L HENRY RAND HATFIEUD 2695 LE CONTE AVENUE BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA ALVMNVS BOOK FVND rt WOOD'S OLD BOOK 515 lift - Oalif, NO. 139 WASHINGTON, (CORNER OF SCHOOL STREET,) BOSTON, Offers his services for the Adjustment of Disputed and Complicated Accounts, Insolvent and other Estates. Books Posted, Examined, Balanced, &c. Arbitrations attended. Deeds, Leases, Specifications, Contracts, &c. accurately drawn up. Copying, and all kinds of Business Writing, EXECUTED WITH FIDELITY AND DESPATCH. COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING-ROOM, Which has been in successful operation TEW years, (upwards of two thousand students having attended this establishment up to the present year, 1850,) is open DA.V and EVENING, for preparing students for the practical duties of Merchants' Clerks, and the other active pursuits of life not the mei-e school-boy theories of the Academies, but such knowledge as shall enable the graduate, at once, to undertake, with confidence, the labors of the Counting-House. TERMS : A course of Instruction in MERCANTILE WRITING, one lesson each day or evening, for one month- $5.00 A course of Instruction in COMMERCIAL ARITH- METIC, one lesson each day or evening, for one month $5.00 A course of Instruction in MERCANTILE WRITING and COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC, or either, one lesson each day or evening for three months $10.00 A course of Instruction in MERCANTILE WRITING, BOOK-KEEPING, MENTAL and COMMERCIAL CALCU- LATIONS, $15.00 The duration of the course is until the student is per- fectly capable of taking charge of any set of Books whatever. The student, in this course, can devote the whole of the day and evening, or any part thereof which m a v suit his convenience. The average length, of time, occ;T>ied by a person of ordinary capacity, devoting the whcle day, is one month. , The expense of the stationery for this course will not exceed $1.50. MR. COMER respectfully announces that ha has provided a separate apartment, having a t for Ladies, whom he proposes to instruct in as thorough and practical a knowledge of as he has hitherto exclusively imparted to the other sex, with such favorable acceptance. TERMS FOR LADIES: A Course of Instruction in WRITING, one Lesson each afternoon or evening, for one month $4.00 A Course of Instruction in COMMERCIAL ARITHME- HO, one Lesson each afternoon or evening, for one month $4.00 A Course of Instruction in WRITING and A TIC, or either, one Lesson each alternoon or evening, for three months, $8.00 A Course of Instruction in WRITING, BOOK-KEEPING, and HOUSEKEEPING ACCOUNTS, time unlimited- $10.00 EMPLOYMENT. Having frequent applications, Mr. COMER can usually procure employment for such of his students as may require it. Hundreds ef his former students are now filling responsible situations in the city and vicinity, mostly procured upon his recommendation ; to whom, and to numerous Merchants, Solicitors, Insurance and other Companies, who have employed him in his capacity of an accountant, reference is made. 1C?- There is no Class System. N.B. Payment in all oases in advance, the mon-ey refunded. Each Student receives separate instruction. Entire satisfaction guarantied, or NEW WORK ON BOOK-KEEPING. "A SIMPLE METHOD OF KEEPING BOOKS BY DOUBLE ENTRY," WITHOUT THE FORMULA OR TROUBLE OF THE JOURNAL, Adapted to the most extensive wholesale, or the smallest retail business; to which is added a number of tk most rapid and accurate methods of making commercial calculations. BY GEORGE N. COMER, ACCOUNTANT, BOSTON, MASS. FIPTH EDITION, price 62K cents, and Blank Books for this work, price 30 cents per set, (a liberal allowance to Teachers,) for sale at Comer's Initiatory Counting Room and Nautical Institute, No. 139 Washington Street, Boston. Numerous testimonials of the excellence of this work have been received from Merchants, Professors, Clerks and Teachers, who have adopted it. Upwards of five thousand copies having been sold in two years, is pre- sumptive evidence ot its wortn. THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM BOSTON PAPERS WILL SHOW THE ESTIMATION IN WHICH MR. COMER'S SERVICES ARE HELD. " Mr. Comer's Establishment is one of the most ele- gant, extensive, and appropriately furnished and ar- ranged, of its kind, in the United States, and probably in the world. It is the beau ideal of a Counting Koom. The Navigation department, under the care of the gifted Professor, is arranged in the best manner, with all suitable instruments, &c. for imparting a thorough knowledge of this necessary science. U'e advise every mercantile man to call and look at this establishment, at least. They will be sure to meet with a polite reception from the gentlemanly princi- pal." Post. " Mr. Comer has added to his elegant establishment a separate apartment for Ladies, whom he proposes to instruct so thoroughly as to enable them to take charge of the books of any light business. A know- ledge of accounts is as desirable for ladies as for gen- tlemen. Every young female, no matter what her station in life, would be benefited by such informa- tion as Mr. Comer proposes to impart. This is a good move, deserving of abundant encouragement." Tran- script. " NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE. In a community so essentially commercial as ours, a well-conducted insti- tution, devoted to imparting thorough knowledge in maritime and mercantile affairs, is of vast importance. Such an institution is that of Mr. Comer. As an in- structor in Writing and Accounts, he has no superior the Navigation department is under the superintend- ence of an able practitioner ; and the Ladies apartment, which is entirely separate, is all that it should be. The whole establishment is an ornament and benefit to the city and deserves the extensive patronage it receives." Daily Journal. " In the present state of things the science of Navi- gation is as important and practical as it is sublime. The art of conducting a ship from port to port over the wide, watery, howling convexity, is one of the most glorious achievements of the human mind. W were struck with these thoughts on looking at our friend George N. Comer's Mercantile Institute. He has made the best possible provision for teaching Navigation, having the services of a gentleman whose qualifications are every way faultless, and we wonder that the enterprising young men of our city do not in greater numbers than he cau accomodate apply them- selves to this important branch. It is a branch which any young merchant should tak* a pride in adding to his stock of knowledge." Traveller. " THE MODEL COUNTING ROOM. We yesterday call- ed in upon our friend COMER, at his Mercantile and Nautical Institute, and were much gratified to find him so thoroughly occupied with a large number of orderly and attentive students. Every thing about his establishment seems to move like clock work ; ev- ery thing done well at the right time, no disorder or confusion, but in place of it the most admirable regu- larity. The readiness with which our merchants em- ploy Mr. Comer's students, is sufficient evidence of the esteem in which his tuition is held. To have been a student with him, is a passport into almost any mercantile house in this city. The Ladies should read his card, and call and see the provision he has made for their accommodation. Truly, if ever man deserved to be patronized, it is Mr. Comer. His energy and perseverance are untiring. Call and see for yourselves ; you will find his establishment all we have said of it, and, as a model Counting Koom, acknowledge it unrivalled." Daily Mail. " BOOK-KEEPING. It is a pleasure to us to call the attention of our readers to the establishment of Mr. George N. Comer, for practical instruction in Book Keeping. It is a point of the greatest importance, in the education of every man of business, to know tlie best way in which books can be kept, to bo able, in fact, to keep and understand a set of Books ; and so to do it, that all other intelligent book keepers will understand them. Mr. Comer has himself been practical merchant and book keeper, and is now largely employed by our first merchants, to regulate their books. This business he is constantly doing, at his ofBce, in connection with which, he has large, elegantly and appropriately furnished rooms for stu- dents, whore they have every facility for becoming acquainted with book-keeping as it is actually con- ducted by the best clerks in the city. It is like study- ing medicine in a hospital. The teachers of our pub- lic schools, who teach book-keeping, find it for their interest to study with Mr. Comer ; and young men who contemplate business, cannot, probably, any- where find better instruction." Daily Chronatyjie. " To Mr. Comer belongs the merit of doini; away with the old 'class system' ef instruction in Book- keeping and Writing. Each of his students has al- ways received separate instruction ; and though many have since imitated his plan in their advertisements. we fear the imitation ends there, Mr. Comer was th first person in the United States to introduce this ira proved method. Daily Timet. EXTRACTS FROM THE BOSTON PAPERS. " Mr. Comer's name has become so familiar to the mercantile portion of our community, and his excel- lent works upon book-keeping are so universally em- ployed, that it will be difficult for us to say anything of the gentleman which is not already known ; but we may remind our readers that his Institute is still in operation, and is receiving, as it richly merits, the continued patronage of parents who wish their sons to acquire a thorough knowledge of book-keeping as well as improvement in their penmanship. Under his tui- tion a young man if already engaged in mercantile pursuits, is enabled to receive many invaluable hints ; while the inexperienced youth lays the foundation of a system which increases with his years, and renders him not only of great service to others, but equally well fitted to take care of his own affairs. The Naviga- tion department is under the supervision of a gentle- man whose attainments admirably qualify him for the charge, and we are happy to state that the Boston Insur- ance Offices have, by their influence, and aware ot its importance, contributed generously to its mainten- ance. A separate apartment is provided for ladies, who will find Mr. Comer, aside from his abilities as a teacher, to be a gentleman of most courteous man- ners." Evening Gazette. " Among the good notions of this city ? of which we have reason to be proud, is the Mercantile Institution of Mr. Comer, in which most thorough and excellent provision is made for teaching ladies all the mysteries of account keeping. A separate and elegant apartment is provided for them, and they enjoy the same able and thorough instruction which Mr. C. bestows upon his male pupils. Here is a chance, girls, if you wish to enjoy the delicious feeling of independence. A little money and time, will put you in possession of the key of comparative wealth, and we will answer for it, that your prospects and enjoyments in the various interesting relations of life to which you are destined, will not be clouded or injured by that" Rambler. " We have frequently taken occasion to speak favor ably of Mr. Comer's effective mode of communicating instruction in writing, book-keeping, &c., and, in again directing attention to the subject, we feel that we can, with the confidence which the long tamiliarrcy with that gentleman's admirable system inspires, re- commend his establishment to the serious considera- tion of those who must inevitably suffer, in an active commercial community like ours, from a deficiency in the all-important requisites taught by Mr. Comer. Massachusetts Ploughman. u It is with great pleasure that we call attention to the Mercantile Institute of Mr. Comer, where every branch necessary for an accomplished merchant has been for a long time successfully taught. Many of our most practical clerks, who are now enjoying situa- tions of great value, owe their first start in life to the skill and genius of Mr Comer." Bee. 11 A GOOD IDEA.. Mr. Comer proposes to teach La- dies in the art of keeping accounts ; in other words, to qualify them to keep books. As a general thing, we have no doubt women would make better accountants than men. And why should they not be so employ- ed ? The shutting of the female sex out from honor- able and profitable employments, is the cause of cor- rupting both sexes." Chronotype " The character of the information imparted at this establishment, is essentially utilitarian." Courier. " We commend this as being one of the most vaj uable institutions of the kind in the country. Mr. Co mer is a thorough business man ; with the education and deportment of a gentleman, and a facility of im- parting information which is highly appreciated. Th number of his former students now filling responsible situations in the city, procured on his recommenda- tion, is conclusive evidence of the usefulness of this establishment." Daily Evening Transcript. RULES AND REGULATIONS TO BE OBSERVED BY THE STUDENTS AT AND NAUTICAL INSTITUTE. I. No student is permitted to open any drawer, but the one allotted to him, under any circumstances. f II. No Student is permitted to remain in the Room unless engaged, at the time, upon the study for which he entered. in. Students are not permitted to take Strangers into the large Room. IV. No student is permitted to carry out of the Room any article belonging to the establishment. V. No Student is permitted to injure, or deface, the Stationery, Furniture, or Apparatus, of the establish- ment. VI. When a Student requires information in regard to his studies, he is expected to apply to the Princi- pal, or his Assistant, and not to the other Students. It is intended that each Student shall be strictly Iff himself. VII. No loud talking, laughing, or other improper noise grimacing or gesticulating lounging or col- lecting in groups is permitted. VIII. No spitting on the floor, walls, or furniture allowed. Students using Tobacco, and those having occasion to spit, must provide themselves with pocket handkerchiefs to spit into. If young men have to carry about tbem the unnecessary filth they create, it may help to abolish a vile habit. Any violation of any of the foregoing Rules and Regulations, will subject the violator to immediate expulsion, at the discretion of the Principal. HOURS FOR STUDENTS. WINTER TERM. 1st of September to 1st of May from 9, A.M., until 1, P.M. ; from 3, P.M., until 5, P.M. ; and from 7 la the evening until 9. On Saturdays, the Office will be closed at 5 o'clock, P.M., throughout the year. OFFICE SUMMER TERM. 1st of May to 1st of September from 9, A.M., until 1, fM. ; from 3, P.M., until 7, P.M. IATOA ' No. 139 WASHINGTON, (Corner of School Street,) BOSTON, IS OPEN DAY & EVENING, FOR IMPARTING INSTRUCTION IN NAVIGATION, BY ALL THE BEST AND MOST APPROVED MODERN METHODS. The Lunar Observations, Great Circle Sailing, Sumner's Method, and every branch neces- sary for an accomplished Navigator, taught thoroughly. ARE PROVIDED AND EXPLAINED. A Course of Instruction in Common Navigation, by the most approved modern methods, $10 00 A Course of Instruction in the Lunar Observations, 12 00 Where both of the above are taken together, 20 00 Great Circle Sailing, and Sumner's Method 12 00 A complete Course of Instruction, which embraces all the foregoing, to- gether with a portion of Algebra, Geometry, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Simple and Quadratic Equations 30 00 Persons, already competent, may receive certificates of their qualifications as Navi- gators, upon presenting themselves for examination at this Institute, which is under the direct patronage of the Marine Insurance Companies and the Merchant Ship-owneri of Boston. PAYMENT IN ALL CASES IN ADVANCE. ENTIRE SATISFACTION GUARANTIED OR IBM MONET REFUNDED. ;K^-.V./!. /v / RECOMMENDATIONS. From the Principal of the Hopkins' School, Cambridge. 26-TH JANUAET, 1847. DEAR SIR, It gives me much pleasure to know that the demand for your excellent work oa Book-keeping has been such as to require another edition. I have given instruction in Book-keeping for many years, and have availed myself of a variety of text-books, but none have ever given me such satisfaction as yours. You have been signally successful in making plain to the comprehen- sion of the pupil every difficult principle of the science. Tn t^ noo * .i -- RECOMMENDATIONS. Frem the Principal of the Hopkins? School, Cambridge. 26TH JANUARY, 1847. DEAR SIR, It gives me much pleasure to know that the demand for your excellent work oa Book-keeping has been such as to require another edition. I have given instruction in Book-keeping for many years, and have availed myself of a variety of text-books, but none have ever given me such satisfaction as yours. You have been signally successful in making plain to the comprehen- sion of the pupil every difficult principle of the science. To those teachers who, like myself, are obliged to give instruction in many different branches, it will prove a great acquisition. The most ordinary capacity, with a few words of explanation from the teacher, cannot fail to understand it. I have at present a class using it as a text-book, and although I know of nothing in the class to rank it in capacity above other classes which I have had, yet their progress in a knowledge of the principles is beyond comparison greater than I have ever witnessed before. I have no doubt that when known, it will be generally adopted as a text-book. With best wishes for your success, I remain your obt. servt. E. B. WHITMAN. GBO. N. COMER, Esq. Gao. N. COMER, Esq. DEAR SIR, I have examined your work on Book-keeping with much satisfac- tion. The plan and execution seem to be equally excellent. It is very far from being a compilation of crude theoretical notions, as is too often the case with books designed for elementary instruction; it is evidently a well-digested, practical treatise, and such an one as might be expected from an able, practical accountant. The chief peculiarity of your method, which consists in " posting directly from the original entry to the debit and credit of the corresponding accounts in the Ledger," instead of using the Journal, strikes me very favorably ; and I cannot; but persuade myself, that it is not merely an innovation, but a real improvement upon the old plan. Your most obedient and humble servant, JOHN D. PHILBRICK. MAYHEW SCHOOL, BOSTON, MARCH 17, 1847. Mr. George N. Comer has kept the books of our firm, doing a business of np wards of fifty thaisand dollars per annum, by yearly contract, for four years past, pon the plan recommended in this work, with perfect accuracy and satisfaction. THOS. L. RAYNER & CO BOSTON, SEPTEMBER 13, 1847. RECOMMENDATIONS. From Professor Tatlock, Williams' College, Mass. 26TH JANUARY, 1847, Di AK SIR, 1 have examined your work on Book-keeping, and am much pleased with it. 1 think the merchants and their book-keepers ought to give you a pension for teaching them how to dispense with half the labor of keeping their books. I am glad that you have made the subject so simple and so plain. It has been usually treated with so much mysticism that it looked, to a novice, very much like the hocus pocus of the conjurer. I think it decidedly superior to any other work on the subject with which I am acquainted, and trust that every young man who intends to devote himself to the honorable and responsible duties of a book-keeper will profit by your treatise on the subject. \ours truly, G. N. COMER, Esq TOHN TATLOCK. Mr. George N. Comer has kept my books, by yearly contract, upon the prin- ciple recommended in his work, for upwards of two years, with the most entire satisfaction. L. B. BROOKS, BOSTON, MARCH 3, 1846. 57 Washington Street. BOSTON, MAY, 1846. MR. GEORGE N. COMER, DEAR SIR, I have examined the work on Book-keeping, compiled and arranged by yourself, and it gives me pleasure to inform you of the high opinion I entertain of it. The evident uselessness of the Journal, so universally used, and so justly dis- claimed in your work, constitutes, in my estimation, one of the principal features of its excellence. And while the arrangement is concise, avoiding every prolonged and unnecessary detail, it is at the same time so complete in its definitions and explanations as to convey a clear and perfect idea of the matter contained. I trust it will receive all the notice which so valuable a work may justly claim. Very truly, WM. M. WALLACE, Book-keeper at Charles Stoddard & J. S. Lovering's, Milk Street BOSTON, JAN. 23, 1847. DEAR SIR, I have just heard that a new issue of your popular work on Book-keeping is called for. If besides this much-admired and well-condensed treatise any desired other evidence of your mastery of the important art of a simple method of Double Entry, adapted to all varieties of business, it is ^uite sufficient to point such to the numerous practical accountants graduates from your teaching who are holding places of responsibility in our city, and elsewhere. I trust that your labors may become even more extensively appreciated, and remain, Truly yours, &c., MB G. N. COMER, CHAS. A. ELLIOT. Having taken lessons of Mr. George N. Comer, Accountant, No. 17 State Street, 1 think his method of teaching and system of Book-keeping the best I have ever seen. JOHN P. ROGERS, Book-keeper for Wm. T. Eustis & Co., Pearl Street BOSTON, MARCH, 1846. RECOMMENDATIONS. Hi WALTHAM, JAN. 9, 1847. DEAR SIR, After a careful inspection of your work on Book-keeping, and after having made use of it in my school, I am happy to say I consider it decidedly preferable to any work of the kind with which I am acquainted. Very truly yours, MR. COMER. DANIEL FRENCH. WILLIAM R. NOTES, Esq., Teacher of the Commercial Academy at New Bed- ford, in a letter to Mr. Gray says, " You may say to Mr. Comer that I was the first to introduce the work in this place, affd shall endeavor to bring it into general use, as I consider it a work of great merit." BOSTON, 9th SEPTEMBER, 1847. GEO. N. COMER, Esq. DEAR SIR, I am advised that your admirable system of Book-keeping has reached its third edition ; a sufficient evidence of its value and the public favor bestowed upon it. Being familiar with its principles, I take pleasure in adding my humble testimony to its superior merits. Very respectfully yours, C. CANTERBURY, Book-keeper for Messrs. J. W. Blodgett & Co., Pearl Street. BOSTON, 8th SEPTEMBER, 1847. DEAR SIR, I have used your treatise on Book-keeping as a text-book in school, and am hap- py to state that it meets my unqualified approval. Believing it to be a work of such excellence that it needs only be examined to be approved, I cheerfully re- commend it to the favorable notice of Teachers and School Committees. With much respect, GEO. N. COMER, Esq. G. S. WESTON. ISAAC F. SHEPARD, Esq., Teacher of the Otis School, and Editor of the Boston Daily Bee, says, " I believe it to be the best system I ever saw. It deserves the attention of all who keep accounts, and every man that disburses a dollar ought to do so." BOSTON, MARCH 3d, 1847. MR. GEORGE N. COMER. DEAR SIR, Upon leaving your Institute, of which I have been a student, it gives me pleasure to express my approbation of your method of teaching Double Entry Book-keeping, which appears to me to be the best now in use. Yours truly, CHAS. M. STIMPSON, Book-keeper for E. F. Follensbee, No. 4 Kilby Street. Having been a student in the office of Mr. George N. Comer, I regard the sys tern taught by him as preferable to all others, being at once simple and compre- hensive, enabling the student to take charge of a set of Books with confidence ami ability. AUGUSTUS STYLES, Book-keeper for Fishers & Baldwin, Boston. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The value of this book consists in its clearness, the ease with which the prin- ciples and practice of the art may be learned from it by the new-beginner, and the adaptation of its method to the most extensive wholesale or the smallest retail business. The volume should be in the store of every business man." Boston Courier. " One of the most simple and intelligible treatises on Book-keeping that we have IT RECOMMENDATIONS ever seen. It is the first publication, we believe, which omits the useless * Journal/ though that book has been thrown aside in many of our mercantile houses for years past." Boston Post. l( A work of extraordinary merit, and for which we predict an immense popu- larity. The whole matter is here divested of the ambiguity and superfluity of detail which have characterized works of this nature, and is explained in such an easy, concise, and intelligible manner, as cannot fail to be understood, and prove a valuable acquisition to the school-room and the counting-house." Boston Daily Transcript. 11 A good treatise on so important a science as Book-keeping is always worthy of attention from the public, particularly that portion of it to whom this subject is of special interest. The title-page of Mr. Comer's work sets forth that his method is ' a simple one by Double Entry, without the formula or trouble of the journal, adapted to the most extensive wholesale or the smallest retail business, to which is added a number of the most rapid and accurate methods of making commercial calculations.' After a thorough examination of the work we have no hesitation in saying this is a true statement. It is a concise, accurate, and time-saving plan, commending itself to the general use of mercantile men." Boston Atlas. " We are highly pleased with this short and simple treatise on Book-keeping. It is intelligible, and wholly practical. Nothing necessary to a perfect system .seems to be omitted, and nothing unnecessary and onerous introduced. That another edition was demanded, is one of the best commendations of such a work." New England Puritan. "This system of Book-keeping is practised in all extensive mercantile establish- ments, and by it governments keep their accounts. Mr. C.'s volume bears the mark of an intelligent and accurate mind, and is well worthy the attention of all whose business requires them to attend to the financial details of trade." Bos- ton Recorder. " We gladly hail this new and simple method of Book-keeping, in place of the older and more difficult one. We refer the inquirer to the many practical testi- monials in its favor, from among our first merchants ; and also to the skilful in- struction afforded by the author, in the various branches of his profession." Christian Watchman. '' One of the most lucid and concise works on Book-keeping that has ever been issued from the press. As an evidence of the usefulness of this work, it may be slated that upwards of two hundred mercantile firms have adopted the method in their respective establishments in the short space of o.ne year since its first publi- cation." Boston Daily Mail. "Mr. Comer's system of Double Entry is ably presented. We think his volume will take precedence of our other text-books on the subject." Ziorfs Herald. " The most concise, common-sense treatise upon Double Entry that we have evei seen. It is written in a plain, vigorous style, easy of comprehension and adapta- tion. The method of dispensing with the < Journal,' thus saving one half the labor of the old system, is admirable." Boston Traveller. '' This is one of the (if not the) best things of the kind ever published." Bos> i:n Daily Eagle. "We have no doubt that the system introduced by Mr. Comer will meet with r^ry general favor and support from the business public." Boston Daily Journal " A concise, complete, and labor-saving system." Boston Cultivator. "A useful and va uable work." Boston Times. " So far as our limited knowledge of Book-keeping enables us to judge, we re- gard this work as a decided improvement on all previous systems. It certainly simplifies a somewhat difficult art, and makes it easy to be acquired ; and we sec no reason why it is not, as the title-page affirms, adapted to any extent of busir ness." Christian Alliance and Family Visitor. " Mr. Comer is famous in his profession, and many merchants of distinction have adopted his plan." Boston Olive Branch. SIMPLE METHOD OF KEEPING BOOKS, SY TOTOLE-MWEY, WITHOUT THE FORMULA OK TROUBLE OF THE JOURNAL ADAPTED TO THE MOST EXTENSIVE WHOLESALE, OE THE SMALLEST RETAIL BUSINESS. TO WHICH IS ADDED A NUMBER OF THE MOST RAPID AND ACCURATE METHODS OF MAKING COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS. BY GEORGE N. COMER, ACCOUNTANT. SIXTH EDITION. BOSTON: TAPPAN, WHITTEMORE, & MASON 1850. Entered according to Act ot Congress, in the year 1846, by GEORGE N. COMER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. Stereotyped by GEORGE \. CURTIS; NEW ENGLAND TVPB AND 8TEUEOTYPK FOUNDRY BOSTON. C&5" /a s-o TO THE MERCHANTS OF (Q) SIP (DM THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDIC ATED. MS83918 PREFACE. THE compiler of this work commenced his undertaking, in the belief that a plain, simple treatise on Book-keeping, written by a practical Merchant, and divested of the mysticism and verbosity which it has hitherto been the interest, or the pleasure, of writers on this subject to throw around their productions, would meet with the approbation of the Mercantile community; and he was strengthened in this belief by the expressed opinion of the cele- brated J. R. McCulloch and other distinguished authorities ; and, encouraged by the patronage of some of the most eminent Mer- chants of this City, he has prosecuted this enterprise to maturity, $nd now sends it forth " to grace a counting-room or adorn a trunk," as its merits, faults or fate may destine. He does not lay the slightest claim tc literary pretension, and therefore expects to escape literary criticism ; and when he states, that this entire work has been compiled after the hour of nine o'clock at night, the arduous nature of his daily avocations affording him no other leisure, he hopes that unintentional errors, if any, will be passed lightly over. 17 State Street, Boston. ) 1st January, 1846. j CONTENTS. Definition, , . .... 7 Introduction, . 8 Rules, 16 Day Book, or Book of Original Entry, 13 Cash Book, or Book of Original Entry for Cash Transactions, . .. . 27 Ledger, 35 Trial Balances, 49 Quarterly Account of Balances, 54 Report, 55 Bill Books, 57 Explanation of Day Book Entries with Directions for Posting, ... 59 Explanation ef Cash Book Entries with Directions for Posting, . . 62 Explanation of Trial Balances, 63 Upon Closing the Ledger, . . . 67 Four of the most approved forms of keeping Journals, 69 Copartnership Books, 83 Form of an Invoice, 87 H ii Bills, 87 H i, Account Sales, 88 H ii an Account Current, without interest, 88 * it it Account Current, with interest, ....89 M ii ii English Account Current, with interest, 90 COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS : Interest, . . . . . ...92 Discount, 96 Premium, ... 97 Exchange, 97 Chain-Rule, 99 Equation of Payments, . . . 100 Compound Equation, 101 Equation of Dividends, . 102 applied to the Storage of property, ,.102 Measurements, 103 DEFINITION. BOOK-KEEPING, the art of keeping- the accounts and books of a mei- chant. Book-keeping by double entry means that mode or system in which every entry is double ; that is, has both a debtor and a creditor. It is called also the Italian method, because it was first practised in Venice, Genoa, and other towns in Italy, where trade was conducted on an extensive scale at a much earlier date than in England, France, or other parts of Europe. This method, however familiar to merchants and book-keepers, seems intricate to almost all who have not practised it ; nor is the dryness and difficulty of the task much lessened by the printed works on the subject, which, having been compiled more by teachers than by practical merchants, contain a number of obsolete rules and unnecessary details. McCulloch's Dictionary of Commerce. BOOK-KEEPING is the art of recording financial facts in a lucid and sys- .ematic manner. The only method of book-keeping founded upon general principles is the Italian, or, as it is more commonly called, the double-entry system, from its being based on the principle, that every transaction in business is virtually a transfer between two accounts, and so must be entered to the debit of the one, and the credit of the other. Cyclopedia of Commerce, by W. Waterston, Esq. BOOK-KEEPING BY DOUBLE ENTRY. Of the efficiency of this system, the trading world in its infinite variety of commerce and concerns gives unanimous evidence. Into every well regulated manufactory, into every extensive mercantile establishment in every part of the civilized world, it has gradually, but peremptorily, forced its way ; and in this country is finding its way into mercantile establishments of humbler grades. The revenues of no government have been safely administered the accounts of no government have been intelligibly kept the business of no government has been promptly and satisfactorily despatched until the commercial system has been introduced with its order and uniformity into the different departments. Parliamentary Report on Excise Ac- counts, 1S34. INTRODUCTION. I AM aware that it is a bold undertaking, to attempt to convince mer of experience and enterprise, Merchants, whose " sails whiten every sea," that, the JOUENAL, which they have hitherto considered an indispensable element in their Book-keeping, is an entirely useless book, occasioning a vast amount of unnecessary labor and consequent waste of valuable time ; but, regardless of the prejudices to be overcome, I commence with the hypothesis, that, the Journal is an unnecessary book, possessing no advantages which are not equally obtained without it, and that it should be discarded by every intelligent merchant, and of this, I intend to con- vince all those who will give this work that candid consideration the subject merits. I will merely premise, that this is no untried theory, but one, which, in my capacity of an Accountant, I have put into actual practice, in vari- ous mercantile establishments of considerable extent, for some years past, with entire success. It wouid be useless to repeat the many stereotyped reasons for keeping the Journal, advanced by those who, having been so long accustomed to the one well-beaten path, feel no inclination to try a shorter cut ; but I cannot refrain from mentioning an observation made to me by a gentle- man of this city who, being an accomplished accountant, commands a high salary ; after a very long argument and some time for reflection, he finally admitted the correctness of my views about discarding the Journal, but, " declined introducing this method into the establishment in which he was engaged, as by so doing, half his time would be unoccu- pied, and perhaps his services might not be considered of so much importance." This is just the fact, and more conclusive evidence could not be given. It is an indisputable fact that the original entry, no matter in what book it is written or however badly it is made, is the only record possessing any value whatever in a legal point of view ; and I contend that a trans- fer of these entries into an intermediate book before posting to the Ledger is a superfluity that may well be dispensed with. My method is to pest directly from the original entry, to the debit and credit of the correspond- ing accounts in the Ledger, and this it will be found can be accomplished as correctly and conveniently, and with as few entries in the Ledger, as though a Journal had been used, and this without any alteration of, or additional skill in, making the entry. The titles of the books to be used vary according to circumstances and the nature of the business. A House doing a large Commission business only, would have no necessity for a DAY BOOK, but would require a CASH BOOK, in which all sums received and paid are first entered, and from thence posted to their appropriate accounts in the LEDGER. A SALES BOOK in which is entered all sales as effected, and from thence 8 INTRODUCTION. posted to the corresponding accounts in the Ledger. A BILLS RECEIV- ABLE BOOK and a BILLS PAYABLE BOOK, in which all notes received and given arc entered at the time, and from thence posted to the correspond- ing accounts on the Ledger. A CHECK BOOK, or CHECK BOOKS if dealing with more than one Bank, in which an entry of all amounts withdrawn, and for what purpose, is made and from thence posted to the correspond- ing accounts in the Ledger ; and any other books which, from the nature of the case, may he found necessary to facilitate the operations of the establishment. In the set of books which I have introduced to illustrate my method, business is done both on personal account and on commission and in partnership, and the only books used are, A DAY BOOK or book of ORIGI- NAL ENTRY, in which all transactions (excepting cash) are recorded as they occur, and from thence are posted to the corresponding accounts on the Ledger. A CASH BOOK, in which is entered all cash received and paid, and from thence posted to the Ledger. AN INVOICE BOOK, BILLS RECEIVABLE and PAYABLE BOOKS, each used as memorandum books, but :~L an establishment where the note transactions are extensive, they should be entered in the Bill Books as received and paid, and from thence transferred to the Ledger, without any intermediate entry. Other books may be introduced according to the nature of the business, but every book in which is inserted anything which is to appear on the Ledger, should be the book of original entry for that transaction, and be transferred directly from that book to the Ledger. UNIVERSAL LAW OF BOOK-KEEPING. Every DEBIT must have an equal CREDIT ; And every CREDIT au equal DEB T. RULES: 1. THE MERCHANT is CREDITED for the amount of property he puts into the business; and each item of that property is DEBITED for its respective amount or value. Illustration. If the Merchant puts into business. Cash $1000, and Merchandise $1000. He would receive credit for $2000, and Cash and Merchandise would be debited for 81000 each. 2. The MERCHANT is DEBITED for the amount of his indebtedness ; and the parties to whom he is indebted, are CREDITED for their respective amounts. Illustration. If the Merchant owed to C $50} and to D $500, the Merchant would be debited for the total amount $100 j, and C and D would be creditec for 8500 each. 3. Whatever is RECEIVED, or the RECEIVER is DEBTOR ; Whatever is DELIVERED, or the DELIVERER is CREDITOR. Frustration. If the Merchant ouys of B a parcel of land for $2000, and pays him in cash $1000, and by his note at bO days $1000 : Real Estate, the thing re- ceived, is debited $2000. Cash and Bills Payable, the things delivered, are credited for $1000 each. Again, if the Merchant sells to B upon book account an invoice of Merchandise amounting to $500, B, the receiver, is debtor $500, and Merchan- dise, the thing delivered, is creditor $500. If afterwards B pays Cash $500, Cash, the thing received, is debtor $500, and B, the deliverer, is creditor $500. 4. PROFIT AND Loss is CREDITED for all profits ; and each account upon which profit has arisen, is DEBITED for its respective amount of profit. Illustration. If the Merchant has Bank Stock which cost him $500, and should sell it for $550, Bank Stock, the account upon which profit has arisen, is debited $50, and Profit and Loss is credited for the gain $50. 5. PROFIT AND Loss is DEBITED for all losses ; and each account upon which loss has arisen, is CREDITED for its respective amount of loss. Illustration. If G, who is indebted to the Merchant $100, should fail, and pay only 50 per cent., Profit and Loss is debited fo . the loss $50, and G, the account upon which loss has arisen, is credited $50. NOTE. As it is desirable that each item of profit and ross should be seen at a glance, which could not readily be done if carried at once to, and mixed up with, the Merchant's personal account, the Profit and Loss account is opened to obviate this difficulty. This account being repre- sentative of the Merchant, is finally closed by transferring the balance to his account. The same thing may be said of all other accounts repre- senting the Merchant which the Book-keeper may find expedient to open ; they are merely intermediate accounts opened for the convenience 10 UNIVERSAL LAW OP BOOK-KEEPING. of reference, and the final result is the same as though the different items had been at once carried to the Merchant's account, and these accounts had not been opened. It has been a very general custom to open a "Stock" account, to represent the Merchant's property or capital embarked in business, toge- ther with the amount of his indebtedness, and to distinguish these from his personal account. This account I have not opened, as in most cases I think it entirely unnecessary and much calculated to mystify arid mis- lead the student. I do not, however, object to its being opened, but I do think it decidedly better to dispense with it when practicable, as the fewer intermediate or nominal accounts there are the less will be the confusion and liability to error. For the same reasons I have dispensed with the " Balance Account," the utility of which I have never been able to appreciate. The first thing which the Book-keeper should do on opening a set of books, is to page the whole of his books, independent of their number or size, in regular progression, entirely through. The advantage of this is obvious to every business man ; it gives an air of genuineness to the books which they would not otherwise possess; it also prevents leaves being abstracted from the books, either through the negligence or design of the book-keeper, which in either case would be highly detrimental to the interests of the merchant. MERCHANT'S DAY BOOK, OR BOOK OF ORIGINAL ENTRY. Boston, 1st July, 1845. Schedule of my Property or Assets. I. Real Estate at Roxbury, valued at $ 5000 00 1. Ship Alabama, my | th3 - // /' " 15000 00 2. Cash on hand, as per cash book, 200 00 2. do deposited in Merchants' Bank, 6000 00 1. Merchandise as per Invoice Book, 10000 00 12. 3. Bills Receivable as per Bill Book, 3000 00 3. Philo S. Shelton owes me on book ac't. 1000 00 3. George Hallet // n n /> 1000 00 3. Henshaw, Ward & Co. n n ,, // 500 00 3. Benjamin Rich & Son // // n // 500 00 4. Thomas Cobbler Grattan ,, ,, ,, ,, 500 00 42700 00 Schedule of, my Liabilities or Debts. 5. Bills Payable as per Bill Book, 2500 00 A..& A. Lawrence & Co. on book ac't. 3000 00 12. Gossler & Co. n 500 00 4! Theodore Chase // n n 300 00 6300 00 xf" A. & A. Lawrence & Co. Dr. 4. To Merchandise, 800 00 i Note. Each article of Merchandise should al- J.4 ways be specified, with its quantity, price and amount. I have omitted making the entries in full, merely for convenience, and to save time and space. / Lombard & Whitmore, Dr. ' To Merchandise, (6 months,) 1000 00 1 r- -i By their note at 6 months, 1000 00 ./ Gossler & Co. Cr. T By Merchandise, as per invoice, 2000 00 >/ William Appleton & Co. Cr. i. By Merchandise, as per invoice, SOO 00 5. Dr To my Note at 6 months, 600 00 Balance as per C. B. II 8 53400*00 Note,- C. B. Cash Book. For explanntion of Iky Book entries see page 59." Boston, Sth July, 1845. ; 53400 5. George Anderson &Co. "Demerara." Cr. By Merchandise, received per This- ^. tle, Capt. Jenkins, as per Invoice, 3000 oc IfitVi ;Xl Iv/lll Merchants' Bank, Cr. 2. By Check for duties on Merchandise from Demerara, 75000 T n do. for Freight to Capt. Jenkins, 350 00 1100 00 ^ George Anderson & Co. Dr. 5! To my acceptance, their draft, in favor of James Savage, at 20 days sight, 2000 00 14th ^/ Nathaniel C. Woodman, Dr. * ^ To my order on Lucian B. Brooks, 150 00 o* Ifilh // Thomas L. Rayner, Dr. 1 To Merchandise delivered Paul & 1. Wilson, as per order, 100 oo 19th jX^I Bates & Co. Cr. 5. By my note of 16th June, given up $1000 n- 1. To Merchandise, 500 00 5 // my note at 3 mo's. for balance, 500 00 1000 00 10th // Merchants' Bank, Cr. 2. By Check to Mechanic's Mutual Ins: Co: for Insurance of Merchandise 11. in Store, 150 00 2 -Dr. 3. To John Farquhar's note, 26th May, deposited for collection, 250 00 // Thomas Cobbler G rattan, Cr. By Firkin Chesley's note at 6 months, . 12. being his composition of 10 per ct. // Profit and Loss, 50 450 00 00 500 00 $61650 00 7. 2. TiT P>Qslo?i, 22nd July, 1845. Real Estate at Roxbury, Dr. To my note to State Mutual Ins: Co: for Insurance of House, &c. - 23d George Anderson & Co. Dr. To check for J. H. E. Gallup's draft upon Murray Brothers, Demerara, remitted this day to close account, Paid Premium as per C- B. 25th- Estate of the late James H. Comer, Cr. By 50 Shares B. & P. Railroad Stock 50 N. E. Bank Stock, House & Lot, No. 11 Williams Street, value Memo: In my capacity of Executor, I hold the above property in trust for the heirs of said Estate. -26th Henry Hilt, To my Note at 60 days for Dr. By his Note at same time, exchanged for his accommodation, -2Sth- Executors of the late John Heron, Cr By deed of Farm in Framingham, ,, Check on Columbian Bank de> posited in Merchants' for col- lection, Memo: The above being in part of the legacy left me, by the said John Heron, deceased. : 30th : Merchants' Bank, Dr To Saml. Rice's .Note, llth June 60 days, To William M. Wallace's, 12th June 60 days, deposited for collection, 61650 00 100 1000 00 00 5500 00 5250 00 5000 00 500 4500 5000 00 00 00 15750 00 500 00 950000 40000 130000;! 170000 $119020000 Boston, 31st July, 1845. 6. ^ 3 " Estate of tfre late J. H. Comer, Cr -HBy Charles Walker's note at 6 mo's *}1~r $ 90200 300 00 00 7. Z House in Williams Street, Dr. To my note to Firemen's Ins: Co: for Insurance, 70 00 90570 00 6. T 6 Boston, 1st August, 1845. Thomas L. Rayner, Dr. To Merchandise, 500 00 1 By Note at 90 days, n^A 600 00 /" 12. Mas: Hospital Life Ins: Co: Dr. To Check for premium, Cr 500 00 . 3. ~12. By their Policy of Insurance payable to my assigns at my decease, Iffi 5000 00 /a T. Benjamin Rich & Son, Cr. By Merchandise per Invoice, 1th 200 00 A i. 5. 2. Real Estate at Roxbury, Cr. By my Note to State Mutual Ins: Co: returned, being in part payment of their policy upon said Estate, which was partially consumed by fire on the 2Sth ultimo, /, Check on Globe Bank deposited in Merchants', fitVi 100 2900 00 00 3000 00 x< 2. a 7. Merchants' Bank, Cr. By Check for Freight, &c. of Mer- chandise, received on consignment from Johnson & Co. New York, // Check for their draft at sight in favor of P. F. Slane, 200 1000 00 00 1200 00 $ 11000 00 18 Boston, 8th August, 1845. JL 2. 3. 8. 2. 5. 9. Lucian B. Brooks "<4mo's." Dr. To Johnson & Co.'s Merchandise, 9th Gossler & Co. Dr. To Check, for this sum advanced as per receipt, llth- Charles A. Elliot, Dr. To Johnson & Co.'s Mer'se, < 3 mo's, Gossler & Co.'s // 4 ,, ,, Merchandise from Store // 6 /< Cr. By Note dated the 6th inst. at 5 mo's. 12th Merchants' Bank, Cr. By Check for duties on Merchandise, consigned to me for sale by John Munroe & Co: Paris, per Moselle, 14th Shipped to New York and consigned to Johnson & Co: to be sold on my account the following Merchandise (describe it,) 16th- Shipped per Alabama, Capt. Wood, and Consigned to Higginson, Dean & Stott, Barbadoes, to be sold on ac- count and risk of Richard Lewis and myself (Co. A.) Merchandise as per Invoice, bough ofRobt.G.Shaw&Co. by check, do. bought of R. C. Hooper for my note at 3 mo's. do. bought of R. M. Morse & Co. for Richarc Lewis's note at 3 mo's Insurance, Shipping Expenses, &c paid by Lewis, 40000 50000 1000 00 4000 3000 2500JOO 1500 00 1UUU 00 90000 I 300 ! 00 1900'OG 800 00 3000 00 1100000 8 28900 00 !9 Boston, 18th August, 1845. $ 28900 00 4. Joseph Comer, Dr. 8. To Johnson & Go's. Merchandise, 2000 00 /I Consignment from Johnson & Co. Dr. 8. As per account sales rendered this day, To Commission 5 per cent, on total 11. amount of sales $3300, 165 00 11. it Guaranty on ditto 2J per cent. 82 50 11. // Advertising, 4 50 7. n Johnson & Co. for bal. net sales 2844 50 3096 50 /I Shipped per Siddons, Capt. Cobb, anc 9. consigned to John T. Pearce, Liver- 10. pool, to be sold on joint account of him, Addison Belknap and myself (Co. B.) . 10. The remainder of Gossler & Go's 8. Merchandise, taken at highest market value, 625 00 1. Merchandise from Store, 5000 00 400 bbls. Flour, bo't. of T. D. Quincy 2. by check, 2100 00 500 Earle & 5. Brown, by my note at 60 days 2670 00 2. Insurance, Drayage, &c. pd. by check 165 00 10560 00 /^ Consignment from Gossler & Co. Dr ^ 8. As per account sales rendered this day 11. To Commission 2| per cent, on tola amount of sales $1125.00 - 28 12 11. n Guaranty 2| per cent, on $500 - - 12 50 11. n Advertising, 1 50 4. // Gossler & Co. for bal. net sales 1079 63 1121 75 "Tut x^T" Richard Lewis, Cr ~& By Note at 60 days, 1000 00 $ 46678 25 Boston, 23d August, 1845. 9. John Munroe & Co: Paris. Dr. $ 46678 2b 5. To acceptance of their draft in favor of T. B. Curtis at 20 days sight, 2000 00 Bills Receivable, Cr. 3. 10. 11. By Chas. A. Elliot's note, discounted at Globe Bank this day passed to my credit in account, // Discount, 1857 42 56 44 1900 00 James H. West, Dr. a ~3. 8. To John Munroe & Go's entire con- signment, subject to debenture, for exportation, Pr 5000 250 5fr 3SSS 00 00 60 75 3000 4188 00 7o By his Note at 90 days, Balance as per C. B. Consignment from J. Munroe & Co: Dr. To Commission, 5 per cent, on total amount of sales $5000, // Guaranty 2| per cent, on $2000, // John Munroe & Co: for balance net sales, 30th 11. 11. 9. Johnson & Co: New York. Dr. 7. 1). To amount of net sales of my con- signment, as per their account sales received this day, 3500 00 $ 61267 00 Boston, 1st September, 1845. 2. Merchants' Bank, Dr. 3 ' To Henry Hilt's Note of 26th July, deposited for collection, 500 00 * See note to Second Edition, page 12. 21 8 Boston, 2nd September, 1845. 9. 1. Richard Lewis, Dr. To my Bill of Sale of one-eighth of Ship Alabama, now on voyage, $ 500 5000 00 OC 1. 9. By Merchandise as per Invoice, 3rd 3500 OC John T. Pearce, " Liverpool." Cr. 10. a C. B. Page 5. By my half first cost of Merchandise, received per Concordia, to be sold on our joint account (Co. P.) as per Invoice, 1th 300 00 3000 it 00 Comins & Preble, Dr. To Merchandise, Philo S. Shelton, Cr. T By Merchandise as per Invoice, fitVi 200 00 A. & A. Lawrence & Co: Dr. 4. 1. To Merchandise, 9th 200 00 Gossler & Co: Dr. la Settled by note,26inst. To Check on Globe Bank, on account, OtTn .1000 00 3000 00 n John Amory Codmah Dr. To Merchandise, A. Comer BelknajJ, Dr. 7. To my deed of Farm in Framingham 4500 00 10. By this amount deposited by him to my credit in Globe Bank, 4500 00 $ 19900 00 Boston, 13///. September, 1845. 11. X A 12. JO. i. John Munroe & Co: Paris. Dr. To my draft of this date on Johnson & Co: New York, at sight, remitted to Thomas & Joseph Sands & Co: New York, on your account as per advice, to close account, 15th- Joseph Comer, Cr. By his note of this date at 90 days, with interest added to balance ac- count, Merchandise Co: P. Dr To John T. Pearce for his half of net proceeds, i, Profit & Loss for my half Profit John T. Pearce, Liverpool, Dr. To Merchandise, shipped to Roscoe, Ogden & Co: New York, to be sold on his account, as per advice of the 19th ultimo. -r- 22nd Rowland Ellis, Dr. To my deed of 3 Lots of Land at Newton, numbered 1, 2 and 4 on plan drawn by Alex. Wadsworth, By Langdon S. Rogers' note in his favor at 90 days. :_._ 24th Merchants' Bank, Cr. By Check to J. W. Rollins in full for rebuilding my house at Roxbury as per contract, 2000 31 3339 50 339 50 00 00 3600 00 1990( 18SS75 00 2031 00 3879 00 3000 00 3600 00 250000 / 33 10 Boston, 2blk September, 1845. 8 36598 75 John Amory Cod man, Cr. 3. By F. H. Appleton's note in favor of 1 Henry A. Whitney, in full of Bill of Merchandise sold him the 8th instant, 11.00 00 s\ Henry Hilt, Dr. To Check on Merchants' Bank, to 2. take up his note of 26th July, 500 00 3. By his note of this date at 60 days, 11. with interest added, to renew the above, 505 2o x Globe Bank, Cr. 10. By Check to Henry B. Smith, for 11. rent of Store to date, 300 00 Of)t>, X" John T. Pearce, Liverpool, Dr. 10 To my acceptance of Lizardi & Go's draft in favor of Benjamin Daven- 5. port, at 10 days sight, as per advice of the 19th ultimo. 2000 00 /^/L-J T~7f $ 40404 00 Boston, 30//4 &;j>t ember, 1845. The following entries to close the Books. 0. Estate of the late James H. Comer, Cr. " ! Bv B. & P. Railroad Stock, 400 i 6. N. E. Bank 200 oo: 7. House & Lot, No. 11 Williams j Street, 30 00 630 oc 24 Boston, 3Qth September, 184.5. 11 / Merchant, Dr. To the following Accounts, being Assets 12. on hand this day. 1. Real Estate at Roxbury, valued at 5000 00 1. Ship Alabama, // ,,- 10000 00 2. Cash, 708 28 2. Merchants' Bank, for this sum on deposit, 5035 00 1. Merchandise as per Invoice Book, 3000 00 3. Bills Receivable, as per Bill Book, 19136 25 5. Nathaniel C. Woodman owes 50 00 5. Lucian B. Brooks // 150 00 6. B. & P. Rail Road Stock, valued at 5500 00 6. N. E. Bank Stock, 5250 00 7. House & Lot, No. 11 Williams St., 5000 00 9. Shipment to Barbadoes (Co. A.) 5500 00 9. // // Liverpool (Co. B.) 3520 00 10. John T. Pearce owes 2180 50 10. Addison Belknap, 220 00 10. Globe Bank, for this sum on deposit, 9357 56 7. Real Estate at Newton, valued at 2400 00 82007 59 Cr. 12 By the following Accounts, being Debts w due this day. 5. Bills Payable, as per Bill Book, 10340 00 4. Gossler & Co. 279 63 6. Estate of the late James H. Comer, 17180 00 12. Suspense, *pS* . 5000 00 32798 63 30th /^ Profit & Lqjffe Cr. ^- 12. By Gain on the following accounts, x 1. Ship Alabama, 1200 00 1. Merchandise, 2385 00 7. Farm in Framingham, 150 00 9. Shipment to Johnson & Co. 340 00 7. Real Estate at Newton, . 450 00 11. Commission, 443 12 11. Guaranty, 145 00 5113 12 12. Dr. TT To Interest, 3 85 11. /; Expense, 1020 81 12. // Merchant for net gain, 3257 96 4282 62 NOTE TO SECOND EDITION. Entry of the 29th August. In the hurry of getting out the first edition of this work, it escaped the observation of the compiler, that he had inadvertently charged guaranty on $2000, the amount paid in cash, instead of $3000, the amount sold on credit to insure the payment of which latter sum the guaranty was in- tended to be charged. As it would cause great trouble to alter the stereotype plates now, the error is not corrected ; but :'t would be advisable that the student, in going through this work, should charge the guaranty upon the right amount. G. N. C. 26 MERCHANT'S CASH BOOK, OR BOOK OF ORIGINAL ENTRY, FOR CASH TRANSACTIONS. 1 1845.. July 1. 7. 8. 9. 12. 14. 16. 19. 23. 25. 28. Dr.. .Cash. To this Amount on hand as per Schedule Sales of Merchandise this day, do. do. Philo S. Shelton on ac't. Sales of Merchandise this day, Henshaw, Ward & Co: in full Sa^es of Merchandise this day, Benjamin Rich & Son on ac't. Sales of Merchandise this day, Estate of the late James H. Comer, Sales of Merchandise this day, Ex'rs. of the late John Heron in full, Received this month, 200 100 800 75 500 200 300 125 500 100 50000 20000 3400 00 $ 3600 00 .Cash. .0.. 2 -1845 July 1. 7. 8. 9. 10. 19. 23. 30. 31. By expense, fitting up store, &c. as per rets. // W. Appleton & Co: in full for Mdse. // J. Woodman, repairs of Roxbury Est. // Theodore Chase, in full Balance on hand, $500.00 /; Cartage & Wharfage of Merchandise from Pemerara, Balance on hand, $474.00 Coolidge &; Haskell for Merchandise, as per Invoice, Balance on hand, $1049.00 // J. H. E. Gallup, 2 per cent. prem. on his draft on Murray Brothers, Demerara Balance on hand, $1154.00 A. & A. Lawrence & Co: on ac't. Balance on hand, 8254.00 . Merchant, personal expenses, Paid this month, Balance to next month, 20000 20000 10000 30000 2600 500 200000 100 00 00 00 3446 00 15400 3600 00 3 1845._ Dr.. .Cash.. August 1. 2. 4. a 6. 8. 9. 11. 15. 18. 20. 21. 23. 25. M 27. **). To Balance from last month, Capt. Wood, my share net freight of ship Alabama, last voyage, Joseph Woodman, rent of House No. 11 Williams Street, to date, George Hallett in full, Sales of Merchandise this day, Nathaniel C. Woodman on ac't. A. Belknap, for this season's crop of Farm in Framingham, Sales of Merchandise this day, do. do. do. do. Richard Lewis, Sales of Merchandise- this day, Addison Belknap on ac't. Sales of Merchandise this day, Globe Bank, per check, Merchants'// n ,i James H. West in full for Munroe's Merchandise, Sales of Merchandise this day, Received this month, LF 1200 00 10000 1000 00 20000 10000 40000 27500 50000 32000 2000 00 25000 3300 00 15000 2000 00 3000 00 2000 00 38600 15400 17181 00 $ 1733500 .Cr. LF Aug. 1. By Ed. Maxwell, Jr., Clerk, in full to date 11 100 00 t Balance on hand. $1254.00 2. // Samuel A. Eaton, for Gold Watch and Chain, presented to Capt. E. Wood, 12 200 00 Balance on hand, $1154.00 4. // My Acceptance G. Anderson & Co's draft Suffolk Bank, r. ) 2000 00 Balance on hand, $354.00 6. // Drayage and Labor on consignment from Johnson & Co: S 3 t>0 "Balance on hand, $450.50 8. // Benjamin Loring & Co: Stationery, 11 ,37 00 Balance on hand, $813.50 9. Drayage, &c. -on consignment from Gossler & Co: 8 3 25 Balance on hand, $1085.25 11. // R. W. Turner, Painting at Farm in Framingham, 7 250 00 Balance on hand, $1335.25 14, n Freight, &c. on Shipt. to Johnson & Co:, New York, 9 160 00 Balance on hand, $1175.25 16. n Jn. W. Rollins, on account of contract for rebuilding -House at Roxbury, 1 300 00 Balance on hand, $1195.25 IS. // Merchants' Bank deposited, 2 3000 00 Balance on hand, $195.25 21. // Globe Bank deposited to open ac't. 10 3300 00 Balance on hand, $445.25 25. William F. Porter, for deed of lot of land at Newton, 7 5500 00 Balance on hand, $95.25 27. // Labor, &c. on consignment from John Munroe & Cm S 11 25 ., i, Globe Bank deposited, 10 2000 00 Balance on hand, $84.00 29. n Amos AVoocL& Sor^ for Wood & Coal 11 ,60 00 Balance on,hand, $24.00 / * 30. ,, Merchant, personal expenses, 12 150 00 * Paid this month, ' 2 17075 00 Balance to next motnth, 260 oc $ 17335 00 5 1845.- Dr, .Cash. Sept. 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 8. 10, 13 15 17. 19. 22. 26. 27. 30 To Balance from last month, B. & P. Railroad Stock dividend, Sales of Merchandise this day, N. E. Bank Stock dividend, Benjamin F. Brooks borrowed, Sales of Merchandise this day, do. do. Comins & Preble, in full for Mdse. 4th instant, Sales of Merchandise this day, Globe Bank, per check, John Tyler, net proceeds of Merchan- dise sold at Auction Co. P.' Merchants' Bank, per check, Sales of Merchandise this day, Lucian B. Brooks on ac't. Sales of Merchandise this day, Henry Braun returned, do. interest, Received this month, 400 00 10000 200 00 100000 50000 30000 30000 10000 1000 00 7000 00 2000 00 13000 600| 00 300 : 00 2000100 367 260 15933 67 00 $ 1619367 .Cash. 1845. LF Sept. 2. By Freight, &c., of Merchandise from Liverpool, Company P. 8 321 00 Balance on hand, S439.00 4. // Daily Advertiser, for Advertising, 11 10 00 Balance on hand, $629.00 5. n Morning Post, for Advertising, 11 10 00 Balance on hand, $1619.00 8. // Evening Transcript, for Advertising, 11 10 00 Balance on hand, $2409.00 10. n Dennison, Adams & Co:, for Gold Pen 11 3 50 Balance on hand, $2705.50 13. // Benjamin F. Brooks, returned, 10 1000 00 a " do. interest, 11 1 33 Balance on hand, $1804.17 15. n My acceptance of J.-Munroe & Go's draft, at Trader's Bank, 5 2000 00 Balance on hand, $804.17 16. // Alex. Wadsvvorth, for surveying and laying out land at Newton into 5 lots 7 50 00 Balance on hand, $754.17 17. n Merchants' Bank deposited, 2 5000 00 Balance on hand, $2754.17 19. n Henry Braun lent, 10 2000 00 Balance on hand, $2754.17 . 22, // Nathaniel Greene Postage Account, 11, 8 31 Balance on hand, $2875.86 24. Porter, Cleaning Store, &c. 11 13 00 Balance on hand, $2862.86 27. My Note to H. Hilt at Shawmut Bank, 5 500 00 Balance. on hand, $3262.86 29. n Johnson & Go's draft at sight Willis &Co: 7 233 25 Balance on hand, $3029.61 30. // Edward Maxwell, Jr. in full to date 11 125 QQ 1 it n // Merchant, personal -expenses, // Globe Bank deposited, Paid this month,- 12 10 2 200 4000 00 00 15485 39 Balance on hand,^ 70S 28 $ 16193 67 MERCHANT'S LEDGER. 1 11 U i, A. . 5 Anderson, George & Co. Lawrence, A. & A. & Co. 4 Lewis, Richard, 9 Bills Receivable, 3 Loan Account, 10 Bills Payable, 5 Brooks, Lucian B. 5 M Bank Stock, N. E. 6 Belknap, Addison, 10 Merchandise, 1 Merchants' Bank, 2 n ]\T*ivH5inr1'ic< C*f\ T* Munroe, John & Co. 9 Cash, 2 Merchant,^" 15 Chase, Theodore, 4 Comer, Joseph, 4 p^ Consignment from Johnson & Co. 8 // // Gossler & Co. 8 Pearce, John T. 10 if // J. Munroe & Co. 8 Profit & Loss, 12 Commission, 11 D Real Estate at Roxbury, 1 E. Rich, Benjamin & Son, 3 Rayner, Thomas L. 6 Estate of the late J. H. Comer, 6 Rail Road Stock, B. & P. 6 Expense, 11 Real Estate at Newton, 7 p s Farm in Framingham, 7 Ship Alabama, 1 Shelton, Philo S. 3 G. . Shipment to Johnson & Co. 9 Shipment to Barbadoes Co. A. 9 Grattan, Thomas Cobbler, Gossler & Co. , Globe Bank, 4 4 10 Shipment to Liverpool Co. B. Suspense, 9 12 Guaranty, 11 W. jj Woodman, Nathaniel C. 5 Hallett, George, 3 X y Z Henshaw, Ward & Co. 3 House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street, 7 I.&J.. Johnson & Co 7 Interest, 11 JAM Ul. JCiJkALi S^alAlS AT AVUA JS U tt X . Vyl. 1845. II 1845. II July 1. To Merchant, 1 5000 00 Augusts. By Sundries, 4 ! ! 3000 00 8. n Cash, 2 100 00 Septr. 30. n Merchant, 11 5000 00 ,,22. // Bills Payable, 3 100 00 ^^ Aug. 10. i, Cash, 4 300 00 ^^^"^ Septr. 24. // Merchants' Bk. 9 2500 00 ^^ $ 8000 00 $ -= 8000 : 00 1845. | 1845. July 1. To Merchant, 1 15000 00 Aug. 1. By Cash, 3 1200)00 Septr. 30. n Profit & Loss, / 1 1200 00 Septr. 2. // 30. // Richard Lewis, // Merchant, 8 11 5000 10000 00 00 $|] 16200 00 $ 16200 00 LJT. IVlEKUHAJNLHSli. V>1. 1845. 1 1845. July 1. To Merchant, 1 10000 00 July. By Sundries, DB 2400 00 n Sundries, DB 6700 00 tt // // CB 8QO 00 n '/ CE 726 00 August. // n DB 1 9500 00 August n DE 200 00 " it a. fr 2081 00 Septr. n 30. n % Profit & Loss, it 11 3700 2"385 00 00 Septr. n II _// . n TO- OK - 4200 00 1730 00 / 30. n Merchant, 11 3000 00 8 23711 00 $123711 00 r^ NOTE. These accounts are representative of the Merchant ; by debiting them with their cost or value, and all outlays upon them, and crediting them, from time to time, with the amounts received, the difference of the columns at once shows the gain or loss upon each account. D.B. Day Book. C.B. Cash Book. ^^^ 37 -Dr.- CASII.- Cr. 1845. 1845. j July 1. To Merchant, DB 1 200 00 July. By Sundries, CB 3446 00 it Sundries, CB 1 3400 00 Aug. // // n 4 !l7$?& 00 Aug. // n ii 3 17181 00 Septr. H II II f> 15485 39 Septr. n it Ii 5 10933 67 30. ii Merchant, 11 I 708 28 * -T" .__'!_ 1 36714 67 $|i36714 67 NOTE. This account is representative of the Merchant. -Dr.- -MERCHANTS' BANK.- Cr.- 1845. July 1. n 19. 28. n 30. Aug-5. n 16. Sep. 1. n 17. To Merchant, Bills Receivable, Merchant, Sundries, R. E . at Roxbury, Cash, Bills Receivable, Cash, By Merchandise, do. do. G. Anderson &Co: M.H.L.Ins.Co: Johnson&Co's.ct. Johnson & Co: Gossler & Co: J.M.&Co<6. con't. R. G^haw &c Co: Thosr. T). Qukicy, Sundries, <. Cash, do. R. Bil // Merchant, do.^ l.Tjf&t Roxbury, lills Receivable, 75000 35000 15000 100000 50000 20000 1000 00 30000 800 JOO 400000 210000 165 3000 00 2000 00 2500 500 5035 00 24350 00 00 NOTE Tins is a personal account, and must be treated the same as an individual account. \Vhere a correct check book is kept, the items of this account may be collected and posted in one amount for the month, the same as in the Merchandise account. It is, however, a much safer plan to have each item entered, and more than compensates for the greater ipacc it occupies in the Ledger. ' i*t \Ji* 1845. 1345. 1 July 1. a To Merchant, j 1 // Sundries, DE 300000 185000 July Augt. By Sundries, // n DB 1366-00 1900 OC Augt. n do. ___-4-"- nsoooo Sept. n n it 500,00 Septr. X77 do. "^ 'I'n 7136 25 30. n Merchant, 11 19136,25 1 $ 23486 25 $23486|2 NOTE. This account is representative of the Merchamr" OliliiLdUIX. \J\. 1845. July 1. To Merchant, 1 1845. 1000 00 July 9. By Cash, Sept. 5. // Merchandis ll 800 e, 8j 200 00 00 00 Sll 100000 S 1000 ( Cr 1845. 1 July l.lTo Merchant, 1 41845. Aug. 4. By Cash, 3|| 100000 fr 1845; % July 1. To Merchant, 11 I 1845 500 OIJ'lyH. By Cash, ill 500 00 i T)r ,,,.,._,..-. _ . RRWJATVTTN T?TPTT A* 1 SOTJ ...- Pr 1845. July 1. To Merchant, 1 X 11845. ,1'Iy 19. By Cash, Aug. 4 . n -Merchandis 1 300 e, 4 200 00 00 $ . S 500 00 41 -Dr.- THOMAS COBBLER GRATTAN,- Cr. 1845. I July l.jTo Merchant, I 1845. 1IJV 500.|OQb'1y21.1By Sundries, 2| b 500*00 1845. 1845. 'i July 2. To Merchandise, 1 > 800 00 July 1. By Merchant, 1 p3000 0(V 30. // Cash, 2 2000 (HI / Sept.6. // Merchandise, 8 200 00 ' / $ 3000 00 $ 3000 00 LSI. vJua&L,fcit oc/ v^u. \JL* 1845. 1845. Aug. 9. Sept. 6. To Merchants' Bank, Globe Bank, 5 8 % 300 3000 00 00 July 1. // 5. By Merchant, a Merchandise, I 500 2000 00 00 /, 30. // Merchant, 11 279 f)3 Ag.20. // Net sales consgt. (') 1079 63 $ 3579 63 S rrn 3579 __' _ 63 =? -Dr. THEODORE CHASE. -Cr.- 1845. I July_9jTo Cash, SOOlOO I 1845. I iJuly I.' By Merchant, I Iff 300|00 -Dr.- JOSEPH COMER. - 18.!To Johnson & Go's ct I 1845. .( 6l|2.QOO|oo|Spt.l5. By Bills Receivable, I 9lj^2000!oO 1845. Ply 18. Aug. Sept. ,/30. To Sund:ies, DB // it it n N Cash, CB n n if n Merchant, / 11 i ft 000 100' 2000 2500 10340 00 1)0 ee 00 00 1845. July 1. n Aug. Sept. By Merchant, // Sundries, DE I $2500 3770 00 00 ft n it II H II Z. 7(i7.() 2000 00^ 00 15940 00 1 15940 00 NOTE. This account is representative of the Merchant. ' 1845. Xft-Bills-Payable, n -Merchants' Bank, M0 2 3 $ '1000 00 00 1845. July 8. By Merchandise, x; 2 ?3000 00 3000 op t 3000 00 1845. J'lyH. To L. B. Brooks, 2 f 15 00 ^1843,. Aug. 6. Sep30 By Cash, it Merchant, 3 1! 1 #100 50 00 00 $ 150 00 _^ J--_ ^ 150 00 -i-' * J\jl L .U J_JU.VJ\J1\.O V> 1 1845. Aug.8. To Const gnm't. from Johnson & Co: 5 $ ^900 00 1845. J'iyl4. Sep26. n 30. By N. C. Woodman, n Cash, n Merchant, i 2 5 11 $ ^"150 600 150 00 00 00 900 oo 900 00 jtrj. X.HUMAS LI. jLVA.xn.bJi. \ji. 1845. 1845. 1 I ; lyl6. To Merchandise, 2 100 00 Aug.l. By Bills Receivable, 4 600 00 Aug.l. " " 4 500 00 / $ 600 00 A 600 00 1845. ^ 184o. SepoO. To Merchaf^ff 11 17180 00 J'ly25. By Sundries, DB 3 15750 00 ^^. n if // Cash, CB 1 500 00 ^ ii 31 // Bills Receivable, 4 SOU 00 ^^^ SqTSO. w-Sundries, 10 630 00 $ 17180 00 N. $ 17180 00 ~^=z NOTE. This account is representative of the Estate the Merchant holds in trust. 1845. Fly 25. SepSO. ToEst. of J.H.Comer n ii n n 3 LO $ 5500 400 00 00 1845. Sept.l. n 30. By Cash, n Merchant, 5 11 $ 400 5500 1 5900 00 00 5900 00 00 JLfl. 1>. XL<. DANK, OTOCK. \jT. 1845. Ply 25. Sep 30. To Est. of J.H.Comer 4it ii ii n 3 10 $ 5250 200 00 00 1845. Sept. 3. ,/ 30. By Cash, n Merchant, 5 200 11 5250 $|| 5450 "_ T 1 --. .! 00 00 00 =r &'.... 5450 00 NOTE. Both of the above accounts are representative of the Merchant. 42 1845. 1845. i Fly 25. To Est.of J.H.Comer, 3 5000 00 Aug. 2. By Cash, 3, 100 00 /, 31. Sep 30. // Bills Payable, a Est.of J.H.Comer, 4 10 70 30 DO DO Sep 30. // Merchant, 111 M 5000 00 : $ 5100 00 A 5 IOC 06 1845. 1845. T~* J']y28 To Merchant, 3 4500 00 Aug.S. By Cash, J" 3 400 00 Ag.ll. Sep 30. n Cash, n Profij: & Loss, 4 11 250 150 00 00 Sep ij. n Globe Bank, 8 4500 00 1 4900 00 8 4900 00 1845. 1845. A S . 25. To Cash, 4 5500 00 Sep 22. By Bills Receivable, 9 3600 00 Sen 16 n "n 50 00 n 30. // Merchant, 11 2400 00 30. n Profit U. \Jl. 1845. . 1845. Aug. 6. To Merchants' Bank, 4 \2ft8 00 Aug.8. By 1^ . B. Brooks, 5 900 // Cash, 4 /NY? 50 n 11. n Chas. A. Elliot, 5 400 n 18. */ Sundries, 6 /S09B 50 18. n Joseph Comer, 6 2000 ix s: $ 3300 00 $ 3300 JL/I. v>unE>u*nU&iTA r ttuiu vjruaaujc.it. uc/ v_/u. v^i. 1845. 1 1845. 1 Aug.9. To Cash, ' 4 3 25 Ag.ll. By Chas. A. Elliot, 5 ! 500 00 a 20. n Sundries, f 6 1121 75 20. n Sundries, 6 625 00 $ | 1125 00 $ 1L25 00 , 1845. Ag. 12. 27 i 29. To Merchants' Bank, n Cash, n Sundries, 5 4 7 S 800 11 418S 75 00 1845. ^g.27. By Bills Receivable, // Cash, 7 3 9 3000 2000 00 00 OC =5 / 5000 5000 -Dr.- MERCHANDISE Co. 184-5. Sept. 2. /' O. 17. To Cash, n J. T. Pearce, 321 3000 1)0 3679 7000 00 00 00 1845. Sep 17. By Cash, NOTE. The above accounts are all representative of the property held in trust by the Merchant. 44 1845. Ag.14. // n """" * '" WV ""- V11 To Merchandise, _^-Caalk_ _-.. 5 4 11 $ 3000 Iff 340 00 00 00 1845. Ag.30. By Johnson & Co: 7 3500 on sepgo. n Profit LoSF, 3500 00 1 3500 00 -Dr. -SHIPMENT TO BARBADOES Co. A.- 1845. Ag. 16 I To Sundries, 5 55000 y!845. Sep30. I By Merchant, I 111 5500100 -Dr. SHIPMENT TO LIVERPOOL Co. B.- -Cr.- 1845. 1 1845. I * C 4 -|l I Ag.2Q.|To Sundries, | 6ll 3520|oo|Sep30.IBy Merchant, s - \\\\\ 352^00 NOTE. The above accounts are all representative of the Merchant. x/t. AiiUHAKi) UKVV1&. Vl. 1845. ; Ag. 16. To Shipment Co. A. 5500 00 Ag. 16. By Sundries, 5 iGOG^u* Sept.2. n Ship Alabama, 5000 00 18. n Cash, 3 ooo'on 21. n Bills Receivable.. 6 1000 00 Sept.2 n Merchandise, 8 "3500 Od S 10500 00 $ 10500 01 1 A*i . JUitiM -TAUiXUUC. / \>U. V^l. 1845. Ag.23. Sep 13. To Bills Payable, n Johnson 7 82 12 50 ^^ . $i 145 00 % | 145 NOTE, The above accounts are all representative of the Merchant. -Dr.- SUSPENSE. Cr. 1845. I 1840.1 SepSO.ITo Merchant, ]ll| 5000|00|Aug.2.| By Bills Receivable, | 4|| 500000 . NOTE. This account is representative of the Merchant for the property held intrust 1845. 1845. J'ly21. * 23. To T. C. Grattan, a cash; 2 2 450 20 00 00 Sep 17. , n 30. By Merc'dise, Co. P. n Sundries, 9 11 339 5113 5C Aug. 2. Merchants' Bank, 4 500 00 // n Cash, 4 200 00 SepSO. n Sundries, 11 4282 62 ;, - ' J.- i 5452 62 1 5452 6? =r NOTE. This account is representative of the Merchant. 1845. 1845. July 1. To Sundries, 1 6300 OC July 1. By Sundries, 1 42700 00 ., 31. Cash, 2 100 00 28. it n 3 9500 00 Ag.30. it n 4 150 00 n n n Cash, 1 500 00 SepSO. f l> 6 2QO 00 SepSO. n Sundries, 11 32799 6,", ~ km Sundries, ai 82007 ;39 /? tf n Profit & Loss, 11 3257 96 Ea-a ^: $ 88757 59 1 88757 59 TO TRIAL BALANCES, O JYial Balance for July. 1845. POLIO. Dr. o.< 1 Real Estate at Roxbury, 5200 00 1 Ship Alabama, 15000 00 1 Merchandise, 17426 00 3200 00 2 Cash, 3600 00 344(i;CH) 2 Merchants' Bank, 12950 00 2250 00 3 Bills Receivable, 4S50 00 1950KW 3 Philo S. Shelton, 1000 00 SCO 00 3 George Hallett, 1000 00 3 Henshaw^ Ward & Co. 500 00 500|o<'> 3 4 Benjamin Rich & Son, Thomas Cobbler Grattan, 500 500 00 00 3000-') fiOOJttt 4 A. & A. Lawrence & Co: 2800 00 300000 4 Gossler & Co: 250000 4 Theodore Chase, 300 00 300K 0- 5 5 Bills Payable, George Anderson & Co: 1000 3000 00 6270;00 001 3000,00 5 6 Nathaniel C. Woodman, Lucian B. Brooks, 150 00 15000 6 Thomas L. Kayner, 100 00 6 Estate of the late James H. Comer, 1&550 00 6 6 B. & P. Rail Road Stock, N. E. Bank Stock, -500 5250 00 00 7 House & Lo*. No. 11 Williams Street, 5070 OOii 7 Farm in Framingham 4500 odl 11 12 Expense, v Merchant, 350 6400 00 00 52700 CM 12 Profit & Loss, 470 00 $ 97416 00 97416*00 p roof . Amount of Day Book Addition, $ 90570 00 // n Cash Received, 3400 00 i // n n Paid, 3446 00 974115 (KJ m Trial Balance for August^ 1845. FOLIO. Di. Cr. - -n-m 1 Real Etoate at Roxbury, 300 00 3000 00 1 Ship ^H)ama, 1200 00 1 MerdBnaise, 200 00 1158100 2 CajpT 17181 00 17075 00 2 Merchants' Bank, 5900 00 12065 00 3 Bills Receivable, 11500 00 1900 00 3 George Hallett, 1000 00 3 Benjamin Rich & Son, 200 00 4 Gossler & Co: 300 00 1079 63 4 Joseph Comer, 2900 00 5 Bills Payable, 2100 00 7670 00 5 Nathaniel C. Woodman, , * 100 00 5 Lucian B. Brodks, 900 00 6 Thomas L. Rayner, 500 00 600 00 7 House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street, 100 00 7 Farm in Frafhingham, 250 00 400 00 7 Johnson & Co: 4500 00 2844 50 7 Real Estate at Newton, 5500 00 8 Consignment from Johnson & Co: 3300 00 3300 00 8 Consignment from Gossler & Co: U25 00 1125 00 8 Consignment from John Munroe & Co: 5000 00 5000 00 9 Shipment to Johnson & Co: 3160 00 3500 00 9 Shipment to Barbadoes Co. A. 5500 00 9 Shipment /to Liverpool Co. B. 0520 00 9 Richard Lewis, 5500 00 7000 00 9 John Muoroe & Co: 20QQ 00 3SS8 75 10 10 John T. Pearce ^ -^__ JJ520 3520 00 00 3300 00 Addison Beifcnap, 10 Globe Bank, 7157 56 2000 00 11 Interest, 42 44 II Expense, -*-- 197 00 6 00 11 Commission, 443 12 11 Guaranty, 145 00 12 Suspense ^ 5000 00 12 Merchant, 150 00 12 Profit & Loss, 700 00 $ 95523 00 95523 00 Proof. Amount of Day Book Additions, $ 61267 00 " n Cash Received, 17181 00 n n .> Paid, m^ 17075 00 95523 00 Trial Balance for September^ 1845. fOLIO. Dr. Cr. 1 Real Estate at Roxbury, 2500 00 1 1 Ship Alabama, Merchandise, 370ft 00 5000 5930 00 00 2 Cash, 15933 67 154S5 39 2 Merchants' Bank, 5500 00 5000 00 3 Bills Receivable, 7136 25 500 00 3 Philo S. Shelton, 200 00 4 A. & A. Lawrence & Co: 200 00 4 Gossler & Co: 3000 00 4 Joseph Comer, - 2000 00 5 Bills Payable, 2500 00 2000 00 5 Lucian B. Brooks, 600 00 6 B. & P. Rail Road Stock, 4 400 00 6 N. E. Bank Stock, 200 00 7 7 Farm in Fmminrrhflm, - 4500 1888 00 75 Johnson & Co: 233 25 7 Real Estate at Newton, 50 00 3600 00 8 Merchandise Co. P. 7000 00 7000 00 9 Richard Lewis, 5000 00 3500 00 9 John Munroe & Co: 1SS8 75 10 John T. Pearce, 5000 00 6339 50 10 Globe Bank, 8500 00 4300 00 10 Loan Account, 3000 00 3000 00 11 Interest, _ -4 33 39 92 11 Expense, 479 81 12 Profit & Loss, 339 50 12 Merchant, 200 00 $ 71823 06 71823 06 Proof. Amount of Day Book Additions, $ 40404 00 n >t Cash Received, 1593367 n n n Paid, $ 154S5 39 71823 06 Quarter 'erly Account of Balances taken for the purpose of exhibiting at one view the state of the Merchant's affairs. VQ.J). Dr. Cr. 1 Real Estate at Roxbury, 5000 00 1 Ship Alabama, 880000 1 L * Merchandise, 61500 2 Cash, 70S|28 2 Merchants' Bank, 503500 3 Bills Receivable, 19136 25 4 Gossler & Co:- 279 63 5 Bills Payable^ 10340 00 5| Nathaniel C. Woodman, 5 Lucian B. Brooks, 5000 150,00 6 Estate of the late James H. Comer, 16550 00 6 B. & P. Rail Road Stock, 5100'00 6 N. E. Bank Stock, 5050 00 7 House & Lot No. 11 Williams StreeU 497000 7 Farm in Framingham, 15000 7 Real Estate at Newton, 1950 00 9J Shipment to Johnson & Co: 9, Shipment to Barbadoes Co. A. 550000 340 00 9 Shipment to Liverpool Co. B. 3520;00 10 John T. Pearce, 2180,50 10 10 Aildison Belknap, ri u T> i 22000 9357^56 Ulobe Bank, 11 Interest, 3 So 11 Expense, 1020 81 11 Commission, 443 12 11 Guaranty, 145 1 KW 00 12 o 1or . or%0 5000 00 oiispenso, 12 Profit & Loss, 830 50 i2 Merchant, 45950 00 $ 79197 75 79197 75 N M If I should be called upon, in my capacity of an Accountant, to these books ; in stating the result of my investigations, I should make the following REPORT. After a careful examination of the Books of " Merchant," I find that the total amount of his property or assets on the 30th September, 1845, was, $82,007.59 That the amount of his liabilities at the same time, was, 32,799.63 Leaving the net assets, $49,207.96 1 find that the total amount of the property with which he commenced business on the 1st July, was, $42,700.00 Less the amount of his liabilities, $6,300.00 and less this amount, lost by the failure of T. C. Gratlan,which was counted amongst the assets as good, 450.00 6750.00 Leaving the net capital, $35,950.00 To which is to be added, the Legacy received from the Executors of the late John Heron, amounting to 10,000.00 45,950.00 Leaving the net Gain, $3,257.96 GEOEGE N. COMER, Accountant . 17 State Street, Boston, 1st October, 1S45. BILL Date. No la From whom Received. Endorsers. On what account. 1845. May 26. 1 .2 * John Farquhar, William G.Edwards, Merchandise, June 11. 2 c ** '59426 00 Dr. (Method 1st.) Boston, I2l/i July, 1845. O. 1 Amount Forward, Geo. Anderson & Co $ 594 2t 2000 75 150 500 100 200 1000 150 250 300 500 50 450 100 1000 125 20 5500 5250 5000 500 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 on 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 00 00, 12th. 14th. 14th. 16th. IGlhr 18th. 19th, 19th. 19th. )9th. 21st. 22nd. 23rd. 23rd. 23rd. 25th. Amount Forward, Bills Payable, 59426 2000 75 150 500 100 200 500 500 150 250 300 500 500 100 1000 125 20 16250 00 00 00 00 00 00 ft 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 GO 00 ou oc 00 Cash, Merchandise, Nath'l. C. Woodman, Lucian B. Brooks, Cash, Henshaw,Wara&Co Thomas L. Eayner, 3Ierchandise, Cash, Merchandise, Bills Payable, Merchandise, Bills Payable, Expense, Merchants' Bank, Merchants' Bank, Bills Receivable, Cash, Benj. Rich & Son, VIerchandise, Cash, Bills Receivable, Profit & Loss, T. C. Grattan, Real Est. at Roxbury Bills Payable, Geo. Anderson & Co: Merchants' Bank, Cash, Merchandise, Profit & Loss, Cash, B.&P Railroad Stock N. E. Bank House&LotllWmSt Cash, Forward, Estate of James H. Comer, Forward, $ 826-16 00 $ 82646 00 Dr. (Method 1st.) Boston, 26/A July, 1845. Cr. Amount Forward, Bills Receivable, Farm inFramin^h'm Merchants' Bank, Cash, Cash, Merchants' Bank, A. & A. Lawrence, Bills Rece'vable, House in Williams St. Merchant, $ 82646 00 500 00 4500 00 5000 00 500 00 100 1700 2000 00 30000 70 100 00 00 $|J9741ti 00 28th. 28th. 30th. 30th. 31st. 31st. 31st. Amount Forward, Bills Payable, Merchant, Merchandise, Bills Receivable, Cash, Estate J. H. Comer, Bills Payable, Cash, 82645 500 10000 CO 100 170000 2000 300 70 100 8 97416 00 00 CO 00 73 (Method 2nd.) Boston, 1st July, 1845. Sundries, Dr. To Merchant, Real Estate at Roxbury, 5000 00 Ship Alabama, 15000 00 Cash, 200,00 Merchants' Bank, Merchandise, 6000 00 1 0000 i 00 Bills Receivable, 3000:00 Philo S. Shelton, 1000JOO George Hallett, iooo;00 Henshaw, Ward & Co: 500 100 Benjamin Rich & Son, 500 00 T. C. G rattan, 500 00 42700 00 Merchant, Dr. To Sundries, Bills Payable, A. & A. Lawrence, 2500 00 3000! oo Gossler & Co: 500 00 Theodore Chase, 300 00 6300 oc 1st Kxpense, Dr. To Cash, 200 00 2nd A. & A. Lawrence, Dr. To Merchandise, 800 oc 3rd Bills Receivable, Dr. To Merchandise, 1000 00 Merchandise, Dr. To Gossler & Co: 2000 00 7th Merchandise, Dr. To Sundries, Cash, 200 00 Bills Payable, 600 00 800 00 7th Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, 200 00 8th Merchandise, Dr. To Geo. Anderson <3c Co: 3000 00 8th Real Est. at Roxbury, Dr. To Cash, 100 00 8th Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, 100 00 9th Cash, Dr. To Philo S. Shelton, 800 00 Theodore Chase, Dr. To Cash, 300 CO Amount Carried Forward, S 58300 00 74 (Method 2nd.) Boston, IQth July, 1845. Amount Brought Forward, Merchandise, Dr. To Sundries, Merchants' Bank, Cash, lth 1100 26 $ 00 00 58300 1126 00 00 Geo. Anderson & Co: Dr. To Bills Payable, I 9 th 2000 00 Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, llth 75 00 Nath'l. C. Woodman, Dr. To Lucian B. Brooks, 14th 150 00 Cash, Dr. To Henshaw,Wa.rd &Co: 1th 500 00 Thomas L. Rayner, Dr. To Merchandise, 16th 100 00 Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, 18th 200 00 Bills Payable, Dr. To Sundries, Merchandise, Bills Payable, l Q th 500 500 00 00 1000 00 Expense, Dr. To Merchants' Bank, 19th 150 00 Merchants' Bank, Dr. To Bills Receivable, lth 250 00 Cash, Dr. To Benj. Rich & Son, lth 300 00 Blerchandise, Dr. To Cash, 21 c t 500 00 Sundries, Dr. To T. C. Grattan, Bills Receivable, Profit & Loss, 22nd 50 450 00 00 500 00 Real Est. at Roxbury, Dr. To Bills Payable. 3rd 100 on 3eo. Anderson & Co: Dr. To Merchants' Bank, 3rd 1000 00 Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, 3rd 125 00 rrofit & Loss, Dr. To Cash, 20 01 Amount Carried Forward, $ 66396 00 (Method 2nd.) Boston, 25lh July, 1845. Amount Brought Forward, Sundries, Dr. To Est. of James H. Comer, B. Ac P. Eail Road Stock, N, E. BSnk House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street. Cash, 6th 5500 5250 5000 500 00 00 )0 00 66396 16250 Bills Receivable, Dr. To Bills Payable, 8th 500 Sundries, Dr. To Merchant, Farm in Framingham, Merchants' Bank, Cash, 8th 4500 5000 500 00 00 00 10000 Cash, Dr. To Merchandise, 30th 100 Merchants' Bank, Dr. To Bills Receivable, 30th 1700 A. & A. Lawrence, Dr. To Cash, 31st 2000 Bills Receivable, Dr. To Est. of J. H. Comer, 31st 300 House in Williams St., Dr. To Bills Payable, 3l3t 70 Merchant, Dr. To Cash, 100 * 97416 (Method 3rd.) Boston, 1st July, 1845. Dr's. CrV Sundries, Dr. To Merchant, $ 42700 OC tleal Estate at Koxbury, $ 5000 00 Ship Alabama, 15000 00 Cash, 200 00 Merchants' Bank, 6000 00 Merchandise, 10000 00 Bills Receivable, Philo S. Shelton, 3000 00 100000 3-eorge Hallett, 1000 00 Henshaw, Ward & Co: 50000 Benjamin Rich & Son, 500 00 T. C. Grattan, 500 00 Merchant, Dr. To Sundries, 6300 00 Bills Payable, 2500 00 A. & A. Lawrence^ 3000 00 Gossler & Co: 500 00 Theodore Chase, 300 00 Sundries, Dr. To Merchandise, 2400 OC A. & A. Lawrence, 2nd. 800 00 Bills Receivable, 3rd. 100000 Thomas L. Rayner, 16th. 100 00 Bills Payable, 18th. 500 00 Merchandise, Dr. To Sundries, 6700 00 5th. Gossler & Co: 2000 00 7th. Bills Payable, 600 CO 8th. Geo. Anderson & Co: 3000 00 10th. Merchants' Bank, 1100 00 Sundries, Dr. To Bills Payable, 3170 00 George Anderson & Co: 12th. 2000 00 Bills Payable, 18th. ,50000 Real Estate at Roxbury, 22d. Bills Receivable, 26th. House in Williams St., 31st. 100 500 70 00 00 00 14th Nathaniel C. Woodman, 150 00 To Lucian B. Brooks, __!_ 150 00 Amounts Carried Fonvard, $ 61420 00 61420 00 77 (Method 3rd.) Boston, July, 1845. Drs. Crs. Amounts Brought Forward, $ 61420 00 61420 00 Sundries, Dr. To Merchants' Bank, 1150 00 Expense, 19th. George Anderson & Co: 23d. 150 1000 00 00 Merchants' Bank, Dr. To Sundries, 6950 00 19th. Bills Receivable, 250.00 30th. do. 1700.00 1950 00 28th. Merchant, 5000 00 21t Sundries, Dr. To T. C. Grattan, 500 00 Bills Receivable, 50 00 Profit & Loss, 450 00 Sundries, Dr. To Est. of J. H. Comer, 16050 00 B. & P. Rail Road Stock, 25th. 5500 00 N. E. Bank n 5250 00 House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street, 5000 00 Bills Receivable, 31st. 300 00 Farm in Framingham, Dr. To Merchant, 4500 00 4500 00 Cash, Dr. To Sundries, 3400 00 7th. Merchandise, 200.00 8th. // 100.00 12th. 75.00 16th. n 200.00 23d. n 125.00 28th. 100.00 800 00 9th, Philo S. Shelton, 800 00 14th. Henshaw, Ward & Co: 19th. Benj. Rich & Son, 500 300 00 00 25th. Estate of J. H. Comer, 500 00 28th. Merchant, 500 00 / Sundries, Dr. To Cash, 3446 00 Expense, 200 00 Merchandise, 7th. 200.00 // 10th. 26.00 // 19th. 500.00 726 00 Amounts Carried Forward, $ 94896 00 97416 00 (Method 3rd.) Boston^ July, 1845. Dr's. Or a. Amounts Brought Forward, $ 94896 00 97416 00 Sundries, Dr. To Cash, Real Estate at Roxbury, 8th. 100 00 Theodore Chase, 9th. 300 00 Profit & Loss, 23rd. 20 00 A. & A. Lawrence, 30th. 2000 00 Merchandise, 31st. 100 00 * 97416 00 97416 00 This method is the one most generally in use in large Mercantile Establishments, and is decidedly better than any of the other forms. DSs. (Method 4th.) Boston, 1st July, 1845. Cr's. Cosh. MJse. Sundries. LF 1: 20000 200 100 aoooo 0000 2000 800 Ofl 3000 1126 130000 16a2G,CK 5000 15000 6000 3000 10011 ioon 500 5fMl 500 6300 200 800 1000 100 30000 200000 4320000 Sundries, al Estate at Roxbury, Ship Alabama, Dash, Merchants' Bank, Merchandise, s Receivable, Philo S. Shelton, Seorge Hallett, ienshaw, Ward & Co: Benjamin Rich & Son, . C. Graltan, To Merchant, Merchant, Bills Payable, \. & A. Lawrence & Co: 3ossler & Co: Theodore Chase, To Sundries, Expense, To Cash, 2nd. A.. & A. Lawrence & Co: To Merchandise, _ 3rd. Bills Receivable, To Merchandise, 5th. Merchandise, To Gossler & Co: 7th. Merchandise, To Sundries, Jash, Bills Payable, 7th. Cash, To Merchandise, 8th. Merchandise, To G. Anderson & Co: 8th. Real Est. at Roxbury, To Cash, 8lh. Cash, To Merchandise, 9th. Cash, To Philo S. Shelton, 9th. Theodore Chase, To Cash, 10th. Merchandise, To Sundries, Merchants' Bank, Cash, -12th. Geo. Anderson & Co: To Bills Payable, Amounts Carried Fonvard,- 80 idries. Mdse 4270000 250000 300000 500 00 300 2000 GOO 300000 80000 110000 200000 5850000 80000 100000 20000 10000 2ioo;oo 200 a 200 100 300 00 82600 Dr's. (Method 4th.) Boston, I2l/i July, 1845. Cr's. 1300 75 500 300 300 125 IGiWG 500 50000 50000 3500 00 17426,00 72220 00 43200 150 100 1000 150 250 5000 450 00 100 1000 00 2000 5500 00 5250 00 5000 00 50000 450000 5000 00 Cash, -Amounts Brought Forward- To Merchandise, 14th.- Nathaniel C. Woodman, To Lucian B. Brooks, - 14th. To Henshaw, Ward & Co: _ 16th. Cash, Thomas L. Rayner, To Merchandise, - 16lh. Cash, To Merchandise, 18th. Bills Payable, To Sundries, Merchandise, Bills Payable, 19th. Expense, To Merchants' Bank -19th. Merchants' Bank, To Bills Recei rable 19th. Cash, To Benj. Rich & Son -19th Merchandise, To Cash, 21st.- Sundries, Bills Receivable, Profit & Loss, To T. C. Grattan, 22nd.- Real Estate at Roxbury, To Bills Payable, -23rd. Geo. Anderson & Co: To Merchants' Bank 23rd. Cash, To Merchandise, 23rd.- Profit & Ix>ss, To Cash, 25th. Sundries, To Eat. of J. H. Comer B. & P. Rail Road Stock, N. E. Bank House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street, Cash, 26th. Bills Receivable, To Bills Payable, 28th. Sundries, To Merchant, Farm in Framingham, Merchants' Bank, Cash, -Amounts Carried Forward,- 81 Suii'lr es.;i IVMse. Cu*n. 5S500 00 2100K10 tJ2l3 00 7500 150 00 500 50000 150 00 25000 30000 500 00 100 1000 00 10250 00 50000 1000000 100 00 20000 50000 125 00 88700 00 3100 00 1346 00 GOO 00 2000 Dr's. (Method 4th.) Boston, 28th July, 1845. Cr's. CKS 3500 100 3600 . 00 00 00 --^ Mdst 17426 00 Sundr 72220 1700 2000 300 70 100 00 00 00 00 00 00 LF 2 3 4 3 8 7 6 12 Sunrlr 88700 1700 300 70 es. 00 00 00 00 Mils 3100 100 >. 00 00 Casl 1346 2000 100 Cash, To Merchandise, '>0th Merchants' Bank, To Bills Receivable, 30th A.&A. Lawrence & Co: To Cash, l"t Bills Receivable, To Estate of James H. Comer, Slat House in Williams Street, To Bills Payable, Merchant, To Cash, 17426 00 =^ 8 76390 17426 3600 97416 0-0 00 00 00 :r=r 2 2 Sundries, Sundries, Merchandise, 2. Merchandise, Cash, 2. Cash, Proof, Proof, * Debit of Cash, 33600.00 Credit.. .. 3446.00 90770 3200 3446 00 00 00 3200 _ - 00 _ 3446 - 97416 00 Balance on hand, $154.00 This method obtains favor in a few Mercantile houses. It is essentially a " fancy method," and may answer very well to occupy time where the Book-keeper is expert and careful, but the many instances which have come under my notice where the figures have been placed in the wrong columns, and con- sequent erasures or cross entries, have satisfied me of its total unfitness for mercantile purposes as a general thing. Within the last five years I have frequently been called upon to alter Books which have been for a time kept by this method, both in the form of original entry books and as Journals, to the more simple plan recommended in this work. I have inserted the Ledger folios, as though this month's business had been posted from this Journal, in order that the interested may examine the accounts on the Ledger, and they will find that in all these Journal forms the result is precisely the same, and pre- cisely the same as in the method recommended, where no Journal whatever is used. Of what advan- tage then, I ask, is the Journal? And the only answer that can be giver, is, that it helps to occupy the time of the Clerk and occasionally that of an assistant. THE BOOKS OF MERCHANT PEARCE & Co " Day Book." Boston, 1st October, 1845. Merchant, Nathaniel C. Woodman and John T. Pearce, have this day entered into copartnership, for the pur- pose of continuing the business formerly carried on by Merchant, under the firm of Merchant, Pearce & Co: in equal interest, as per articles of agreement, and have each contributed to the Capital Stock the amounts hereinafter specified. Schedule of our Capital or Effects. Merchant, puts in as follows : Real Estate at Roxbury, valued at $ 5000 00 Ship Alabama, ith. /, 10000 00 B. & P. Rail Road Stock, 5500 00 N. E. Bank Stock, n 5250 00 House & Lot No. 11 Williams Street, n n 5000 00 Real Estate at Newton, // / 2400 00 Cash, as per Cash Book, 708 2fe Merchants' Bank deposited, Globe Bank do 5035 9357 00 5fi Merchandise, as per Invoice Book. 3000 00 Bills Receivable, as per Bill Book,' 19136 25 Nathaniel C. Woodman owes him 50 on Lucian B. Brooks n n 150 00 John T. Pearce n // 2180 50 Addison Belknap t n 220 Od Shipment to Barbadoes, Co. A. 5500 OU Shipment to Liverpool, Co. B. 3520 00 82007 .9 His Liabilities, assumed by the firm are as follows : Bills Payable, as per Bill Book, 10340 00 Gossler :* Estate of the late James H. Comer, 17180 00 Suspense, 5000 00 32799 63 Nathaniel C. Woodman, puts in as follows : Cash deposited in Merchants' Bank, Merchandise, as per Invoice Book, 20000 25000 00 oo 45000 00 John T. Pearce, puts in as follows : Real Estate in Tremont Street, 35000 00 Bills Receivable as per Bill Book, 20000 oo 55000 00 His Liabilities assumed by the firm are as follows : Bills Payable, as per Bill Book, 5000 00 Francis Skinner & Co: 5000 00 10000 00 1 224807 22 84 ru T?t? AL ,1 " Ledger." ESTATE AT R 5000 00| SHIP ALABAMA 10000 00| P. RAIL ROAD 5500 00| . E. BANK ST 5250.001 No. 11 WILL 5000 00| ESTATE AT ft 2400 001 P ATT 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, ft* !i LCr 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, Ir R s! & ,1 N 1! Smrir Pr 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, ir 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, tl LiOl Si AL 1 ti II TAM*! STT?TT I T - - C!r 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, k r "D r ii 1845. Oct. 1 Tc Merchant, k r . ii Pr 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, 1 $1 )r "^ 708 2S| [ERCHANTS' BA 25035 00| frT ORP R^NTT II NTT Pr 1845. Oct. 1. To Sundries, Ir si II Cr 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, LI SI 9357 5b| II 1845. Oct. 1. To Sundries, )r si J 1280001001 ILLS RECEIVAB 139136 25| IANIEL C. Wo | 1 1845. 1 50 OOlOct. 1. UCIAN B. BRO 1 150 001 JOHN T. PEARC II 1 1845. 2180 SOlOct. 1. 1000000 II 1 rr Cr 1845. Oct. 1. To Sundries, >r N si ATI si II 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, )r By Sundries, SlUoOOlOO w Pr 1845. Oct. 1. To Merchant, )r ,i II ECr 1845 Oct. 1. it n To Merchant, // Sundries, '1 By Sundries, $5530000 -Dr. GOSSLER & Co: I 1815. |0ct. l.|By Merchant, -Dr. ESTATE OF THE LATE JAMES H. COMER. I I II I I 1345.1 -Dr.- I 1845. (Oct. 1. " Ledger." -ADDISON BELKNAP. Cr. Oct. LlTo Merchant, | $|| 22o|oo| Dr. SHIPMENT TO BARBADOES, Co. A. Cr. 1845 -l I II I I I I II Oct. l.lTo Merchant, I $11 5500!00| I || Dr. SHIPMENT TO LIVERPOOL, Co. B. Cr. 1845.1 I II I I I II I Oct. l.|To Merchant, | $|| 3520|00| I 1 1 Dr. MERCHANT. Cr. 1845.1 I || || 1845. | | || | Oct. l.|To Sundries, I $||32799|63|0et. l.| By Sundries, I $||82007|59 Dr. BILLS PAYABLE. Cr. | I 1845. | I |0ct. l.lBy Merchant, SL [Oct. 1. ro-p-p-M-oT? By Merchant, $1117180 Cr 00 O L 01 l-.\- >;. 1 1845. (Oct. 1. By Merchant, $11 5000 00 -Dr. FRANCIS SKINNER & Co: Cr.- iByJ.T. Pearce, I $11 5000100 -REAL ESTATE IN TREMONT STREET. Cr. Oct. l.lTo John T. Pearce, I $||3500o|oo| I have made these entries for the purpose of showing how the Books of a Copart- nership, either continuing the old set of Books, or with an entirely new set, should be opened. By reference to the Ledger entries it will Ije seen that each of the partners are credited with the amount of property invested in the business by them, and are debited with the amount of the debts due by them individually, and assumed by the firm. Upon closing the Books, interest will have to be allowed each partner upon the amount of capital invested, and each partner must be debited with interest on the amounts drawn out of the concern by him. The balance of the Profit and Loss account will then show the total gains or losses, which, being divided, one- third to each of the partners, will close the books precisely the same as in ;he former ?et of books where the Merchant alone was concerned. " Form of an Invoice" Invoice of Merchandise, shipped per Alabama, Capt. Wood, and con- signed to Messrs. Higginson, Dean & Stott, Barbadoes, to be sold on account and risk of Richard Lewis and Merchant, Boston. B L <> H. D. S. <3> 800 bbls. Super Flour, < 30 $ 300 // Pork, n 60 200 // Beef, // 75 -Charges 4000 3000 2500 00 00 00 9500 1500 00 00 Freight, Insurance, &c. paid here, $ 11000 00 B.&O.E. Boston, 16th August, 1845. " Form of a Bill." GEORGE N. COMER, To B. LORING & Co: Dr. 1845. Julyl. For 50 Reams Blue Cap paper, < U 200 00 20 n n extra letter do. / 5 100 00 12 Gross Gillot's fine Steel Pens, // 62 7 44 $|| 307 44 E.E. Boston, 1st January, 1846. GEORGE N. COMER, " Another." BOUGHT ov ANDREW ALLEN & Co: 1845. 3.00 3.50 4 7.00 Oct. 15. 4 Blank Books, 1111 $ 17 50 5 Reams Blue Ruled Letter Paper, < $3 15 00 $ 32 50 Received Payment, ANDREW ALLEN Ac Co: GEORGE N. COMER, " Another." In acc't. with OLIVER HOLMAN & Co: 1845. Nov 16. To 25 Reams Blue Cap, $4.25 $ 106 25 50 n t, ruled Letter, n 2.75 137 50 100 Gross Steel Pens, t 3s. 50 00 S 293 Nov20. Dec. 15. By Cash, per receipt, $ tf Cash, // // 100 100 00 00 E. &0. E. Boston, 1st January, 1846. " Form of an Account Sales." Sales made for Account of MESSRS. JOHNSON & Co: New York. 1845. Aug. 8. 3 Ps. Black German Cloth, 4 mo's." ,/ 11. # 1521 < 1523 = 180 yds. @ $5 $ 7 Ends Black Cassimere, 3 mo's." 900 00 # 906 i 912 == 200 yds. $2 400 00 .. 18. 1 Bale French Broad Cloths. 1 mo." 10 Ps. # 16793 <2> 16802 = 500 yds. <2> $4 2000 00 $ 3300 00 Charges. Aug.*. Freight, &c. 200 00 / // Drayage and Labor, 3 50 Advertising, 4 50 Commission 5 % on $3,300 165 on Guaranty, 2 " " // 82 50 455 50 Net Sales to your Credit, S 2844 50 E. &0. E. Boston, 18th August, 1845. Merchant, Per E. Maxwell, Jr. " Form of an Account- Cur rent, without interest" MESSRS. JOHNSON & Co: New York, in acc't. with MERCHANT, Boston. 1845. Dr. Cr. Aug. 6. * 18. To your draft at sight in favor of P. F. Slane, $ By Balance Net Sales to your credit, 1000 00 2844 50 To Balance remaining to your credit, 1844 50 1 2844 50 2844 50 &0. E. Boston, 18th August, 1845. Merchant, Per E. Maxwell, Jr. Messrs. COATES & Co: " Form of a Skipping Merchant's Bill." LIVERPOOL, 4th AUGUST, 1845. To D. & C. MAC!VER, Dr. For Shipping charges on 3 cases, Shipped per " Hibernia," for Boston, W. & A. 350 352. Carriage to Liverpool, 18 Export duty, dues, 1 1 Cartage, &c. Bill Lading & Postage, 2 6 2 ft Freight to Boston, ** 5 19 9 Commission, 17 7 7 18 10 "Another form of 'Ace "t. Sales fy Acc't. Current, with interest" Sales of Printing Cloths made by GEORGE N. COMER for account of FRANCIS SKINNER & Co: Date. 1845. Aug. 17. n 20. n 30. 1845. Aug. 14. // 30. Time. 6 mo's. Cash, 6 mo's. Mark 7 Bales, 171 (8) 178 -Charges.- 345 i 365 105 < 129 Yards. 9887 22472 27317 Price. To Paid Rail Road Freight, // // Labor & Trackage, // // Insurance & Postages, // Commission 2 %on $3697.61 704 1207 1821 Net Sales due 25th December, '45, E. &O.E. Boston. 30th September, 1845. George N. Comer, Per E Maxwell, Jr. 3734 12894 3605 11 MESSRS. FRANCIS SKINNER & Co: in Acc't. Current with G. N. COMER, Interest. Date. Interest to 30th September, 1845. Dr. Cr. Due. Days. Dr. Cr. 1845. Aug. 17. 30. To Cash paid you this day, By Net Sales as per acc't. 2000 00 3605 17 Aug. 17. Deer. 25. 44 86 14 51 66 67 Sept. 30. To Balance Interest acc't. 66 33 66 33 // // To Cash to Balance, 1538 84 3605 17 3605 17 66 33 66 33 E. &O.E. Boston, 30th September, 1845. George N. Comer, Per E. Maxwell, Jr. 14 Form of an English Dr. GEORGE N. COMER in Account-Current and Interest Account 1845. Days April 21. n 24. To Freight of parcel per " Hibernia," a Invoice from Leeds Establishment, n 38 10 9 // 6 132 129 n a n 13 2 9 // 29. // Cash, 25 124 n 8 8 // 30. // Mackinaw from Leeds, n 7 6 123 n n 2 May 1. // Invoice per "Britannia," 15 12 122 n 5 2 2. 26. / Freight and Charges per do. / Invoice from Leeds Est. 2 63 15 2 3 2 121 97 n n n 17 11 // 30. / do. // do. a 216 3 5 93 2 15 10 June 4. i Cash, 12 88 a 2 10 5. / Invoice per "Cornelia," 228 10 1 87 2 15 1 // 10. / do. from Leeds Est. 39 8 1 82 n 9 // 11. // do. per " Constantine," 187 4 1 81 2 10 2 // 12. n Cash, 5 80 n 1 1 // 13. // Invoice per " Columbus," 90 7 79 19 9 18. n do. // "Ashburton," 296 4 6 74 3 10 // 23. n do. // Stephen Whitney," 22 19 10 69 // 4 5 // 24. n dp. // "Mary Ann," 119 6 1 68 1 2 6 27. // Cash paid A. & S. Henry & Co: 55 5 6 65 // 10 n 30. // do. // Coates & Co: 115 8 1 62 // 19 11 July 2. // Invoice from Leeds Est. 28 7 4 60 4 9 n 3. // do. // do. do. 61 5 9 59 // 10 2 // 9. // do. per " Laura," 10 10 5 53 // 1 7 n 16. // do. // "Cambria," 142 8 46 II 18 o 17. // do. n " Barnstable," 39 17 10 45 II 5 18. // do. . from Leeds Est. 63 6 44 II 7 9 n 22. n do. per Great Britain, 68 7 8 40 II 7 7 // 24. n Accepted J. Munroe & Co: Draft, 1143 14 2 38 6 8 n 26. // Invoice from Leeds Est. 39 15 1 36 // 3 12 August 1. n Cash paid Crafts & Stell, 248 18 30 1 9 // 31. n J. T. Crooks, Shipping charges, 74 16 // it n Fire Insurance, it 18 6 it n n Postages, &c. 3 7 it n n Interest on Bills not due, 3 11 11 n n // Balance of Interest, 14 3 9 3473 8 7 31 9 7 1845. August 31. To Balance due in Cash this day, 273 8 7 90 Account- Current" to August 31st, 1S45, with THORNTON, ATTERBURY & Co: Cr. 1845. April 14 // 14. June 13. July 14. // 30. Ausr. 31. By Bills on Dennison & Co: at 60 days, it Bill on Dennison & Co: at 60 days ; // do. n Dennison & Co: // do. // Dennison & Co: at 60 days, // do. // Dennison & Co: at 60 days, n Balance of Interest to Debit, n Balance of Account carried down, 800 800 300 1000 300 273 3473 8 7 Due. June 17. // // Aug. 16. Sept. 16. Oct. 3. . & 0. E. Manchester, 31st of August, 1845. 12 31 9 7 THORNTON, ATTERBURY & Co. 91 COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS. INTEREST. " Interest is defined by economists to be the net profit of Capital ; but, in the commercial acceptance of the term, it may be more correctly described as the consideration agreed to be paid fo? the use of money. The sum on which the interest is reckoned is calbd the Principal, and the sum per cent, agreed on as interest, the Rate." Waterston. RULE. To find the interest on any sum for one year, multiply the principal by the rate per cent, as the decimal of one hundred ; observing that dol- lars produce dollars and cents ; and cents produce mills. EXAMPLES. What is the interest of $500, for one year at 5 per cent, and at 6 per cent. ? 500 500 .5 .6 Ans. $25.00 Ans. $30.00 What is the interest of $654.70 for one year, at 5 per cent, and at 7 per cent. ? 654.70 654.70 7 32.73.50 $45.82.90 Ans. 3.27.35 Ans. $36.00.85 What is the interest of $600, from the 20th April, 1843, to the 15th March, 1845, at 6 per cent. ? The first thing is to find the time put down the last date first, count- ing the months by their number in the year, then the first date under- neath, and subtract the one from the other, the remainder will be the time. EXAMPLE. Year. Month. Days. 1845. 3 15 1843. 4 20 1. 10 25 92 000 6 Months. 6 is 36.00 Interest for 1 year, 4 // 18.00 // 6 months, 20 // 12.00 /, 4 n 5 | 2.00 // 20 days. .50 ,/ 5 // Ans. $68.50 When the time is less than one year, it should not be computed by the foregoing rule, but by the following method : EXAMPLE. What is the interest of $700, from the 20th April, 1845, to the 30th August, 1845, at 6 per cent. ? 30 April 20 // 10 The number of days remaining in April are 10 : May 31 there are 31 days in May, 30 in June, 31 in July, June 30 and the 30th of August being the last day of the July 31 time, only 30 days must be counted in that month. Aug. 30 132 days, or 4 months 12 days. Having found the time, one method of finding the interest is, to mul- tiply the principal by half the number of months, and take aliquot parts for the days, as, 700 2 12 days is ^th 14.00 Interest for 4 months, 1.40 12 days. Ans. $15.40 Another method is to multiply the principal by the number of days and divide by 6000. 700 132 6)92.400 Ans. $15.40 Another method is to cut off the two right hand figures, or one per cent., which is the interest on any sum for 60 days at 6 per cent. Twice 93 that sum therefore will give the interest for 4 months. Then cut off the first right hand figure, which will always give the interest on any sum for 6 days at 6 per cent. Twice that sum therefore will give the interest for 12 days. EXAMPLES. $70|0 = 70 cents interest for 6 days, 70 ii n tr ii ii $7|00 = 7.00 dollars 60 7.00 // n a a a Ans. $15.40 What is the interest of $900 for 51 days at 6 per cent. ? $90|0 = 90 cents interest for 6 days, $9|00 = 9.00 dollars // // 60 4.50 n 30 n 2.25 // // ,/ 15 n tjO a n n u // Ans. $7.65 51 n This is a most excellent method of calculating interest, and will be found of very great utility in Banking operations or in calculating interest upon Notes which always carry grace, or 3 days beyond the time speci- fied. Thus, the interest on a note at 60 days would have to be computed for 63 days. EXAMPLE. What is the interest upon three notes each for $1642.25 at 30, 60 and 90 days from date, at 6 per cent. ? 16.42.25 3 days is \ 16.4.2 Interest for 60 days. .82 n it 3 a Ans. $17.24 16.42.25 Interest for 60 days. 16.42.25 8.21.12 n 30 8.21 Interest for 30 days. .82. n ii 3 n 82 ii ii 3 // Ans. $25.45 Ans. $9.03 The net proceeds of a note for $1642.25 at 30 days, discounted by a Bank, would be $1642.25 less $9.03, or $1633.22. This is the princi- ple upon which Banks discount notes but this is not the true discount at 6 per cent. Because for $1633.22 paid, the Ban*, receives in 33 days $1642.25, together with 33 days' interest on the discount, $9.03. The Interest on $1633.22 for 33 days would only be $S.9S. 94 As it is very frequently necessary to calculate interest upon Invoices and Accounts-Current, in Sterling money, it is desirable that the Clerk should know the best method of doing this operation, and for this purpose 1 submit the following Example. The legal rate of interest in Great Britain is 5 per cent., which is the rate usually charged. What is the interest on 269.16.6 for 9 months and 15 days? 269.16.6 5 13.49.2.6 6 mo's. is 13. 9.10 Interest for 1 year, nearly. 20 9.82 3 J 6.14.11 6 months. 12 15 days is 3. 7. 5J ,/ 3 /, 11. 2j 15 days. 9.90 4 10.13. 7J Ans. 3.60 The following directions for casting interest upon Notes where partial payments have been made, is of so much importance, and will be found so beneficial to the business man, that I have deemed it necessary to insert it entire. It is taken from the Mass. Reports, vol. 17, page 417. DEAN vs. WILLIAMS. In casting interest upon Bonds, Notes, &c., upon which partial pay- ments have been made, every payment is to be first applied to keep down the interest ; but the interest is never allowed to form a part of the prin- cipal, so as to carry interest. By the Court. One of the methods of casting interest where partial payments have been made and endorsed on bonds, notes, or other secu- rities for money, is to calculate the interest from the date of the security, or the time when the interest is to commence, to the time of the first payment endorsed, to add this to the principal, and from the sum to sub- tract the payment. On this remainder interest is cast to the time of the second endorsement, which is added to the remainder, and from the sum is subtracted the second endorsement. In like manner interest is cast from one payment to another, and to the time of the judgment. This method is correct, whenever the payment exceeds the amount of interest due at the time of payment ; but it is not to be used when the interest exceeds the payment ; 'for the effect, in such case, would be to give com- pound interest, which the law does not allow. To avoid this, the fol- lowing rule has been adopted, by which every payment is first applied to keep down the interest ; but the interest is never allowed to form a part of the principal, so as to carry interest. Compute the interest on the principal sum, from the time when the interest commenced to the first time when a payment was made, which exceeds, either alone or in conjunction with the preceding payments, if any, the interest at that time due ; add that interest to the principal, and 95 from the sum subtract the payment made at that time, together with the preceding payments, if any, and the remainder forms a new principal, on which compute and subtract the interest as upon the first principal, and proceed in this manner to the time of the judgment. DISCOUNT Is an allowance paid on account of the immediate advance of a sum of money not due till some future period. The true discount of any sum for any given time is such a sum as will in that time amount to the interest of the sum to be discounted. Thus, the proper discount to be received for the immediate advance of $100 due twelve months hence is not $6, but $5.66. RULE. Add the interest of $100, at the given rate and time, to $100, and as that amount is to the rate per cent, so is the given sum to its discount ; which, deducted from the principal sum, gives the present worth. EXAMPLES. If A. wishes to remit $200 to his correspondent in New Orleans when exchange is at 3 per cent, discount, what amount must he pay for the draft ? As 103: 3: 1200 200. 3 5.83 103)600(5.83 nearly. Ans. $194.17 515 8500 824 260 206 54 Or, As 103 : 100: .'200 : $194.17 Ans. A. sold an invoice of Merchandise to B., amounting to $3960, at 12 months credit, but afterwards agreed to make 10 per cent, discount for Cash. What amount is to be deducted ? As 110 : 10: 13960 ! $360 Ans. It will be readily seen that there is a considerable difference between 10 per cent, discount, and 10 per cent. off. 96 PREMIUM Is defined by Dr. Johnson to be " something given to invite a loan or a bargain." In commercial parlance it is understood to be the sum given for a thing above its original or par value ; excepting in insurance, where it is the whole consideration granted by the party protected under the contract. Thus, if A. in New Orleans has in his hands $300 belonging to B. of Boston, which B. requests may be invested in a draft and remitted to him ; what will be the amount of the draft, A. having to pay 8 per cent, premium ? STATEMENT. As 100 : 92: :300 : $276.00, Ans. For what amount must a policy of insurance be taken out to cover S5000, when the premium is 3 per cent. ? As 97 : 100: :5000 : $5154.64 Ans. EXCHANGE. A term that is used in reference to those transactions by which the debts of persons residing at a distance from their creditors are liquidated without the transmission of money. A Bill of Exchange may be defined a written order directing one party to pay a sum of money to another either the person who gives the order or some third party at some day fixed or ascertainable. Exchaiige on Great Britain. Accounts are kept in Pounds, Shillings, Pence and Farthings. The nominal par of exchange between Great Britain and the United States is $4.44.44| to the Pound Sterling () or Twenty Shillings. RULE. To reduce Sterling to Federal money at par. Multiply the pounds by 40 (the number of sixpences in a pound), add to this product the number of sixpences in the shillings and pence, and divide by 9 (the number of sixpences in a dollar), the quotient will be the answer in dol- lars and decimals of a dollar; if any odd pence remain, take aliquot parts of a pound. M 97 EXAMPLE. What is the par value in federal money of 246.16.9? 246 40 9840 33 sixpences in 16s. 6d. 9)9873 - Cts. 1097 : 5,56=3d. the fr of 1, or $4.44.44 Ans. $1097. 05. To obtain the real value, the premium of exchange above par, or the discount below par, must be added or subtracted, as the case may be. EXAMPLE. If A. wants to remit 50 to England when exchange is at 8J per cent. premium, what sum in federal money must he pay for the Bill ? 50 40 9)2000 Par value, 222.22=2 sixpences or Is., 22 cents. Add 8J per cent, premium, 18.89 nearly. Ans. $241.11 To reduce Federal to Sterling money at par, the operation is just the opposite of the preceding example. Multiply by 9 and divide by 40, the quotient will be the answer in pounds and decimals of a pound, which reduce to shillings and pence. E X A M P L E . A factor in Boston has the net proceeds of a consignment amounting to $5000, which he is desirous of remitting to his principal in London. For what amount in sterling money must he purchase a Bill exchange being 9 per cent, premium ? 5000 109 : 100:: 1125 9 100 4.0)4500.0 109)112500 1125.00 par value. 1032.12=s1032.2.2 Ans. 96 CHAIN-RULE, Or Rule of Equations, an arithmetical formula of Geirnan origin, which is of great practical utility, particularly in exchange calculations. It is so called from the terms being stated as equations, and connected as it were by a chain, so as to obtain by one operation the same result as by any number of different questions in the Rule of Three. RULE . Arrange the several terms in two columns of antecedents and conse- sequents, as follows : enter the term of demand in the right hand column ; enter on the line below in the left hand column the first ante- cedent, which must be of the same denomination as the term of demand, and equal in value to the corresponding consequent placed contiguously in the right hand column ; and so on throughout, making the terms lead from one to the other, so that the last term may be of the same denomi- nation as the answer required. EXAMPLES. Required the number of French Francs which may be had for $5000 federal money, reckoning $4.82 equal to 1, and 1 equal to 24 J francs. STATEMENT. $5000. ? $4.82 = 1. 1. = Francs 24A 5000x1X241 122500 = Francs 25.414.93 Ans. 482X1 482 Required the number of Roman Paoli which may be had for $5000 federal money, reckoning $4.84 equal to 1, and 1 equal to 25 French francs, and 100 francs equal to 200 Paoli. $5000. ? $4.84 = 1. 1. = Francs 25. Francs 100 = Paoli 200. 5000X1X25X200 25000000 Pnoli . BajB c C hi. = = 51,652.89 Ans. 484X1X100 48400 Required the price per Ib. of Tea, purchased in China at 30 tales per pecul of 133| Ibs. ; 720 tales being equal to 200, and 1 equal to $4.84. 1 Lb. Lbs. 133J = 1 Pecul. Pecul 1 = 30 Tales. Tales 720 = 200. 1. = $4.84. 1X1X30X200X4.84 2904000 Ctg . Min ,. = = 30.25 per Ib. 133J X 1X720X 1 96000 the price required. 99 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. When several sums of money, due at different times, are owing from one person to another, it is sometimes required to find the time when they may be all discharged in one payment without injury to either party : this is called equating the payments ; and the principle of the rule consists in finding the time when the interest of the sums which are deferred till after they are due is equal to the discount of those which are paid before they are due. R u L E . Multiply each sum by the time when it is due, then divide the sum of these products by the total debt ; the quotient is the time at which all the money ought to be paid. NOTE. This rule is founded on the supposition that we are to find the time when the interest of the sums which are kept till after they are due, is equal to the interest, and not to the discount of those which are paid before they are due ; this, however, is not strictly correct ; but since the erroneous practice universally prevails of tak- ing the interest instead of the discount from sums which are due at a future period, the above rule is generally adopted in business as affording a near and convenient practical approximation. The substitution of interest for discount is, of course, to the advantage of the debtor. E X A M P L E . A sum of $300 is due on the 2d March ; $350 on 18th March ; and $525 on 17th April ; required an average time for the payment of them all in one sum ? The number of days from the 2d to the 18th of March is 16 ; and from the 2d March to the 17th April 46 ; hence, Debt. Day*. 300 : 350 X 16= 5600 525 X 46 = 24150 1.175 . . )29.750(25 days from March 2d, or March 27th, nearly. The distance of time is calculated from the 2d March, because the first sum becoming due on that day, there is no discount to calculate upon it. There are a great variety of methods of calculating equations, but as my object in this work is merely to give a synopsis of the most approved forms, I will merely introduce one other method. EXAMPLE. Dolls. L/olls. Days. A sala on March 2d, Amt. 300. X 16= 4800 n 18th, 350.650X30=19500 April 17th, 525. 1.175 )24300(21 days near- ards from . e 27th of March. ly, counting backwards from April 17th, which gives the equated time th 100 COMPOUND EQUATION. The object of compound equation is, to ascertain the time when th balance of an account that contains debits and credits, becomes due. RULE First find the averaged time when the debit and credit of the account respectively fall due, by simple equation. Multiply the number of days between the averaged dates by the smallest amount, and divide this pro- duct by the balance of the account, the quotient will be the time required for calculation. If the largest amount falls dnejirst, the time is counted back from the earliest averaged date ; if the largest amount falls due last, the time is counted forward from the last averaged date, which is the day upon which the balance of the account falls due. EXAMPLE. The averaged date upon which the Dr. side of an account amounting to $800 falls due, is the 1st July ; the averaged date of the Cr. side amounting to $1000 falls due the 1st August. From 1st July to 1st August is 31 days, hence, Da y . Amount of Cr. 1000 31 Dr. 800 800 smallest amount. Balance, 200 )24800 124 days, counted forward from August 1st, gives the equated time of paying the balance $200 on the 3d December next. To illustrate the latter part of the rule, I have reversed the amounts, making the largest sum fall due first, and the smallest the last. Amount of Dr. 1000 Sl Cr. 800 800 smallest amount. Balance, 200 )24800 124 days, counted lack from 1st July, gives the averaged time 27th February last. I have introduced this method because it is very generally adopted in Mercantile Houses. For myself, I always calculate these questions by Interest, which is the most correct. 101 EQUATION OF DIVIDENDS. RULE. To find each person's proportion of the gain or loss, multiply the whole gain or loss by each person's capital, and divide each product by the total investment. The quotients will be the gain or loss required. EXAMPLE. A., B. & C. entered into a speculation, each to share in the gain or loss in proportion to his capital invested. A. invested $3000, B. $2000, C. $1000. There was a gain upon the operation of $600. Required the amount of each of their gains ? Gain 600 Gain 600 A.'s investment, 3000 B.'s investment, 2000 Capital, 6|000)1SOO]000 Capital, 6jOOO)1200|000 A.'s Gain, $300. B.'s Gain, $200. Gain 600 C.'s investment, 1000 ( A.'s Gain, $300 Proof ,1 B.'s 200 Capital, 6|000)600|000 (C.'s C.'s Gain, $100. EQUATION APPLIED TO THE STORAGE OF PROPERTY. Received and Delivered on account of Elbridge Gerry, sundry bales Cotton, up to 4th Sept. 1S45 Storage 5 cts. per bale per month. Received. Delivered. Bales. Days. Product. Bales. Days. July 5. 100 X 61 = 6100 Aug. 1. 150 X 34 = 5100 /, 15. 100 X 51 = 5100 Sept. 4, 500 X = Aug. 16. 300 X 19 = 5700 19. 200 X 16 = 3200 650 5100 Received, 700 20100 Delivered, 650 5100 Dny. Bal. in Store, 50 3|0)1500|0 500 bales 1 month at 5 cts. each is $25.00. 102 Again. Bales. Days. July 5. Received, 100 X 10 = 1000 15. 100 200 X 17 5= 3400 Aug. 1. Delivered, 150 50 X 15 = 750 Aug. 16. Received, 300 350 X 3 = 1050 19. Received, 200 550 X 16 = 8SOO Sept. 4. Delivered, 500 3|0)1500|0 Balance in Store, 50 500 bales 1 month. MEASUREMENTS. To find the contents of a board, &c. RULE. Multiply the length of the board in feet, by its breadth in inches, divide the product by 12, and the quotient is the contents in square feet. Required the content? of a board 20 feet long by 15 inches wide. 20X 15 == 300 -f-12 = 25 feet. Ans. In measuring plank, joist, &c., the thickness must be multiplied by the breadth, to bring it to board measure or one inch stuff. Required the contents in board measure of a plank 1J inch thick, 15 inches wide and 20 feet long. 1 J X 15X20 = 450 -M2 == Feet 37, in. 6. Ans. To find the area of a square, multiply the length by the breadth. Required the number of square feet in a parcel of land which mea- sures 20 by 69 feet. 20X69 = Ans. 1380 square feet. Feet multiplied by feet produce feet ; feet multiplied by inches produce inches ; inches multiplied by inches produce twelfths of inches. 103 EXAMPLE. Required the number of square feet in the wall or plaster of a room which measures 16 feet 6 in. by 18 feet 8 in. Ft. In. 16.6 18.8 128 ) 16 (16X18 9. 18X 6 .4.0 6X 8 10.8.- 16X 8 Feet 308.0.0 Ans. GEORGE N. COMER, 139 WASHINGTON STREET BOSTON, Offers his services for the adjustment of Disputed and Complicated Accounts, Insolvent and other Estates. BOOKS POSTED, &c,, and taken charge of, by yearly contract or otherwise. DEEDS, CONTRACTS, SPECIFICATIONS, LEASES, &c., accurately drawn up. GENERAL AVERAGES and PARTIAL LOSSES ADJUSTED, ARBITRATIONS ATTENDED, and all business pertaining to that of an Accountant, executed with fidelity and despatch. Mr. Comer respectfully announces that he receives into his office, in the afternoon and evening, Students of all ages, for practical instruction in MERCANTILE WRITING, COMMERCIAL CALCULATIONS, and the general duties of the Counting Room, upon as moderate terms as those of the " Academies." (7" Each Student is instructed by himself, and not in a class. ^QJ Having frequent applications, Mr. C. can generally procure employ- merit for such of his students as may require it. 104 NAVIGATION. THE subscriber respectfully gives notice that he has annexed to his Initiatory Counting- Room, No. 139 Washington Street, Boston. A NAUTICAL INSTITUTE, under the immediate charge of a gentleman for many years attached tc the United States Navy as a Professor of Navigation and Nautical Science, where those designed for and following the sea will have the very best means of acquiring a thorough practical knowledge of Navi- gation, including the Lunar Observations, and every branch necessary for an accomplished navigator. Terms moderate, and entire satisfaction guarantied. GEORGE N. COMER. JULV 1847. EXTRACTS FROM BOSTON PAPERS. " COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING ROOM, 139 Washington St. conducted by Mr. George N. Comer, a skilful accountant and successful instructor, is one of the best establishments of the kind in the United States. The extensive and varied com- mercial experience of Mr. Comer will be found invaluable to those who may re- quire the aid of a competent practical accountant." Boston Post. "COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING ROOM. "We commend this as being one of the most valuable institutions of the kind in the country. Mr. Comer is a thorough business man ; with the education and deportment of a gentleman, and a facility of imparting information which is highly appreciated. The number of his former students now filling responsible situations in the city, procured upon his recom- mendation, is conclusive evidence of the usefulness of this establishment." Daily Evening Traveller. " COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING ROOM. The character of the information im- parted at this establishment is essentially utilitarian." Courier. " BOOK-KEEPING. It is a pleasure to us to call the attention of our readers {o the establishment of Mr. George 'N. Comer, for practical instruction in Book-keep- ing. It is a point of the greatest importance in the education of every man of business, to know the best way in which .books can be and are kept, to be able, in fact, to keep and understand a set of books ; and so to do it that all other intel- ligent book-keepers will understand them. Mr. Comer has himself been a practi- cal merchant and book-keeper, and is now largely employed by our first merchants to regulate their books. This business he is constantly doing, at his office in State street, in connection with which he has large, elegantly and appropriately fur- nished rooms for students, where they have every facility for becoming acquainted with Book-keeping as it is actually conducted by the best clerks in the city. It is like studying medicine in a hospital. The teachers of our public schools, who teach Book-keeping, fin-n it for their interest to study with Mr. Comer ; and young men who contemplate business cannot probably anywhere find better instruction." Daily Chronotype. " COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING ROOM is one of the best conducted institutions in this country, and will be found well worthy of a visit by those interested in mer cantile education." Daily Journal. "NAVIGATION. Mr. George N. Comer, the well-known accountant, has an- nexed to his popular establishment in State street, a Nautical Institute, under the superintendence of a Professor of Navigation and Nautical Science in the United States Navy. An establishment of this character has been long wanted in thii city, and we commend Mr. Comer to those interested, as one well calculated, from his energetic business habits, to carry out any enterprise he may undertake." Boston Daily Mail. "NAUTICAL INSTITUTE. Those persons interested in maritime affairs, will be glad to learn that Mr. G. N. Comer has engaged the services of an eminent Pro fessor in United States service, for the purpose of giving a thorough practical knowledge of Navigation in all its branches. The want of such an establishment has been long felt in this city, and some of our first merchants and ship-owners have promised to assist Mr. Comer with their influence in the undertaking." Boston Herald. " BOOK-KEEPING. In these days, no course of mercantile education can be said to be complete, or even of much practical utility, without a systematic acquaint- ance with the science of Book-keeping. The times have gone by, long since, when worthy traders kept their accounts 'by score and tally' trusting their charges and discharges, their debts, credits, and balances, to pencilled memoranda in thumbed pocket-books, or to chalked hieroglyphics upon cellar doors. An ap- prentice can never qualify himself for a commercial clerkship, or emerge safely and creditably into active mercantile life, without understanding the principles of the Leger and its concomitants, and accomplishing himself, through study and instruction, in all the requisites of an experimental accountant. " There are hundreds, if not thousands, of young men among us, and countless numbers also ' yet for to come,' who are doubtless ambitious to attain these desir- able qualifications. The well-known establishment of Mr. Comer, conducted, as it is, by a gentleman of the most extensive experience, offers extraordinary facili- ties to those v/ho would acquire thoroughly the necessary amount of knowledge in the premises. There are other branches of instruction, and of business also, pursued at the same excellent institution." Boston Star. "COMER'S INITIATORY COUNTING ROOM is open daily for the reception of stu- dents in B ?TV? keeping and accounts. Mr. Comer's practical acquaintance with U>irs renders him a very desirable instructor." Evening Traveller. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 240ctX. LD 21-100m-9/48(B399sl6)476 YC 25231' M283918 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY