble. That is true, but walking and marching are two dilVennl things. To begin with, when he 118 Self -I I el jut for the Citizen-Soldier marches the soldier carries something between 35 and 40 pounds on his person, something over a quarter of his own weight a very considerable handicap in a six or eight hour journey. When walking alone, the man moves as he pleases, now taking a short step, then a long one, walking fast or slow as he wishes, moving from side to side to select any path his fancy chooses. In other words, he walks in the way that best suits his legs. On the other hand, when he marches, the soldier is in a human treadmill. He is not allowed to lag or hurry. He cannot pick his path. Each step must be exactly like the one before, taken with machine-like regularity, following in the footsteps of the man ahead. In general, practically everything about marching, except the bare movements of the legs, is new to the recruit. First, he must become accustomed to the steady grind over all sorts of roads. He does this a little at a time, beginning with a few miles and increasing the distance each day. In the same way, he must become accustomed to the weight of his pack, beginning with a part of it and adding a little each day until his back and shoulders are gradually trained to the work of carrying the full load. Making the Fighting Machine I !'. Made for Comfort Tin- marching man's feet are, naturally, his principal concern. His shoes are broad and com- fortable. They are fitted to him with great care more than is given to any other part of his uniform. They must be neither too large nor too small, too short nor too long. Half an inch from the end of the toe to the end of the shoe is the rule tli.it saves the soldier from bruised and blistered toes. When marching, rests are strictly regulated. I \\cept for some urgent reason, a marching col- umn is always halted for ten minutes out of each I lour. 1 hiring these halts the men are allowed to lea\ e innks and rest themselves on the side of the road, in any way they wish. March Discipline, summed up, is the habit, gained from training, that makes the soldier obey march rules and regulations in every detail, take care of himself keep himself on his feet. March discipline is the spirit that keeps the soldier in his place marching steadily, no matter lio\\ his hack may ache. Ins fret pain him, or his body cry out for rest it is the spirit that turns 120 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier a man's body into a machine which his mind drives until it collapses. Lagging in ranks is one of the things that march discipline frowns upon the most. The man who lags out of his place forces the man behind him out of place and so on down through the col- umn until the last man in the company has been forced to drop back. When the soldier who first lagged moves back to his proper place, he leaves a gap for the next man to close up and this con- tinues until the last few men must run to get back to their proper places. This see-sawing causes annoyance and increases fatigue. Drinking "water on the march is the besetting sin of the recruit. He becomes thirsty and drinks. Each drink leads to another until his water is gone, his stomach is full and he is wet with sweat. The trained soldier rinses his mouth before starting out, drinks all he wants and, after the bugle has sounded Foncard, tries to forget that he has a canteen. If he must drink, he begins by gargling his mouth and throat and ends by tak- ing a few swallows. The trained soldier never drinks the last of his water until there is more in sight. Eating on the march is another habit the re- cruit must learn to avoid. To begin with, he over- loads his stomach at a time when it has other the Fixhtinx Machine 121 work to do. He makes himself thirsty and tempts himself to drink. He spoils his appetite, so that he does not want to eat when he should. What is worse, he eats his food when he does not need it .UK! when he needs it, he has none left. During halts, the trained soldier rests. He picks out for him- self a dry spot, sits down and relieves his shoulders and hack of the weight of the pack. ( Mhers may stand around, or skylark, but he takes the full measure of rest allowed him and Starts Out Taking it Ea*y freshened. The care of his feet is the trained soldier's first thought at all tint M. Before starting on the march, he has in mind the thought of blisters. Before putting on his shoes, he shakes them free from sand and gravel. He puts on his socks, carefully leaving no wrinkle t< chafe his feet. If his feet are swollen or inflamed, he puts pow- der on them. 122 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier On the march, his mind is always alive for blisters. At the first feeling of pain, he investi- gates. At the first halt, he takes off his shoe and sock and, if he finds a blister, he attends to it. This is a simple process. The blister is pricked, the water is pressed out and the whole surface covered with a generous patcli of adhesive plaster which takes the place of the skin while the blistered part is healing. In camp, at the first opportunity, he washes his feet and changes his shoes and socks. He also washes his socks and hangs them out to dry. If this is not possible, he at least washes his feet and dries and rubs out his socks before putting them back on again. Cheerfulness on the march makes the miles go faster. It is a valuable asset to any man at any time. To the soldier, laboring under a physical and mental strain, hungry and thirsty, it is a life- saving quality. Smoking on the march is another habit which the soldier should avoid. It increases thirst. If After the March Making the 7V^7/ //'// Machine I'J.'J the trained soldier must smoke, he waits for the halt period and does so while resting. The use of liquor on the march should be avoided like a disease. It stimulates for a time, but the reaction leaves the man worse off than he was before. It is simply handicapping a body which already has all that it can attend to. March Protection On the march, a column of troops must always keep on the lookout for the enemy. Like a man walking in the dark, it must feel its way, else it may fall into some trap at any moment. A few men of the enemy could lurk ahead of it and delay and annoy it, or a larger body of the enemy might lie in hiding and fall suddenly upon it when it was not ready for battle. To guard against such annoyance and pitfalls, a part of the column is charged with the duty of going on ahead and clearing the way of any enemy who may be lurking about. This part of the column is called the Adrancc (wiiard. It breaks up into groups which march along the road ahead at regular intervals, l>eginning with a small group, called the Point, in the lead. The Point is followed by another somewhat larger group, called the .Idmin-i- Part if. This is followed in turn by a still larger group known g Making the Fighting Machine 125 as the Support and, finally, the last and largest group is what is known as the Reserve. When the country on the sides of the road af- fords likely places where the enemy might be in hiding, small groups of three or four men move off the road and search these places. These groups are called Patrols. The main column is thus preceded by a series of small groups, each of which can make ready to fight at almost an instant's warning, and each of which is followed by a larger group which can come quickly to its assistance. The duty of the Advance Guard is to drive off small parties of the enemy so that the column be- hind may keep steadily marching, or, if a large party of the enemy is encountered, to hold it in check until the main column can make ready for battle. The Advance Guard thus plays a double role. In the one case, it is a sort of personal conductor, going on ahead to rid the column behind of all delay and annoyance. In the other case, it is a sort of protector, acting as a shield between the main Ixxly and the enemy. If the enemy is encountered, the Point always begins the fight. It attacks boldly and, gener- ally, blindly. Its first duty is to find out what is in front of it. When it has gone as far ahead as 126 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier it can, it stops and holds its ground until it is joined by the Advance Party. Together, they hold their place until the Support comes up, fol- lowed, if necessary, by the Reserve. This force either drives the enemy back or holds him in check until the main body has had time to deploy and make ready for battle. FIRE CONTROL AND DISCIPLINE This is the name by which the training of the company in the actual work of fighting on the firing line is known. Under the training of the fighting man, we have seen how the soldier is taught to shoot. In all of this instruction, he shoots at a target he can see. However, in battle, the soldier rarely sees the man who is shooting at him and at whom he is shooting. He only knows that he is being fired on, from the edge of a wood, the crest of a hill or from behind a wall or hedge just where, he cannot tell. If left to himself, the only thing he could do would be to guess at the general location of the enemy and then shoot around in the vicinity from which the fire comes, in the hope of accidentally hitting his man. The only thing of which he could l>e certain would be the waste of a great deal of ammunition. Making the Fighting Machine 127 However, the enemy must be searched out in some way and brought under fire. The only way in which this can be done is by systematically spraying with bullets all of the ground in the lo- cality from which the fire is coming. It is quite clear that the soldiers, acting individually, cannot do this. All of them might shoot at the same spot, leaving others untouched. The only means by which this can be done is by what is known as Fire Control and Direction. Briefly, this means that the captain of the com- pany must be able to handle the volume of bullets which his men are firing much as he would a stream of water coming from a hose, moving it here and there, now forward, now back, to this side or that, until he has sprayed the whole area with a rain of bullets. While this spraying is going on, the captain and his officers observe carefully all that is taking place. Sometimes they can see with their glasses where the bullets are hitting. Generally, they have to judge by what happens whether they are locating the enemy or not. If his fire slackens, they conclude that they have located his hiding place and tlu-y keep thrir own fin- playing <>n that spot until the hostile fire dies out or appears in some other place. 128 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier The building up and controlling of this spray of bullets is the most difficult work in the train- ing of the company. Each man has a part to play in the work, and the training must be so perfect that each will play that part coolly and unhestitatingly in the midst of all the noise and confusion with which modern fighting is sur- rounded. Nothing short of perfect teamwork- perfect understanding and perfect cooperation- can produce this volume of controlled fire. Let us imagine a typical scene. The company has been fired on from the edge of a wood per- haps six hundred yards away. It has deployed into a skirmish line and lies waiting for the com- pany commander's signal to begin the fight. With his field glasses, he searches the edge of the woods for signs of the enemy. Here, he sees a little whitish-gray puff of smoke. There, a head bobs into sight for an instant. Suddenly he calls out to his waiting men, "They are along the edge of the wood to our right front between twelve and two o'clock." Each man's eyes turn in the indicated direction. After a moment's study, the Captain again calls out, "Range six hundred yards." Each man's hands go to his sight leaf. Each sight is set, each rifle is loaded and ready. Each man picks out the spot in front of him, on the line indicated. i 130 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier and at the Captain's command, "Fire at will," begins to fire coolly and deliberately always at the same spot, a bullet every so often, as regular as clock work. Suddenly through the din, a shrill blast of the Captain's whistle is heard. Four men of all that company the platoon leaders turn their eyes to him. He makes a signal with his hand, four whistles are heard, the squad leaders in each platoon turn their eyes to their platoon leaders. The captain's signal is repeated to them. Each squad leader reaches out and shakes the man on either side of him, gives him the signal and watches to see that he obeys and passes it on. In a moment, sight-leaves are being adjusted, the range is being increased, and the spray of bullets is going higher, hitting farther away, reaching out to rake the edge of the wood. Still the hostile fire fails to slacken. Another blast of the Captain's whistle, another signal which is passed on down the line until it reaches the man with the rifle. There is a shifting of bodies, a wriggling of legs, and the spray of bullets moves off to the right or left, running up or down the edge of the wood, still searching. The fire of the enemy begins to slacken. He has been located at last. "Faster," shouts the Captain; "Faster," repeat the platoon leaders; Making the Fighting Machine 131 "Faxter," the squad leaders pass the word to their men. The spray Incomes denser, more furious. The enemy's fire begins to die away. Without warning, from some point off to the right or left, comes a scattering volley. The Captain's glasses are turned in that direction. His whistle shrills again. He signals a platoon leader on the Hank of the company, and then tells him what to do. The other platoon leaders read the signal and turn hack to their work. There is a moment of sight-setting in the designated pla- toon, another shifting of bodies and then a smaller spray of bullets goes off in the new direc- tion, to search up and down, back and forth until the enemy has been located. Thus the action of the machine goes on. A whistle blast and a signal sends a squad, a pla- toon, the whole company, rushing forward. An- other halts them, speeds up their fire, slows it down, causes bayonets to be fixed and finally drives the company headlong into a charge. In other words, as a pliable, manageable hose responds to the will of a fireman, so the company must be trained to resjKHid to the will of the com- pany commander. These are the things that go to make up the real work of the fighting machine Camping, Marching. Fighting. 132 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier When the company can go into camp quickly and without confusion; when it can make itself comfortable take care of itself, keep from get- ting sick; when it can march mile after mile through all sorts of weather, over all sorts of roads; when it can protect itself in camp and on the march; finally, when it can go into battle and pump out a hail of bullets like the spray from a hose, a spray just as pliable and as easy to con- trol then, it is a real fighting machine, worthy of a place on the firing line of any army. of Mililnrt/ Training CHAPTER VII THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY TRAINING In any business it is the by-product the use- ful and salable article made from something that would otherwise go to waste that swells the dividends and gladdens the heart of the stock- holders. It is so in the Nation's military business. The making of able-bodied citizens into fight- ing men capable of defending it, is a sound, con- servative business for any nation, one that will keep the country on its feet in times of peril, but if it stops at that, if preparedness for defense is the only product of military training, it is a business that pays only occasional dividends big ones, it is true, but with long waits in between. The stockholder judges a business by the divi- dends it pays him and when the intervals between dividends are long, he is likely to forget their size more to the point, his faith in the business is apt to falter. The by-product, with its steady income, serves to tide over the waits and to bolster the stock- holder's faith in his investment. 134 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier Preparedness for defense is the main product of the business of military training. It is the product for which the business is established, but, on the side, the military machine turns out a by- product that yields a royal dividend for both the Nation and the citizen. The by-product of the military machine is a trained citizen, not a soldier in all things for all time, but a man of military habit a man with the soldier's way of thinking and doing things. How does the military habit benefit the citizen? Let us assume that a man has interrupted his life work or has delayed entering on it for the purpose of undergoing a brief period of military training. This interruption or delay may mean much to him in making his way in life or in getting a start. What does he get in return? The answer is, military training and habit. Military habit is the outcome of experience in preparing for war the habit which best meets the requirements of such a crisis. We do not need to be told what those require- ments are. We all know something -of the strain under which the military machine must work. We know that every hitch in its work spells dis- aster. The experience of a hundred years of war has taught us that nothing but thorough military nil-Product of Military Training 135 training can insure us against such ruinous hitches in tin- work of the military machine. If military habit can produce such efficiency under war conditions, when stress and confusion are on every side, is it not reasonable to suppose that the same way <>f thinking and doing things will produce correspondingly greater efficiency in time of peace when stress and confusion are not present? Military efficient- if /.v nothing more than organ- ised. .V//.V/C///C///KV/ common-sense applied to the problem of destroying an enemy's strength. It can be applied to the solution of any other problem with equal results. Military hahits xjn-ak for themselves. Once known they need no recommendation from any- one to anyone. Education needs no pleader. Kfh'ciency needs no exploitation. Military effici- ency is a great deal of both with something added to the total. II' hat. for e,ram/)le. does military habit do for the man' First of all it teaches him the value of physical fitness, and it does so by the convincing method of making him physically fit. No reasonable man needs to be told what sort of an asset a sound body is in any walk of life. Tixlay, the man who gets to the top and stays 136 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier there must, of course, have the right sort of a head on his shoulders but, equally, he must have a body that will support his head in everything it wants to do. Anything lacking in the body is a handi- cap to the head. One author tells us that, "Nature demands her due. In a sick body, the mind cannot remain fresh and clear. It is shunted by the selfish body from the great things to which it should be en- tirely devoted." A defective body is like an automobile in need of repairs you never know when you start out whether you are going to get anywhere. Physical fitness is the foundation upon which the military establishment is built. Every recruit must have a sound body when he comes into the service, but that does not necessarily mean that he has a strong body. No man can go through the military mill and come out without a strong body. Marching trains his shoulders to the weight of the rifle, and his back to the burden of the pack. It gives him sturdy legs and hardy feet. Shooting trains his eye to observe and his hand to be steady. Whatever else the citizen-soldier may carry back with him to civil life, it is certain that he will take a body, fit, strong and as hard as nails. The By-Product of Military Training 187 work he does in the service builds him up physic- ally. The life he leads in the service polishes him off physically. Hard work in the open air, plain food, an appe- titt to eat it, a stomach to digest it, early to bed and early to rise, is the routine that made the men who hewed this country out of a wilderness and gave it a start. It is the life that will make the kind of men we need to keep the country going. It is the kind of life that men pay physical directors to make them live. Physical fitness and all that goes with it be- comes a habit with the man who has gone through the military mill. It is a likeable habit, one that will cling to a man. The man who has once known the feeling that comes from health and strength is not likely to forego it. The man who has hiked and sweated under a thirty pound load, who has pitched his tent and squatted by his own camp-fire, inhaling the odor of frying bacon in his mess pan and coffee sim- mering in his tin cup, who knows what it is to en- joy and digest bread sopped in bacon grease, who has smoked with his back against a tree, then rolled up his blanket, on the ground and found it soft to his tired body that man will never again IK- content with clubs, a la carte and patent mattresses for an all-year-round diet. 138 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier Health and strength are not all that physical fitness gives a man. When a man once realizes that he can get along without cooks, barbers, bootblacks and the like that in a pinch, he can even snap his fingers at the laundryman in other words, that he can take care of himself in the main functions of living, he will not be far from the feeling that he can take care of himself in almost any sort of a situation. Self-confidence is a good start for a man in any kind of work. Handiness is another military habit. The aver- age man does one thing well. He is more or less apt to be clumsy about doing other things. The soldier is called upon to do all sorts of things little things, to be sure and he has to do all of them well. His hands become useful to him. His mind gets into the habit of making his hands do what is required of them, and this handiness leads to more important things. Hand if arm 8 are a valuable asset. Control doe* not stop with the hands. The mind reaches out control of the body becomes a habit. The feet, legs, arms and body gradually come under the sway of the mind. In the position of the soldier, the mind holds the body motionless. In marching, the mind drives the legs to machine- like regularity. In shooting, the mind assumes By-Product of Military Training comma IK! of the arms, hands, fingers and eye, links them up and makes them work in harmony. A body under control of the mind is a body tuned up and ready for anything. Control of the body leads to control of the mind, and self- control control of both Ixxly and mind is an important factor in success in any walk of life. Orderliness in another habit of the soldier. In the military service, order and system are watch- words. The smooth running of the military machine depends on them. The soldier learns both from the moment when he is taught how to arrange his uniform, equipment and other posses- sions and how to care for them. He learns more ulini he enters the life of his squad a team of eight becomes one-eighth part of it and has to shoulder one-eighth part of its work. He keeps on learning lx>th in every detail of his work up to tin day he is discharged. This order and system is the thing we call Shop Efficiency in other walks of life and experts are paid big salaries to install it. Devotion to duty becomes a habit with the Koldier. The faithful performance of every duty is the standard by which the soldier's worth is .judged. The credit given him is not gauged by (lie importance of what he does. Little things count as much as big things. The soldier is taught 140 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier to put his best into everything he does, whether it be cleaning up of the company kitchen, the picking up of garbage from the company street, or the holding of a post in the face of the enemy. Important or unimportant, pleasant or un- pleasant, all duty is the same to the soldier, and he must do it all as though he liked it. This is the kind of spirit that every employer is looking for all of the time the kind of spirit that keeps a man's feet busy moving up the ladder. A prominent business man once re- marked, "I can get plenty of cheap men to do my big work, but I have to hustle for men to do little things for me." Loyalty to his comrades, his company, his bat- talion and regiment becomes a religion with the soldier. They are part of his life. Their repu- tation is his; their good name, his good name; their interests, his interests. He works for the company, not for himself. The same business man also remarked, "I can get plenty of men to work for me ; what I want is men to work idth me." In other words, he wanted men who took an interest in the work they were doing, men who were in the habit of being loyal to their work. Loyalty spells teamwork and teamwork leads to success. By-Product of Military Training 141 The cardinal habit of the soldier is that of obedience. In the discussion of Military Dis- cipline, we shall see something of the kind of obedience the soldier learns to give to orders and regulations cheerful, energetic and intelligent obedience. It is the obedience that results from knowing why, from confidence and from loyalty. The soldier obeys orders and regulations be- cause he knows they are right that there is a good reason back of every one of them. Orders and regulations are the soldier's law. He knows that his comfort, his safety, even his life, may depend upon the upholding of the law. He looks upon it as a barrier raised for his protection rather than a club held over his head. He heeds the law because he knows what it means. These are some of the things not all that enter into the by-product of the military machine. The worth of the trained citizen to the Nation, to his employer and to himself is the dividend that the stockholder can count on receiving year in and year out. Let us look at this by-product, inventory him from top to bottom, and see if he is a good invest- ment. Turn the page. What do you think of him? THE BY-PRODUCT OF MILITARY TRAINING 43eH Confidance Ti8xned fo Heed the Law -Itemed b&ny & Pack- Xoywl Jtasrt Jlandv Ar?na THE TRAINED CITIZEN The Spirit of the Fighting Man 148 CHAPTER VIII THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING MAN THE SPIRIT OF THE FIGHTING MAN What is it? How does it differ from that of any other man? As a matter of fact, does it differ at all? These are all perfectly natural questions to ask. We know that the fighting man comes from among us, is of us. He is not specially selected for his courage or spirit. He is the average sort of a man who takes a fancy to the military ser- vice, just as another man turns to medicine, the law or to trade. Why should he he different? lint the fact remains that he is different. To begin with, we all know the kind of work the fighting man is called upon to do the risks he runs, the chances he takes and we all know the way in which he does his work. We also know that men do not ordinarily do such things. We know that the average man stands in fear of being hurt that he is physically a coward. The average man will dodge out of the way of a vicious dog. He will even shrink at the idea of having a tooth drawn. Most of us 144 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier will go to any reasonable extreme to avoid a fisticuff. Many of us sicken at the mere sight of blood. In one way or another, all of us show plainly our dislike if not fear, of violence of any kind. Yet, men are taken at random from among us, clothed in the uniform of the soldier, trained in the profession of arms, and go unhesitatingly into places of peril where each knows that death may fall to his lot at any instant. What is the spirit back of it Patriotism? In the beginning, yes. In any crisis which threatens the peace or safety, the honor or dignity of a na- tion, patriotism is the passion that arouses the people and rallies them by thousands to the sup- port of their country. It is the passion that makes a man forget himself, his interests, his family, everything, and think only of his duty to his native land. But patriotism is not the spirit of the fighting man, the spirit that makes a man go ahead, mile after mile, hour after hour, when every muscle in his body is aching for rest, when he is parched with thirst, faint with hunger, and when he knows that death may be waiting for him behind every turn of the road. Patriotism is the inspiration that leads the fighting man to his task. It is not the spirit that The Spirit of the Fighting Man 145 sustains him and carries him through it to the bitter end. If patriotism alone could do this, a mob of patriots the familiar populace aroused to the defense of its firesides would be the equal of a trained army, and all we would need for our pro- tection would be a cause righteous enough to arouse our people to action. How helpless such a mob is, no matter how high may be the tide of its patriotism, history tells us in a dozen places. Let us ask ourselves another question or two. Is it patriotism that sends the soldier into the face of a howling mob, or against the rushes of fanatical savages? The dignity or honor of the country is not threatened. The firesides are safe and the families are probably comfortably seated beside them yet fighting men take their lives in their hands and go forth to restore order, to right wrongs, or to relieve the distress of fire, flood or disaster. What part does patriotism play in the faithful performance of such duty? // not Patriotism What? What is it that military training does to a man to work the change in his spirit? In general terms, the answer is simple it trains him to certain military habits which we lump together and call Military Discipline. 146 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier What is Military Discipline? One author has sarcastically defined military discipline as being, "The art of inspiring soldiers with more fear of their own officers than they have for the enemy." Unfortunately this definition seems to accord with the popular idea of the meaning and pur- pose of military discipline. The average man seems to think of discipline as being some sort of punishment, a club with which men are forced to obey. He is apt to look on the evidence of discipline unhesitating performance of duty as resulting wholly from a feeling of fear of punishment. Fear of jninishment undoubtedly did play its part in the days when the great mass of fighting men was composed of ignorant peasantry, herded together and driven into battle by hereditary chieftains who held the power of life and death over them. But it is not so today. It has never been so in this coinitrt/. Fear had no part in the spirit that held the bare-footed, half-starved Continental soldiers in their freezing huts at Valley Forge. Fear was no part of the spirit that inspired the tattered veterans of Lee's army to follow him blindly to the last bitter hour of surrender. The Spirit of I lie /'/>//////# Mnn U7 Tin- Ameriean soldier has never known fear of military punishment. From the beginning, he lias been a free man, one who has always gone into military service voluntarily, for reasons of his own, one who has fought because he felt like doing so. If it is fear of their officers that make soldiers fight, what is it that makes the officers fight? They are just ordinary men, like the rest. Of whom or what are they afraid? It /A true that officers are afraid, just as soldiers are afraid, just as every man is afraid when he thinks himself in danger. Marshall Ney. the dashing French General, to whom Napoleon gave the name "Brave of the braves," said, "The one who says that he has never known fear is a compound liar." Turenne, another gallant French officer, on going into battle used to say to himself, "You tremble, body; well, you would tremble more if you knew where I am going to take you." If the soldier is afraid of his officers and the officers are themselves afraid, why do they not all run away? What is it that keeps them up to their work? Strange as it may seem, the answer is that they are all afraid, terriblv afraid of each other. 148 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier A veteran General officer summed up the true fear of the soldier, from Field Marshall down to private, in the following words: "The fear of being despised by his comrades as a coward is in the end greater than his fear of death." What are the Military Habits that Bind Men Together in the Bond of Discipline? The chief of these habits is obedience, first, last and all the time obedience which shows itself in cheerful, energetic and intelligent perform- ance of duty under any and all circumstances. How does Military Training teach Obedience? It does it by the very simple method of telling the soldier what to do, how to do it, and the reason why. It begins with little things, things easily under- stood. The soldier is taught how to do these things and then is required to do them over and over again, always in exactly the same way, until the doing of them becomes a second nature to him, a habit like dressing himself, feeding him- self, or doing any of the other routine things of life things which every man does without thought or question. From doing these small things without ques- tion, the soldier gets the habit of doing every- thing he is told because he is told. He gener- ally knows the reason for everything he is told to The Spirit of the Fighting Man 149 do. If he stops to think at all, the reason for what he is doing is at once clear to him. If he does not stop to think, back in his head is always the consciousness, the feeling, that there is a good reason behind the order. The Habit of Obedience Leads Naturally to Confidence. Darwin says, "The superiority which disci- plined soldiers show over undisciplined masses is primarily to consequence of the confidence which each man has in his comrades." The soldier knows that he is part of a machine which will work smoothly if every man obeys orders, plays his part. He sees the machine work every day of his life. He obeys orders. He sees his comrades obeying orders. He knows that they will continue to obey orders. To him, an order is like a signal to a football player. Neither stops to see what his teammates are going to do. Each knows that the other members of the team are going to play their parts, just as he is playing his. Each knows just how the play is going to work out. Each knows that he is going to be backed up and, knowing this, he goes ahead and puts his best efforts into what he is doing. With each repetition of the play, in practice or in the game, his confidence in his teammates increases, 150 Self -II el ps for the Citizen-Soldier until in the end he feels as sure of them as he does of himself. The spirit of the fighting man is the spirit of team play, the same kind of spirit that keeps the football player in the line when his brain is reel- ing with exhaustion, that sends him smashing into a play with the last ounce of strength he can muster, that lifts him from the ground at the sound of a whistle and drives him staggering- back to his place. Pride in the confidence of his teammates holds both the fighting man and the football player up to his mark. The Habit of Confidence Leads to the Habit of Respect. The men who have buckled down shoulder-to- shoulder on the line of a football team, who have pushed, pulled and dragged each other from one scrimmage to another until they tumble in a struggling mass across the goal line, know each other at their true worth, and respect for each other is a natural consequence. The men who have trudged side by side from one battle field to another, who have lain side by side through the nerve-wracking hours of out- post vigil, and have fought their way together through a hail of lead, know each other, too. The game they play is one in which lives, not Tin- Spirit of the Fighting Man 151 sen res, are the forfeits, and the respect of the fighting man for his teammates is in the same proportion. Confidence and Respect lead to Loyalty, the spirit that makes a man proud of the reputation of his team, jealous of its good name, ready to fight for its members. With the soldier, the company, the battalion, the regiment, is the team. He is proud of it, proud of its members. He is jealous of its good name, jealous of the reputation of its members. Respect and Loyalty lead to Courtesy. Military courtesy is a part of the fighting man's training that people seem least able to understand. They judge it from the forms in which they see it practiced and not from the spirit behind the forms. Courtesy in any man is a sign of breeding. In the soldier, military courtesy is the sign of his training. The man who has learned confidence, respect and loyalty through the hard school of experience takes the same pleasure in the forms of military courtesy that we take ordinarily in being courteous to our friends. Again, Military Courtesy is the oil that makes the wheels of the military machine run smoothly. In the military service, men have their differences just {is they do in civil life, but in the military 152 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier service they do not settle their differences as men frequently do in civil life. The regulations settle these differences for them. Appeals to the regulations are made in a courteous way. De- cisions are accepted in a courteous manner. Every form of military courtesy has had an honorable birth, among honorable men, equals, men who practiced these forms because of the spirit they cherished toward each other. The true spirit of military courtesy is summed up in the Articles of Faith of the Japanese Soldier in the following words : "All soldiers must remember that they are associated in a great and honorable service, and that to serve worthily in the station in which each is placed is an honor in which the private parti- cipates as fully as the general." The fighting man plays a game in which his honor is the stake, his life the forfeit. The highest reward he hopes for is the respect of his comrades. His life has been placed at the service of his country. His honor is his own to guard. The Spirit of the Fighting Man is summed up in the motto borne on the Arms of West Point, our National Military Academy DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY Mil it in l.Vi CHAPTER IX THE ORGANIZED MILITIA The Organized Militia is the most convenient training school, both as to time and place, for the riti/en whose business and interests keep him close to liis home. Marching out to Drill It is convenient as to time because the work of training is carried on for the most part at night, during the hours which the average man can best spare from other things. 154 Self -I I el ptt for the Citizen-Soldier It is most convenient as to place because the work is generally carried on in some armory with- in easy reach of every man's home. It is the night school in which the citizen- soldier may learn a great deal of the business of the fighting man without interference with his other interests. The history of the Militia dates from the days of Muster Training, in which the able-bodied citizens of every community were required to assemble at stated intervals for military instruc- tion and training. Very frequently these assem- blies were in the nature of outings from which little military benefit was derived. From time to time, men more enthusiastic- than the others formed themselves into companies, troops or batteries and went a little deeper into the details of military work. These organizations were largely social in their nature, were supported by their members and were under little, if any, State control. Gradually companies grew into battalions, battalions into regiments and even larger units. State authorities l>egan to assume more control over them, and organization and system began to take form. The close of the Spanish-American War marked the real beginning of the Organized The Orsffinr.nl Militia Militia as it is today. Thousands of militiamen returned to their homes with vivid impressions of the lessons they had learned in southern mobili- zation camps. Others joined tin- volunteers, and, in C'uha, Porto Rico and the Philippines especi- ally, added to their experience in active service. T, AMI*, mitt < On the Firing Line The result of this experience was a general awakening of the Militia of the country to the real needs and values of military training. The old armory routine was freshened up with practical instruction under men who knew what it meant and how to teach it. The time-honored State Camps, with their round of social activities 156 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier and spectacular reviews, gave place to maneuver camps under war conditions. The Militia found itself, sifted the chaff from the grain and settled down to real work. The old era passed and with it the old-time militiaman. With the dawn of the new era came an alert, progressive and intensely earnest student of tilt- fighting game. Right here is proper to say a word about the Militiaman the man. Who and what is he? The Militiaman is a citizen, one of your neigh- bors perhaps, who for reasons of his own has been attracted to the military game. You meet him on the street and at business. You do not see much of him about the clubs or theaters. His spare time his playtime, as a matter of fact is spent in some armory, taking on military training against the day when he will need it to defend his country, his fellow-citizens and himself. He does this sort of thing because he likes it, just as another man may amuse himself with bridge or golf. It is his hobby the hobby of Personal Preparedness. Today, the Organized Militia is a busy lot of men. In order to understand a little of what is going on among them, let us drop into the first The Militia 157 armory we see, almost any night, and take stock of what they are doing. First, we will see the drill hall filled with men, each intent on his work, each oblivious to what the others about him are doing. Sifimil Itrili in Ilir .Iriniirt/ 111 one corner, a little group of recruits are be- ing taught the A-B-C's l.-u-in^s, saluting. Minimal of arms. In one end of the long hull, a squad, platoon or company is going through the precise movements of close order drill. 158 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier In the other end of the hall, other squads, platoons and companies are practicing the move- ments of extended order drill. Up in a balcony, a man with a flag is wig- wagging to another across the hall. In the rooms about the drill hall, other groups of men are equally busy. In one of them, a group of officers are bunched about a map-covered table, working with scales and dividers, deep in the solution of a map prob- lem. Learning Extended Ordi Tin- Militia 159 1 ii another room, an officer faces a class of non- commissioned officers, teaching them some of their many duties. In still another room, another officer at a black - hoard is working out for another class some one of the many problems that enter into the educa- tion of the filitin- man. A Clots of K oncommuriontd Offlcert From the hascinrnt. comes the crack of gallery rifles and the ring of gallery targets. 160 Self-Help* for the Citizen-Soldier For two hours or more, activity is apparent everywhere, then one by one, the groups begin to break up. In the locker rooms, men stop for a moment to talk shop while they shift out of uni- form and, about the time that the theaters are pouring their crowds into the streets, trim civil- ians are beginning to pour out of the armory doors and scatter to their homes. This is not quite all. On your way home in the car, you may happen to notice a man who pulls a little black or red or yellow book from his pocket and loses himself in it. Look over his shoulder and you will probably read "Infantry Drill Regulations," "Artillery Drill Regula- tions," "Cavalry Drill Regulations," or some- thing of that sort. The work in the armory has left a knot and your Militia neighbor is trying to untie it on his way home. Again, let us make a little visit of inspection this time to an instmction camp. Here you will find your Militia friends spending crowded days in a practical try-out of what they have learned in the armory. About you, you will see almost every kind of military training. Back of camp, or in the company streets, the mill of recmit instruction is going on under a broiling sun. The Organized Militia 161 In a nearby field, companies, battalions, regi- ments are going through the movements of close order drill. In another field, other companies, battalions or regiments are running through the movements of the extended order drill the fighting man's team practice. COmiMMT, AMM. MO* MM. Machine Gun Ready for Action Oyer on the hills, a battalion is maneuvering in the attack of a position occupied by an imagin- ary enemy. Off in one direction, troops are being posted as an outpost to guard the camp against an as- sumed enemy. Along the road an advance guard marches. On every side, men are swarming through fields, over hills, busy in the carrying out of some kind of military work. 162 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier From early morning to sunset, for a week, ten days, two weeks, these men do nothing but mili- tary work. They talk it, they think it, they dream it, and when their neighbors down at the shore or up in the mountains begin to pack their trunks for the home-going, they make up their packs with equal reluctance, strike their tents and go back to their armories. College Student Camps 163 These Student Camps which have been held throughout the country during the past three years have passed through the experimental stage College Students at Recruit Drill and have taken their place among recognized in- stitutions. Each summer, provision is made for one of these camps in different parts of the country, the 164 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier distribution being made in order to convenience as much as possible the students from the various colleges of the country. These camps are an attractive combination of military training and summer outing and their popularity is growing with each succeeding year. The purpose of the student camps is, first, to educate young college men to an understanding College Students at Gallery Practice of the military obligations of citizenship and, at the same time, to train them as thoroughly as time permits in the duties of the fighting man. The amount of training which each student re- ceives is out of all proportion to the time spent in the work. Careful planning of the work in advance by those who have it in charge makes every moment College Student Camps 1(5.) of the time count. Intelligence, interest and en- thusiasm on the part of the students further short-cuts the time and work. The main features of these camps life under canvas, with plenty of outdoor work and exercise COPYaiGMT, AMI*. PRIM AM*. Getting Ready for the March are of the kind that appeals to every active healthy young man. The work is carefully planned in order to avoid anything savoring of monotony and is carried out in a way that holds the students inter- est from heginning to end. 166 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier The relaxation required to stimulate the work of military training on the part of these young men is provided for with care equal to that taken in planning the work. In general, a student camp is very much like the mobilization camp in which a volunteer finds himself at the outbreak of war. The routine of life and training is much the same. On arriving in camp the student reports, makes a deposit to cover the cost of uniform and food and is assigned to a company where he enters without delay upon the work of training. There is no preliminary period. Work begins at once. Uniform, equipment and arms are issued to him as soon as possible. The day fol- lowing the arrival of the students finds the Mill of Instruction in full operation. Beginning with the School of the Soldier, the Mill grinds steadily through the elementary training until, in a surprisingly short time, the students are ready to rub shoulders in the work of the company. Improvement and interest pace each other as the days go by. The spirit of competition, in- separable from college spirit, enters and plays an important part. Maine vies with California. Florida or Oregan settles down in an effort to outstrip both of them. College Student Caniptt 167 Hack of this competition and work, is an idea that, sooner or later, enters the mind of each stu- dent. He works, studies and absorbs as much of the atmosphere and the training as he can- not for his own improvement alone, but to store College Students on the Hike up the knowledge against the day when he may have occasion to pass it on to others in the pre- paration for national defense. Theory is not neglected in the education of these students. By means of lectures prepared 168 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier by men who are specialists in their subjects, the broad principles of Military Policy, Military History and Military Art as applied to the prac- tical problems, are taught to the embryonic citi- zen-soldiers. While all this is going on, the student is al- most unconsciously learning much that will be of value to him throughout the rest of his life, les- sons which will stand him in good stead in what- ever he may undertake. Along with his coat of tan and his hardening muscles, he takes on the lesson of physical fitness, the foundation of success in any calling. He learns the lesson of Personal Hygiene- care of the health in a practical way that im- presses it indelibly on his memory. He learns the lesson of Obedience, sees it clear- ly, in its true light, as a necessary part of the game he is playing and he tucks it away in his code to be used in future games. From the lesson of Obedience to that of Re- spect is but a short step, easily taken in the atmo- sphere in which he works. The spirit of Teamwork forces itself upon him. From beginning to end, he witnesses every opera- tion in the building of the fighting machine. He takes an active part in its building. He sees its College Student Camps 169 work and understands the secret of its power and strength teamwork. One by one, the things that go to make up the by-product of military training the trained Making the Bett of an Opportunity citizen fasten themselves upon him in the form of habits which come to him in a way that leaves only a pleasant memory of their coming. The end of the month finds him back at home, broader in shoulder and thought, stronger in body and determination, with more of self-control, 170 Self-Helpt for the Citizen-Soldier more of self-confidence and with a surer, truer insight into the responsibilities of practical citi- zenship. The value of these camps has been testified to by prominent men from all walks of life. President Hadley of Yale says in his report of the work : "At the Plattsburgh Encampment alone there were more than eighty Yale men. Under these circumstances, we have h-.id considerable oppor- tunity to watch the educational effect of this system; and I have no hesitation in saying that, wholly aside from their military value in prepar- ing a reserve of partly trained officers for pos- sible service in the event of war, these camps have an educational value that much more than justi- fies their organization and maintenance." The Full Jtelt The Business Mans Camp 171 CHAPTER XI THE BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP A number of these camps were held in the United States during the past year. Two of them, held at Plattsburgh, New York, were at- tended by nearly two thousand business men from every walk of life and from nearly every state in the Union. Two other camps, one held at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and the other at the Presidio of San Francisco, though less in attendance, were equal in importance. The enthusiasm which these camps aroused among those who attended them gives promise that this, the latest venture in military training in the United States, will become a permanent fixture in our military system. It is an innovation worthy of permanency not only on account of the good it does in awakening the citizens of the country to the necessity for preparedness, but because it affords every citizen an opportunity to learn for himself something of the duties of the citi/en-soldier. 77/6' purpose of these camps is to teach the citi- /.m-soldier something of what is expected of the 172 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier fighting man, how he goes about his duties and the surroundings in which he does his work. Incidentally, the work of these camps is a graphic object lesson to the citizen who goes through one of them of the prob- lem that the country would face in converting its citizen-soldiers into fighting men with whom to defend itself. What does the citizen-soldier gain from such instruction? Summed up, he gets a one-month, first-hand knowledge of the function of the fighting man in the life of the nation, a knowledge he could not possibly get in any other way. In addition, he gets an insight into the creed of the fighting man and a flavor of his spirit. Individually, he gets the first degree in mili- tary training and a corresponding degree of its by-products. He coordinates himself with re- COPYRIGHT, CHICAGO DAILY NIW Cleaning up their Rifles The Business Man's Camp 173 gard to his military obligations and rounds out his experience in practical citizenship. Practically, he gets an allopathic dose of training in every kind of mili- tary work which leaves him with a clean-cut impres- sion of the part each plays in the making of the fighting man. The value of physical fitness is brought home to him in a v i v i d practical manner. His work requires it of him. His training gives it to him. The- experience awakens in him the knowledge of how much physical fitness means to him. He learns tin- n ciated by them before the work of the day is over. Infantry drills take up the morning hours, close order for the first few days, followed by ex- tended order drills, exercises in advance and rear guard, outpost, combat, etc. Dinner follows close on the heels of the morn- ing work. 176 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier The afternoon is filled with a variety of elec- tive military courses riding, artillery drill, in- trenching, shooting, map making and, finally, by parade. Lectures during the evening on military sub- jects close the work of the day. T, AMI*. MMM AWN a First Lessons in Bayonet Combat What is the net result? One of the citizen-soldiers who attended camp last year summed it up in the following words : "In the end it comes down to these things pure and simple to be physically fit to march any distance; to be able to shoot straight under the Recruit Cavalry Instruct inn Lined up for Dinner 178 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier most terrifying possible circumstances; and to acquire by practice the habit, equal to second na- ture, of obeying a few fundamental commands. The rest is hardihood, courage, the will to fight, and the spirit of the team." These are the qualities that have carried American soldiers through battles for nearly a century and a half. They are the qualities that Americans must have to carry them through battles in the future. They are worth while worth while to the Na- tion, worth while to the men. They are surely worth a month of the citi/en- soldier's vacation time. f tin- s:>rt. That is not what leaders are paid for. While his men have been trudging along, won- dering what, if anything, was going to happen. our leader's mind has been busy every moment. lie has been peering ahead, literally and figuratively, trying to pierce the veil ahead of him with his eyes and field glasses, and piecing out his vision by occasional squints at his map. He has been anticipating trouble at every turn of the road. lie tries to put himself in his opponent's place and at the sight of each hill, each wood, each stream, in front of him. he asks himself the question. "What would I do at that spot if I were in the other man's place and he were in mine?" lie decides what his opponent, if he knows his business, ought to do and he is always careful . ivc him credit for knowing his business \ery urll. Having made up his mind \chnt the ought to d<>. he then decides :clttit he innxt do. 182 Self -Help* fur the Citizen-Soldier So, when the first shot cracks from somewhere out in front, or from over there to the right or left, our leader has a very good mental picture of just what sort of a trap is being laid for him. What is more to the point, he has his Plan for meeting what is in store, the third and last step to the fighting of a battle. With the sound of that first shot still in his ears, all of the things we have been talking about flash through his mind like a moving picture, and his Estimate of the Situation is complete. A momentary, searching study of the lay of the land, a professional estimate of the scatter- ing shots across his front, a sentence or two from panting messengers, and his Decision comes like the click of an automatic. While his eye is sweeping the scene about him, his Plan crystallizes and his orders begin to come with the crisp staccato of machine gun fire. That is the way a battle begins. THE C TUT A IN RISES Now, fancy yourself seated on a hill out there where the rifle shots came from, with our leader's force just coming into distant view. Behind you, on a little ridge, the enemy is in position- lying in wait. 184 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier THE POINT OF THE ADVANCE GUARD The first to come in sight will he a little group of horse- men Cavalrymen five or six of them perhaps, A Little Group of Horsemen scattered along the road, riding quietly, but each man alert for signs of trouble, ready to fight or to whirl and run. This group is the Point of the Advance Guard. How a Battle is Fung-Ill 185 Tin: ADVA NCI: PARTY Two or three hundred yards farther hack, you will see with your glasses .mother group, a troop perhaps the Advance Party. THE MAIN BODY OF THE ADVANCE GUARD Still farther back, you will see other groups, of increasing size, with a slim field gun or two trail- ing behind the last of them. THE MAIN BODY OF THE COLUMN Back of the Advance (wiuird, a couple of miles away from you, you will see a procession of ant-like crea- tures that tails out into a black streak swallowed up in a cloud of dust the Infantry. PATROLS As you turn once more to the Point, you will notice two similar groups riding warily away from the road, one to the right, one to the left. These groups are Patrols, out searching likely places in which the enemy might hide and take pot shots at the column behind. Now the players are all in place. THE PLAY BEGINS A rifle shot cracks, from nowhere in particular, as far as you can see, and the fight is on. The groups of horsemen you have been watch- ing disappear as though swallowed up, the horses behind sheltering bushes, their riders down on the 180 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier ground. Only an occasional shot marks their places. Scattered shots rattle out from the ridge be- hind you. Scattered shots rattle out in reply. Scattered Shots Rattle out in Reply You discover a horseman riding cautiously down a fence-row toward the column. After a time he breaks into a furious gallop. Off to the right and left, the patrols are creeping forward. I low a Battle is Fought 187 At the first group down the road, the horse- man halts to deliver his message to the Com- mander of the Advance Guard. This is about what he will tell him : Sir, we have run into the enemy about 1,200 yards straight ahead, on a little ridge to the right of the road. Looks like it might hi- a battalion or more." Our leader listens, and his eyes scan the ground in front of him as he calculates the best way to attack. When the leading company reaches him, he is ready with his plan and orders. "They are over there on that ridge to the right of the road, straight ahead," he tells the captain. "See them? Deploy with your left on the road and attack. B Company will be on the left of the road. I am going to envelop their right," by which the c;i plain of that company under- stands that while he is moving straight ahead to tin attack, others on his left will be spreading out farther and farther to the left, swinging in around the enemy in his front. In the meantime, more Cavalry has ridden up and is detouring to the right and left. The l.yrs and Kars," as the Cavalry is called, are mm ing aside. They have set the scene and n>\\ leave it to the Infantry, while they move to their next work, on the flanks again eyes and ears- locating the ends of the enemy's lines, sending 188 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Soldier back information and guarding their own fight- ing line from an attack in flank Combat Re- connaissance, it is called scouting, watching, guarding and defending during the fight. The Head of the Column Next you will see the head of a column of Infantry swinging into sight for a moment only. A scattered volley from behind you greets 7/ott- a 11 at tie iff Fought 180 it. A faint whistle blast, a wave of an arm, and the column l>egins to deploy, to dissolve into groups which move out to the side, up to the front and melt into a thin skirmish line. The Column Melt* into a Skirmith Line Slowly, this line begins to forge ahead. An- nther overtakes it on the other side of the road. Others come up on the run to prolong both ends. Hehind it, columns are leaving the road and 190 Self -II dps for the Citizen- Soldier winding their way under cover of woods and rol- ling ground to their posts in support of the fir- ing line. Little Files of Men Squad Columns A mile behind you, a faint boom announces the entrance of another actor the Field Artillery. The air over your head parts with a rush. There is a crack like a giant mine out in front of you and a shower of lead pellets tear up a great oval 7/oif a Battle is Fought 191 in front of the advancing skirmish line. There a IT other whistle blasts and signals and the skirmish line breaks up into little files of men Sfjiind Columns which spread out to avoid the rain of shrapnel. On these little columns pick their way until crashing volleys from the ridge drive them again into a skirmish line and flatten them down to earth to begin in earnest their real work the Fire Fight. A faint haze of blue-white smoke and a row of busy, bobbing heads marks the skirmish line from which the crackle of rifles grows steadily into a series of throbbing smashes. The Fin- Fight, so-called, is the struggle in which each side tries to smother the other in a hail of bullets, one in order to advance, the other in order to check that advance. To do either, each knows that he must settle down to the grim business of sending such a storm of bullets across the intervening space that no man will dare raise his head to make reply. The side that succeeds gains what is known as Fire Superiority. In other words, he has out- shot the other man and. for the moment, is bold- ing him helpless to the ground. When the attacking line Iris gotten Fire t/. it can go forward, but not all at once. 192 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier Having gotten Fire Superiority, he must keep it and that means that he must not slacken his tire appreciably. So he sends a part of the line ahead while the rest redouble their efforts. This is called the Advance by Rushes. Each rushing group stops firing, jumps quickly up, runs at top speed for twenty-five or thirty yards, throws itself to the ground and be- gins firing again. Other groups follow in the same way until the whole line has rushed forward. Then the performance is repeated. In this way, the attacking line advances little by little until it reaches a point from which it can rise and rush forward with fixed bayonets Charge to a hand-to-hand struggle for a de- cision. While this advance has been going on, the background has been gradually filling with groups of men, each with a part to play in the game going on before you. In some sheltered spot back there, where he can receive reports from the field, and, in some very rare cases, see what is going on, the leader has been moving and arranging his chessmen. Companies, battalions, regiments have hastened up. The attacking line grows longer with each moment. Groups of men, Supports, crouch un- der cover back behind the fighting line waiting to s 8 194 Self -Helps for the Citizen-Soldier fill up its thinning ranks, and add their fire to swell its volume. From some little rise you can scarcely see, a chorus of Machine Guns break into the roar in your ears. Farther back out of sight a bat- tery of field guns adds its rumble to the confu- sion. Each leader is finding out more and more of what is in front of him. Each is ordering up fresh troops to meet new developments or to make new onslaughts. Off to your right, the long fighting line is bend- ing slowly to the front, turning itself into a liv- ing hook that will soon curl around the troops in rear of you Etrccltijte them and crush them if they do not fall back. The attacking line inches its way forward. The hook is curling in more and more. The rattle of machine guns merges into one long roll, punctuated by the regular beat of artillery fire from the rear. Bugles begin to sound up and down the line. Whistles shriek. The waiting groups of supports rise and rush headlong up to the firing line. The firing line rises and joins them and together, a mass of running, shouting men behind a hedge of bristling bayonets, they sweep up and into the arms of the waiting enemy. 196 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier Bayonets meet bayonets. Steel clashes against steel. The wood of rifle butts crushes down on bared heads. The hook closes in and the enemy breaks under the strain. A Line of Br'utimy Bayonets The Charge As the broken rabble begins to run, bugles and whistles take up the cry. Fresh troops from the rear Reserves trot panting past to follow thr fleeing enemy with their fire and add confusion //on fi liattlc /.v /''O//A'-/// 197 to his train. The Cavalry closes in from the sides and gallops from the rear to take up the pursuit. The charging line untangles itself and begins to straighten out. Gradually little knots collect. These grow into companies or what is left of companies into battalions, and then into regi- ments. 1'iuler the fire of the reserve troops ahead of them, regiments move into their places in brigades and brigades begin to take their places on the road. From somewhere back be- hind, the long train, wagons loaded with ammuni- tion, food, forage and supplies, winds slowly up. The leader looks up and down his line and gives a signal. A bugle blares. The battle has been fought. The column moves on its way. On ahead, scattered firing, bursting into an occasional furious rattle, tells the story of desper- ate efforts on the part of the fleeing force to pull itself together. Their reserves are occupy- ing position after position holding on in each as long as they can to give I heir broken lines a chance to get in shape then falling back. Under cover of their fire, two or three miles ahead, their fleeing comrades are being collected into groups, reorganized and made ready to fight again. One more thing remains. Out on the field be- hind lies the Price of Victory : on the field ahead 198 Self -II dps for the Citizen-Sold id- lies the Cost of Defeat. Little groups of men, hrassarded with red crosses and hearing litters, hegin their search for both. In a Sheltered Spot Somewhere back in the rear, tucked away in safe and sheltered spots, dressing stations are taking their toll from creaking ambulances, doc- tors are working in feverish haste, and men are answering their names at the last Muster. Itiflc Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 199 CHAPTER XIII RIFLE CLUBS FOR CITIZEN- SOLDIERS To be able to shoot well is one of the cardinal \ irt ues of the fighting man. To defend himself and his home, to be able to give blow for blow in the defense of his country, is a duty for which every citizen should prepare himself. A nation of good rifle shots is a nation best situated to undertake the work of preparation for defense. Much of our success in past wars is due to the fact that Americans knew how to shoot. A practical knowl- edge of shooting was a necessity with our fore- fathers. They had to protect themselves and they had to get food, both of which they did with the rifle. When war came upon them, shooting was one thing they did not have to learn and, to this ex- 200 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier tent at least, they were able to short-cut military training. They merely had to learn how to fight another kind of foe, to hunt another kind of game using the same kind of a gun with which they did their hunting. Hut shooting has largely gone out of fashion in the United States today, and the military rifle is quite a different weapon from the sportsman's gun. Even hunting has disappeared from the life of the average man. City life has removed him from the surroundings in which the eye naturally roams in search of game and the finger itches for the feel of the trigger. When such a man of today thinks of shooting, it is with the thought that it is a pastime reserved for those who can go far afield in search of it. However, the opportunity to learn to shoot and to practice shooting is at every man's door. Moreover, it is a pastime in which he will be given every encouragement to perfect himself. The National Rifle Association of America is an organization whose purpose is to develop rifle shooting. Its by-laws state that "The object of this As- sociation shall be to encourage marksmanship throughout the United States, particularly in the direction of qualifying as finished marksmen ('In hit for ( 1 it hen-Soldiers 201 those individuals who may be called upon to serve in time of war; to encourage competition in marksmanship between teams and individuals; to encourage legislation for the establishment and maintenance of ranges; to secure the issue of military rifles and ammunition to those practic- ing on these ranges, and to create a public senti- ment in respect to the necessity of rifle practice as a means of National Defense." This Association has been instrumental in form ing nearly one thousand rifle clubs of American eiti/.ens throughout the United States and extending to Alaska, Panama, and China. Membership in the Association is extended to every city, town, hamlet, or community in the land. All that is required is the formation of a dub. Ten men, or boys over sixteen years of age, may form a club in any locality. After being ad- mitted to the Association, the club is entitled to privileges which make shooting a pastime less ex- pensive than tennis or golf. Under an Act of Congress, such clubs are al- lowed to draw rifles and ammunition for shoot- ing from the War Department by giving a nominal bond for the safe-keeping of rifles and equipment, 202 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier The Association furnishes complete instruc- tions for the forming and maintaining of rifle clubs, as well as much instruction in shooting. Complete equipment for target ranges tar- gets, target frames, markers, disks, flags to- A School Boy Club on the Range gether with detailed instructions for installing it, may be obtained by clubs at a reasonable price through the Association. In brief, the National Rifle Association gives every encouragement and assistance to the man who wants to learn to shoot. It literally places Rifle Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 203 the rifle in his hands, tells him how to shoot it, helps him huild a range at his haek door, and encourages him to use both rifle and range. The work of the Association among schools is worthy of special note, since it is the only organized effort along a line of training to which other countries devote great care and attention. "]' ranee appropriates large MUMS of money annually for / / tlu- carrying on of marksman- ship training in its public schools. In Italy a student cannot get his degree from a college until he has become a qualified marksman. In Canada, the course of instruction in marksmanship has be- come a part of the curriculum for the public schools. Australia has over forty thousand school boys organized into cadet corps who are furnished arms and ammunition free by the Government and they are instructed in marks- manship. In New Zealand, the Government builds miniature rifle ranges in all its schools, issues rifles and ammunition, and furnishes in- structors for the training in marksmanship. In Hungary, one wealthy, patriotic citizen built a 204 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier large range and dedicated it to the youth of Hungary. Over the entrance to the range ap- pear the words, "I have huilt this range for the Hungarian young men in order to give them an opportunity to defend their native soil." "In Switzerland, the home of rifle shooting, that little repuhlic which maintains its independ- ence largely due to its citizens being skilled with the rifle, there is a general law providing for the instruction of school boys in rifle shooting with the necessary ranges, rifles, and ammunition for this purpose. Their preparatory instruction provides for the beginning of their record shoot- lii/fc Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 205 ing at the age of sixteen. Kvery school boy re- ceives a record book in which he must keep a record of all his firing. This book serves as a certificate of record of the courses attended and is to be presented at the examination for entry into a higher school. For every student that the . / Rifle Club in Alaska country rifle association trains, it receives five francs reimbursement from the Government. In 1908, in sixteen cantons, equivalent to our county, 10,950 students were turned out as trained marksmen. In Greece, there is a law making rifle practice obligatory on all students of universities and certain classes of preparatory schools. The public schools of Athens receive 206 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier annually from the Government an appropria- tion for the carrying on of rifle instruction. Austria maintains a course of instruction in rifle firing for secondary schools. The course begins in October and last until the end of May." As a result of the efforts of the Association, Boy Scouts Learning to Shoot one hundred and seventy-eight rifle clubs have been organized in schools and colleges through- out the United States. Rifle shooting is one form of personal prepara- tion in which every citizen can perfect himself, conveniently, inexpensively, and without the aid of a trained instructor. The theory of rifle shoot- ing is simple. It is easily understood by the man of average intelligence. Proficiency is within Rifle Clubs for Citizen-Soldiers 207 the reach of every man or boy who will give it reasonable practice. The lion. Seth Low, ex-president of Colum- bia College, said: "I am a great believer in the work of the Na- tioii-il Kiile Association of America. Patriot- An American Club in China ism in the abstract is a very fine thing, but pre- paredness and vigilance born of such patriotism are vastly more valuable to a nation." The man who spends some of his spare time learning to shoot is contributing his mite to Na- tional Preparedness. He is helping to boost the 208 Self-Helps for tJie Citizen-Soldier Panama Canal Zone Rifle Club market price of our military resources by refining some of the raw material to some small degree. What is still more important is that he is in- creasing his confidence in himself, turning him- self into a potential fighting man, one whom harassed and anxious leaders in time of war will he glad to welcome into the ranks of the citi/en- soldiers. Beginning Young I'racticul Hint* for Self -Preparation 209 CHAPTER XIV PRACTICAL HINTS FOR SELF- PREPARATION WHAT SHOULD I Do TO GET READY to keep ready to do my part in the defense of the Country? is a question the reader has probably asked himself before this. Th answer is: not much, but it is all import- ant ; nothing burdensome, but it is wholly essen- tial; nothing wasteful of time, for it all helps the eiti/en to be more valuable to himself as well as to his country. TAKK AN Acini: INTERI.ST IN THE MILITARY POLICY OF THE COUNTRY in its readiness at all times for defense, in its relations which might briii"- on trouble know what is going on in a public' way that is the first answer. Ki.Aii MILITARY HISTORY OCCASIONALLY See where our mistakes have been made in the past. Don't take some other man's word for it. See for yourself what it has cost the United States in men and money to win its battles. Judge for yourself whether our way of doing things has been wise or truly economical. 210 Self -lid p8 for the Citizen-Soldier LOOK MIIITAKY PREPAREDNESS STRAIGHT IN THE FACE View it in its true perspective and then decide which danger is the most to he feared the bogie of Militarism of the specter of Defenselessness. KEEP ABREAST OF THINGS MILITARY It is as much a part of the citizen's education to know the insurance policy of his Country as to know the financial policy, trade policy or industrial policy. It is equally as vital and fully as interesting as either of the others. OBSERVE THE MILITIA See what it is doing in the way of preparing citi/.cns to shoulder their military obligations to play their part in the defense of the Country. You will discover in the Militia a purpose and an intensity that go far toward the making of better citizens. TAKE AN INTKKKST IN PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES Our forefathers made a lot of sacrifices in order to build up this country. It is a heritage of which we are justly proud. We are proud of those who left us this bequest whenever we take the time to think of them. The object of Patriotic Societies is to keep our forefathers and their deeds green in our mem- ories, a constant inspiration to us to do as much for our Country. I'rnctical Hints for Self -Preparation 211 Don't bottle up your patriotism for National Holidays. It makes you feel good then. Spread it out over 365 days in the year and feel good all of the time. TAKE A HAND IN POLITICS Unless you do, you will never know what is going on in the government of your country. You certainly will have no voice or weight in what is being done. You will be merely a stockholder in a business which someone else is running to suit himself. TRY A TASTE OF MILITARY TRAINING It hurts no man; it does most of them good in many ways. The chances are that an armory is not far from your home. The Militia is work- ing in that armory while other men are playing and the Militia is getting about as much satis- faction out of its work as other men do out of their play. ATTEND A BUSINESS MAN'S CAMP Until you try it, you will never realize the amount of pleasure and profit you can get from a short va- cation in such a camp. One month will be enough to give you an idea of what it is for, what it does and how it does it. SEND YOUR BOY TO A STUDENT CAMP An active, healthy boy cannot find a place where he can have a better, healthier, more entertaining or chraprr vacation than in a Student Camp. 212 Sclf-IIclps for the Citizen- Soldier There, lie will eat wholesome food, keep good hours, learn to march, to shoot, to take care of himself and he will come back home hard and fit and brown and ready for another one next year. LEARN TO SHOOT The Militia have galleries in their armories where men are taught the principles of shooting. They have target ranges where the firing of service rifles is taught. Shooting is taught, thoroughly and well, in the Student Camps. The National Rifle Association, under the direction of the National Board for the Promo- tion of Rifle Shooting in the United States, makes a business of organizing rifle clubs throughout the country and of encouraging rifle shooting in every possible way. TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF If you ever hope to do honor to your Country or yourself as a citizen-soldier, you must have a sound body to start with. It must be capable of being trained to hard work and of resisting disease. TAKE AN INVENTORY OF YOURSELF Look yourself over for little ailments and, if you find them, get rid of them. There are few men who have no slight defect. Perhaps it is not enough to bother them ordin- I'ntcticul Hint* for Self -Preparation 213 arily, but quite enough to give trouble at times. With all of the conveniences and surroundings of home, they are easily at- tended ; in the field, in campaign, they can only be borne. Bad Teeth and camp cook- ing are a combination that leads straight to indigestion. Then too, fancy a toothache in the middle of the night, ten miles from any relief! It n n io ns a nd Corns are no great source of trouble to the man whose only walking takes him from the house to the car and from the car to the N office. But fifteen miles N of steady grind over a J hot, dusty road, or through mud and slush will make either of them a tor- ment that attends every step. St/tttcinatic ILvcrcise is the only way in which a man can keep in good condition. It need not be heavy, but it must be systematic and regu- lar. Ten or fifteen minutes each morning is enough surely no great price to pay for the feeling that it brings. 214 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier There are dozens of systems at any man's dis- posal. Any one of them is good // it is only kept up. The Lungs are the Bellow* that keep the spark of endurance going. There are few men whose lungs cannot be improved. Simple breath- ing exercises are all that is required. These can be taken standing, sitting or lying down. The best way of all is to take them while walking. A few deep breaths now and then will surprise and gratify your lungs and go a long way toward driving off the dull feeling in your head. Fresh Air is good medicine for a great many things. The soldier has to sleep out in it most of the time. To the man not used to it, it brings some discomfort at first and, occasionally, some slight disorders. When accustomed to it, it brings no man anything but good. Every man can train himself to fresh air by sleeping with his windows open. Cold, fresh air is a good cure for weak lungs; it cannot fail to be good for good lungs. _> _fJ\\- A_ The Military Carriage is easy and graceful, it is modelled after the fashion in which Nature 1 intended man to walk, using the legs for locomo- r radical Hints for Self -Preparation 215 tion, resting the other parts of the body for other work. It hurts no man and it does most of them a great deal of good. THESE ARE LITTLE THINGS Every man knows them without being told. They are the little things which fit together to make up the sum total. Each if them, if ignored, weighs heavy in the balance of efficiency. None of them re- quires an investment beyond any man's means; each of them pays a big dividend of one kind or another. The Soldier's Campaign Creed 217 CHAPTER XV THE SOLDIER'S CAMPAIGN CREED FIELD SERVICE Field service is a general term which includes all that a soldier is called upon to do in campaign. Summed up, the re- quirements of Field Service form a code of regu- lations for the guidance of the soldier under any and all circumstances in the field in other words, his CAMPAIGN CREED. All of it is easy to understand and to remem- ber; all of it requires practice and experience to master. In general, the soldier's creed in campaign is something as follows: IN CAMP I will remain quiet until told what to do. I will pitch my tent promptly and arrange my equipment. I will not leave camp until told that I may. I will try to bathe as soon as possible, espe- cially my feet. I will always change into dry clothing when possible. 218 Self -Helps for the Citizen- Soldier After bathing and eating, I will get all the rest I can. I will obey faithfully all instructions received from my company commander about camp sani- tation. ON OUTPOST I will keep alert every instant. I will find out from my squad leader exactly where to look for the enemy and what to do when I see him. I will find out from my squad leader where the other parts of our outpost are located. I will try to find out the names of all towns, villages, streams, roads and landmarks within my sight. I will let no one but friendly troops pass me from the direction of the enemy, except in the presence of an officer or noncommissioned officer of the outpost. I will fire on anyone who fails to halt, or other- wise disobeys me, after a second warning, or sooner, if they attempt to attack or escape. I will salute only when addressed by an officer. At night, I will challenge in a low tone. I will never fire at night unless I am sure of hitting, or unless to give the alarm. ON THE MABCH I will always fill my canteen before the march begins. I will drink as little water as I have to. The Soldier' K Campaign Creed 219 I will never empty my canteen until more water is in sight. I will not leave ranks to get water, or for any other purpose, without the permission of an offi- cer. I will sit down and rest whenever the company falls out. I will always keep my proper place in column. I will not sit or lie on damp ground during halts. I will not enter yards, gardens, orchards or houses without permission. I will always be ready to fall in promptly at the command. I will not eat on the march. ON ADVANCE GUARD I will be careful and alert, but not timid. I will keep going until I am stopped by the enemy's fire. I will always be on the lookout for the enemy at every turn. When fired on, I will drop in my tracks, seek cover, then look to see where the fire came from. I will be on the lookout for signals from other parts of the advance guard and will transmit tin-in at once. When halted, I will always, when acting as a connecting file, take post where I can see the near- 220 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Sold it-t- est part of the advance guard, as well as keep a lookout toward the direction of the enemy. When patrolling, I will try to see as much as possible without being seen myself. If seen, I will try to escape as rapidly as possible. IN NIGHT OPERATIONS I will not talk or make other noise, but will keep absolutely silent. I will not smoke or strike matches, because the light might be seen by the enemy. I will be constantly on the lookout for signals and orders from my officers and noncommissioned officers and I will obey all orders and signals promptly. If ordered to fire in the dark, I will try to hold my rifle parallel to the ground and not shoot high. Under no circumstances will I fire my rifle during a night movement unless ordered to do so, or unless it becomes necessary to give an alarm. CARRYING MESSAGES When given a verbal message to carry, I will repeat it to the one who gave it to me, to see that I understand it. I will go over it in my mind until I have memorized it word for word. When carrying a written message, I will al- ways try to conceal it about me and, if captured, will try to destroy it at the first opportunity. The Soldier's Catnjmi^n Creed 221 I N HATTLE I will not straggle, nor will I ever skulk, but at the command to advance, I will do so at once. In advancing by rushes, or in any other way, I will always try to be the first man to start. I know that in an advance, the last men to reach the new position are exposed to the enemy's fire longer than the first and are, therefore, more apt to get hit. I will not leave my place on the firing line to carry any wounded man to the rear. That is the business of the litter bearers. My business is on the firing line. I will not fail to set my sight at the range an- nounced, or to change it after a rush whether the change be announced or not. I will never lose any opportunity to replenish my ammunition from the - belts of the dead and wounded. I will use a rest for my rifle whenever I can do so. I will obey promptly all orders of my squad leader and platoon leader. In case of surprise or disorder, I will keep quiet and listen for the orders of mv officers and non- v commissioned officers and will obey them promptly. 222 Self-Help.^ for the Citizen-Soldier I will take advantage of all cover, unless by doing so, I cannot see the enemy. My first duty is to keep shooting at the enemy. I will avoid the skyline, such as the tops of hills and ridges, for a man on a skyline makes a clear, distinct target. When on the firing line, I will be on the look- out for signals and orders from my squad leader. I will set my sight carefully and aim deliber- ately. I will try to make every shot a hit. When the enemy is in sight, I will fire rapidly, and I will cease firing when the enemy disappears. I will not neglect a poor target, because it may shelter a good shot. I will not waste my ammunition. My life and the lives of others may depend on a few rounds of cartridges. I will always use ammunition from the ban- doleers first. I will keep thirty rounds of ammunition in the right side of my belt as a reserve to be used only when ordered by an officer to do so. I will always make every effort to keep with my squad. If separated from it, I will imme- diately rejoin it. If this be impossible, I will join the nearest squad and put myself under the orders of its leader. The Soldier's Campaign Creed 223 When without a leader, I will try to keep cool and to keep on fighting, aiming and firing as de- li herately as I can. I will never stop fighting or turn back until ordered hv mv officers to do so. * V When ordered to fall hack, I will do so quickly, quietly and without separating myself from my squad. IN GENERAL In camp, on the march and at all other times, I will follow faithfully all in- structions received from my company com- mander ahout personal hygiene. I will always do what I am told to do. If without orders, I will do what I think my dflicers would want done. If about to be captured, I will try to throw away the bolt of my rifle, and should I have field glasses, I will try to break the lenses. If taken prisoner, I will not, under any cir- cumstances, give any information concerning our troops. If compelled to answer questions, I will give misleading answers. I will observe all I can of the enemy and his movements while a prisoner and will try to escape with the information at the first oppor- tunity. 225 STUDENTS' MILITARY INSTRUCTION CAMPS EXTRACTS FROM WAR DEPARTMENT BULLETIN The following regulations and information concerning the organization and establishment of the Students' Mili- tary Instruction Camps (for students at least 5 feet 4 inches in height and between the ages of 18 and 30, in universities, colleges, and the graduating class at high schools and other schools rated as such or graduates of the same) are approved and published for the information of all concerned. The object of the camps is to give the young men of the country opportunity for a short course in military training, the better to fit them to discharge their military duty should their country ever stand in need of their services. The summer vacation period is selected to enable students to attend with the least inconvenience and greatest instruc- tional advantage. Only those with the qualification stated on the page will be allowed to attend. Applicants must be citizens of the United States. They must be of good moral character, physically qualified, and of good standing in their classes. Students must attend for the full period of five weeks, unless compelled by actual necessity to leave before that time. They must conform to the rules and regulations pre- scribed for the government of the camp, the commanding officer having authority to discontinue their attendance or withhold certificate, or both, upon violation of such ordinances. Transportation.- Students will be required to pay their traveling expenses to and from the camp; this item is made 226 Self-Helps for the Citizen- Soldier as small as possible by selecting the several camp sites in as central a location as practicable giving due consideration to average travel from the homes of those attending and to the advantages offered in the camp sites. Subsistence. Wholesome, healthful, and ample meals will be furnished at the rate of $3.50 a week. This amount must be presented upon arrival and includes payment of cooks, assistant cooks, waiters, and other expenditures not specifically enumerated elsewhere. These meals will be prepared by trained Army cooks and will be under the con- stant personal supervision of an officer. Clothing. The uniform required will be 1 suit of cotton olive-drab uniform, 1 extra pair of breeches, 1 campaign hat with distinctive hat cord, 1 pair leggins, and 2 cotton (or wool) olive-drab colored shirts. The government will furnish gratis cots, blankets, tentage, cooking outfits, a complete infantry equipment for each man, including rifle, bayonet, cartridge belt, canteen, shelter tent half, pole and pins, haversack, pack carrier, individual mess kit. knife, fork, spoon, and cup, and other necessary articles of quartermaster and ordnance property, to be turned in at the end of camp. All articles lost or broken will be paid for by the student. CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIETY OF THE NATIONAL RESERVE CORPS ADOPTED BY THE CORPS, AUGUST, 1913 I. 1. Being convinced of the physical benefit to be derived from living a part of the year in the strenuous, healthful, open-air life of a military camp, particularly to students whose pursuits have kept them indoors and leading a com- paratively inactive life for consideral>l< prriods. appreciat- ing the value of and the knowledge gained of marching, camping, care of the person and camp sanitation with mini- mum expense, and Appendix 227 'J. Dcsirinjr to increase the economic value and business efficiency of our young men by giving them an opportunity to study the principles of command, organization and administration, and to experience the value of discipline obtaining in modern armies, and 3. Realizing that wars between nations are liable to occur now, or in the future, even as they have in the past, and 4. That, notwithstanding our best efforts to preserve peace with right and honor, our own country may become Involved in a war, either of defense against attack, or of ofl'i -use against any nation that may violate the rights secured us under the Constitution, Laws and Treaties of the United States, and 5. Knowing the above and firmly believing that our present state of preparation and means of meeting such an emergency are inadequte and will lead either to disaster or to useless waste of men, material and money, and 6. Further, knowing that the above state of affairs should be remedied, and realizing that it is each man's duty to his country to do his own proper share to effect such a remedy. 7. We, the undersigned young men of America, do hereby form and organize the "Society of the National Reserve Corps of the United States," and do hereby pledge ourselves, individually and collectively, from purely patriotic motives, to do our utmost, without hope of reward, and without fear or favor, to further the objects of said corps and to work for its principles as set forth below: II. TIIK OBJECTS . There is presented annually to affiliated clubs a medal, mounted in a morocco case, suitably inscribed, for 230 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier competition among its members, and the results of such competition are published in the annual report of the Association. 6. All members or affiliated clubs are eligible to compete for qualification as Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert, and on qualifying will be issued a lapel button by the War Department, representing the class in which qualified. 7. Under the provisions of an act of Congress approved March 3, 1905, the Secretary of War is authorized to sell, at the prices at which they are listed for the Army, upon request of the Governors of the several States and Ter- ritories, such magazine rifles belonging to the United States as are not needed for the equipment of the Army and the organized Militia for the use of civilian rifle clubs. Tin- Secretary of War is also authorized to sell to such clubs ammunition, ordnance stores, revolvers, and equipments of the Government standard at the prices at which they are listed for the Army. 8. Under the provision of an act of Congress approved April, 1911, the Secretary of War is authorized to issue to clubs organized as above, U. S. magazine rifles, model of 1898, and ammunition for same under such regulations and in such quantities as may be decided upon by the National Board for Promotion of Rifle Practice, and approved by the Secretary of War. How TO OlUJAM/K A RlKLE CLUB The question is often asked, "How shall we go about it to organize a Government Rifle Club?" Our advice is to first get together those who are interested and send out a call for a meeting to organize. Have your local papers publish the call along with an argument in favor of such a club. Preliminary to such a meeting try and get the permission for the use of the local National Guard range, if there is one; if not, have ready data as to the cost of building a small range for the use of the pro- 231 posrd club. This the National Rifle Association will fur- nish. In addition to this, be ready to explain to the meet- ing the benefits to be derived from cooperation with the Government and the National Rifle Association. Having all this information ready will often save a postponement of organization pending the gathering of same. When the meeting is ready to organize, elect your officers and adopt the by-laws furnished by the National Kitlc Association. You will then be in shape to make your application for affiliation with the Association. We recom- mend that this be made through the State Secretary, who will bring the application to the attention of the Adjutant General of the State. When the club has received the approval of the Adjutant General, it will be eligible to elec- tion as a member of the National Rifle Association. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ISSUE OF RIFLES AND AMMUNITION TO CLUBS The following law, regulations and instructions govern- ing the issue of rifles (not of the existing service model and ball cartridges therefore, to rifle clubs organized under the rules of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice are published for the information and guidance of all concerned: 1. The act of Congress authorizing the said issues is as follows : Provided Further, That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to issue, without expense to the United States, for use in target prac'.ice, United States magazine rifle and appendages therefore, not of the existing service model, and not necessary for the main- tenance of a proper reserve supply, together with forty rounds of ball cartridges siiital 1< to said arm, for each range at which target prartitv is had, not to exceed a total of one hundred and twriity rounds per year per man participating in target practice, to rifle clubs or- 232 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier ganized under the rules of the National Hoard for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, and to schools having a uniformed corps of cadets and carrying on military training, in sufficient number for the conduct of proper target practice. Issues of public property under this provision shall be made in compliance with regulations prescribed by the secretary of War insuring the designed use of the property issued, providing against loss to the United States through lack of proper cart-, and for the return of the property when required, and embodying such other requirements as he may consider necessary ade- quately to safeguard the interests of the United States. Approved April 27, 1914. 2. Rifle clubs may be organized under the rules of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice in accordance with the following regulations: (a) Ten or more citizens, between the ages of 16 and 45, in any locality may organize a club. (b) The name of such a club should be, if practicable, the same as the citv or town in which it is organized, as the Auburn (N. Y.) Rifle Club. (c) The by-laws as approved by the Secretary of War must be adopted. (d) After organization, the club must affiliate with the National Rifle Association of America, in conformity with a resolution of the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice and approved bv the Secretary of War, March 23, Appendix 233 GOVERNMENT RIFLE CLUBS BY-LAWS FOR ADOPTION BY RIFLE CLUBS AFFILIATED WITH THE \ \TIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD OF PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE AND THE SECRETARY OF WAR ARTICLE I. The name of this organization shall be - Rifle Club (or Association). ARTICLE II. The object of this organization shall be the encouragement of military rifle and pistol shooting. ARTICLE III. Any citizen of the United States over six- teen years of age may become a member of the organization on vote of the Executive Committee and on payment of the usu.-il initiation fee and dues. ARTICLE IV. The officers of the organization shall be a President, Vice-president, Secretary, Treasurer, and Ex- ecutive Officer, who, acting together, shall constitute the Executive Committee. They shall be elected by a majority vote by ballot at the annual meeting of the organization, and hold office for one year or until their successors are elected. ARTICLE V. The annual meeting of the organization shall be held on the first Saturday of January in each year. If the annual meeting shall not take place at the time fixed it shall be held within a reasonable time thereafter, and the officers shall hold over until their successors shall have been elected. One-third of the members of the organization si i.i II constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. ARTICLE VI. The annual dues of the organization shall !>' > , and shall be payable on or before the first day of February in each year. No member of the organization in arrears shall be eligible to any of the benefits offered by the National Rifle Association. The initiation fee shall be $ . 234 Self-IIelps for the Citizen-Soldier ARTICLE VII. The duties of the officers shall be such as the club members may agree upon, provided that a part of such duties shall consist of some duly authorized officer of the club making a certified list of the newly elected officers of the organization and a list of the members in good standing to the National Rifle Association on Febru- ary 1 of each year. ARTICLE VIII. The affairs of the organization shall be managed by the Executive Committee, who shall have gen- eral supervision of the affairs of the club. Meetings shall be held at any time on the call of the president, and three shall constitute a quorum. The Secretary shall notify the members of the Executive Committee of all meetings, and shall send each member of the club notice of the annual meeting. He shall keep a true record of all meetings of the Executive Committee and of the annual meetings, have the custody of the books and papers of the club, and conduct all correspondence. All applications for membership shall be made direct to the Secretary. He shall be responsible for the collection of all fees and dues, and shall remit the same to the Treasurer, taking his proper receipt therefor. The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds of the organization, and place the same in such bank or banks as may be approved by the Executive Committee. Such money shall only be withdrawn by check signed by the Treasurer, and for the payment of such bills as shall have been ap- proved by the Executive Committee. He shall keep ac- count of all his transactions and make a detail report, with vouchers, at any meeting of the Executive Committee when requested, and an annual report to the Association at its annual meeting. The Executive Officer shall have charge of the ranges of the club, the printing of score cards, the arranging of competitions, etc., and shall turn over to the Treasurer such moneys as may be received for entrance fees, etc. No Append/us 235 bills shall be contracted without the authorization of the Executive Committee. ARTICLE IX. Any member whose conduct shall be de- cided, by a majority vote of the Executive Comnyttee, to have been injurious to the interest or welfare of the club shall forfeit his membership and rights, but such vote shall not be taken without giving the offender two weeks' notice of the charges against him and affording him an opportu- nity of being heard in his defence. He may appeal from a decision of the committee to the club at a special meeting called for that purpose, but it shall require a two-thirds vote of those present to reverse the committee's decision. ARTICLE X. All rifle and revolver competitions held by the club will be governed by the rules and regulations as laid down by the National Rifle Association of America, ap- proved by the National Board for Promotion of Rifle Practice and the Secretary of War. ARTICLE XI. Any amendment to these by-laws must be submitted to the National Rifle Association for its approval, and, if such is given, it may be presented at any meeting of the club after having been sent to each member at least ten days previously. A two-thirds vote of the members present will be necessary to pass it. HOW TO ORGANIZE A SCHOOL CLUB Whenever it is desired to organize a Government rifle club by the students of any public or private preparatory or high school, first secure the permission of the school authorities, and when this has been given call a meeting of all students interested in rifle shooting. To organize a club requires at least ten students to sign a roll so as to be rligible to receive a charter. When this meeting has been called to order a resolution should be introduced and passed to the effect that the meeting proceed to the organization of a rifle club, and that the following by-laws to cover the organization and management of the club be adopted: 236 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier BY-LAWS FOR SCHOOL RIFLE CLUBS APPROVED BY THE NATIONAL BOARD FOR PROMOTION OF RIFLE PRACTICE AND THF. SECRETARY OF WAR ARTICLE I. The name of this association shall be the Rifle Club of - - (Name of School). ARTICLE II. The object of this organization shall be the encouragement of rifle shooting among the male mem- bers of this institution. ARTICLE III. All male members of the student body and of the faculty shall be eligible for membership, but members of the faculty shall not be eligible to compete for the X. R. A. medal or qualifications. ARTICLE IV. The officers of this organization shall be a President, Secretary. Treasurer and Captain, who, acting together, shall constitute the Executive Committee. They shall be elected by a majority vote by ballot at the annual meeting of the organization, and hold office for one year or until their successors are elected. Members of the faculty may hold office in the club. ARTICLE V. The fiscal year of the club will be from September 1 to June 30, and the annual meeting shall be held on the first Saturday of October of each year. If the annual meeting shall not take place at the time fixed, it shall be held within a reasonable time thereafter and tin- officers shall hold over until their successors have been elected. One-third of the members of the organization shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. ARTICLE VI. The annual dues of the organization shall be $ and shall be payable on or before the first day of November of each year. No member of the Association in arrears shall be eligible to any of the benefits offered by the N. R. A. The initiation fee shall be $ . ARTICLE VII. The affairs of the club shall be managed by the Executive Committee, who shall have general super- vision over the affairs of the club. . / ppendix 237 The Scfrrltiri/ shall notify the members of the club of all meetings. He shall keep a true record of same, have the custody of the books and papers of the club, and con- duct all correspondence. All applications for membership shall be made direct to the Secretary. He shall be respon- sible for the collection of all fees and dues, and shall remit the same to the Treasurer, taking his proper receipt there- for. On June 30 of each year he will make a report of the season's work, and on December 1 a report of the new officers and a list of members to the General Secretary of tin- National Rifle Association. The Treasurer shall have charge of all funds of the or- ganization. and shall hold and disburse the same in such a way as may hr approved by the Executive Committee. He shall keep account of all his transactions and make a (It-tailed report, with vouchers, at the annual meeting. The Captain shall have charge of the ranges of the club, the printing of score cards, the arranging of competitions, etc., and shall turn over to the Treasurer such moneys as may be received for entrance fees, ammunition, etc. No hills shall be contracted without the authorization of the Executive Committee. ARTICLE VIII. All rifle competitions held by the club shall be governed by the rules and regulations as laid down by the National Rifle Association of America. ARTICLE IX. Any amendment to these by-laws must be siihmittcd to the National Rifle Association for its approval, and if such is given it may be presented at any meeting of the club after having been sent to each member at least ten days previously. A two-thirds vote of the members present will be necessary to pass it. MILITARY TRAINING CAMP FOR BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN The purpose of the camp is to offer an opportunity for business and professional men of military age to qualify 238 Self-Helps for the Citizen-Soldier themselves for efficient service to the country in case of need. Attendance at the camp will not increase either the legal or moral obligations of those who attend. The intention is merely to equip those taking the course of training to fulfill with more efficiency and usefulness obligations which are already laid upon them as citizens of the United States. UNIFORMS Each man must take 2 pairs marching shoes, medium weight socks, 1 pair light shoes or sneakers, summer under- wear, 2 pairs of olive drab breeches, cotton, 1 pair leggins, regular pattern ; 2 olive drab shirts, 1 Army blouse cotton, 1 campaign hat and hat cord (special for military training camps), Toilet articles and other necessaries. CAMP EQUIPMENT Arms, other ordnance and other equipment, including mess outfit, will be furnished by the United States Army, and mess will be provided at the rate of 50 cents a day (in- cluded in deposit of $30 to be made on arrival to cover camp expenses). INOCULATION It is recommended that the typhoid prophylaxis inocula- tion be taken at the camp, or before if preferred. INSTRUCTION The purpose of the camp will be to give each attendant as much of the fundamental education of an officer as can be imparted in the duration of the camp. A certain definite routine will be prescribed for all. Special opportunities will be offered for training in various branches of the service under expert officers. There will be present at the camp cavalry, artilli ry. signal corps and infantry officers of the regular Army. 239 Opportunities for work with aeroplane and machine gun are proposed. ORGANIZATION Attendants at the camp will be divided into organizations commanded by officers of the regular Army, whose duties cover not only those of instruction but also the health and general welfare of their commands. SPECIAL PERIODS OF ATTENDANCE NATIONAL GUARDSMEN Those who have been members of the National Guard or have had other military experience may apply, and on approval may attend for less than the prescribed period. As the military training is progressive, the latter part of the camp is recommended for such men. Men of sufficient experience will be used as officers and non-commissioned officers for the various organizations. EXAMINATIONS No examination is required, but a board of regular officers on duty at the camp will make such recommendations as to individual qualifications as they may deem proper, to be filed with the War Department. INFORMATION 1 nil information as to time and place of future camps may be obtained from Headquarters, Training Regiment, .M Nassau Street, New York City. Tiro Kookx Indispensable to Citizen-Soldier* PRIVATES' MANUAL (Revised Edition. Profusely Illustrated) By CAPTAIN JAMES A. MOSS, U. S. Army SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS Object and Advantages of Military Training Equipment of tin- Sol.lier Guard Duty Military Courtesy Forms of Speech Delivery of Messages 'Military Deportment and Appearance -Care of Cloth- ing, Arms and other Equipment Care of the Health Camp Sani- tation First Aid to the Sick and Injured Field Service Individual Cooking Description and Management of the Rifle Care ami Preservation of the Rifle How to Shoot- (This Chapter, which is profusely illustrated, shows just exactly how soldiers in tlie Regular Army are taught to shoot.) The Private's Campaign Creed (In simple, concise language, expressed in the form of a creed, this chapter tells everything a soldied should know and do on the march, in camp, on out-post, when patrolling and when in battle.) Price $.75, postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity MANUAL OF MILITARY TRAINING By CAPTAIN JAMES A. MOSS, U. S. Army (Profusely illustrated. Officially adopted for use in seventy of our military schools and colleges.) This book is a presentation of MILITARY TRAINING as mani- fested in the training and instruction of a COMPANY. The book contains everything pertaining to the training and instruction of COMPANY officers, noncommissioned ofrk?rs and privates, and be who masters its contents and makes his COMPANY proficient in the subjects embodied therein, will be in every way qualified, without the assistance of a single other book, to command with credit and satisfaction, in peace and in war, an efficient fighting company. SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS Infantry Drill Regulations Manual of the Bayonet Manual of Physical Training Manual of Interior Guard Dutv Signalling Small Arms-Firing Manual The Government and Administration of a Company Discipline General Principles of Company Training and Instruction General Common Sense Principles of Applied Minor Ttactics General Plan of Instruction in Map Problems for Noncommissioned Officers and Privates Instruction in Delivering Messages The Service of Information Map Reading Military Sketching Loading Wagons Marches Care of the Health and First Aid to the Sick and Injured Military Courtesy .Military lr|inrtment and Appearance Personal Cleanliness and Care of Clothing and Other Equipment Care and Preservation of Shoes Forms of Speech Delivery of Messages The Care, Description ami Management of the Rifle The Company in Attack The Company in Defense The Company on Outpost The Company in Scon ti UK and Patrolling Night Operations-y-The Field Orders of Enlisted Men I ntrenchments Obstacles Field Firing Camping Cooking Price ti-90. postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity GEO. BANTA PUBLISHING CO. MENASHA, WISCONSIN Other Military Hooka for the Citizen-Soldier MILITARY CHARACTER, HABIT, DE- PORTMENT, COl'RTESY AND DISCIPLINE By CAPT. M. U. STKH'ART, f. S. Army "The Reason Why" of military life and customs An Interesting discussion along original lines Of special value to one wh.. to understand the spirit of the lighting man. I'rice $.50 postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFANTRY SOLDIER By CAPT. M. B. .YV /-If. (A 1 / . f. .V. Army A comprehensive dNi-u-ion of the subject of Physical Training and Development for the Infantryman. I'rice $.40, postpaid. A liberal discount on quantity OFFICERS' MAM A I. (Fifth Edition) By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. T. .9. Army A handy, convenient compilation of "Customs of the Service. " and other matters of a practical, worth-knowing nature. It may be called the "What's What" of the Army. I'rice <-'.5o, postpaid NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS' MANUAL By CAPT. JAMES .1. MOSS. U. S. Army This book is to the noncommissioned officer what Officers' Manual is to the officer. The SOUL of this book consists of the condensed and collated experiences of over fifty (50) old and experienced non- OOamUHiOQed officers of the Regular Army. Price $i.$o, postpaid APPLIED MINOR TACTICS (Including Map Problems and the H'ar Game) By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. C. S. Army MAP KKADINC.-M \P SKKTnilNV,. Simplified for beginners. Price $l.o?, postpaid RIOT Dl'TY By CAPT. JAMES A. MOSS. U. S. Army A practical, handy pamphlet covering in a simple and complet- way both the legal and the tactical sides of the subject. Price $.50, postpaid <;KO. HANTA ITKUSHINC; ( o. MI- \ \SM \. WISCONSIN Other Military Books for the Citizen-Soldier MILITIA FIELD MANUAL By LIEUTS. CEO. R. GUILD and FRED C. TEST, V. S. Army Intended to be a field instructor for Militia troops (officers, non- commissioned officers, and privates) ; to enable these troops to acquire by study, and prior to going into the field, the many little points of a professional soldier's everyday life that are usually acquired only by experience. Th: habitual daily field duties of every person are carefully detailed. Rules for rationing, sanitation, food tables and the various blank forms necessary for use in the field are minutely described. Adopted as official by the National Guard of several states. Price $1.00, postpaid. A liberal discount for quantities MILITARY FIELD NOTE BOOK By LIEUTS. GEO. R. GUILD and ROBERT C. COTTON, U. S. Army A handy, compact field note book adapted for use of officers and enlisted men. Special emphasis is laid on the fact that the book is made up of three distinct parts, namely: (a) The Owner's Note Sheets; (b) Printed Field Notes; (c) The Detachable Filler. There is a pencil "holder attached on the back covtr of the book. The Detachable Filler consists of two parts, (a) Message Pad; (b) Field Diary Sheets. The book can be used indefinitely; all that is required is the filling in of the new pads as time goes on, which can be secured at the very small cost of IS cents. Attention is also called to the waterproof cover which is another feature of the book, which can be obtained at an additional cost of 10 cents. War Department Bulletin, No. 11, Sec. 3, No. Ill, 1915, places this book on the list of military publications which the militia may purchase out of federal funds. Price $.75, postpaid. Waterproof coi'er $.10 ELEMENTS OF MODERN FIELD ARTIL- LERY U. S. SERVICE By MAJOR H. G. BISHOP, 5th Field Artillery Elements of Modern Field Artillery is a compilation of the notes used in conference on the subject of Field Artillery at ;'..e Army Service Schools. It is not a textbook for the field artillery man, but is intended solely as a reference for members of other branches of the service. Price $1.50, postpaid GEO. BAXTA PUBLISHING CO. MENASHA, WISCONSIN through their Military Department, will get for you any book, military or other, published anywhere in the world. BANTA'S CATALOGUE OF MILITARY BOOKS will be furnished upon application. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below MAR JAN 3 173 Form I.-P JOm- II, < ANGELES UBRART UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL UBRARY FACILITY A 000680715